21 files changed, 652 insertions, 687 deletions

diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/all.py b/pre_commit/languages/all.py
index cfd42ce..d952ae1 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/all.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/all.py
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Callable
-from typing import NamedTuple
+from typing import ContextManager
+from typing import Protocol
 from typing import Sequence
 
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import conda
 from pre_commit.languages import coursier
 from pre_commit.languages import dart
@@ -27,44 +26,74 @@ from pre_commit.languages import system
 from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
 
 
-class Language(NamedTuple):
-    name: str
+class Language(Protocol):
     # Use `None` for no installation / environment
-    ENVIRONMENT_DIR: str | None
+    @property
+    def ENVIRONMENT_DIR(self) -> str | None: ...
     # return a value to replace `'default` for `language_version`
-    get_default_version: Callable[[], str]
+    def get_default_version(self) -> str: ...
+
     # return whether the environment is healthy (or should be rebuilt)
-    health_check: Callable[[Prefix, str], str | None]
+    def health_check(
+            self,
+            prefix: Prefix,
+            language_version: str,
+    ) -> str | None:
+        ...
+
     # install a repository for the given language and language_version
-    install_environment: Callable[[Prefix, str, Sequence[str]], None]
+    def install_environment(
+            self,
+            prefix: Prefix,
+            version: str,
+            additional_dependencies: Sequence[str],
+    ) -> None:
+        ...
+
+    # modify the environment for hook execution
+    def in_env(
+            self,
+            prefix: Prefix,
+            version: str,
+    ) -> ContextManager[None]:
+        ...
+
     # execute a hook and return the exit code and output
-    run_hook: Callable[[Hook, Sequence[str], bool], tuple[int, bytes]]
+    def run_hook(
+            self,
+            prefix: Prefix,
+            entry: str,
+            args: Sequence[str],
+            file_args: Sequence[str],
+            *,
+            is_local: bool,
+            require_serial: bool,
+            color: bool,
+    ) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
+        ...
 
 
-# TODO: back to modules + Protocol: https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/5018
-languages = {
-    # BEGIN GENERATED (testing/gen-languages-all)
-    'conda': Language(name='conda', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=conda.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=conda.get_default_version, health_check=conda.health_check, install_environment=conda.install_environment, run_hook=conda.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    'coursier': Language(name='coursier', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=coursier.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=coursier.get_default_version, health_check=coursier.health_check, install_environment=coursier.install_environment, run_hook=coursier.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    'dart': Language(name='dart', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=dart.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=dart.get_default_version, health_check=dart.health_check, install_environment=dart.install_environment, run_hook=dart.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    'docker': Language(name='docker', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=docker.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=docker.get_default_version, health_check=docker.health_check, install_environment=docker.install_environment, run_hook=docker.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    'docker_image': Language(name='docker_image', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=docker_image.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=docker_image.get_default_version, health_check=docker_image.health_check, install_environment=docker_image.install_environment, run_hook=docker_image.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    'dotnet': Language(name='dotnet', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=dotnet.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=dotnet.get_default_version, health_check=dotnet.health_check, install_environment=dotnet.install_environment, run_hook=dotnet.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    'fail': Language(name='fail', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=fail.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=fail.get_default_version, health_check=fail.health_check, install_environment=fail.install_environment, run_hook=fail.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    'golang': Language(name='golang', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=golang.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=golang.get_default_version, health_check=golang.health_check, install_environment=golang.install_environment, run_hook=golang.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    'lua': Language(name='lua', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=lua.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=lua.get_default_version, health_check=lua.health_check, install_environment=lua.install_environment, run_hook=lua.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    'node': Language(name='node', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=node.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=node.get_default_version, health_check=node.health_check, install_environment=node.install_environment, run_hook=node.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    'perl': Language(name='perl', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=perl.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=perl.get_default_version, health_check=perl.health_check, install_environment=perl.install_environment, run_hook=perl.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    'pygrep': Language(name='pygrep', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=pygrep.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=pygrep.get_default_version, health_check=pygrep.health_check, install_environment=pygrep.install_environment, run_hook=pygrep.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    'python': Language(name='python', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=python.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=python.get_default_version, health_check=python.health_check, install_environment=python.install_environment, run_hook=python.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    'r': Language(name='r', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=r.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=r.get_default_version, health_check=r.health_check, install_environment=r.install_environment, run_hook=r.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    'ruby': Language(name='ruby', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=ruby.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=ruby.get_default_version, health_check=ruby.health_check, install_environment=ruby.install_environment, run_hook=ruby.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    'rust': Language(name='rust', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=rust.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=rust.get_default_version, health_check=rust.health_check, install_environment=rust.install_environment, run_hook=rust.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    'script': Language(name='script', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=script.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=script.get_default_version, health_check=script.health_check, install_environment=script.install_environment, run_hook=script.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    'swift': Language(name='swift', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=swift.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=swift.get_default_version, health_check=swift.health_check, install_environment=swift.install_environment, run_hook=swift.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    'system': Language(name='system', ENVIRONMENT_DIR=system.ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version=system.get_default_version, health_check=system.health_check, install_environment=system.install_environment, run_hook=system.run_hook),  # noqa: E501
-    # END GENERATED
+languages: dict[str, Language] = {
+    'conda': conda,
+    'coursier': coursier,
+    'dart': dart,
+    'docker': docker,
+    'docker_image': docker_image,
+    'dotnet': dotnet,
+    'fail': fail,
+    'golang': golang,
+    'lua': lua,
+    'node': node,
+    'perl': perl,
+    'pygrep': pygrep,
+    'python': python,
+    'r': r,
+    'ruby': ruby,
+    'rust': rust,
+    'script': script,
+    'swift': swift,
+    'system': system,
+    # TODO: fully deprecate `python_venv`
+    'python_venv': python,
 }
-# TODO: fully deprecate `python_venv`
-languages['python_venv'] = languages['python']
 all_languages = sorted(languages)
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/conda.py b/pre_commit/languages/conda.py
index f0195e4..e2fb019 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/conda.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/conda.py
@@ -10,15 +10,14 @@ from pre_commit.envcontext import PatchesT
 from pre_commit.envcontext import SubstitutionT
 from pre_commit.envcontext import UNSET
 from pre_commit.envcontext import Var
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
 from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
-from pre_commit.util import clean_path_on_failure
 from pre_commit.util import cmd_output_b
 
 ENVIRONMENT_DIR = 'conda'
 get_default_version = helpers.basic_get_default_version
 health_check = helpers.basic_health_check
+run_hook = helpers.basic_run_hook
 
 
 def get_env_patch(env: str) -> PatchesT:
@@ -41,12 +40,8 @@ def get_env_patch(env: str) -> PatchesT:
 
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager
-def in_env(
-        prefix: Prefix,
-        language_version: str,
-) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    directory = helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, language_version)
-    envdir = prefix.path(directory)
+def in_env(prefix: Prefix, version: str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
     with envcontext(get_env_patch(envdir)):
         yield
 
@@ -66,31 +61,16 @@ def install_environment(
         additional_dependencies: Sequence[str],
 ) -> None:
     helpers.assert_version_default('conda', version)
-    directory = helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
 
     conda_exe = _conda_exe()
 
-    env_dir = prefix.path(directory)
-    with clean_path_on_failure(env_dir):
+    env_dir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
+    cmd_output_b(
+        conda_exe, 'env', 'create', '-p', env_dir, '--file',
+        'environment.yml', cwd=prefix.prefix_dir,
+    )
+    if additional_dependencies:
         cmd_output_b(
-            conda_exe, 'env', 'create', '-p', env_dir, '--file',
-            'environment.yml', cwd=prefix.prefix_dir,
+            conda_exe, 'install', '-p', env_dir, *additional_dependencies,
+            cwd=prefix.prefix_dir,
         )
-        if additional_dependencies:
-            cmd_output_b(
-                conda_exe, 'install', '-p', env_dir, *additional_dependencies,
-                cwd=prefix.prefix_dir,
-            )
-
-
-def run_hook(
-        hook: Hook,
-        file_args: Sequence[str],
-        color: bool,
-) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
-    # TODO: Some rare commands need to be run using `conda run` but mostly we
-    #       can run them without which is much quicker and produces a better
-    #       output.
-    # cmd = ('conda', 'run', '-p', env_dir) + hook.cmd
-    with in_env(hook.prefix, hook.language_version):
-        return helpers.run_xargs(hook, hook.cmd, file_args, color=color)
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/coursier.py b/pre_commit/languages/coursier.py
index 9fe43eb..6075758 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/coursier.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/coursier.py
@@ -1,81 +1,76 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import contextlib
-import os
+import os.path
 from typing import Generator
 from typing import Sequence
 
 from pre_commit.envcontext import envcontext
 from pre_commit.envcontext import PatchesT
 from pre_commit.envcontext import Var
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
+from pre_commit.errors import FatalError
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
 from pre_commit.parse_shebang import find_executable
 from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
-from pre_commit.util import clean_path_on_failure
 
 ENVIRONMENT_DIR = 'coursier'
 
 get_default_version = helpers.basic_get_default_version
 health_check = helpers.basic_health_check
+run_hook = helpers.basic_run_hook
 
 
 def install_environment(
         prefix: Prefix,
         version: str,
         additional_dependencies: Sequence[str],
-) -> None:   # pragma: win32 no cover
+) -> None:
     helpers.assert_version_default('coursier', version)
-    helpers.assert_no_additional_deps('coursier', additional_dependencies)
 
     # Support both possible executable names (either "cs" or "coursier")
-    executable = find_executable('cs') or find_executable('coursier')
-    if executable is None:
+    cs = find_executable('cs') or find_executable('coursier')
+    if cs is None:
         raise AssertionError(
             'pre-commit requires system-installed "cs" or "coursier" '
             'executables in the application search path',
         )
 
-    envdir = prefix.path(helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version))
-    channel = prefix.path('.pre-commit-channel')
-    with clean_path_on_failure(envdir):
-        for app_descriptor in os.listdir(channel):
-            _, app_file = os.path.split(app_descriptor)
-            app, _ = os.path.splitext(app_file)
-            helpers.run_setup_cmd(
-                prefix,
-                (
-                    executable,
-                    'install',
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
+
+    def _install(*opts: str) -> None:
+        assert cs is not None
+        helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, (cs, 'fetch', *opts))
+        helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, (cs, 'install', '--dir', envdir, *opts))
+
+    with in_env(prefix, version):
+        channel = prefix.path('.pre-commit-channel')
+        if os.path.isdir(channel):
+            for app_descriptor in os.listdir(channel):
+                _, app_file = os.path.split(app_descriptor)
+                app, _ = os.path.splitext(app_file)
+                _install(
                     '--default-channels=false',
-                    f'--channel={channel}',
+                    '--channel', channel,
                     app,
-                    f'--dir={envdir}',
-                ),
+                )
+        elif not additional_dependencies:
+            raise FatalError(
+                'expected .pre-commit-channel dir or additional_dependencies',
             )
 
+        if additional_dependencies:
+            _install(*additional_dependencies)
 
-def get_env_patch(target_dir: str) -> PatchesT:   # pragma: win32 no cover
+
+def get_env_patch(target_dir: str) -> PatchesT:
     return (
         ('PATH', (target_dir, os.pathsep, Var('PATH'))),
+        ('COURSIER_CACHE', os.path.join(target_dir, '.cs-cache')),
     )
 
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager
-def in_env(
-        prefix: Prefix,
-) -> Generator[None, None, None]:   # pragma: win32 no cover
-    target_dir = prefix.path(
-        helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, get_default_version()),
-    )
-    with envcontext(get_env_patch(target_dir)):
+def in_env(prefix: Prefix, version: str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
+    with envcontext(get_env_patch(envdir)):
         yield
-
-
-def run_hook(
-        hook: Hook,
-        file_args: Sequence[str],
-        color: bool,
-) -> tuple[int, bytes]:   # pragma: win32 no cover
-    with in_env(hook.prefix):
-        return helpers.run_xargs(hook, hook.cmd, file_args, color=color)
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/dart.py b/pre_commit/languages/dart.py
index 55ecbf4..e3c1c58 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/dart.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/dart.py
@@ -7,21 +7,19 @@ import tempfile
 from typing import Generator
 from typing import Sequence
 
-import pre_commit.constants as C
 from pre_commit.envcontext import envcontext
 from pre_commit.envcontext import PatchesT
 from pre_commit.envcontext import Var
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
 from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
-from pre_commit.util import clean_path_on_failure
 from pre_commit.util import win_exe
-from pre_commit.util import yaml_load
+from pre_commit.yaml import yaml_load
 
 ENVIRONMENT_DIR = 'dartenv'
 
 get_default_version = helpers.basic_get_default_version
 health_check = helpers.basic_health_check
+run_hook = helpers.basic_run_hook
 
 
 def get_env_patch(venv: str) -> PatchesT:
@@ -31,9 +29,8 @@ def get_env_patch(venv: str) -> PatchesT:
 
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager
-def in_env(prefix: Prefix) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    directory = helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, C.DEFAULT)
-    envdir = prefix.path(directory)
+def in_env(prefix: Prefix, version: str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
     with envcontext(get_env_patch(envdir)):
         yield
 
@@ -45,7 +42,7 @@ def install_environment(
 ) -> None:
     helpers.assert_version_default('dart', version)
 
-    envdir = prefix.path(helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version))
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
     bin_dir = os.path.join(envdir, 'bin')
 
     def _install_dir(prefix_p: Prefix, pub_cache: str) -> None:
@@ -67,44 +64,34 @@ def install_environment(
                 env=dart_env,
             )
 
-    with clean_path_on_failure(envdir):
-        os.makedirs(bin_dir)
+    os.makedirs(bin_dir)
 
-        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
-            _install_dir(prefix, tmp)
+    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tmp:
+        _install_dir(prefix, tmp)
 
-        for dep_s in additional_dependencies:
-            with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as dep_tmp:
-                dep, _, version = dep_s.partition(':')
-                if version:
-                    dep_cmd: tuple[str, ...] = (dep, '--version', version)
-                else:
-                    dep_cmd = (dep,)
+    for dep_s in additional_dependencies:
+        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as dep_tmp:
+            dep, _, version = dep_s.partition(':')
+            if version:
+                dep_cmd: tuple[str, ...] = (dep, '--version', version)
+            else:
+                dep_cmd = (dep,)
 
-                helpers.run_setup_cmd(
-                    prefix,
-                    ('dart', 'pub', 'cache', 'add', *dep_cmd),
-                    env={**os.environ, 'PUB_CACHE': dep_tmp},
-                )
+            helpers.run_setup_cmd(
+                prefix,
+                ('dart', 'pub', 'cache', 'add', *dep_cmd),
+                env={**os.environ, 'PUB_CACHE': dep_tmp},
+            )
 
-                # try and find the 'pubspec.yaml' that just got added
-                for root, _, filenames in os.walk(dep_tmp):
-                    if 'pubspec.yaml' in filenames:
-                        with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as copied:
-                            pkg = os.path.join(copied, 'pkg')
-                            shutil.copytree(root, pkg)
-                            _install_dir(Prefix(pkg), dep_tmp)
-                        break
-                else:
-                    raise AssertionError(
-                        f'could not find pubspec.yaml for {dep_s}',
-                    )
-
-
-def run_hook(
-        hook: Hook,
-        file_args: Sequence[str],
-        color: bool,
-) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
-    with in_env(hook.prefix):
-        return helpers.run_xargs(hook, hook.cmd, file_args, color=color)
+            # try and find the 'pubspec.yaml' that just got added
+            for root, _, filenames in os.walk(dep_tmp):
+                if 'pubspec.yaml' in filenames:
+                    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as copied:
+                        pkg = os.path.join(copied, 'pkg')
+                        shutil.copytree(root, pkg)
+                        _install_dir(Prefix(pkg), dep_tmp)
+                    break
+            else:
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    f'could not find pubspec.yaml for {dep_s}',
+                )
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/docker.py b/pre_commit/languages/docker.py
index eea9f76..e80c959 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/docker.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/docker.py
@@ -5,18 +5,16 @@ import json
 import os
 from typing import Sequence
 
-import pre_commit.constants as C
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
 from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
 from pre_commit.util import CalledProcessError
-from pre_commit.util import clean_path_on_failure
 from pre_commit.util import cmd_output_b
 
 ENVIRONMENT_DIR = 'docker'
 PRE_COMMIT_LABEL = 'PRE_COMMIT'
 get_default_version = helpers.basic_get_default_version
 health_check = helpers.basic_health_check
+in_env = helpers.no_env  # no special environment for docker
 
 
 def _is_in_docker() -> bool:
@@ -95,15 +93,12 @@ def install_environment(
     helpers.assert_version_default('docker', version)
     helpers.assert_no_additional_deps('docker', additional_dependencies)
 
-    directory = prefix.path(
-        helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, C.DEFAULT),
-    )
+    directory = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
 
     # Docker doesn't really have relevant disk environment, but pre-commit
     # still needs to cleanup its state files on failure
-    with clean_path_on_failure(directory):
-        build_docker_image(prefix, pull=True)
-        os.mkdir(directory)
+    build_docker_image(prefix, pull=True)
+    os.mkdir(directory)
 
 
 def get_docker_user() -> tuple[str, ...]:  # pragma: win32 no cover
@@ -127,16 +122,26 @@ def docker_cmd() -> tuple[str, ...]:  # pragma: win32 no cover
 
 
 def run_hook(
-        hook: Hook,
+        prefix: Prefix,
+        entry: str,
+        args: Sequence[str],
         file_args: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        is_local: bool,
+        require_serial: bool,
         color: bool,
 ) -> tuple[int, bytes]:  # pragma: win32 no cover
     # Rebuild the docker image in case it has gone missing, as many people do
     # automated cleanup of docker images.
-    build_docker_image(hook.prefix, pull=False)
+    build_docker_image(prefix, pull=False)
 
-    entry_exe, *cmd_rest = hook.cmd
+    entry_exe, *cmd_rest = helpers.hook_cmd(entry, args)
 
-    entry_tag = ('--entrypoint', entry_exe, docker_tag(hook.prefix))
+    entry_tag = ('--entrypoint', entry_exe, docker_tag(prefix))
     cmd = (*docker_cmd(), *entry_tag, *cmd_rest)
-    return helpers.run_xargs(hook, cmd, file_args, color=color)
+    return helpers.run_xargs(
+        cmd,
+        file_args,
+        require_serial=require_serial,
+        color=color,
+    )
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/docker_image.py b/pre_commit/languages/docker_image.py
index daa4d1b..8e5f2c0 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/docker_image.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/docker_image.py
@@ -2,20 +2,31 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Sequence
 
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
 from pre_commit.languages.docker import docker_cmd
+from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
 
 ENVIRONMENT_DIR = None
 get_default_version = helpers.basic_get_default_version
 health_check = helpers.basic_health_check
 install_environment = helpers.no_install
+in_env = helpers.no_env
 
 
 def run_hook(
-        hook: Hook,
+        prefix: Prefix,
+        entry: str,
+        args: Sequence[str],
         file_args: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        is_local: bool,
+        require_serial: bool,
         color: bool,
 ) -> tuple[int, bytes]:  # pragma: win32 no cover
-    cmd = docker_cmd() + hook.cmd
-    return helpers.run_xargs(hook, cmd, file_args, color=color)
+    cmd = docker_cmd() + helpers.hook_cmd(entry, args)
+    return helpers.run_xargs(
+        cmd,
+        file_args,
+        require_serial=require_serial,
+        color=color,
+    )
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/dotnet.py b/pre_commit/languages/dotnet.py
index e26b45c..4c3955e 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/dotnet.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/dotnet.py
@@ -9,20 +9,18 @@ import zipfile
 from typing import Generator
 from typing import Sequence
 
-import pre_commit.constants as C
 from pre_commit.envcontext import envcontext
 from pre_commit.envcontext import PatchesT
 from pre_commit.envcontext import Var
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
 from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
-from pre_commit.util import clean_path_on_failure
 
 ENVIRONMENT_DIR = 'dotnetenv'
 BIN_DIR = 'bin'
 
 get_default_version = helpers.basic_get_default_version
 health_check = helpers.basic_health_check
+run_hook = helpers.basic_run_hook
 
 
 def get_env_patch(venv: str) -> PatchesT:
@@ -32,9 +30,8 @@ def get_env_patch(venv: str) -> PatchesT:
 
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager
-def in_env(prefix: Prefix) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    directory = helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, C.DEFAULT)
-    envdir = prefix.path(directory)
+def in_env(prefix: Prefix, version: str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
     with envcontext(get_env_patch(envdir)):
         yield
 
@@ -63,66 +60,56 @@ def install_environment(
     helpers.assert_version_default('dotnet', version)
     helpers.assert_no_additional_deps('dotnet', additional_dependencies)
 
-    envdir = prefix.path(helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version))
-    with clean_path_on_failure(envdir):
-        build_dir = 'pre-commit-build'
-
-        # Build & pack nupkg file
-        helpers.run_setup_cmd(
-            prefix,
-            (
-                'dotnet', 'pack',
-                '--configuration', 'Release',
-                '--output', build_dir,
-            ),
-        )
-
-        nupkg_dir = prefix.path(build_dir)
-        nupkgs = [x for x in os.listdir(nupkg_dir) if x.endswith('.nupkg')]
-
-        if not nupkgs:
-            raise AssertionError('could not find any build outputs to install')
-
-        for nupkg in nupkgs:
-            with zipfile.ZipFile(os.path.join(nupkg_dir, nupkg)) as f:
-                nuspec, = (x for x in f.namelist() if x.endswith('.nuspec'))
-                with f.open(nuspec) as spec:
-                    tree = xml.etree.ElementTree.parse(spec)
-
-            namespace = re.match(r'{.*}', tree.getroot().tag)
-            if not namespace:
-                raise AssertionError('could not parse namespace from nuspec')
-
-            tool_id_element = tree.find(f'.//{namespace[0]}id')
-            if tool_id_element is None:
-                raise AssertionError('expected to find an "id" element')
-
-            tool_id = tool_id_element.text
-            if not tool_id:
-                raise AssertionError('"id" element missing tool name')
-
-            # Install to bin dir
-            with _nuget_config_no_sources() as nuget_config:
-                helpers.run_setup_cmd(
-                    prefix,
-                    (
-                        'dotnet', 'tool', 'install',
-                        '--configfile', nuget_config,
-                        '--tool-path', os.path.join(envdir, BIN_DIR),
-                        '--add-source', build_dir,
-                        tool_id,
-                    ),
-                )
-
-        # Clean the git dir, ignoring the environment dir
-        clean_cmd = ('git', 'clean', '-ffxd', '-e', f'{ENVIRONMENT_DIR}-*')
-        helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, clean_cmd)
-
-
-def run_hook(
-        hook: Hook,
-        file_args: Sequence[str],
-        color: bool,
-) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
-    with in_env(hook.prefix):
-        return helpers.run_xargs(hook, hook.cmd, file_args, color=color)
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
+    build_dir = 'pre-commit-build'
+
+    # Build & pack nupkg file
+    helpers.run_setup_cmd(
+        prefix,
+        (
+            'dotnet', 'pack',
+            '--configuration', 'Release',
+            '--output', build_dir,
+        ),
+    )
+
+    nupkg_dir = prefix.path(build_dir)
+    nupkgs = [x for x in os.listdir(nupkg_dir) if x.endswith('.nupkg')]
+
+    if not nupkgs:
+        raise AssertionError('could not find any build outputs to install')
+
+    for nupkg in nupkgs:
+        with zipfile.ZipFile(os.path.join(nupkg_dir, nupkg)) as f:
+            nuspec, = (x for x in f.namelist() if x.endswith('.nuspec'))
+            with f.open(nuspec) as spec:
+                tree = xml.etree.ElementTree.parse(spec)
+
+        namespace = re.match(r'{.*}', tree.getroot().tag)
+        if not namespace:
+            raise AssertionError('could not parse namespace from nuspec')
+
+        tool_id_element = tree.find(f'.//{namespace[0]}id')
+        if tool_id_element is None:
+            raise AssertionError('expected to find an "id" element')
+
+        tool_id = tool_id_element.text
+        if not tool_id:
+            raise AssertionError('"id" element missing tool name')
+
+        # Install to bin dir
+        with _nuget_config_no_sources() as nuget_config:
+            helpers.run_setup_cmd(
+                prefix,
+                (
+                    'dotnet', 'tool', 'install',
+                    '--configfile', nuget_config,
+                    '--tool-path', os.path.join(envdir, BIN_DIR),
+                    '--add-source', build_dir,
+                    tool_id,
+                ),
+            )
+
+    # Clean the git dir, ignoring the environment dir
+    clean_cmd = ('git', 'clean', '-ffxd', '-e', f'{ENVIRONMENT_DIR}-*')
+    helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, clean_cmd)
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/fail.py b/pre_commit/languages/fail.py
index 00b06a9..33df067 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/fail.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/fail.py
@@ -2,20 +2,26 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Sequence
 
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
+from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
 
 ENVIRONMENT_DIR = None
 get_default_version = helpers.basic_get_default_version
 health_check = helpers.basic_health_check
 install_environment = helpers.no_install
+in_env = helpers.no_env
 
 
 def run_hook(
-        hook: Hook,
+        prefix: Prefix,
+        entry: str,
+        args: Sequence[str],
         file_args: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        is_local: bool,
+        require_serial: bool,
         color: bool,
 ) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
-    out = f'{hook.entry}\n\n'.encode()
+    out = f'{entry}\n\n'.encode()
     out += b'\n'.join(f.encode() for f in file_args) + b'\n'
     return 1, out
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/golang.py b/pre_commit/languages/golang.py
index a5f9dba..3c4b652 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/golang.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/golang.py
@@ -1,58 +1,129 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
 import contextlib
+import functools
+import json
 import os.path
+import platform
+import shutil
 import sys
+import tarfile
+import tempfile
+import urllib.error
+import urllib.request
+import zipfile
+from typing import ContextManager
 from typing import Generator
+from typing import IO
+from typing import Protocol
 from typing import Sequence
 
 import pre_commit.constants as C
-from pre_commit import git
 from pre_commit.envcontext import envcontext
 from pre_commit.envcontext import PatchesT
 from pre_commit.envcontext import Var
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
 from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
-from pre_commit.util import clean_path_on_failure
 from pre_commit.util import cmd_output
-from pre_commit.util import cmd_output_b
 from pre_commit.util import rmtree
 
 ENVIRONMENT_DIR = 'golangenv'
-get_default_version = helpers.basic_get_default_version
 health_check = helpers.basic_health_check
+run_hook = helpers.basic_run_hook
 
+_ARCH_ALIASES = {
+    'x86_64': 'amd64',
+    'i386': '386',
+    'aarch64': 'arm64',
+    'armv8': 'arm64',
+    'armv7l': 'armv6l',
+}
+_ARCH = platform.machine().lower()
+_ARCH = _ARCH_ALIASES.get(_ARCH, _ARCH)
+
+
+class ExtractAll(Protocol):
+    def extractall(self, path: str) -> None: ...
+
+
+if sys.platform == 'win32':  # pragma: win32 cover
+    _EXT = 'zip'
+
+    def _open_archive(bio: IO[bytes]) -> ContextManager[ExtractAll]:
+        return zipfile.ZipFile(bio)
+else:  # pragma: win32 no cover
+    _EXT = 'tar.gz'
+
+    def _open_archive(bio: IO[bytes]) -> ContextManager[ExtractAll]:
+        return tarfile.open(fileobj=bio)
+
+
+@functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
+def get_default_version() -> str:
+    if helpers.exe_exists('go'):
+        return 'system'
+    else:
+        return C.DEFAULT
+
+
+def get_env_patch(venv: str, version: str) -> PatchesT:
+    if version == 'system':
+        return (
+            ('PATH', (os.path.join(venv, 'bin'), os.pathsep, Var('PATH'))),
+        )
 
-def get_env_patch(venv: str) -> PatchesT:
     return (
-        ('PATH', (os.path.join(venv, 'bin'), os.pathsep, Var('PATH'))),
+        ('GOROOT', os.path.join(venv, '.go')),
+        (
+            'PATH', (
+                os.path.join(venv, 'bin'), os.pathsep,
+                os.path.join(venv, '.go', 'bin'), os.pathsep, Var('PATH'),
+            ),
+        ),
     )
 
 
-@contextlib.contextmanager
-def in_env(prefix: Prefix) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    envdir = prefix.path(
-        helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, C.DEFAULT),
-    )
-    with envcontext(get_env_patch(envdir)):
-        yield
+@functools.lru_cache
+def _infer_go_version(version: str) -> str:
+    if version != C.DEFAULT:
+        return version
+    resp = urllib.request.urlopen('https://go.dev/dl/?mode=json')
+    # TODO: 3.9+ .removeprefix('go')
+    return json.load(resp)[0]['version'][2:]
 
 
-def guess_go_dir(remote_url: str) -> str:
-    if remote_url.endswith('.git'):
-        remote_url = remote_url[:-1 * len('.git')]
-    looks_like_url = (
-        not remote_url.startswith('file://') and
-        ('//' in remote_url or '@' in remote_url)
-    )
-    remote_url = remote_url.replace(':', '/')
-    if looks_like_url:
-        _, _, remote_url = remote_url.rpartition('//')
-        _, _, remote_url = remote_url.rpartition('@')
-        return remote_url
+def _get_url(version: str) -> str:
+    os_name = platform.system().lower()
+    version = _infer_go_version(version)
+    return f'https://dl.google.com/go/go{version}.{os_name}-{_ARCH}.{_EXT}'
+
+
+def _install_go(version: str, dest: str) -> None:
+    try:
+        resp = urllib.request.urlopen(_get_url(version))
+    except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:  # pragma: no cover
+        if e.code == 404:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f'Could not find a version matching your system requirements '
+                f'(os={platform.system().lower()}; arch={_ARCH})',
+            ) from e
+        else:
+            raise
     else:
-        return 'unknown_src_dir'
+        with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as f:
+            shutil.copyfileobj(resp, f)
+            f.seek(0)
+
+            with _open_archive(f) as archive:
+                archive.extractall(dest)
+        shutil.move(os.path.join(dest, 'go'), os.path.join(dest, '.go'))
+
+
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def in_env(prefix: Prefix, version: str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
+    with envcontext(get_env_patch(envdir, version)):
+        yield
 
 
 def install_environment(
@@ -60,42 +131,29 @@ def install_environment(
         version: str,
         additional_dependencies: Sequence[str],
 ) -> None:
-    helpers.assert_version_default('golang', version)
-    directory = prefix.path(
-        helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, C.DEFAULT),
-    )
+    env_dir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
 
-    with clean_path_on_failure(directory):
-        remote = git.get_remote_url(prefix.prefix_dir)
-        repo_src_dir = os.path.join(directory, 'src', guess_go_dir(remote))
+    if version != 'system':
+        _install_go(version, env_dir)
 
-        # Clone into the goenv we'll create
-        cmd = ('git', 'clone', '--recursive', '.', repo_src_dir)
-        helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, cmd)
-
-        if sys.platform == 'cygwin':  # pragma: no cover
-            _, gopath, _ = cmd_output('cygpath', '-w', directory)
-            gopath = gopath.strip()
-        else:
-            gopath = directory
-        env = dict(os.environ, GOPATH=gopath)
-        env.pop('GOBIN', None)
-        cmd_output_b('go', 'install', './...', cwd=repo_src_dir, env=env)
-        for dependency in additional_dependencies:
-            cmd_output_b(
-                'go', 'install', dependency, cwd=repo_src_dir, env=env,
-            )
-        # Same some disk space, we don't need these after installation
-        rmtree(prefix.path(directory, 'src'))
-        pkgdir = prefix.path(directory, 'pkg')
-        if os.path.exists(pkgdir):  # pragma: no cover (go<1.10)
-            rmtree(pkgdir)
-
-
-def run_hook(
-        hook: Hook,
-        file_args: Sequence[str],
-        color: bool,
-) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
-    with in_env(hook.prefix):
-        return helpers.run_xargs(hook, hook.cmd, file_args, color=color)
+    if sys.platform == 'cygwin':  # pragma: no cover
+        gopath = cmd_output('cygpath', '-w', env_dir)[1].strip()
+    else:
+        gopath = env_dir
+
+    env = dict(os.environ, GOPATH=gopath)
+    env.pop('GOBIN', None)
+    if version != 'system':
+        env['GOROOT'] = os.path.join(env_dir, '.go')
+        env['PATH'] = os.pathsep.join((
+            os.path.join(env_dir, '.go', 'bin'), os.environ['PATH'],
+        ))
+
+    helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, ('go', 'install', './...'), env=env)
+    for dependency in additional_dependencies:
+        helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, ('go', 'install', dependency), env=env)
+
+    # save some disk space -- we don't need this after installation
+    pkgdir = os.path.join(env_dir, 'pkg')
+    if os.path.exists(pkgdir):  # pragma: no branch (always true on windows?)
+        rmtree(pkgdir)
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/helpers.py b/pre_commit/languages/helpers.py
index 0be08b5..d1be409 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/helpers.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/helpers.py
@@ -1,17 +1,18 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
+import contextlib
 import multiprocessing
 import os
 import random
 import re
+import shlex
 from typing import Any
+from typing import Generator
 from typing import NoReturn
-from typing import overload
 from typing import Sequence
 
 import pre_commit.constants as C
 from pre_commit import parse_shebang
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
 from pre_commit.util import cmd_output_b
 from pre_commit.xargs import xargs
@@ -48,17 +49,8 @@ def run_setup_cmd(prefix: Prefix, cmd: tuple[str, ...], **kwargs: Any) -> None:
     cmd_output_b(*cmd, cwd=prefix.prefix_dir, **kwargs)
 
 
-@overload
-def environment_dir(d: None, language_version: str) -> None: ...
-@overload
-def environment_dir(d: str, language_version: str) -> str: ...
-
-
-def environment_dir(d: str | None, language_version: str) -> str | None:
-    if d is None:
-        return None
-    else:
-        return f'{d}-{language_version}'
+def environment_dir(prefix: Prefix, d: str, language_version: str) -> str:
+    return prefix.path(f'{d}-{language_version}')
 
 
 def assert_version_default(binary: str, version: str) -> None:
@@ -94,11 +86,16 @@ def no_install(
         version: str,
         additional_dependencies: Sequence[str],
 ) -> NoReturn:
-    raise AssertionError('This type is not installable')
+    raise AssertionError('This language is not installable')
+
 
+@contextlib.contextmanager
+def no_env(prefix: Prefix, version: str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    yield
 
-def target_concurrency(hook: Hook) -> int:
-    if hook.require_serial or 'PRE_COMMIT_NO_CONCURRENCY' in os.environ:
+
+def target_concurrency() -> int:
+    if 'PRE_COMMIT_NO_CONCURRENCY' in os.environ:
         return 1
     else:
         # Travis appears to have a bunch of CPUs, but we can't use them all.
@@ -122,13 +119,40 @@ def _shuffled(seq: Sequence[str]) -> list[str]:
 
 
 def run_xargs(
-        hook: Hook,
         cmd: tuple[str, ...],
         file_args: Sequence[str],
-        **kwargs: Any,
+        *,
+        require_serial: bool,
+        color: bool,
+) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
+    if require_serial:
+        jobs = 1
+    else:
+        # Shuffle the files so that they more evenly fill out the xargs
+        # partitions, but do it deterministically in case a hook cares about
+        # ordering.
+        file_args = _shuffled(file_args)
+        jobs = target_concurrency()
+    return xargs(cmd, file_args, target_concurrency=jobs, color=color)
+
+
+def hook_cmd(entry: str, args: Sequence[str]) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    return (*shlex.split(entry), *args)
+
+
+def basic_run_hook(
+        prefix: Prefix,
+        entry: str,
+        args: Sequence[str],
+        file_args: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        is_local: bool,
+        require_serial: bool,
+        color: bool,
 ) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
-    # Shuffle the files so that they more evenly fill out the xargs partitions,
-    # but do it deterministically in case a hook cares about ordering.
-    file_args = _shuffled(file_args)
-    kwargs['target_concurrency'] = target_concurrency(hook)
-    return xargs(cmd, file_args, **kwargs)
+    return run_xargs(
+        hook_cmd(entry, args),
+        file_args,
+        require_serial=require_serial,
+        color=color,
+    )
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/lua.py b/pre_commit/languages/lua.py
index 49aa730..ffc40b5 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/lua.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/lua.py
@@ -6,19 +6,17 @@ import sys
 from typing import Generator
 from typing import Sequence
 
-import pre_commit.constants as C
 from pre_commit.envcontext import envcontext
 from pre_commit.envcontext import PatchesT
 from pre_commit.envcontext import Var
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
 from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
-from pre_commit.util import clean_path_on_failure
 from pre_commit.util import cmd_output
 
 ENVIRONMENT_DIR = 'lua_env'
 get_default_version = helpers.basic_get_default_version
 health_check = helpers.basic_health_check
+run_hook = helpers.basic_run_hook
 
 
 def _get_lua_version() -> str:  # pragma: win32 no cover
@@ -45,14 +43,10 @@ def get_env_patch(d: str) -> PatchesT:  # pragma: win32 no cover
     )
 
 
-def _envdir(prefix: Prefix) -> str:  # pragma: win32 no cover
-    directory = helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, C.DEFAULT)
-    return prefix.path(directory)
-
-
 @contextlib.contextmanager  # pragma: win32 no cover
-def in_env(prefix: Prefix) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    with envcontext(get_env_patch(_envdir(prefix))):
+def in_env(prefix: Prefix, version: str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
+    with envcontext(get_env_patch(envdir)):
         yield
 
 
@@ -63,29 +57,19 @@ def install_environment(
 ) -> None:  # pragma: win32 no cover
     helpers.assert_version_default('lua', version)
 
-    envdir = _envdir(prefix)
-    with clean_path_on_failure(envdir):
-        with in_env(prefix):
-            # luarocks doesn't bootstrap a tree prior to installing
-            # so ensure the directory exists.
-            os.makedirs(envdir, exist_ok=True)
-
-            # Older luarocks (e.g., 2.4.2) expect the rockspec as an arg
-            for rockspec in prefix.star('.rockspec'):
-                make_cmd = ('luarocks', '--tree', envdir, 'make', rockspec)
-                helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, make_cmd)
-
-            # luarocks can't install multiple packages at once
-            # so install them individually.
-            for dependency in additional_dependencies:
-                cmd = ('luarocks', '--tree', envdir, 'install', dependency)
-                helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, cmd)
-
-
-def run_hook(
-    hook: Hook,
-    file_args: Sequence[str],
-    color: bool,
-) -> tuple[int, bytes]:  # pragma: win32 no cover
-    with in_env(hook.prefix):
-        return helpers.run_xargs(hook, hook.cmd, file_args, color=color)
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
+    with in_env(prefix, version):
+        # luarocks doesn't bootstrap a tree prior to installing
+        # so ensure the directory exists.
+        os.makedirs(envdir, exist_ok=True)
+
+        # Older luarocks (e.g., 2.4.2) expect the rockspec as an arg
+        for rockspec in prefix.star('.rockspec'):
+            make_cmd = ('luarocks', '--tree', envdir, 'make', rockspec)
+            helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, make_cmd)
+
+        # luarocks can't install multiple packages at once
+        # so install them individually.
+        for dependency in additional_dependencies:
+            cmd = ('luarocks', '--tree', envdir, 'install', dependency)
+            helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, cmd)
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/node.py b/pre_commit/languages/node.py
index 37a5b63..9688da3 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/node.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/node.py
@@ -12,16 +12,15 @@ from pre_commit.envcontext import envcontext
 from pre_commit.envcontext import PatchesT
 from pre_commit.envcontext import UNSET
 from pre_commit.envcontext import Var
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
 from pre_commit.languages.python import bin_dir
 from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
-from pre_commit.util import clean_path_on_failure
 from pre_commit.util import cmd_output
 from pre_commit.util import cmd_output_b
 from pre_commit.util import rmtree
 
 ENVIRONMENT_DIR = 'node_env'
+run_hook = helpers.basic_run_hook
 
 
 @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
@@ -37,11 +36,6 @@ def get_default_version() -> str:
         return C.DEFAULT
 
 
-def _envdir(prefix: Prefix, version: str) -> str:
-    directory = helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
-    return prefix.path(directory)
-
-
 def get_env_patch(venv: str) -> PatchesT:
     if sys.platform == 'cygwin':  # pragma: no cover
         _, win_venv, _ = cmd_output('cygpath', '-w', venv)
@@ -65,11 +59,9 @@ def get_env_patch(venv: str) -> PatchesT:
 
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager
-def in_env(
-        prefix: Prefix,
-        language_version: str,
-) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    with envcontext(get_env_patch(_envdir(prefix, language_version))):
+def in_env(prefix: Prefix, version: str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
+    with envcontext(get_env_patch(envdir)):
         yield
 
 
@@ -85,47 +77,34 @@ def health_check(prefix: Prefix, language_version: str) -> str | None:
 def install_environment(
         prefix: Prefix, version: str, additional_dependencies: Sequence[str],
 ) -> None:
-    additional_dependencies = tuple(additional_dependencies)
     assert prefix.exists('package.json')
-    envdir = _envdir(prefix, version)
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
 
     # https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/aa365247(v=vs.85).aspx?f=255&MSPPError=-2147217396#maxpath
     if sys.platform == 'win32':  # pragma: no cover
         envdir = fr'\\?\{os.path.normpath(envdir)}'
-    with clean_path_on_failure(envdir):
-        cmd = [
-            sys.executable, '-mnodeenv', '--prebuilt', '--clean-src', envdir,
-        ]
-        if version != C.DEFAULT:
-            cmd.extend(['-n', version])
-        cmd_output_b(*cmd)
-
-        with in_env(prefix, version):
-            # https://npm.community/t/npm-install-g-git-vs-git-clone-cd-npm-install-g/5449
-            # install as if we installed from git
-
-            local_install_cmd = (
-                'npm', 'install', '--dev', '--prod',
-                '--ignore-prepublish', '--no-progress', '--no-save',
-            )
-            helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, local_install_cmd)
-
-            _, pkg, _ = cmd_output('npm', 'pack', cwd=prefix.prefix_dir)
-            pkg = prefix.path(pkg.strip())
-
-            install = ('npm', 'install', '-g', pkg, *additional_dependencies)
-            helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, install)
-
-            # clean these up after installation
-            if prefix.exists('node_modules'):  # pragma: win32 no cover
-                rmtree(prefix.path('node_modules'))
-            os.remove(pkg)
-
-
-def run_hook(
-        hook: Hook,
-        file_args: Sequence[str],
-        color: bool,
-) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
-    with in_env(hook.prefix, hook.language_version):
-        return helpers.run_xargs(hook, hook.cmd, file_args, color=color)
+    cmd = [sys.executable, '-mnodeenv', '--prebuilt', '--clean-src', envdir]
+    if version != C.DEFAULT:
+        cmd.extend(['-n', version])
+    cmd_output_b(*cmd)
+
+    with in_env(prefix, version):
+        # https://npm.community/t/npm-install-g-git-vs-git-clone-cd-npm-install-g/5449
+        # install as if we installed from git
+
+        local_install_cmd = (
+            'npm', 'install', '--dev', '--prod',
+            '--ignore-prepublish', '--no-progress', '--no-save',
+        )
+        helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, local_install_cmd)
+
+        _, pkg, _ = cmd_output('npm', 'pack', cwd=prefix.prefix_dir)
+        pkg = prefix.path(pkg.strip())
+
+        install = ('npm', 'install', '-g', pkg, *additional_dependencies)
+        helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, install)
+
+        # clean these up after installation
+        if prefix.exists('node_modules'):  # pragma: win32 no cover
+            rmtree(prefix.path('node_modules'))
+        os.remove(pkg)
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/perl.py b/pre_commit/languages/perl.py
index 78bd65a..2530c0e 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/perl.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/perl.py
@@ -9,19 +9,13 @@ from typing import Sequence
 from pre_commit.envcontext import envcontext
 from pre_commit.envcontext import PatchesT
 from pre_commit.envcontext import Var
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
 from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
-from pre_commit.util import clean_path_on_failure
 
 ENVIRONMENT_DIR = 'perl_env'
 get_default_version = helpers.basic_get_default_version
 health_check = helpers.basic_health_check
-
-
-def _envdir(prefix: Prefix, version: str) -> str:
-    directory = helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
-    return prefix.path(directory)
+run_hook = helpers.basic_run_hook
 
 
 def get_env_patch(venv: str) -> PatchesT:
@@ -39,11 +33,9 @@ def get_env_patch(venv: str) -> PatchesT:
 
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager
-def in_env(
-        prefix: Prefix,
-        language_version: str,
-) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    with envcontext(get_env_patch(_envdir(prefix, language_version))):
+def in_env(prefix: Prefix, version: str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
+    with envcontext(get_env_patch(envdir)):
         yield
 
 
@@ -52,17 +44,7 @@ def install_environment(
 ) -> None:
     helpers.assert_version_default('perl', version)
 
-    with clean_path_on_failure(_envdir(prefix, version)):
-        with in_env(prefix, version):
-            helpers.run_setup_cmd(
-                prefix, ('cpan', '-T', '.', *additional_dependencies),
-            )
-
-
-def run_hook(
-        hook: Hook,
-        file_args: Sequence[str],
-        color: bool,
-) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
-    with in_env(hook.prefix, hook.language_version):
-        return helpers.run_xargs(hook, hook.cmd, file_args, color=color)
+    with in_env(prefix, version):
+        helpers.run_setup_cmd(
+            prefix, ('cpan', '-T', '.', *additional_dependencies),
+        )
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/pygrep.py b/pre_commit/languages/pygrep.py
index 2e2072b..f0eb9a9 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/pygrep.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/pygrep.py
@@ -8,14 +8,15 @@ from typing import Pattern
 from typing import Sequence
 
 from pre_commit import output
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
+from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
 from pre_commit.xargs import xargs
 
 ENVIRONMENT_DIR = None
 get_default_version = helpers.basic_get_default_version
 health_check = helpers.basic_health_check
 install_environment = helpers.no_install
+in_env = helpers.no_env
 
 
 def _process_filename_by_line(pattern: Pattern[bytes], filename: str) -> int:
@@ -87,12 +88,17 @@ FNS = {
 
 
 def run_hook(
-        hook: Hook,
+        prefix: Prefix,
+        entry: str,
+        args: Sequence[str],
         file_args: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        is_local: bool,
+        require_serial: bool,
         color: bool,
 ) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
-    exe = (sys.executable, '-m', __name__) + tuple(hook.args) + (hook.entry,)
-    return xargs(exe, file_args, color=color)
+    cmd = (sys.executable, '-m', __name__, *args, entry)
+    return xargs(cmd, file_args, color=color)
 
 
 def main(argv: Sequence[str] | None = None) -> int:
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/python.py b/pre_commit/languages/python.py
index 19fa247..c373646 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/python.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/python.py
@@ -12,17 +12,16 @@ from pre_commit.envcontext import envcontext
 from pre_commit.envcontext import PatchesT
 from pre_commit.envcontext import UNSET
 from pre_commit.envcontext import Var
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
 from pre_commit.parse_shebang import find_executable
 from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
 from pre_commit.util import CalledProcessError
-from pre_commit.util import clean_path_on_failure
 from pre_commit.util import cmd_output
 from pre_commit.util import cmd_output_b
 from pre_commit.util import win_exe
 
 ENVIRONMENT_DIR = 'py_env'
+run_hook = helpers.basic_run_hook
 
 
 @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
@@ -153,19 +152,14 @@ def norm_version(version: str) -> str | None:
 
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager
-def in_env(
-        prefix: Prefix,
-        language_version: str,
-) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    directory = helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, language_version)
-    envdir = prefix.path(directory)
+def in_env(prefix: Prefix, version: str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
     with envcontext(get_env_patch(envdir)):
         yield
 
 
 def health_check(prefix: Prefix, language_version: str) -> str | None:
-    directory = helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, language_version)
-    envdir = prefix.path(directory)
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, language_version)
     pyvenv_cfg = os.path.join(envdir, 'pyvenv.cfg')
 
     # created with "old" virtualenv
@@ -208,23 +202,13 @@ def install_environment(
         version: str,
         additional_dependencies: Sequence[str],
 ) -> None:
-    envdir = prefix.path(helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version))
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
     venv_cmd = [sys.executable, '-mvirtualenv', envdir]
     python = norm_version(version)
     if python is not None:
         venv_cmd.extend(('-p', python))
     install_cmd = ('python', '-mpip', 'install', '.', *additional_dependencies)
 
-    with clean_path_on_failure(envdir):
-        cmd_output_b(*venv_cmd, cwd='/')
-        with in_env(prefix, version):
-            helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, install_cmd)
-
-
-def run_hook(
-        hook: Hook,
-        file_args: Sequence[str],
-        color: bool,
-) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
-    with in_env(hook.prefix, hook.language_version):
-        return helpers.run_xargs(hook, hook.cmd, file_args, color=color)
+    cmd_output_b(*venv_cmd, cwd='/')
+    with in_env(prefix, version):
+        helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, install_cmd)
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/r.py b/pre_commit/languages/r.py
index d281102..e238365 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/r.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/r.py
@@ -10,10 +10,8 @@ from typing import Sequence
 from pre_commit.envcontext import envcontext
 from pre_commit.envcontext import PatchesT
 from pre_commit.envcontext import UNSET
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
 from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
-from pre_commit.util import clean_path_on_failure
 from pre_commit.util import cmd_output_b
 from pre_commit.util import win_exe
 
@@ -31,32 +29,22 @@ def get_env_patch(venv: str) -> PatchesT:
 
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager
-def in_env(
-        prefix: Prefix,
-        language_version: str,
-) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    envdir = _get_env_dir(prefix, language_version)
+def in_env(prefix: Prefix, version: str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
     with envcontext(get_env_patch(envdir)):
         yield
 
 
-def _get_env_dir(prefix: Prefix, version: str) -> str:
-    return prefix.path(helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version))
-
-
-def _prefix_if_non_local_file_entry(
-    entry: Sequence[str],
-    prefix: Prefix,
-    src: str,
+def _prefix_if_file_entry(
+        entry: list[str],
+        prefix: Prefix,
+        *,
+        is_local: bool,
 ) -> Sequence[str]:
-    if entry[1] == '-e':
+    if entry[1] == '-e' or is_local:
         return entry[1:]
     else:
-        if src == 'local':
-            path = entry[1]
-        else:
-            path = prefix.path(entry[1])
-        return (path,)
+        return (prefix.path(entry[1]),)
 
 
 def _rscript_exec() -> str:
@@ -67,7 +55,7 @@ def _rscript_exec() -> str:
         return os.path.join(r_home, 'bin', win_exe('Rscript'))
 
 
-def _entry_validate(entry: Sequence[str]) -> None:
+def _entry_validate(entry: list[str]) -> None:
     """
     Allowed entries:
     # Rscript -e expr
@@ -81,20 +69,23 @@ def _entry_validate(entry: Sequence[str]) -> None:
             raise ValueError('You can supply at most one expression.')
     elif len(entry) > 2:
         raise ValueError(
-            'The only valid syntax is `Rscript -e {expr}`',
+            'The only valid syntax is `Rscript -e {expr}`'
             'or `Rscript path/to/hook/script`',
         )
 
 
-def _cmd_from_hook(hook: Hook) -> tuple[str, ...]:
-    entry = shlex.split(hook.entry)
-    _entry_validate(entry)
+def _cmd_from_hook(
+        prefix: Prefix,
+        entry: str,
+        args: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        is_local: bool,
+) -> tuple[str, ...]:
+    cmd = shlex.split(entry)
+    _entry_validate(cmd)
 
-    return (
-        *entry[:1], *RSCRIPT_OPTS,
-        *_prefix_if_non_local_file_entry(entry, hook.prefix, hook.src),
-        *hook.args,
-    )
+    cmd_part = _prefix_if_file_entry(cmd, prefix, is_local=is_local)
+    return (cmd[0], *RSCRIPT_OPTS, *cmd_part, *args)
 
 
 def install_environment(
@@ -102,55 +93,54 @@ def install_environment(
         version: str,
         additional_dependencies: Sequence[str],
 ) -> None:
-    env_dir = _get_env_dir(prefix, version)
-    with clean_path_on_failure(env_dir):
-        os.makedirs(env_dir, exist_ok=True)
-        shutil.copy(prefix.path('renv.lock'), env_dir)
-        shutil.copytree(prefix.path('renv'), os.path.join(env_dir, 'renv'))
-
-        r_code_inst_environment = f"""\
-            prefix_dir <- {prefix.prefix_dir!r}
-            options(
-                repos = c(CRAN = "https://cran.rstudio.com"),
-                renv.consent = TRUE
-            )
-            source("renv/activate.R")
-            renv::restore()
-            activate_statement <- paste0(
-              'suppressWarnings({{',
-              'old <- setwd("', getwd(), '"); ',
-              'source("renv/activate.R"); ',
-              'setwd(old); ',
-              'renv::load("', getwd(), '");}})'
-            )
-            writeLines(activate_statement, 'activate.R')
-            is_package <- tryCatch(
-              {{
-                  path_desc <- file.path(prefix_dir, 'DESCRIPTION')
-                  suppressWarnings(desc <- read.dcf(path_desc))
-                  "Package" %in% colnames(desc)
-              }},
-              error = function(...) FALSE
-            )
-            if (is_package) {{
-                renv::install(prefix_dir)
-            }}
-            """
-
-        cmd_output_b(
-            _rscript_exec(), '--vanilla', '-e',
-            _inline_r_setup(r_code_inst_environment),
-            cwd=env_dir,
+    env_dir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
+    os.makedirs(env_dir, exist_ok=True)
+    shutil.copy(prefix.path('renv.lock'), env_dir)
+    shutil.copytree(prefix.path('renv'), os.path.join(env_dir, 'renv'))
+
+    r_code_inst_environment = f"""\
+        prefix_dir <- {prefix.prefix_dir!r}
+        options(
+            repos = c(CRAN = "https://cran.rstudio.com"),
+            renv.consent = TRUE
+        )
+        source("renv/activate.R")
+        renv::restore()
+        activate_statement <- paste0(
+          'suppressWarnings({{',
+          'old <- setwd("', getwd(), '"); ',
+          'source("renv/activate.R"); ',
+          'setwd(old); ',
+          'renv::load("', getwd(), '");}})'
         )
-        if additional_dependencies:
-            r_code_inst_add = 'renv::install(commandArgs(trailingOnly = TRUE))'
-            with in_env(prefix, version):
-                cmd_output_b(
-                    _rscript_exec(), *RSCRIPT_OPTS, '-e',
-                    _inline_r_setup(r_code_inst_add),
-                    *additional_dependencies,
-                    cwd=env_dir,
-                )
+        writeLines(activate_statement, 'activate.R')
+        is_package <- tryCatch(
+          {{
+              path_desc <- file.path(prefix_dir, 'DESCRIPTION')
+              suppressWarnings(desc <- read.dcf(path_desc))
+              "Package" %in% colnames(desc)
+          }},
+          error = function(...) FALSE
+        )
+        if (is_package) {{
+            renv::install(prefix_dir)
+        }}
+        """
+
+    cmd_output_b(
+        _rscript_exec(), '--vanilla', '-e',
+        _inline_r_setup(r_code_inst_environment),
+        cwd=env_dir,
+    )
+    if additional_dependencies:
+        r_code_inst_add = 'renv::install(commandArgs(trailingOnly = TRUE))'
+        with in_env(prefix, version):
+            cmd_output_b(
+                _rscript_exec(), *RSCRIPT_OPTS, '-e',
+                _inline_r_setup(r_code_inst_add),
+                *additional_dependencies,
+                cwd=env_dir,
+            )
 
 
 def _inline_r_setup(code: str) -> str:
@@ -166,11 +156,19 @@ def _inline_r_setup(code: str) -> str:
 
 
 def run_hook(
-        hook: Hook,
+        prefix: Prefix,
+        entry: str,
+        args: Sequence[str],
         file_args: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        is_local: bool,
+        require_serial: bool,
         color: bool,
 ) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
-    with in_env(hook.prefix, hook.language_version):
-        return helpers.run_xargs(
-            hook, _cmd_from_hook(hook), file_args, color=color,
-        )
+    cmd = _cmd_from_hook(prefix, entry, args, is_local=is_local)
+    return helpers.run_xargs(
+        cmd,
+        file_args,
+        require_serial=require_serial,
+        color=color,
+    )
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/ruby.py b/pre_commit/languages/ruby.py
index 8955dd0..b4d4b45 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/ruby.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/ruby.py
@@ -13,15 +13,14 @@ from pre_commit.envcontext import envcontext
 from pre_commit.envcontext import PatchesT
 from pre_commit.envcontext import UNSET
 from pre_commit.envcontext import Var
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
 from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
 from pre_commit.util import CalledProcessError
-from pre_commit.util import clean_path_on_failure
 from pre_commit.util import resource_bytesio
 
 ENVIRONMENT_DIR = 'rbenv'
 health_check = helpers.basic_health_check
+run_hook = helpers.basic_run_hook
 
 
 @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
@@ -40,6 +39,7 @@ def get_env_patch(
         ('GEM_HOME', os.path.join(venv, 'gems')),
         ('GEM_PATH', UNSET),
         ('BUNDLE_IGNORE_CONFIG', '1'),
+        ('BUNDLE_GEMFILE', os.devnull),
     )
     if language_version == 'system':
         patches += (
@@ -68,14 +68,9 @@ def get_env_patch(
 
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager
-def in_env(
-        prefix: Prefix,
-        language_version: str,
-) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    envdir = prefix.path(
-        helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, language_version),
-    )
-    with envcontext(get_env_patch(envdir, language_version)):
+def in_env(prefix: Prefix, version: str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
+    with envcontext(get_env_patch(envdir, version)):
         yield
 
 
@@ -89,14 +84,14 @@ def _install_rbenv(
         prefix: Prefix,
         version: str,
 ) -> None:  # pragma: win32 no cover
-    directory = helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
 
     _extract_resource('rbenv.tar.gz', prefix.path('.'))
-    shutil.move(prefix.path('rbenv'), prefix.path(directory))
+    shutil.move(prefix.path('rbenv'), envdir)
 
     # Only install ruby-build if the version is specified
     if version != C.DEFAULT:
-        plugins_dir = prefix.path(directory, 'plugins')
+        plugins_dir = os.path.join(envdir, 'plugins')
         _extract_resource('ruby-download.tar.gz', plugins_dir)
         _extract_resource('ruby-build.tar.gz', plugins_dir)
 
@@ -115,39 +110,27 @@ def _install_ruby(
 def install_environment(
         prefix: Prefix, version: str, additional_dependencies: Sequence[str],
 ) -> None:
-    additional_dependencies = tuple(additional_dependencies)
-    directory = helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
-    with clean_path_on_failure(prefix.path(directory)):
-        if version != 'system':  # pragma: win32 no cover
-            _install_rbenv(prefix, version)
-            with in_env(prefix, version):
-                # Need to call this before installing so rbenv's directories
-                # are set up
-                helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, ('rbenv', 'init', '-'))
-                if version != C.DEFAULT:
-                    _install_ruby(prefix, version)
-                # Need to call this after installing to set up the shims
-                helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, ('rbenv', 'rehash'))
-
+    if version != 'system':  # pragma: win32 no cover
+        _install_rbenv(prefix, version)
         with in_env(prefix, version):
-            helpers.run_setup_cmd(
-                prefix, ('gem', 'build', *prefix.star('.gemspec')),
-            )
-            helpers.run_setup_cmd(
-                prefix,
-                (
-                    'gem', 'install',
-                    '--no-document', '--no-format-executable',
-                    '--no-user-install',
-                    *prefix.star('.gem'), *additional_dependencies,
-                ),
-            )
-
-
-def run_hook(
-        hook: Hook,
-        file_args: Sequence[str],
-        color: bool,
-) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
-    with in_env(hook.prefix, hook.language_version):
-        return helpers.run_xargs(hook, hook.cmd, file_args, color=color)
+            # Need to call this before installing so rbenv's directories
+            # are set up
+            helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, ('rbenv', 'init', '-'))
+            if version != C.DEFAULT:
+                _install_ruby(prefix, version)
+            # Need to call this after installing to set up the shims
+            helpers.run_setup_cmd(prefix, ('rbenv', 'rehash'))
+
+    with in_env(prefix, version):
+        helpers.run_setup_cmd(
+            prefix, ('gem', 'build', *prefix.star('.gemspec')),
+        )
+        helpers.run_setup_cmd(
+            prefix,
+            (
+                'gem', 'install',
+                '--no-document', '--no-format-executable',
+                '--no-user-install',
+                *prefix.star('.gem'), *additional_dependencies,
+            ),
+        )
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/rust.py b/pre_commit/languages/rust.py
index 204f2aa..391fd86 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/rust.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/rust.py
@@ -15,16 +15,15 @@ from pre_commit import parse_shebang
 from pre_commit.envcontext import envcontext
 from pre_commit.envcontext import PatchesT
 from pre_commit.envcontext import Var
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
 from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
-from pre_commit.util import clean_path_on_failure
 from pre_commit.util import cmd_output_b
 from pre_commit.util import make_executable
 from pre_commit.util import win_exe
 
 ENVIRONMENT_DIR = 'rustenv'
 health_check = helpers.basic_health_check
+run_hook = helpers.basic_run_hook
 
 
 @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=1)
@@ -49,11 +48,6 @@ def _rust_toolchain(language_version: str) -> str:
         return language_version
 
 
-def _envdir(prefix: Prefix, version: str) -> str:
-    directory = helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
-    return prefix.path(directory)
-
-
 def get_env_patch(target_dir: str, version: str) -> PatchesT:
     return (
         ('CARGO_HOME', target_dir),
@@ -68,13 +62,9 @@ def get_env_patch(target_dir: str, version: str) -> PatchesT:
 
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager
-def in_env(
-    prefix: Prefix,
-    language_version: str,
-) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    with envcontext(
-        get_env_patch(_envdir(prefix, language_version), language_version),
-    ):
+def in_env(prefix: Prefix, version: str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
+    with envcontext(get_env_patch(envdir, version)):
         yield
 
 
@@ -126,7 +116,7 @@ def install_environment(
         version: str,
         additional_dependencies: Sequence[str],
 ) -> None:
-    directory = _envdir(prefix, version)
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
 
     # There are two cases where we might want to specify more dependencies:
     # as dependencies for the library being built, and as binary packages
@@ -143,34 +133,24 @@ def install_environment(
     }
     lib_deps = set(additional_dependencies) - cli_deps
 
-    with clean_path_on_failure(directory):
-        packages_to_install: set[tuple[str, ...]] = {('--path', '.')}
-        for cli_dep in cli_deps:
-            cli_dep = cli_dep[len('cli:'):]
-            package, _, crate_version = cli_dep.partition(':')
-            if crate_version != '':
-                packages_to_install.add((package, '--version', crate_version))
-            else:
-                packages_to_install.add((package,))
-
-        with in_env(prefix, version):
-            if version != 'system':
-                install_rust_with_toolchain(_rust_toolchain(version))
-
-            if len(lib_deps) > 0:
-                _add_dependencies(prefix, lib_deps)
+    packages_to_install: set[tuple[str, ...]] = {('--path', '.')}
+    for cli_dep in cli_deps:
+        cli_dep = cli_dep[len('cli:'):]
+        package, _, crate_version = cli_dep.partition(':')
+        if crate_version != '':
+            packages_to_install.add((package, '--version', crate_version))
+        else:
+            packages_to_install.add((package,))
 
-            for args in packages_to_install:
-                cmd_output_b(
-                    'cargo', 'install', '--bins', '--root', directory, *args,
-                    cwd=prefix.prefix_dir,
-                )
+    with in_env(prefix, version):
+        if version != 'system':
+            install_rust_with_toolchain(_rust_toolchain(version))
 
+        if len(lib_deps) > 0:
+            _add_dependencies(prefix, lib_deps)
 
-def run_hook(
-        hook: Hook,
-        file_args: Sequence[str],
-        color: bool,
-) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
-    with in_env(hook.prefix, hook.language_version):
-        return helpers.run_xargs(hook, hook.cmd, file_args, color=color)
+        for args in packages_to_install:
+            cmd_output_b(
+                'cargo', 'install', '--bins', '--root', envdir, *args,
+                cwd=prefix.prefix_dir,
+            )
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/script.py b/pre_commit/languages/script.py
index d5e7677..08325f4 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/script.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/script.py
@@ -2,19 +2,31 @@ from __future__ import annotations
 
 from typing import Sequence
 
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
+from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
 
 ENVIRONMENT_DIR = None
 get_default_version = helpers.basic_get_default_version
 health_check = helpers.basic_health_check
 install_environment = helpers.no_install
+in_env = helpers.no_env
 
 
 def run_hook(
-        hook: Hook,
+        prefix: Prefix,
+        entry: str,
+        args: Sequence[str],
         file_args: Sequence[str],
+        *,
+        is_local: bool,
+        require_serial: bool,
         color: bool,
 ) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
-    cmd = (hook.prefix.path(hook.cmd[0]), *hook.cmd[1:])
-    return helpers.run_xargs(hook, cmd, file_args, color=color)
+    cmd = helpers.hook_cmd(entry, args)
+    cmd = (prefix.path(cmd[0]), *cmd[1:])
+    return helpers.run_xargs(
+        cmd,
+        file_args,
+        require_serial=require_serial,
+        color=color,
+    )
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/swift.py b/pre_commit/languages/swift.py
index 4c68703..c66ad5f 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/swift.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/swift.py
@@ -5,21 +5,20 @@ import os
 from typing import Generator
 from typing import Sequence
 
-import pre_commit.constants as C
 from pre_commit.envcontext import envcontext
 from pre_commit.envcontext import PatchesT
 from pre_commit.envcontext import Var
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
 from pre_commit.prefix import Prefix
-from pre_commit.util import clean_path_on_failure
 from pre_commit.util import cmd_output_b
 
+BUILD_DIR = '.build'
+BUILD_CONFIG = 'release'
+
 ENVIRONMENT_DIR = 'swift_env'
 get_default_version = helpers.basic_get_default_version
 health_check = helpers.basic_health_check
-BUILD_DIR = '.build'
-BUILD_CONFIG = 'release'
+run_hook = helpers.basic_run_hook
 
 
 def get_env_patch(venv: str) -> PatchesT:  # pragma: win32 no cover
@@ -28,10 +27,8 @@ def get_env_patch(venv: str) -> PatchesT:  # pragma: win32 no cover
 
 
 @contextlib.contextmanager  # pragma: win32 no cover
-def in_env(prefix: Prefix) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
-    envdir = prefix.path(
-        helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, C.DEFAULT),
-    )
+def in_env(prefix: Prefix, version: str) -> Generator[None, None, None]:
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
     with envcontext(get_env_patch(envdir)):
         yield
 
@@ -41,25 +38,13 @@ def install_environment(
 ) -> None:  # pragma: win32 no cover
     helpers.assert_version_default('swift', version)
     helpers.assert_no_additional_deps('swift', additional_dependencies)
-    directory = prefix.path(
-        helpers.environment_dir(ENVIRONMENT_DIR, C.DEFAULT),
-    )
+    envdir = helpers.environment_dir(prefix, ENVIRONMENT_DIR, version)
 
     # Build the swift package
-    with clean_path_on_failure(directory):
-        os.mkdir(directory)
-        cmd_output_b(
-            'swift', 'build',
-            '-C', prefix.prefix_dir,
-            '-c', BUILD_CONFIG,
-            '--build-path', os.path.join(directory, BUILD_DIR),
-        )
-
-
-def run_hook(
-        hook: Hook,
-        file_args: Sequence[str],
-        color: bool,
-) -> tuple[int, bytes]:  # pragma: win32 no cover
-    with in_env(hook.prefix):
-        return helpers.run_xargs(hook, hook.cmd, file_args, color=color)
+    os.mkdir(envdir)
+    cmd_output_b(
+        'swift', 'build',
+        '-C', prefix.prefix_dir,
+        '-c', BUILD_CONFIG,
+        '--build-path', os.path.join(envdir, BUILD_DIR),
+    )
diff --git a/pre_commit/languages/system.py b/pre_commit/languages/system.py
index c64fb36..204cad7 100644
--- a/pre_commit/languages/system.py
+++ b/pre_commit/languages/system.py
@@ -1,20 +1,10 @@
 from __future__ import annotations
 
-from typing import Sequence
-
-from pre_commit.hook import Hook
 from pre_commit.languages import helpers
 
-
 ENVIRONMENT_DIR = None
 get_default_version = helpers.basic_get_default_version
 health_check = helpers.basic_health_check
 install_environment = helpers.no_install
-
-
-def run_hook(
-        hook: Hook,
-        file_args: Sequence[str],
-        color: bool,
-) -> tuple[int, bytes]:
-    return helpers.run_xargs(hook, hook.cmd, file_args, color=color)
+in_env = helpers.no_env
+run_hook = helpers.basic_run_hook