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+Memory usage estimation for a module
+====================================
+
+This document aims to provide information useful to make a rough estimation
+of necessary memory to execute a WASM module.
+
+Instead of trying to cover every possible configurations,
+the following configuration is assumed in this document:
+
+* Module is built with `wasi-sdk`
+* Module is loaded with `wasm_runtime_load`
+* AOT is used
+* WASI is used
+* libc heap is used
+* app heap is not used
+* The pthread implementation in `wasi-libc`, which is based on `wasi-threads`
+  (`WASM_ENABLE_LIB_WASI_THREADS`) might be used
+* The another pthread implementation (`WASM_ENABLE_LIB_PTHREAD`) is not used
+
+Module
+------
+
+The memory to store the module binary is allocated by the embedder and
+passed to `wasm_runtime_load`.
+While WAMR owns the buffer, WAMR might make in-place modifications to
+its contents.
+
+Loaded module and its instances
+-------------------------------
+
+Many of data structures for module and instances are allocated from
+the global heap. (aka. `wasm_runtime_malloc`)
+
+AOT code section
+----------------
+
+Memory to load AOT machine code section.
+
+Because this memory needs to be executable, depending on platforms,
+it's allocated from a separate allocator.
+For example, `mmap` and `mprotect` are used on POSIX-like platforms.
+
+Linear memory
+-------------
+
+A WASM linear memory is either shared or non-shared.
+
+A WASM linear memory has `min` and `max` sizes.
+(They correspond to `wasm-ld`'s `--init-memory` and `--max-memory` options.)
+They are in the number of WASM pages, each of which is of 65536 bytes.
+The `max` is optional for non-shared memory. When omitted, it effectivily
+means unlimited.
+
+If `OS_ENABLE_HW_BOUND_CHECK` is enabled, the memory is allocated via
+`os_mmap` and `os_mem_commit`/`os_mprotect`.
+Otherwise, it's allocated from the global heap.
+
+If the memory is shared and `OS_ENABLE_HW_BOUND_CHECK` is not enabled,
+the `max` size of memory is allocated on instantiation.
+
+Otherwise, the `min` size of memory is allocated on instantiation.
+It can later grow up to the `max` size via the `memory.grow` instruction.
+
+Libc heap
+---------
+
+The libc heap is the last (highest address) part of linear memory,
+which might be dynamically grown with `memory.grow` instruction, when
+necessary to serve memory allocations within the module.
+
+App heap
+--------
+
+Not used for the above mentioned configuration.
+
+You can safely disable the app heap creation by specifying `0` for
+the `heap_size` argument of `wasm_runtime_instantiate`.
+(It's automatically disabled if malloc/free are exported from the module.)
+
+WASM stack
+----------
+
+Operand stack is not used for AOT.
+
+However, a small amount of WASM stack is used for call frames when
+certain features are enabled.
+(`WASM_ENABLE_DUMP_CALL_STACK` or `WASM_ENABLE_PERF_PROFILING`)
+
+It's allocated from the global heap.
+
+You can specify its size with the `stack_size` argument of
+`wasm_runtime_instantiate` and `wasm_runtime_create_exec_env`.
+(1 is the minimum because 0 means the default.)
+
+AUX stack (aka. C shadow stack)
+-------------------------------
+
+For the main thread, it's a part of the linear memory,
+between `__data_end` and `__heap_base` symbols.
+You can control the size of this stack with `wasm-ld`'s
+`-z stack-size` option.
+
+For threads created by `pthread_create`, libc allocates the stack for
+them dynamically from the libc heap.
+The size of this stack is inherited from the main thread's one
+unless overwritten with `pthread_attr_setstacksize` etc.
+
+WAMR tries to detect overflow/underflow when updating the stack pointer
+global. For threads created by `pthread_create`, the detection mechanism
+is disabled as of writing this.
+
+Native stack
+------------
+
+The stack of the host environment thread which runs WAMR.
+
+For threads created by `pthread_create`, WAMR automatically creates
+host threads to run those WASM threads. The stack size of these host
+threads are controlled by a build-time configuration.
+(`APP_THREAD_STACK_SIZE_DEFAULT`)
+
+In some configurations, runtime overflow can be detected using hardware traps.
+(`OS_ENABLE_HW_BOUND_CHECK`)
+
+In some configurations, explicit overflow detection logic can be emitted
+into AOT modules themselves. (cf. `os_thread_get_stack_boundary`,
+`check_stack_boundary`, `wamrc --stack-bounds-checks=1/0`)
+
+Memory profiling
+================
+
+You can collect and dump detailed information about memory usage
+by actually running a module with the `WASM_ENABLE_MEMORY_PROFILING`
+build-time option.