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.. _console_markup:
Console Markup
==============
Rich supports a simple markup which you can use to insert color and styles virtually everywhere Rich would accept a string (e.g. :meth:`~rich.console.Console.print` and :meth:`~rich.console.Console.log`).
Syntax
------
Console markup uses a syntax inspired by `bbcode <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBCode>`_. If you write the style (see :ref:`styles`) in square brackets, e.g. ``[bold red]``, that style will apply until it is *closed* with a corresponding ``[/bold red]``.
Here's a simple example::
from rich import print
print("[bold red]alert![/bold red] Something happened")
If you don't close a style, it will apply until the end of the string. Which is sometimes convenient if you want to style a single line. For example::
print("[bold italic yellow on red blink]This text is impossible to read")
There is a shorthand for closing a style. If you omit the style name from the closing tag, Rich will close the last style. For example::
print("[bold red]Bold and red[/] not bold or red")
These markup tags may be use in combination with each other and don't need to be strictly nested. The following examples demonstrates overlapping of markup tags::
print("[bold]Bold[italic] bold and italic [/bold]italic[/italic]")
Errors
~~~~~~
Rich will raise :class:`~rich.errors.MarkupError` if the markup contains one of the following errors:
- Mismatched tags, e.g. ``"[bold]Hello[/red]"``
- No matching tag for implicit close, e.g. ``"no tags[/]"``
Links
~~~~~
Console markup can output hyperlinks with the following syntax: ``[link=URL]text[/link]``. Here's an example::
print("Visit my [link=https://www.willmcgugan.com]blog[/link]!")
If your terminal software supports hyperlinks, you will be able to click the word "blog" which will typically open a browser. If your terminal doesn't support hyperlinks, you will see the text but it won't be clickable.
Escaping
~~~~~~~~
Occasionally you may want to print something that Rich would interpret as markup. You can *escape* a tag by preceding it with a backslash. Here's an example::
>>> from rich import print
>>> print(r"foo\[bar]")
foo[bar]
Without the backslash, Rich will assume that ``[bar]`` is a tag and remove it from the output if there is no "bar" style.
.. note::
If you want to prevent the backslash from escaping the tag and output a literal backslash before a tag you can enter two backslashes.
The function :func:`~rich.markup.escape` will handle escaping of text for you.
Escaping is important if you construct console markup dynamically, with ``str.format`` or f strings (for example). Without escaping it may be possible to inject tags where you don't want them. Consider the following function::
def greet(name):
console.print(f"Hello {name}!")
Calling ``greet("Will")`` will print a greeting, but if you were to call ``greet("[blink]Gotcha![/blink]"])`` then you will also get blinking text, which may not be desirable. The solution is to escape the arguments::
from rich.markup import escape
def greet(name):
console.print(f"Hello {escape(name)}!")
Rendering Markup
----------------
By default, Rich will render console markup when you explicitly pass a string to :meth:`~rich.console.Print.print` or implicitly when you embed a string in another renderable object such as :class:`~rich.table.Table` or :class:`~rich.panel.Panel`.
Console markup is convenient, but you may wish to disable it if the syntax clashes with the string you want to print. You can do this by setting ``markup=False`` on the :meth:`~rich.console.Print.print` method or on the :class:`~rich.console.Console` constructor.
Markup API
----------
You can convert a string to styled text by calling :meth:`~rich.text.Text.from_markup`, which returns a :class:`~rich.text.Text` instance you can print or add more styles to.
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