1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
|
<!doctype html public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<title>Postfix Installation From Source Code </title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=us-ascii">
</head>
<body>
<h1><img src="postfix-logo.jpg" width="203" height="98" ALT="">Postfix
Installation From Source Code </h1>
<hr>
<h2> <a name="1">1 - Purpose of this document</a> </h2>
<p> If you are using a pre-compiled version of Postfix, you should
start with <a href="BASIC_CONFIGURATION_README.html">BASIC_CONFIGURATION_README</a> and the general documentation
referenced by it. <a href="INSTALL.html">INSTALL</a> is only a bootstrap document to get
Postfix up and running from scratch with the minimal number of
steps; it should not be considered part of the general documentation.
</p>
<p> This document describes how to build, install and configure a
Postfix system so that it can do one of the following: </p>
<ul>
<li> Send mail only, without changing an existing Sendmail
installation.
<li> Send and receive mail via a virtual host interface, still
without any change to an existing Sendmail installation.
<li> Run Postfix instead of Sendmail.
</ul>
<p> Topics covered in this document: </p>
<ol>
<li> <a href="#1">Purpose of this document</a>
<li> <a href="#2">Typographical conventions</a>
<li> <a href="#3">Documentation</a>
<li> <a href="#4">Building on a supported system</a>
<li> <a href="#5">Porting Postfix to an unsupported system</a>
<li> <a href="#install">Installing the software after successful
compilation </a>
<li> <a href="#send_only">Configuring Postfix to send mail
only </a>
<li> <a href="#send_receive">Configuring Postfix to send and
receive mail via virtual interface </a>
<li> <a href="#replace">Running Postfix instead of Sendmail</a>
<li> <a href="#mandatory">Mandatory configuration file edits</a>
<li> <a href="#hamlet">To chroot or not to chroot</a>
<li> <a href="#care">Care and feeding of the Postfix system</a>
</ol>
<h2> <a name="2">2 - Typographical conventions</a> </h2>
<p> In the instructions below, a command written as </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
# command
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> should be executed as the superuser. </p>
<p> A command written as </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ command
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> should be executed as an unprivileged user. </p>
<h2> <a name="3">3 - Documentation</a> </h2>
<p> Documentation is available as README files (start with the file
README_FILES/AAAREADME), as HTML web pages (point your browser to
"html/index.html") and as UNIX-style manual pages. </p>
<p> You should view the README files with a pager such as more(1)
or less(1), because the files use backspace characters in order to
produce <b>bold</b> font. To print a README file without backspace
characters, use the col(1) command. For example: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ col -bx <file | lpr
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> In order to view the manual pages before installing Postfix,
point your MANPATH environment variable to the "man" subdirectory;
be sure to use an absolute path. </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ export MANPATH; MANPATH="`pwd`/man:$MANPATH"
$ setenv MANPATH "`pwd`/man:$MANPATH"
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> Of particular interest is the <a href="postconf.5.html">postconf(5)</a> manual page that
lists all the 500+ configuration parameters. The HTML version of
this text makes it easy to navigate around. </p>
<p> All Postfix source files have their own built-in manual page.
Tools to extract those embedded manual pages are available in the
mantools directory. </p>
<h2> <a name="4">4 - Building on a supported system</a> </h2>
<p> Postfix development happens on FreeBSD and MacOS X, with regular
tests on Linux (Fedora, Ubuntu) and Solaris. Support for other
systems relies on feedback from their users, and may not always be
up-to-date. </p>
<p> OpenBSD is partially supported. The libc resolver does not
implement the documented "internal resolver options which are [...]
set by changing fields in the _res structure" (documented in the
OpenBSD 5.6 resolver(3) manpage). This results in too many DNS
queries, and false positives for queries that should fail. </p>
<!--
<p> At some point in time, a version of Postfix was supported on: </p>
<blockquote>
<p>
AIX 3.2.5, 4.1.x, 4.2.0, 4.3.x, 5.2 <br>
BSD/OS 2.x, 3.x, 4.x <br>
FreeBSD 2.x .. 9.x <br>
HP-UX 9.x, 10.x, 11.x <br>
IRIX 5.x, 6.x <br>
Linux Debian 1.3.1 and later <br>
Linux RedHat 3.x (January 2004) and later <br>
Linux Slackware 3.x and later <br>
Linux SuSE 5.x and later <br>
Linux Ubuntu 4.10 and later<br>
Mac OS X <br>
NEXTSTEP 3.x <br>
NetBSD 1.x and later <br>
OPENSTEP 4.x <br>
OSF1.V3 - OSF1.V5 (Digital UNIX) <br>
Reliant UNIX 5.x <br>
SunOS 4.1.4 (March 2007) <br>
SunOS 5.4 - 5.10 (Solaris 2.4..10) <br>
Ultrix 4.x (well, that was long ago) <br>
</p>
</blockquote>
<p> or something closely resemblant. </p>
-->
<p> Overview of topics: </p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#build_first">4.1 - Getting started</a>
<li><a href="#build_cc">4.2 - What compiler to use</a>
<li><a href="#build_pie">4.3 - Building with Postfix position-independent
executables (Postfix ≥ 3.0)</a>
<li><a href="#build_dll">4.4 - Building with Postfix dynamically-linked
libraries and database plugins (Postfix ≥ 3.0)</a>
<li><a href="#build_opt">4.5 - Building with optional features</a>
<li><a href="#build_over">4.6 - Overriding built-in parameter default
settings</a>
<li><a href="#build_other">4.7 - Overriding other compile-time
features</a>
<li><a href="#build_proc">4.8 - Support for thousands of processes</a>
<li><a href="#build_final">4.9 - Compiling Postfix, at last</a>
</ul>
<h3><a name="build_first">4.1 - Getting started</a> </h3>
<p> On Solaris, the "make" command and other development utilities
are in /usr/ccs/bin, so you MUST have /usr/ccs/bin in your command
search path. If these files do not exist, you need to install the
development packages first. </p>
<p> If you need to build Postfix for multiple architectures from a
single source-code tree, use the "lndir" command to build a shadow
tree with symbolic links to the source files. </p>
<p> If at any time in the build process you get messages like: "make:
don't know how to ..." you should be able to recover by running
the following command from the Postfix top-level directory: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ make -f Makefile.init makefiles
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> If you copied the Postfix source code after building it on another
machine, it is a good idea to cd into the top-level directory and
first do this:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ make tidy
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> This will get rid of any system dependencies left over from
compiling the software elsewhere. </p>
<h3><a name="build_cc">4.2 - What compiler to use</a></h3>
<p> To build with GCC, or with the native compiler if people told me
that is better for your system, just cd into the top-level Postfix
directory of the source tree and type: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ make
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> To build with a non-default compiler, you need to specify the name
of the compiler. Here are a few examples: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ make makefiles CC=/opt/SUNWspro/bin/cc (Solaris)
$ make
$ make makefiles CC="/opt/ansic/bin/cc -Ae" (HP-UX)
$ make
$ make makefiles CC="purify cc"
$ make
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> and so on. In some cases, optimization will be turned off
automatically. </p>
<h3><a name="build_pie">4.3 - Building with Postfix position-independent
executables (Postfix ≥ 3.0)</a> </h3>
<p> On some systems Postfix can be built with Position-Independent
Executables. PIE is used by the ASLR exploit mitigation technique
(ASLR = Address-Space Layout Randomization): </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ make makefiles pie=yes ...other arguments...
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> (Specify "make makefiles pie=no" to explicitly disable Postfix
position-independent executable support). </p>
<p> Postfix PIE support appears to work on Fedora Core 20, Ubuntu
14.04, FreeBSD 9 and 10, and NetBSD 6 (all with the default system
compilers). </p>
<p> Whether the "pie=yes" above has any effect depends on the
compiler. Some compilers always produce PIE executables, and some
may even complain that the Postfix build option is redundant. </p>
<h3><a name="build_dll">4.4 - Building with Postfix dynamically-linked
libraries and database plugins (Postfix ≥ 3.0)</a> </h3>
<p> Postfix dynamically-linked library and database plugin support
exists for recent versions of Linux, FreeBSD and MacOS X.
Dynamically-linked library builds may become the default at some
point in the future. </p>
<p> Overview of topics: </p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#shared_enable">4.4.1 Turning on Postfix dynamically-linked
library support</a>
<li><a href="#dynamicmaps_enable">4.4.2 Turning on Postfix database-plugin
support</a>
<li><a href="#shared_custom">4.4.3 Customizing Postfix dynamically-linked
libraries and database plugins</a>
<li><a href="#shared_tips">4.4.4 Tips for distribution maintainers</a>
</ul>
<p> Note: directories with Postfix dynamically-linked libraries
or database plugins should contain only postfix-related files.
Postfix dynamically-linked libraries and database plugins should
not be installed in a "public" system directory such as /usr/lib
or /usr/local/lib. Linking Postfix dynamically-linked library or
database-plugin files into non-Postfix programs is not supported.
Postfix dynamically-linked libraries and database plugins implement
a Postfix-internal API that changes without maintaining compatibility.
</p>
<h4><a name="shared_enable"> 4.4.1 Turning on Postfix dynamically-linked
library support </a></h4>
<p> Postfix can be built with Postfix dynamically-linked libraries
(files typically named <tt>libpostfix-*.so</tt>). Postfix
dynamically-linked libraries add minor run-time overhead and result
in significantly-smaller Postfix executable files. </p>
<p> Specify "shared=yes" on the "make makefiles" command line to
build Postfix with dynamically-linked library support. </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ make makefiles shared=yes ...other arguments...
$ make
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> (Specify "make makefiles shared=no" to explicitly disable Postfix
dynamically-linked library support). </p>
<p> This installs dynamically-linked libraries in $<a href="postconf.5.html#shlib_directory">shlib_directory</a>,
typically /usr/lib/postfix or /usr/local/lib/postfix, with file
names libpostfix-<i>name</i>.so, where the <i>name</i> is a source-code
directory name such as "util" or "global". </p>
<p> See section 4.4.3 "<a href="#shared_custom">Customizing Postfix
dynamically-linked libraries and database plugins</a>" below for
how to customize the Postfix dynamically-linked library location,
including support to upgrade a running mail system safely. </p>
<h4><a name="dynamicmaps_enable"> 4.4.2 Turning on Postfix
database-plugin support </a></h4>
<p> Additionally, Postfix can be built to support dynamic loading
of Postfix database clients (database plugins) with the Debian-style
dynamicmaps feature. Postfix 3.0 supports dynamic loading of <a href="CDB_README.html">cdb</a>:,
<a href="ldap_table.5.html">ldap</a>:, <a href="lmdb_table.5.html">lmdb</a>:, <a href="mysql_table.5.html">mysql</a>:, <a href="pcre_table.5.html">pcre</a>:, <a href="pgsql_table.5.html">pgsql</a>:, <a href="DATABASE_README.html#types">sdbm</a>:, and <a href="sqlite_table.5.html">sqlite</a>: database
clients. Dynamic loading is useful when you distribute or install
pre-compiled Postfix packages. </p>
<p> Specify "dynamicmaps=yes" on the "make makefiles" command line
to build Postfix with support to dynamically load Postfix database
clients with the Debian-style dynamicmaps feature.
</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ make makefiles dynamicmaps=yes ...other arguments...
$ make
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> (Specify "make makefiles dynamicmaps=no" to explicitly disable
Postfix database-plugin support). </p>
<p> This implicitly enables dynamically-linked library support,
installs the configuration file dynamicmaps.cf in $<a href="postconf.5.html#meta_directory">meta_directory</a>
(usually, /etc/postfix or /usr/local/etc/postfix), and installs
database plugins in $<a href="postconf.5.html#shlib_directory">shlib_directory</a> (see above). Database plugins
are named postfix-<i>type</i>.so where the <i>type</i> is a database
type such as "cdb" or "ldap". </p>
<blockquote>
<p> NOTE: The Postfix 3.0 build procedure expects that you specify
database library dependencies with variables named <a href="CDB_README.html">AUXLIBS_CDB</a>,
<a href="LDAP_README.html">AUXLIBS_LDAP</a>, etc. With Postfix 3.0 and later, the old AUXLIBS
variable still supports building a statically-loaded database client,
but only the new <a href="CDB_README.html">AUXLIBS_CDB</a> etc. variables support building a
dynamically-loaded or statically-loaded CDB etc. database client.
See <a href="CDB_README.html">CDB_README</a>, <a href="LDAP_README.html">LDAP_README</a>, etc. for details. </p>
<p> Failure to follow this advice will defeat the purpose of dynamic
database client loading. Every Postfix executable file will have
database library dependencies. And that was exactly what dynamic
database client loading was meant to avoid. </p>
</blockquote>
<p> See the next section for how to customize the location and
version of Postfix database plugins and the location of the file
dynamicmaps.cf. </p>
<h4><a name="shared_custom"> 4.4.3 Customizing Postfix dynamically-linked
libraries and database plugins </a></h4>
<h5> Customizing build-time and run-time options for Postfix
dynamically-linked libraries and database plugins </h5>
<p> The build-time environment variables SHLIB_CFLAGS, SHLIB_RPATH,
and SHLIB_SUFFIX provide control over how Postfix libraries and
plugins are compiled, linked, and named.
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ make makefiles SHLIB_CFLAGS=flags SHLIB_RPATH=rpath SHLIB_SUFFIX=suffix ...other arguments...
$ make
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> See section 4.7 "<a href="#build_other">Overriding other
compile-time features</a>" below for details. </p>
<h5> Customizing the location of Postfix dynamically-linked libraries
and database plugins </h5>
<p> As a reminder, the directories with Postfix dynamically-linked
libraries or database plugins should contain only Postfix-related
files. Linking these files into other programs is not supported.
</p>
<p> To override the default location of Postfix dynamically-linked
libraries and database plugins specify, for example: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ make makefiles shared=yes <a href="postconf.5.html#shlib_directory">shlib_directory</a>=/usr/local/lib/postfix ...
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> If you intend to upgrade Postfix without stopping the mail
system, then you should append the Postfix release version to the
<a href="postconf.5.html#shlib_directory">shlib_directory</a> pathname, to eliminate the possibility that programs
will link with dynamically-linked libraries or database plugins
from the wrong Postfix version. For example: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ make makefiles shared=yes \
<a href="postconf.5.html#shlib_directory">shlib_directory</a>=/usr/local/lib/postfix/MAIL_VERSION ...
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> The command "make makefiles name=value..." will replace the
string MAIL_VERSION at the end of a configuration parameter value
with the Postfix release version. Do not try to specify something
like $<a href="postconf.5.html#mail_version">mail_version</a> on this command line. This produces inconsistent
results with different versions of the make(1) command. </p>
<p> You can change the <a href="postconf.5.html#shlib_directory">shlib_directory</a> setting after Postfix is
built, with "make install" or "make upgrade". However, you may have
to run ldconfig if you change <a href="postconf.5.html#shlib_directory">shlib_directory</a> after Postfix is built
(the symptom is that Postfix programs fail because the run-time
linker cannot find the files libpostfix-*.so). No ldconfig command
is needed if you keep the files libpostfix-*.so in the compiled-in
default $<a href="postconf.5.html#shlib_directory">shlib_directory</a> location. </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
# make upgrade <a href="postconf.5.html#shlib_directory">shlib_directory</a>=/usr/local/lib/postfix ...
# make install <a href="postconf.5.html#shlib_directory">shlib_directory</a>=/usr/local/lib/postfix ...
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> To append the Postfix release version to the pathname if you
intend to upgrade Postfix without stopping the mail system: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
# make upgrade <a href="postconf.5.html#shlib_directory">shlib_directory</a>=/usr/local/lib/postfix/MAIL_VERSION ...
# make install <a href="postconf.5.html#shlib_directory">shlib_directory</a>=/usr/local/lib/postfix/MAIL_VERSION ...
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> See also the comments above for appending MAIL_VERSION with
the "make makefiles" command. </p>
<h5> Customizing the location of dynamicmaps.cf and other files
</h5>
<p> The <a href="postconf.5.html#meta_directory">meta_directory</a> parameter has the same default setting as
the <a href="postconf.5.html#config_directory">config_directory</a> parameter, typically /etc/postfix or
/usr/local/etc/postfix. </p>
<p> You can override the default <a href="postconf.5.html#meta_directory">meta_directory</a> location at compile
time or after Postfix is built. To override the default location
at compile time specify, for example: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
% make makefiles <a href="postconf.5.html#meta_directory">meta_directory</a>=/usr/libexec/postfix ...
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> Here is a tip if you want to make a pathname dependent on the
Postfix release version: the command "make makefiles name=value..."
will replace the string MAIL_VERSION at the end of a configuration
parameter value with the Postfix release version. Do not try to
specify something like $<a href="postconf.5.html#mail_version">mail_version</a> on this command line. This
produces inconsistent results with different versions of the make(1)
command. </p>
<p> You can override the <a href="postconf.5.html#meta_directory">meta_directory</a> setting after Postfix is
built, with "make install" or "make upgrade". </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
# make upgrade <a href="postconf.5.html#meta_directory">meta_directory</a>=/usr/libexec/postfix ...
# make install <a href="postconf.5.html#meta_directory">meta_directory</a>=/usr/libexec/postfix ...
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> As with the command "make makefiles, the command "make
install/upgrade name=value..." will replace the string MAIL_VERSION
at the end of a configuration parameter value with the Postfix
release version. Do not try to specify something like $<a href="postconf.5.html#mail_version">mail_version</a>
on this command line. This produces inconsistent results with
different versions of the make(1) command. </p>
<h4><a name="shared_tips"> 4.4.4 Tips for distribution maintainers
</a></h4>
<ul>
<li> <p> The <a href="postconf.5.html#shlib_directory">shlib_directory</a> parameter setting also provides the
default directory for database plugin files with a relative pathname
in the file dynamicmaps.cf. </p>
<li> <p> The <a href="postconf.5.html#meta_directory">meta_directory</a> parameter specifies the location of the
files dynamicmaps.cf, postfix-files, and some multi-instance template
files. The <a href="postconf.5.html#meta_directory">meta_directory</a> parameter has the same default value as
the <a href="postconf.5.html#config_directory">config_directory</a> parameter (typically, /etc/postfix or
/usr/local/etc/postfix). For backwards compatibility with Postfix
2.6 .. 2.11, specify "<a href="postconf.5.html#meta_directory">meta_directory</a> = $<a href="postconf.5.html#daemon_directory">daemon_directory</a>" in <a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>
before installing or upgrading Postfix, or specify "<a href="postconf.5.html#meta_directory">meta_directory</a>
= /path/name" on the "make makefiles", "make install" or "make
upgrade" command line. </p>
<li> <p> The configuration file dynamicmaps.cf will automatically
include files under the directory dynamicmaps.cf.d, just like the
configuration file postfix-files will automatically include files
under the directory postfix-files.d. Thanks to this, you can install
or deinstall a database plugin package without having to edit
postfix-files or dynamicmaps.cf. Instead, you give that plugin its
own configuration files under dynamicmaps.cf.d and postfix-files.d, and
you add or remove those configuration files along with the database
plugin dynamically-linked object. </p>
<li> <p> Each configuration file under the directory dynamicmaps.cf.d
must have the same format as the configuration file dynamicmaps.cf.
There is no requirement that these configuration file *names* have a
specific format. </p>
<li> <p> Each configuration file under the directory postfix-files.d
must have the same format as the configuration file postfix-files.
There is no requirement that these configuration file *names* have a
specific format. </p>
</ul>
<h3><a name="build_opt">4.5 - Building with optional features</a></h3>
By default, Postfix builds as a mail system with relatively few
bells and whistles. Support for third-party databases etc.
must be configured when Postfix is compiled. The following documents
describe how to build Postfix with support for optional features:
<blockquote>
<table border="1">
<tr> <th>Optional feature </th> <th>Document </th> <th>Availability</th>
</tr>
<tr> <td> Berkeley DB database</td> <td><a href="DB_README.html">DB_README</a></td> <td> Postfix
1.0 </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> LMDB database</td> <td><a href="LMDB_README.html">LMDB_README</a></td> <td> Postfix
2.11 </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> LDAP database</td> <td><a href="LDAP_README.html">LDAP_README</a></td> <td> Postfix
1.0 </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> MySQL database</td> <td><a href="MYSQL_README.html">MYSQL_README</a></td> <td> Postfix
1.0 </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> Perl compatible regular expression</td> <td><a href="PCRE_README.html">PCRE_README</a></td>
<td> Postfix 1.0 </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> PostgreSQL database</td> <td><a href="PGSQL_README.html">PGSQL_README</a></td> <td>
Postfix 2.0 </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> SASL authentication </td> <td><a href="SASL_README.html">SASL_README</a></td> <td>
Postfix 1.0 </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> SQLite database</td> <td><a href="SQLITE_README.html">SQLITE_README</a></td> <td> Postfix
2.8 </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> STARTTLS session encryption </td> <td><a href="TLS_README.html">TLS_README</a></td> <td>
Postfix 2.2 </td> </tr>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p> Note: IP version 6 support is compiled into Postfix on operating
systems that have IPv6 support. See the <a href="IPV6_README.html">IPV6_README</a> file for details.
</p>
<h3><a name="build_over">4.6 - Overriding built-in parameter default
settings</a></h3>
<h4>4.6.1 - Postfix 3.0 and later </h4>
<p> All Postfix configuration parameters can be changed by editing
a Postfix configuration file, except for one: the parameter that
specifies the location of Postfix configuration files. In order to
build Postfix with a configuration directory other than /etc/postfix,
use: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ make makefiles <a href="postconf.5.html#config_directory">config_directory</a>=/some/where ...other arguments...
$ make
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> The command "make makefiles name=value ..." will replace the
string MAIL_VERSION at the end of a configuration parameter value
with the Postfix release version. Do not try to specify something
like $<a href="postconf.5.html#mail_version">mail_version</a> on this command line. This produces inconsistent
results with different versions of the make(1) command. </p>
<p> Parameters whose defaults can be specified in this way are
listed below. See the <a href="postconf.5.html">postconf(5)</a> manpage for a description
(command: "<tt>nroff -man man/man5/postconf.5 | less</tt>"). </p>
<blockquote>
<table border="1">
<tr> <th>parameter name</th> <th>typical default</th> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#command_directory">command_directory</a></td> <td>/usr/sbin</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#config_directory">config_directory</a></td> <td>/etc/postfix</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#default_database_type">default_database_type</a></td> <td>hash</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#daemon_directory">daemon_directory</a></td> <td>/usr/libexec/postfix</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#data_directory">data_directory</a></td> <td>/var/lib/postfix</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#html_directory">html_directory</a></td> <td>no</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#mail_spool_directory">mail_spool_directory</a></td> <td>/var/mail</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#mailq_path">mailq_path</a></td> <td>/usr/bin/mailq</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#manpage_directory">manpage_directory</a></td> <td>/usr/local/man</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#meta_directory">meta_directory</a></td> <td>/etc/postfix</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#newaliases_path">newaliases_path</a></td> <td>/usr/bin/newaliases</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#openssl_path">openssl_path</a></td> <td>openssl</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_directory">queue_directory</a></td> <td>/var/spool/postfix</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#readme_directory">readme_directory</a></td> <td>no</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#sendmail_path">sendmail_path</a></td> <td>/usr/sbin/sendmail</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#shlib_directory">shlib_directory</a></td> <td>/usr/lib/postfix</td> </tr>
</table>
</blockquote>
<h4>4.6.2 - All Postfix versions </h4>
<p> All Postfix configuration parameters can be changed by editing
a Postfix configuration file, except for one: the parameter that
specifies the location of Postfix configuration files. In order to
build Postfix with a configuration directory other than /etc/postfix,
use: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ make makefiles CCARGS='-DDEF_CONFIG_DIR=\"/some/where\"'
$ make
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> IMPORTANT: Be sure to get the quotes right. These details matter
a lot. </p>
<p> Parameters whose defaults can be specified in this way are
listed below. See the <a href="postconf.5.html">postconf(5)</a> manpage for a description
(command: "<tt>nroff -man man/man5/postconf.5 | less</tt>"). </p>
<blockquote>
<table border="1">
<tr><th> Macro name </th> <th>default value for</th> <th>typical
default</th> </tr>
<tr> <td>DEF_COMMAND_DIR</td> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#command_directory">command_directory</a></td>
<td>/usr/sbin</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>DEF_CONFIG_DIR</td> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#config_directory">config_directory</a></td>
<td>/etc/postfix</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>DEF_DB_TYPE</td> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#default_database_type">default_database_type</a></td>
<td>hash</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>DEF_DAEMON_DIR</td> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#daemon_directory">daemon_directory</a></td>
<td>/usr/libexec/postfix</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>DEF_DATA_DIR</td> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#data_directory">data_directory</a></td>
<td>/var/lib/postfix</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>DEF_MAILQ_PATH</td> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#mailq_path">mailq_path</a></td> <td>/usr/bin/mailq</td>
</tr>
<tr> <td>DEF_HTML_DIR</td> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#html_directory">html_directory</a></td>
<td>no</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>DEF_MANPAGE_DIR</td> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#manpage_directory">manpage_directory</a></td>
<td>/usr/local/man</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>DEF_NEWALIAS_PATH</td> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#newaliases_path">newaliases_path</a></td>
<td>/usr/bin/newaliases</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>DEF_QUEUE_DIR</td> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#queue_directory">queue_directory</a></td>
<td>/var/spool/postfix</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>DEF_README_DIR</td> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#readme_directory">readme_directory</a></td>
<td>no</td> </tr>
<tr> <td>DEF_SENDMAIL_PATH</td> <td><a href="postconf.5.html#sendmail_path">sendmail_path</a></td>
<td>/usr/sbin/sendmail</td> </tr>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p> Note: the <a href="postconf.5.html#data_directory">data_directory</a> parameter (for caches and pseudo-random
numbers) was introduced with Postfix version 2.5. </p>
<h3><a name="build_other">4.7 - Overriding other compile-time
features</a></h3>
<p> The general method to override Postfix compile-time features
is as follows: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ make makefiles name=value name=value...
$ make
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> The following is an extensive list of names and values. </p>
<table border="1">
<tr> <th colspan="2"> Name/Value </th> <th> Description </th> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2"> AUXLIBS="object_library..."</td> <td> Specifies
one or more non-default object libraries. Postfix 3.0 and later
specify some of their database library dependencies with <a href="CDB_README.html">AUXLIBS_CDB</a>,
<a href="LDAP_README.html">AUXLIBS_LDAP</a>, <a href="LMDB_README.html">AUXLIBS_LMDB</a>, <a href="MYSQL_README.html">AUXLIBS_MYSQL</a>, <a href="PCRE_README.html">AUXLIBS_PCRE</a>, <a href="PGSQL_README.html">AUXLIBS_PGSQL</a>,
<a href="SDBM_README.html">AUXLIBS_SDBM</a>, and <a href="SQLITE_README.html">AUXLIBS_SQLITE</a>, respectively. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2"> CC=compiler_command</td> <td> Specifies a
non-default compiler. On many systems, the default is <tt>gcc</tt>.
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2"> CCARGS="compiler_arguments..."</td> <td>
Specifies non-default compiler arguments, for example, a non-default
<tt>include</tt> directory. The following directives turn
off Postfix features at compile time:</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> -DNO_DB </td> <td> Do not build with Berkeley
DB support. By default, Berkeley DB support is compiled in on
platforms that are known to support this feature. If you override
this, then you probably should also override DEF_DB_TYPE as described
in section 4.6. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> -DNO_DNSSEC </td> <td> Do not build with DNSSEC
support, even if the resolver library appears to support it. </td>
</tr>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> -DNO_DEVPOLL </td> <td> Do not build with
Solaris <tt>/dev/poll</tt> support. By default, <tt>/dev/poll</tt>
support is compiled in on Solaris versions that are known to support
this feature. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> -DNO_EPOLL </td> <td> Do not build with Linux
EPOLL support. By default, EPOLL support is compiled in on platforms
that are known to support this feature. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> -DNO_EAI </td> <td> Do not build with EAI
(SMTPUTF8) support. By default, EAI support is compiled in when
the "icuuc" library and header files are found. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> -DNO_INLINE </td> <td> Do not require support
for C99 "inline" functions. Instead, implement argument typechecks
for non-printf/scanf-like functions with ternary operators and
unreachable code. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> -DNO_IPV6 </td> <td> Do not build with IPv6
support. By default, IPv6 support is compiled in on platforms that
are known to have IPv6 support. Note: this directive is for debugging
And testing only. It is not guaranteed to work on all platforms.
If you don't want IPv6 support, set "<a href="postconf.5.html#inet_protocols">inet_protocols</a> = ipv4" in
<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>.
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> -DNO_KQUEUE </td> <td> Do not build with FreeBSD
/ NetBSD / OpenBSD / MacOSX KQUEUE support. By default, KQUEUE
support is compiled in on platforms that are known to support it.
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> -DNO_NIS </td> <td> Do not build with NIS or
NISPLUS support. NIS is not available on some recent Linux
distributions. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> -DNO_NISPLUS </td> <td> Do not build with
NISPLUS support. NISPLUS is not available on some recent Solaris
distributions. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> -DNO_PCRE </td> <td> Do not build with PCRE
support. By default, PCRE support is compiled in when the
<tt>pcre-config</tt> utility is installed. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> -DNO_POSIX_GETPW_R </td> <td> Disable support
for POSIX <tt>getpwnam_r/getpwuid_r</tt>. By default Postfix uses
these where they are known to be available. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> -DNO_SIGSETJMP </td> <td> Use
<tt>setjmp()/longjmp()</tt> instead of <tt>sigsetjmp()/siglongjmp()</tt>.
By default, Postfix uses <tt>sigsetjmp()/siglongjmp()</tt> when
they are known to be available. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td> </td> <td> -DNO_SNPRINTF </td> <td> Use <tt>sprintf()</tt>
instead of <tt>snprintf()</tt>. By default, Postfix uses
<tt>snprintf()</tt> except on ancient systems. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2"> DEBUG=debug_level </td> <td> Specifies a
non-default compiler debugging level. The default is "<tt>-g</tt>".
Specify DEBUG= to turn off debugging. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2"> OPT=optimization_level </td> <td> Specifies
a non-default optimization level. The default is "<tt>-O</tt>".
Specify OPT= to turn off optimization. </td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2"> POSTFIX_INSTALL_OPTS=-option... </td> <td>
Specifies options for the <tt>postfix-install</tt> command, separated
by whitespace. Currently, the only supported option is
"<tt>-keep-build-mtime</tt>". </td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2"> SHLIB_CFLAGS=flags </td> <td> Specifies
non-default compiler options for building Postfix dynamically-linked
libraries and database plugins. The typical default is "-fPIC".
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2"> SHLIB_RPATH=rpath </td> <td> Specifies
a non-default runpath for Postfix dynamically-linked libraries. The
typical default is "'-Wl,-rpath,${SHLIB_DIR}'". </td> </tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2"> SHLIB_SUFFIX=suffix </td> <td> Specifies
a non-default suffix for Postfix dynamically-linked libraries and
database plugins. The typical default is "<tt>.so</tt>". </td>
</tr>
<tr> <td colspan="2"> WARN="warning_flags..." </td> <td> Specifies
non-default compiler warning options for use when "<tt>make</tt>"
is invoked in a source subdirectory only. </td>
</tr>
</table>
<h3><a name="build_proc">4.8 - Support for thousands of processes</a></h3>
<p> The number of connections that Postfix can manage simultaneously
is limited by the number of processes that it can run. This number
in turn is limited by the number of files and sockets that a single
process can open. For example, the Postfix queue manager has a
separate connection to each delivery process, and the <a href="anvil.8.html">anvil(8)</a>
server has one connection per <a href="smtpd.8.html">smtpd(8)</a> process. </p>
<p> Postfix version 2.4 and later have no built-in limits on the
number of open files or sockets, when compiled on systems that
support one of the following: </p>
<ul>
<li> BSD kqueue(2) (FreeBSD 4.1, NetBSD 2.0, OpenBSD 2.9),
<li> Solaris 8 /dev/poll,
<li> Linux 2.6 epoll(4).
</ul>
<p> With other Postfix versions or operating systems, the number
of file descriptors per process is limited by the value of the
FD_SETSIZE macro. If you expect to run more than 1000 mail delivery
processes, you may need to override the definition of the FD_SETSIZE
macro to make select() work correctly: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ make makefiles CCARGS=-DFD_SETSIZE=2048
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> Warning: the above has no effect on some Linux versions.
Apparently, on these systems the FD_SETSIZE value can be changed
only by using undocumented interfaces. Currently, that means
including <bits/types.h> directly (which is not allowed) and
overriding the __FD_SETSIZE macro. Beware, undocumented interfaces
can change at any time and without warning. </p>
<p> But wait, there is more: none of this will work unless the
operating system is configured to handle thousands of connections.
See the <a href="TUNING_README.html">TUNING_README</a> guide for examples of how to increase the
number of open sockets or files. </p>
<h3><a name="build_final">4.9 - Compiling Postfix, at last</a></h3>
<p> If the command </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ make
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> is successful, then you can proceed to <a href="#install">install</a>
Postfix (section 6).
<p> If the command produces compiler error messages, it may be time
to search the web or to ask the postfix-users@postfix.org mailing
list, but be sure to search the mailing list archives first. Some
mailing list archives are linked from <a href="http://www.postfix.org/">http://www.postfix.org/</a>. </p>
<h2> <a name="5">5 - Porting Postfix to an unsupported system</a> </h2>
<p> Each system type that Postfix knows is identified by a unique
name. Examples: SUNOS5, FREEBSD4, and so on. When porting Postfix
to a new system, the first step is to choose a SYSTEMTYPE name for
the new system. You must use a name that includes at least the
major version of the operating system (such as SUNOS4 or LINUX2),
so that different releases of the same system can be supported
without confusion. </p>
<p> Add a case statement to the "makedefs" shell script in the
source code top-level directory that recognizes the new system
reliably, and that emits the right system-specific information.
Be sure to make the code robust against user PATH settings; if the
system offers multiple UNIX flavors (e.g. BSD and SYSV) be sure to
build for the native flavor, instead of the emulated one. </p>
<p> Add an "#ifdef SYSTEMTYPE" section to the central util/sys_defs.h
include file. You may have to invent new feature macro names.
Please choose sensible feature macro names such as HAS_DBM or
FIONREAD_IN_SYS_FILIO_H.
<p> I strongly recommend against using "#ifdef SYSTEMTYPE" in
individual source files. While this may look like the quickest
solution, it will create a mess when newer versions of the same
SYSTEMTYPE need to be supported. You're likely to end up placing
"#ifdef" sections all over the source code again. </p>
<h2><a name="install">6 - Installing the software after successful
compilation</a></h2>
<p> This text describes how to install Postfix from source code.
See the <a href="PACKAGE_README.html">PACKAGE_README</a> file if you are building a package for
distribution to other systems. </p>
<h3>6.1 - Save existing Sendmail binaries</h3>
<p> <a name="save">IMPORTANT</a>: if you are REPLACING an existing
Sendmail installation with Postfix, you may need to keep the old
sendmail program running for some time in order to flush the mail
queue. </p>
<ul>
<li> <p> Some systems implement a mail switch mechanism where
different MTAs (Postfix, Sendmail, etc.) can be installed at the
same time, while only one of them is actually being used. Examples
of such switching mechanisms are the FreeBSD mailwrapper(8) or the
Linux mail switch. In this case you should try to "flip" the switch
to "Postfix" before installing Postfix. </p>
<li> <p> If your system has no mail switch mechanism, execute the
following commands (your sendmail, newaliases and mailq programs
may be in a different place): </p>
<pre>
# mv /usr/sbin/sendmail /usr/sbin/sendmail.OFF
# mv /usr/bin/newaliases /usr/bin/newaliases.OFF
# mv /usr/bin/mailq /usr/bin/mailq.OFF
# chmod 755 /usr/sbin/sendmail.OFF /usr/bin/newaliases.OFF \
/usr/bin/mailq.OFF
</pre>
</ul>
<h3>6.2 - Create account and groups</h3>
<p> Before you install Postfix for the first time you need to
create an account and a group:</p>
<ul>
<li> <p> Create a user account "postfix" with a user id and group
id that are not used by any other user account. Preferably, this
is an account that no-one can log into. The account does not need
an executable login shell, and needs no existing home directory.
My password and group file entries look like this: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
/etc/passwd:
postfix:*:12345:12345:postfix:/no/where:/no/shell
/etc/group:
postfix:*:12345:
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> Note: there should be no whitespace before "postfix:". </p>
<li> <p> Create a group "postdrop" with a group id that is not used
by any other user account. Not even by the postfix user account.
My group file entry looks like:
<blockquote>
<pre>
/etc/group:
postdrop:*:54321:
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> Note: there should be no whitespace before "postdrop:". </p>
</ul>
<h3>6.3 - Install Postfix</h3>
<p> To install or upgrade Postfix from compiled source code, run
one of the following commands as the super-user:</p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
# make install (interactive version, first time install)
# make upgrade (non-interactive version, for upgrades)
</pre>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li> <p> The interactive version ("make install") asks for pathnames
for Postfix data and program files, and stores your preferences in
the <a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a> file. <b> If you don't want Postfix to overwrite
non-Postfix "sendmail", "mailq" and "newaliases" files, specify
pathnames that end in ".postfix"</b>. </p>
<li> <p> The non-interactive version ("make upgrade") needs the
/etc/postfix/<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a> file from a previous installation. If the file
does not exist, use interactive installation ("make install")
instead. </p>
<li> <p> If you specify name=value arguments on the "make install"
or "make upgrade" command line, then these will take precedence
over compiled-in default settings or <a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a> settings. </p>
<p> The command "make install/upgrade name=value ..." will replace
the string MAIL_VERSION at the end of a configuration parameter
value with the Postfix release version. Do not try to specify
something like $<a href="postconf.5.html#mail_version">mail_version</a> on this command line. This produces
inconsistent results with different versions of the make(1) command.
</p>
</ul>
<h3>6.4 - Configure Postfix</h3>
<p> Proceed to the section on how you wish to run Postfix on
your particular machine: </p>
<ul>
<li> <p> <a href="#send_only">Send</a> mail only, without changing
an existing Sendmail installation (section 7). </p>
<li> <p> <a href="#send_receive">Send and receive</a> mail via a
virtual host interface, still without any change to an existing
Sendmail installation (section 8). </p>
<li> <p> Run Postfix <a href="#replace">instead of</a> Sendmail
(section 9). </p>
</ul>
<h2><a name="send_only">7 - Configuring Postfix to send mail
only</a></h2>
<p> If you are going to use Postfix to send mail only, there is no
need to change your existing sendmail setup. Instead, set up your
mail user agent so that it calls the Postfix sendmail program
directly. </p>
<p> Follow the instructions in the "<a href="#mandatory">Mandatory
configuration file edits</a>" in section 10, and review the "<a
href="#hamlet">To chroot or not to chroot</a>" text in section
11. </p>
<p> You MUST comment out the "smtp inet" entry in /etc/postfix/<a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a>,
in order to avoid conflicts with the real sendmail. Put a "#"
character in front of the line that defines the smtpd service: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
/etc/postfix/<a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a>:
#smtp inet n - n - - smtpd
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> Start the Postfix system: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
# postfix start
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> or, if you feel nostalgic, use the Postfix sendmail command: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
# sendmail -bd -qwhatever
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> and watch your maillog file for any error messages. The pathname
is /var/log/maillog, /var/log/mail, /var/log/syslog, or something
else. Typically, the pathname is defined in the /etc/syslog.conf
file. </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ egrep '(reject|warning|error|fatal|panic):' /some/log/file
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> Note: the most important error message is logged first. Later
messages are not as useful. </p>
<p> In order to inspect the mail queue, use one of the following
commands: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ mailq
$ sendmail -bp
$ postqueue -p
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> See also the "<a href="#care">Care and feeding</a>" section 12
below. </p>
<h2><a name="send_receive">8 - Configuring Postfix to send and
receive mail via virtual interface</a></h2>
<p> Alternatively, you can use the Postfix system to send AND
receive mail while leaving your Sendmail setup intact, by running
Postfix on a virtual interface address. Simply configure your mail
user agent to directly invoke the Postfix sendmail program. </p>
<p> To create a virtual network interface address, study your
system ifconfig manual page. The command syntax could be any
of: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
# <b>ifconfig le0:1 <address> netmask <mask> up</b>
# <b>ifconfig en0 alias <address> netmask 255.255.255.255</b>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> In the /etc/postfix/<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a> file, I would specify </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
/etc/postfix/<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>:
<a href="postconf.5.html#myhostname">myhostname</a> = virtual.host.tld
<a href="postconf.5.html#inet_interfaces">inet_interfaces</a> = $<a href="postconf.5.html#myhostname">myhostname</a>
<a href="postconf.5.html#mydestination">mydestination</a> = $<a href="postconf.5.html#myhostname">myhostname</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> Follow the instructions in the "<a href="#mandatory">Mandatory
configuration file edits</a>" in section 10, and review the "<a
name="#hamlet">To chroot or not to chroot</a>" text in section
11. </p>
<p> Start the Postfix system: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
# postfix start
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> or, if you feel nostalgic, use the Postfix sendmail command: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
# sendmail -bd -qwhatever
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> and watch your maillog file for any error messages. The pathname
is /var/log/maillog, /var/log/mail, /var/log/syslog, or something
else. Typically, the pathname is defined in the /etc/syslog.conf
file. </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ egrep '(reject|warning|error|fatal|panic):' /some/log/file
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> Note: the most important error message is logged first. Later
messages are not as useful. </p>
<p> In order to inspect the mail queue, use one of the following
commands: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ mailq
$ sendmail -bp
$ postqueue -p
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> See also the "<a href="#care">Care and feeding</a>" section 12
below. </p>
<h2><a name="replace">9 - Running Postfix instead of Sendmail</a></h2>
<p> Prior to installing Postfix you should <a href="#save">save</a>
any existing sendmail program files as described in section 6. Be
sure to keep the old sendmail running for at least a couple days
to flush any unsent mail. To do so, stop the sendmail daemon and
restart it as: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
# /usr/sbin/sendmail.OFF -q
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> Note: this is old sendmail syntax. Newer versions use separate
processes for mail submission and for running the queue. </p>
<p> After you have visited the "<a href="#mandatory">Mandatory
configuration file edits</a>" section below, you can start the
Postfix system with: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
# postfix start
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> or, if you feel nostalgic, use the Postfix sendmail command: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
# sendmail -bd -qwhatever
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> and watch your maillog file for any error messages. The pathname
is /var/log/maillog, /var/log/mail, /var/log/syslog, or something
else. Typically, the pathname is defined in the /etc/syslog.conf
file. </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ egrep '(reject|warning|error|fatal|panic):' /some/log/file
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> Note: the most important error message is logged first. Later
messages are not as useful. </p>
<p> In order to inspect the mail queue, use one of the following
commands: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
$ mailq
$ sendmail -bp
$ postqueue -p
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> See also the "<a href="#care">Care and feeding</a>" section 12
below. </p>
<h2><a name="mandatory">10 - Mandatory configuration file edits</a></h2>
<p> Note: the material covered in this section is covered in more
detail in the <a href="BASIC_CONFIGURATION_README.html">BASIC_CONFIGURATION_README</a> document. The information
presented below is targeted at experienced system administrators.
</p>
<h3>10.1 - Postfix configuration files</h3>
<p> By default, Postfix configuration files are in /etc/postfix.
The two most important files are <a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a> and <a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a>; these files
must be owned by root. Giving someone else write permission to
<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a> or <a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a> (or to their parent directories) means giving
root privileges to that person. </p>
<p> In /etc/postfix/<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>, you will have to set up a minimal number
of configuration parameters. Postfix configuration parameters
resemble shell variables, with two important differences: the first
one is that Postfix does not know about quotes like the UNIX shell
does.</p>
<p> You specify a configuration parameter as: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
/etc/postfix/<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>:
parameter = value
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> and you use it by putting a "$" character in front of its name: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
/etc/postfix/<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>:
other_parameter = $parameter
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> You can use $parameter before it is given a value (that is the
second main difference with UNIX shell variables). The Postfix
configuration language uses lazy evaluation, and does not look at
a parameter value until it is needed at runtime. </p>
<p> Whenever you make a change to the <a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a> or <a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a> file,
execute the following command in order to refresh a running mail
system: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
# postfix reload
</pre>
</blockquote>
<h3>10.2 - Default domain for unqualified addresses</h3>
<p> First of all, you must specify what domain will be appended to an
unqualified address (i.e. an address without @domain.tld). The
"<a href="postconf.5.html#myorigin">myorigin</a>" parameter defaults to the local hostname, but that is
probably OK only for very small sites. </p>
<p> Some examples (use only one): </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
/etc/postfix/<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>:
<a href="postconf.5.html#myorigin">myorigin</a> = $<a href="postconf.5.html#myhostname">myhostname</a> (send mail as "user@$<a href="postconf.5.html#myhostname">myhostname</a>")
<a href="postconf.5.html#myorigin">myorigin</a> = $<a href="postconf.5.html#mydomain">mydomain</a> (send mail as "user@$<a href="postconf.5.html#mydomain">mydomain</a>")
</pre>
</blockquote>
<h3>10.3 - What domains to receive locally</h3>
<p> Next you need to specify what mail addresses Postfix should deliver
locally. </p>
<p> Some examples (use only one): </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
/etc/postfix/<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>:
<a href="postconf.5.html#mydestination">mydestination</a> = $<a href="postconf.5.html#myhostname">myhostname</a>, localhost.$<a href="postconf.5.html#mydomain">mydomain</a>, localhost
<a href="postconf.5.html#mydestination">mydestination</a> = $<a href="postconf.5.html#myhostname">myhostname</a>, localhost.$<a href="postconf.5.html#mydomain">mydomain</a>, localhost, $<a href="postconf.5.html#mydomain">mydomain</a>
<a href="postconf.5.html#mydestination">mydestination</a> = $<a href="postconf.5.html#myhostname">myhostname</a>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p>The first example is appropriate for a workstation, the second
is appropriate for the mailserver for an entire domain. The third
example should be used when running on a virtual host interface.</p>
<h3>10.4 - Proxy/NAT interface addresses </h3>
<p> The <a href="postconf.5.html#proxy_interfaces">proxy_interfaces</a> parameter specifies all network addresses
that Postfix receives mail on by way of a proxy or network address
translation unit. You may specify symbolic hostnames instead of
network addresses. </p>
<p> IMPORTANT: You must specify your proxy/NAT external addresses
when your system is a backup MX host for other domains, otherwise
mail delivery loops will happen when the primary MX host is down.
</p>
<p> Example: host behind NAT box running a backup MX host. </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
/etc/postfix/<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>:
<a href="postconf.5.html#proxy_interfaces">proxy_interfaces</a> = 1.2.3.4 (the proxy/NAT external network address)
</pre>
</blockquote>
<h3>10.5 - What local clients to relay mail from </h3>
<p> If your machine is on an open network then you must specify
what client IP addresses are authorized to relay their mail through
your machine into the Internet. The default setting includes all
subnetworks that the machine is attached to. This may give relay
permission to too many clients. My own settings are: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
/etc/postfix/<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>:
<a href="postconf.5.html#mynetworks">mynetworks</a> = 168.100.189.0/28, 127.0.0.0/8
</pre>
</blockquote>
<h3>10.6 - What relay destinations to accept from strangers </h3>
<p> If your machine is on an open network then you must also specify
whether Postfix will forward mail from strangers. The default
setting will forward mail to all domains (and subdomains of) what
is listed in $<a href="postconf.5.html#mydestination">mydestination</a>. This may give relay permission for
too many destinations. Recommended settings (use only one): </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
/etc/postfix/<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>:
<a href="postconf.5.html#relay_domains">relay_domains</a> = (do not forward mail from strangers)
<a href="postconf.5.html#relay_domains">relay_domains</a> = $<a href="postconf.5.html#mydomain">mydomain</a> (my domain and subdomains)
<a href="postconf.5.html#relay_domains">relay_domains</a> = $<a href="postconf.5.html#mydomain">mydomain</a>, other.domain.tld, ...
</pre>
</blockquote>
<h3>10.7 - Optional: configure a smart host for remote delivery</h3>
<p> If you're behind a firewall, you should set up a <a href="postconf.5.html#relayhost">relayhost</a>. If
you can, specify the organizational domain name so that Postfix
can use DNS lookups, and so that it can fall back to a secondary
MX host when the primary MX host is down. Otherwise just specify
a hard-coded hostname. </p>
<p> Some examples (use only one): </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
/etc/postfix/<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>:
<a href="postconf.5.html#relayhost">relayhost</a> = $<a href="postconf.5.html#mydomain">mydomain</a>
<a href="postconf.5.html#relayhost">relayhost</a> = [mail.$<a href="postconf.5.html#mydomain">mydomain</a>]
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> The form enclosed with <tt>[]</tt> eliminates DNS MX lookups. </p>
<p> By default, the SMTP client will do DNS lookups even when you
specify a <a href="postconf.5.html#relayhost">relay host</a>. If your machine has no access to a DNS server,
turn off SMTP client DNS lookups like this: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
/etc/postfix/<a href="postconf.5.html">main.cf</a>:
<a href="postconf.5.html#disable_dns_lookups">disable_dns_lookups</a> = yes
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> The <a href="STANDARD_CONFIGURATION_README.html">STANDARD_CONFIGURATION_README</a> file has more hints and tips for
firewalled and/or dial-up networks. </p>
<h3>10.8 - Create the aliases database</h3>
<p> Postfix uses a Sendmail-compatible <a href="aliases.5.html">aliases(5)</a> table to redirect
mail for <a href="local.8.html">local(8)</a> recipients. Typically, this information is kept
in two files: in a text file /etc/aliases and in an indexed file
/etc/aliases.db. The command "postconf <a href="postconf.5.html#alias_maps">alias_maps</a>" will tell you
the exact location of the text file. </p>
<p> First, be sure to update the text file with aliases for root,
postmaster and "postfix" that forward mail to a real person. Postfix
has a sample aliases file /etc/postfix/aliases that you can adapt
to local conditions. </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
/etc/aliases:
root: you
postmaster: root
postfix: root
bin: root
<i>etcetera...</i>
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> Note: there should be no whitespace before the ":". </p>
<p> Finally, build the indexed aliases file with one of the
following commands: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
# newaliases
# sendmail -bi
</pre>
</blockquote>
<h2><a name="hamlet">11 - To chroot or not to chroot</a></h2>
<p> Postfix daemon processes can be configured (via <a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a>) to
run in a chroot jail. The processes run at a fixed low privilege
and with access only to the Postfix queue directories (/var/spool/postfix).
This provides a significant barrier against intrusion. The barrier
is not impenetrable, but every little bit helps. </p>
<p> With the exception of Postfix daemons that deliver mail locally
and/or that execute non-Postfix commands, every Postfix daemon can
run chrooted. </p>
<p> Sites with high security requirements should consider to chroot
all daemons that talk to the network: the <a href="smtp.8.html">smtp(8)</a> and <a href="smtpd.8.html">smtpd(8)</a>
processes, and perhaps also the <a href="lmtp.8.html">lmtp(8)</a> client. The author's own
porcupine.org mail server runs all daemons chrooted that can be
chrooted. </p>
<p> The default /etc/postfix/<a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a> file specifies that no
Postfix daemon runs chrooted. In order to enable chroot operation,
edit the file /etc/postfix/<a href="master.5.html">master.cf</a>. Instructions are in the file.
</p>
<p> Note that a chrooted daemon resolves all filenames relative to
the Postfix queue directory (/var/spool/postfix). For successful
use of a chroot jail, most UNIX systems require you to bring in
some files or device nodes. The examples/chroot-setup directory
in the source code distribution has a collection of scripts that
help you set up Postfix chroot environments on different operating
systems. </p>
<p> Additionally, you almost certainly need to configure syslogd
so that it listens on a socket inside the Postfix queue directory.
Examples for specific systems: </p>
<dl>
<dt> FreeBSD: </dt>
<dd> <pre>
# mkdir -p /var/spool/postfix/var/run
# syslogd -l /var/spool/postfix/var/run/log
</pre> </dd>
<dt> Linux, OpenBSD: </dt>
<dd> <pre>
# mkdir -p /var/spool/postfix/dev
# syslogd -a /var/spool/postfix/dev/log
</pre> </dd>
</dl>
<h2><a name="care">12 - Care and feeding of the Postfix system</a></h2>
<p> Postfix daemon processes run in the background, and log problems
and normal activity to the syslog daemon. The names of logfiles
are specified in /etc/syslog.conf. At the very least you need
something like: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
/etc/syslog.conf:
mail.err /dev/console
mail.debug /var/log/maillog
</pre>
</blockquote>
<p> IMPORTANT: the syslogd will not create files. You must create
them before (re)starting syslogd. </p>
<p> IMPORTANT: on Linux you need to put a "-" character before
the pathname, e.g., -/var/log/maillog, otherwise the syslogd
will use more system resources than Postfix does. </p>
<p> Hopefully, the number of problems will be small, but it is a good
idea to run every night before the syslog files are rotated: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>
# postfix check
# egrep '(reject|warning|error|fatal|panic):' /some/log/file
</pre>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li> <p> The first line (postfix check) causes Postfix to report
file permission/ownership discrepancies. </p>
<li> <p> The second line looks for problem reports from the mail
software, and reports how effective the relay and junk mail access
blocks are. This may produce a lot of output. You will want to
apply some postprocessing to eliminate uninteresting information.
</p>
</ul>
<p> The <a href="DEBUG_README.html#logging"> DEBUG_README </a>
document describes the meaning of the "warning" etc. labels in
Postfix logging. </p>
</body>
</html>
|
