# eBPF monitoring with Netdata Netdata's extended Berkeley Packet Filter (eBPF) collector monitors kernel-level metrics for file descriptors, virtual filesystem IO, and process management on Linux systems. You can use our eBPF collector to analyze how and when a process accesses files, when it makes system calls, whether it leaks memory or creating zombie processes, and more. Netdata's eBPF monitoring toolkit uses two custom eBPF programs. The default, called `entry`, monitors calls to a variety of kernel functions, such as `do_sys_open`, `__close_fd`, `vfs_read`, `vfs_write`, `_do_fork`, and more. The `return` program also monitors the return of each kernel functions to deliver more granular metrics about how your system and its applications interact with the Linux kernel. eBPF monitoring can help you troubleshoot and debug how applications interact with the Linux kernel. See our [guide on troubleshooting apps with eBPF metrics](/docs/guides/troubleshoot/monitor-debug-applications-ebpf.md) for configuration and troubleshooting tips.

## Enable the collector on Linux **The eBPF collector is installed and enabled by default on most new installations of the Agent**. The eBPF collector does not currently work with [static build installations](/packaging/installer/methods/kickstart-64.md), but improved support is in active development. eBPF monitoring only works on Linux systems and with specific Linux kernels, including all kernels newer than `4.11.0`, and all kernels on CentOS 7.6 or later. If your Agent is v1.22 or older, you may to enable the collector yourself. See the [configuration](#configuration) section for details. ## Charts The eBPF collector creates an **eBPF** menu in the Agent's dashboard along with three sub-menus: **File**, **VFS**, and **Process**. All the charts in this section update every second. The collector stores the actual value inside of its process, but charts only show the difference between the values collected in the previous and current seconds. ### File This group has two charts demonstrating how software interacts with the Linux kernel to open and close file descriptors. #### File descriptor This chart contains two dimensions that show the number of calls to the functions `do_sys_open` and `__close_fd`. Most software do not commonly call these functions directly, but they are behind the system calls `open(2)`, `openat(2)`, and `close(2)`. #### File error This chart shows the number of times some software tried and failed to open or close a file descriptor. ### VFS A [virtual file system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system) (VFS) is a layer on top of regular filesystems. The functions present inside this API are used for all filesystems, so it's possible the charts in this group won't show _all_ the actions that occurred on your system. #### Deleted objects This chart monitors calls for `vfs_unlink`. This function is responsible for removing objects from the file system. #### IO This chart shows the number of calls to the functions `vfs_read` and `vfs_write`. #### IO bytes This chart also monitors `vfs_read` and `vfs_write`, but instead shows the total of bytes read and written with these functions. The Agent displays the number of bytes written as negative because they are moving down to disk. #### IO errors The Agent counts and shows the number of instances where a running program experiences a read or write error. ### Process For this group, the eBPF collector monitors process/thread creation and process end, and then displays any errors in the following charts. #### Process thread Internally, the Linux kernel treats both processes and threads as `tasks`. To create a thread, the kernel offers a few system calls: `fork(2)`, `vfork(2)` and `clone(2)`. In turn, each of these system calls use the function `_do_fork`. To generate this chart, the eBPF collector monitors `_do_fork` to populate the `process` dimension, and monitors `sys_clone` to identify threads. #### Exit Ending a task requires two steps. The first is a call to the internal function `do_exit`, which notifies the operating system that the task is finishing its work. The second step is to release the kernel information with the internal function `release_task`. The difference between the two dimensions can help you discover [zombie processes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie_process). #### Task error The functions responsible for ending tasks do not return values, so this chart contains information about failures on process and thread creation. ## Configuration Enable or disable the entire eBPF collector by editing `netdata.conf`. ```bash cd /etc/netdata/ # Replace with your Netdata configuration directory, if not /etc/netdata/ ./edit-config netdata.conf ``` To enable the collector, scroll down to the `[plugins]` section ensure the relevant line references `ebpf` (not `ebpf_process`), is uncommented, and is set to `yes`. ```conf [plugins] ebpf = yes ``` You can also configure the eBPF collector's behavior by editing `ebpf.conf`. ```bash cd /etc/netdata/ # Replace with your Netdata configuration directory, if not /etc/netdata/ ./edit-config ebpf.conf ``` ### `[global]` The `[global]` section defines settings for the whole eBPF collector. #### ebpf load mode The collector has two different eBPF programs. These programs monitor the same functions inside the kernel, but they monitor, process, and display different kinds of information. By default, this plugin uses the `entry` mode. Changing this mode can create significant overhead on your operating system, but also offer valuable information if you are developing or debugging software. The `ebpf load mode` option accepts the following values: ​ - `entry`: This is the default mode. In this mode, the eBPF collector only monitors calls for the functions described in the sections above, and does not show charts related to errors. - `return`: In the `return` mode, the eBPF collector monitors the same kernel functions as `entry`, but also creates new charts for the return of these functions, such as errors. Monitoring function returns can help in debugging software, such as failing to close file descriptors or creating zombie processes. - `update every`: Number of seconds used for eBPF to send data for Netdata. #### Integration with `apps.plugin` The eBPF collector also creates charts for each running application through an integration with the [`apps.plugin`](/collectors/apps.plugin/README.md). This integration helps you understand how specific applications interact with the Linux kernel. When the integration is enabled, your dashboard will also show the following charts using low-level Linux metrics: - eBPF file - Number of calls to open files. (`apps.file_open`) - Number of files closed. (`apps.file_closed`) - Number of calls to open files that returned errors. - Number of calls to close files that returned errors. - eBPF syscall - Number of calls to delete files. (`apps.file_deleted`) - Number of calls to `vfs_write`. (`apps.vfs_write_call`) - Number of calls to `vfs_read`. (`apps.vfs_read_call`) - Number of bytes written with `vfs_write`. (`apps.vfs_write_bytes`) - Number of bytes read with `vfs_read`. (`apps.vfs_read_bytes`) - Number of calls to write a file that returned errors. - Number of calls to read a file that returned errors. - eBPF process - Number of process created with `do_fork`. (`apps.process_create`) - Number of threads created with `do_fork` or `__x86_64_sys_clone`, depending on your system's kernel version. (`apps.thread_create`) - Number of times that a process called `do_exit`. (`apps.task_close`) - eBPF net - Number of bytes sent. (`apps.bandwidth_sent`) - Number of bytes received. (`apps.bandwidth_recv`) If you want to _disable_ the integration with `apps.plugin` along with the above charts, change the setting `apps` to `no`. ```conf [global] apps = yes ``` #### `[ebpf programs]` The eBPF collector enables and runs the following eBPF programs by default: - `cachestat`: Netdata's eBPF data collector creates charts about the memory page cache. When the integration with [`apps.plugin`](/collectors/apps.plugin/README.md) is enabled, this collector creates charts for the whole host _and_ for each application. - `process`: This eBPF program creates charts that show information about process creation, VFS IO, and files removed. When in `return` mode, it also creates charts showing errors when these operations are executed. - `network viewer`: This eBPF program creates charts with information about `TCP` and `UDP` functions, including the bandwidth consumed by each. - `sync`: Montitor calls for syscalls sync(2), fsync(2), fdatasync(2), syncfs(2), msync(2), and sync_file_range(2). ## Thread configuration You can configure each thread of the eBPF data collector by editing either the `cachestat.conf`, `process.conf`, or `network.conf` files. Use [`edit-config`](/docs/configure/nodes.md) from your Netdata config directory: ```bash cd /etc/netdata/ # Replace with your Netdata configuration directory, if not /etc/netdata/ ./edit-config ebpf.d/process.conf ``` ### Configuration files The following configuration files are available: - `cachestat.conf`: Configuration for the `cachestat` thread. - `process.conf`: Configuration for the `process` thread. - `network.conf`: Configuration for the `network viewer` thread. This config file overwrites the global options and also lets you specify which network the eBPF collector monitors. - `sync.conf`: Configuration for the `sync` thread. ### Network configuration The network configuration has specific options to configure which network(s) the eBPF collector monitors. These options are divided in the following sections: #### `[network connections]` You can configure the information shown on `outbound` and `inbound` charts with the settings in this section. ```conf [network connections] maximum dimensions = 500 resolve hostname ips = no ports = 1-1024 !145 !domain hostnames = !example.com ips = !127.0.0.1/8 10.0.0.0/8 172.16.0.0/12 192.168.0.0/16 fc00::/7 ``` When you define a `ports` setting, Netdata will collect network metrics for that specific port. For example, if you write `ports = 19999`, Netdata will collect only connections for itself. The `hostnames` setting accepts [simple patterns](/libnetdata/simple_pattern/README.md). The `ports`, and `ips` settings accept negation (`!`) to deny specific values or asterisk alone to define all values. In the above example, Netdata will collect metrics for all ports between 1 and 443, with the exception of 53 (domain) and 145. The following options are available: - `ports`: Define the destination ports for Netdata to monitor. - `hostnames`: The list of hostnames that can be resolved to an IP address. - `ips`: The IP or range of IPs that you want to monitor. You can use IPv4 or IPv6 addresses, use dashes to define a range of IPs, or use CIDR values. The default behavior is to only collect data for private IP addresses, but this can be changed with the `ips` setting. By default, Netdata displays up to 500 dimensions on network connection charts. If there are more possible dimensions, they will be bundled into the `other` dimension. You can increase the number of shown dimensions by changing the `maximum dimensions` setting. The dimensions for the traffic charts are created using the destination IPs of the sockets by default. This can be changed setting `resolve hostname ips = yes` and restarting Netdata, after this Netdata will create dimensions using the `hostnames` every time that is possible to resolve IPs to their hostnames. #### `[service name]` Netdata uses the list of services in `/etc/services` to plot network connection charts. If this file does not contain the name for a particular service you use in your infrastructure, you will need to add it to the `[service name]` section. For example, Netdata's default port (`19999`) is not listed in `/etc/services`. To associate that port with the Netdata service in network connection charts, and thus see the name of the service instead of its port, define it: ```conf [service name] 19999 = Netdata ``` ### Sync configuration The sync configuration has specific options to disable monitoring for syscalls, as default option all syscalls are monitored. ```conf [syscalls] sync = yes msync = yes fsync = yes fdatasync = yes syncfs = yes sync_file_range = yes ``` ## Troubleshooting If the eBPF collector does not work, you can troubleshoot it by running the `ebpf.plugin` command and investigating its output. ```bash cd /usr/libexec/netdata/plugins.d/ sudo su -s /bin/bash netdata ./ebpf.plugin ``` You can also use `grep` to search the Agent's `error.log` for messages related to eBPF monitoring. ```bash grep -i ebpf /var/log/netdata/error.log ``` ### Confirm kernel compatibility The eBPF collector only works on Linux systems and with specific Linux kernels. We support all kernels more recent than `4.11.0`, and all kernels on CentOS 7.6 or later. You can run our helper script to determine whether your system can support eBPF monitoring. ```bash curl -sSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/netdata/kernel-collector/master/tools/check-kernel-config.sh | sudo bash ``` If this script returns no output, your system is ready to compile and run the eBPF collector. If you see a warning about a missing kernel configuration (`KPROBES KPROBES_ON_FTRACE HAVE_KPROBES BPF BPF_SYSCALL BPF_JIT`), you will need to recompile your kernel to support this configuration. The process of recompiling Linux kernels varies based on your distribution and version. Read the documentation for your system's distribution to learn more about the specific workflow for recompiling the kernel, ensuring that you set all the necessary - [Ubuntu](https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/BuildYourOwnKernel) - [Debian](https://kernel-team.pages.debian.net/kernel-handbook/ch-common-tasks.html#s-common-official) - [Fedora](https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Building_a_custom_kernel) - [CentOS](https://wiki.centos.org/HowTos/Custom_Kernel) - [Arch Linux](https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Kernel/Traditional_compilation) - [Slackware](https://docs.slackware.com/howtos:slackware_admin:kernelbuilding) ### Mount `debugfs` and `tracefs` The eBPF collector also requires both the `tracefs` and `debugfs` filesystems. Try mounting the `tracefs` and `debugfs` filesystems using the commands below: ```bash sudo mount -t debugfs nodev /sys/kernel/debug sudo mount -t tracefs nodev /sys/kernel/tracing ``` If they are already mounted, you will see an error. You can also configure your system's `/etc/fstab` configuration to mount these filesystems on startup. More information can be found in the [ftrace documentation](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/trace/ftrace.txt). ## Performance Because eBPF monitoring is complex, we are evaluating the performance of this new collector in various real-world conditions, across various system loads, and when monitoring complex applications. Our [initial testing](https://github.com/netdata/netdata/issues/8195) shows the performance of the eBPF collector is nearly identical to our [apps.plugin collector](/collectors/apps.plugin/README.md), despite collecting and displaying much more sophisticated metrics. You can now use the eBPF to gather deeper insights without affecting the performance of your complex applications at any load. ## SELinux When [SELinux](https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/linux/what-is-selinux) is enabled, it may prevent `ebpf.plugin` from starting correctly. Check the Agent's `error.log` file for errors like the ones below: ```bash 2020-06-14 15:32:08: ebpf.plugin ERROR : EBPF PROCESS : Cannot load program: /usr/libexec/netdata/plugins.d/pnetdata_ebpf_process.3.10.0.o (errno 13, Permission denied) 2020-06-14 15:32:19: netdata ERROR : PLUGINSD[ebpf] : read failed: end of file (errno 9, Bad file descriptor) ``` You can also check for errors related to `ebpf.plugin` inside `/var/log/audit/audit.log`: ```bash type=AVC msg=audit(1586260134.952:97): avc: denied { map_create } for pid=1387 comm="ebpf.pl" scontext=system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 tcontext=system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 tclass=bpf permissive=0 type=SYSCALL msg=audit(1586260134.952:97): arch=c000003e syscall=321 success=no exit=-13 a0=0 a1=7ffe6b36f000 a2=70 a3=0 items=0 ppid=1135 pid=1387 auid=4294967295 uid=994 gid=990 euid=0 suid=0 fsuid=0 egid=990 sgid=990 fsgid=990 tty=(none) ses=4294967295 comm="ebpf_proc ess.pl" exe="/usr/libexec/netdata/plugins.d/ebpf.plugin" subj=system_u:system_r:unconfined_service_t:s0 key=(null) ``` If you see similar errors, you will have to adjust SELinux's policies to enable the eBPF collector. ### Creation of bpf policies To enable `ebpf.plugin` to run on a distribution with SELinux enabled, it will be necessary to take the following actions. First, stop the Netdata Agent. ```bash # systemctl stop netdata ``` Next, create a policy with the `audit.log` file you examined earlier. ```bash # grep ebpf.plugin /var/log/audit/audit.log | audit2allow -M netdata_ebpf ``` This will create two new files: `netdata_ebpf.te` and `netdata_ebpf.mod`. Edit the `netdata_ebpf.te` file to change the options `class` and `allow`. You should have the following at the end of the `netdata_ebpf.te` file. ```conf module netdata_ebpf 1.0; require { type unconfined_service_t; class bpf { map_create map_read map_write prog_load prog_run }; } #============= unconfined_service_t ============== allow unconfined_service_t self:bpf { map_create map_read map_write prog_load prog_run }; ``` Then compile your `netdata_ebpf.te` file with the following commands to create a binary that loads the new policies: ```bash # checkmodule -M -m -o netdata_ebpf.mod netdata_ebpf.te # semodule_package -o netdata_ebpf.pp -m netdata_ebpf.mod ``` Finally, you can load the new policy and start the Netdata agent again: ```bash # semodule -i netdata_ebpf.pp # systemctl start netdata ``` ## Lockdown Beginning with [version 5.4](https://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-to-get-kernel-lockdown-feature/), the Linux kernel has a feature called "lockdown," which may affect `ebpf.plugin` depending how the kernel was compiled. The following table shows how the lockdown module impacts `ebpf.plugin` based on the selected options: | Enforcing kernel lockdown | Enable lockdown LSM early in init | Default lockdown mode | Can `ebpf.plugin` run with this? | |:------------------------- |:--------------------------------- |:--------------------- |:-------------------------------- | | YES | NO | NO | YES | | YES | Yes | None | YES | | YES | Yes | Integrity | YES | | YES | Yes | Confidentiality | NO | If you or your distribution compiled the kernel with the last combination, your system cannot load shared libraries required to run `ebpf.plugin`. ## Cleaning `kprobe_events` The eBPF collector adds entries to the file `/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events`, and cleans them on exit, unless another process prevents it. If you need to clean the eBPF entries safely, you can manually run the script `/usr/libexec/netdata/plugins.d/reset_netdata_trace.sh`. [](<>)