Adding upstream version 4.19.249.upstream/4.19.249upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 1458 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/drivers/mtd/ubi/build.c b/drivers/mtd/ubi/build.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ea3a4977
--- /dev/null
+++ b/drivers/mtd/ubi/build.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1458 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) International Business Machines Corp., 2006
+ * Copyright (c) Nokia Corporation, 2007
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+ * (at your option) any later version.
+ *
+ * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See
+ * the GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
+ *
+ * Author: Artem Bityutskiy (Битюцкий Артём),
+ *         Frank Haverkamp
+ */
+
+/*
+ * This file includes UBI initialization and building of UBI devices.
+ *
+ * When UBI is initialized, it attaches all the MTD devices specified as the
+ * module load parameters or the kernel boot parameters. If MTD devices were
+ * specified, UBI does not attach any MTD device, but it is possible to do
+ * later using the "UBI control device".
+ */
+
+#include <linux/err.h>
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/moduleparam.h>
+#include <linux/stringify.h>
+#include <linux/namei.h>
+#include <linux/stat.h>
+#include <linux/miscdevice.h>
+#include <linux/mtd/partitions.h>
+#include <linux/log2.h>
+#include <linux/kthread.h>
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+#include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/major.h>
+#include "ubi.h"
+
+/* Maximum length of the 'mtd=' parameter */
+#define MTD_PARAM_LEN_MAX 64
+
+/* Maximum number of comma-separated items in the 'mtd=' parameter */
+#define MTD_PARAM_MAX_COUNT 4
+
+/* Maximum value for the number of bad PEBs per 1024 PEBs */
+#define MAX_MTD_UBI_BEB_LIMIT 768
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_MTD_UBI_MODULE
+#define ubi_is_module() 1
+#else
+#define ubi_is_module() 0
+#endif
+
+/**
+ * struct mtd_dev_param - MTD device parameter description data structure.
+ * @name: MTD character device node path, MTD device name, or MTD device number
+ *        string
+ * @vid_hdr_offs: VID header offset
+ * @max_beb_per1024: maximum expected number of bad PEBs per 1024 PEBs
+ */
+struct mtd_dev_param {
+	char name[MTD_PARAM_LEN_MAX];
+	int ubi_num;
+	int vid_hdr_offs;
+	int max_beb_per1024;
+};
+
+/* Numbers of elements set in the @mtd_dev_param array */
+static int mtd_devs;
+
+/* MTD devices specification parameters */
+static struct mtd_dev_param mtd_dev_param[UBI_MAX_DEVICES];
+#ifdef CONFIG_MTD_UBI_FASTMAP
+/* UBI module parameter to enable fastmap automatically on non-fastmap images */
+static bool fm_autoconvert;
+static bool fm_debug;
+#endif
+
+/* Slab cache for wear-leveling entries */
+struct kmem_cache *ubi_wl_entry_slab;
+
+/* UBI control character device */
+static struct miscdevice ubi_ctrl_cdev = {
+	.minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR,
+	.name = "ubi_ctrl",
+	.fops = &ubi_ctrl_cdev_operations,
+};
+
+/* All UBI devices in system */
+static struct ubi_device *ubi_devices[UBI_MAX_DEVICES];
+
+/* Serializes UBI devices creations and removals */
+DEFINE_MUTEX(ubi_devices_mutex);
+
+/* Protects @ubi_devices and @ubi->ref_count */
+static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(ubi_devices_lock);
+
+/* "Show" method for files in '/<sysfs>/class/ubi/' */
+/* UBI version attribute ('/<sysfs>/class/ubi/version') */
+static ssize_t version_show(struct class *class, struct class_attribute *attr,
+			    char *buf)
+{
+	return sprintf(buf, "%d\n", UBI_VERSION);
+}
+static CLASS_ATTR_RO(version);
+
+static struct attribute *ubi_class_attrs[] = {
+	&class_attr_version.attr,
+	NULL,
+};
+ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(ubi_class);
+
+/* Root UBI "class" object (corresponds to '/<sysfs>/class/ubi/') */
+struct class ubi_class = {
+	.name		= UBI_NAME_STR,
+	.owner		= THIS_MODULE,
+	.class_groups	= ubi_class_groups,
+};
+
+static ssize_t dev_attribute_show(struct device *dev,
+				  struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf);
+
+/* UBI device attributes (correspond to files in '/<sysfs>/class/ubi/ubiX') */
+static struct device_attribute dev_eraseblock_size =
+	__ATTR(eraseblock_size, S_IRUGO, dev_attribute_show, NULL);
+static struct device_attribute dev_avail_eraseblocks =
+	__ATTR(avail_eraseblocks, S_IRUGO, dev_attribute_show, NULL);
+static struct device_attribute dev_total_eraseblocks =
+	__ATTR(total_eraseblocks, S_IRUGO, dev_attribute_show, NULL);
+static struct device_attribute dev_volumes_count =
+	__ATTR(volumes_count, S_IRUGO, dev_attribute_show, NULL);
+static struct device_attribute dev_max_ec =
+	__ATTR(max_ec, S_IRUGO, dev_attribute_show, NULL);
+static struct device_attribute dev_reserved_for_bad =
+	__ATTR(reserved_for_bad, S_IRUGO, dev_attribute_show, NULL);
+static struct device_attribute dev_bad_peb_count =
+	__ATTR(bad_peb_count, S_IRUGO, dev_attribute_show, NULL);
+static struct device_attribute dev_max_vol_count =
+	__ATTR(max_vol_count, S_IRUGO, dev_attribute_show, NULL);
+static struct device_attribute dev_min_io_size =
+	__ATTR(min_io_size, S_IRUGO, dev_attribute_show, NULL);
+static struct device_attribute dev_bgt_enabled =
+	__ATTR(bgt_enabled, S_IRUGO, dev_attribute_show, NULL);
+static struct device_attribute dev_mtd_num =
+	__ATTR(mtd_num, S_IRUGO, dev_attribute_show, NULL);
+static struct device_attribute dev_ro_mode =
+	__ATTR(ro_mode, S_IRUGO, dev_attribute_show, NULL);
+
+/**
+ * ubi_volume_notify - send a volume change notification.
+ * @ubi: UBI device description object
+ * @vol: volume description object of the changed volume
+ * @ntype: notification type to send (%UBI_VOLUME_ADDED, etc)
+ *
+ * This is a helper function which notifies all subscribers about a volume
+ * change event (creation, removal, re-sizing, re-naming, updating). Returns
+ * zero in case of success and a negative error code in case of failure.
+ */
+int ubi_volume_notify(struct ubi_device *ubi, struct ubi_volume *vol, int ntype)
+{
+	int ret;
+	struct ubi_notification nt;
+
+	ubi_do_get_device_info(ubi, &nt.di);
+	ubi_do_get_volume_info(ubi, vol, &nt.vi);
+
+	switch (ntype) {
+	case UBI_VOLUME_ADDED:
+	case UBI_VOLUME_REMOVED:
+	case UBI_VOLUME_RESIZED:
+	case UBI_VOLUME_RENAMED:
+		ret = ubi_update_fastmap(ubi);
+		if (ret)
+			ubi_msg(ubi, "Unable to write a new fastmap: %i", ret);
+	}
+
+	return blocking_notifier_call_chain(&ubi_notifiers, ntype, &nt);
+}
+
+/**
+ * ubi_notify_all - send a notification to all volumes.
+ * @ubi: UBI device description object
+ * @ntype: notification type to send (%UBI_VOLUME_ADDED, etc)
+ * @nb: the notifier to call
+ *
+ * This function walks all volumes of UBI device @ubi and sends the @ntype
+ * notification for each volume. If @nb is %NULL, then all registered notifiers
+ * are called, otherwise only the @nb notifier is called. Returns the number of
+ * sent notifications.
+ */
+int ubi_notify_all(struct ubi_device *ubi, int ntype, struct notifier_block *nb)
+{
+	struct ubi_notification nt;
+	int i, count = 0;
+
+	ubi_do_get_device_info(ubi, &nt.di);
+
+	mutex_lock(&ubi->device_mutex);
+	for (i = 0; i < ubi->vtbl_slots; i++) {
+		/*
+		 * Since the @ubi->device is locked, and we are not going to
+		 * change @ubi->volumes, we do not have to lock
+		 * @ubi->volumes_lock.
+		 */
+		if (!ubi->volumes[i])
+			continue;
+
+		ubi_do_get_volume_info(ubi, ubi->volumes[i], &nt.vi);
+		if (nb)
+			nb->notifier_call(nb, ntype, &nt);
+		else
+			blocking_notifier_call_chain(&ubi_notifiers, ntype,
+						     &nt);
+		count += 1;
+	}
+	mutex_unlock(&ubi->device_mutex);
+
+	return count;
+}
+
+/**
+ * ubi_enumerate_volumes - send "add" notification for all existing volumes.
+ * @nb: the notifier to call
+ *
+ * This function walks all UBI devices and volumes and sends the
+ * %UBI_VOLUME_ADDED notification for each volume. If @nb is %NULL, then all
+ * registered notifiers are called, otherwise only the @nb notifier is called.
+ * Returns the number of sent notifications.
+ */
+int ubi_enumerate_volumes(struct notifier_block *nb)
+{
+	int i, count = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * Since the @ubi_devices_mutex is locked, and we are not going to
+	 * change @ubi_devices, we do not have to lock @ubi_devices_lock.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < UBI_MAX_DEVICES; i++) {
+		struct ubi_device *ubi = ubi_devices[i];
+
+		if (!ubi)
+			continue;
+		count += ubi_notify_all(ubi, UBI_VOLUME_ADDED, nb);
+	}
+
+	return count;
+}
+
+/**
+ * ubi_get_device - get UBI device.
+ * @ubi_num: UBI device number
+ *
+ * This function returns UBI device description object for UBI device number
+ * @ubi_num, or %NULL if the device does not exist. This function increases the
+ * device reference count to prevent removal of the device. In other words, the
+ * device cannot be removed if its reference count is not zero.
+ */
+struct ubi_device *ubi_get_device(int ubi_num)
+{
+	struct ubi_device *ubi;
+
+	spin_lock(&ubi_devices_lock);
+	ubi = ubi_devices[ubi_num];
+	if (ubi) {
+		ubi_assert(ubi->ref_count >= 0);
+		ubi->ref_count += 1;
+		get_device(&ubi->dev);
+	}
+	spin_unlock(&ubi_devices_lock);
+
+	return ubi;
+}
+
+/**
+ * ubi_put_device - drop an UBI device reference.
+ * @ubi: UBI device description object
+ */
+void ubi_put_device(struct ubi_device *ubi)
+{
+	spin_lock(&ubi_devices_lock);
+	ubi->ref_count -= 1;
+	put_device(&ubi->dev);
+	spin_unlock(&ubi_devices_lock);
+}
+
+/**
+ * ubi_get_by_major - get UBI device by character device major number.
+ * @major: major number
+ *
+ * This function is similar to 'ubi_get_device()', but it searches the device
+ * by its major number.
+ */
+struct ubi_device *ubi_get_by_major(int major)
+{
+	int i;
+	struct ubi_device *ubi;
+
+	spin_lock(&ubi_devices_lock);
+	for (i = 0; i < UBI_MAX_DEVICES; i++) {
+		ubi = ubi_devices[i];
+		if (ubi && MAJOR(ubi->cdev.dev) == major) {
+			ubi_assert(ubi->ref_count >= 0);
+			ubi->ref_count += 1;
+			get_device(&ubi->dev);
+			spin_unlock(&ubi_devices_lock);
+			return ubi;
+		}
+	}
+	spin_unlock(&ubi_devices_lock);
+
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/**
+ * ubi_major2num - get UBI device number by character device major number.
+ * @major: major number
+ *
+ * This function searches UBI device number object by its major number. If UBI
+ * device was not found, this function returns -ENODEV, otherwise the UBI device
+ * number is returned.
+ */
+int ubi_major2num(int major)
+{
+	int i, ubi_num = -ENODEV;
+
+	spin_lock(&ubi_devices_lock);
+	for (i = 0; i < UBI_MAX_DEVICES; i++) {
+		struct ubi_device *ubi = ubi_devices[i];
+
+		if (ubi && MAJOR(ubi->cdev.dev) == major) {
+			ubi_num = ubi->ubi_num;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	spin_unlock(&ubi_devices_lock);
+
+	return ubi_num;
+}
+
+/* "Show" method for files in '/<sysfs>/class/ubi/ubiX/' */
+static ssize_t dev_attribute_show(struct device *dev,
+				  struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
+{
+	ssize_t ret;
+	struct ubi_device *ubi;
+
+	/*
+	 * The below code looks weird, but it actually makes sense. We get the
+	 * UBI device reference from the contained 'struct ubi_device'. But it
+	 * is unclear if the device was removed or not yet. Indeed, if the
+	 * device was removed before we increased its reference count,
+	 * 'ubi_get_device()' will return -ENODEV and we fail.
+	 *
+	 * Remember, 'struct ubi_device' is freed in the release function, so
+	 * we still can use 'ubi->ubi_num'.
+	 */
+	ubi = container_of(dev, struct ubi_device, dev);
+
+	if (attr == &dev_eraseblock_size)
+		ret = sprintf(buf, "%d\n", ubi->leb_size);
+	else if (attr == &dev_avail_eraseblocks)
+		ret = sprintf(buf, "%d\n", ubi->avail_pebs);
+	else if (attr == &dev_total_eraseblocks)
+		ret = sprintf(buf, "%d\n", ubi->good_peb_count);
+	else if (attr == &dev_volumes_count)
+		ret = sprintf(buf, "%d\n", ubi->vol_count - UBI_INT_VOL_COUNT);
+	else if (attr == &dev_max_ec)
+		ret = sprintf(buf, "%d\n", ubi->max_ec);
+	else if (attr == &dev_reserved_for_bad)
+		ret = sprintf(buf, "%d\n", ubi->beb_rsvd_pebs);
+	else if (attr == &dev_bad_peb_count)
+		ret = sprintf(buf, "%d\n", ubi->bad_peb_count);
+	else if (attr == &dev_max_vol_count)
+		ret = sprintf(buf, "%d\n", ubi->vtbl_slots);
+	else if (attr == &dev_min_io_size)
+		ret = sprintf(buf, "%d\n", ubi->min_io_size);
+	else if (attr == &dev_bgt_enabled)
+		ret = sprintf(buf, "%d\n", ubi->thread_enabled);
+	else if (attr == &dev_mtd_num)
+		ret = sprintf(buf, "%d\n", ubi->mtd->index);
+	else if (attr == &dev_ro_mode)
+		ret = sprintf(buf, "%d\n", ubi->ro_mode);
+	else
+		ret = -EINVAL;
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static struct attribute *ubi_dev_attrs[] = {
+	&dev_eraseblock_size.attr,
+	&dev_avail_eraseblocks.attr,
+	&dev_total_eraseblocks.attr,
+	&dev_volumes_count.attr,
+	&dev_max_ec.attr,
+	&dev_reserved_for_bad.attr,
+	&dev_bad_peb_count.attr,
+	&dev_max_vol_count.attr,
+	&dev_min_io_size.attr,
+	&dev_bgt_enabled.attr,
+	&dev_mtd_num.attr,
+	&dev_ro_mode.attr,
+	NULL
+};
+ATTRIBUTE_GROUPS(ubi_dev);
+
+static void dev_release(struct device *dev)
+{
+	struct ubi_device *ubi = container_of(dev, struct ubi_device, dev);
+
+	kfree(ubi);
+}
+
+/**
+ * kill_volumes - destroy all user volumes.
+ * @ubi: UBI device description object
+ */
+static void kill_volumes(struct ubi_device *ubi)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < ubi->vtbl_slots; i++)
+		if (ubi->volumes[i])
+			ubi_free_volume(ubi, ubi->volumes[i]);
+}
+
+/**
+ * uif_init - initialize user interfaces for an UBI device.
+ * @ubi: UBI device description object
+ *
+ * This function initializes various user interfaces for an UBI device. If the
+ * initialization fails at an early stage, this function frees all the
+ * resources it allocated, returns an error.
+ *
+ * This function returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in
+ * case of failure.
+ */
+static int uif_init(struct ubi_device *ubi)
+{
+	int i, err;
+	dev_t dev;
+
+	sprintf(ubi->ubi_name, UBI_NAME_STR "%d", ubi->ubi_num);
+
+	/*
+	 * Major numbers for the UBI character devices are allocated
+	 * dynamically. Major numbers of volume character devices are
+	 * equivalent to ones of the corresponding UBI character device. Minor
+	 * numbers of UBI character devices are 0, while minor numbers of
+	 * volume character devices start from 1. Thus, we allocate one major
+	 * number and ubi->vtbl_slots + 1 minor numbers.
+	 */
+	err = alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, 0, ubi->vtbl_slots + 1, ubi->ubi_name);
+	if (err) {
+		ubi_err(ubi, "cannot register UBI character devices");
+		return err;
+	}
+
+	ubi->dev.devt = dev;
+
+	ubi_assert(MINOR(dev) == 0);
+	cdev_init(&ubi->cdev, &ubi_cdev_operations);
+	dbg_gen("%s major is %u", ubi->ubi_name, MAJOR(dev));
+	ubi->cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE;
+
+	dev_set_name(&ubi->dev, UBI_NAME_STR "%d", ubi->ubi_num);
+	err = cdev_device_add(&ubi->cdev, &ubi->dev);
+	if (err)
+		goto out_unreg;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < ubi->vtbl_slots; i++)
+		if (ubi->volumes[i]) {
+			err = ubi_add_volume(ubi, ubi->volumes[i]);
+			if (err) {
+				ubi_err(ubi, "cannot add volume %d", i);
+				goto out_volumes;
+			}
+		}
+
+	return 0;
+
+out_volumes:
+	kill_volumes(ubi);
+	cdev_device_del(&ubi->cdev, &ubi->dev);
+out_unreg:
+	unregister_chrdev_region(ubi->cdev.dev, ubi->vtbl_slots + 1);
+	ubi_err(ubi, "cannot initialize UBI %s, error %d",
+		ubi->ubi_name, err);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/**
+ * uif_close - close user interfaces for an UBI device.
+ * @ubi: UBI device description object
+ *
+ * Note, since this function un-registers UBI volume device objects (@vol->dev),
+ * the memory allocated voe the volumes is freed as well (in the release
+ * function).
+ */
+static void uif_close(struct ubi_device *ubi)
+{
+	kill_volumes(ubi);
+	cdev_device_del(&ubi->cdev, &ubi->dev);
+	unregister_chrdev_region(ubi->cdev.dev, ubi->vtbl_slots + 1);
+}
+
+/**
+ * ubi_free_internal_volumes - free internal volumes.
+ * @ubi: UBI device description object
+ */
+void ubi_free_internal_volumes(struct ubi_device *ubi)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = ubi->vtbl_slots;
+	     i < ubi->vtbl_slots + UBI_INT_VOL_COUNT; i++) {
+		ubi_eba_replace_table(ubi->volumes[i], NULL);
+		ubi_fastmap_destroy_checkmap(ubi->volumes[i]);
+		kfree(ubi->volumes[i]);
+	}
+}
+
+static int get_bad_peb_limit(const struct ubi_device *ubi, int max_beb_per1024)
+{
+	int limit, device_pebs;
+	uint64_t device_size;
+
+	if (!max_beb_per1024) {
+		/*
+		 * Since max_beb_per1024 has not been set by the user in either
+		 * the cmdline or Kconfig, use mtd_max_bad_blocks to set the
+		 * limit if it is supported by the device.
+		 */
+		limit = mtd_max_bad_blocks(ubi->mtd, 0, ubi->mtd->size);
+		if (limit < 0)
+			return 0;
+		return limit;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Here we are using size of the entire flash chip and
+	 * not just the MTD partition size because the maximum
+	 * number of bad eraseblocks is a percentage of the
+	 * whole device and bad eraseblocks are not fairly
+	 * distributed over the flash chip. So the worst case
+	 * is that all the bad eraseblocks of the chip are in
+	 * the MTD partition we are attaching (ubi->mtd).
+	 */
+	device_size = mtd_get_device_size(ubi->mtd);
+	device_pebs = mtd_div_by_eb(device_size, ubi->mtd);
+	limit = mult_frac(device_pebs, max_beb_per1024, 1024);
+
+	/* Round it up */
+	if (mult_frac(limit, 1024, max_beb_per1024) < device_pebs)
+		limit += 1;
+
+	return limit;
+}
+
+/**
+ * io_init - initialize I/O sub-system for a given UBI device.
+ * @ubi: UBI device description object
+ * @max_beb_per1024: maximum expected number of bad PEB per 1024 PEBs
+ *
+ * If @ubi->vid_hdr_offset or @ubi->leb_start is zero, default offsets are
+ * assumed:
+ *   o EC header is always at offset zero - this cannot be changed;
+ *   o VID header starts just after the EC header at the closest address
+ *     aligned to @io->hdrs_min_io_size;
+ *   o data starts just after the VID header at the closest address aligned to
+ *     @io->min_io_size
+ *
+ * This function returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in
+ * case of failure.
+ */
+static int io_init(struct ubi_device *ubi, int max_beb_per1024)
+{
+	dbg_gen("sizeof(struct ubi_ainf_peb) %zu", sizeof(struct ubi_ainf_peb));
+	dbg_gen("sizeof(struct ubi_wl_entry) %zu", sizeof(struct ubi_wl_entry));
+
+	if (ubi->mtd->numeraseregions != 0) {
+		/*
+		 * Some flashes have several erase regions. Different regions
+		 * may have different eraseblock size and other
+		 * characteristics. It looks like mostly multi-region flashes
+		 * have one "main" region and one or more small regions to
+		 * store boot loader code or boot parameters or whatever. I
+		 * guess we should just pick the largest region. But this is
+		 * not implemented.
+		 */
+		ubi_err(ubi, "multiple regions, not implemented");
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	if (ubi->vid_hdr_offset < 0)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	/*
+	 * Note, in this implementation we support MTD devices with 0x7FFFFFFF
+	 * physical eraseblocks maximum.
+	 */
+
+	ubi->peb_size   = ubi->mtd->erasesize;
+	ubi->peb_count  = mtd_div_by_eb(ubi->mtd->size, ubi->mtd);
+	ubi->flash_size = ubi->mtd->size;
+
+	if (mtd_can_have_bb(ubi->mtd)) {
+		ubi->bad_allowed = 1;
+		ubi->bad_peb_limit = get_bad_peb_limit(ubi, max_beb_per1024);
+	}
+
+	if (ubi->mtd->type == MTD_NORFLASH) {
+		ubi_assert(ubi->mtd->writesize == 1);
+		ubi->nor_flash = 1;
+	}
+
+	ubi->min_io_size = ubi->mtd->writesize;
+	ubi->hdrs_min_io_size = ubi->mtd->writesize >> ubi->mtd->subpage_sft;
+
+	/*
+	 * Make sure minimal I/O unit is power of 2. Note, there is no
+	 * fundamental reason for this assumption. It is just an optimization
+	 * which allows us to avoid costly division operations.
+	 */
+	if (!is_power_of_2(ubi->min_io_size)) {
+		ubi_err(ubi, "min. I/O unit (%d) is not power of 2",
+			ubi->min_io_size);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	ubi_assert(ubi->hdrs_min_io_size > 0);
+	ubi_assert(ubi->hdrs_min_io_size <= ubi->min_io_size);
+	ubi_assert(ubi->min_io_size % ubi->hdrs_min_io_size == 0);
+
+	ubi->max_write_size = ubi->mtd->writebufsize;
+	/*
+	 * Maximum write size has to be greater or equivalent to min. I/O
+	 * size, and be multiple of min. I/O size.
+	 */
+	if (ubi->max_write_size < ubi->min_io_size ||
+	    ubi->max_write_size % ubi->min_io_size ||
+	    !is_power_of_2(ubi->max_write_size)) {
+		ubi_err(ubi, "bad write buffer size %d for %d min. I/O unit",
+			ubi->max_write_size, ubi->min_io_size);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	/* Calculate default aligned sizes of EC and VID headers */
+	ubi->ec_hdr_alsize = ALIGN(UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE, ubi->hdrs_min_io_size);
+	ubi->vid_hdr_alsize = ALIGN(UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE, ubi->hdrs_min_io_size);
+
+	dbg_gen("min_io_size      %d", ubi->min_io_size);
+	dbg_gen("max_write_size   %d", ubi->max_write_size);
+	dbg_gen("hdrs_min_io_size %d", ubi->hdrs_min_io_size);
+	dbg_gen("ec_hdr_alsize    %d", ubi->ec_hdr_alsize);
+	dbg_gen("vid_hdr_alsize   %d", ubi->vid_hdr_alsize);
+
+	if (ubi->vid_hdr_offset == 0)
+		/* Default offset */
+		ubi->vid_hdr_offset = ubi->vid_hdr_aloffset =
+				      ubi->ec_hdr_alsize;
+	else {
+		ubi->vid_hdr_aloffset = ubi->vid_hdr_offset &
+						~(ubi->hdrs_min_io_size - 1);
+		ubi->vid_hdr_shift = ubi->vid_hdr_offset -
+						ubi->vid_hdr_aloffset;
+	}
+
+	/* Similar for the data offset */
+	ubi->leb_start = ubi->vid_hdr_offset + UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE;
+	ubi->leb_start = ALIGN(ubi->leb_start, ubi->min_io_size);
+
+	dbg_gen("vid_hdr_offset   %d", ubi->vid_hdr_offset);
+	dbg_gen("vid_hdr_aloffset %d", ubi->vid_hdr_aloffset);
+	dbg_gen("vid_hdr_shift    %d", ubi->vid_hdr_shift);
+	dbg_gen("leb_start        %d", ubi->leb_start);
+
+	/* The shift must be aligned to 32-bit boundary */
+	if (ubi->vid_hdr_shift % 4) {
+		ubi_err(ubi, "unaligned VID header shift %d",
+			ubi->vid_hdr_shift);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	/* Check sanity */
+	if (ubi->vid_hdr_offset < UBI_EC_HDR_SIZE ||
+	    ubi->leb_start < ubi->vid_hdr_offset + UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE ||
+	    ubi->leb_start > ubi->peb_size - UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE ||
+	    ubi->leb_start & (ubi->min_io_size - 1)) {
+		ubi_err(ubi, "bad VID header (%d) or data offsets (%d)",
+			ubi->vid_hdr_offset, ubi->leb_start);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Set maximum amount of physical erroneous eraseblocks to be 10%.
+	 * Erroneous PEB are those which have read errors.
+	 */
+	ubi->max_erroneous = ubi->peb_count / 10;
+	if (ubi->max_erroneous < 16)
+		ubi->max_erroneous = 16;
+	dbg_gen("max_erroneous    %d", ubi->max_erroneous);
+
+	/*
+	 * It may happen that EC and VID headers are situated in one minimal
+	 * I/O unit. In this case we can only accept this UBI image in
+	 * read-only mode.
+	 */
+	if (ubi->vid_hdr_offset + UBI_VID_HDR_SIZE <= ubi->hdrs_min_io_size) {
+		ubi_warn(ubi, "EC and VID headers are in the same minimal I/O unit, switch to read-only mode");
+		ubi->ro_mode = 1;
+	}
+
+	ubi->leb_size = ubi->peb_size - ubi->leb_start;
+
+	if (!(ubi->mtd->flags & MTD_WRITEABLE)) {
+		ubi_msg(ubi, "MTD device %d is write-protected, attach in read-only mode",
+			ubi->mtd->index);
+		ubi->ro_mode = 1;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Note, ideally, we have to initialize @ubi->bad_peb_count here. But
+	 * unfortunately, MTD does not provide this information. We should loop
+	 * over all physical eraseblocks and invoke mtd->block_is_bad() for
+	 * each physical eraseblock. So, we leave @ubi->bad_peb_count
+	 * uninitialized so far.
+	 */
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * autoresize - re-size the volume which has the "auto-resize" flag set.
+ * @ubi: UBI device description object
+ * @vol_id: ID of the volume to re-size
+ *
+ * This function re-sizes the volume marked by the %UBI_VTBL_AUTORESIZE_FLG in
+ * the volume table to the largest possible size. See comments in ubi-header.h
+ * for more description of the flag. Returns zero in case of success and a
+ * negative error code in case of failure.
+ */
+static int autoresize(struct ubi_device *ubi, int vol_id)
+{
+	struct ubi_volume_desc desc;
+	struct ubi_volume *vol = ubi->volumes[vol_id];
+	int err, old_reserved_pebs = vol->reserved_pebs;
+
+	if (ubi->ro_mode) {
+		ubi_warn(ubi, "skip auto-resize because of R/O mode");
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Clear the auto-resize flag in the volume in-memory copy of the
+	 * volume table, and 'ubi_resize_volume()' will propagate this change
+	 * to the flash.
+	 */
+	ubi->vtbl[vol_id].flags &= ~UBI_VTBL_AUTORESIZE_FLG;
+
+	if (ubi->avail_pebs == 0) {
+		struct ubi_vtbl_record vtbl_rec;
+
+		/*
+		 * No available PEBs to re-size the volume, clear the flag on
+		 * flash and exit.
+		 */
+		vtbl_rec = ubi->vtbl[vol_id];
+		err = ubi_change_vtbl_record(ubi, vol_id, &vtbl_rec);
+		if (err)
+			ubi_err(ubi, "cannot clean auto-resize flag for volume %d",
+				vol_id);
+	} else {
+		desc.vol = vol;
+		err = ubi_resize_volume(&desc,
+					old_reserved_pebs + ubi->avail_pebs);
+		if (err)
+			ubi_err(ubi, "cannot auto-resize volume %d",
+				vol_id);
+	}
+
+	if (err)
+		return err;
+
+	ubi_msg(ubi, "volume %d (\"%s\") re-sized from %d to %d LEBs",
+		vol_id, vol->name, old_reserved_pebs, vol->reserved_pebs);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * ubi_attach_mtd_dev - attach an MTD device.
+ * @mtd: MTD device description object
+ * @ubi_num: number to assign to the new UBI device
+ * @vid_hdr_offset: VID header offset
+ * @max_beb_per1024: maximum expected number of bad PEB per 1024 PEBs
+ *
+ * This function attaches MTD device @mtd_dev to UBI and assign @ubi_num number
+ * to the newly created UBI device, unless @ubi_num is %UBI_DEV_NUM_AUTO, in
+ * which case this function finds a vacant device number and assigns it
+ * automatically. Returns the new UBI device number in case of success and a
+ * negative error code in case of failure.
+ *
+ * Note, the invocations of this function has to be serialized by the
+ * @ubi_devices_mutex.
+ */
+int ubi_attach_mtd_dev(struct mtd_info *mtd, int ubi_num,
+		       int vid_hdr_offset, int max_beb_per1024)
+{
+	struct ubi_device *ubi;
+	int i, err;
+
+	if (max_beb_per1024 < 0 || max_beb_per1024 > MAX_MTD_UBI_BEB_LIMIT)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	if (!max_beb_per1024)
+		max_beb_per1024 = CONFIG_MTD_UBI_BEB_LIMIT;
+
+	/*
+	 * Check if we already have the same MTD device attached.
+	 *
+	 * Note, this function assumes that UBI devices creations and deletions
+	 * are serialized, so it does not take the &ubi_devices_lock.
+	 */
+	for (i = 0; i < UBI_MAX_DEVICES; i++) {
+		ubi = ubi_devices[i];
+		if (ubi && mtd->index == ubi->mtd->index) {
+			pr_err("ubi: mtd%d is already attached to ubi%d\n",
+				mtd->index, i);
+			return -EEXIST;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Make sure this MTD device is not emulated on top of an UBI volume
+	 * already. Well, generally this recursion works fine, but there are
+	 * different problems like the UBI module takes a reference to itself
+	 * by attaching (and thus, opening) the emulated MTD device. This
+	 * results in inability to unload the module. And in general it makes
+	 * no sense to attach emulated MTD devices, so we prohibit this.
+	 */
+	if (mtd->type == MTD_UBIVOLUME) {
+		pr_err("ubi: refuse attaching mtd%d - it is already emulated on top of UBI\n",
+			mtd->index);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Both UBI and UBIFS have been designed for SLC NAND and NOR flashes.
+	 * MLC NAND is different and needs special care, otherwise UBI or UBIFS
+	 * will die soon and you will lose all your data.
+	 */
+	if (mtd->type == MTD_MLCNANDFLASH) {
+		pr_err("ubi: refuse attaching mtd%d - MLC NAND is not supported\n",
+			mtd->index);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	if (ubi_num == UBI_DEV_NUM_AUTO) {
+		/* Search for an empty slot in the @ubi_devices array */
+		for (ubi_num = 0; ubi_num < UBI_MAX_DEVICES; ubi_num++)
+			if (!ubi_devices[ubi_num])
+				break;
+		if (ubi_num == UBI_MAX_DEVICES) {
+			pr_err("ubi: only %d UBI devices may be created\n",
+				UBI_MAX_DEVICES);
+			return -ENFILE;
+		}
+	} else {
+		if (ubi_num >= UBI_MAX_DEVICES)
+			return -EINVAL;
+
+		/* Make sure ubi_num is not busy */
+		if (ubi_devices[ubi_num]) {
+			pr_err("ubi: ubi%i already exists\n", ubi_num);
+			return -EEXIST;
+		}
+	}
+
+	ubi = kzalloc(sizeof(struct ubi_device), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!ubi)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	device_initialize(&ubi->dev);
+	ubi->dev.release = dev_release;
+	ubi->dev.class = &ubi_class;
+	ubi->dev.groups = ubi_dev_groups;
+
+	ubi->mtd = mtd;
+	ubi->ubi_num = ubi_num;
+	ubi->vid_hdr_offset = vid_hdr_offset;
+	ubi->autoresize_vol_id = -1;
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_MTD_UBI_FASTMAP
+	ubi->fm_pool.used = ubi->fm_pool.size = 0;
+	ubi->fm_wl_pool.used = ubi->fm_wl_pool.size = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * fm_pool.max_size is 5% of the total number of PEBs but it's also
+	 * between UBI_FM_MAX_POOL_SIZE and UBI_FM_MIN_POOL_SIZE.
+	 */
+	ubi->fm_pool.max_size = min(((int)mtd_div_by_eb(ubi->mtd->size,
+		ubi->mtd) / 100) * 5, UBI_FM_MAX_POOL_SIZE);
+	ubi->fm_pool.max_size = max(ubi->fm_pool.max_size,
+		UBI_FM_MIN_POOL_SIZE);
+
+	ubi->fm_wl_pool.max_size = ubi->fm_pool.max_size / 2;
+	ubi->fm_disabled = !fm_autoconvert;
+	if (fm_debug)
+		ubi_enable_dbg_chk_fastmap(ubi);
+
+	if (!ubi->fm_disabled && (int)mtd_div_by_eb(ubi->mtd->size, ubi->mtd)
+	    <= UBI_FM_MAX_START) {
+		ubi_err(ubi, "More than %i PEBs are needed for fastmap, sorry.",
+			UBI_FM_MAX_START);
+		ubi->fm_disabled = 1;
+	}
+
+	ubi_msg(ubi, "default fastmap pool size: %d", ubi->fm_pool.max_size);
+	ubi_msg(ubi, "default fastmap WL pool size: %d",
+		ubi->fm_wl_pool.max_size);
+#else
+	ubi->fm_disabled = 1;
+#endif
+	mutex_init(&ubi->buf_mutex);
+	mutex_init(&ubi->ckvol_mutex);
+	mutex_init(&ubi->device_mutex);
+	spin_lock_init(&ubi->volumes_lock);
+	init_rwsem(&ubi->fm_protect);
+	init_rwsem(&ubi->fm_eba_sem);
+
+	ubi_msg(ubi, "attaching mtd%d", mtd->index);
+
+	err = io_init(ubi, max_beb_per1024);
+	if (err)
+		goto out_free;
+
+	err = -ENOMEM;
+	ubi->peb_buf = vmalloc(ubi->peb_size);
+	if (!ubi->peb_buf)
+		goto out_free;
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_MTD_UBI_FASTMAP
+	ubi->fm_size = ubi_calc_fm_size(ubi);
+	ubi->fm_buf = vzalloc(ubi->fm_size);
+	if (!ubi->fm_buf)
+		goto out_free;
+#endif
+	err = ubi_attach(ubi, 0);
+	if (err) {
+		ubi_err(ubi, "failed to attach mtd%d, error %d",
+			mtd->index, err);
+		goto out_free;
+	}
+
+	if (ubi->autoresize_vol_id != -1) {
+		err = autoresize(ubi, ubi->autoresize_vol_id);
+		if (err)
+			goto out_detach;
+	}
+
+	err = uif_init(ubi);
+	if (err)
+		goto out_detach;
+
+	err = ubi_debugfs_init_dev(ubi);
+	if (err)
+		goto out_uif;
+
+	ubi->bgt_thread = kthread_create(ubi_thread, ubi, "%s", ubi->bgt_name);
+	if (IS_ERR(ubi->bgt_thread)) {
+		err = PTR_ERR(ubi->bgt_thread);
+		ubi_err(ubi, "cannot spawn \"%s\", error %d",
+			ubi->bgt_name, err);
+		goto out_debugfs;
+	}
+
+	ubi_msg(ubi, "attached mtd%d (name \"%s\", size %llu MiB)",
+		mtd->index, mtd->name, ubi->flash_size >> 20);
+	ubi_msg(ubi, "PEB size: %d bytes (%d KiB), LEB size: %d bytes",
+		ubi->peb_size, ubi->peb_size >> 10, ubi->leb_size);
+	ubi_msg(ubi, "min./max. I/O unit sizes: %d/%d, sub-page size %d",
+		ubi->min_io_size, ubi->max_write_size, ubi->hdrs_min_io_size);
+	ubi_msg(ubi, "VID header offset: %d (aligned %d), data offset: %d",
+		ubi->vid_hdr_offset, ubi->vid_hdr_aloffset, ubi->leb_start);
+	ubi_msg(ubi, "good PEBs: %d, bad PEBs: %d, corrupted PEBs: %d",
+		ubi->good_peb_count, ubi->bad_peb_count, ubi->corr_peb_count);
+	ubi_msg(ubi, "user volume: %d, internal volumes: %d, max. volumes count: %d",
+		ubi->vol_count - UBI_INT_VOL_COUNT, UBI_INT_VOL_COUNT,
+		ubi->vtbl_slots);
+	ubi_msg(ubi, "max/mean erase counter: %d/%d, WL threshold: %d, image sequence number: %u",
+		ubi->max_ec, ubi->mean_ec, CONFIG_MTD_UBI_WL_THRESHOLD,
+		ubi->image_seq);
+	ubi_msg(ubi, "available PEBs: %d, total reserved PEBs: %d, PEBs reserved for bad PEB handling: %d",
+		ubi->avail_pebs, ubi->rsvd_pebs, ubi->beb_rsvd_pebs);
+
+	/*
+	 * The below lock makes sure we do not race with 'ubi_thread()' which
+	 * checks @ubi->thread_enabled. Otherwise we may fail to wake it up.
+	 */
+	spin_lock(&ubi->wl_lock);
+	ubi->thread_enabled = 1;
+	wake_up_process(ubi->bgt_thread);
+	spin_unlock(&ubi->wl_lock);
+
+	ubi_devices[ubi_num] = ubi;
+	ubi_notify_all(ubi, UBI_VOLUME_ADDED, NULL);
+	return ubi_num;
+
+out_debugfs:
+	ubi_debugfs_exit_dev(ubi);
+out_uif:
+	uif_close(ubi);
+out_detach:
+	ubi_wl_close(ubi);
+	ubi_free_internal_volumes(ubi);
+	vfree(ubi->vtbl);
+out_free:
+	vfree(ubi->peb_buf);
+	vfree(ubi->fm_buf);
+	put_device(&ubi->dev);
+	return err;
+}
+
+/**
+ * ubi_detach_mtd_dev - detach an MTD device.
+ * @ubi_num: UBI device number to detach from
+ * @anyway: detach MTD even if device reference count is not zero
+ *
+ * This function destroys an UBI device number @ubi_num and detaches the
+ * underlying MTD device. Returns zero in case of success and %-EBUSY if the
+ * UBI device is busy and cannot be destroyed, and %-EINVAL if it does not
+ * exist.
+ *
+ * Note, the invocations of this function has to be serialized by the
+ * @ubi_devices_mutex.
+ */
+int ubi_detach_mtd_dev(int ubi_num, int anyway)
+{
+	struct ubi_device *ubi;
+
+	if (ubi_num < 0 || ubi_num >= UBI_MAX_DEVICES)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	ubi = ubi_get_device(ubi_num);
+	if (!ubi)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	spin_lock(&ubi_devices_lock);
+	put_device(&ubi->dev);
+	ubi->ref_count -= 1;
+	if (ubi->ref_count) {
+		if (!anyway) {
+			spin_unlock(&ubi_devices_lock);
+			return -EBUSY;
+		}
+		/* This may only happen if there is a bug */
+		ubi_err(ubi, "%s reference count %d, destroy anyway",
+			ubi->ubi_name, ubi->ref_count);
+	}
+	ubi_devices[ubi_num] = NULL;
+	spin_unlock(&ubi_devices_lock);
+
+	ubi_assert(ubi_num == ubi->ubi_num);
+	ubi_notify_all(ubi, UBI_VOLUME_REMOVED, NULL);
+	ubi_msg(ubi, "detaching mtd%d", ubi->mtd->index);
+#ifdef CONFIG_MTD_UBI_FASTMAP
+	/* If we don't write a new fastmap at detach time we lose all
+	 * EC updates that have been made since the last written fastmap.
+	 * In case of fastmap debugging we omit the update to simulate an
+	 * unclean shutdown. */
+	if (!ubi_dbg_chk_fastmap(ubi))
+		ubi_update_fastmap(ubi);
+#endif
+	/*
+	 * Before freeing anything, we have to stop the background thread to
+	 * prevent it from doing anything on this device while we are freeing.
+	 */
+	if (ubi->bgt_thread)
+		kthread_stop(ubi->bgt_thread);
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_MTD_UBI_FASTMAP
+	cancel_work_sync(&ubi->fm_work);
+#endif
+	ubi_debugfs_exit_dev(ubi);
+	uif_close(ubi);
+
+	ubi_wl_close(ubi);
+	ubi_free_internal_volumes(ubi);
+	vfree(ubi->vtbl);
+	vfree(ubi->peb_buf);
+	vfree(ubi->fm_buf);
+	ubi_msg(ubi, "mtd%d is detached", ubi->mtd->index);
+	put_mtd_device(ubi->mtd);
+	put_device(&ubi->dev);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * open_mtd_by_chdev - open an MTD device by its character device node path.
+ * @mtd_dev: MTD character device node path
+ *
+ * This helper function opens an MTD device by its character node device path.
+ * Returns MTD device description object in case of success and a negative
+ * error code in case of failure.
+ */
+static struct mtd_info * __init open_mtd_by_chdev(const char *mtd_dev)
+{
+	int err, minor;
+	struct path path;
+	struct kstat stat;
+
+	/* Probably this is an MTD character device node path */
+	err = kern_path(mtd_dev, LOOKUP_FOLLOW, &path);
+	if (err)
+		return ERR_PTR(err);
+
+	err = vfs_getattr(&path, &stat, STATX_TYPE, AT_STATX_SYNC_AS_STAT);
+	path_put(&path);
+	if (err)
+		return ERR_PTR(err);
+
+	/* MTD device number is defined by the major / minor numbers */
+	if (MAJOR(stat.rdev) != MTD_CHAR_MAJOR || !S_ISCHR(stat.mode))
+		return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
+
+	minor = MINOR(stat.rdev);
+
+	if (minor & 1)
+		/*
+		 * Just do not think the "/dev/mtdrX" devices support is need,
+		 * so do not support them to avoid doing extra work.
+		 */
+		return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
+
+	return get_mtd_device(NULL, minor / 2);
+}
+
+/**
+ * open_mtd_device - open MTD device by name, character device path, or number.
+ * @mtd_dev: name, character device node path, or MTD device device number
+ *
+ * This function tries to open and MTD device described by @mtd_dev string,
+ * which is first treated as ASCII MTD device number, and if it is not true, it
+ * is treated as MTD device name, and if that is also not true, it is treated
+ * as MTD character device node path. Returns MTD device description object in
+ * case of success and a negative error code in case of failure.
+ */
+static struct mtd_info * __init open_mtd_device(const char *mtd_dev)
+{
+	struct mtd_info *mtd;
+	int mtd_num;
+	char *endp;
+
+	mtd_num = simple_strtoul(mtd_dev, &endp, 0);
+	if (*endp != '\0' || mtd_dev == endp) {
+		/*
+		 * This does not look like an ASCII integer, probably this is
+		 * MTD device name.
+		 */
+		mtd = get_mtd_device_nm(mtd_dev);
+		if (IS_ERR(mtd) && PTR_ERR(mtd) == -ENODEV)
+			/* Probably this is an MTD character device node path */
+			mtd = open_mtd_by_chdev(mtd_dev);
+	} else
+		mtd = get_mtd_device(NULL, mtd_num);
+
+	return mtd;
+}
+
+static int __init ubi_init(void)
+{
+	int err, i, k;
+
+	/* Ensure that EC and VID headers have correct size */
+	BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(struct ubi_ec_hdr) != 64);
+	BUILD_BUG_ON(sizeof(struct ubi_vid_hdr) != 64);
+
+	if (mtd_devs > UBI_MAX_DEVICES) {
+		pr_err("UBI error: too many MTD devices, maximum is %d\n",
+		       UBI_MAX_DEVICES);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	/* Create base sysfs directory and sysfs files */
+	err = class_register(&ubi_class);
+	if (err < 0)
+		return err;
+
+	err = misc_register(&ubi_ctrl_cdev);
+	if (err) {
+		pr_err("UBI error: cannot register device\n");
+		goto out;
+	}
+
+	ubi_wl_entry_slab = kmem_cache_create("ubi_wl_entry_slab",
+					      sizeof(struct ubi_wl_entry),
+					      0, 0, NULL);
+	if (!ubi_wl_entry_slab) {
+		err = -ENOMEM;
+		goto out_dev_unreg;
+	}
+
+	err = ubi_debugfs_init();
+	if (err)
+		goto out_slab;
+
+
+	/* Attach MTD devices */
+	for (i = 0; i < mtd_devs; i++) {
+		struct mtd_dev_param *p = &mtd_dev_param[i];
+		struct mtd_info *mtd;
+
+		cond_resched();
+
+		mtd = open_mtd_device(p->name);
+		if (IS_ERR(mtd)) {
+			err = PTR_ERR(mtd);
+			pr_err("UBI error: cannot open mtd %s, error %d\n",
+			       p->name, err);
+			/* See comment below re-ubi_is_module(). */
+			if (ubi_is_module())
+				goto out_detach;
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		mutex_lock(&ubi_devices_mutex);
+		err = ubi_attach_mtd_dev(mtd, p->ubi_num,
+					 p->vid_hdr_offs, p->max_beb_per1024);
+		mutex_unlock(&ubi_devices_mutex);
+		if (err < 0) {
+			pr_err("UBI error: cannot attach mtd%d\n",
+			       mtd->index);
+			put_mtd_device(mtd);
+
+			/*
+			 * Originally UBI stopped initializing on any error.
+			 * However, later on it was found out that this
+			 * behavior is not very good when UBI is compiled into
+			 * the kernel and the MTD devices to attach are passed
+			 * through the command line. Indeed, UBI failure
+			 * stopped whole boot sequence.
+			 *
+			 * To fix this, we changed the behavior for the
+			 * non-module case, but preserved the old behavior for
+			 * the module case, just for compatibility. This is a
+			 * little inconsistent, though.
+			 */
+			if (ubi_is_module())
+				goto out_detach;
+		}
+	}
+
+	err = ubiblock_init();
+	if (err) {
+		pr_err("UBI error: block: cannot initialize, error %d\n", err);
+
+		/* See comment above re-ubi_is_module(). */
+		if (ubi_is_module())
+			goto out_detach;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+
+out_detach:
+	for (k = 0; k < i; k++)
+		if (ubi_devices[k]) {
+			mutex_lock(&ubi_devices_mutex);
+			ubi_detach_mtd_dev(ubi_devices[k]->ubi_num, 1);
+			mutex_unlock(&ubi_devices_mutex);
+		}
+	ubi_debugfs_exit();
+out_slab:
+	kmem_cache_destroy(ubi_wl_entry_slab);
+out_dev_unreg:
+	misc_deregister(&ubi_ctrl_cdev);
+out:
+	class_unregister(&ubi_class);
+	pr_err("UBI error: cannot initialize UBI, error %d\n", err);
+	return err;
+}
+late_initcall(ubi_init);
+
+static void __exit ubi_exit(void)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	ubiblock_exit();
+
+	for (i = 0; i < UBI_MAX_DEVICES; i++)
+		if (ubi_devices[i]) {
+			mutex_lock(&ubi_devices_mutex);
+			ubi_detach_mtd_dev(ubi_devices[i]->ubi_num, 1);
+			mutex_unlock(&ubi_devices_mutex);
+		}
+	ubi_debugfs_exit();
+	kmem_cache_destroy(ubi_wl_entry_slab);
+	misc_deregister(&ubi_ctrl_cdev);
+	class_unregister(&ubi_class);
+}
+module_exit(ubi_exit);
+
+/**
+ * bytes_str_to_int - convert a number of bytes string into an integer.
+ * @str: the string to convert
+ *
+ * This function returns positive resulting integer in case of success and a
+ * negative error code in case of failure.
+ */
+static int bytes_str_to_int(const char *str)
+{
+	char *endp;
+	unsigned long result;
+
+	result = simple_strtoul(str, &endp, 0);
+	if (str == endp || result >= INT_MAX) {
+		pr_err("UBI error: incorrect bytes count: \"%s\"\n", str);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	switch (*endp) {
+	case 'G':
+		result *= 1024;
+	case 'M':
+		result *= 1024;
+	case 'K':
+		result *= 1024;
+		if (endp[1] == 'i' && endp[2] == 'B')
+			endp += 2;
+	case '\0':
+		break;
+	default:
+		pr_err("UBI error: incorrect bytes count: \"%s\"\n", str);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/**
+ * ubi_mtd_param_parse - parse the 'mtd=' UBI parameter.
+ * @val: the parameter value to parse
+ * @kp: not used
+ *
+ * This function returns zero in case of success and a negative error code in
+ * case of error.
+ */
+static int ubi_mtd_param_parse(const char *val, const struct kernel_param *kp)
+{
+	int i, len;
+	struct mtd_dev_param *p;
+	char buf[MTD_PARAM_LEN_MAX];
+	char *pbuf = &buf[0];
+	char *tokens[MTD_PARAM_MAX_COUNT], *token;
+
+	if (!val)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	if (mtd_devs == UBI_MAX_DEVICES) {
+		pr_err("UBI error: too many parameters, max. is %d\n",
+		       UBI_MAX_DEVICES);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	len = strnlen(val, MTD_PARAM_LEN_MAX);
+	if (len == MTD_PARAM_LEN_MAX) {
+		pr_err("UBI error: parameter \"%s\" is too long, max. is %d\n",
+		       val, MTD_PARAM_LEN_MAX);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	if (len == 0) {
+		pr_warn("UBI warning: empty 'mtd=' parameter - ignored\n");
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	strcpy(buf, val);
+
+	/* Get rid of the final newline */
+	if (buf[len - 1] == '\n')
+		buf[len - 1] = '\0';
+
+	for (i = 0; i < MTD_PARAM_MAX_COUNT; i++)
+		tokens[i] = strsep(&pbuf, ",");
+
+	if (pbuf) {
+		pr_err("UBI error: too many arguments at \"%s\"\n", val);
+		return -EINVAL;
+	}
+
+	p = &mtd_dev_param[mtd_devs];
+	strcpy(&p->name[0], tokens[0]);
+
+	token = tokens[1];
+	if (token) {
+		p->vid_hdr_offs = bytes_str_to_int(token);
+
+		if (p->vid_hdr_offs < 0)
+			return p->vid_hdr_offs;
+	}
+
+	token = tokens[2];
+	if (token) {
+		int err = kstrtoint(token, 10, &p->max_beb_per1024);
+
+		if (err) {
+			pr_err("UBI error: bad value for max_beb_per1024 parameter: %s",
+			       token);
+			return -EINVAL;
+		}
+	}
+
+	token = tokens[3];
+	if (token) {
+		int err = kstrtoint(token, 10, &p->ubi_num);
+
+		if (err) {
+			pr_err("UBI error: bad value for ubi_num parameter: %s",
+			       token);
+			return -EINVAL;
+		}
+	} else
+		p->ubi_num = UBI_DEV_NUM_AUTO;
+
+	mtd_devs += 1;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+module_param_call(mtd, ubi_mtd_param_parse, NULL, NULL, 0400);
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(mtd, "MTD devices to attach. Parameter format: mtd=<name|num|path>[,<vid_hdr_offs>[,max_beb_per1024[,ubi_num]]].\n"
+		      "Multiple \"mtd\" parameters may be specified.\n"
+		      "MTD devices may be specified by their number, name, or path to the MTD character device node.\n"
+		      "Optional \"vid_hdr_offs\" parameter specifies UBI VID header position to be used by UBI. (default value if 0)\n"
+		      "Optional \"max_beb_per1024\" parameter specifies the maximum expected bad eraseblock per 1024 eraseblocks. (default value ("
+		      __stringify(CONFIG_MTD_UBI_BEB_LIMIT) ") if 0)\n"
+		      "Optional \"ubi_num\" parameter specifies UBI device number which have to be assigned to the newly created UBI device (assigned automatically by default)\n"
+		      "\n"
+		      "Example 1: mtd=/dev/mtd0 - attach MTD device /dev/mtd0.\n"
+		      "Example 2: mtd=content,1984 mtd=4 - attach MTD device with name \"content\" using VID header offset 1984, and MTD device number 4 with default VID header offset.\n"
+		      "Example 3: mtd=/dev/mtd1,0,25 - attach MTD device /dev/mtd1 using default VID header offset and reserve 25*nand_size_in_blocks/1024 erase blocks for bad block handling.\n"
+		      "Example 4: mtd=/dev/mtd1,0,0,5 - attach MTD device /dev/mtd1 to UBI 5 and using default values for the other fields.\n"
+		      "\t(e.g. if the NAND *chipset* has 4096 PEB, 100 will be reserved for this UBI device).");
+#ifdef CONFIG_MTD_UBI_FASTMAP
+module_param(fm_autoconvert, bool, 0644);
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(fm_autoconvert, "Set this parameter to enable fastmap automatically on images without a fastmap.");
+module_param(fm_debug, bool, 0);
+MODULE_PARM_DESC(fm_debug, "Set this parameter to enable fastmap debugging by default. Warning, this will make fastmap slow!");
+#endif
+MODULE_VERSION(__stringify(UBI_VERSION));
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION("UBI - Unsorted Block Images");
+MODULE_AUTHOR("Artem Bityutskiy");
+MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");