Adding upstream version 0.18.0.upstream/0.18.0upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

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+# Introduction
+Gitlint is a git commit message linter written in python: it checks your commit messages for style.
+
+Great for use as a [commit-msg git hook](#using-gitlint-as-a-commit-msg-hook) or as part of your gating script in a
+[CI pipeline (e.g. Jenkins)](index.md#using-gitlint-in-a-ci-environment).
+
+<script type="text/javascript" src="https://asciinema.org/a/30477.js" id="asciicast-30477" async></script>
+
+!!! note
+    **Gitlint support for Windows is experimental**, and [there are some known issues](https://github.com/jorisroovers/gitlint/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3Awindows).
+
+    Also, gitlint is not the only git commit message linter out there, if you are looking for an alternative written in a different language,
+    have a look at [fit-commit](https://github.com/m1foley/fit-commit) (Ruby),
+    [node-commit-msg](https://github.com/clns/node-commit-msg) (Node.js) or [commitlint](http://marionebl.github.io/commitlint) (Node.js).
+
+
+!!! important
+    **Gitlint no longer supports Python 2.7 and Python 3.5 as they [have reached End-Of-Life](https://endoflife.date/python). The last gitlint version to support Python 2.7 and Python 3.5 is `0.14.0` (released on October 24th, 2020).**
+
+## Features
+ - **Commit message hook**: [Auto-trigger validations against new commit message right when you're committing](#using-gitlint-as-a-commit-msg-hook). Also [works with pre-commit](#using-gitlint-through-pre-commit).
+ - **Easily integrated**: Gitlint is designed to work [with your own scripts or CI system](#using-gitlint-in-a-ci-environment).
+ - **Sane defaults:** Many of gitlint's validations are based on
+[well-known](http://tbaggery.com/2008/04/19/a-note-about-git-commit-messages.html),
+[community](https://addamhardy.com/2013-06-05-good-commit-messages-and-enforcing-them-with-git-hooks),
+[standards](http://chris.beams.io/posts/git-commit/), others are based on checks that we've found
+useful throughout the years.
+ - **Easily configurable:** Gitlint has sane defaults, but [you can also easily customize it to your own liking](configuration.md).
+ - **Community contributed rules**: Conventions that are common but not universal [can be selectively enabled](contrib_rules.md).
+ - **User-defined rules:** Want to do more then what gitlint offers out of the box? Write your own [user defined rules](user_defined_rules.md).
+ - **Full unicode support:** Lint your Russian, Chinese or Emoji commit messages with ease!
+ - **Production-ready:** Gitlint checks a lot of the boxes you're looking for: actively maintained, high unit test coverage, integration tests,
+   python code standards (pep8, pylint), good documentation, widely used, proven track record.
+
+## Getting Started
+### Installation
+```sh
+# Pip is recommended to install the latest version
+pip install gitlint
+
+# Alternative: by default, gitlint is installed with pinned dependencies.
+# To install gitlint with looser dependency requirements, only install gitlint-core.
+pip install gitlint-core
+
+# Community maintained packages:
+brew install gitlint       # Homebrew (macOS)
+sudo port install gitlint  # Macports (macOS)
+apt-get install gitlint    # Ubuntu
+# Other package managers, see https://repology.org/project/gitlint/versions
+
+# Docker: https://hub.docker.com/r/jorisroovers/gitlint
+docker run --ulimit nofile=1024 -v $(pwd):/repo jorisroovers/gitlint
+# NOTE: --ulimit is required to work around a limitation in Docker
+# Details: https://github.com/jorisroovers/gitlint/issues/129
+```
+
+### Usage
+```sh
+# Check the last commit message
+gitlint
+# Alternatively, pipe a commit message to gitlint:
+cat examples/commit-message-1 | gitlint
+# or
+git log -1 --pretty=%B | gitlint
+# Or read the commit-msg from a file, like so:
+gitlint --msg-filename examples/commit-message-2
+# Lint all commits in your repo
+gitlint --commits HEAD
+
+# To install a gitlint as a commit-msg git hook:
+gitlint install-hook
+```
+
+Output example:
+```sh
+$ cat examples/commit-message-2 | gitlint
+1: T1 Title exceeds max length (134>80): "This is the title of a commit message that 	is over 80 characters and contains hard tabs and trailing whitespace and the word wiping  "
+1: T2 Title has trailing whitespace: "This is the title of a commit message that 	is over 80 characters and contains hard tabs and trailing whitespace and the word wiping  "
+1: T4 Title contains hard tab characters (\t): "This is the title of a commit message that 	is over 80 characters and contains hard tabs and trailing whitespace and the word wiping  "
+2: B4 Second line is not empty: "This line should not contain text"
+3: B1 Line exceeds max length (125>80): "Lines typically need to have 	a max length, meaning that they can't exceed a preset number of characters, usually 80 or 120. "
+3: B2 Line has trailing whitespace: "Lines typically need to have 	a max length, meaning that they can't exceed a preset number of characters, usually 80 or 120. "
+3: B3 Line contains hard tab characters (\t): "Lines typically need to have 	a max length, meaning that they can't exceed a preset number of characters, usually 80 or 120. "
+```
+!!! note
+    The returned exit code equals the number of errors found. [Some exit codes are special](index.md#exit-codes).
+
+### Shell completion
+
+```sh
+# Bash: add to ~/.bashrc
+eval "$(_GITLINT_COMPLETE=bash_source gitlint)"
+
+# Zsh: add to ~/.zshrc
+eval "$(_GITLINT_COMPLETE=zsh_source gitlint)"
+
+# Fish: add to ~/.config/fish/completions/foo-bar.fish
+eval (env _GITLINT_COMPLETE=fish_source gitlint)
+```
+
+## Configuration
+
+For in-depth documentation of general and rule-specific configuration options, have a look at the [Configuration](configuration.md) and [Rules](rules.md) pages.
+
+Short example `.gitlint` file ([full reference](configuration.md)):
+
+```ini
+[general]
+# Ignore certain rules (comma-separated list), you can reference them by
+# their id or by their full name
+ignore=body-is-missing,T3
+
+# Ignore any data sent to gitlint via stdin
+ignore-stdin=true
+
+# Configure title-max-length rule, set title length to 80 (72 = default)
+[title-max-length]
+line-length=80
+
+# You can also reference rules by their id (B1 = body-max-line-length)
+[B1]
+line-length=123
+```
+
+Example use of flags:
+
+```sh
+# Change gitlint's verbosity.
+$ gitlint -v
+# Ignore certain rules
+$ gitlint --ignore body-is-missing,T3
+# Enable debug mode
+$ gitlint --debug
+# Load user-defined rules (see http://jorisroovers.github.io/gitlint/user_defined_rules)
+$ gitlint --extra-path /home/joe/mygitlint_rules
+```
+
+Other commands and variations:
+
+```no-highlight
+$ gitlint --help
+Usage: gitlint [OPTIONS] COMMAND [ARGS]...
+
+  Git lint tool, checks your git commit messages for styling issues
+
+  Documentation: http://jorisroovers.github.io/gitlint
+
+Options:
+  --target DIRECTORY       Path of the target git repository. [default:
+                           current working directory]
+  -C, --config FILE        Config file location [default: .gitlint]
+  -c TEXT                  Config flags in format <rule>.<option>=<value>
+                           (e.g.: -c T1.line-length=80). Flag can be
+                           used multiple times to set multiple config values.
+  --commit TEXT            Hash (SHA) of specific commit to lint.
+  --commits TEXT           The range of commits (refspec or comma-separated
+                           hashes) to lint. [default: HEAD]
+  -e, --extra-path PATH    Path to a directory or python module with extra
+                           user-defined rules
+  --ignore TEXT            Ignore rules (comma-separated by id or name).
+  --contrib TEXT           Contrib rules to enable (comma-separated by id or
+                           name).
+  --msg-filename FILENAME  Path to a file containing a commit-msg.
+  --ignore-stdin           Ignore any stdin data. Useful for running in CI
+                           server.
+  --staged                 Attempt smart guesses about meta info (like
+                           author name, email, branch, changed files, etc)
+                           for staged commits.
+  --fail-without-commits   Hard fail when the target commit range is empty.
+  -v, --verbose            Verbosity, more v's for more verbose output
+                           (e.g.: -v, -vv, -vvv). [default: -vvv]
+  -s, --silent             Silent mode (no output).
+                           Takes precedence over -v, -vv, -vvv.
+  -d, --debug              Enable debugging output.
+  --version                Show the version and exit.
+  --help                   Show this message and exit.
+
+Commands:
+  generate-config  Generates a sample gitlint config file.
+  install-hook     Install gitlint as a git commit-msg hook.
+  lint             Lints a git repository [default command]
+  run-hook         Runs the gitlint commit-msg hook.
+  uninstall-hook   Uninstall gitlint commit-msg hook.
+
+  When no COMMAND is specified, gitlint defaults to 'gitlint lint'.
+```
+
+
+## Using gitlint as a commit-msg hook
+_Introduced in gitlint v0.4.0_
+
+You can also install gitlint as a git `commit-msg` hook so that gitlint checks your commit messages automatically
+after each commit.
+
+```sh
+gitlint install-hook
+# To remove the hook
+gitlint uninstall-hook
+```
+
+!!! important
+
+    Gitlint cannot work together with an existing hook. If you already have a `.git/hooks/commit-msg`
+    file in your local repository, gitlint will refuse to install the `commit-msg` hook. Gitlint will also only
+    uninstall unmodified commit-msg hooks that were installed by gitlint.
+    If you're looking to use gitlint in conjunction with other hooks, you should consider
+    [using gitlint with pre-commit](#using-gitlint-through-pre-commit).
+
+## Using gitlint through [pre-commit](https://pre-commit.com)
+
+`gitlint` can be configured as a plugin for the `pre-commit` git hooks
+framework.  Simply add the configuration to your `.pre-commit-config.yaml`:
+
+```yaml
+-   repo: https://github.com/jorisroovers/gitlint
+    rev:  # Fill in a tag / sha here
+    hooks:
+    -   id: gitlint
+```
+
+You then need to install the pre-commit hook like so:
+```sh
+pre-commit install --hook-type commit-msg
+```
+!!! important
+
+    It's important that you run `pre-commit install --hook-type commit-msg`, even if you've already used
+    `pre-commit install` before. `pre-commit install` does **not** install commit-msg hooks by default!
+
+To manually trigger gitlint using `pre-commit` for your last commit message, use the following command:
+```sh
+pre-commit run gitlint --hook-stage commit-msg --commit-msg-filename .git/COMMIT_EDITMSG
+```
+
+In case you want to change gitlint's behavior, you should either use a `.gitlint` file
+(see [Configuration](configuration.md)) or modify the gitlint invocation in
+your `.pre-commit-config.yaml` file like so:
+```yaml
+-   repo: https://github.com/jorisroovers/gitlint
+    rev:  # Fill in a tag / sha here (e.g. v0.18.0)
+    hooks:
+    -   id: gitlint
+        args: [--contrib=CT1, --msg-filename]
+```
+
+!!! important
+
+    You need to add `--msg-filename` at the end of your custom `args` list as the gitlint-hook will fail otherwise.
+
+
+### gitlint and pre-commit in CI
+gitlint also supports a `gitlint-ci` pre-commit hook that can be used in CI environments.
+
+Configure it like so:
+```yaml
+-   repo: https://github.com/jorisroovers/gitlint
+    rev:  # insert ref, e.g. v0.18.0
+    hooks:
+    -   id: gitlint    # this is the regular commit-msg hook
+    -   id: gitlint-ci # hook for CI environments
+```
+
+And invoke it in your CI environment like this:
+
+```sh
+pre-commit run --hook-stage manual gitlint-ci
+```
+
+By default this will only lint the latest commit.
+If you want to lint more commits you can modify the `gitlint-ci` hook like so:
+
+```yaml
+-   repo: https://github.com/jorisroovers/gitlint
+    rev:  v0.17.0
+    hooks:
+    -   id: gitlint
+    -   id: gitlint-ci
+        args: [--debug, --commits, mybranch] # enable debug mode, lint all commits in mybranch
+```
+
+## Using gitlint in a CI environment
+By default, when just running `gitlint` without additional parameters, gitlint lints the last commit in the current
+working directory.
+
+This makes it easy to use gitlint in a CI environment (Jenkins, TravisCI, Github Actions, pre-commit, CircleCI, Gitlab, etc).
+In fact, this is exactly what we do ourselves: on every commit,
+[we run gitlint as part of our CI checks](https://github.com/jorisroovers/gitlint/blob/v0.12.0/run_tests.sh#L133-L134).
+This will cause the build to fail when we submit a bad commit message.
+
+Alternatively, gitlint will also lint any commit message that you feed it via stdin like so:
+```sh
+# lint the last commit message
+git log -1 --pretty=%B | gitlint
+# lint a specific commit: 62c0519
+git log -1 --pretty=%B 62c0519 | gitlint
+```
+Note that gitlint requires that you specify `--pretty=%B` (=only print the log message, not the metadata),
+future versions of gitlint might fix this and not require the `--pretty` argument.
+
+## Linting specific commits or branches
+
+Gitlint can lint specific commits using `--commit`:
+```sh
+gitlint --commit 019cf40580a471a3958d3c346aa8bfd265fe5e16
+gitlint --commit 019cf40  # short SHAs work too
+gitlint --commit HEAD~2   # as do special references
+gitlint --commit mybranch # lint latest commit on a branch 
+```
+
+You can also lint multiple commits using `--commits` (plural):
+
+```sh
+# Lint a specific commit range:
+gitlint --commits "019cf40...d6bc75a"
+# Lint all commits on a branch
+gitlint --commits mybranch
+# Lint all commits that are different between a branch and your main branch
+gitlint --commits "main..mybranch"
+# Use git's special references
+gitlint --commits "origin..HEAD"
+
+# You can also pass multiple, comma separated commit hashes:
+gitlint --commits 019cf40,c50eb150,d6bc75a
+# These can include special references as well
+gitlint --commits HEAD~1,mybranch-name,origin/main,d6bc75a
+```
+
+The `--commits` flag takes a **single** refspec argument or commit range. Basically, any range that is understood
+by [git rev-list](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-rev-list) as a single argument will work.
+
+Alternatively, you can pass `--commits` a comma-separated list of commit hashes (both short and full-length SHAs work,
+as well as special references such as `HEAD` and branch names).
+Gitlint will treat these as pointers to **single** commits and lint these in the order you passed.
+
+For cases where the `--commits` option doesn't provide the flexibility you need, you can always use a simple shell
+script to lint an arbitrary set of commits, like shown in the example below.
+
+```sh
+#!/bin/sh
+
+for commit in $(git rev-list my-branch); do
+    echo "Commit $commit"
+    gitlint --commit $commit
+    echo "--------"
+done
+```
+
+!!! note
+    One downside to this approach is that you invoke gitlint once per commit vs. once per set of commits.
+    This means you'll incur the gitlint startup time once per commit, making it rather slow if you want to
+    lint a large set of commits. Always use `--commits` if you can to avoid this performance penalty.
+
+
+## Merge, fixup, squash and revert commits
+_Introduced in gitlint v0.7.0 (merge), v0.9.0 (fixup, squash), v0.13.0 (revert) and v0.18.0 (fixup=amend)_
+
+**Gitlint ignores merge, revert, fixup, and squash commits by default.**
+
+For merge and revert commits, the rationale for ignoring them is
+that most users keep git's default messages for these commits (i.e *Merge/Revert "[original commit message]"*).
+Often times these commit messages are also auto-generated through tools like github.
+These default/auto-generated commit messages tend to cause gitlint violations.
+For example, a common case is that *"Merge:"* being auto-prepended triggers a
+[title-max-length](rules.md#t1-title-max-length) violation. Most users don't want this, so we disable linting
+on Merge and Revert commits by default.
+
+For [squash](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-commit#git-commit---squashltcommitgt) and [fixup](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-commit#git-commit---fixupltcommitgt) (including [fixup=amend](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-commit#Documentation/git-commit.txt---fixupamendrewordltcommitgt)) commits, the rationale is that these are temporary
+commits that will be squashed into a different commit, and hence the commit messages for these commits are very
+short-lived and not intended to make it into the final commit history. In addition, by prepending *"fixup!"*,
+*"amend!"* or *"squash!"* to your commit message, certain gitlint rules might be violated
+(e.g. [title-max-length](rules.md#t1-title-max-length)) which is often undesirable.
+
+In case you *do* want to lint these commit messages, you can disable this behavior by setting the
+general `ignore-merge-commits`, `ignore-revert-commits`,  `ignore-fixup-commits`, `ignore-fixup-amend-commits` or
+`ignore-squash-commits` option to `false`
+[using one of the various ways to configure gitlint](configuration.md).
+
+## Ignoring commits
+
+You can configure gitlint to ignore specific commits or parts of a commit.
+
+One way to do this, is by [adding a gitlint-ignore line to your commit message](configuration.md#commit-specific-config).
+
+If you have a case where you want to ignore a certain type of commits all-together, you can
+use gitlint's *ignore* rules.
+Here's a few examples snippets from a `.gitlint` file:
+
+```ini
+[ignore-by-title]
+# Match commit titles starting with Release
+regex=^Release(.*)
+ignore=title-max-length,body-min-length
+# ignore all rules by setting ignore to 'all'
+# ignore=all
+
+[ignore-by-body]
+# Match commits message bodies that have a line that contains 'release'
+regex=(.*)release(.*)
+ignore=all
+
+[ignore-by-author-name]
+# Match commits by author name (e.g. ignore all rules when a commit is made by dependabot)
+regex=dependabot
+ignore=all
+```
+
+If you just want to ignore certain lines in a commit, you can do that using the
+[ignore-body-lines](rules.md#i3-ignore-body-lines) rule.
+
+```ini
+# Ignore all lines that start with 'Co-Authored-By'
+[ignore-body-lines]
+regex=^Co-Authored-By
+```
+
+!!! warning
+
+    When ignoring specific lines, gitlint will no longer be aware of them while applying other rules.
+    This can sometimes be confusing for end-users, especially as line numbers of violations will typically no longer
+    match line numbers in the original commit message. Make sure to educate your users accordingly.
+
+!!! note
+
+    If you want to implement more complex ignore rules according to your own logic, you can do so using [user-defined
+    configuration rules](user_defined_rules.md#configuration-rules).
+
+## Named Rules
+
+Introduced in gitlint v0.14.0
+
+Named rules allow you to have multiple of the same rules active at the same time, which allows you to
+enforce the same rule multiple times but with different options. Named rules are so-called because they require an
+additional unique identifier (i.e. the rule *name*) during configuration.
+
+!!! warning
+
+    Named rules is an advanced topic. It's easy to make mistakes by defining conflicting instances of the same rule.
+    For example, by defining 2 `body-max-line-length` rules with different `line-length` options, you obviously create
+    a conflicting situation. Gitlint does not do any resolution of such conflicts, it's up to you to make sure
+    any configuration is non-conflicting. So caution advised!
+
+Defining a named rule is easy, for example using your `.gitlint` file:
+
+```ini
+# By adding the following section, you will add a second instance of the
+# title-must-not-contain-word (T5) rule (in addition to the one that is enabled
+# by default) with the name 'extra-words'.
+[title-must-not-contain-word:extra-words]
+words=foo,bar
+
+# So the generic form is
+# [<rule-id-or-name>:<your-chosen-name>]
+# Another example, referencing the rule type by id
+[T5:more-words]
+words=hur,dur
+
+# You can add as many additional rules and you can name them whatever you want
+# The only requirement is that names cannot contain whitespace or colons (:)
+[title-must-not-contain-word:This-Can_Be*Whatever$YouWant]
+words=wonderwoman,batman,power ranger
+```
+
+When executing gitlint, you will see the violations from the default `title-must-not-contain-word (T5)` rule, as well as
+the violations caused by the additional Named Rules.
+
+```sh
+$ gitlint
+1: T5 Title contains the word 'WIP' (case-insensitive): "WIP: foo wonderwoman hur bar"
+1: T5:This-Can_Be*Whatever$YouWant Title contains the word 'wonderwoman' (case-insensitive): "WIP: foo wonderwoman hur bar"
+1: T5:extra-words Title contains the word 'foo' (case-insensitive): "WIP: foo wonderwoman hur bar"
+1: T5:extra-words Title contains the word 'bar' (case-insensitive): "WIP: foo wonderwoman hur bar"
+1: T5:more-words Title contains the word 'hur' (case-insensitive): "WIP: foo wonderwoman hur bar"
+```
+
+Named rules are further treated identical to all other rules in gitlint:
+
+- You can reference them by their full name, when e.g. adding them to your `ignore` configuration
+```ini
+# .gitlint file example
+[general]
+ignore=T5:more-words,title-must-not-contain-word:extra-words
+```
+
+- You can use them to instantiate multiple of the same [user-defined rule](user_defined_rules.md)
+- You can configure them using [any of the ways you can configure regular gitlint rules](configuration.md)
+
+
+## Exit codes
+Gitlint uses the exit code as a simple way to indicate the number of violations found.
+Some exit codes are used to indicate special errors as indicated in the table below.
+
+Because of these special error codes and the fact that
+[bash only supports exit codes between 0 and 255](http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/exitcodes.html), the maximum number
+of violations counted by the exit code is 252. Note that gitlint does not have a limit on the number of violations
+it can detect, it will just always return with exit code 252 when the number of violations is greater than or equal
+to 252.
+
+| Exit Code | Description                                |
+| --------- | ------------------------------------------ |
+| 253       | Wrong invocation of the `gitlint` command. |
+| 254       | Something went wrong when invoking git.    |
+| 255       | Invalid gitlint configuration              |