Adding upstream version 1.3.1.upstream/1.3.1upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

10 files changed, 7599 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/doc/specs/Makefile.am b/doc/specs/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99ecc70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/specs/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2005, 2006, 2010 Thorsten Kukuk <kukuk@suse.de>
+#
+
+CLEANFILES = draft-morgan-pam-current.txt *~
+
+EXTRA_DIST = draft-morgan-pam.raw std-agent-id.raw rfc86.0.txt
+
+draft-morgan-pam-current.txt: padout draft-morgan-pam.raw
+	./padout < $(srcdir)/draft-morgan-pam.raw > draft-morgan-pam-current.txt
+
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+
+noinst_PROGRAMS = padout
+
+padout_SOURCES = parse_l.l parse_y.y
+
+doc_DATA = draft-morgan-pam-current.txt rfc86.0.txt
diff --git a/doc/specs/Makefile.in b/doc/specs/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50045fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/specs/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,743 @@
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diff --git a/doc/specs/draft-morgan-pam.raw b/doc/specs/draft-morgan-pam.raw
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@@ -0,0 +1,764 @@
+Open-PAM working group            ##              A.G. Morgan
+Internet Draft:                   ##              Dec 8, 2001
+Document: draft-morgan-pam-08.txt ##
+Expires: June 8, 2002             ##
+Obsoletes: draft-morgan-pam-07.txt##
+
+## Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) ##
+
+#$  Status of this memo
+
+This document is a draft specification. Its contents are subject to
+change with revision. The latest version of this draft may be obtained
+from here:
+
+  http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/pre/doc/
+
+As
+
+  Linux-PAM-'version'-docs.tar.gz
+
+It is also contained in the Linux-PAM tar ball.
+
+#$  Abstract
+
+This document is concerned with the definition of a general
+infrastructure for module based authentication.  The infrastructure is
+named Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM for short).
+
+#$  Introduction
+
+Computers are tools.  They provide services to people and other
+computers (collectively we shall call these _users_ entities).  In
+order to provide convenient, reliable and individual service to
+different entities, it is common for entities to be labelled.  Having
+defined a label as referring to a some specific entity, the label is
+used for the purpose of protecting and allocating data resources.
+
+All modern operating systems have a notion of labelled entities and
+all modern operating systems face a common problem: how to
+authenticate the association of a predefined label with applicant
+entities.
+
+There are as many authentication methods as one might care to count.
+None of them are perfect and none of them are invulnerable.  In
+general, any given authentication method becomes weaker over time.  It
+is common then for new authentication methods to be developed in
+response to newly discovered weaknesses in the old authentication
+methods.
+
+The problem with inventing new authentication methods is the fact that
+old applications do not support them.  This contributes to an inertia
+that discourages the overhaul of weakly protected systems.  Another
+problem is that individuals (people) are frequently powerless to layer
+the protective authentication around their systems.  They are forced
+to rely on single (lowest common denominator) authentication schemes
+even in situations where this is far from appropriate.
+
+PAM, as discussed in this document, is a generalization of the
+approach first introduced in [#$R#{OSF_RFC_PAM}].  In short, it is a
+general framework of interfaces that abstract the process of
+authentication.  With PAM, a service provider can custom protect
+individual services to the level that they deem is appropriate.
+
+PAM has nothing explicit to say about transport layer encryption.
+Within the context of this document encryption and/or compression of
+data exchanges are application specific (strictly between client and
+server) and orthogonal to the process of authentication.
+
+#$  Definitions
+
+Here we pose the authentication problem as one of configuring defined
+interfaces between two entities.
+
+#$$#{players}  Players in the authentication process
+
+PAM reserves the following words to specify unique entities in the
+authentication process:
+
+  applicant
+	the entity (user) initiating an application for service
+	[PAM associates the PAM_RUSER _item_ with this requesting user].
+
+  arbitrator
+	the entity (user) under whose identity the service application
+	is negotiated and with whose authority service is granted.
+
+  user
+	the entity (user) whose identity is being authenticated
+	[PAM associates the PAM_USER _item_ with this identity].
+
+  server
+	the application that provides service, or acts as an
+	authenticated gateway to the requested service.  This
+	application is completely responsible for the server end of
+	the transport layer connecting the server to the client.
+	PAM makes no assumptions about how data is encapsulated for
+	exchanges between the server and the client, only that full
+	octet sequences can be freely exchanged without corruption.
+
+  client
+	application providing the direct/primary interface to
+	applicant.  This application is completely responsible
+	for the client end of the transport layer connecting the
+	server to the client.  PAM makes no assumptions about how data
+	is encapsulated for exchanges between the server and the
+	client, only that full octet sequences can be freely
+	exchanged without corruption.
+
+  module
+	authentication binary that provides server-side support for
+	some (arbitrary) authentication method.
+
+  agent
+	authentication binary that provides client-side support for
+	some (arbitrary) authentication method.
+
+Here is a diagram to help orient the reader:
+
+##               +-------+              +--------+ ##
+##      . . . . .| agent |             .| module | ##
+##      .        +-------+             .+--------+ ##
+##      V            |                 .    |      ##
+##      .            |                 V    |      ##
+## +---------+   +-------+             . +------+  ##
+## |         |   |libpamc|             . |libpam|  ##
+## |         |   +-------+             . +------+  ##
+## |applicant|       |                 .    |      ##
+## |         |   +--------+           +----------+ ##
+## |         |---| client |-----------|  server  | ##
+## +---------+   +--------+           +----------+ ##
+
+Solid lines connecting the boxes represent two-way interaction.  The
+dotted-directed lines indicate an optional connection beteween the
+plugin module (agent) and the server (applicant). In the case of the
+module, this represents the module invoking the 'conversation'
+callback function provided to libpam by the server application when it
+inititializes the libpam library. In the case of the agent, this may
+be some out-of-PAM API interaction (for example directly displaying a
+dialog box under X).
+
+#$$  Defined Data Types
+
+In this draft, we define two composite data types, the text string and
+the binary prompt. They are the data types used to communicate
+authentication requests and responses.
+
+#$$$#{text_string}  text string
+
+The text string is a simple sequence of non-NUL (NUL = 0x00)
+octets. Terminated with a single NUL (0x00) octet. The character set
+employed in the octet sequence may be negotiated out of band, but
+defaults to utf-8.
+
+## --------------------------- ##
+## [  character data  |  NUL ] ##
+## [  octet sequence  | 0x00 ] ##
+## --------------------------- ##
+
+Within the rest of this text, PAM text strings are delimited with a
+pair of double quotes. Example, "this" = {'t';'h';'i';'s';0x00}.
+
+#$$$#{binary_prompt}  binary prompt
+
+A binary prompt consists of a stream of octets arranged as follows:
+
+## ---------------------------------------- ##
+## [  u32   |   u8    | (length-5 octets) ] ##
+## [ length | control |       data        ] ##
+## ---------------------------------------- ##
+
+That is, a 32-bit unsigned integer in network byte order, a single
+unsigned byte of control information and a sequence of octets of
+length (length-5). The composition of the _data_ is context dependent
+but is generally not a concern for either the server or the client. It
+is very much the concern of modules and agents.
+
+For purposes of interoperability, we define the following control
+characters as legal.
+
+## value    symbol             description           ##
+## ------------------------------------------------- ##
+## 0x01     PAM_BPC_OK       - continuation packet   ##
+## 0x02     PAM_BPC_SELECT   - initialization packet ##
+## 0x03     PAM_BPC_DONE     - termination packet    ##
+## 0x04     PAM_BPC_FAIL     - unable to execute     ##
+
+The following control characters are only legal for exchanges between
+an agent and a client (it is the responsibility of the client to
+enforce this rule in the face of a rogue server):
+
+## 0x41     PAM_BPC_GETENV   - obtain client env.var  ##
+## 0x42     PAM_BPC_PUTENV   - set client env.var     ##
+## 0x43     PAM_BPC_TEXT     - display message        ##
+## 0x44     PAM_BPC_ERROR    - display error message  ##
+## 0x45     PAM_BPC_PROMPT   - echo'd text prompt     ##
+## 0x46     PAM_BPC_PASS     - non-echo'd text prompt ##
+## 0x46     PAM_BPC_STATUS   - ping all active clients##
+## 0x47     PAM_BPC_ABORT    - please abort session   ##
+
+Note, length is always equal to the total length of the binary
+prompt and represented by a network ordered unsigned 32 bit integer.
+
+#$$$$#{agent_ids} PAM_BPC_SELECT binary prompts
+
+Binary prompts of control type PAM_BPC_SELECT have a defined
+data part. It is composed of three elements:
+
+	{agent_id;'/';data}
+
+The agent_id is a sequence of characters satisfying the following
+regexp:
+
+	/^[a-z0-9\_]+(@[a-z0-9\_.]+)?$/
+
+and has a specific form for each independent agent.
+
+o Agent_ids that do not contain an at-sign (@) are to be considered as
+  representing some authentication mode that is a "public
+  standard" see reference [#$R#{PAM_STD_AGENTIDS}]. Registered names
+  MUST NOT contain an at-sign (@).
+
+o Anyone can define additional agents by using names in the format
+  name@domainname, e.g. "ouragent@example.com". The part following
+  the at-sign MUST be a valid fully qualified internet domain name
+  [RFC-1034] controlled by the person or organization defining the
+  name. (Said another way, if you control the email address that
+  your agent has as an identifier, they you are entitled to use
+  this identifier.) It is up to each domain how it manages its local
+  namespace.
+
+The '/' character is a mandatory delimiter, indicating the end of the
+agent_id. The trailing data is of a format specific to the agent with
+the given agent_id.
+
+
+#$$  Special cases
+
+In a previous section (#{players}) we identified the most general
+selection of authentication participants.  In the case of network
+authentication, it is straightforward to ascribe identities to the
+defined participants.  However, there are also special (less general)
+cases that we recognize here.
+
+The primary authentication step, when a user is directly introduced
+into a computer system (log's on to a workstation) is a special case.
+In this situation, the client and the server are generally one
+application.  Before authenticating such a user, the applicant is
+formally unknown: PAM_RUSER is NULL.
+
+Some client-server implementations (telnet for example) provide
+effective full tty connections. In these cases, the four simple text
+string prompting cases (see below) can be handled as in the primary
+login step. In other words, the server absorbs most of the overhead of
+propagating authentication messages. In these cases, there needs to be
+special client/server support for handling binary prompts.
+
+In some circumstances, a legacy network transfer protocol can carry
+authentication information. In such cases, a desire to support legacy
+clients (with no client-side support for PAM) will neccessitate the
+'hardcoding' of an agent protocol into the server application. Whilst
+against the spirit of PAM, this special casing can be managed by the
+server's 'conversation function' (see below). The guiding principle
+when implementing such support is for the application developer to
+relegate the authentication process to the PAM module -- simply
+performing a transcription of data from binary-prompt to legacy
+network 'packet' and visa-versa for propagating replies back to the
+driving PAM module. A common case of this is with network protocols
+that define an initialization packet of "user+password". In such cases
+one should attempt to support the "userpass" agent-id and its defined
+protocol.
+
+#$  Defined interfaces for information flow
+
+Here, we discuss the information exchange interfaces between the
+players in the authentication process. It should be understood that
+the server side is responsible for driving the authentication of the
+applicant. Notably, every request received by the client from the
+server must be matched with a single response from the client to the
+server.
+
+#$$#{applicant_client}  Applicant <-> client
+
+Once the client is invoked, requests to the applicant entity are
+initiated by the client application.  General clients are able to make
+the following requests directly to an applicant:
+
+   echo text string
+   echo error text string
+   prompt with text string for echo'd text string input
+   prompt with text string for concealed text string input
+
+the nature of the interface provided by the client for the benefit of
+the applicant entity is client specific and not defined by PAM.
+
+#$$#{client_agent}  Client <-> agent
+
+In general, authentication schemes require more modes of exchange than
+the four defined in the previous section (#{applicant_client}).  This
+provides a role for client-loadable agents.  The client and agent
+exchange binary-messages that can have one of the following forms:
+
+   client -> agent
+	binary prompt agent expecting binary prompt reply to client
+
+   agent -> client
+	binary prompt reply from agent to clients binary prompt
+
+Following the acceptance of a binary prompt by the agent, the agent
+may attempt to exchange information with the client before returning
+its binary prompt reply. Permitted exchanges are binary prompts of the
+following types:
+
+   agent -> client
+	set environment variable (A)
+	get environment variable (B)
+	echo text string (C)
+	echo error text string (D)
+	prompt for echo'd text string input (E)
+	prompt for concealed text string input (F)
+
+In response to these prompts, the client must legitimately respond
+with a corresponding binary prompt reply. We list a complete set of
+example exchanges, including each type of legitimate response (passes
+and a single fail):
+
+## Type | Agent request                  | Client response         ##
+## --------------------------------------------------------------- ##
+## (A)  | {13;PAM_BPC_PUTENV;"FOO=BAR"}  | {5;PAM_BPC_OK;}         ##
+##      | {10;PAM_BPC_PUTENV;"FOO="}     | {5;PAM_BPC_OK;}         ##
+##      | {9;PAM_BPC_PUTENV;"FOO"}  (*)  | {5;PAM_BPC_OK;}         ##
+##      | {9;PAM_BPC_PUTENV;"BAR"}  (*)  | {5;PAM_BPC_FAIL;}       ##
+## --------------------------------------------------------------- ##
+## (B)  | {10;PAM_BPC_GETENV;"TERM"}     | {11;PAM_BPC_OK;"vt100"} ##
+##      | {9;PAM_BPC_GETENV;"FOO"}       | {5;PAM_BPC_FAIL;}       ##
+## --------------------------------------------------------------- ##
+## (C)  | {12;PAM_BPC_TEXT;"hello!"}     | {5;PAM_BPC_OK;}         ##
+##      | {12;PAM_BPC_TEXT;"hello!"}     | {5;PAM_BPC_FAIL;}       ##
+## --------------------------------------------------------------- ##
+## (D)  | {11;PAM_BPC_ERROR;"ouch!"}     | {5;PAM_BPC_OK;}         ##
+##      | {11;PAM_BPC_ERROR;"ouch!"}     | {5;PAM_BPC_FAIL;}       ##
+## --------------------------------------------------------------- ##
+## (E)  | {13;PAM_BPC_PROMPT;"login: "}  | {9;PAM_BPC_OK;"joe"}    ##
+##      | {13;PAM_BPC_PROMPT;"login: "}  | {6;PAM_BPC_OK;""}       ##
+##      | {13;PAM_BPC_PROMPT;"login: "}  | {5;PAM_BPC_FAIL;}       ##
+## --------------------------------------------------------------- ##
+## (F)  | {16;PAM_BPC_PASS;"password: "} | {9;PAM_BPC_OK;"XYZ"}    ##
+##      | {16;PAM_BPC_PASS;"password: "} | {6;PAM_BPC_OK;""}       ##
+##      | {16;PAM_BPC_PASS;"password: "} | {5;PAM_BPC_FAIL;}       ##
+
+(*) Used to attempt the removal of a pre-existing environment
+variable.
+
+#$$  Client <-> server
+
+Once the client has established a connection with the server (the
+nature of the transport protocol is not specified by PAM), the server
+is responsible for driving the authentication process.
+
+General servers can request the following from the client:
+
+   (to be forwarded by the client to the applicant)
+	echo text string
+	echo error text string
+	prompt for echo'd text string response
+	prompt for concealed text string response
+
+   (to be forwarded by the client to the appropriate agent)
+	binary prompt for a binary prompt response
+
+Client side agents are required to process binary prompts.  The
+agents' binary prompt responses are returned to the server.
+
+#$$  Server <-> module
+
+Modules drive the authentication process.  The server provides a
+conversation function with which it encapsulates module-generated
+requests and exchanges them with the client. Every message sent by a
+module should be acknowledged.
+
+General conversation functions can support the following five
+conversation requests:
+
+   echo text string
+   echo error string
+   prompt for echo'd text string response
+   prompt for concealed text string response
+   binary prompt for binary prompt response
+
+The server is responsible for redirecting these requests to the
+client.
+
+#$  C API for application interfaces (client and server)
+
+#$$  Applicant <-> client
+
+No API is defined for this interface.  The interface is considered to
+be specific to the client application.  Example applications include
+terminal login, (X)windows login, machine file transfer applications.
+
+All that is important is that the client application is able to
+present the applicant with textual output and to receive textual
+input from the applicant.  The forms of textual exchange are listed
+in an earlier section (#{applicant_client}).  Other methods of
+data input/output are better suited to being handled via an
+authentication agent.
+
+#$$  Client <-> agent
+
+The client makes use of a general API for communicating with
+agents. The client is not required to communicate directly with
+available agents, instead a layer of abstraction (in the form of a
+library: libpamc) takes care of loading and maintaining communication
+with all requested agents. This layer of abstraction will choose which
+agents to interact with based on the content of binary prompts it
+receives that have the control type PAM_BPC_SELECT.
+
+#$$$  Client <-> libpamc
+
+#$$$$  Compilation information
+
+The C-header file provided for client-agent abstraction is included
+with the following source line:
+
+	\#include <security/pam_client.h>
+
+The library providing the corresponding client-agent abstraction
+functions is, libpamc.
+
+	cc .... -lpamc
+
+#$$$$  Initializing libpamc
+
+The libpamc library is initialized with a call to the following
+function:
+
+	pamc_handle_t pamc_start(void);
+
+This function is responsible for configuring the library and
+registering the location of available agents. The location of the
+available agents on the system is implementation specific.
+
+pamc_start() function returns NULL on failure. Otherwise, the return
+value is a pointer to an opaque data type which provides a handle to
+the libpamc library. On systems where threading is available, the
+libpamc libraray is thread safe provided a single (pamc_handler_t *)
+is used by each thread.
+
+#$$$$  Client (Applicant) selection of agents
+
+For the purpose of applicant and client review of available agents,
+the following function is provided.
+
+	char **pamc_list_agents(pamc_handle_t pch);
+
+This returns a list of pointers to the agent_id's of the agents which
+are available on the system. The list is terminated by a NULL pointer.
+It is the clients responsibility to free this memory area by calling
+free() on each agent id and the block of agent_id pointers in the
+result.
+
+PAM represents a server-driven authentication model, so by default
+any available agent may be invoked in the authentication process.
+
+#$$$$$  Client demands agent
+
+If the client requires that a specific authentication agent is
+satisfied during the authentication process, then the client should
+call the following function, immediately after obtaining a
+pamc_handle_t from pamc_start().
+
+	int pamc_load(pamc_handle_t pch, const char *agent_id);
+
+agent_id is a PAM text string (see section #{agent_ids}) and is not
+suffixed with a '/' delimiter. The return value for this function is:
+
+	PAM_BPC_TRUE    - agent located and loaded.
+	PAM_BPC_FALSE   - agent is not available.
+
+Note, although the agent is loaded, no data is fed to it. The agent's
+opportunity to inform the client that it does not trust the server is
+when the agent is shutdown.
+
+#$$$$$  Client marks agent as unusable
+
+The applicant might prefer that a named agent is marked as not
+available.  To do this, the client would invoke the following function
+immediately after obtaining a pamc_handle_t from pam_start().
+
+	int pamc_disable(pamc_handle_t pch, const char *agent_id);
+
+here agent_id is a PAM text string containing an agent_id (section
+#{agent_ids}).
+
+The return value for this function is:
+
+	PAM_BPC_TRUE    - agent is disabled. This is the response
+	                  independent of whether the agent is locally
+	                  available.
+
+	PAM_BPC_FALSE   - agent cannot be disabled (this may be because
+	                  it has already been invoked).
+
+#$$$$  Allocating and manipulating binary prompts
+
+All conversation between an client and an agent takes place with
+respect to binary prompts. A binary prompt (see section #{binary_prompt}), is
+obtained, resized and deleted via the following C-macro:
+
+ CREATION of a binary prompt with control X1 and data length Y1:
+
+	pamc_bp_t prompt = NULL;
+	PAM_BP_RENEW(&prompt, X1, Y1);
+
+ REPLACEMENT of a binary prompt with a control X2 and data length Y2:
+
+	PAM_BP_RENEW(&prompt, X2, Y2);
+
+ DELETION of a binary prompt (the referenced prompt is scrubbed):
+
+	PAM_BP_RENEW(&prompt, 0, 0);
+
+Note, the PAM_BP_RENEW macro always overwrites any prompt that you
+call it with, deleting and liberating the old contents in a secure
+fashion. Also note that PAM_BP_RENEW, when returning a prompt of data
+size Y1>0, will always append a '\0' byte to the end of the prompt (at
+data offset Y1). It is thus, by definition, acceptable to treat the
+data contents of a binary packet as a text string (see #{text_string}).
+
+ FILLING a binary prompt from a memory pointer U1 from offset O1 of
+   length L1:
+
+	PAM_BP_FILL(prompt, O1, L1, U1);
+
+ the CONTROL type for the packet can be obtained as follows:
+
+	control = PAM_PB_CONTROL(prompt);
+
+ the LENGTH of a data within the prompt (_excluding_ its header
+ information) can be obtained as follows:
+
+	length = PAM_BP_LENGTH(prompt);
+
+ the total SIZE of the prompt (_including_ its header information)
+ can be obtained as follows:
+
+        size = PAM_BP_SIZE(prompt);
+
+ EXTRACTING data from a binary prompt from offset O2 of length L2 to
+   a memory pointer U2:
+
+	PAM_BP_EXTRACT(prompt, O2, L2, U2);
+
+ If you require direct access to the raw prompt DATA, you should use
+ the following macro:
+
+	__u8 *raw_data = PAM_BP_DATA(prompt);
+
+#$$$$  Client<->agent conversations
+
+All exchanges of binary prompts with agents are handled with the
+single function:
+
+	int pamc_converse(pamc_handle_t *pch, pamc_bp_t *prompt_p);
+
+The return value for pamc_converse(...) is PAM_BPC_TRUE when there is
+a response packet and PAM_BPC_FALSE when the client is unable to
+handle the request represented by the original prompt. In this latter
+case, *prompt_p is set to NULL.
+
+This function takes a binary prompt and returns a replacement binary
+prompt that is either a request from an agent to be acted upon by the
+client or the 'result' which should be forwarded to the server. In the
+former case, the following macro will return 1 (PAM_BPC_TRUE) and in
+all other cases, 0 (PAM_BPC_FALSE):
+
+	PAM_BPC_FOR_CLIENT(/* pamc_bp_t */ prompt)
+
+Note, all non-NULL binary prompts returned by pamc_converse(...), are
+terminated with a '\0', even when the full length of the prompt (as
+returned by the agent) does not contain this delimiter. This is a
+defined property of the PAM_BP_RENEW macro, and can be relied upon.
+
+Important security note: in certain implementations, agents are
+implemented by executable binaries, which are transparently loaded and
+managed by the PAM client library. To ensure there is never a leakage
+of elevated privilege to an unprivileged agent, the client application
+should go to some effort to lower its level of privilege. It remains
+the responsibility of the applicant and the client to ensure that it
+is not compromised by a rogue agent.
+
+#$$$$  Status of agents
+
+	int pamc_status(pamc_handle_t *pch, pamc_bp_t *prompt_p);
+
+At any time, the client may ping all active agents for their status
+(with a PAM_BPC_STATUS binary prompt). If any agent replies with
+PAM_BPC_ABORT, the client is responsible for terminating the
+connection to the server and then terminating all agents with a call
+to pamc_end(). In such cases, the return value of pamc_status() is
+PAM_BPC_FALSE.
+
+If the return status of pamc_status() is PAM_BPC_TRUE and *prompt_p is
+non-NULL, then an agent is requesting access to a server module.
+
+XXX - how this information gets propagated to the server, and
+      ultimately to the server's module is yet to be determined.
+
+#$$$$  Termination of agents
+
+When closing the authentication session and severing the connection
+between a client and a selection of agents, the following function is
+used:
+
+	int pamc_end(pamc_handle_t *pch);
+
+Following a call to pamc_end, the pamc_handle_t will be invalid.
+
+The return value for this function is one of the following:
+
+	PAM_BPC_TRUE	- all invoked agents are content with
+			  authentication (the server is _not_ judged
+			  _un_trustworthy by any agent)
+
+	PAM_BPC_FALSE	- one or more agents were unsatisfied at
+			  being terminated.  In general, the client
+			  should terminate its connection to the
+			  server and indicate to the applicant that
+			  the server is untrusted.
+
+#$$$ libpamc <-> agents
+
+The agents are manipulated from within libpamc. Each agent is an
+executable in its own right. This permits the agent to have access to
+sensitive data not accessible directly from the client. The mode of
+communication between libpamc and an agent is through a pair of
+pipes. The agent reads binary prompts (section #{binary_prompt})
+through its standard input file descriptor and writes response (to the
+server) binary prompts and instruction binary prompts (instructions
+for the client) through its standard output file descriptor.
+
+#$$ Client <-> server
+
+This interface is concerned with the exchange of text and binary
+prompts between the client application and the server application.  No
+API is provided for this as it is considered specific to the transport
+protocol shared by the client and the server.
+
+#$$ Server <-> modules
+
+The server makes use of a general API for communicating with
+modules. The client is not required to communicate directly with
+available modules. By abstracting the authentication interface, it
+becomes possible for the local administrator to make a run time
+decision about the authentication method adopted by the server.
+
+#$$$ Functions and definitions available to servers and modules
+
+[This section will document the following functions
+
+	pam_set_item()
+	pam_get_item()
+	pam_fail_delay(pam_handle_t *pamh, unsigned int micro_sec)
+	pam_get_env(pam_handle_t *pamh, const char *varname)
+	pam_strerror(pam_handle_t *pamh, int pam_errno)
+
+Event driven support (XXX work in progress)
+
+	pam_register_event() - app or module associates an event poller/handler
+	pam_select_event()   - query for any outstanding event and act on any
+]
+
+#$$$ Server <-> libpam
+
+[This section will document the following pam_ calls:
+
+	pam_start
+	pam_end
+	pam_authenticate (*)
+	pam_setcred
+	pam_acct_mgmt
+	pam_open_session
+	pam_close_session
+	pam_chauthtok (*)
+
+The asterisked functions may return PAM_INCOMPLETE. In such cases, the
+application should be aware that the conversation function was called
+and that it returned PAM_CONV_AGAIN to a module. The correct action
+for the application to take in response to receiving PAM_INCOMPLETE,
+is to acquire the replies so that the next time the conversation
+function is called it will be able to provide the desired
+responses. And then recall pam_authenticate (pam_chauthtok) with the
+same arguments. Libpam will arrange that the module stack is resumed
+from the module that returned before. This functionality is required
+for programs whose user interface is maintained by an event loop. ]
+
+#$$$ libpam <-> modules
+
+[This section will document the following pam_ and pam_sm_ calls:
+
+functions provided by libpam
+
+	pam_set_data
+	pam_get_data
+
+functions provided to libpam by each module
+
+  groups:
+	AUTHENTICATION
+		pam_sm_authenticate
+		pam_sm_setcred
+	ACCOUNT
+		pam_sm_acct_mgmt
+	SESSION
+		pam_sm_open_session
+		pam_sm_close_session
+	AUTHENTICATION TOKEN MANAGEMENT
+		pam_sm_chauthtok
+]
+
+#$$$ The conversation function
+
+The server application, as part of its initialization of libpam,
+provides a conversation function for use by modules and libpam. The
+purpose of the conversation function is to enable direct communication
+to the applicant ultimately via the client and selected agents.
+
+[ this section will contain a definition for the conversation
+  function, the conversation structure (appdata etc), and legitimate
+  return codes for the application supplied function.
+
+	PAM_SUCCESS           - ok conversation completed
+	PAM_CONV_ERR          - conversation failed
+	PAM_CONV_AGAIN        - application needs control to complete conv
+	PAM_CONV_RECONSIDER   - application believes module should check if
+	                        it still needs to converse for this info
+ ]
+
+#$  Security considerations
+
+This document is devoted to standardizing authentication
+infrastructure: everything in this document has implications for
+security.
+
+#$  Contact
+
+The email list for discussing issues related to this document is
+<pam-list@redhat.com>.
+
+#$  References
+
+[#{OSF_RFC_PAM}]  OSF RFC 86.0, "Unified Login with Pluggable Authentication
+     Modules (PAM)", October 1995
+
+[#{PAM_STD_AGENTIDS}] Definitions for standard agents, "REGISTERED
+     AGENTS AND THEIR AGENT-ID'S", to be found here:
+
+## http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/pre/doc/std-agent-ids.txt ##
+
+#$  Author's Address
+
+Andrew G. Morgan
+Email: morgan@kernel.org
+
+## $Id$ ##
diff --git a/doc/specs/parse_l.c b/doc/specs/parse_l.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..abdf89e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/specs/parse_l.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1778 @@
+
+#line 3 "parse_l.c"
+
+#define  YY_INT_ALIGNED short int
+
+/* A lexical scanner generated by flex */
+
+#define FLEX_SCANNER
+#define YY_FLEX_MAJOR_VERSION 2
+#define YY_FLEX_MINOR_VERSION 5
+#define YY_FLEX_SUBMINOR_VERSION 37
+#if YY_FLEX_SUBMINOR_VERSION > 0
+#define FLEX_BETA
+#endif
+
+/* First, we deal with  platform-specific or compiler-specific issues. */
+
+/* begin standard C headers. */
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+/* end standard C headers. */
+
+/* flex integer type definitions */
+
+#ifndef FLEXINT_H
+#define FLEXINT_H
+
+/* C99 systems have <inttypes.h>. Non-C99 systems may or may not. */
+
+#if defined (__STDC_VERSION__) && __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+
+/* C99 says to define __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS before including stdint.h,
+ * if you want the limit (max/min) macros for int types. 
+ */
+#ifndef __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS
+#define __STDC_LIMIT_MACROS 1
+#endif
+
+#include <inttypes.h>
+typedef int8_t flex_int8_t;
+typedef uint8_t flex_uint8_t;
+typedef int16_t flex_int16_t;
+typedef uint16_t flex_uint16_t;
+typedef int32_t flex_int32_t;
+typedef uint32_t flex_uint32_t;
+#else
+typedef signed char flex_int8_t;
+typedef short int flex_int16_t;
+typedef int flex_int32_t;
+typedef unsigned char flex_uint8_t; 
+typedef unsigned short int flex_uint16_t;
+typedef unsigned int flex_uint32_t;
+
+/* Limits of integral types. */
+#ifndef INT8_MIN
+#define INT8_MIN               (-128)
+#endif
+#ifndef INT16_MIN
+#define INT16_MIN              (-32767-1)
+#endif
+#ifndef INT32_MIN
+#define INT32_MIN              (-2147483647-1)
+#endif
+#ifndef INT8_MAX
+#define INT8_MAX               (127)
+#endif
+#ifndef INT16_MAX
+#define INT16_MAX              (32767)
+#endif
+#ifndef INT32_MAX
+#define INT32_MAX              (2147483647)
+#endif
+#ifndef UINT8_MAX
+#define UINT8_MAX              (255U)
+#endif
+#ifndef UINT16_MAX
+#define UINT16_MAX             (65535U)
+#endif
+#ifndef UINT32_MAX
+#define UINT32_MAX             (4294967295U)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* ! C99 */
+
+#endif /* ! FLEXINT_H */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+
+/* The "const" storage-class-modifier is valid. */
+#define YY_USE_CONST
+
+#else	/* ! __cplusplus */
+
+/* C99 requires __STDC__ to be defined as 1. */
+#if defined (__STDC__)
+
+#define YY_USE_CONST
+
+#endif	/* defined (__STDC__) */
+#endif	/* ! __cplusplus */
+
+#ifdef YY_USE_CONST
+#define yyconst const
+#else
+#define yyconst
+#endif
+
+/* Returned upon end-of-file. */
+#define YY_NULL 0
+
+/* Promotes a possibly negative, possibly signed char to an unsigned
+ * integer for use as an array index.  If the signed char is negative,
+ * we want to instead treat it as an 8-bit unsigned char, hence the
+ * double cast.
+ */
+#define YY_SC_TO_UI(c) ((unsigned int) (unsigned char) c)
+
+/* Enter a start condition.  This macro really ought to take a parameter,
+ * but we do it the disgusting crufty way forced on us by the ()-less
+ * definition of BEGIN.
+ */
+#define BEGIN (yy_start) = 1 + 2 *
+
+/* Translate the current start state into a value that can be later handed
+ * to BEGIN to return to the state.  The YYSTATE alias is for lex
+ * compatibility.
+ */
+#define YY_START (((yy_start) - 1) / 2)
+#define YYSTATE YY_START
+
+/* Action number for EOF rule of a given start state. */
+#define YY_STATE_EOF(state) (YY_END_OF_BUFFER + state + 1)
+
+/* Special action meaning "start processing a new file". */
+#define YY_NEW_FILE yyrestart(yyin  )
+
+#define YY_END_OF_BUFFER_CHAR 0
+
+/* Size of default input buffer. */
+#ifndef YY_BUF_SIZE
+#define YY_BUF_SIZE 16384
+#endif
+
+/* The state buf must be large enough to hold one state per character in the main buffer.
+ */
+#define YY_STATE_BUF_SIZE   ((YY_BUF_SIZE + 2) * sizeof(yy_state_type))
+
+#ifndef YY_TYPEDEF_YY_BUFFER_STATE
+#define YY_TYPEDEF_YY_BUFFER_STATE
+typedef struct yy_buffer_state *YY_BUFFER_STATE;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef YY_TYPEDEF_YY_SIZE_T
+#define YY_TYPEDEF_YY_SIZE_T
+typedef size_t yy_size_t;
+#endif
+
+extern yy_size_t yyleng;
+
+extern FILE *yyin, *yyout;
+
+#define EOB_ACT_CONTINUE_SCAN 0
+#define EOB_ACT_END_OF_FILE 1
+#define EOB_ACT_LAST_MATCH 2
+
+    #define YY_LESS_LINENO(n)
+    
+/* Return all but the first "n" matched characters back to the input stream. */
+#define yyless(n) \
+	do \
+		{ \
+		/* Undo effects of setting up yytext. */ \
+        int yyless_macro_arg = (n); \
+        YY_LESS_LINENO(yyless_macro_arg);\
+		*yy_cp = (yy_hold_char); \
+		YY_RESTORE_YY_MORE_OFFSET \
+		(yy_c_buf_p) = yy_cp = yy_bp + yyless_macro_arg - YY_MORE_ADJ; \
+		YY_DO_BEFORE_ACTION; /* set up yytext again */ \
+		} \
+	while ( 0 )
+
+#define unput(c) yyunput( c, (yytext_ptr)  )
+
+#ifndef YY_STRUCT_YY_BUFFER_STATE
+#define YY_STRUCT_YY_BUFFER_STATE
+struct yy_buffer_state
+	{
+	FILE *yy_input_file;
+
+	char *yy_ch_buf;		/* input buffer */
+	char *yy_buf_pos;		/* current position in input buffer */
+
+	/* Size of input buffer in bytes, not including room for EOB
+	 * characters.
+	 */
+	int yy_buf_size;
+
+	/* Number of characters read into yy_ch_buf, not including EOB
+	 * characters.
+	 */
+	int yy_n_chars;
+
+	/* Whether we "own" the buffer - i.e., we know we created it,
+	 * and can realloc() it to grow it, and should free() it to
+	 * delete it.
+	 */
+	int yy_is_our_buffer;
+
+	/* Whether this is an "interactive" input source; if so, and
+	 * if we're using stdio for input, then we want to use getc()
+	 * instead of fread(), to make sure we stop fetching input after
+	 * each newline.
+	 */
+	int yy_is_interactive;
+
+	/* Whether we're considered to be at the beginning of a line.
+	 * If so, '^' rules will be active on the next match, otherwise
+	 * not.
+	 */
+	int yy_at_bol;
+
+    int yy_bs_lineno; /**< The line count. */
+    int yy_bs_column; /**< The column count. */
+    
+	/* Whether to try to fill the input buffer when we reach the
+	 * end of it.
+	 */
+	int yy_fill_buffer;
+
+	int yy_buffer_status;
+
+#define YY_BUFFER_NEW 0
+#define YY_BUFFER_NORMAL 1
+	/* When an EOF's been seen but there's still some text to process
+	 * then we mark the buffer as YY_EOF_PENDING, to indicate that we
+	 * shouldn't try reading from the input source any more.  We might
+	 * still have a bunch of tokens to match, though, because of
+	 * possible backing-up.
+	 *
+	 * When we actually see the EOF, we change the status to "new"
+	 * (via yyrestart()), so that the user can continue scanning by
+	 * just pointing yyin at a new input file.
+	 */
+#define YY_BUFFER_EOF_PENDING 2
+
+	};
+#endif /* !YY_STRUCT_YY_BUFFER_STATE */
+
+/* Stack of input buffers. */
+static size_t yy_buffer_stack_top = 0; /**< index of top of stack. */
+static size_t yy_buffer_stack_max = 0; /**< capacity of stack. */
+static YY_BUFFER_STATE * yy_buffer_stack = 0; /**< Stack as an array. */
+
+/* We provide macros for accessing buffer states in case in the
+ * future we want to put the buffer states in a more general
+ * "scanner state".
+ *
+ * Returns the top of the stack, or NULL.
+ */
+#define YY_CURRENT_BUFFER ( (yy_buffer_stack) \
+                          ? (yy_buffer_stack)[(yy_buffer_stack_top)] \
+                          : NULL)
+
+/* Same as previous macro, but useful when we know that the buffer stack is not
+ * NULL or when we need an lvalue. For internal use only.
+ */
+#define YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE (yy_buffer_stack)[(yy_buffer_stack_top)]
+
+/* yy_hold_char holds the character lost when yytext is formed. */
+static char yy_hold_char;
+static int yy_n_chars;		/* number of characters read into yy_ch_buf */
+yy_size_t yyleng;
+
+/* Points to current character in buffer. */
+static char *yy_c_buf_p = (char *) 0;
+static int yy_init = 0;		/* whether we need to initialize */
+static int yy_start = 0;	/* start state number */
+
+/* Flag which is used to allow yywrap()'s to do buffer switches
+ * instead of setting up a fresh yyin.  A bit of a hack ...
+ */
+static int yy_did_buffer_switch_on_eof;
+
+void yyrestart (FILE *input_file  );
+void yy_switch_to_buffer (YY_BUFFER_STATE new_buffer  );
+YY_BUFFER_STATE yy_create_buffer (FILE *file,int size  );
+void yy_delete_buffer (YY_BUFFER_STATE b  );
+void yy_flush_buffer (YY_BUFFER_STATE b  );
+void yypush_buffer_state (YY_BUFFER_STATE new_buffer  );
+void yypop_buffer_state (void );
+
+static void yyensure_buffer_stack (void );
+static void yy_load_buffer_state (void );
+static void yy_init_buffer (YY_BUFFER_STATE b,FILE *file  );
+
+#define YY_FLUSH_BUFFER yy_flush_buffer(YY_CURRENT_BUFFER )
+
+YY_BUFFER_STATE yy_scan_buffer (char *base,yy_size_t size  );
+YY_BUFFER_STATE yy_scan_string (yyconst char *yy_str  );
+YY_BUFFER_STATE yy_scan_bytes (yyconst char *bytes,yy_size_t len  );
+
+void *yyalloc (yy_size_t  );
+void *yyrealloc (void *,yy_size_t  );
+void yyfree (void *  );
+
+#define yy_new_buffer yy_create_buffer
+
+#define yy_set_interactive(is_interactive) \
+	{ \
+	if ( ! YY_CURRENT_BUFFER ){ \
+        yyensure_buffer_stack (); \
+		YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE =    \
+            yy_create_buffer(yyin,YY_BUF_SIZE ); \
+	} \
+	YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_is_interactive = is_interactive; \
+	}
+
+#define yy_set_bol(at_bol) \
+	{ \
+	if ( ! YY_CURRENT_BUFFER ){\
+        yyensure_buffer_stack (); \
+		YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE =    \
+            yy_create_buffer(yyin,YY_BUF_SIZE ); \
+	} \
+	YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_at_bol = at_bol; \
+	}
+
+#define YY_AT_BOL() (YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_at_bol)
+
+/* Begin user sect3 */
+
+#define yywrap() 1
+#define YY_SKIP_YYWRAP
+
+typedef unsigned char YY_CHAR;
+
+FILE *yyin = (FILE *) 0, *yyout = (FILE *) 0;
+
+typedef int yy_state_type;
+
+extern int yylineno;
+
+int yylineno = 1;
+
+extern char *yytext;
+#define yytext_ptr yytext
+
+static yy_state_type yy_get_previous_state (void );
+static yy_state_type yy_try_NUL_trans (yy_state_type current_state  );
+static int yy_get_next_buffer (void );
+static void yy_fatal_error (yyconst char msg[]  );
+
+/* Done after the current pattern has been matched and before the
+ * corresponding action - sets up yytext.
+ */
+#define YY_DO_BEFORE_ACTION \
+	(yytext_ptr) = yy_bp; \
+	yyleng = (int) (yy_cp - yy_bp); \
+	(yy_hold_char) = *yy_cp; \
+	*yy_cp = '\0'; \
+	(yy_c_buf_p) = yy_cp;
+
+#define YY_NUM_RULES 8
+#define YY_END_OF_BUFFER 9
+/* This struct is not used in this scanner,
+   but its presence is necessary. */
+struct yy_trans_info
+	{
+	flex_int32_t yy_verify;
+	flex_int32_t yy_nxt;
+	};
+static yyconst flex_int16_t yy_accept[19] =
+    {   0,
+        0,    0,    9,    6,    7,    3,    6,    4,    1,    0,
+        5,    0,    1,    0,    1,    0,    2,    0
+    } ;
+
+static yyconst flex_int32_t yy_ec[256] =
+    {   0,
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    2,
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    3,    4,    1,    1,    1,    1,
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    5,    5,    5,
+        5,    5,    5,    5,    5,    5,    5,    1,    1,    1,
+        6,    1,    1,    1,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,
+        7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,
+        7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,
+        1,    8,    1,    1,    9,    1,    7,    7,    7,    7,
+
+        7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,
+        7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,    7,
+        7,    7,   10,    1,   11,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,
+
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,    1,
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    1
+    } ;
+
+static yyconst flex_int32_t yy_meta[12] =
+    {   0,
+        1,    1,    1,    1,    2,    1,    2,    1,    2,    1,
+        2
+    } ;
+
+static yyconst flex_int16_t yy_base[21] =
+    {   0,
+        0,    7,   21,   30,   30,   13,   17,   30,   20,   12,
+       30,   13,   10,    2,    7,    0,   30,   30,   27,    2
+    } ;
+
+static yyconst flex_int16_t yy_def[21] =
+    {   0,
+       19,   19,   18,   18,   18,   18,   18,   18,   18,   18,
+       18,   18,    9,   20,   18,   20,   18,    0,   18,   18
+    } ;
+
+static yyconst flex_int16_t yy_nxt[42] =
+    {   0,
+       18,    5,    6,   16,   18,   18,   18,    7,    5,    6,
+       17,   15,   17,   18,    7,    8,    9,   15,   14,   11,
+       18,   18,   10,    9,   18,   12,   13,    4,    4,    3,
+       18,   18,   18,   18,   18,   18,   18,   18,   18,   18,
+       18
+    } ;
+
+static yyconst flex_int16_t yy_chk[42] =
+    {   0,
+        0,    1,    1,   20,    0,    0,    0,    1,    2,    2,
+       16,   15,   14,   13,    2,    6,    6,   12,   10,    7,
+        3,    0,    6,    9,    0,    9,    9,   19,   19,   18,
+       18,   18,   18,   18,   18,   18,   18,   18,   18,   18,
+       18
+    } ;
+
+static yy_state_type yy_last_accepting_state;
+static char *yy_last_accepting_cpos;
+
+extern int yy_flex_debug;
+int yy_flex_debug = 0;
+
+/* The intent behind this definition is that it'll catch
+ * any uses of REJECT which flex missed.
+ */
+#define REJECT reject_used_but_not_detected
+#define yymore() yymore_used_but_not_detected
+#define YY_MORE_ADJ 0
+#define YY_RESTORE_YY_MORE_OFFSET
+char *yytext;
+#line 1 "parse_l.l"
+#line 2 "parse_l.l"
+#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
+#  include <config.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "parse_y.h"
+#line 473 "parse_l.c"
+
+#define INITIAL 0
+
+#ifndef YY_NO_UNISTD_H
+/* Special case for "unistd.h", since it is non-ANSI. We include it way
+ * down here because we want the user's section 1 to have been scanned first.
+ * The user has a chance to override it with an option.
+ */
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef YY_EXTRA_TYPE
+#define YY_EXTRA_TYPE void *
+#endif
+
+static int yy_init_globals (void );
+
+/* Accessor methods to globals.
+   These are made visible to non-reentrant scanners for convenience. */
+
+int yylex_destroy (void );
+
+int yyget_debug (void );
+
+void yyset_debug (int debug_flag  );
+
+YY_EXTRA_TYPE yyget_extra (void );
+
+void yyset_extra (YY_EXTRA_TYPE user_defined  );
+
+FILE *yyget_in (void );
+
+void yyset_in  (FILE * in_str  );
+
+FILE *yyget_out (void );
+
+void yyset_out  (FILE * out_str  );
+
+yy_size_t yyget_leng (void );
+
+char *yyget_text (void );
+
+int yyget_lineno (void );
+
+void yyset_lineno (int line_number  );
+
+/* Macros after this point can all be overridden by user definitions in
+ * section 1.
+ */
+
+#ifndef YY_SKIP_YYWRAP
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" int yywrap (void );
+#else
+extern int yywrap (void );
+#endif
+#endif
+
+    static void yyunput (int c,char *buf_ptr  );
+    
+#ifndef yytext_ptr
+static void yy_flex_strncpy (char *,yyconst char *,int );
+#endif
+
+#ifdef YY_NEED_STRLEN
+static int yy_flex_strlen (yyconst char * );
+#endif
+
+#ifndef YY_NO_INPUT
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+static int yyinput (void );
+#else
+static int input (void );
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+/* Amount of stuff to slurp up with each read. */
+#ifndef YY_READ_BUF_SIZE
+#define YY_READ_BUF_SIZE 8192
+#endif
+
+/* Copy whatever the last rule matched to the standard output. */
+#ifndef ECHO
+/* This used to be an fputs(), but since the string might contain NUL's,
+ * we now use fwrite().
+ */
+#define ECHO do { if (fwrite( yytext, yyleng, 1, yyout )) {} } while (0)
+#endif
+
+/* Gets input and stuffs it into "buf".  number of characters read, or YY_NULL,
+ * is returned in "result".
+ */
+#ifndef YY_INPUT
+#define YY_INPUT(buf,result,max_size) \
+	if ( YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_is_interactive ) \
+		{ \
+		int c = '*'; \
+		size_t n; \
+		for ( n = 0; n < max_size && \
+			     (c = getc( yyin )) != EOF && c != '\n'; ++n ) \
+			buf[n] = (char) c; \
+		if ( c == '\n' ) \
+			buf[n++] = (char) c; \
+		if ( c == EOF && ferror( yyin ) ) \
+			YY_FATAL_ERROR( "input in flex scanner failed" ); \
+		result = n; \
+		} \
+	else \
+		{ \
+		errno=0; \
+		while ( (result = (int) fread(buf, 1, max_size, yyin))==0 && ferror(yyin)) \
+			{ \
+			if( errno != EINTR) \
+				{ \
+				YY_FATAL_ERROR( "input in flex scanner failed" ); \
+				break; \
+				} \
+			errno=0; \
+			clearerr(yyin); \
+			} \
+		}\
+\
+
+#endif
+
+/* No semi-colon after return; correct usage is to write "yyterminate();" -
+ * we don't want an extra ';' after the "return" because that will cause
+ * some compilers to complain about unreachable statements.
+ */
+#ifndef yyterminate
+#define yyterminate() return YY_NULL
+#endif
+
+/* Number of entries by which start-condition stack grows. */
+#ifndef YY_START_STACK_INCR
+#define YY_START_STACK_INCR 25
+#endif
+
+/* Report a fatal error. */
+#ifndef YY_FATAL_ERROR
+#define YY_FATAL_ERROR(msg) yy_fatal_error( msg )
+#endif
+
+/* end tables serialization structures and prototypes */
+
+/* Default declaration of generated scanner - a define so the user can
+ * easily add parameters.
+ */
+#ifndef YY_DECL
+#define YY_DECL_IS_OURS 1
+
+extern int yylex (void);
+
+#define YY_DECL int yylex (void)
+#endif /* !YY_DECL */
+
+/* Code executed at the beginning of each rule, after yytext and yyleng
+ * have been set up.
+ */
+#ifndef YY_USER_ACTION
+#define YY_USER_ACTION
+#endif
+
+/* Code executed at the end of each rule. */
+#ifndef YY_BREAK
+#define YY_BREAK break;
+#endif
+
+#define YY_RULE_SETUP \
+	YY_USER_ACTION
+
+/** The main scanner function which does all the work.
+ */
+YY_DECL
+{
+	register yy_state_type yy_current_state;
+	register char *yy_cp, *yy_bp;
+	register int yy_act;
+    
+#line 12 "parse_l.l"
+
+
+#line 658 "parse_l.c"
+
+	if ( !(yy_init) )
+		{
+		(yy_init) = 1;
+
+#ifdef YY_USER_INIT
+		YY_USER_INIT;
+#endif
+
+		if ( ! (yy_start) )
+			(yy_start) = 1;	/* first start state */
+
+		if ( ! yyin )
+			yyin = stdin;
+
+		if ( ! yyout )
+			yyout = stdout;
+
+		if ( ! YY_CURRENT_BUFFER ) {
+			yyensure_buffer_stack ();
+			YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE =
+				yy_create_buffer(yyin,YY_BUF_SIZE );
+		}
+
+		yy_load_buffer_state( );
+		}
+
+	while ( 1 )		/* loops until end-of-file is reached */
+		{
+		yy_cp = (yy_c_buf_p);
+
+		/* Support of yytext. */
+		*yy_cp = (yy_hold_char);
+
+		/* yy_bp points to the position in yy_ch_buf of the start of
+		 * the current run.
+		 */
+		yy_bp = yy_cp;
+
+		yy_current_state = (yy_start);
+yy_match:
+		do
+			{
+			register YY_CHAR yy_c = yy_ec[YY_SC_TO_UI(*yy_cp)];
+			if ( yy_accept[yy_current_state] )
+				{
+				(yy_last_accepting_state) = yy_current_state;
+				(yy_last_accepting_cpos) = yy_cp;
+				}
+			while ( yy_chk[yy_base[yy_current_state] + yy_c] != yy_current_state )
+				{
+				yy_current_state = (int) yy_def[yy_current_state];
+				if ( yy_current_state >= 19 )
+					yy_c = yy_meta[(unsigned int) yy_c];
+				}
+			yy_current_state = yy_nxt[yy_base[yy_current_state] + (flex_int16_t) yy_c];
+			++yy_cp;
+			}
+		while ( yy_base[yy_current_state] != 30 );
+
+yy_find_action:
+		yy_act = yy_accept[yy_current_state];
+		if ( yy_act == 0 )
+			{ /* have to back up */
+			yy_cp = (yy_last_accepting_cpos);
+			yy_current_state = (yy_last_accepting_state);
+			yy_act = yy_accept[yy_current_state];
+			}
+
+		YY_DO_BEFORE_ACTION;
+
+do_action:	/* This label is used only to access EOF actions. */
+
+		switch ( yy_act )
+	{ /* beginning of action switch */
+			case 0: /* must back up */
+			/* undo the effects of YY_DO_BEFORE_ACTION */
+			*yy_cp = (yy_hold_char);
+			yy_cp = (yy_last_accepting_cpos);
+			yy_current_state = (yy_last_accepting_state);
+			goto yy_find_action;
+
+case 1:
+YY_RULE_SETUP
+#line 14 "parse_l.l"
+return NEW_COUNTER;
+	YY_BREAK
+case 2:
+YY_RULE_SETUP
+#line 15 "parse_l.l"
+return LABEL;
+	YY_BREAK
+case 3:
+YY_RULE_SETUP
+#line 16 "parse_l.l"
+return NO_INDENT;
+	YY_BREAK
+case 4:
+YY_RULE_SETUP
+#line 17 "parse_l.l"
+return RIGHT;
+	YY_BREAK
+case 5:
+YY_RULE_SETUP
+#line 18 "parse_l.l"
+return HASH;
+	YY_BREAK
+case 6:
+YY_RULE_SETUP
+#line 19 "parse_l.l"
+return CHAR;
+	YY_BREAK
+case 7:
+/* rule 7 can match eol */
+YY_RULE_SETUP
+#line 20 "parse_l.l"
+return NEWLINE;
+	YY_BREAK
+case 8:
+YY_RULE_SETUP
+#line 22 "parse_l.l"
+ECHO;
+	YY_BREAK
+#line 782 "parse_l.c"
+case YY_STATE_EOF(INITIAL):
+	yyterminate();
+
+	case YY_END_OF_BUFFER:
+		{
+		/* Amount of text matched not including the EOB char. */
+		int yy_amount_of_matched_text = (int) (yy_cp - (yytext_ptr)) - 1;
+
+		/* Undo the effects of YY_DO_BEFORE_ACTION. */
+		*yy_cp = (yy_hold_char);
+		YY_RESTORE_YY_MORE_OFFSET
+
+		if ( YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_buffer_status == YY_BUFFER_NEW )
+			{
+			/* We're scanning a new file or input source.  It's
+			 * possible that this happened because the user
+			 * just pointed yyin at a new source and called
+			 * yylex().  If so, then we have to assure
+			 * consistency between YY_CURRENT_BUFFER and our
+			 * globals.  Here is the right place to do so, because
+			 * this is the first action (other than possibly a
+			 * back-up) that will match for the new input source.
+			 */
+			(yy_n_chars) = YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_n_chars;
+			YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_input_file = yyin;
+			YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_buffer_status = YY_BUFFER_NORMAL;
+			}
+
+		/* Note that here we test for yy_c_buf_p "<=" to the position
+		 * of the first EOB in the buffer, since yy_c_buf_p will
+		 * already have been incremented past the NUL character
+		 * (since all states make transitions on EOB to the
+		 * end-of-buffer state).  Contrast this with the test
+		 * in input().
+		 */
+		if ( (yy_c_buf_p) <= &YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_ch_buf[(yy_n_chars)] )
+			{ /* This was really a NUL. */
+			yy_state_type yy_next_state;
+
+			(yy_c_buf_p) = (yytext_ptr) + yy_amount_of_matched_text;
+
+			yy_current_state = yy_get_previous_state(  );
+
+			/* Okay, we're now positioned to make the NUL
+			 * transition.  We couldn't have
+			 * yy_get_previous_state() go ahead and do it
+			 * for us because it doesn't know how to deal
+			 * with the possibility of jamming (and we don't
+			 * want to build jamming into it because then it
+			 * will run more slowly).
+			 */
+
+			yy_next_state = yy_try_NUL_trans( yy_current_state );
+
+			yy_bp = (yytext_ptr) + YY_MORE_ADJ;
+
+			if ( yy_next_state )
+				{
+				/* Consume the NUL. */
+				yy_cp = ++(yy_c_buf_p);
+				yy_current_state = yy_next_state;
+				goto yy_match;
+				}
+
+			else
+				{
+				yy_cp = (yy_c_buf_p);
+				goto yy_find_action;
+				}
+			}
+
+		else switch ( yy_get_next_buffer(  ) )
+			{
+			case EOB_ACT_END_OF_FILE:
+				{
+				(yy_did_buffer_switch_on_eof) = 0;
+
+				if ( yywrap( ) )
+					{
+					/* Note: because we've taken care in
+					 * yy_get_next_buffer() to have set up
+					 * yytext, we can now set up
+					 * yy_c_buf_p so that if some total
+					 * hoser (like flex itself) wants to
+					 * call the scanner after we return the
+					 * YY_NULL, it'll still work - another
+					 * YY_NULL will get returned.
+					 */
+					(yy_c_buf_p) = (yytext_ptr) + YY_MORE_ADJ;
+
+					yy_act = YY_STATE_EOF(YY_START);
+					goto do_action;
+					}
+
+				else
+					{
+					if ( ! (yy_did_buffer_switch_on_eof) )
+						YY_NEW_FILE;
+					}
+				break;
+				}
+
+			case EOB_ACT_CONTINUE_SCAN:
+				(yy_c_buf_p) =
+					(yytext_ptr) + yy_amount_of_matched_text;
+
+				yy_current_state = yy_get_previous_state(  );
+
+				yy_cp = (yy_c_buf_p);
+				yy_bp = (yytext_ptr) + YY_MORE_ADJ;
+				goto yy_match;
+
+			case EOB_ACT_LAST_MATCH:
+				(yy_c_buf_p) =
+				&YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_ch_buf[(yy_n_chars)];
+
+				yy_current_state = yy_get_previous_state(  );
+
+				yy_cp = (yy_c_buf_p);
+				yy_bp = (yytext_ptr) + YY_MORE_ADJ;
+				goto yy_find_action;
+			}
+		break;
+		}
+
+	default:
+		YY_FATAL_ERROR(
+			"fatal flex scanner internal error--no action found" );
+	} /* end of action switch */
+		} /* end of scanning one token */
+} /* end of yylex */
+
+/* yy_get_next_buffer - try to read in a new buffer
+ *
+ * Returns a code representing an action:
+ *	EOB_ACT_LAST_MATCH -
+ *	EOB_ACT_CONTINUE_SCAN - continue scanning from current position
+ *	EOB_ACT_END_OF_FILE - end of file
+ */
+static int yy_get_next_buffer (void)
+{
+    	register char *dest = YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_ch_buf;
+	register char *source = (yytext_ptr);
+	register int number_to_move, i;
+	int ret_val;
+
+	if ( (yy_c_buf_p) > &YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_ch_buf[(yy_n_chars) + 1] )
+		YY_FATAL_ERROR(
+		"fatal flex scanner internal error--end of buffer missed" );
+
+	if ( YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_fill_buffer == 0 )
+		{ /* Don't try to fill the buffer, so this is an EOF. */
+		if ( (yy_c_buf_p) - (yytext_ptr) - YY_MORE_ADJ == 1 )
+			{
+			/* We matched a single character, the EOB, so
+			 * treat this as a final EOF.
+			 */
+			return EOB_ACT_END_OF_FILE;
+			}
+
+		else
+			{
+			/* We matched some text prior to the EOB, first
+			 * process it.
+			 */
+			return EOB_ACT_LAST_MATCH;
+			}
+		}
+
+	/* Try to read more data. */
+
+	/* First move last chars to start of buffer. */
+	number_to_move = (int) ((yy_c_buf_p) - (yytext_ptr)) - 1;
+
+	for ( i = 0; i < number_to_move; ++i )
+		*(dest++) = *(source++);
+
+	if ( YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_buffer_status == YY_BUFFER_EOF_PENDING )
+		/* don't do the read, it's not guaranteed to return an EOF,
+		 * just force an EOF
+		 */
+		YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_n_chars = (yy_n_chars) = 0;
+
+	else
+		{
+			int num_to_read =
+			YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_buf_size - number_to_move - 1;
+
+		while ( num_to_read <= 0 )
+			{ /* Not enough room in the buffer - grow it. */
+
+			/* just a shorter name for the current buffer */
+			YY_BUFFER_STATE b = YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE;
+
+			int yy_c_buf_p_offset =
+				(int) ((yy_c_buf_p) - b->yy_ch_buf);
+
+			if ( b->yy_is_our_buffer )
+				{
+				yy_size_t new_size = b->yy_buf_size * 2;
+
+				if ( new_size <= 0 )
+					b->yy_buf_size += b->yy_buf_size / 8;
+				else
+					b->yy_buf_size *= 2;
+
+				b->yy_ch_buf = (char *)
+					/* Include room in for 2 EOB chars. */
+					yyrealloc((void *) b->yy_ch_buf,b->yy_buf_size + 2  );
+				}
+			else
+				/* Can't grow it, we don't own it. */
+				b->yy_ch_buf = 0;
+
+			if ( ! b->yy_ch_buf )
+				YY_FATAL_ERROR(
+				"fatal error - scanner input buffer overflow" );
+
+			(yy_c_buf_p) = &b->yy_ch_buf[yy_c_buf_p_offset];
+
+			num_to_read = (int) YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_buf_size -
+						number_to_move - 1;
+
+			}
+
+		if ( num_to_read > YY_READ_BUF_SIZE )
+			num_to_read = YY_READ_BUF_SIZE;
+
+		/* Read in more data. */
+		YY_INPUT( (&YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_ch_buf[number_to_move]),
+			(yy_n_chars), num_to_read );
+
+		YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_n_chars = (yy_n_chars);
+		}
+
+	if ( (yy_n_chars) == 0 )
+		{
+		if ( number_to_move == YY_MORE_ADJ )
+			{
+			ret_val = EOB_ACT_END_OF_FILE;
+			yyrestart(yyin  );
+			}
+
+		else
+			{
+			ret_val = EOB_ACT_LAST_MATCH;
+			YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_buffer_status =
+				YY_BUFFER_EOF_PENDING;
+			}
+		}
+
+	else
+		ret_val = EOB_ACT_CONTINUE_SCAN;
+
+	if ((int) ((yy_n_chars) + number_to_move) > YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_buf_size) {
+		/* Extend the array by 50%, plus the number we really need. */
+		int new_size = (yy_n_chars) + number_to_move + ((yy_n_chars) >> 1);
+		YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_ch_buf = (char *) yyrealloc((void *) YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_ch_buf,new_size  );
+		if ( ! YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_ch_buf )
+			YY_FATAL_ERROR( "out of dynamic memory in yy_get_next_buffer()" );
+	}
+
+	(yy_n_chars) += number_to_move;
+	YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_ch_buf[(yy_n_chars)] = YY_END_OF_BUFFER_CHAR;
+	YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_ch_buf[(yy_n_chars) + 1] = YY_END_OF_BUFFER_CHAR;
+
+	(yytext_ptr) = &YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_ch_buf[0];
+
+	return ret_val;
+}
+
+/* yy_get_previous_state - get the state just before the EOB char was reached */
+
+    static yy_state_type yy_get_previous_state (void)
+{
+	register yy_state_type yy_current_state;
+	register char *yy_cp;
+    
+	yy_current_state = (yy_start);
+
+	for ( yy_cp = (yytext_ptr) + YY_MORE_ADJ; yy_cp < (yy_c_buf_p); ++yy_cp )
+		{
+		register YY_CHAR yy_c = (*yy_cp ? yy_ec[YY_SC_TO_UI(*yy_cp)] : 1);
+		if ( yy_accept[yy_current_state] )
+			{
+			(yy_last_accepting_state) = yy_current_state;
+			(yy_last_accepting_cpos) = yy_cp;
+			}
+		while ( yy_chk[yy_base[yy_current_state] + yy_c] != yy_current_state )
+			{
+			yy_current_state = (int) yy_def[yy_current_state];
+			if ( yy_current_state >= 19 )
+				yy_c = yy_meta[(unsigned int) yy_c];
+			}
+		yy_current_state = yy_nxt[yy_base[yy_current_state] + (flex_int16_t) yy_c];
+		}
+
+	return yy_current_state;
+}
+
+/* yy_try_NUL_trans - try to make a transition on the NUL character
+ *
+ * synopsis
+ *	next_state = yy_try_NUL_trans( current_state );
+ */
+    static yy_state_type yy_try_NUL_trans  (yy_state_type yy_current_state )
+{
+	register int yy_is_jam;
+    	register char *yy_cp = (yy_c_buf_p);
+
+	register YY_CHAR yy_c = 1;
+	if ( yy_accept[yy_current_state] )
+		{
+		(yy_last_accepting_state) = yy_current_state;
+		(yy_last_accepting_cpos) = yy_cp;
+		}
+	while ( yy_chk[yy_base[yy_current_state] + yy_c] != yy_current_state )
+		{
+		yy_current_state = (int) yy_def[yy_current_state];
+		if ( yy_current_state >= 19 )
+			yy_c = yy_meta[(unsigned int) yy_c];
+		}
+	yy_current_state = yy_nxt[yy_base[yy_current_state] + (flex_int16_t) yy_c];
+	yy_is_jam = (yy_current_state == 18);
+
+		return yy_is_jam ? 0 : yy_current_state;
+}
+
+    static void yyunput (int c, register char * yy_bp )
+{
+	register char *yy_cp;
+    
+    yy_cp = (yy_c_buf_p);
+
+	/* undo effects of setting up yytext */
+	*yy_cp = (yy_hold_char);
+
+	if ( yy_cp < YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_ch_buf + 2 )
+		{ /* need to shift things up to make room */
+		/* +2 for EOB chars. */
+		register int number_to_move = (yy_n_chars) + 2;
+		register char *dest = &YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_ch_buf[
+					YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_buf_size + 2];
+		register char *source =
+				&YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_ch_buf[number_to_move];
+
+		while ( source > YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_ch_buf )
+			*--dest = *--source;
+
+		yy_cp += (int) (dest - source);
+		yy_bp += (int) (dest - source);
+		YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_n_chars =
+			(yy_n_chars) = (int) YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_buf_size;
+
+		if ( yy_cp < YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_ch_buf + 2 )
+			YY_FATAL_ERROR( "flex scanner push-back overflow" );
+		}
+
+	*--yy_cp = (char) c;
+
+	(yytext_ptr) = yy_bp;
+	(yy_hold_char) = *yy_cp;
+	(yy_c_buf_p) = yy_cp;
+}
+
+#ifndef YY_NO_INPUT
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+    static int yyinput (void)
+#else
+    static int input  (void)
+#endif
+
+{
+	int c;
+    
+	*(yy_c_buf_p) = (yy_hold_char);
+
+	if ( *(yy_c_buf_p) == YY_END_OF_BUFFER_CHAR )
+		{
+		/* yy_c_buf_p now points to the character we want to return.
+		 * If this occurs *before* the EOB characters, then it's a
+		 * valid NUL; if not, then we've hit the end of the buffer.
+		 */
+		if ( (yy_c_buf_p) < &YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_ch_buf[(yy_n_chars)] )
+			/* This was really a NUL. */
+			*(yy_c_buf_p) = '\0';
+
+		else
+			{ /* need more input */
+			yy_size_t offset = (yy_c_buf_p) - (yytext_ptr);
+			++(yy_c_buf_p);
+
+			switch ( yy_get_next_buffer(  ) )
+				{
+				case EOB_ACT_LAST_MATCH:
+					/* This happens because yy_g_n_b()
+					 * sees that we've accumulated a
+					 * token and flags that we need to
+					 * try matching the token before
+					 * proceeding.  But for input(),
+					 * there's no matching to consider.
+					 * So convert the EOB_ACT_LAST_MATCH
+					 * to EOB_ACT_END_OF_FILE.
+					 */
+
+					/* Reset buffer status. */
+					yyrestart(yyin );
+
+					/*FALLTHROUGH*/
+
+				case EOB_ACT_END_OF_FILE:
+					{
+					if ( yywrap( ) )
+						return EOF;
+
+					if ( ! (yy_did_buffer_switch_on_eof) )
+						YY_NEW_FILE;
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+					return yyinput();
+#else
+					return input();
+#endif
+					}
+
+				case EOB_ACT_CONTINUE_SCAN:
+					(yy_c_buf_p) = (yytext_ptr) + offset;
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+	c = *(unsigned char *) (yy_c_buf_p);	/* cast for 8-bit char's */
+	*(yy_c_buf_p) = '\0';	/* preserve yytext */
+	(yy_hold_char) = *++(yy_c_buf_p);
+
+	return c;
+}
+#endif	/* ifndef YY_NO_INPUT */
+
+/** Immediately switch to a different input stream.
+ * @param input_file A readable stream.
+ * 
+ * @note This function does not reset the start condition to @c INITIAL .
+ */
+    void yyrestart  (FILE * input_file )
+{
+    
+	if ( ! YY_CURRENT_BUFFER ){
+        yyensure_buffer_stack ();
+		YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE =
+            yy_create_buffer(yyin,YY_BUF_SIZE );
+	}
+
+	yy_init_buffer(YY_CURRENT_BUFFER,input_file );
+	yy_load_buffer_state( );
+}
+
+/** Switch to a different input buffer.
+ * @param new_buffer The new input buffer.
+ * 
+ */
+    void yy_switch_to_buffer  (YY_BUFFER_STATE  new_buffer )
+{
+    
+	/* TODO. We should be able to replace this entire function body
+	 * with
+	 *		yypop_buffer_state();
+	 *		yypush_buffer_state(new_buffer);
+     */
+	yyensure_buffer_stack ();
+	if ( YY_CURRENT_BUFFER == new_buffer )
+		return;
+
+	if ( YY_CURRENT_BUFFER )
+		{
+		/* Flush out information for old buffer. */
+		*(yy_c_buf_p) = (yy_hold_char);
+		YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_buf_pos = (yy_c_buf_p);
+		YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_n_chars = (yy_n_chars);
+		}
+
+	YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE = new_buffer;
+	yy_load_buffer_state( );
+
+	/* We don't actually know whether we did this switch during
+	 * EOF (yywrap()) processing, but the only time this flag
+	 * is looked at is after yywrap() is called, so it's safe
+	 * to go ahead and always set it.
+	 */
+	(yy_did_buffer_switch_on_eof) = 1;
+}
+
+static void yy_load_buffer_state  (void)
+{
+    	(yy_n_chars) = YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_n_chars;
+	(yytext_ptr) = (yy_c_buf_p) = YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_buf_pos;
+	yyin = YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_input_file;
+	(yy_hold_char) = *(yy_c_buf_p);
+}
+
+/** Allocate and initialize an input buffer state.
+ * @param file A readable stream.
+ * @param size The character buffer size in bytes. When in doubt, use @c YY_BUF_SIZE.
+ * 
+ * @return the allocated buffer state.
+ */
+    YY_BUFFER_STATE yy_create_buffer  (FILE * file, int  size )
+{
+	YY_BUFFER_STATE b;
+    
+	b = (YY_BUFFER_STATE) yyalloc(sizeof( struct yy_buffer_state )  );
+	if ( ! b )
+		YY_FATAL_ERROR( "out of dynamic memory in yy_create_buffer()" );
+
+	b->yy_buf_size = size;
+
+	/* yy_ch_buf has to be 2 characters longer than the size given because
+	 * we need to put in 2 end-of-buffer characters.
+	 */
+	b->yy_ch_buf = (char *) yyalloc(b->yy_buf_size + 2  );
+	if ( ! b->yy_ch_buf )
+		YY_FATAL_ERROR( "out of dynamic memory in yy_create_buffer()" );
+
+	b->yy_is_our_buffer = 1;
+
+	yy_init_buffer(b,file );
+
+	return b;
+}
+
+/** Destroy the buffer.
+ * @param b a buffer created with yy_create_buffer()
+ * 
+ */
+    void yy_delete_buffer (YY_BUFFER_STATE  b )
+{
+    
+	if ( ! b )
+		return;
+
+	if ( b == YY_CURRENT_BUFFER ) /* Not sure if we should pop here. */
+		YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE = (YY_BUFFER_STATE) 0;
+
+	if ( b->yy_is_our_buffer )
+		yyfree((void *) b->yy_ch_buf  );
+
+	yyfree((void *) b  );
+}
+
+/* Initializes or reinitializes a buffer.
+ * This function is sometimes called more than once on the same buffer,
+ * such as during a yyrestart() or at EOF.
+ */
+    static void yy_init_buffer  (YY_BUFFER_STATE  b, FILE * file )
+
+{
+	int oerrno = errno;
+    
+	yy_flush_buffer(b );
+
+	b->yy_input_file = file;
+	b->yy_fill_buffer = 1;
+
+    /* If b is the current buffer, then yy_init_buffer was _probably_
+     * called from yyrestart() or through yy_get_next_buffer.
+     * In that case, we don't want to reset the lineno or column.
+     */
+    if (b != YY_CURRENT_BUFFER){
+        b->yy_bs_lineno = 1;
+        b->yy_bs_column = 0;
+    }
+
+        b->yy_is_interactive = file ? (isatty( fileno(file) ) > 0) : 0;
+    
+	errno = oerrno;
+}
+
+/** Discard all buffered characters. On the next scan, YY_INPUT will be called.
+ * @param b the buffer state to be flushed, usually @c YY_CURRENT_BUFFER.
+ * 
+ */
+    void yy_flush_buffer (YY_BUFFER_STATE  b )
+{
+    	if ( ! b )
+		return;
+
+	b->yy_n_chars = 0;
+
+	/* We always need two end-of-buffer characters.  The first causes
+	 * a transition to the end-of-buffer state.  The second causes
+	 * a jam in that state.
+	 */
+	b->yy_ch_buf[0] = YY_END_OF_BUFFER_CHAR;
+	b->yy_ch_buf[1] = YY_END_OF_BUFFER_CHAR;
+
+	b->yy_buf_pos = &b->yy_ch_buf[0];
+
+	b->yy_at_bol = 1;
+	b->yy_buffer_status = YY_BUFFER_NEW;
+
+	if ( b == YY_CURRENT_BUFFER )
+		yy_load_buffer_state( );
+}
+
+/** Pushes the new state onto the stack. The new state becomes
+ *  the current state. This function will allocate the stack
+ *  if necessary.
+ *  @param new_buffer The new state.
+ *  
+ */
+void yypush_buffer_state (YY_BUFFER_STATE new_buffer )
+{
+    	if (new_buffer == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	yyensure_buffer_stack();
+
+	/* This block is copied from yy_switch_to_buffer. */
+	if ( YY_CURRENT_BUFFER )
+		{
+		/* Flush out information for old buffer. */
+		*(yy_c_buf_p) = (yy_hold_char);
+		YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_buf_pos = (yy_c_buf_p);
+		YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE->yy_n_chars = (yy_n_chars);
+		}
+
+	/* Only push if top exists. Otherwise, replace top. */
+	if (YY_CURRENT_BUFFER)
+		(yy_buffer_stack_top)++;
+	YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE = new_buffer;
+
+	/* copied from yy_switch_to_buffer. */
+	yy_load_buffer_state( );
+	(yy_did_buffer_switch_on_eof) = 1;
+}
+
+/** Removes and deletes the top of the stack, if present.
+ *  The next element becomes the new top.
+ *  
+ */
+void yypop_buffer_state (void)
+{
+    	if (!YY_CURRENT_BUFFER)
+		return;
+
+	yy_delete_buffer(YY_CURRENT_BUFFER );
+	YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE = NULL;
+	if ((yy_buffer_stack_top) > 0)
+		--(yy_buffer_stack_top);
+
+	if (YY_CURRENT_BUFFER) {
+		yy_load_buffer_state( );
+		(yy_did_buffer_switch_on_eof) = 1;
+	}
+}
+
+/* Allocates the stack if it does not exist.
+ *  Guarantees space for at least one push.
+ */
+static void yyensure_buffer_stack (void)
+{
+	yy_size_t num_to_alloc;
+    
+	if (!(yy_buffer_stack)) {
+
+		/* First allocation is just for 2 elements, since we don't know if this
+		 * scanner will even need a stack. We use 2 instead of 1 to avoid an
+		 * immediate realloc on the next call.
+         */
+		num_to_alloc = 1;
+		(yy_buffer_stack) = (struct yy_buffer_state**)yyalloc
+								(num_to_alloc * sizeof(struct yy_buffer_state*)
+								);
+		if ( ! (yy_buffer_stack) )
+			YY_FATAL_ERROR( "out of dynamic memory in yyensure_buffer_stack()" );
+								  
+		memset((yy_buffer_stack), 0, num_to_alloc * sizeof(struct yy_buffer_state*));
+				
+		(yy_buffer_stack_max) = num_to_alloc;
+		(yy_buffer_stack_top) = 0;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if ((yy_buffer_stack_top) >= ((yy_buffer_stack_max)) - 1){
+
+		/* Increase the buffer to prepare for a possible push. */
+		int grow_size = 8 /* arbitrary grow size */;
+
+		num_to_alloc = (yy_buffer_stack_max) + grow_size;
+		(yy_buffer_stack) = (struct yy_buffer_state**)yyrealloc
+								((yy_buffer_stack),
+								num_to_alloc * sizeof(struct yy_buffer_state*)
+								);
+		if ( ! (yy_buffer_stack) )
+			YY_FATAL_ERROR( "out of dynamic memory in yyensure_buffer_stack()" );
+
+		/* zero only the new slots.*/
+		memset((yy_buffer_stack) + (yy_buffer_stack_max), 0, grow_size * sizeof(struct yy_buffer_state*));
+		(yy_buffer_stack_max) = num_to_alloc;
+	}
+}
+
+/** Setup the input buffer state to scan directly from a user-specified character buffer.
+ * @param base the character buffer
+ * @param size the size in bytes of the character buffer
+ * 
+ * @return the newly allocated buffer state object. 
+ */
+YY_BUFFER_STATE yy_scan_buffer  (char * base, yy_size_t  size )
+{
+	YY_BUFFER_STATE b;
+    
+	if ( size < 2 ||
+	     base[size-2] != YY_END_OF_BUFFER_CHAR ||
+	     base[size-1] != YY_END_OF_BUFFER_CHAR )
+		/* They forgot to leave room for the EOB's. */
+		return 0;
+
+	b = (YY_BUFFER_STATE) yyalloc(sizeof( struct yy_buffer_state )  );
+	if ( ! b )
+		YY_FATAL_ERROR( "out of dynamic memory in yy_scan_buffer()" );
+
+	b->yy_buf_size = size - 2;	/* "- 2" to take care of EOB's */
+	b->yy_buf_pos = b->yy_ch_buf = base;
+	b->yy_is_our_buffer = 0;
+	b->yy_input_file = 0;
+	b->yy_n_chars = b->yy_buf_size;
+	b->yy_is_interactive = 0;
+	b->yy_at_bol = 1;
+	b->yy_fill_buffer = 0;
+	b->yy_buffer_status = YY_BUFFER_NEW;
+
+	yy_switch_to_buffer(b  );
+
+	return b;
+}
+
+/** Setup the input buffer state to scan a string. The next call to yylex() will
+ * scan from a @e copy of @a str.
+ * @param yystr a NUL-terminated string to scan
+ * 
+ * @return the newly allocated buffer state object.
+ * @note If you want to scan bytes that may contain NUL values, then use
+ *       yy_scan_bytes() instead.
+ */
+YY_BUFFER_STATE yy_scan_string (yyconst char * yystr )
+{
+    
+	return yy_scan_bytes(yystr,(int) strlen(yystr) );
+}
+
+/** Setup the input buffer state to scan the given bytes. The next call to yylex() will
+ * scan from a @e copy of @a bytes.
+ * @param yybytes the byte buffer to scan
+ * @param _yybytes_len the number of bytes in the buffer pointed to by @a bytes.
+ * 
+ * @return the newly allocated buffer state object.
+ */
+YY_BUFFER_STATE yy_scan_bytes  (yyconst char * yybytes, yy_size_t  _yybytes_len )
+{
+	YY_BUFFER_STATE b;
+	char *buf;
+	yy_size_t n;
+	int i;
+    
+	/* Get memory for full buffer, including space for trailing EOB's. */
+	n = (yy_size_t) _yybytes_len + 2;
+	buf = (char *) yyalloc(n  );
+	if ( ! buf )
+		YY_FATAL_ERROR( "out of dynamic memory in yy_scan_bytes()" );
+
+	for ( i = 0; i < _yybytes_len; ++i )
+		buf[i] = yybytes[i];
+
+	buf[_yybytes_len] = buf[_yybytes_len+1] = YY_END_OF_BUFFER_CHAR;
+
+	b = yy_scan_buffer(buf,n );
+	if ( ! b )
+		YY_FATAL_ERROR( "bad buffer in yy_scan_bytes()" );
+
+	/* It's okay to grow etc. this buffer, and we should throw it
+	 * away when we're done.
+	 */
+	b->yy_is_our_buffer = 1;
+
+	return b;
+}
+
+#ifndef YY_EXIT_FAILURE
+#define YY_EXIT_FAILURE 2
+#endif
+
+static void yy_fatal_error (yyconst char* msg )
+{
+    	(void) fprintf( stderr, "%s\n", msg );
+	exit( YY_EXIT_FAILURE );
+}
+
+/* Redefine yyless() so it works in section 3 code. */
+
+#undef yyless
+#define yyless(n) \
+	do \
+		{ \
+		/* Undo effects of setting up yytext. */ \
+        int yyless_macro_arg = (n); \
+        YY_LESS_LINENO(yyless_macro_arg);\
+		yytext[yyleng] = (yy_hold_char); \
+		(yy_c_buf_p) = yytext + yyless_macro_arg; \
+		(yy_hold_char) = *(yy_c_buf_p); \
+		*(yy_c_buf_p) = '\0'; \
+		yyleng = yyless_macro_arg; \
+		} \
+	while ( 0 )
+
+/* Accessor  methods (get/set functions) to struct members. */
+
+/** Get the current line number.
+ * 
+ */
+int yyget_lineno  (void)
+{
+        
+    return yylineno;
+}
+
+/** Get the input stream.
+ * 
+ */
+FILE *yyget_in  (void)
+{
+        return yyin;
+}
+
+/** Get the output stream.
+ * 
+ */
+FILE *yyget_out  (void)
+{
+        return yyout;
+}
+
+/** Get the length of the current token.
+ * 
+ */
+yy_size_t yyget_leng  (void)
+{
+        return yyleng;
+}
+
+/** Get the current token.
+ * 
+ */
+
+char *yyget_text  (void)
+{
+        return yytext;
+}
+
+/** Set the current line number.
+ * @param line_number
+ * 
+ */
+void yyset_lineno (int  line_number )
+{
+    
+    yylineno = line_number;
+}
+
+/** Set the input stream. This does not discard the current
+ * input buffer.
+ * @param in_str A readable stream.
+ * 
+ * @see yy_switch_to_buffer
+ */
+void yyset_in (FILE *  in_str )
+{
+        yyin = in_str ;
+}
+
+void yyset_out (FILE *  out_str )
+{
+        yyout = out_str ;
+}
+
+int yyget_debug  (void)
+{
+        return yy_flex_debug;
+}
+
+void yyset_debug (int  bdebug )
+{
+        yy_flex_debug = bdebug ;
+}
+
+static int yy_init_globals (void)
+{
+        /* Initialization is the same as for the non-reentrant scanner.
+     * This function is called from yylex_destroy(), so don't allocate here.
+     */
+
+    (yy_buffer_stack) = 0;
+    (yy_buffer_stack_top) = 0;
+    (yy_buffer_stack_max) = 0;
+    (yy_c_buf_p) = (char *) 0;
+    (yy_init) = 0;
+    (yy_start) = 0;
+
+/* Defined in main.c */
+#ifdef YY_STDINIT
+    yyin = stdin;
+    yyout = stdout;
+#else
+    yyin = (FILE *) 0;
+    yyout = (FILE *) 0;
+#endif
+
+    /* For future reference: Set errno on error, since we are called by
+     * yylex_init()
+     */
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* yylex_destroy is for both reentrant and non-reentrant scanners. */
+int yylex_destroy  (void)
+{
+    
+    /* Pop the buffer stack, destroying each element. */
+	while(YY_CURRENT_BUFFER){
+		yy_delete_buffer(YY_CURRENT_BUFFER  );
+		YY_CURRENT_BUFFER_LVALUE = NULL;
+		yypop_buffer_state();
+	}
+
+	/* Destroy the stack itself. */
+	yyfree((yy_buffer_stack) );
+	(yy_buffer_stack) = NULL;
+
+    /* Reset the globals. This is important in a non-reentrant scanner so the next time
+     * yylex() is called, initialization will occur. */
+    yy_init_globals( );
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Internal utility routines.
+ */
+
+#ifndef yytext_ptr
+static void yy_flex_strncpy (char* s1, yyconst char * s2, int n )
+{
+	register int i;
+	for ( i = 0; i < n; ++i )
+		s1[i] = s2[i];
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef YY_NEED_STRLEN
+static int yy_flex_strlen (yyconst char * s )
+{
+	register int n;
+	for ( n = 0; s[n]; ++n )
+		;
+
+	return n;
+}
+#endif
+
+void *yyalloc (yy_size_t  size )
+{
+	return (void *) malloc( size );
+}
+
+void *yyrealloc  (void * ptr, yy_size_t  size )
+{
+	/* The cast to (char *) in the following accommodates both
+	 * implementations that use char* generic pointers, and those
+	 * that use void* generic pointers.  It works with the latter
+	 * because both ANSI C and C++ allow castless assignment from
+	 * any pointer type to void*, and deal with argument conversions
+	 * as though doing an assignment.
+	 */
+	return (void *) realloc( (char *) ptr, size );
+}
+
+void yyfree (void * ptr )
+{
+	free( (char *) ptr );	/* see yyrealloc() for (char *) cast */
+}
+
+#define YYTABLES_NAME "yytables"
+
+#line 22 "parse_l.l"
+
+
+
diff --git a/doc/specs/parse_l.l b/doc/specs/parse_l.l
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8400a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/specs/parse_l.l
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+%{
+#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
+#  include <config.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+#include "parse_y.h"
+%}
+
+%option noyywrap
+%%
+
+\#[\$]+[a-zA-Z]*(\=[0-9]+)?          return NEW_COUNTER;
+\#\{[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9\_]*\}         return LABEL;
+\#                                   return NO_INDENT;
+\#\#                                 return RIGHT;
+\\\#                                 return HASH;
+[^\n]                                return CHAR;
+[\n]                                 return NEWLINE;
+
+%%
diff --git a/doc/specs/parse_y.c b/doc/specs/parse_y.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6277478
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/specs/parse_y.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1927 @@
+/* A Bison parser, made by GNU Bison 2.7.  */
+
+/* Bison implementation for Yacc-like parsers in C
+   
+      Copyright (C) 1984, 1989-1990, 2000-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+   
+   This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+   (at your option) any later version.
+   
+   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+   GNU General Public License for more details.
+   
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.  */
+
+/* As a special exception, you may create a larger work that contains
+   part or all of the Bison parser skeleton and distribute that work
+   under terms of your choice, so long as that work isn't itself a
+   parser generator using the skeleton or a modified version thereof
+   as a parser skeleton.  Alternatively, if you modify or redistribute
+   the parser skeleton itself, you may (at your option) remove this
+   special exception, which will cause the skeleton and the resulting
+   Bison output files to be licensed under the GNU General Public
+   License without this special exception.
+   
+   This special exception was added by the Free Software Foundation in
+   version 2.2 of Bison.  */
+
+/* C LALR(1) parser skeleton written by Richard Stallman, by
+   simplifying the original so-called "semantic" parser.  */
+
+/* All symbols defined below should begin with yy or YY, to avoid
+   infringing on user name space.  This should be done even for local
+   variables, as they might otherwise be expanded by user macros.
+   There are some unavoidable exceptions within include files to
+   define necessary library symbols; they are noted "INFRINGES ON
+   USER NAME SPACE" below.  */
+
+/* Identify Bison output.  */
+#define YYBISON 1
+
+/* Bison version.  */
+#define YYBISON_VERSION "2.7"
+
+/* Skeleton name.  */
+#define YYSKELETON_NAME "yacc.c"
+
+/* Pure parsers.  */
+#define YYPURE 0
+
+/* Push parsers.  */
+#define YYPUSH 0
+
+/* Pull parsers.  */
+#define YYPULL 1
+
+
+
+
+/* Copy the first part of user declarations.  */
+/* Line 371 of yacc.c  */
+#line 2 "parse_y.y"
+
+#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
+#  include <config.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define MAXLINE  1000
+#define INDENT_STRING "  "
+#define PAPER_WIDTH   74
+
+    int indent=0;
+    int line=1;
+    char *last_label=NULL;
+
+    extern int yylex(void);
+    extern char *yytext;
+    extern void yyerror(const char *x);
+    extern char *get_label(const char *label);
+    extern void set_label(const char *label, const char *target);
+    char *new_counter(const char *key);
+
+/* Line 371 of yacc.c  */
+#line 93 "parse_y.c"
+
+# ifndef YY_NULL
+#  if defined __cplusplus && 201103L <= __cplusplus
+#   define YY_NULL nullptr
+#  else
+#   define YY_NULL 0
+#  endif
+# endif
+
+/* Enabling verbose error messages.  */
+#ifdef YYERROR_VERBOSE
+# undef YYERROR_VERBOSE
+# define YYERROR_VERBOSE 1
+#else
+# define YYERROR_VERBOSE 0
+#endif
+
+/* In a future release of Bison, this section will be replaced
+   by #include "y.tab.h".  */
+#ifndef YY_YY_PARSE_Y_H_INCLUDED
+# define YY_YY_PARSE_Y_H_INCLUDED
+/* Enabling traces.  */
+#ifndef YYDEBUG
+# define YYDEBUG 0
+#endif
+#if YYDEBUG
+extern int yydebug;
+#endif
+
+/* Tokens.  */
+#ifndef YYTOKENTYPE
+# define YYTOKENTYPE
+   /* Put the tokens into the symbol table, so that GDB and other debuggers
+      know about them.  */
+   enum yytokentype {
+     NEW_COUNTER = 258,
+     LABEL = 259,
+     HASH = 260,
+     CHAR = 261,
+     NEWLINE = 262,
+     NO_INDENT = 263,
+     RIGHT = 264
+   };
+#endif
+/* Tokens.  */
+#define NEW_COUNTER 258
+#define LABEL 259
+#define HASH 260
+#define CHAR 261
+#define NEWLINE 262
+#define NO_INDENT 263
+#define RIGHT 264
+
+
+
+#if ! defined YYSTYPE && ! defined YYSTYPE_IS_DECLARED
+typedef union YYSTYPE
+{
+/* Line 387 of yacc.c  */
+#line 27 "parse_y.y"
+
+    int def;
+    char *string;
+
+
+/* Line 387 of yacc.c  */
+#line 160 "parse_y.c"
+} YYSTYPE;
+# define YYSTYPE_IS_TRIVIAL 1
+# define yystype YYSTYPE /* obsolescent; will be withdrawn */
+# define YYSTYPE_IS_DECLARED 1
+#endif
+
+extern YYSTYPE yylval;
+
+#ifdef YYPARSE_PARAM
+#if defined __STDC__ || defined __cplusplus
+int yyparse (void *YYPARSE_PARAM);
+#else
+int yyparse ();
+#endif
+#else /* ! YYPARSE_PARAM */
+#if defined __STDC__ || defined __cplusplus
+int yyparse (void);
+#else
+int yyparse ();
+#endif
+#endif /* ! YYPARSE_PARAM */
+
+#endif /* !YY_YY_PARSE_Y_H_INCLUDED  */
+
+/* Copy the second part of user declarations.  */
+
+/* Line 390 of yacc.c  */
+#line 188 "parse_y.c"
+
+#ifdef short
+# undef short
+#endif
+
+#ifdef YYTYPE_UINT8
+typedef YYTYPE_UINT8 yytype_uint8;
+#else
+typedef unsigned char yytype_uint8;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef YYTYPE_INT8
+typedef YYTYPE_INT8 yytype_int8;
+#elif (defined __STDC__ || defined __C99__FUNC__ \
+     || defined __cplusplus || defined _MSC_VER)
+typedef signed char yytype_int8;
+#else
+typedef short int yytype_int8;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef YYTYPE_UINT16
+typedef YYTYPE_UINT16 yytype_uint16;
+#else
+typedef unsigned short int yytype_uint16;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef YYTYPE_INT16
+typedef YYTYPE_INT16 yytype_int16;
+#else
+typedef short int yytype_int16;
+#endif
+
+#ifndef YYSIZE_T
+# ifdef __SIZE_TYPE__
+#  define YYSIZE_T __SIZE_TYPE__
+# elif defined size_t
+#  define YYSIZE_T size_t
+# elif ! defined YYSIZE_T && (defined __STDC__ || defined __C99__FUNC__ \
+     || defined __cplusplus || defined _MSC_VER)
+#  include <stddef.h> /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
+#  define YYSIZE_T size_t
+# else
+#  define YYSIZE_T unsigned int
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#define YYSIZE_MAXIMUM ((YYSIZE_T) -1)
+
+#ifndef YY_
+# if defined YYENABLE_NLS && YYENABLE_NLS
+#  if ENABLE_NLS
+#   include <libintl.h> /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
+#   define YY_(Msgid) dgettext ("bison-runtime", Msgid)
+#  endif
+# endif
+# ifndef YY_
+#  define YY_(Msgid) Msgid
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/* Suppress unused-variable warnings by "using" E.  */
+#if ! defined lint || defined __GNUC__
+# define YYUSE(E) ((void) (E))
+#else
+# define YYUSE(E) /* empty */
+#endif
+
+/* Identity function, used to suppress warnings about constant conditions.  */
+#ifndef lint
+# define YYID(N) (N)
+#else
+#if (defined __STDC__ || defined __C99__FUNC__ \
+     || defined __cplusplus || defined _MSC_VER)
+static int
+YYID (int yyi)
+#else
+static int
+YYID (yyi)
+    int yyi;
+#endif
+{
+  return yyi;
+}
+#endif
+
+#if ! defined yyoverflow || YYERROR_VERBOSE
+
+/* The parser invokes alloca or malloc; define the necessary symbols.  */
+
+# ifdef YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA
+#  if YYSTACK_USE_ALLOCA
+#   ifdef __GNUC__
+#    define YYSTACK_ALLOC __builtin_alloca
+#   elif defined __BUILTIN_VA_ARG_INCR
+#    include <alloca.h> /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
+#   elif defined _AIX
+#    define YYSTACK_ALLOC __alloca
+#   elif defined _MSC_VER
+#    include <malloc.h> /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
+#    define alloca _alloca
+#   else
+#    define YYSTACK_ALLOC alloca
+#    if ! defined _ALLOCA_H && ! defined EXIT_SUCCESS && (defined __STDC__ || defined __C99__FUNC__ \
+     || defined __cplusplus || defined _MSC_VER)
+#     include <stdlib.h> /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
+      /* Use EXIT_SUCCESS as a witness for stdlib.h.  */
+#     ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
+#      define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
+#     endif
+#    endif
+#   endif
+#  endif
+# endif
+
+# ifdef YYSTACK_ALLOC
+   /* Pacify GCC's `empty if-body' warning.  */
+#  define YYSTACK_FREE(Ptr) do { /* empty */; } while (YYID (0))
+#  ifndef YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM
+    /* The OS might guarantee only one guard page at the bottom of the stack,
+       and a page size can be as small as 4096 bytes.  So we cannot safely
+       invoke alloca (N) if N exceeds 4096.  Use a slightly smaller number
+       to allow for a few compiler-allocated temporary stack slots.  */
+#   define YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM 4032 /* reasonable circa 2006 */
+#  endif
+# else
+#  define YYSTACK_ALLOC YYMALLOC
+#  define YYSTACK_FREE YYFREE
+#  ifndef YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM
+#   define YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM YYSIZE_MAXIMUM
+#  endif
+#  if (defined __cplusplus && ! defined EXIT_SUCCESS \
+       && ! ((defined YYMALLOC || defined malloc) \
+	     && (defined YYFREE || defined free)))
+#   include <stdlib.h> /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
+#   ifndef EXIT_SUCCESS
+#    define EXIT_SUCCESS 0
+#   endif
+#  endif
+#  ifndef YYMALLOC
+#   define YYMALLOC malloc
+#   if ! defined malloc && ! defined EXIT_SUCCESS && (defined __STDC__ || defined __C99__FUNC__ \
+     || defined __cplusplus || defined _MSC_VER)
+void *malloc (YYSIZE_T); /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
+#   endif
+#  endif
+#  ifndef YYFREE
+#   define YYFREE free
+#   if ! defined free && ! defined EXIT_SUCCESS && (defined __STDC__ || defined __C99__FUNC__ \
+     || defined __cplusplus || defined _MSC_VER)
+void free (void *); /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
+#   endif
+#  endif
+# endif
+#endif /* ! defined yyoverflow || YYERROR_VERBOSE */
+
+
+#if (! defined yyoverflow \
+     && (! defined __cplusplus \
+	 || (defined YYSTYPE_IS_TRIVIAL && YYSTYPE_IS_TRIVIAL)))
+
+/* A type that is properly aligned for any stack member.  */
+union yyalloc
+{
+  yytype_int16 yyss_alloc;
+  YYSTYPE yyvs_alloc;
+};
+
+/* The size of the maximum gap between one aligned stack and the next.  */
+# define YYSTACK_GAP_MAXIMUM (sizeof (union yyalloc) - 1)
+
+/* The size of an array large to enough to hold all stacks, each with
+   N elements.  */
+# define YYSTACK_BYTES(N) \
+     ((N) * (sizeof (yytype_int16) + sizeof (YYSTYPE)) \
+      + YYSTACK_GAP_MAXIMUM)
+
+# define YYCOPY_NEEDED 1
+
+/* Relocate STACK from its old location to the new one.  The
+   local variables YYSIZE and YYSTACKSIZE give the old and new number of
+   elements in the stack, and YYPTR gives the new location of the
+   stack.  Advance YYPTR to a properly aligned location for the next
+   stack.  */
+# define YYSTACK_RELOCATE(Stack_alloc, Stack)				\
+    do									\
+      {									\
+	YYSIZE_T yynewbytes;						\
+	YYCOPY (&yyptr->Stack_alloc, Stack, yysize);			\
+	Stack = &yyptr->Stack_alloc;					\
+	yynewbytes = yystacksize * sizeof (*Stack) + YYSTACK_GAP_MAXIMUM; \
+	yyptr += yynewbytes / sizeof (*yyptr);				\
+      }									\
+    while (YYID (0))
+
+#endif
+
+#if defined YYCOPY_NEEDED && YYCOPY_NEEDED
+/* Copy COUNT objects from SRC to DST.  The source and destination do
+   not overlap.  */
+# ifndef YYCOPY
+#  if defined __GNUC__ && 1 < __GNUC__
+#   define YYCOPY(Dst, Src, Count) \
+      __builtin_memcpy (Dst, Src, (Count) * sizeof (*(Src)))
+#  else
+#   define YYCOPY(Dst, Src, Count)              \
+      do                                        \
+        {                                       \
+          YYSIZE_T yyi;                         \
+          for (yyi = 0; yyi < (Count); yyi++)   \
+            (Dst)[yyi] = (Src)[yyi];            \
+        }                                       \
+      while (YYID (0))
+#  endif
+# endif
+#endif /* !YYCOPY_NEEDED */
+
+/* YYFINAL -- State number of the termination state.  */
+#define YYFINAL  2
+/* YYLAST -- Last index in YYTABLE.  */
+#define YYLAST   27
+
+/* YYNTOKENS -- Number of terminals.  */
+#define YYNTOKENS  10
+/* YYNNTS -- Number of nonterminals.  */
+#define YYNNTS  4
+/* YYNRULES -- Number of rules.  */
+#define YYNRULES  15
+/* YYNRULES -- Number of states.  */
+#define YYNSTATES  19
+
+/* YYTRANSLATE(YYLEX) -- Bison symbol number corresponding to YYLEX.  */
+#define YYUNDEFTOK  2
+#define YYMAXUTOK   264
+
+#define YYTRANSLATE(YYX)						\
+  ((unsigned int) (YYX) <= YYMAXUTOK ? yytranslate[YYX] : YYUNDEFTOK)
+
+/* YYTRANSLATE[YYLEX] -- Bison symbol number corresponding to YYLEX.  */
+static const yytype_uint8 yytranslate[] =
+{
+       0,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,
+       2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     2,     1,     2,     3,     4,
+       5,     6,     7,     8,     9
+};
+
+#if YYDEBUG
+/* YYPRHS[YYN] -- Index of the first RHS symbol of rule number YYN in
+   YYRHS.  */
+static const yytype_uint8 yyprhs[] =
+{
+       0,     0,     3,     4,     7,    11,    17,    25,    33,    34,
+      37,    39,    42,    44,    46,    48
+};
+
+/* YYRHS -- A `-1'-separated list of the rules' RHS.  */
+static const yytype_int8 yyrhs[] =
+{
+      11,     0,    -1,    -1,    11,     7,    -1,    11,    12,     7,
+      -1,    11,    12,     9,    12,     7,    -1,    11,    12,     9,
+      12,     9,    12,     7,    -1,    11,    12,     9,    12,     9,
+      12,     7,    -1,    -1,    12,    13,    -1,     6,    -1,    13,
+       6,    -1,     8,    -1,     5,    -1,     4,    -1,     3,    -1
+};
+
+/* YYRLINE[YYN] -- source line where rule number YYN was defined.  */
+static const yytype_uint8 yyrline[] =
+{
+       0,    39,    39,    40,    44,    53,    72,    99,   128,   131,
+     139,   142,   147,   151,   154,   160
+};
+#endif
+
+#if YYDEBUG || YYERROR_VERBOSE || 0
+/* YYTNAME[SYMBOL-NUM] -- String name of the symbol SYMBOL-NUM.
+   First, the terminals, then, starting at YYNTOKENS, nonterminals.  */
+static const char *const yytname[] =
+{
+  "$end", "error", "$undefined", "NEW_COUNTER", "LABEL", "HASH", "CHAR",
+  "NEWLINE", "NO_INDENT", "RIGHT", "$accept", "doc", "stuff", "text", YY_NULL
+};
+#endif
+
+# ifdef YYPRINT
+/* YYTOKNUM[YYLEX-NUM] -- Internal token number corresponding to
+   token YYLEX-NUM.  */
+static const yytype_uint16 yytoknum[] =
+{
+       0,   256,   257,   258,   259,   260,   261,   262,   263,   264
+};
+# endif
+
+/* YYR1[YYN] -- Symbol number of symbol that rule YYN derives.  */
+static const yytype_uint8 yyr1[] =
+{
+       0,    10,    11,    11,    11,    11,    11,    11,    12,    12,
+      13,    13,    13,    13,    13,    13
+};
+
+/* YYR2[YYN] -- Number of symbols composing right hand side of rule YYN.  */
+static const yytype_uint8 yyr2[] =
+{
+       0,     2,     0,     2,     3,     5,     7,     7,     0,     2,
+       1,     2,     1,     1,     1,     1
+};
+
+/* YYDEFACT[STATE-NAME] -- Default reduction number in state STATE-NUM.
+   Performed when YYTABLE doesn't specify something else to do.  Zero
+   means the default is an error.  */
+static const yytype_uint8 yydefact[] =
+{
+       2,     8,     1,     3,     0,    15,    14,    13,    10,     4,
+      12,     8,     9,     0,    11,     5,     8,     0,     6
+};
+
+/* YYDEFGOTO[NTERM-NUM].  */
+static const yytype_int8 yydefgoto[] =
+{
+      -1,     1,     4,    12
+};
+
+/* YYPACT[STATE-NUM] -- Index in YYTABLE of the portion describing
+   STATE-NUM.  */
+#define YYPACT_NINF -3
+static const yytype_int8 yypact[] =
+{
+      -3,     0,    -3,    -3,     5,    -3,    -3,    -3,    -3,    -3,
+      -3,    -3,    17,    12,    -3,    -3,    -3,    -2,    -3
+};
+
+/* YYPGOTO[NTERM-NUM].  */
+static const yytype_int8 yypgoto[] =
+{
+      -3,    -3,    11,    -3
+};
+
+/* YYTABLE[YYPACT[STATE-NUM]].  What to do in state STATE-NUM.  If
+   positive, shift that token.  If negative, reduce the rule which
+   number is the opposite.  If YYTABLE_NINF, syntax error.  */
+#define YYTABLE_NINF -1
+static const yytype_uint8 yytable[] =
+{
+       2,     5,     6,     7,     8,    18,    10,     3,     5,     6,
+       7,     8,     9,    10,    11,     5,     6,     7,     8,    15,
+      10,    16,    13,    14,     0,     0,     0,    17
+};
+
+#define yypact_value_is_default(Yystate) \
+  (!!((Yystate) == (-3)))
+
+#define yytable_value_is_error(Yytable_value) \
+  YYID (0)
+
+static const yytype_int8 yycheck[] =
+{
+       0,     3,     4,     5,     6,     7,     8,     7,     3,     4,
+       5,     6,     7,     8,     9,     3,     4,     5,     6,     7,
+       8,     9,    11,     6,    -1,    -1,    -1,    16
+};
+
+/* YYSTOS[STATE-NUM] -- The (internal number of the) accessing
+   symbol of state STATE-NUM.  */
+static const yytype_uint8 yystos[] =
+{
+       0,    11,     0,     7,    12,     3,     4,     5,     6,     7,
+       8,     9,    13,    12,     6,     7,     9,    12,     7
+};
+
+#define yyerrok		(yyerrstatus = 0)
+#define yyclearin	(yychar = YYEMPTY)
+#define YYEMPTY		(-2)
+#define YYEOF		0
+
+#define YYACCEPT	goto yyacceptlab
+#define YYABORT		goto yyabortlab
+#define YYERROR		goto yyerrorlab
+
+
+/* Like YYERROR except do call yyerror.  This remains here temporarily
+   to ease the transition to the new meaning of YYERROR, for GCC.
+   Once GCC version 2 has supplanted version 1, this can go.  However,
+   YYFAIL appears to be in use.  Nevertheless, it is formally deprecated
+   in Bison 2.4.2's NEWS entry, where a plan to phase it out is
+   discussed.  */
+
+#define YYFAIL		goto yyerrlab
+#if defined YYFAIL
+  /* This is here to suppress warnings from the GCC cpp's
+     -Wunused-macros.  Normally we don't worry about that warning, but
+     some users do, and we want to make it easy for users to remove
+     YYFAIL uses, which will produce warnings from Bison 2.5.  */
+#endif
+
+#define YYRECOVERING()  (!!yyerrstatus)
+
+#define YYBACKUP(Token, Value)                                  \
+do                                                              \
+  if (yychar == YYEMPTY)                                        \
+    {                                                           \
+      yychar = (Token);                                         \
+      yylval = (Value);                                         \
+      YYPOPSTACK (yylen);                                       \
+      yystate = *yyssp;                                         \
+      goto yybackup;                                            \
+    }                                                           \
+  else                                                          \
+    {                                                           \
+      yyerror (YY_("syntax error: cannot back up")); \
+      YYERROR;							\
+    }								\
+while (YYID (0))
+
+/* Error token number */
+#define YYTERROR	1
+#define YYERRCODE	256
+
+
+/* This macro is provided for backward compatibility. */
+#ifndef YY_LOCATION_PRINT
+# define YY_LOCATION_PRINT(File, Loc) ((void) 0)
+#endif
+
+
+/* YYLEX -- calling `yylex' with the right arguments.  */
+#ifdef YYLEX_PARAM
+# define YYLEX yylex (YYLEX_PARAM)
+#else
+# define YYLEX yylex ()
+#endif
+
+/* Enable debugging if requested.  */
+#if YYDEBUG
+
+# ifndef YYFPRINTF
+#  include <stdio.h> /* INFRINGES ON USER NAME SPACE */
+#  define YYFPRINTF fprintf
+# endif
+
+# define YYDPRINTF(Args)			\
+do {						\
+  if (yydebug)					\
+    YYFPRINTF Args;				\
+} while (YYID (0))
+
+# define YY_SYMBOL_PRINT(Title, Type, Value, Location)			  \
+do {									  \
+  if (yydebug)								  \
+    {									  \
+      YYFPRINTF (stderr, "%s ", Title);					  \
+      yy_symbol_print (stderr,						  \
+		  Type, Value); \
+      YYFPRINTF (stderr, "\n");						  \
+    }									  \
+} while (YYID (0))
+
+
+/*--------------------------------.
+| Print this symbol on YYOUTPUT.  |
+`--------------------------------*/
+
+/*ARGSUSED*/
+#if (defined __STDC__ || defined __C99__FUNC__ \
+     || defined __cplusplus || defined _MSC_VER)
+static void
+yy_symbol_value_print (FILE *yyoutput, int yytype, YYSTYPE const * const yyvaluep)
+#else
+static void
+yy_symbol_value_print (yyoutput, yytype, yyvaluep)
+    FILE *yyoutput;
+    int yytype;
+    YYSTYPE const * const yyvaluep;
+#endif
+{
+  FILE *yyo = yyoutput;
+  YYUSE (yyo);
+  if (!yyvaluep)
+    return;
+# ifdef YYPRINT
+  if (yytype < YYNTOKENS)
+    YYPRINT (yyoutput, yytoknum[yytype], *yyvaluep);
+# else
+  YYUSE (yyoutput);
+# endif
+  switch (yytype)
+    {
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+
+/*--------------------------------.
+| Print this symbol on YYOUTPUT.  |
+`--------------------------------*/
+
+#if (defined __STDC__ || defined __C99__FUNC__ \
+     || defined __cplusplus || defined _MSC_VER)
+static void
+yy_symbol_print (FILE *yyoutput, int yytype, YYSTYPE const * const yyvaluep)
+#else
+static void
+yy_symbol_print (yyoutput, yytype, yyvaluep)
+    FILE *yyoutput;
+    int yytype;
+    YYSTYPE const * const yyvaluep;
+#endif
+{
+  if (yytype < YYNTOKENS)
+    YYFPRINTF (yyoutput, "token %s (", yytname[yytype]);
+  else
+    YYFPRINTF (yyoutput, "nterm %s (", yytname[yytype]);
+
+  yy_symbol_value_print (yyoutput, yytype, yyvaluep);
+  YYFPRINTF (yyoutput, ")");
+}
+
+/*------------------------------------------------------------------.
+| yy_stack_print -- Print the state stack from its BOTTOM up to its |
+| TOP (included).                                                   |
+`------------------------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#if (defined __STDC__ || defined __C99__FUNC__ \
+     || defined __cplusplus || defined _MSC_VER)
+static void
+yy_stack_print (yytype_int16 *yybottom, yytype_int16 *yytop)
+#else
+static void
+yy_stack_print (yybottom, yytop)
+    yytype_int16 *yybottom;
+    yytype_int16 *yytop;
+#endif
+{
+  YYFPRINTF (stderr, "Stack now");
+  for (; yybottom <= yytop; yybottom++)
+    {
+      int yybot = *yybottom;
+      YYFPRINTF (stderr, " %d", yybot);
+    }
+  YYFPRINTF (stderr, "\n");
+}
+
+# define YY_STACK_PRINT(Bottom, Top)				\
+do {								\
+  if (yydebug)							\
+    yy_stack_print ((Bottom), (Top));				\
+} while (YYID (0))
+
+
+/*------------------------------------------------.
+| Report that the YYRULE is going to be reduced.  |
+`------------------------------------------------*/
+
+#if (defined __STDC__ || defined __C99__FUNC__ \
+     || defined __cplusplus || defined _MSC_VER)
+static void
+yy_reduce_print (YYSTYPE *yyvsp, int yyrule)
+#else
+static void
+yy_reduce_print (yyvsp, yyrule)
+    YYSTYPE *yyvsp;
+    int yyrule;
+#endif
+{
+  int yynrhs = yyr2[yyrule];
+  int yyi;
+  unsigned long int yylno = yyrline[yyrule];
+  YYFPRINTF (stderr, "Reducing stack by rule %d (line %lu):\n",
+	     yyrule - 1, yylno);
+  /* The symbols being reduced.  */
+  for (yyi = 0; yyi < yynrhs; yyi++)
+    {
+      YYFPRINTF (stderr, "   $%d = ", yyi + 1);
+      yy_symbol_print (stderr, yyrhs[yyprhs[yyrule] + yyi],
+		       &(yyvsp[(yyi + 1) - (yynrhs)])
+		       		       );
+      YYFPRINTF (stderr, "\n");
+    }
+}
+
+# define YY_REDUCE_PRINT(Rule)		\
+do {					\
+  if (yydebug)				\
+    yy_reduce_print (yyvsp, Rule); \
+} while (YYID (0))
+
+/* Nonzero means print parse trace.  It is left uninitialized so that
+   multiple parsers can coexist.  */
+int yydebug;
+#else /* !YYDEBUG */
+# define YYDPRINTF(Args)
+# define YY_SYMBOL_PRINT(Title, Type, Value, Location)
+# define YY_STACK_PRINT(Bottom, Top)
+# define YY_REDUCE_PRINT(Rule)
+#endif /* !YYDEBUG */
+
+
+/* YYINITDEPTH -- initial size of the parser's stacks.  */
+#ifndef	YYINITDEPTH
+# define YYINITDEPTH 200
+#endif
+
+/* YYMAXDEPTH -- maximum size the stacks can grow to (effective only
+   if the built-in stack extension method is used).
+
+   Do not make this value too large; the results are undefined if
+   YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM < YYSTACK_BYTES (YYMAXDEPTH)
+   evaluated with infinite-precision integer arithmetic.  */
+
+#ifndef YYMAXDEPTH
+# define YYMAXDEPTH 10000
+#endif
+
+
+#if YYERROR_VERBOSE
+
+# ifndef yystrlen
+#  if defined __GLIBC__ && defined _STRING_H
+#   define yystrlen strlen
+#  else
+/* Return the length of YYSTR.  */
+#if (defined __STDC__ || defined __C99__FUNC__ \
+     || defined __cplusplus || defined _MSC_VER)
+static YYSIZE_T
+yystrlen (const char *yystr)
+#else
+static YYSIZE_T
+yystrlen (yystr)
+    const char *yystr;
+#endif
+{
+  YYSIZE_T yylen;
+  for (yylen = 0; yystr[yylen]; yylen++)
+    continue;
+  return yylen;
+}
+#  endif
+# endif
+
+# ifndef yystpcpy
+#  if defined __GLIBC__ && defined _STRING_H && defined _GNU_SOURCE
+#   define yystpcpy stpcpy
+#  else
+/* Copy YYSRC to YYDEST, returning the address of the terminating '\0' in
+   YYDEST.  */
+#if (defined __STDC__ || defined __C99__FUNC__ \
+     || defined __cplusplus || defined _MSC_VER)
+static char *
+yystpcpy (char *yydest, const char *yysrc)
+#else
+static char *
+yystpcpy (yydest, yysrc)
+    char *yydest;
+    const char *yysrc;
+#endif
+{
+  char *yyd = yydest;
+  const char *yys = yysrc;
+
+  while ((*yyd++ = *yys++) != '\0')
+    continue;
+
+  return yyd - 1;
+}
+#  endif
+# endif
+
+# ifndef yytnamerr
+/* Copy to YYRES the contents of YYSTR after stripping away unnecessary
+   quotes and backslashes, so that it's suitable for yyerror.  The
+   heuristic is that double-quoting is unnecessary unless the string
+   contains an apostrophe, a comma, or backslash (other than
+   backslash-backslash).  YYSTR is taken from yytname.  If YYRES is
+   null, do not copy; instead, return the length of what the result
+   would have been.  */
+static YYSIZE_T
+yytnamerr (char *yyres, const char *yystr)
+{
+  if (*yystr == '"')
+    {
+      YYSIZE_T yyn = 0;
+      char const *yyp = yystr;
+
+      for (;;)
+	switch (*++yyp)
+	  {
+	  case '\'':
+	  case ',':
+	    goto do_not_strip_quotes;
+
+	  case '\\':
+	    if (*++yyp != '\\')
+	      goto do_not_strip_quotes;
+	    /* Fall through.  */
+	  default:
+	    if (yyres)
+	      yyres[yyn] = *yyp;
+	    yyn++;
+	    break;
+
+	  case '"':
+	    if (yyres)
+	      yyres[yyn] = '\0';
+	    return yyn;
+	  }
+    do_not_strip_quotes: ;
+    }
+
+  if (! yyres)
+    return yystrlen (yystr);
+
+  return yystpcpy (yyres, yystr) - yyres;
+}
+# endif
+
+/* Copy into *YYMSG, which is of size *YYMSG_ALLOC, an error message
+   about the unexpected token YYTOKEN for the state stack whose top is
+   YYSSP.
+
+   Return 0 if *YYMSG was successfully written.  Return 1 if *YYMSG is
+   not large enough to hold the message.  In that case, also set
+   *YYMSG_ALLOC to the required number of bytes.  Return 2 if the
+   required number of bytes is too large to store.  */
+static int
+yysyntax_error (YYSIZE_T *yymsg_alloc, char **yymsg,
+                yytype_int16 *yyssp, int yytoken)
+{
+  YYSIZE_T yysize0 = yytnamerr (YY_NULL, yytname[yytoken]);
+  YYSIZE_T yysize = yysize0;
+  enum { YYERROR_VERBOSE_ARGS_MAXIMUM = 5 };
+  /* Internationalized format string. */
+  const char *yyformat = YY_NULL;
+  /* Arguments of yyformat. */
+  char const *yyarg[YYERROR_VERBOSE_ARGS_MAXIMUM];
+  /* Number of reported tokens (one for the "unexpected", one per
+     "expected"). */
+  int yycount = 0;
+
+  /* There are many possibilities here to consider:
+     - Assume YYFAIL is not used.  It's too flawed to consider.  See
+       <http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bison-patches/2009-12/msg00024.html>
+       for details.  YYERROR is fine as it does not invoke this
+       function.
+     - If this state is a consistent state with a default action, then
+       the only way this function was invoked is if the default action
+       is an error action.  In that case, don't check for expected
+       tokens because there are none.
+     - The only way there can be no lookahead present (in yychar) is if
+       this state is a consistent state with a default action.  Thus,
+       detecting the absence of a lookahead is sufficient to determine
+       that there is no unexpected or expected token to report.  In that
+       case, just report a simple "syntax error".
+     - Don't assume there isn't a lookahead just because this state is a
+       consistent state with a default action.  There might have been a
+       previous inconsistent state, consistent state with a non-default
+       action, or user semantic action that manipulated yychar.
+     - Of course, the expected token list depends on states to have
+       correct lookahead information, and it depends on the parser not
+       to perform extra reductions after fetching a lookahead from the
+       scanner and before detecting a syntax error.  Thus, state merging
+       (from LALR or IELR) and default reductions corrupt the expected
+       token list.  However, the list is correct for canonical LR with
+       one exception: it will still contain any token that will not be
+       accepted due to an error action in a later state.
+  */
+  if (yytoken != YYEMPTY)
+    {
+      int yyn = yypact[*yyssp];
+      yyarg[yycount++] = yytname[yytoken];
+      if (!yypact_value_is_default (yyn))
+        {
+          /* Start YYX at -YYN if negative to avoid negative indexes in
+             YYCHECK.  In other words, skip the first -YYN actions for
+             this state because they are default actions.  */
+          int yyxbegin = yyn < 0 ? -yyn : 0;
+          /* Stay within bounds of both yycheck and yytname.  */
+          int yychecklim = YYLAST - yyn + 1;
+          int yyxend = yychecklim < YYNTOKENS ? yychecklim : YYNTOKENS;
+          int yyx;
+
+          for (yyx = yyxbegin; yyx < yyxend; ++yyx)
+            if (yycheck[yyx + yyn] == yyx && yyx != YYTERROR
+                && !yytable_value_is_error (yytable[yyx + yyn]))
+              {
+                if (yycount == YYERROR_VERBOSE_ARGS_MAXIMUM)
+                  {
+                    yycount = 1;
+                    yysize = yysize0;
+                    break;
+                  }
+                yyarg[yycount++] = yytname[yyx];
+                {
+                  YYSIZE_T yysize1 = yysize + yytnamerr (YY_NULL, yytname[yyx]);
+                  if (! (yysize <= yysize1
+                         && yysize1 <= YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM))
+                    return 2;
+                  yysize = yysize1;
+                }
+              }
+        }
+    }
+
+  switch (yycount)
+    {
+# define YYCASE_(N, S)                      \
+      case N:                               \
+        yyformat = S;                       \
+      break
+      YYCASE_(0, YY_("syntax error"));
+      YYCASE_(1, YY_("syntax error, unexpected %s"));
+      YYCASE_(2, YY_("syntax error, unexpected %s, expecting %s"));
+      YYCASE_(3, YY_("syntax error, unexpected %s, expecting %s or %s"));
+      YYCASE_(4, YY_("syntax error, unexpected %s, expecting %s or %s or %s"));
+      YYCASE_(5, YY_("syntax error, unexpected %s, expecting %s or %s or %s or %s"));
+# undef YYCASE_
+    }
+
+  {
+    YYSIZE_T yysize1 = yysize + yystrlen (yyformat);
+    if (! (yysize <= yysize1 && yysize1 <= YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM))
+      return 2;
+    yysize = yysize1;
+  }
+
+  if (*yymsg_alloc < yysize)
+    {
+      *yymsg_alloc = 2 * yysize;
+      if (! (yysize <= *yymsg_alloc
+             && *yymsg_alloc <= YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM))
+        *yymsg_alloc = YYSTACK_ALLOC_MAXIMUM;
+      return 1;
+    }
+
+  /* Avoid sprintf, as that infringes on the user's name space.
+     Don't have undefined behavior even if the translation
+     produced a string with the wrong number of "%s"s.  */
+  {
+    char *yyp = *yymsg;
+    int yyi = 0;
+    while ((*yyp = *yyformat) != '\0')
+      if (*yyp == '%' && yyformat[1] == 's' && yyi < yycount)
+        {
+          yyp += yytnamerr (yyp, yyarg[yyi++]);
+          yyformat += 2;
+        }
+      else
+        {
+          yyp++;
+          yyformat++;
+        }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+#endif /* YYERROR_VERBOSE */
+
+/*-----------------------------------------------.
+| Release the memory associated to this symbol.  |
+`-----------------------------------------------*/
+
+/*ARGSUSED*/
+#if (defined __STDC__ || defined __C99__FUNC__ \
+     || defined __cplusplus || defined _MSC_VER)
+static void
+yydestruct (const char *yymsg, int yytype, YYSTYPE *yyvaluep)
+#else
+static void
+yydestruct (yymsg, yytype, yyvaluep)
+    const char *yymsg;
+    int yytype;
+    YYSTYPE *yyvaluep;
+#endif
+{
+  YYUSE (yyvaluep);
+
+  if (!yymsg)
+    yymsg = "Deleting";
+  YY_SYMBOL_PRINT (yymsg, yytype, yyvaluep, yylocationp);
+
+  switch (yytype)
+    {
+
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+
+
+
+/* The lookahead symbol.  */
+int yychar;
+
+
+#ifndef YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN
+# define YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN
+# define YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_END
+#endif
+#ifndef YY_INITIAL_VALUE
+# define YY_INITIAL_VALUE(Value) /* Nothing. */
+#endif
+
+/* The semantic value of the lookahead symbol.  */
+YYSTYPE yylval YY_INITIAL_VALUE(yyval_default);
+
+/* Number of syntax errors so far.  */
+int yynerrs;
+
+
+/*----------.
+| yyparse.  |
+`----------*/
+
+#ifdef YYPARSE_PARAM
+#if (defined __STDC__ || defined __C99__FUNC__ \
+     || defined __cplusplus || defined _MSC_VER)
+int
+yyparse (void *YYPARSE_PARAM)
+#else
+int
+yyparse (YYPARSE_PARAM)
+    void *YYPARSE_PARAM;
+#endif
+#else /* ! YYPARSE_PARAM */
+#if (defined __STDC__ || defined __C99__FUNC__ \
+     || defined __cplusplus || defined _MSC_VER)
+int
+yyparse (void)
+#else
+int
+yyparse ()
+
+#endif
+#endif
+{
+    int yystate;
+    /* Number of tokens to shift before error messages enabled.  */
+    int yyerrstatus;
+
+    /* The stacks and their tools:
+       `yyss': related to states.
+       `yyvs': related to semantic values.
+
+       Refer to the stacks through separate pointers, to allow yyoverflow
+       to reallocate them elsewhere.  */
+
+    /* The state stack.  */
+    yytype_int16 yyssa[YYINITDEPTH];
+    yytype_int16 *yyss;
+    yytype_int16 *yyssp;
+
+    /* The semantic value stack.  */
+    YYSTYPE yyvsa[YYINITDEPTH];
+    YYSTYPE *yyvs;
+    YYSTYPE *yyvsp;
+
+    YYSIZE_T yystacksize;
+
+  int yyn;
+  int yyresult;
+  /* Lookahead token as an internal (translated) token number.  */
+  int yytoken = 0;
+  /* The variables used to return semantic value and location from the
+     action routines.  */
+  YYSTYPE yyval;
+
+#if YYERROR_VERBOSE
+  /* Buffer for error messages, and its allocated size.  */
+  char yymsgbuf[128];
+  char *yymsg = yymsgbuf;
+  YYSIZE_T yymsg_alloc = sizeof yymsgbuf;
+#endif
+
+#define YYPOPSTACK(N)   (yyvsp -= (N), yyssp -= (N))
+
+  /* The number of symbols on the RHS of the reduced rule.
+     Keep to zero when no symbol should be popped.  */
+  int yylen = 0;
+
+  yyssp = yyss = yyssa;
+  yyvsp = yyvs = yyvsa;
+  yystacksize = YYINITDEPTH;
+
+  YYDPRINTF ((stderr, "Starting parse\n"));
+
+  yystate = 0;
+  yyerrstatus = 0;
+  yynerrs = 0;
+  yychar = YYEMPTY; /* Cause a token to be read.  */
+  goto yysetstate;
+
+/*------------------------------------------------------------.
+| yynewstate -- Push a new state, which is found in yystate.  |
+`------------------------------------------------------------*/
+ yynewstate:
+  /* In all cases, when you get here, the value and location stacks
+     have just been pushed.  So pushing a state here evens the stacks.  */
+  yyssp++;
+
+ yysetstate:
+  *yyssp = yystate;
+
+  if (yyss + yystacksize - 1 <= yyssp)
+    {
+      /* Get the current used size of the three stacks, in elements.  */
+      YYSIZE_T yysize = yyssp - yyss + 1;
+
+#ifdef yyoverflow
+      {
+	/* Give user a chance to reallocate the stack.  Use copies of
+	   these so that the &'s don't force the real ones into
+	   memory.  */
+	YYSTYPE *yyvs1 = yyvs;
+	yytype_int16 *yyss1 = yyss;
+
+	/* Each stack pointer address is followed by the size of the
+	   data in use in that stack, in bytes.  This used to be a
+	   conditional around just the two extra args, but that might
+	   be undefined if yyoverflow is a macro.  */
+	yyoverflow (YY_("memory exhausted"),
+		    &yyss1, yysize * sizeof (*yyssp),
+		    &yyvs1, yysize * sizeof (*yyvsp),
+		    &yystacksize);
+
+	yyss = yyss1;
+	yyvs = yyvs1;
+      }
+#else /* no yyoverflow */
+# ifndef YYSTACK_RELOCATE
+      goto yyexhaustedlab;
+# else
+      /* Extend the stack our own way.  */
+      if (YYMAXDEPTH <= yystacksize)
+	goto yyexhaustedlab;
+      yystacksize *= 2;
+      if (YYMAXDEPTH < yystacksize)
+	yystacksize = YYMAXDEPTH;
+
+      {
+	yytype_int16 *yyss1 = yyss;
+	union yyalloc *yyptr =
+	  (union yyalloc *) YYSTACK_ALLOC (YYSTACK_BYTES (yystacksize));
+	if (! yyptr)
+	  goto yyexhaustedlab;
+	YYSTACK_RELOCATE (yyss_alloc, yyss);
+	YYSTACK_RELOCATE (yyvs_alloc, yyvs);
+#  undef YYSTACK_RELOCATE
+	if (yyss1 != yyssa)
+	  YYSTACK_FREE (yyss1);
+      }
+# endif
+#endif /* no yyoverflow */
+
+      yyssp = yyss + yysize - 1;
+      yyvsp = yyvs + yysize - 1;
+
+      YYDPRINTF ((stderr, "Stack size increased to %lu\n",
+		  (unsigned long int) yystacksize));
+
+      if (yyss + yystacksize - 1 <= yyssp)
+	YYABORT;
+    }
+
+  YYDPRINTF ((stderr, "Entering state %d\n", yystate));
+
+  if (yystate == YYFINAL)
+    YYACCEPT;
+
+  goto yybackup;
+
+/*-----------.
+| yybackup.  |
+`-----------*/
+yybackup:
+
+  /* Do appropriate processing given the current state.  Read a
+     lookahead token if we need one and don't already have one.  */
+
+  /* First try to decide what to do without reference to lookahead token.  */
+  yyn = yypact[yystate];
+  if (yypact_value_is_default (yyn))
+    goto yydefault;
+
+  /* Not known => get a lookahead token if don't already have one.  */
+
+  /* YYCHAR is either YYEMPTY or YYEOF or a valid lookahead symbol.  */
+  if (yychar == YYEMPTY)
+    {
+      YYDPRINTF ((stderr, "Reading a token: "));
+      yychar = YYLEX;
+    }
+
+  if (yychar <= YYEOF)
+    {
+      yychar = yytoken = YYEOF;
+      YYDPRINTF ((stderr, "Now at end of input.\n"));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      yytoken = YYTRANSLATE (yychar);
+      YY_SYMBOL_PRINT ("Next token is", yytoken, &yylval, &yylloc);
+    }
+
+  /* If the proper action on seeing token YYTOKEN is to reduce or to
+     detect an error, take that action.  */
+  yyn += yytoken;
+  if (yyn < 0 || YYLAST < yyn || yycheck[yyn] != yytoken)
+    goto yydefault;
+  yyn = yytable[yyn];
+  if (yyn <= 0)
+    {
+      if (yytable_value_is_error (yyn))
+        goto yyerrlab;
+      yyn = -yyn;
+      goto yyreduce;
+    }
+
+  /* Count tokens shifted since error; after three, turn off error
+     status.  */
+  if (yyerrstatus)
+    yyerrstatus--;
+
+  /* Shift the lookahead token.  */
+  YY_SYMBOL_PRINT ("Shifting", yytoken, &yylval, &yylloc);
+
+  /* Discard the shifted token.  */
+  yychar = YYEMPTY;
+
+  yystate = yyn;
+  YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN
+  *++yyvsp = yylval;
+  YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_END
+
+  goto yynewstate;
+
+
+/*-----------------------------------------------------------.
+| yydefault -- do the default action for the current state.  |
+`-----------------------------------------------------------*/
+yydefault:
+  yyn = yydefact[yystate];
+  if (yyn == 0)
+    goto yyerrlab;
+  goto yyreduce;
+
+
+/*-----------------------------.
+| yyreduce -- Do a reduction.  |
+`-----------------------------*/
+yyreduce:
+  /* yyn is the number of a rule to reduce with.  */
+  yylen = yyr2[yyn];
+
+  /* If YYLEN is nonzero, implement the default value of the action:
+     `$$ = $1'.
+
+     Otherwise, the following line sets YYVAL to garbage.
+     This behavior is undocumented and Bison
+     users should not rely upon it.  Assigning to YYVAL
+     unconditionally makes the parser a bit smaller, and it avoids a
+     GCC warning that YYVAL may be used uninitialized.  */
+  yyval = yyvsp[1-yylen];
+
+
+  YY_REDUCE_PRINT (yyn);
+  switch (yyn)
+    {
+        case 3:
+/* Line 1792 of yacc.c  */
+#line 40 "parse_y.y"
+    {
+    printf("\n");
+    ++line;
+}
+    break;
+
+  case 4:
+/* Line 1792 of yacc.c  */
+#line 44 "parse_y.y"
+    {
+    if (strlen((yyvsp[(2) - (3)].string)) > (PAPER_WIDTH-(indent ? strlen(INDENT_STRING):0))) {
+	yyerror("line too long");
+    }
+    printf("%s%s\n", indent ? INDENT_STRING:"", (yyvsp[(2) - (3)].string));
+    free((yyvsp[(2) - (3)].string));
+    indent = 1;
+    ++line;
+}
+    break;
+
+  case 5:
+/* Line 1792 of yacc.c  */
+#line 53 "parse_y.y"
+    {
+    char fixed[PAPER_WIDTH+1];
+    int len;
+
+    len = PAPER_WIDTH-(strlen((yyvsp[(2) - (5)].string))+strlen((yyvsp[(4) - (5)].string)));
+
+    if (len >= 0) {
+	memset(fixed, ' ', len);
+	fixed[len] = '\0';
+    } else {
+	yyerror("line too wide");
+	fixed[0] = '\0';
+    }
+    printf("%s%s%s\n", (yyvsp[(2) - (5)].string), fixed, (yyvsp[(4) - (5)].string));
+    free((yyvsp[(2) - (5)].string));
+    free((yyvsp[(4) - (5)].string));
+    indent = 1;
+    ++line;
+}
+    break;
+
+  case 6:
+/* Line 1792 of yacc.c  */
+#line 72 "parse_y.y"
+    {
+    char fixed[PAPER_WIDTH+1];
+    int len, l;
+
+    len = PAPER_WIDTH-(strlen((yyvsp[(2) - (7)].string))+strlen((yyvsp[(4) - (7)].string)));
+
+    if (len < 0) {
+	len = 0;
+	yyerror("line too wide");
+    }
+
+    l = len/2;
+    memset(fixed, ' ', l);
+    fixed[l] = '\0';
+    printf("%s%s%s", (yyvsp[(2) - (7)].string), fixed, (yyvsp[(4) - (7)].string));
+    free((yyvsp[(2) - (7)].string));
+    free((yyvsp[(4) - (7)].string));
+
+    l = (len+1)/2;
+    memset(fixed, ' ', l);
+    fixed[l] = '\0';
+    printf("%s%s\n", fixed, (yyvsp[(6) - (7)].string));
+    free((yyvsp[(6) - (7)].string));
+
+    indent = 1;
+    ++line;
+}
+    break;
+
+  case 7:
+/* Line 1792 of yacc.c  */
+#line 99 "parse_y.y"
+    {
+    char fixed[PAPER_WIDTH+1];
+    int len, l;
+
+    len = PAPER_WIDTH-(strlen((yyvsp[(2) - (7)].string))+strlen((yyvsp[(4) - (7)].string)));
+
+    if (len < 0) {
+	len = 0;
+	yyerror("line too wide");
+    }
+
+    l = len/2;
+    memset(fixed, ' ', l);
+    fixed[l] = '\0';
+    printf("%s%s%s", (yyvsp[(2) - (7)].string), fixed, (yyvsp[(4) - (7)].string));
+    free((yyvsp[(2) - (7)].string));
+    free((yyvsp[(4) - (7)].string));
+
+    l = (len+1)/2;
+    memset(fixed, ' ', l);
+    fixed[l] = '\0';
+    printf("%s%s\n", fixed, (yyvsp[(6) - (7)].string));
+    free((yyvsp[(6) - (7)].string));
+
+    indent = 1;
+    ++line;
+}
+    break;
+
+  case 8:
+/* Line 1792 of yacc.c  */
+#line 128 "parse_y.y"
+    {
+    (yyval.string) = strdup("");
+}
+    break;
+
+  case 9:
+/* Line 1792 of yacc.c  */
+#line 131 "parse_y.y"
+    {
+    (yyval.string) = malloc(strlen((yyvsp[(1) - (2)].string))+strlen((yyvsp[(2) - (2)].string))+1);
+    sprintf((yyval.string),"%s%s", (yyvsp[(1) - (2)].string), (yyvsp[(2) - (2)].string));
+    free((yyvsp[(1) - (2)].string));
+    free((yyvsp[(2) - (2)].string));
+}
+    break;
+
+  case 10:
+/* Line 1792 of yacc.c  */
+#line 139 "parse_y.y"
+    {
+    (yyval.string) = strdup(yytext);
+}
+    break;
+
+  case 11:
+/* Line 1792 of yacc.c  */
+#line 142 "parse_y.y"
+    {
+    (yyval.string) = malloc(strlen((yyvsp[(1) - (2)].string))+2);
+    sprintf((yyval.string),"%s%s", (yyvsp[(1) - (2)].string), yytext);
+    free((yyvsp[(1) - (2)].string));
+}
+    break;
+
+  case 12:
+/* Line 1792 of yacc.c  */
+#line 147 "parse_y.y"
+    {
+    (yyval.string) = strdup("");
+    indent = 0;
+}
+    break;
+
+  case 13:
+/* Line 1792 of yacc.c  */
+#line 151 "parse_y.y"
+    {
+    (yyval.string) = strdup("#");
+}
+    break;
+
+  case 14:
+/* Line 1792 of yacc.c  */
+#line 154 "parse_y.y"
+    {
+    if (((yyval.string) = get_label(yytext)) == NULL) {
+	set_label(yytext, last_label);
+	(yyval.string) = strdup("");
+    }
+}
+    break;
+
+  case 15:
+/* Line 1792 of yacc.c  */
+#line 160 "parse_y.y"
+    {
+    (yyval.string) = new_counter(yytext);
+}
+    break;
+
+
+/* Line 1792 of yacc.c  */
+#line 1563 "parse_y.c"
+      default: break;
+    }
+  /* User semantic actions sometimes alter yychar, and that requires
+     that yytoken be updated with the new translation.  We take the
+     approach of translating immediately before every use of yytoken.
+     One alternative is translating here after every semantic action,
+     but that translation would be missed if the semantic action invokes
+     YYABORT, YYACCEPT, or YYERROR immediately after altering yychar or
+     if it invokes YYBACKUP.  In the case of YYABORT or YYACCEPT, an
+     incorrect destructor might then be invoked immediately.  In the
+     case of YYERROR or YYBACKUP, subsequent parser actions might lead
+     to an incorrect destructor call or verbose syntax error message
+     before the lookahead is translated.  */
+  YY_SYMBOL_PRINT ("-> $$ =", yyr1[yyn], &yyval, &yyloc);
+
+  YYPOPSTACK (yylen);
+  yylen = 0;
+  YY_STACK_PRINT (yyss, yyssp);
+
+  *++yyvsp = yyval;
+
+  /* Now `shift' the result of the reduction.  Determine what state
+     that goes to, based on the state we popped back to and the rule
+     number reduced by.  */
+
+  yyn = yyr1[yyn];
+
+  yystate = yypgoto[yyn - YYNTOKENS] + *yyssp;
+  if (0 <= yystate && yystate <= YYLAST && yycheck[yystate] == *yyssp)
+    yystate = yytable[yystate];
+  else
+    yystate = yydefgoto[yyn - YYNTOKENS];
+
+  goto yynewstate;
+
+
+/*------------------------------------.
+| yyerrlab -- here on detecting error |
+`------------------------------------*/
+yyerrlab:
+  /* Make sure we have latest lookahead translation.  See comments at
+     user semantic actions for why this is necessary.  */
+  yytoken = yychar == YYEMPTY ? YYEMPTY : YYTRANSLATE (yychar);
+
+  /* If not already recovering from an error, report this error.  */
+  if (!yyerrstatus)
+    {
+      ++yynerrs;
+#if ! YYERROR_VERBOSE
+      yyerror (YY_("syntax error"));
+#else
+# define YYSYNTAX_ERROR yysyntax_error (&yymsg_alloc, &yymsg, \
+                                        yyssp, yytoken)
+      {
+        char const *yymsgp = YY_("syntax error");
+        int yysyntax_error_status;
+        yysyntax_error_status = YYSYNTAX_ERROR;
+        if (yysyntax_error_status == 0)
+          yymsgp = yymsg;
+        else if (yysyntax_error_status == 1)
+          {
+            if (yymsg != yymsgbuf)
+              YYSTACK_FREE (yymsg);
+            yymsg = (char *) YYSTACK_ALLOC (yymsg_alloc);
+            if (!yymsg)
+              {
+                yymsg = yymsgbuf;
+                yymsg_alloc = sizeof yymsgbuf;
+                yysyntax_error_status = 2;
+              }
+            else
+              {
+                yysyntax_error_status = YYSYNTAX_ERROR;
+                yymsgp = yymsg;
+              }
+          }
+        yyerror (yymsgp);
+        if (yysyntax_error_status == 2)
+          goto yyexhaustedlab;
+      }
+# undef YYSYNTAX_ERROR
+#endif
+    }
+
+
+
+  if (yyerrstatus == 3)
+    {
+      /* If just tried and failed to reuse lookahead token after an
+	 error, discard it.  */
+
+      if (yychar <= YYEOF)
+	{
+	  /* Return failure if at end of input.  */
+	  if (yychar == YYEOF)
+	    YYABORT;
+	}
+      else
+	{
+	  yydestruct ("Error: discarding",
+		      yytoken, &yylval);
+	  yychar = YYEMPTY;
+	}
+    }
+
+  /* Else will try to reuse lookahead token after shifting the error
+     token.  */
+  goto yyerrlab1;
+
+
+/*---------------------------------------------------.
+| yyerrorlab -- error raised explicitly by YYERROR.  |
+`---------------------------------------------------*/
+yyerrorlab:
+
+  /* Pacify compilers like GCC when the user code never invokes
+     YYERROR and the label yyerrorlab therefore never appears in user
+     code.  */
+  if (/*CONSTCOND*/ 0)
+     goto yyerrorlab;
+
+  /* Do not reclaim the symbols of the rule which action triggered
+     this YYERROR.  */
+  YYPOPSTACK (yylen);
+  yylen = 0;
+  YY_STACK_PRINT (yyss, yyssp);
+  yystate = *yyssp;
+  goto yyerrlab1;
+
+
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------.
+| yyerrlab1 -- common code for both syntax error and YYERROR.  |
+`-------------------------------------------------------------*/
+yyerrlab1:
+  yyerrstatus = 3;	/* Each real token shifted decrements this.  */
+
+  for (;;)
+    {
+      yyn = yypact[yystate];
+      if (!yypact_value_is_default (yyn))
+	{
+	  yyn += YYTERROR;
+	  if (0 <= yyn && yyn <= YYLAST && yycheck[yyn] == YYTERROR)
+	    {
+	      yyn = yytable[yyn];
+	      if (0 < yyn)
+		break;
+	    }
+	}
+
+      /* Pop the current state because it cannot handle the error token.  */
+      if (yyssp == yyss)
+	YYABORT;
+
+
+      yydestruct ("Error: popping",
+		  yystos[yystate], yyvsp);
+      YYPOPSTACK (1);
+      yystate = *yyssp;
+      YY_STACK_PRINT (yyss, yyssp);
+    }
+
+  YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_BEGIN
+  *++yyvsp = yylval;
+  YY_IGNORE_MAYBE_UNINITIALIZED_END
+
+
+  /* Shift the error token.  */
+  YY_SYMBOL_PRINT ("Shifting", yystos[yyn], yyvsp, yylsp);
+
+  yystate = yyn;
+  goto yynewstate;
+
+
+/*-------------------------------------.
+| yyacceptlab -- YYACCEPT comes here.  |
+`-------------------------------------*/
+yyacceptlab:
+  yyresult = 0;
+  goto yyreturn;
+
+/*-----------------------------------.
+| yyabortlab -- YYABORT comes here.  |
+`-----------------------------------*/
+yyabortlab:
+  yyresult = 1;
+  goto yyreturn;
+
+#if !defined yyoverflow || YYERROR_VERBOSE
+/*-------------------------------------------------.
+| yyexhaustedlab -- memory exhaustion comes here.  |
+`-------------------------------------------------*/
+yyexhaustedlab:
+  yyerror (YY_("memory exhausted"));
+  yyresult = 2;
+  /* Fall through.  */
+#endif
+
+yyreturn:
+  if (yychar != YYEMPTY)
+    {
+      /* Make sure we have latest lookahead translation.  See comments at
+         user semantic actions for why this is necessary.  */
+      yytoken = YYTRANSLATE (yychar);
+      yydestruct ("Cleanup: discarding lookahead",
+                  yytoken, &yylval);
+    }
+  /* Do not reclaim the symbols of the rule which action triggered
+     this YYABORT or YYACCEPT.  */
+  YYPOPSTACK (yylen);
+  YY_STACK_PRINT (yyss, yyssp);
+  while (yyssp != yyss)
+    {
+      yydestruct ("Cleanup: popping",
+		  yystos[*yyssp], yyvsp);
+      YYPOPSTACK (1);
+    }
+#ifndef yyoverflow
+  if (yyss != yyssa)
+    YYSTACK_FREE (yyss);
+#endif
+#if YYERROR_VERBOSE
+  if (yymsg != yymsgbuf)
+    YYSTACK_FREE (yymsg);
+#endif
+  /* Make sure YYID is used.  */
+  return YYID (yyresult);
+}
+
+
+/* Line 2055 of yacc.c  */
+#line 165 "parse_y.y"
+
+
+typedef struct node_s {
+    struct node_s *left, *right;
+    const char *key;
+    char *value;
+} *node_t;
+
+node_t label_root = NULL;
+node_t counter_root = NULL;
+
+static const char *find_key(node_t root, const char *key)
+{
+    while (root) {
+	int cmp = strcmp(key, root->key);
+
+	if (cmp > 0) {
+	    root = root->right;
+	} else if (cmp) {
+	    root = root->left;
+	} else {
+	    return root->value;
+	}
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static node_t set_key(node_t root, const char *key, const char *value)
+{
+    if (root) {
+	int cmp = strcmp(key, root->key);
+	if (cmp > 0) {
+	    root->right = set_key(root->right, key, value);
+	} else if (cmp) {
+	    root->left = set_key(root->left, key, value);
+	} else {
+	    free(root->value);
+	    root->value = strdup(value);
+	}
+    } else {
+	root = malloc(sizeof(struct node_s));
+	root->right = root->left = NULL;
+	root->key = strdup(key);
+	root->value = strdup(value);
+    }
+    return root;
+}
+
+void yyerror(const char *x)
+{
+    fprintf(stderr, "line %d: %s\n", line, x);
+}
+
+char *get_label(const char *label)
+{
+    const char *found = find_key(label_root, label);
+
+    if (found) {
+	return strdup(found);
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+void set_label(const char *label, const char *target)
+{
+    if (target == NULL) {
+	yyerror("no hanging value for label");
+	target = "<??" ">";	/* avoid trigraph warning */
+    }
+    label_root = set_key(label_root, label, target);
+}
+
+char *new_counter(const char *key)
+{
+    int i=0, j, ndollars = 0;
+    const char *old;
+    char *new;
+
+    if (key[i++] != '#') {
+	yyerror("bad index");
+	return strdup("<???" ">");	/* avoid trigraph warning */
+    }
+
+    while (key[i] == '$') {
+	++ndollars;
+	++i;
+    }
+
+    key += i;
+    old = find_key(counter_root, key);
+    new = malloc(20*ndollars);
+
+    if (old) {
+	for (j=0; ndollars > 1 && old[j]; ) {
+	    if (old[j++] == '.' && --ndollars <= 0) {
+		break;
+	    }
+	}
+	if (j) {
+	    strncpy(new, old, j);
+	}
+	if (old[j]) {
+	    i = atoi(old+j);
+	} else {
+	    new[j++] = '.';
+	    i = 0;
+	}
+    } else {
+	j=0;
+	while (--ndollars > 0) {
+	    new[j++] = '0';
+	    new[j++] = '.';
+	}
+	i = 0;
+    }
+    new[j] = '\0';
+    sprintf(new+j, "%d", ++i);
+
+    counter_root = set_key(counter_root, key, new);
+
+    if (last_label) {
+	free(last_label);
+    }
+    last_label = strdup(new);
+
+    return new;
+}
+
+int
+main(void)
+{
+    return yyparse();
+}
diff --git a/doc/specs/parse_y.h b/doc/specs/parse_y.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4323b3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/specs/parse_y.h
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+/* A Bison parser, made by GNU Bison 2.7.  */
+
+/* Bison interface for Yacc-like parsers in C
+   
+      Copyright (C) 1984, 1989-1990, 2000-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+   
+   This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+   (at your option) any later version.
+   
+   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+   GNU General Public License for more details.
+   
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.  */
+
+/* As a special exception, you may create a larger work that contains
+   part or all of the Bison parser skeleton and distribute that work
+   under terms of your choice, so long as that work isn't itself a
+   parser generator using the skeleton or a modified version thereof
+   as a parser skeleton.  Alternatively, if you modify or redistribute
+   the parser skeleton itself, you may (at your option) remove this
+   special exception, which will cause the skeleton and the resulting
+   Bison output files to be licensed under the GNU General Public
+   License without this special exception.
+   
+   This special exception was added by the Free Software Foundation in
+   version 2.2 of Bison.  */
+
+#ifndef YY_YY_PARSE_Y_H_INCLUDED
+# define YY_YY_PARSE_Y_H_INCLUDED
+/* Enabling traces.  */
+#ifndef YYDEBUG
+# define YYDEBUG 0
+#endif
+#if YYDEBUG
+extern int yydebug;
+#endif
+
+/* Tokens.  */
+#ifndef YYTOKENTYPE
+# define YYTOKENTYPE
+   /* Put the tokens into the symbol table, so that GDB and other debuggers
+      know about them.  */
+   enum yytokentype {
+     NEW_COUNTER = 258,
+     LABEL = 259,
+     HASH = 260,
+     CHAR = 261,
+     NEWLINE = 262,
+     NO_INDENT = 263,
+     RIGHT = 264
+   };
+#endif
+/* Tokens.  */
+#define NEW_COUNTER 258
+#define LABEL 259
+#define HASH 260
+#define CHAR 261
+#define NEWLINE 262
+#define NO_INDENT 263
+#define RIGHT 264
+
+
+
+#if ! defined YYSTYPE && ! defined YYSTYPE_IS_DECLARED
+typedef union YYSTYPE
+{
+/* Line 2058 of yacc.c  */
+#line 27 "parse_y.y"
+
+    int def;
+    char *string;
+
+
+/* Line 2058 of yacc.c  */
+#line 81 "parse_y.h"
+} YYSTYPE;
+# define YYSTYPE_IS_TRIVIAL 1
+# define yystype YYSTYPE /* obsolescent; will be withdrawn */
+# define YYSTYPE_IS_DECLARED 1
+#endif
+
+extern YYSTYPE yylval;
+
+#ifdef YYPARSE_PARAM
+#if defined __STDC__ || defined __cplusplus
+int yyparse (void *YYPARSE_PARAM);
+#else
+int yyparse ();
+#endif
+#else /* ! YYPARSE_PARAM */
+#if defined __STDC__ || defined __cplusplus
+int yyparse (void);
+#else
+int yyparse ();
+#endif
+#endif /* ! YYPARSE_PARAM */
+
+#endif /* !YY_YY_PARSE_Y_H_INCLUDED  */
diff --git a/doc/specs/parse_y.y b/doc/specs/parse_y.y
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b195f5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/specs/parse_y.y
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+
+%{
+#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
+#  include <config.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#define MAXLINE  1000
+#define INDENT_STRING "  "
+#define PAPER_WIDTH   74
+
+    int indent=0;
+    int line=1;
+    char *last_label=NULL;
+
+    extern int yylex(void);
+    extern char *yytext;
+    extern void yyerror(const char *x);
+    extern char *get_label(const char *label);
+    extern void set_label(const char *label, const char *target);
+    char *new_counter(const char *key);
+%}
+
+%union {
+    int def;
+    char *string;
+}
+
+%token NEW_COUNTER LABEL HASH CHAR NEWLINE NO_INDENT RIGHT
+%type <string> stuff text
+
+%start doc
+
+%%
+
+doc:
+| doc NEWLINE {
+    printf("\n");
+    ++line;
+}
+| doc stuff NEWLINE {
+    if (strlen($2) > (PAPER_WIDTH-(indent ? strlen(INDENT_STRING):0))) {
+	yyerror("line too long");
+    }
+    printf("%s%s\n", indent ? INDENT_STRING:"", $2);
+    free($2);
+    indent = 1;
+    ++line;
+}
+| doc stuff RIGHT stuff NEWLINE {
+    char fixed[PAPER_WIDTH+1];
+    int len;
+
+    len = PAPER_WIDTH-(strlen($2)+strlen($4));
+
+    if (len >= 0) {
+	memset(fixed, ' ', len);
+	fixed[len] = '\0';
+    } else {
+	yyerror("line too wide");
+	fixed[0] = '\0';
+    }
+    printf("%s%s%s\n", $2, fixed, $4);
+    free($2);
+    free($4);
+    indent = 1;
+    ++line;
+}
+| doc stuff RIGHT stuff RIGHT stuff NEWLINE {
+    char fixed[PAPER_WIDTH+1];
+    int len, l;
+
+    len = PAPER_WIDTH-(strlen($2)+strlen($4));
+
+    if (len < 0) {
+	len = 0;
+	yyerror("line too wide");
+    }
+
+    l = len/2;
+    memset(fixed, ' ', l);
+    fixed[l] = '\0';
+    printf("%s%s%s", $2, fixed, $4);
+    free($2);
+    free($4);
+
+    l = (len+1)/2;
+    memset(fixed, ' ', l);
+    fixed[l] = '\0';
+    printf("%s%s\n", fixed, $6);
+    free($6);
+
+    indent = 1;
+    ++line;
+}
+| doc stuff RIGHT stuff RIGHT stuff NEWLINE {
+    char fixed[PAPER_WIDTH+1];
+    int len, l;
+
+    len = PAPER_WIDTH-(strlen($2)+strlen($4));
+
+    if (len < 0) {
+	len = 0;
+	yyerror("line too wide");
+    }
+
+    l = len/2;
+    memset(fixed, ' ', l);
+    fixed[l] = '\0';
+    printf("%s%s%s", $2, fixed, $4);
+    free($2);
+    free($4);
+
+    l = (len+1)/2;
+    memset(fixed, ' ', l);
+    fixed[l] = '\0';
+    printf("%s%s\n", fixed, $6);
+    free($6);
+
+    indent = 1;
+    ++line;
+}
+;
+
+stuff: {
+    $$ = strdup("");
+}
+| stuff text {
+    $$ = malloc(strlen($1)+strlen($2)+1);
+    sprintf($$,"%s%s", $1, $2);
+    free($1);
+    free($2);
+}
+;
+
+text: CHAR {
+    $$ = strdup(yytext);
+}
+| text CHAR {
+    $$ = malloc(strlen($1)+2);
+    sprintf($$,"%s%s", $1, yytext);
+    free($1);
+}
+| NO_INDENT {
+    $$ = strdup("");
+    indent = 0;
+}
+| HASH {
+    $$ = strdup("#");
+}
+| LABEL {
+    if (($$ = get_label(yytext)) == NULL) {
+	set_label(yytext, last_label);
+	$$ = strdup("");
+    }
+}
+| NEW_COUNTER {
+    $$ = new_counter(yytext);
+}
+;
+
+%%
+
+typedef struct node_s {
+    struct node_s *left, *right;
+    const char *key;
+    char *value;
+} *node_t;
+
+node_t label_root = NULL;
+node_t counter_root = NULL;
+
+static const char *find_key(node_t root, const char *key)
+{
+    while (root) {
+	int cmp = strcmp(key, root->key);
+
+	if (cmp > 0) {
+	    root = root->right;
+	} else if (cmp) {
+	    root = root->left;
+	} else {
+	    return root->value;
+	}
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static node_t set_key(node_t root, const char *key, const char *value)
+{
+    if (root) {
+	int cmp = strcmp(key, root->key);
+	if (cmp > 0) {
+	    root->right = set_key(root->right, key, value);
+	} else if (cmp) {
+	    root->left = set_key(root->left, key, value);
+	} else {
+	    free(root->value);
+	    root->value = strdup(value);
+	}
+    } else {
+	root = malloc(sizeof(struct node_s));
+	root->right = root->left = NULL;
+	root->key = strdup(key);
+	root->value = strdup(value);
+    }
+    return root;
+}
+
+void yyerror(const char *x)
+{
+    fprintf(stderr, "line %d: %s\n", line, x);
+}
+
+char *get_label(const char *label)
+{
+    const char *found = find_key(label_root, label);
+
+    if (found) {
+	return strdup(found);
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+void set_label(const char *label, const char *target)
+{
+    if (target == NULL) {
+	yyerror("no hanging value for label");
+	target = "<??" ">";	/* avoid trigraph warning */
+    }
+    label_root = set_key(label_root, label, target);
+}
+
+char *new_counter(const char *key)
+{
+    int i=0, j, ndollars = 0;
+    const char *old;
+    char *new;
+
+    if (key[i++] != '#') {
+	yyerror("bad index");
+	return strdup("<???" ">");	/* avoid trigraph warning */
+    }
+
+    while (key[i] == '$') {
+	++ndollars;
+	++i;
+    }
+
+    key += i;
+    old = find_key(counter_root, key);
+    new = malloc(20*ndollars);
+
+    if (old) {
+	for (j=0; ndollars > 1 && old[j]; ) {
+	    if (old[j++] == '.' && --ndollars <= 0) {
+		break;
+	    }
+	}
+	if (j) {
+	    strncpy(new, old, j);
+	}
+	if (old[j]) {
+	    i = atoi(old+j);
+	} else {
+	    new[j++] = '.';
+	    i = 0;
+	}
+    } else {
+	j=0;
+	while (--ndollars > 0) {
+	    new[j++] = '0';
+	    new[j++] = '.';
+	}
+	i = 0;
+    }
+    new[j] = '\0';
+    sprintf(new+j, "%d", ++i);
+
+    counter_root = set_key(counter_root, key, new);
+
+    if (last_label) {
+	free(last_label);
+    }
+    last_label = strdup(new);
+
+    return new;
+}
+
+int
+main(void)
+{
+    return yyparse();
+}
diff --git a/doc/specs/rfc86.0.txt b/doc/specs/rfc86.0.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b8c635a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/specs/rfc86.0.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1845 @@
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   Open Software Foundation                              V. Samar (SunSoft)
+   Request For Comments: 86.0                         R. Schemers (SunSoft)
+   October 1995
+
+
+
+                              UNIFIED LOGIN WITH
+                    PLUGGABLE AUTHENTICATION MODULES (PAM)
+
+
+   1. INTRODUCTION
+
+      Since low-level authentication mechanisms constantly evolve, it is
+      important to shield the high-level consumers of these mechanisms
+      (system-entry services and users) from such low-level changes.  With
+      the Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM) framework, we can provide
+      pluggability for a variety of system-entry services -- not just
+      system authentication _per se_, but also for account, session and
+      password management.  PAM's ability to _stack_ authentication modules
+      can be used to integrate `login' with different authentication
+      mechanisms such as RSA, DCE, and Kerberos, and thus unify login
+      mechanisms.  The PAM framework can also provide easy integration of
+      smart cards into the system.
+
+      Modular design and pluggability have become important for users who
+      want ease of use.  In the PC hardware arena, no one wants to set the
+      interrupt vector numbers or resolve the addressing conflict between
+      various devices.  In the software arena, people also want to be able
+      to replace components easily for easy customization, maintenance, and
+      upgrades.
+
+      Authentication software deserves special attention because
+      authentication forms a very critical component of any secure computer
+      system.  The authentication infrastructure and its components may
+      have to be modified or replaced either because some deficiencies have
+      been found in the current algorithms, or because sites want to
+      enforce a different security policy than what was provided by the
+      system vendor.  The replacement and modification should be done in
+      such a way that the user is not affected by these changes.
+
+      The solution has to address not just how the applications use the new
+      authentication mechanisms in a generic fashion, but also how the user
+      will be authenticated to these mechanisms in a generic way.  The
+      former is addressed by GSS-API [Linn 93], while this RFC addresses
+      the later; these two efforts are complementary to each other.
+
+      Since most system-entry services (for example, `login', `dtlogin',
+      `rlogin', `ftp', `rsh') may want to be independent of the specific
+      authentication mechanisms used by the machine, it is important that
+      there be a framework for _plugging_ in various mechanisms.  This
+      requires that the system applications use a standard API to interact
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                   Page 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+      with the authentication services.  If these system-entry services
+      remain independent of the actual mechanism used on that machine, the
+      system administrator can install suitable authentication modules
+      without requiring changes to these applications.
+
+      For any security system to be successful, it has to be easy to use.
+      In the case of authentication, the single most important ease-of-use
+      characteristic is that the user should not be required to learn about
+      various ways of authentication and remember multiple passwords.
+      Ideally, there should be one all-encompassing authentication system
+      where there is only one password, but for heterogeneous sites,
+      multiple authentication mechanisms have to co-exist.  The problem of
+      integrating multiple authentication mechanisms such as Kerberos
+      [Steiner 88], RSA [Rivest 78], and Diffie-Hellman [Diffie 76, Taylor
+      88], is also referred to as _integrated login_, or _unified login_
+      problem.  Even if the user has to use multiple authentication
+      mechanisms, the user should not be forced to type multiple passwords.
+      Furthermore, the user should be able to use the new network identity
+      without taking any further actions.  The key here is in modular
+      integration of the network authentication technologies with `login'
+      and other system-entry services.
+
+      In this RFC we discuss the architecture and design of pluggable
+      authentication modules.  This design gives the capability to use
+      field-replaceable authentication modules along with unified login
+      capability.  It thus provides for both _pluggability_ and _ease-of-
+      use_.
+
+      The RFC is organized as follows.  We first motivate the need for a
+      generic way to authenticate the user by various system-entry services
+      within the operating system.  We describe the goals and constraints
+      of the design.  This leads to the architecture, description of the
+      interfaces, and _stacking_ of modules to get unified login
+      functionality.  We then describe our experience with the design, and
+      end with a description of future work.
+
+
+   2. OVERVIEW OF IDENTIFICATION AND AUTHENTICATION MECHANISMS
+
+      An identification and authentication ("I&A") mechanism is used to
+      establish a user's identity the system (i.e., to a local machine's
+      operating system) and to other principals on the network.  On a
+      typical UNIX system, there are various ports of entry into the
+      system, such as `login', `dtlogin', `rlogin', `ftp', `rsh', `su', and
+      `telnet'.  In all cases, the user has to be identified and
+      authenticated before granting appropriate access rights to the user.
+      The user identification and authentication for all these entry points
+      needs to be coordinated to ensure a secure system.
+
+      In most of the current UNIX systems, the login mechanism is based
+      upon verification of the password using the modified DES algorithm.
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                   Page 2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+      The security of the implementation assumes that the password cannot
+      be guessed, and that the password does not go over the wire in the
+      clear.  These assumptions, however, are not universally valid.
+      Various programs are now available freely on the Internet that can
+      run dictionary attack against the encrypted password.  Further, some
+      of the network services (for example, `rlogin', `ftp', `telnet') send
+      the password over in clear, and there are "sniffer" programs freely
+      available to steal these passwords.  The classical assumptions may be
+      acceptable on a trusted network, but in an open environment there is
+      a need to use more restrictive and stronger authentication
+      mechanisms.  Examples of such mechanisms include Kerberos, RSA,
+      Diffie-Hellman, one-time password [Skey 94], and challenge-response
+      based smart card authentication systems.  Since this list will
+      continue to evolve, it is important that the system-entry services do
+      not have hard-coded dependencies on any of these authentication
+      mechanisms.
+
+
+   3. DESIGN GOALS
+
+      The goals of the PAM framework are as follows:
+
+        (a) The system administrator should be able to choose the default
+            authentication mechanism for the machine.  This can range from
+            a simple password-based mechanism to a biometric or a smart
+            card based system.
+
+        (b) It should be possible to configure the user authentication
+            mechanism on a per application basis.  For example, a site may
+            require S/Key password authentication for `telnet' access,
+            while allowing machine `login' sessions with just UNIX password
+            authentication.
+
+        (c) The framework should support the display requirements of the
+            applications.  For example, for a graphical login session such
+            as `dtlogin', the user name and the password may have to be
+            entered in a new window.  For networking system-entry
+            applications such as `ftp' and `telnet', the user name and
+            password has to be transmitted over the network to the client
+            machine.
+
+        (d) It should be possible to configure multiple authentication
+            protocols for each of those applications.  For example, one may
+            want the users to get authenticated by both Kerberos and RSA
+            authentication systems.
+
+        (e) The system administrator should be able to _stack_ multiple
+            user authentication mechanisms such that the user is
+            authenticated with all authentication protocols without
+            retyping the password.
+
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                   Page 3
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+        (f) The architecture should allow for multiple passwords if
+            necessary to achieve higher security for users with specific
+            security requirements.
+
+        (g) The system-entry services should not be required to change when
+            the underlying mechanism changes.  This can be very useful for
+            third-party developers because they often do not have the
+            source code for these services.
+
+        (h) The architecture should provide for a _pluggable_ model for
+            system authentication, as well as for other related tasks such
+            as password, account, and session management.
+
+        (i) For backward-compatibility reasons, the PAM API should support
+            the authentication requirements of the current system-entry
+            services.
+
+      There are certain issues that the PAM framework does not specifically
+      address:
+
+        (a) We focus only on providing a generic scheme through which users
+            use passwords to establish their identities to the machine.
+            Once the identity is established, how the identity is
+            communicated to other interested parties is outside the scope
+            of this design.  There are efforts underway at IETF [Linn 93]
+            to develop a Generic Security Services Application Interface
+            (GSSAPI) that can be used by applications for secure and
+            authenticated communication without knowing the underlying
+            mechanism.
+
+        (b) The _single-signon_ problem of securely transferring the
+            identity of the caller to a remote site is not addressed.  For
+            example, the problem of delegating credentials from the
+            `rlogin' client to the other machine without typing the
+            password is not addressed by our work.  We also do not address
+            the problem of sending the passwords over the network in the
+            clear.
+
+        (c) We do not address the source of information obtained from the
+            "`getXbyY()'" family of calls (e.g., `getpwnam()').  Different
+            operating systems address this problem differently.  For
+            example, Solaris uses the name service switch (NSS) to
+            determine the source of information for the "`getXbyY()'"
+            calls.  It is expected that data which is stored in multiple
+            sources (such as passwd entries in NIS+ and the DCE registry)
+            is kept in sync using the appropriate commands (such as
+            `passwd_export').
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                   Page 4
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+   4. OVERVIEW OF THE PAM FRAMEWORK
+
+      We propose that the goals listed above can be met through a framework
+      in which authentication modules can be _plugged_ independently of the
+      application.  We call this the _Pluggable Authentication Modules_
+      (PAM) framework.
+
+      The core components of the PAM framework are the authentication
+      library API (the front end) and the authentication mechanism-specific
+      modules (the back end), connected through the Service Provider
+      Interface (SPI).  Applications write to the PAM API, while the
+      authentication-system providers write to the PAM SPI and supply the
+      back end modules that are independent of the application.
+
+             ftp     telnet   login   (Applications)
+              |        |        |
+              |        |        |
+              +--------+--------+
+                       |
+                 +-----+-----+
+                 |  PAM API  |   <-- pam.conf file
+                 +-----+-----+
+                       |
+              +--------+--------+
+            UNIX   Kerberos  Smart Cards   (Mechanisms)
+
+               Figure 1: The Basic PAM Architecture
+
+      Figure 1 illustrates the relationship between the application, the
+      PAM library, and the authentication modules.  Three applications
+      (`login', `telnet' and `ftp') are shown which use the PAM
+      authentication interfaces.  When an application makes a call to the
+      PAM API, it loads the appropriate authentication module as determined
+      by the configuration file, `pam.conf'.  The request is forwarded to
+      the underlying authentication module (for example, UNIX password,
+      Kerberos, smart cards) to perform the specified operation.  The PAM
+      layer then returns the response from the authentication module to the
+      application.
+
+      PAM unifies system authentication and access control for the system,
+      and allows plugging of associated authentication modules through well
+      defined interfaces.  The plugging can be defined through various
+      means, one of which uses a configuration file, such as the one in
+      Table 1.  For each of the system applications, the file specifies the
+      authentication module that should be loaded.  In the example below,
+      `login' uses the UNIX password module, while `ftp' and `telnet' use
+      the S/Key module.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                   Page 5
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+            Table 1: A Simplified View of a Sample PAM Configuration File.
+
+                               service    module_path
+                               -------    -----------
+                               login      pam_unix.so
+                               ftp        pam_skey.so
+                               telnet     pam_skey.so
+
+      Authentication configuration is only one aspect of this interface.
+      Other critical components include account management, session
+      management, and password management.  For example, the `login'
+      program may want to verify not only the password but also whether the
+      account has aged or expired.  Generic interfaces also need to be
+      provided so that the password can be changed according to the
+      requirements of the module.  Furthermore, the application may want to
+      log information about the current session as determined by the
+      module.
+
+      Not all applications or services may need all of the above
+      components, and not each authentication module may need to provide
+      support for all of the interfaces.  For example, while `login' may
+      need access to all four components, `su' may need access to just the
+      authentication component.  Some applications may use some specific
+      authentication and password management modules but share the account
+      and session management modules with others.
+
+      This reasoning leads to a partitioning of the entire set of
+      interfaces into four areas of functionality: (1) authentication, (2)
+      account, (3) session, and (4) password.  The concept of PAM was
+      extended to these functional areas by implementing each of them as a
+      separate pluggable module.
+
+      Breaking the functionality into four modules helps the module
+      providers because they can use the system-provided libraries for the
+      modules that they are not changing.  For example, if a supplier wants
+      to provide a better version of Kerberos, they can just provide that
+      new authentication and password module, and reuse the existing ones
+      for account and session.
+
+   4.1. Module Description
+
+      More details on specific API's are described in Appendix A.  A brief
+      description of four modules follows:
+
+        (a) Authentication management: This set includes the
+            `pam_authenticate()' function to authenticate the user, and the
+            `pam_setcred()' interface to set, refresh or destroy the user
+            credentials.
+
+        (b) Account management: This set includes the `pam_acct_mgmt()'
+            function to check whether the authenticated user should be
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                   Page 6
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+            given access to his/her account.  This function can implement
+            account expiration and access hour restrictions.
+
+        (c) Session management: This set includes the `pam_open_session()'
+            and `pam_close_session()' functions for session management and
+            accounting.  For example, the system may want to store the
+            total time for the session.
+
+        (d) Password management: This set includes a function,
+            `pam_chauthtok()', to change the password.
+
+
+   5. FRAMEWORK INTERFACES
+
+      The PAM framework further provides a set of administrative interfaces
+      to support the above modules and to provide for application-module
+      communication.  There is no corresponding service provider interface
+      (SPI) for such functions.
+
+   5.1. Administrative Interfaces
+
+      Each set of PAM transactions starts with `pam_start()' and ends with
+      the `pam_end()' function.  The interfaces `pam_get_item()' and
+      `pam_set_item()' are used to read and write the state information
+      associated with the PAM transaction.
+
+      If there is any error with any of the PAM interfaces, the error
+      message can be printed with `pam_strerror()'.
+
+   5.2. Application-Module Communication
+
+      During application initialization, certain data such as the user name
+      is saved in the PAM framework layer through `pam_start()' so that it
+      can be used by the underlying modules.  The application can also pass
+      opaque data to the module which the modules will pass back while
+      communicating with the user.
+
+   5.3. User-Module Communication
+
+      The `pam_start()' function also passes conversation function that has
+      to be used by the underlying modules to read and write module
+      specific authentication information.  For example, these functions
+      can be used to prompt the user for the password in a way determined
+      by the application.  PAM can thus be used by graphical, non-
+      graphical, or networked applications.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                   Page 7
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+   5.4. Inter-Module Communication
+
+      Though the modules are independent, they can share certain common
+      information about the authentication session such as user name,
+      service name, password, and conversation function through the
+      `pam_get_item()' and `pam_set_item()' interfaces.  These API's can
+      also be used by the application to change the state information after
+      having called `pam_start()' once.
+
+   5.5. Module State Information
+
+      The PAM service modules may want to keep certain module-specific
+      state information about the session.  The interfaces `pam_get_data()'
+      and `pam_set_data()' can be used by the service modules to access and
+      update module-specific information as needed from the PAM handle.
+      The modules can also attach a cleanup function with the data.  The
+      cleanup function is executed when `pam_end()' is called to indicate
+      the end of the current authentication activity.
+
+      Since the PAM modules are loaded upon demand, there is no direct
+      module initialization support in the PAM framework.  If there are
+      certain initialization tasks that the PAM service modules have to do,
+      they should be done upon the first invocation.  However, if there are
+      certain clean-up tasks to be done when the authentication session
+      ends, the modules should use `pam_set_data()' to specify the clean-up
+      functions, which would be called when `pam_end()' is called by the
+      application.
+
+
+   6. MODULE CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT
+
+      Table 2 shows an example of a configuration file `pam.conf' with
+      support for authentication, session, account, and password management
+      modules.  `login' has three entries: one each for authentication
+      processing, session management and account management.  Each entry
+      specifies the module name that should be loaded for the given module
+      type.  In this example, the `ftp' service uses the authentication and
+      session modules.  Note that all services here share the same session
+      management module, while having different authentication modules.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                   Page 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+            Table 2: Configuration File (pam.conf) with Different Modules
+                     and Control Flow
+
+            service module_type control_flag module_path         options
+            ------- ----------- ------------ -----------         -------
+            login   auth        required     pam_unix_auth.so    nowarn
+            login   session     required     pam_unix_session.so
+            login   account     required     pam_unix_account.so
+            ftp     auth        required     pam_skey_auth.so    debug
+            ftp     session     required     pam_unix_session.so
+            telnet  session     required     pam_unix_session.so
+            login   password    required     pam_unix_passwd.so
+            passwd  password    required     pam_unix_passwd.so
+            OTHER   auth        required     pam_unix_auth.so
+            OTHER   session     required     pam_unix_session.so
+            OTHER   account     required     pam_unix_account.so
+
+      The first field, _service_, denotes the service (for example,
+      `login', `passwd', `rlogin').  The name `OTHER' indicates the module
+      used by all other applications that have not been specified in this
+      file.  This name can also be used if all services have the same
+      requirements.  In the example, since all the services use the same
+      session module, we could have replaced those lines with a single
+      `OTHER' line.
+
+      The second field, _module_type_, indicates the type of the PAM
+      functional module.  It can be one of `auth', `account', `session', or
+      `password' modules.
+
+      The third field, _control_flag_ determines the behavior of stacking
+      multiple modules by specifying whether any particular module is
+      _required_, _sufficient_, or _optional_.  The next section describes
+      stacking in more detail.
+
+      The fourth field, _module_path_, specifies the location of the
+      module.  The PAM framework loads this module upon demand to invoke
+      the required function.
+
+      The fifth field, _options_, is used by the PAM framework layer to
+      pass module specific options to the modules.  It is up to the module
+      to parse and interpret the options.  This field can be used by the
+      modules to turn on debugging or to pass any module specific
+      parameters such as a timeout value.  It is also used to support
+      unified login as described below.  The options field can be used by
+      the system administrator to fine-tune the PAM modules.
+
+      If any of the fields are invalid, or if a module is not found, that
+      line is ignored and the error is logged as a critical error via
+      `syslog(3)'.  If no entries are found for the given module type, then
+      the PAM framework returns an error to the application.
+
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                   Page 9
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+   7. INTEGRATING MULTIPLE AUTHENTICATION SERVICES WITH STACKING
+
+      In the world of heterogeneous systems, the system administrator often
+      has to deal with the problem of integrating multiple authentication
+      mechanisms.  The user is often required to know about the
+      authentication command of the new authentication module (for example,
+      `kinit', `dce_login') after logging into the system.  This is not
+      user-friendly because it forces people to remember to type the new
+      command and enter the new password.  This functionality should be
+      invisible instead of burdening the user with it.
+
+      There are two problems to be addressed here:
+
+        (a) Supporting multiple authentication mechanisms.
+
+        (b) Providing unified login in the presence of multiple mechanisms.
+
+      In the previous section, we described how one could replace the
+      default authentication module with any other module of choice.  Now
+      we demonstrate how the same model can be extended to provide support
+      for multiple modules.
+
+   7.1. Design for Stacked Modules
+
+      One possibility was to provide hard-coded rules in `login' or other
+      applications requiring authentication services [Adamson 95].  But
+      this becomes very specific to the particular combination of
+      authentication protocols, and also requires the source code of the
+      application.  Digital's Security Integration Architecture [SIA 95]
+      addresses this problem by specifying the same list of authentication
+      modules for all applications.  Since requirements for various
+      applications can vary, it is essential that the configuration be on a
+      per-application basis.
+
+      To support multiple authentication mechanisms, the PAM framework was
+      extended to support _stacking_.  When any API is called, the back
+      ends for the stacked modules are invoked in the order listed, and the
+      result returned to the caller.  In Figure 2, the authentication
+      service of `login' is stacked and the user is authenticated by UNIX,
+      Kerberos, and RSA authentication mechanisms.  Note that in this
+      example, there is no stacking for session or account management
+      modules.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 10
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+                             login
+                               |
+                      +--------+--------+
+                      |        |        |
+                   session   auth    account
+                      |        |        |
+                   +--+--+  +--+--+  +--+--+
+                   | PAM |  | PAM |  | PAM |
+                   +--+--+  +--+--+  +--+--+
+                      |        |        |
+                    UNIX     UNIX     UNIX
+                   session   auth    account
+                               |
+                            Kerberos
+                              auth
+                               |
+                              RSA
+                              auth
+
+            Figure 2: Stacking With the PAM Architecture
+
+      Stacking is specified through additional entries in the configuration
+      file shown earlier.  As shown in Table 2, for each application (such
+      as `login') the configuration file can specify multiple mechanisms
+      that have to be invoked in the specified order.  When mechanisms
+      fail, the _control_flag_ decides which error should be returned to
+      the application.  Since the user should not know which authentication
+      module failed when a bad password was typed, the PAM framework
+      continues to call other authentication modules on the stack even on
+      failure.  The semantics of the control flag are as follows:
+
+        (a) `required': With this flag, the module failure results in the
+            PAM framework returning the error to the caller _after_
+            executing all other modules on the stack.  For the function to
+            be able to return success to the application all `required'
+            modules have to report success.  This flag is normally set when
+            authentication by this module is a _must_.
+
+        (b) `optional': With this flag, the PAM framework ignores the
+            module failure and continues with the processing of the next
+            module in sequence.  This flag is used when the user is allowed
+            to login even if that particular module has failed.
+
+        (c) `sufficient': With this flag, if the module succeeds the PAM
+            framework returns success to the application immediately
+            without trying any other modules.  For failure cases, the
+            _sufficient_ modules are treated as `optional'.
+
+      Table 3 shows a sample configuration file that stacks the `login'
+      command.  Here the user is authenticated by UNIX, Kerberos, and RSA
+      authentication services.  The `required' key word for _control_flag_
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 11
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+      enforces that the user is allowed to login only if he/she is
+      authenticated by _both_ UNIX and Kerberos services.  RSA
+      authentication is optional by virtue of the `optional' key word in
+      the _control_flag_ field.  The user can still log in even if RSA
+      authentication fails.
+
+              Table 3: PAM Configuration File with Support for Stacking
+
+            service module_type control_flag module_path options
+            ------- ----------- ------------ ----------- -------
+            login   auth        required     pam_unix.so debug
+            login   auth        required     pam_kerb.so use_mapped_pass
+            login   auth        optional     pam_rsa.so  use_first_pass
+
+      Table 4 illustrates the use of the sufficient flag for the `rlogin'
+      service.  The Berkeley `rlogin' protocol specifies that if the remote
+      host is trusted (as specified in the `/etc/hosts.equiv' file or in
+      the `.rhosts' file in the home directory of the user), then the
+      `rlogin' daemon should not require the user to type the password.  If
+      this is not the case, then the user is required to type the password.
+      Instead of hard coding this policy in the `rlogin' daemon, this can
+      be expressed with the `pam.conf' file in Table 4.  The PAM module
+      `pam_rhosts_auth.so.1' implements the `.rhosts' policy described
+      above.  If a site administrator wants to enable remote login with
+      only passwords, then the first line should be deleted.
+
+            Table 4: PAM Configuration File for the rlogin service
+
+            service module_type control_flag module_path        options
+            ------- ----------- ------------ -----------        -------
+            rlogin  auth        sufficient   pam_rhosts_auth.so
+            rlogin  auth        required     pam_unix.so
+
+   7.2. Password-Mapping
+
+      Multiple authentication mechanisms on a machine can lead to multiple
+      passwords that users have to remember.  One attractive solution from
+      the ease-of-use viewpoint is to use the same password for all
+      mechanisms.  This, however, can also weaken the security because if
+      that password were to be compromised in any of the multiple
+      mechanisms, all mechanisms would be compromised at the same time.
+      Furthermore, different authentication mechanisms may have their own
+      distinctive password requirements in regards to its length, allowed
+      characters, time interval between updates, aging, locking, and so
+      forth.  These requirements make it problematic to use the same
+      password for multiple authentication mechanisms.
+
+      The solution we propose, while not precluding use of the same
+      password for every mechanism, allows for a different password for
+      each mechanism through what we call _password-mapping_.  This
+      basically means using the user's _primary_ password to encrypt the
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 12
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+      user's other (_secondary_) passwords, and storing these encrypted
+      passwords in a place where they are available to the user.  Once the
+      primary password is verified, the authentication modules would obtain
+      the other passwords for their own mechanisms by decrypting the
+      mechanism-specific encrypted password with the primary password, and
+      passing it to the authentication service.  The security of this
+      design for password-mapping assumes that the primary password is the
+      user's strongest password, in terms of its unguessability (length,
+      type and mix of characters used, etc.).
+
+      If there is any error in password-mapping, or if the mapping does not
+      exist, the user will be prompted for the password by each
+      authentication module.
+
+      To support password-mapping, the PAM framework saves the primary
+      password and provides it to stacked authentication modules.  The
+      password is cleared out before the `pam_authenticate' function
+      returns.
+
+      How the password is encrypted depends completely on the module
+      implementation.  The encrypted secondary password (also called a
+      "mapped password") can be stored in a trusted or untrusted place,
+      such as a smart card, a local file, or a directory service.  If the
+      encrypted passwords are stored in an untrusted publicly accessible
+      place, this does provide an intruder with opportunities for potential
+      dictionary attack.
+
+      Though password-mapping is voluntary, it is recommended that all
+      module providers add support for the following four mapping options:
+
+        (a) `use_first_pass': Use the same password used by the first
+            mechanism that asked for a password.  The module should not ask
+            for the password if the user cannot be authenticated by the
+            first password.  This option is normally used when the system
+            administrator wants to enforce the same password across
+            multiple modules.
+
+        (b) `try_first_pass': This is the same as `use_first_pass', except
+            that if the primary password is not valid, it should prompt the
+            user for the password.
+
+        (c) `use_mapped_pass': Use the password-mapping scheme to get the
+            actual password for this module.  One possible implementation
+            is to get the mapped-password using the XFN API [XFN 94], and
+            decrypt it with the primary password to get the module-specific
+            password.  The module should not ask for the password if the
+            user cannot be authenticated by the first password.  The XFN
+            API allows user-defined attributes (such as _mapped-password_)
+            to be stored in the _user-context_.  Using the XFN API is
+            particularly attractive because support for the XFN may be
+            found on many systems in the future.
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 13
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+        (d) `try_mapped_pass': This is the same as `use_mapped_pass',
+            except that if the primary password is not valid, it should
+            prompt the user for the password.
+
+      When passwords get updated, the PAM framework stores both the old as
+      well as the new password to be able to inform other dependent
+      authentication modules about the change.  Other modules can use this
+      information to update the encrypted password without forcing the user
+      to type the sequence of passwords again.  The PAM framework clears
+      out the passwords before returning to the application.
+
+      Table 3 illustrates how the same password can be used by `login' for
+      authenticating to the standard UNIX login, Kerberos and RSA services.
+      Once the user has been authenticated to the primary authentication
+      service (UNIX `login' in this example) with the primary password, the
+      option `use_mapped_pass' indicates to the Kerberos module that it
+      should use the primary password to decrypt the stored Kerberos
+      password and then use the Kerberos password to get the ticket for the
+      ticket-granting-service.  After that succeeds, the option
+      `use_first_pass' indicates to the RSA module that instead of
+      prompting the user for a password, it should use the primary password
+      typed earlier for authenticating the user.  Note that in this
+      scenario, the user has to enter the password just once.
+
+      Note that if a one-time password scheme (e.g., S/Key) is used,
+      password mapping cannot apply.
+
+   7.3. Implications of Stacking on the PAM Design
+
+      Because of the stacking capability of PAM, we have designed the PAM
+      API's to not return any data to the application, except status.  If
+      this were not the case, it would be difficult for the PAM framework
+      to decide which module should return data to the application.  When
+      there is any error, the application does not know which of the
+      modules failed.  This behavior enables (even requires) the
+      application to be completely independent from the modules.
+
+      Another design decision we have made is that PAM gives only the user
+      name to all the underlying PAM modules, hence it is the
+      responsibility of the PAM modules to convert the name to their own
+      internal format.  For example, the Kerberos module may have to
+      convert the UNIX user name to a Kerberos principal name.
+
+      Stacking also forces the modules to be designed such that they can
+      occur anywhere in the stack without any side-effects.
+
+      Since modules such as the authentication and the password module are
+      very closely related, it is important they be configured in the same
+      order and with compatible options.
+
+
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 14
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+   8. INTEGRATION WITH SMART CARDS
+
+      Many networking authentication protocols require possession of a long
+      key to establish the user identity.  For ease-of-use reasons, that
+      long key is normally encrypted with the user's password so that the
+      user is not required to memorize it.  However, weak passwords can be
+      compromised through a dictionary attack and thus undermine the
+      stronger network authentication mechanism.  Furthermore, the
+      encrypted data is normally stored in a centrally accessible service
+      whose availability depends upon the reliability of the associated
+      service.  Solutions have been proposed to use a pass-phrase or one-
+      time-password, but those are much longer than the regular eight
+      character passwords traditionally used with UNIX `login'.  This makes
+      the solution user-unfriendly because it requires longer strings to be
+      remembered and typed.
+
+      For most authentication protocol implementations, the trust boundary
+      is the local machine.  This assumption may not be valid in cases
+      where the user is mobile and has to use publicly available networked
+      computers.  In such cases, it is required that the clear text of the
+      key or the password never be made available to the machine.
+
+      Smart cards solve the above problems by reducing password exposure by
+      supporting a _two factor_ authentication mechanism: the first with
+      the possession of the card, and the second with the knowledge of the
+      PIN associated with the card.  Not only can the smart cards be a
+      secure repository of multiple passwords, they can also provide the
+      encryption and authentication functions such that the long (private)
+      key is never exposed outside the card.
+
+      The PAM framework allows for integrating smart cards to the system by
+      providing a smart card specific module for authentication.
+      Furthermore, the unified login problem is simplified because the
+      multiple passwords for various authentication mechanisms can be
+      stored on the smart card itself.  This can be enabled by adding a
+      suitable key-word such as `use_smart_card' in the _options_ field.
+
+
+   9. SECURITY ISSUES
+
+      It is important to understand the impact of PAM on the security of
+      any system so that the site-administrator can make an informed
+      decision.
+
+        (a) Sharing of passwords with multiple authentication mechanisms.
+
+            If there are multiple authentication modules, one possibility
+            is to use the same password for all of them.  If the password
+            for any of the multiple authentication system is compromised,
+            the user's password in all systems would be compromised.  If
+            this is a concern, then multiple passwords might be considered
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 15
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+            at the cost of ease-of-use.
+
+        (b) Password-mapping.
+
+            This technique of encrypting all other passwords with the
+            primary password assumes that it is lot more difficult to crack
+            the primary password and that reasonable steps have been taken
+            to ensure limited availability of the encrypted primary
+            password.  If this is not done, an intruder could target the
+            primary password as the first point of dictionary attack.  If
+            one of the other modules provide stronger security than the
+            password based security, the site would be negating the strong
+            security by using password-mapping.  If this is a concern, then
+            multiple passwords might be considered at the cost of ease-of-
+            use.  If smart cards are used, they obviate the need for
+            password-mapping completely.
+
+        (c) Security of the configuration file.
+
+            Since the policy file dictates how the user is authenticated,
+            this file should be protected from unauthorized modifications.
+
+        (d) Stacking various PAM modules.
+
+            The system administrator should fully understand the
+            implications of stacking various modules that will be installed
+            on the system and their respective orders and interactions.
+            The composition of various authentication modules should be
+            carefully examined.  The trusted computing base of the machine
+            now includes the PAM modules.
+
+
+   10. EXPERIENCE WITH PAM
+
+      The PAM framework was first added in Solaris 2.3 release as a private
+      internal interface.  PAM is currently being used by several system
+      entry applications such as `login', `passwd', `su', `dtlogin',
+      `rlogind', `rshd', `telnetd', `ftpd', `in.rexecd', `uucpd', `init',
+      `sac', and `ttymon'.  We have found that PAM provides an excellent
+      framework to encapsulate the authentication-related tasks for the
+      entire system.  The Solaris 2.3 PAM API's were hence enhanced and
+      simplified to support stacking.
+
+      PAM modules have been developed for UNIX, DCE, Kerberos, S/Key,
+      remote user authentication, and dialpass authentication.  Other PAM
+      modules are under development, and integration with smart cards is
+      being planned.
+
+      Some third parties have used the PAM interface to extend the security
+      mechanisms offered by the Solaris environment.
+
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 16
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+      The PAM API has been accepted by Common Desktop Environment (CDE)
+      vendors as the API to be used for integrating the graphical interface
+      for login, `dtlogin' with multiple authentication mechanisms.
+
+
+   11. FUTURE WORK
+
+      Amongst the various components of PAM, the password component needs
+      to be carefully examined to see whether the stacking semantics are
+      particularly applicable, and how PAM should deal with partial
+      failures when changing passwords.
+
+      The _control_flag_ of the configuration file can be extended to
+      include other semantics.  For example, if the error is "name service
+      not available", one may want to retry.  It is also possible to offer
+      semantics of "return success if any of the modules return success".
+
+      In an earlier section, we had mentioned integration of smart cards
+      with PAM.  Though we feel that integration should be straight forward
+      from the PAM architecture point of view, there may be some issues
+      with implementation because the interfaces to the smart cards have
+      not yet been standardized.
+
+      One possible extension to PAM is to allow the passing of module-
+      specific data between applications and PAM modules.  For example, the
+      `login' program likes to build its new environment from a select list
+      of variables, yet the DCE module needs the `KRB5CCNAME' variable to
+      be exported to the child process.  For now we have modified the
+      `login' program to explicitly export the `KRB5CCNAME' variable.
+
+      Administrative tools are needed to help system administrators modify
+      `pam.conf', and perform sanity checks on it (i.e., a `pam_check'
+      utility).
+
+
+   12. CONCLUSION
+
+      The PAM framework and the module interfaces provide pluggability for
+      user authentication, as well as for account, session and password
+      management.  The PAM architecture can be used by `login' and by all
+      other system-entry services, and thus ensure that all entry points
+      for the system have been secured.  This architecture enables
+      replacement and modification of authentication modules in the field
+      to secure the system against the newly found weaknesses without
+      changing any of the system services.
+
+      The PAM framework can be used to integrate `login' and `dtlogin' with
+      different authentication mechanisms such as RSA and Kerberos.
+      Multiple authentication systems can be accessed with the same
+      password.  The PAM framework also provides easy integration of smart
+      cards into the system.
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 17
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+      PAM provides complementary functionality to GSS-API, in that it
+      provides mechanisms through which the user gets authenticated to any
+      new system-level authentication service on the machine.  GSS-API then
+      uses the credentials for authenticated and secure communications with
+      other application-level service entities on the network.
+
+
+   13. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
+
+      PAM development has spanned several release cycles at SunSoft.
+      Shau-Ping Lo, Chuck Hickey, and Alex Choy did the first design and
+      implementation.  Bill Shannon and Don Stephenson helped with the PAM
+      architecture.  Rocky Wu prototyped stacking of multiple modules.
+      Paul Fronberg, Charlie Lai, and Roland Schemers made very significant
+      enhancements to the PAM interfaces and took the project to completion
+      within a very short time.  Kathy Slattery wrote the PAM
+      documentation.  John Perry integrated PAM within the CDE framework.
+
+
+   APPENDIX A. PAM API'S
+
+      This appendix gives an informal description of the various interfaces
+      of PAM.  Since the goal here is just for the reader to get a working
+      knowledge about the PAM interfaces, not all flags and options have
+      been fully defined and explained.  The API's described here are
+      subject to change.
+
+      The PAM Service Provider Interface is very similar to the PAM API,
+      except for one extra parameter to pass module-specific options to the
+      underlying modules.
+
+   A.1. Framework Layer API's
+
+            int
+            pam_start(
+                char *service_name,
+                char *user,
+                struct pam_conv *pam_conversation,
+                pam_handle_t **pamh
+            );
+
+      `pam_start()' is called to initiate an authentication transaction.
+      `pam_start()' takes as arguments the name of the service, the name of
+      the user to be authenticated, the address of the conversation
+      structure.  `pamh' is later used as a handle for subsequent calls to
+      the PAM library.
+
+      The PAM modules do not communicate directly with the user; instead
+      they rely on the application to perform all such interaction.  The
+      application needs to provide the conversation functions, `conv()',
+      and associated application data pointers through a `pam_conv'
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 18
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+      structure when it initiates an authentication transaction.  The
+      module uses the `conv()' function to prompt the user for data,
+      display error messages, or text information.
+
+            int
+            pam_end(
+                pam_handle_t *pamh,
+                int pam_status
+            );
+
+      `pam_end()' is called to terminate the PAM transaction as specified
+      by `pamh', and to free any storage area allocated by the PAM modules
+      with `pam_set_item()'.
+
+            int
+            pam_set_item(
+                pam_handle_t *pamh,
+                int item_type,
+                void *item
+            );
+
+            int
+            pam_get_item(
+                pam_handle_t *pamh,
+                int item_type,
+                void **item);
+
+      `pam_get_item()' and `pam_set_item()' allow the parameters specified
+      in the initial call to `pam_start()' to be read and updated.  This is
+      useful when a particular parameter is not available when
+      `pam_start()' is called or must be modified after the initial call to
+      `pam_start()'.  `pam_set_item()' is passed a pointer to the object,
+      `item', and its type, `item_type'.  `pam_get_item()' is passed the
+      address of the pointer, `item', which is assigned the address of the
+      requested object.
+
+      The `item_type' is one of the following:
+
+                   Table 5: Possible Values for Item_type
+
+            Item Name       Description
+            ---------       -----------
+            PAM_SERVICE     The service name
+            PAM_USER        The user name
+            PAM_TTY         The tty name
+            PAM_RHOST       The remote host name
+            PAM_CONV        The pam_conv structure
+            PAM_AUTHTOK     The authentication token (password)
+            PAM_OLDAUTHTOK  The old authentication token
+            PAM_RUSER       The remote user name
+
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 19
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+      Note that the values of `PAM_AUTHTOK' and `PAM_OLDAUTHTOK' are only
+      available to PAM modules and not to the applications.  They are
+      explicitly cleared out by the framework before returning to the
+      application.
+
+            char *
+            pam_strerror(
+                int errnum
+            );
+
+      `pam_strerror()' maps the error number to a PAM error message string,
+      and returns a pointer to that string.
+
+            int
+            pam_set_data(
+                pam_handle_t *pamh,
+                char *module_data_name,
+                char *data,
+                (*cleanup)(pam_handle_t *pamh, char *data,
+                           int error_status)
+            );
+
+      The `pam_set_data()' function stores module specific data within the
+      PAM handle.  The `module_data_name' uniquely specifies the name to
+      which some data and cleanup callback function can be attached.  The
+      cleanup function is called when `pam_end()' is invoked.
+
+            int
+            pam_get_data(
+                pam_handle_t *pamh,
+                char *module_data_name,
+                void **datap
+            );
+
+      The `pam_get_data()' function obtains module-specific data from the
+      PAM handle stored previously by the `pam_get_data()' function.  The
+      `module_data_name' uniquely specifies the name for which data has to
+      be obtained.  This function is normally used to retrieve module
+      specific state information.
+
+   A.2. Authentication API's
+
+            int
+            pam_authenticate(
+                pam_handle_t *pamh,
+                int flags
+            );
+
+      The `pam_authenticate()' function is called to verify the identity of
+      the current user.  The user is usually required to enter a password
+      or similar authentication token, depending upon the authentication
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 20
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+      module configured with the system.  The user in question is specified
+      by a prior call to `pam_start()', and is referenced by the
+      authentication handle, `pamh'.
+
+            int
+            pam_setcred(
+                pam_handle_t *pamh,
+                int flags
+            );
+
+      The `pam_setcred()' function is called to set the credentials of the
+      current process associated with the authentication handle, `pamh'.
+      The actions that can be denoted through `flags' include credential
+      initialization, refresh, reinitialization and deletion.
+
+   A.3. Account Management API
+
+            int
+            pam_acct_mgmt(
+                pam_handle_t *pamh,
+                int flags
+            );
+
+      The function `pam_acct_mgmt()' is called to determine whether the
+      current user's account and password are valid.  This typically
+      includes checking for password and account expiration, valid login
+      times, etc.  The user in question is specified by a prior call to
+      `pam_start()', and is referenced by the authentication handle,
+      `pamh'.
+
+   A.4. Session Management API's
+
+            int
+            pam_open_session(
+                pam_handle_t *pamh,
+                int flags
+            );
+
+      `pam_open_session()' is called to inform the session modules that a
+      new session has been initialized.  All programs which use PAM should
+      invoke `pam_open_session()' when beginning a new session.
+
+            int
+            pam_close_session(
+                pam_handle_t *pamh,
+                int flags
+            );
+
+      Upon termination of this session, the `pam_close_session()' function
+      should be invoked to inform the underlying modules that the session
+      has terminated.
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 21
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+   A.5. Password Management API's
+
+            int
+            pam_chauthtok(
+                pam_handle_t *pamh,
+                int flags
+            );
+
+      `pam_chauthtok()' is called to change the authentication token
+      associated with the user referenced by the authentication handle
+      `pamh'.  After the call, the authentication token of the user will be
+      changed in accordance with the authentication module configured on
+      the system.
+
+
+   APPENDIX B. SAMPLE PAM APPLICATION
+
+      This appendix shows a sample `login' application which uses the PAM
+      API's.  It is not meant to be a fully functional login program, as
+      some functionality has been left out in order to emphasize the use of
+      PAM API's.
+
+      #include <security/pam_appl.h>
+
+      static int login_conv(int num_msg, struct pam_message **msg,
+          struct pam_response **response, void *appdata_ptr);
+
+      static struct pam_conv pam_conv = {login_conv, NULL};
+
+      static pam_handle_t *pamh;    /* Authentication handle */
+
+      void
+      main(int argc, char *argv[], char **renvp)
+      {
+
+          /*
+           * Call pam_start to initiate a PAM authentication operation
+           */
+
+          if ((pam_start("login", user_name, &pam_conv, &pamh))
+                      != PAM_SUCCESS)
+                      login_exit(1);
+
+          pam_set_item(pamh, PAM_TTY, ttyn);
+          pam_set_item(pamh, PAM_RHOST, remote_host);
+
+          while (!authenticated && retry < MAX_RETRIES) {
+              status = pam_authenticate(pamh, 0);
+              authenticated = (status == PAM_SUCCESS);
+          }
+
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 22
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+          if (status != PAM_SUCCESS) {
+              fprintf(stderr,"error: %s\n", pam_strerror(status));
+              login_exit(1);
+          }
+
+          /* now check if the authenticated user is allowed to login. */
+
+          if ((status = pam_acct_mgmt(pamh, 0)) != PAM_SUCCESS) {
+              if (status == PAM_AUTHTOK_EXPIRED) {
+                   status = pam_chauthtok(pamh, 0);
+                   if (status != PAM_SUCCESS)
+                       login_exit(1);
+              } else {
+                   login_exit(1);
+              }
+          }
+
+          /*
+           * call pam_open_session to open the authenticated session
+           * pam_close_session gets called by the process that
+           * cleans up the utmp entry (i.e., init)
+           */
+          if (status = pam_open_session(pamh, 0) != PAM_SUCCESS) {
+              login_exit(status);
+          }
+
+          /* set up the process credentials */
+          setgid(pwd->pw_gid);
+
+          /*
+           * Initialize the supplementary group access list.
+           * This should be done before pam_setcred because
+           * the PAM modules might add groups during the pam_setcred call
+           */
+          initgroups(user_name, pwd->pw_gid);
+
+          status = pam_setcred(pamh, PAM_ESTABLISH_CRED);
+          if (status != PAM_SUCCESS) {
+              login_exit(status);
+          }
+
+          /* set the real (and effective) UID */
+          setuid(pwd->pw_uid);
+
+          pam_end(pamh, PAM_SUCCESS);    /* Done using PAM */
+
+          /*
+           * Add DCE/Kerberos cred name, if any.
+           * XXX - The module specific stuff should be removed from login
+           * program eventually.  This is better placed in DCE module and
+           * will be once PAM has routines for "exporting" environment
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 23
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+           * variables.
+           */
+          krb5p = getenv("KRB5CCNAME");
+          if (krb5p != NULL) {
+              ENVSTRNCAT(krb5ccname, krb5p);
+              envinit[basicenv++] = krb5ccname;
+          }
+          environ = envinit; /* Switch to the new environment. */
+          exec_the_shell();
+
+          /* All done */
+      }
+
+      /*
+       * login_exit        - Call exit()  and terminate.
+       *              This function is here for PAM so cleanup can
+       *              be done before the process exits.
+       */
+      static void
+      login_exit(int exit_code)
+      {
+          if (pamh)
+              pam_end(pamh, PAM_ABORT);
+          exit(exit_code);
+          /*NOTREACHED*/
+      }
+
+      /*
+       * login_conv():
+       *    This is the conv (conversation) function called from
+       *    a PAM authentication module to print error messages
+       *    or garner information from the user.
+       */
+
+      static int
+      login_conv(int num_msg, struct pam_message **msg,
+          struct pam_response **response, void *appdata_ptr)
+      {
+
+          while (num_msg--) {
+              switch (m->msg_style) {
+
+              case PAM_PROMPT_ECHO_OFF:
+                  r->resp = strdup(getpass(m->msg));
+                  break;
+
+              case PAM_PROMPT_ECHO_ON:
+                  (void) fputs(m->msg, stdout);
+                  r->resp = malloc(PAM_MAX_RESP_SIZE);
+                  fgets(r->resp, PAM_MAX_RESP_SIZE, stdin);
+                  /* add code here to remove \n from fputs */
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 24
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+                  break;
+
+              case PAM_ERROR_MSG:
+                  (void) fputs(m->msg, stderr);
+                  break;
+
+              case PAM_TEXT_INFO:
+                  (void) fputs(m->msg, stdout);
+                  break;
+
+              default:
+                      /* add code here to log error message, etc */
+                  break;
+              }
+          }
+          return (PAM_SUCCESS);
+      }
+
+
+   APPENDIX C. DCE MODULE
+
+      This appendix describes a sample implementation of a DCE PAM module.
+      In order to simplify the description, we do not address the issues
+      raised by password-mapping or stacking.  The intent is to show which
+      DCE calls are being made by the DCE module.
+
+      The `pam_sm_*()' functions implement the PAM SPI functions which are
+      called from the PAM API functions.
+
+   C.1. DCE Authentication Management
+
+      The algorithm for authenticating with DCE (not including error
+      checking, prompting for passwords, etc.) is as follows:
+
+            pam_sm_authenticate()
+            {
+                sec_login_setup_identity(...);
+                pam_set_data(...);
+                sec_login_valid_and_cert_ident(...);
+            }
+
+            pam_sm_setcred()
+            {
+                pam_get_data(...);
+                sec_login_set_context(...);
+            }
+
+      The `pam_sm_authenticate()' function for DCE uses the
+      `pam_set_data()' and `pam_get_data()' functions to keep state (like
+      the `sec_login_handle_t' context) between calls.  The following
+      cleanup function is also registered and gets called when `pam_end()'
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 25
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+      is called:
+
+            dce_cleanup()
+            {
+                if (/* PAM_SUCCESS and
+                       sec_login_valid_and_cert_ident success */) {
+                   sec_login_release_context(...);
+                } else {
+                   sec_login_purge_context(...);
+                }
+            }
+
+      If everything was successful we release the login context, but leave
+      the credentials file intact.  If the status passed to `pam_end()' was
+      not `PAM_SUCCESS' (i.e., a required module failed) we purge the login
+      context which also removes the credentials file.
+
+   C.2. DCE Account Management
+
+      The algorithm for DCE account management is as follows:
+
+            pam_sm_acct_mgmt()
+            {
+                pam_get_data(...);
+                sec_login_inquire_net_info(...);
+                /* check for expired password and account */
+                sec_login_free_net_info(...);
+            }
+
+      The `sec_login_inquire_net_info()' function is called to obtain
+      information about when the user's account and/or password are going
+      to expire.  A warning message is displayed (using the conversation
+      function) if the user's account or password is going to expire in the
+      near future, or has expired.  These warning messages can be disabled
+      using the `nowarn' option in the `pam.conf' file.
+
+   C.3. DCE Session Management
+
+      The DCE session management functions are currently empty.  They could
+      be modified to optionally remove the DCE credentials file upon
+      logout, etc.
+
+   C.4. DCE Password Management
+
+      The algorithm for DCE password management is as follows:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 26
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+            pam_sm_chauthtok
+            {
+                sec_rgy_site_open(...);
+                sec_rgy_acct_lookup(...);
+                sec_rgy_acct_passwd(...);
+                sec_rgy_site_close(...);
+            }
+
+      The `sec_rgy_acct_passwd()' function is called to change the user's
+      password in the DCE registry.
+
+
+   REFERENCES
+
+      [Adamson 95]   W. A. Adamson, J. Rees, and P. Honeyman, "Joining
+                     Security Realms: A Single Login for Netware and
+                     Kerberos", CITI Technical Report 95-1, Center for
+                     Information Technology Integration, University of
+                     Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, February 1995.
+
+      [Diffie 76]    W. Diffie and M. E. Hellman, "New Directions in
+                     Cryptography", IEEE Transactions on Information
+                     Theory, November 1976.
+
+      [Linn 93]      J. Linn, "Generic Security Service Application
+                     Programming Interface", Internet RFC 1508, 1509, 1993.
+
+      [Rivest 78]    R. L. Rivest, A. Shamir, and L. Adleman., "A Method
+                     for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Pubic-key
+                     Cryptosystems", Communications of the ACM, 21(2),
+                     1978.
+
+      [SIA 95]       "Digital UNIX Security", Digital Equipment
+                     Corporation, Order Number AA-Q0R2C-TE, July 1995.
+
+      [Skey 94]      N. M. Haller, "The S/Key One-Time Password System",
+                     ISOC Symposium on Network and Distributed Security,
+                     1994.
+
+      [Steiner 88]   J.G. Steiner, B. C. Neuman, and J. I. Schiller,
+                     "Kerberos, An Authentication Service for Open Network
+                     Systems", in Proceedings of the Winter USENIX
+                     Conference, Dallas, Jan 1988.
+
+      [Taylor 88]    B. Taylor and D. Goldberg, "Secure Networking in the
+                     Sun Environment", Sun Microsystems Technical Paper,
+                     1988.
+
+      [XFN 94]       "Federated Naming: the XFN Specifications", X/Open
+                     Preliminary Specification, X/Open Document #P403,
+                     ISBN:1-85912-045-8, X/Open Co. Ltd., July 1994.
+
+
+
+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 27
+
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+
+
+   OSF-RFC 86.0                      PAM                       October 1995
+
+
+
+   AUTHOR'S ADDRESS
+
+   Vipin Samar                            Internet email: vipin@eng.sun.com
+   SunSoft, Inc.                                 Telephone: +1-415-336-1002
+   2550 Garcia Avenue
+   Mountain View, CA 94043
+   USA
+
+   Roland J. Schemers III              Internet email: schemers@eng.sun.com
+   SunSoft, Inc.                                 Telephone: +1-415-336-1035
+   2550 Garcia Avenue
+   Mountain View, CA 94043
+   USA
+
+
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+   Samar, Schemers                                                  Page 28
diff --git a/doc/specs/std-agent-id.raw b/doc/specs/std-agent-id.raw
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+PAM working group                 ##              A.G. Morgan
+
+## $Id$ ##
+
+## Pluggable Authentication Modules ##
+
+## REGISTERED AGENTS AND THEIR AGENT-ID'S ##
+
+#$ Purpose of this document
+
+#$$#{definition}  Definition of an agent-id
+
+The most complete version of a "PAM agent-id" is contained in this
+reference [#$R#{PAM_RFC2}]. A copy of a recent definition is
+reproduced here for convenience. The reader is recommended to consult
+reference [#{PAM_RFC2}] for definitions of other terms that are
+used in this document.
+
+## -------------- ##
+
+The agent_id is a sequence of characters satisfying the following
+regexp:
+
+	/^[a-z0-9\_]+(@[a-z0-9\_.]+)?$/
+
+and has a specific form for each independent agent.
+
+o Agent_ids that do not contain an at-sign (@) are to be considered as
+  representing some authentication mode that is a "public
+  standard". Registered names MUST NOT contain an at-sign (@).
+
+o Anyone can define additional agents by using names in the format
+  name@domainname, e.g. "ouragent@example.com". The part following
+  the at-sign MUST be a valid fully qualified internet domain name
+  [RFC-1034] controlled by the person or organization defining the
+  name. (Said another way, if you control the email address that
+  your agent has as an identifier, they you are entitled to use
+  this identifier.) It is up to each domain how it manages its local
+  namespace.
+
+## -------------- ##
+
+#$ Registered agent-id's
+
+The structure of this section is a single subsection for each
+registered agent-id. This section includes a full definition of binary
+prompts accepted by the agent and example responses of said
+agent. Using the defining section alone, it should be possible for a
+third party to create a conforming agent and modules that can
+interoperate with other implementations of these objects.
+
+*$ "userpass" - the user+password agent
+
+Many legacy authentication systems are hardcoded to support one and
+only one authentication method. Namely,
+
+   username: joe
+   password: <secret>
+
+Indeed, this authentication method is often embedded into parts of the
+transport protocol. The "user+password" agent with PAM agent-id:
+
+   "userpass"
+
+Is intended to support this legacy authentication scheme. The protocol
+for binary prompt exchange with this 'standard agent' is as follows:
+
+Case 1: module does not know the username, but expects the agent to
+ obtain this information and also the user's password:
+
+   module: {LENGTH;PAM_BP_SELECT;userpass;'/'}
+   agent: {}
+
+Case 2: module has suggested username, but would like agent to confirm
+ it and gather password:
+
+   module: {}
+   agent: {}
+
+Case 3: module knows username and will not permit the agent to change it:
+
+   module: {}
+   agent: {}
+
+#$  References
+
+[#{PAM_RFC2}] Internet draft, "Pluggable Authentication Modules
+  (PAM)", available here:
+
+# http://linux.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/pre/doc/current-draft.txt #
+
+#$  Author's Address
+
+Andrew G. Morgan
+Email: morgan@kernel.org