sqlglot.dialects.duckdb

  1from __future__ import annotations
  2
  3import typing as t
  4
  5from sqlglot import exp, generator, parser, tokens, transforms
  6from sqlglot.dialects.dialect import (
  7    Dialect,
  8    NormalizationStrategy,
  9    approx_count_distinct_sql,
 10    arg_max_or_min_no_count,
 11    arrow_json_extract_sql,
 12    binary_from_function,
 13    bool_xor_sql,
 14    date_trunc_to_time,
 15    datestrtodate_sql,
 16    encode_decode_sql,
 17    format_time_lambda,
 18    inline_array_sql,
 19    no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
 20    no_safe_divide_sql,
 21    no_timestamp_sql,
 22    pivot_column_names,
 23    regexp_extract_sql,
 24    rename_func,
 25    str_position_sql,
 26    str_to_time_sql,
 27    timestamptrunc_sql,
 28    timestrtotime_sql,
 29)
 30from sqlglot.helper import flatten, seq_get
 31from sqlglot.tokens import TokenType
 32
 33
 34def _ts_or_ds_add_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.TsOrDsAdd) -> str:
 35    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
 36    unit = self.sql(expression, "unit").strip("'") or "DAY"
 37    interval = self.sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit))
 38    return f"CAST({this} AS {self.sql(expression.return_type)}) + {interval}"
 39
 40
 41def _date_delta_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.DateAdd | exp.DateSub) -> str:
 42    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
 43    unit = self.sql(expression, "unit").strip("'") or "DAY"
 44    op = "+" if isinstance(expression, exp.DateAdd) else "-"
 45    return f"{this} {op} {self.sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.expression, unit=unit))}"
 46
 47
 48# BigQuery -> DuckDB conversion for the DATE function
 49def _date_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.Date) -> str:
 50    result = f"CAST({self.sql(expression, 'this')} AS DATE)"
 51    zone = self.sql(expression, "zone")
 52
 53    if zone:
 54        date_str = self.func("STRFTIME", result, "'%d/%m/%Y'")
 55        date_str = f"{date_str} || ' ' || {zone}"
 56
 57        # This will create a TIMESTAMP with time zone information
 58        result = self.func("STRPTIME", date_str, "'%d/%m/%Y %Z'")
 59
 60    return result
 61
 62
 63def _array_sort_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.ArraySort) -> str:
 64    if expression.expression:
 65        self.unsupported("DUCKDB ARRAY_SORT does not support a comparator")
 66    return f"ARRAY_SORT({self.sql(expression, 'this')})"
 67
 68
 69def _sort_array_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.SortArray) -> str:
 70    this = self.sql(expression, "this")
 71    if expression.args.get("asc") == exp.false():
 72        return f"ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT({this})"
 73    return f"ARRAY_SORT({this})"
 74
 75
 76def _sort_array_reverse(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
 77    return exp.SortArray(this=seq_get(args, 0), asc=exp.false())
 78
 79
 80def _parse_date_diff(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
 81    return exp.DateDiff(this=seq_get(args, 2), expression=seq_get(args, 1), unit=seq_get(args, 0))
 82
 83
 84def _parse_make_timestamp(args: t.List) -> exp.Expression:
 85    if len(args) == 1:
 86        return exp.UnixToTime(this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MICROS)
 87
 88    return exp.TimestampFromParts(
 89        year=seq_get(args, 0),
 90        month=seq_get(args, 1),
 91        day=seq_get(args, 2),
 92        hour=seq_get(args, 3),
 93        min=seq_get(args, 4),
 94        sec=seq_get(args, 5),
 95    )
 96
 97
 98def _struct_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.Struct) -> str:
 99    args: t.List[str] = []
100    for expr in expression.expressions:
101        if isinstance(expr, exp.Alias):
102            key = expr.alias
103            value = expr.this
104        else:
105            key = expr.name or expr.this.name
106            if isinstance(expr, exp.Bracket):
107                value = expr.expressions[0]
108            else:
109                value = expr.expression
110
111        args.append(f"{self.sql(exp.Literal.string(key))}: {self.sql(value)}")
112
113    return f"{{{', '.join(args)}}}"
114
115
116def _datatype_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.DataType) -> str:
117    if expression.is_type("array"):
118        return f"{self.expressions(expression, flat=True)}[]"
119
120    # Type TIMESTAMP / TIME WITH TIME ZONE does not support any modifiers
121    if expression.is_type("timestamptz", "timetz"):
122        return expression.this.value
123
124    return self.datatype_sql(expression)
125
126
127def _json_format_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.JSONFormat) -> str:
128    sql = self.func("TO_JSON", expression.this, expression.args.get("options"))
129    return f"CAST({sql} AS TEXT)"
130
131
132def _unix_to_time_sql(self: DuckDB.Generator, expression: exp.UnixToTime) -> str:
133    scale = expression.args.get("scale")
134    timestamp = self.sql(expression, "this")
135    if scale in (None, exp.UnixToTime.SECONDS):
136        return f"TO_TIMESTAMP({timestamp})"
137    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS:
138        return f"EPOCH_MS({timestamp})"
139    if scale == exp.UnixToTime.MICROS:
140        return f"MAKE_TIMESTAMP({timestamp})"
141
142    return f"TO_TIMESTAMP({timestamp} / POW(10, {scale}))"
143
144
145def _rename_unless_within_group(
146    a: str, b: str
147) -> t.Callable[[DuckDB.Generator, exp.Expression], str]:
148    return lambda self, expression: (
149        self.func(a, *flatten(expression.args.values()))
150        if isinstance(expression.find_ancestor(exp.Select, exp.WithinGroup), exp.WithinGroup)
151        else self.func(b, *flatten(expression.args.values()))
152    )
153
154
155def _parse_struct_pack(args: t.List) -> exp.Struct:
156    args_with_columns_as_identifiers = [
157        exp.PropertyEQ(this=arg.this.this, expression=arg.expression) for arg in args
158    ]
159    return exp.Struct.from_arg_list(args_with_columns_as_identifiers)
160
161
162class DuckDB(Dialect):
163    NULL_ORDERING = "nulls_are_last"
164    SUPPORTS_USER_DEFINED_TYPES = False
165    SAFE_DIVISION = True
166    INDEX_OFFSET = 1
167    CONCAT_COALESCE = True
168
169    # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/introduction.html#creating-a-new-table
170    NORMALIZATION_STRATEGY = NormalizationStrategy.CASE_INSENSITIVE
171
172    def to_json_path(self, path: t.Optional[exp.Expression]) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
173        if isinstance(path, exp.Literal):
174            # DuckDB also supports the JSON pointer syntax, where every path starts with a `/`.
175            # Additionally, it allows accessing the back of lists using the `[#-i]` syntax.
176            # This check ensures we'll avoid trying to parse these as JSON paths, which can
177            # either result in a noisy warning or in an invalid representation of the path.
178            path_text = path.name
179            if path_text.startswith("/") or "[#" in path_text:
180                return path
181
182        return super().to_json_path(path)
183
184    class Tokenizer(tokens.Tokenizer):
185        KEYWORDS = {
186            **tokens.Tokenizer.KEYWORDS,
187            "//": TokenType.DIV,
188            "ATTACH": TokenType.COMMAND,
189            "BINARY": TokenType.VARBINARY,
190            "BITSTRING": TokenType.BIT,
191            "BPCHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
192            "CHAR": TokenType.TEXT,
193            "CHARACTER VARYING": TokenType.TEXT,
194            "EXCLUDE": TokenType.EXCEPT,
195            "LOGICAL": TokenType.BOOLEAN,
196            "PIVOT_WIDER": TokenType.PIVOT,
197            "SIGNED": TokenType.INT,
198            "STRING": TokenType.VARCHAR,
199            "UBIGINT": TokenType.UBIGINT,
200            "UINTEGER": TokenType.UINT,
201            "USMALLINT": TokenType.USMALLINT,
202            "UTINYINT": TokenType.UTINYINT,
203            "TIMESTAMP_S": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_S,
204            "TIMESTAMP_MS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_MS,
205            "TIMESTAMP_NS": TokenType.TIMESTAMP_NS,
206            "TIMESTAMP_US": TokenType.TIMESTAMP,
207        }
208
209        SINGLE_TOKENS = {
210            **tokens.Tokenizer.SINGLE_TOKENS,
211            "$": TokenType.PARAMETER,
212        }
213
214    class Parser(parser.Parser):
215        BITWISE = {
216            **parser.Parser.BITWISE,
217            TokenType.TILDA: exp.RegexpLike,
218        }
219
220        FUNCTIONS = {
221            **parser.Parser.FUNCTIONS,
222            "ARRAY_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
223            "ARRAY_LENGTH": exp.ArraySize.from_arg_list,
224            "ARRAY_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
225            "ARRAY_REVERSE_SORT": _sort_array_reverse,
226            "DATEDIFF": _parse_date_diff,
227            "DATE_DIFF": _parse_date_diff,
228            "DATE_TRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
229            "DATETRUNC": date_trunc_to_time,
230            "DECODE": lambda args: exp.Decode(
231                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
232            ),
233            "ENCODE": lambda args: exp.Encode(
234                this=seq_get(args, 0), charset=exp.Literal.string("utf-8")
235            ),
236            "EPOCH": exp.TimeToUnix.from_arg_list,
237            "EPOCH_MS": lambda args: exp.UnixToTime(
238                this=seq_get(args, 0), scale=exp.UnixToTime.MILLIS
239            ),
240            "JSON": exp.ParseJSON.from_arg_list,
241            "JSON_EXTRACT_PATH": parser.parse_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtract),
242            "JSON_EXTRACT_STRING": parser.parse_extract_json_with_path(exp.JSONExtractScalar),
243            "LIST_HAS": exp.ArrayContains.from_arg_list,
244            "LIST_REVERSE_SORT": _sort_array_reverse,
245            "LIST_SORT": exp.SortArray.from_arg_list,
246            "LIST_VALUE": exp.Array.from_arg_list,
247            "MAKE_TIME": exp.TimeFromParts.from_arg_list,
248            "MAKE_TIMESTAMP": _parse_make_timestamp,
249            "MEDIAN": lambda args: exp.PercentileCont(
250                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=exp.Literal.number(0.5)
251            ),
252            "QUANTILE_CONT": exp.PercentileCont.from_arg_list,
253            "QUANTILE_DISC": exp.PercentileDisc.from_arg_list,
254            "REGEXP_EXTRACT": lambda args: exp.RegexpExtract(
255                this=seq_get(args, 0), expression=seq_get(args, 1), group=seq_get(args, 2)
256            ),
257            "REGEXP_MATCHES": exp.RegexpLike.from_arg_list,
258            "REGEXP_REPLACE": lambda args: exp.RegexpReplace(
259                this=seq_get(args, 0),
260                expression=seq_get(args, 1),
261                replacement=seq_get(args, 2),
262                modifiers=seq_get(args, 3),
263            ),
264            "STRFTIME": format_time_lambda(exp.TimeToStr, "duckdb"),
265            "STRING_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
266            "STRING_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
267            "STRING_TO_ARRAY": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
268            "STRPTIME": format_time_lambda(exp.StrToTime, "duckdb"),
269            "STRUCT_PACK": _parse_struct_pack,
270            "STR_SPLIT": exp.Split.from_arg_list,
271            "STR_SPLIT_REGEX": exp.RegexpSplit.from_arg_list,
272            "TO_TIMESTAMP": exp.UnixToTime.from_arg_list,
273            "UNNEST": exp.Explode.from_arg_list,
274            "XOR": binary_from_function(exp.BitwiseXor),
275        }
276
277        FUNCTION_PARSERS = parser.Parser.FUNCTION_PARSERS.copy()
278        FUNCTION_PARSERS.pop("DECODE", None)
279
280        TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS = parser.Parser.TABLE_ALIAS_TOKENS - {
281            TokenType.SEMI,
282            TokenType.ANTI,
283        }
284
285        PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS = {
286            **parser.Parser.PLACEHOLDER_PARSERS,
287            TokenType.PARAMETER: lambda self: (
288                self.expression(exp.Placeholder, this=self._prev.text)
289                if self._match(TokenType.NUMBER) or self._match_set(self.ID_VAR_TOKENS)
290                else None
291            ),
292        }
293
294        def _parse_types(
295            self, check_func: bool = False, schema: bool = False, allow_identifiers: bool = True
296        ) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
297            this = super()._parse_types(
298                check_func=check_func, schema=schema, allow_identifiers=allow_identifiers
299            )
300
301            # DuckDB treats NUMERIC and DECIMAL without precision as DECIMAL(18, 3)
302            # See: https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/data_types/numeric
303            if (
304                isinstance(this, exp.DataType)
305                and this.is_type("numeric", "decimal")
306                and not this.expressions
307            ):
308                return exp.DataType.build("DECIMAL(18, 3)")
309
310            return this
311
312        def _parse_struct_types(self, type_required: bool = False) -> t.Optional[exp.Expression]:
313            return self._parse_field_def()
314
315        def _pivot_column_names(self, aggregations: t.List[exp.Expression]) -> t.List[str]:
316            if len(aggregations) == 1:
317                return super()._pivot_column_names(aggregations)
318            return pivot_column_names(aggregations, dialect="duckdb")
319
320    class Generator(generator.Generator):
321        JOIN_HINTS = False
322        TABLE_HINTS = False
323        QUERY_HINTS = False
324        LIMIT_FETCH = "LIMIT"
325        STRUCT_DELIMITER = ("(", ")")
326        RENAME_TABLE_WITH_DB = False
327        NVL2_SUPPORTED = False
328        SEMI_ANTI_JOIN_WITH_SIDE = False
329        TABLESAMPLE_KEYWORDS = "USING SAMPLE"
330        TABLESAMPLE_SEED_KEYWORD = "REPEATABLE"
331        LAST_DAY_SUPPORTS_DATE_PART = False
332        JSON_KEY_VALUE_PAIR_SEP = ","
333        IGNORE_NULLS_IN_FUNC = True
334        JSON_PATH_BRACKETED_KEY_SUPPORTED = False
335        SUPPORTS_CREATE_TABLE_LIKE = False
336        MULTI_ARG_DISTINCT = False
337
338        TRANSFORMS = {
339            **generator.Generator.TRANSFORMS,
340            exp.ApproxDistinct: approx_count_distinct_sql,
341            exp.Array: lambda self, e: (
342                self.func("ARRAY", e.expressions[0])
343                if e.expressions and e.expressions[0].find(exp.Select)
344                else inline_array_sql(self, e)
345            ),
346            exp.ArraySize: rename_func("ARRAY_LENGTH"),
347            exp.ArgMax: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MAX"),
348            exp.ArgMin: arg_max_or_min_no_count("ARG_MIN"),
349            exp.ArraySort: _array_sort_sql,
350            exp.ArraySum: rename_func("LIST_SUM"),
351            exp.BitwiseXor: rename_func("XOR"),
352            exp.CommentColumnConstraint: no_comment_column_constraint_sql,
353            exp.CurrentDate: lambda self, e: "CURRENT_DATE",
354            exp.CurrentTime: lambda self, e: "CURRENT_TIME",
355            exp.CurrentTimestamp: lambda self, e: "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP",
356            exp.DayOfMonth: rename_func("DAYOFMONTH"),
357            exp.DayOfWeek: rename_func("DAYOFWEEK"),
358            exp.DayOfYear: rename_func("DAYOFYEAR"),
359            exp.DataType: _datatype_sql,
360            exp.Date: _date_sql,
361            exp.DateAdd: _date_delta_sql,
362            exp.DateFromParts: rename_func("MAKE_DATE"),
363            exp.DateSub: _date_delta_sql,
364            exp.DateDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
365                "DATE_DIFF", f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'", e.expression, e.this
366            ),
367            exp.DateStrToDate: datestrtodate_sql,
368            exp.DateToDi: lambda self,
369            e: f"CAST(STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS INT)",
370            exp.Decode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "DECODE", replace=False),
371            exp.DiToDate: lambda self,
372            e: f"CAST(STRPTIME(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), {DuckDB.DATEINT_FORMAT}) AS DATE)",
373            exp.Encode: lambda self, e: encode_decode_sql(self, e, "ENCODE", replace=False),
374            exp.Explode: rename_func("UNNEST"),
375            exp.IntDiv: lambda self, e: self.binary(e, "//"),
376            exp.IsInf: rename_func("ISINF"),
377            exp.IsNan: rename_func("ISNAN"),
378            exp.JSONExtract: arrow_json_extract_sql,
379            exp.JSONExtractScalar: arrow_json_extract_sql,
380            exp.JSONFormat: _json_format_sql,
381            exp.LogicalOr: rename_func("BOOL_OR"),
382            exp.LogicalAnd: rename_func("BOOL_AND"),
383            exp.MonthsBetween: lambda self, e: self.func(
384                "DATEDIFF",
385                "'month'",
386                exp.cast(e.expression, "timestamp", copy=True),
387                exp.cast(e.this, "timestamp", copy=True),
388            ),
389            exp.ParseJSON: rename_func("JSON"),
390            exp.PercentileCont: _rename_unless_within_group("PERCENTILE_CONT", "QUANTILE_CONT"),
391            exp.PercentileDisc: _rename_unless_within_group("PERCENTILE_DISC", "QUANTILE_DISC"),
392            # DuckDB doesn't allow qualified columns inside of PIVOT expressions.
393            # See: https://github.com/duckdb/duckdb/blob/671faf92411182f81dce42ac43de8bfb05d9909e/src/planner/binder/tableref/bind_pivot.cpp#L61-L62
394            exp.Pivot: transforms.preprocess([transforms.unqualify_columns]),
395            exp.RegexpExtract: regexp_extract_sql,
396            exp.RegexpReplace: lambda self, e: self.func(
397                "REGEXP_REPLACE",
398                e.this,
399                e.expression,
400                e.args.get("replacement"),
401                e.args.get("modifiers"),
402            ),
403            exp.RegexpLike: rename_func("REGEXP_MATCHES"),
404            exp.RegexpSplit: rename_func("STR_SPLIT_REGEX"),
405            exp.Rand: rename_func("RANDOM"),
406            exp.SafeDivide: no_safe_divide_sql,
407            exp.Split: rename_func("STR_SPLIT"),
408            exp.SortArray: _sort_array_sql,
409            exp.StrPosition: str_position_sql,
410            exp.StrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({str_to_time_sql(self, e)} AS DATE)",
411            exp.StrToTime: str_to_time_sql,
412            exp.StrToUnix: lambda self,
413            e: f"EPOCH(STRPTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)}))",
414            exp.Struct: _struct_sql,
415            exp.Timestamp: no_timestamp_sql,
416            exp.TimestampDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
417                "DATE_DIFF", exp.Literal.string(e.unit), e.expression, e.this
418            ),
419            exp.TimestampTrunc: timestamptrunc_sql,
420            exp.TimeStrToDate: lambda self, e: f"CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS DATE)",
421            exp.TimeStrToTime: timestrtotime_sql,
422            exp.TimeStrToUnix: lambda self, e: f"EPOCH(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TIMESTAMP))",
423            exp.TimeToStr: lambda self,
424            e: f"STRFTIME({self.sql(e, 'this')}, {self.format_time(e)})",
425            exp.TimeToUnix: rename_func("EPOCH"),
426            exp.TsOrDiToDi: lambda self,
427            e: f"CAST(SUBSTR(REPLACE(CAST({self.sql(e, 'this')} AS TEXT), '-', ''), 1, 8) AS INT)",
428            exp.TsOrDsAdd: _ts_or_ds_add_sql,
429            exp.TsOrDsDiff: lambda self, e: self.func(
430                "DATE_DIFF",
431                f"'{e.args.get('unit') or 'DAY'}'",
432                exp.cast(e.expression, "TIMESTAMP"),
433                exp.cast(e.this, "TIMESTAMP"),
434            ),
435            exp.UnixToStr: lambda self,
436            e: f"STRFTIME(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}), {self.format_time(e)})",
437            exp.UnixToTime: _unix_to_time_sql,
438            exp.UnixToTimeStr: lambda self, e: f"CAST(TO_TIMESTAMP({self.sql(e, 'this')}) AS TEXT)",
439            exp.VariancePop: rename_func("VAR_POP"),
440            exp.WeekOfYear: rename_func("WEEKOFYEAR"),
441            exp.Xor: bool_xor_sql,
442        }
443
444        SUPPORTED_JSON_PATH_PARTS = {
445            exp.JSONPathKey,
446            exp.JSONPathRoot,
447            exp.JSONPathSubscript,
448            exp.JSONPathWildcard,
449        }
450
451        TYPE_MAPPING = {
452            **generator.Generator.TYPE_MAPPING,
453            exp.DataType.Type.BINARY: "BLOB",
454            exp.DataType.Type.CHAR: "TEXT",
455            exp.DataType.Type.FLOAT: "REAL",
456            exp.DataType.Type.NCHAR: "TEXT",
457            exp.DataType.Type.NVARCHAR: "TEXT",
458            exp.DataType.Type.UINT: "UINTEGER",
459            exp.DataType.Type.VARBINARY: "BLOB",
460            exp.DataType.Type.VARCHAR: "TEXT",
461            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_S: "TIMESTAMP_S",
462            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_MS: "TIMESTAMP_MS",
463            exp.DataType.Type.TIMESTAMP_NS: "TIMESTAMP_NS",
464        }
465
466        STAR_MAPPING = {**generator.Generator.STAR_MAPPING, "except": "EXCLUDE"}
467
468        UNWRAPPED_INTERVAL_VALUES = (exp.Column, exp.Literal, exp.Paren)
469
470        # DuckDB doesn't generally support CREATE TABLE .. properties
471        # https://duckdb.org/docs/sql/statements/create_table.html
472        PROPERTIES_LOCATION = {
473            prop: exp.Properties.Location.UNSUPPORTED
474            for prop in generator.Generator.PROPERTIES_LOCATION
475        }
476
477        # There are a few exceptions (e.g. temporary tables) which are supported or
478        # can be transpiled to DuckDB, so we explicitly override them accordingly
479        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.LikeProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_SCHEMA
480        PROPERTIES_LOCATION[exp.TemporaryProperty] = exp.Properties.Location.POST_CREATE
481
482        def timefromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimeFromParts) -> str:
483            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
484            if nano is not None:
485                expression.set(
486                    "sec", expression.args["sec"] + nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
487                )
488
489            return rename_func("MAKE_TIME")(self, expression)
490
491        def timestampfromparts_sql(self, expression: exp.TimestampFromParts) -> str:
492            sec = expression.args["sec"]
493
494            milli = expression.args.get("milli")
495            if milli is not None:
496                sec += milli.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000.0)
497
498            nano = expression.args.get("nano")
499            if nano is not None:
500                sec += nano.pop() / exp.Literal.number(1000000000.0)
501
502            if milli or nano:
503                expression.set("sec", sec)
504
505            return rename_func("MAKE_TIMESTAMP")(self, expression)
506
507        def tablesample_sql(
508            self,
509            expression: exp.TableSample,
510            sep: str = " AS ",
511            tablesample_keyword: t.Optional[str] = None,
512        ) -> str:
513            if not isinstance(expression.parent, exp.Select):
514                # This sample clause only applies to a single source, not the entire resulting relation
515                tablesample_keyword = "TABLESAMPLE"
516
517            return super().tablesample_sql(
518                expression, sep=sep, tablesample_keyword=tablesample_keyword
519            )
520
521        def interval_sql(self, expression: exp.Interval) -> str:
522            multiplier: t.Optional[int] = None
523            unit = expression.text("unit").lower()
524
525            if unit.startswith("week"):
526                multiplier = 7
527            if unit.startswith("quarter"):
528                multiplier = 90
529
530            if multiplier:
531                return f"({multiplier} * {super().interval_sql(exp.Interval(this=expression.this, unit=exp.var('DAY')))})"
532
533            return super().interval_sql(expression)
534
535        def columndef_sql(self, expression: exp.ColumnDef, sep: str = " ") -> str:
536            if isinstance(expression.parent, exp.UserDefinedFunction):
537                return self.sql(expression, "this")
538            return super().columndef_sql(expression, sep)
539
540        def placeholder_sql(self, expression: exp.Placeholder) -> str:
541            return f"${expression.name}" if expression.name else "?"