Adding upstream version 1.18.10.upstream/1.18.10upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 7796 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/reflect/all_test.go b/src/reflect/all_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6166343
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/reflect/all_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,7796 @@
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+package reflect_test
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"flag"
+	"fmt"
+	"go/token"
+	"internal/goarch"
+	"io"
+	"math"
+	"math/rand"
+	"os"
+	. "reflect"
+	"reflect/internal/example1"
+	"reflect/internal/example2"
+	"runtime"
+	"sort"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+var sink any
+
+func TestBool(t *testing.T) {
+	v := ValueOf(true)
+	if v.Bool() != true {
+		t.Fatal("ValueOf(true).Bool() = false")
+	}
+}
+
+type integer int
+type T struct {
+	a int
+	b float64
+	c string
+	d *int
+}
+
+type pair struct {
+	i any
+	s string
+}
+
+func assert(t *testing.T, s, want string) {
+	if s != want {
+		t.Errorf("have %#q want %#q", s, want)
+	}
+}
+
+var typeTests = []pair{
+	{struct{ x int }{}, "int"},
+	{struct{ x int8 }{}, "int8"},
+	{struct{ x int16 }{}, "int16"},
+	{struct{ x int32 }{}, "int32"},
+	{struct{ x int64 }{}, "int64"},
+	{struct{ x uint }{}, "uint"},
+	{struct{ x uint8 }{}, "uint8"},
+	{struct{ x uint16 }{}, "uint16"},
+	{struct{ x uint32 }{}, "uint32"},
+	{struct{ x uint64 }{}, "uint64"},
+	{struct{ x float32 }{}, "float32"},
+	{struct{ x float64 }{}, "float64"},
+	{struct{ x int8 }{}, "int8"},
+	{struct{ x (**int8) }{}, "**int8"},
+	{struct{ x (**integer) }{}, "**reflect_test.integer"},
+	{struct{ x ([32]int32) }{}, "[32]int32"},
+	{struct{ x ([]int8) }{}, "[]int8"},
+	{struct{ x (map[string]int32) }{}, "map[string]int32"},
+	{struct{ x (chan<- string) }{}, "chan<- string"},
+	{struct{ x (chan<- chan string) }{}, "chan<- chan string"},
+	{struct{ x (chan<- <-chan string) }{}, "chan<- <-chan string"},
+	{struct{ x (<-chan <-chan string) }{}, "<-chan <-chan string"},
+	{struct{ x (chan (<-chan string)) }{}, "chan (<-chan string)"},
+	{struct {
+		x struct {
+			c chan *int32
+			d float32
+		}
+	}{},
+		"struct { c chan *int32; d float32 }",
+	},
+	{struct{ x (func(a int8, b int32)) }{}, "func(int8, int32)"},
+	{struct {
+		x struct {
+			c func(chan *integer, *int8)
+		}
+	}{},
+		"struct { c func(chan *reflect_test.integer, *int8) }",
+	},
+	{struct {
+		x struct {
+			a int8
+			b int32
+		}
+	}{},
+		"struct { a int8; b int32 }",
+	},
+	{struct {
+		x struct {
+			a int8
+			b int8
+			c int32
+		}
+	}{},
+		"struct { a int8; b int8; c int32 }",
+	},
+	{struct {
+		x struct {
+			a int8
+			b int8
+			c int8
+			d int32
+		}
+	}{},
+		"struct { a int8; b int8; c int8; d int32 }",
+	},
+	{struct {
+		x struct {
+			a int8
+			b int8
+			c int8
+			d int8
+			e int32
+		}
+	}{},
+		"struct { a int8; b int8; c int8; d int8; e int32 }",
+	},
+	{struct {
+		x struct {
+			a int8
+			b int8
+			c int8
+			d int8
+			e int8
+			f int32
+		}
+	}{},
+		"struct { a int8; b int8; c int8; d int8; e int8; f int32 }",
+	},
+	{struct {
+		x struct {
+			a int8 `reflect:"hi there"`
+		}
+	}{},
+		`struct { a int8 "reflect:\"hi there\"" }`,
+	},
+	{struct {
+		x struct {
+			a int8 `reflect:"hi \x00there\t\n\"\\"`
+		}
+	}{},
+		`struct { a int8 "reflect:\"hi \\x00there\\t\\n\\\"\\\\\"" }`,
+	},
+	{struct {
+		x struct {
+			f func(args ...int)
+		}
+	}{},
+		"struct { f func(...int) }",
+	},
+	{struct {
+		x (interface {
+			a(func(func(int) int) func(func(int)) int)
+			b()
+		})
+	}{},
+		"interface { reflect_test.a(func(func(int) int) func(func(int)) int); reflect_test.b() }",
+	},
+	{struct {
+		x struct {
+			int32
+			int64
+		}
+	}{},
+		"struct { int32; int64 }",
+	},
+}
+
+var valueTests = []pair{
+	{new(int), "132"},
+	{new(int8), "8"},
+	{new(int16), "16"},
+	{new(int32), "32"},
+	{new(int64), "64"},
+	{new(uint), "132"},
+	{new(uint8), "8"},
+	{new(uint16), "16"},
+	{new(uint32), "32"},
+	{new(uint64), "64"},
+	{new(float32), "256.25"},
+	{new(float64), "512.125"},
+	{new(complex64), "532.125+10i"},
+	{new(complex128), "564.25+1i"},
+	{new(string), "stringy cheese"},
+	{new(bool), "true"},
+	{new(*int8), "*int8(0)"},
+	{new(**int8), "**int8(0)"},
+	{new([5]int32), "[5]int32{0, 0, 0, 0, 0}"},
+	{new(**integer), "**reflect_test.integer(0)"},
+	{new(map[string]int32), "map[string]int32{<can't iterate on maps>}"},
+	{new(chan<- string), "chan<- string"},
+	{new(func(a int8, b int32)), "func(int8, int32)(0)"},
+	{new(struct {
+		c chan *int32
+		d float32
+	}),
+		"struct { c chan *int32; d float32 }{chan *int32, 0}",
+	},
+	{new(struct{ c func(chan *integer, *int8) }),
+		"struct { c func(chan *reflect_test.integer, *int8) }{func(chan *reflect_test.integer, *int8)(0)}",
+	},
+	{new(struct {
+		a int8
+		b int32
+	}),
+		"struct { a int8; b int32 }{0, 0}",
+	},
+	{new(struct {
+		a int8
+		b int8
+		c int32
+	}),
+		"struct { a int8; b int8; c int32 }{0, 0, 0}",
+	},
+}
+
+func testType(t *testing.T, i int, typ Type, want string) {
+	s := typ.String()
+	if s != want {
+		t.Errorf("#%d: have %#q, want %#q", i, s, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	for i, tt := range typeTests {
+		testType(t, i, ValueOf(tt.i).Field(0).Type(), tt.s)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSet(t *testing.T) {
+	for i, tt := range valueTests {
+		v := ValueOf(tt.i)
+		v = v.Elem()
+		switch v.Kind() {
+		case Int:
+			v.SetInt(132)
+		case Int8:
+			v.SetInt(8)
+		case Int16:
+			v.SetInt(16)
+		case Int32:
+			v.SetInt(32)
+		case Int64:
+			v.SetInt(64)
+		case Uint:
+			v.SetUint(132)
+		case Uint8:
+			v.SetUint(8)
+		case Uint16:
+			v.SetUint(16)
+		case Uint32:
+			v.SetUint(32)
+		case Uint64:
+			v.SetUint(64)
+		case Float32:
+			v.SetFloat(256.25)
+		case Float64:
+			v.SetFloat(512.125)
+		case Complex64:
+			v.SetComplex(532.125 + 10i)
+		case Complex128:
+			v.SetComplex(564.25 + 1i)
+		case String:
+			v.SetString("stringy cheese")
+		case Bool:
+			v.SetBool(true)
+		}
+		s := valueToString(v)
+		if s != tt.s {
+			t.Errorf("#%d: have %#q, want %#q", i, s, tt.s)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSetValue(t *testing.T) {
+	for i, tt := range valueTests {
+		v := ValueOf(tt.i).Elem()
+		switch v.Kind() {
+		case Int:
+			v.Set(ValueOf(int(132)))
+		case Int8:
+			v.Set(ValueOf(int8(8)))
+		case Int16:
+			v.Set(ValueOf(int16(16)))
+		case Int32:
+			v.Set(ValueOf(int32(32)))
+		case Int64:
+			v.Set(ValueOf(int64(64)))
+		case Uint:
+			v.Set(ValueOf(uint(132)))
+		case Uint8:
+			v.Set(ValueOf(uint8(8)))
+		case Uint16:
+			v.Set(ValueOf(uint16(16)))
+		case Uint32:
+			v.Set(ValueOf(uint32(32)))
+		case Uint64:
+			v.Set(ValueOf(uint64(64)))
+		case Float32:
+			v.Set(ValueOf(float32(256.25)))
+		case Float64:
+			v.Set(ValueOf(512.125))
+		case Complex64:
+			v.Set(ValueOf(complex64(532.125 + 10i)))
+		case Complex128:
+			v.Set(ValueOf(complex128(564.25 + 1i)))
+		case String:
+			v.Set(ValueOf("stringy cheese"))
+		case Bool:
+			v.Set(ValueOf(true))
+		}
+		s := valueToString(v)
+		if s != tt.s {
+			t.Errorf("#%d: have %#q, want %#q", i, s, tt.s)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMapIterSet(t *testing.T) {
+	m := make(map[string]any, len(valueTests))
+	for _, tt := range valueTests {
+		m[tt.s] = tt.i
+	}
+	v := ValueOf(m)
+
+	k := New(v.Type().Key()).Elem()
+	e := New(v.Type().Elem()).Elem()
+
+	iter := v.MapRange()
+	for iter.Next() {
+		k.SetIterKey(iter)
+		e.SetIterValue(iter)
+		want := m[k.String()]
+		got := e.Interface()
+		if got != want {
+			t.Errorf("%q: want (%T) %v, got (%T) %v", k.String(), want, want, got, got)
+		}
+		if setkey, key := valueToString(k), valueToString(iter.Key()); setkey != key {
+			t.Errorf("MapIter.Key() = %q, MapIter.SetKey() = %q", key, setkey)
+		}
+		if setval, val := valueToString(e), valueToString(iter.Value()); setval != val {
+			t.Errorf("MapIter.Value() = %q, MapIter.SetValue() = %q", val, setval)
+		}
+	}
+
+	got := int(testing.AllocsPerRun(10, func() {
+		iter := v.MapRange()
+		for iter.Next() {
+			k.SetIterKey(iter)
+			e.SetIterValue(iter)
+		}
+	}))
+	// Making a *MapIter allocates. This should be the only allocation.
+	if got != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("wanted 1 alloc, got %d", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCanIntUintFloatComplex(t *testing.T) {
+	type integer int
+	type uinteger uint
+	type float float64
+	type complex complex128
+
+	var ops = [...]string{"CanInt", "CanUint", "CanFloat", "CanComplex"}
+
+	var testCases = []struct {
+		i    any
+		want [4]bool
+	}{
+		// signed integer
+		{132, [...]bool{true, false, false, false}},
+		{int8(8), [...]bool{true, false, false, false}},
+		{int16(16), [...]bool{true, false, false, false}},
+		{int32(32), [...]bool{true, false, false, false}},
+		{int64(64), [...]bool{true, false, false, false}},
+		// unsigned integer
+		{uint(132), [...]bool{false, true, false, false}},
+		{uint8(8), [...]bool{false, true, false, false}},
+		{uint16(16), [...]bool{false, true, false, false}},
+		{uint32(32), [...]bool{false, true, false, false}},
+		{uint64(64), [...]bool{false, true, false, false}},
+		{uintptr(0xABCD), [...]bool{false, true, false, false}},
+		// floating-point
+		{float32(256.25), [...]bool{false, false, true, false}},
+		{float64(512.125), [...]bool{false, false, true, false}},
+		// complex
+		{complex64(532.125 + 10i), [...]bool{false, false, false, true}},
+		{complex128(564.25 + 1i), [...]bool{false, false, false, true}},
+		// underlying
+		{integer(-132), [...]bool{true, false, false, false}},
+		{uinteger(132), [...]bool{false, true, false, false}},
+		{float(256.25), [...]bool{false, false, true, false}},
+		{complex(532.125 + 10i), [...]bool{false, false, false, true}},
+		// not-acceptable
+		{"hello world", [...]bool{false, false, false, false}},
+		{new(int), [...]bool{false, false, false, false}},
+		{new(uint), [...]bool{false, false, false, false}},
+		{new(float64), [...]bool{false, false, false, false}},
+		{new(complex64), [...]bool{false, false, false, false}},
+		{new([5]int), [...]bool{false, false, false, false}},
+		{new(integer), [...]bool{false, false, false, false}},
+		{new(map[int]int), [...]bool{false, false, false, false}},
+		{new(chan<- int), [...]bool{false, false, false, false}},
+		{new(func(a int8)), [...]bool{false, false, false, false}},
+		{new(struct{ i int }), [...]bool{false, false, false, false}},
+	}
+
+	for i, tc := range testCases {
+		v := ValueOf(tc.i)
+		got := [...]bool{v.CanInt(), v.CanUint(), v.CanFloat(), v.CanComplex()}
+
+		for j := range tc.want {
+			if got[j] != tc.want[j] {
+				t.Errorf(
+					"#%d: v.%s() returned %t for type %T, want %t",
+					i,
+					ops[j],
+					got[j],
+					tc.i,
+					tc.want[j],
+				)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCanSetField(t *testing.T) {
+	type embed struct{ x, X int }
+	type Embed struct{ x, X int }
+	type S1 struct {
+		embed
+		x, X int
+	}
+	type S2 struct {
+		*embed
+		x, X int
+	}
+	type S3 struct {
+		Embed
+		x, X int
+	}
+	type S4 struct {
+		*Embed
+		x, X int
+	}
+
+	type testCase struct {
+		// -1 means Addr().Elem() of current value
+		index  []int
+		canSet bool
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		val   Value
+		cases []testCase
+	}{{
+		val: ValueOf(&S1{}),
+		cases: []testCase{
+			{[]int{0}, false},
+			{[]int{0, -1}, false},
+			{[]int{0, 0}, false},
+			{[]int{0, 0, -1}, false},
+			{[]int{0, -1, 0}, false},
+			{[]int{0, -1, 0, -1}, false},
+			{[]int{0, 1}, true},
+			{[]int{0, 1, -1}, true},
+			{[]int{0, -1, 1}, true},
+			{[]int{0, -1, 1, -1}, true},
+			{[]int{1}, false},
+			{[]int{1, -1}, false},
+			{[]int{2}, true},
+			{[]int{2, -1}, true},
+		},
+	}, {
+		val: ValueOf(&S2{embed: &embed{}}),
+		cases: []testCase{
+			{[]int{0}, false},
+			{[]int{0, -1}, false},
+			{[]int{0, 0}, false},
+			{[]int{0, 0, -1}, false},
+			{[]int{0, -1, 0}, false},
+			{[]int{0, -1, 0, -1}, false},
+			{[]int{0, 1}, true},
+			{[]int{0, 1, -1}, true},
+			{[]int{0, -1, 1}, true},
+			{[]int{0, -1, 1, -1}, true},
+			{[]int{1}, false},
+			{[]int{2}, true},
+		},
+	}, {
+		val: ValueOf(&S3{}),
+		cases: []testCase{
+			{[]int{0}, true},
+			{[]int{0, -1}, true},
+			{[]int{0, 0}, false},
+			{[]int{0, 0, -1}, false},
+			{[]int{0, -1, 0}, false},
+			{[]int{0, -1, 0, -1}, false},
+			{[]int{0, 1}, true},
+			{[]int{0, 1, -1}, true},
+			{[]int{0, -1, 1}, true},
+			{[]int{0, -1, 1, -1}, true},
+			{[]int{1}, false},
+			{[]int{2}, true},
+		},
+	}, {
+		val: ValueOf(&S4{Embed: &Embed{}}),
+		cases: []testCase{
+			{[]int{0}, true},
+			{[]int{0, -1}, true},
+			{[]int{0, 0}, false},
+			{[]int{0, 0, -1}, false},
+			{[]int{0, -1, 0}, false},
+			{[]int{0, -1, 0, -1}, false},
+			{[]int{0, 1}, true},
+			{[]int{0, 1, -1}, true},
+			{[]int{0, -1, 1}, true},
+			{[]int{0, -1, 1, -1}, true},
+			{[]int{1}, false},
+			{[]int{2}, true},
+		},
+	}}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.val.Type().Name(), func(t *testing.T) {
+			for _, tc := range tt.cases {
+				f := tt.val
+				for _, i := range tc.index {
+					if f.Kind() == Pointer {
+						f = f.Elem()
+					}
+					if i == -1 {
+						f = f.Addr().Elem()
+					} else {
+						f = f.Field(i)
+					}
+				}
+				if got := f.CanSet(); got != tc.canSet {
+					t.Errorf("CanSet() = %v, want %v", got, tc.canSet)
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+var _i = 7
+
+var valueToStringTests = []pair{
+	{123, "123"},
+	{123.5, "123.5"},
+	{byte(123), "123"},
+	{"abc", "abc"},
+	{T{123, 456.75, "hello", &_i}, "reflect_test.T{123, 456.75, hello, *int(&7)}"},
+	{new(chan *T), "*chan *reflect_test.T(&chan *reflect_test.T)"},
+	{[10]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, "[10]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}"},
+	{&[10]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, "*[10]int(&[10]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10})"},
+	{[]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, "[]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}"},
+	{&[]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, "*[]int(&[]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10})"},
+}
+
+func TestValueToString(t *testing.T) {
+	for i, test := range valueToStringTests {
+		s := valueToString(ValueOf(test.i))
+		if s != test.s {
+			t.Errorf("#%d: have %#q, want %#q", i, s, test.s)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArrayElemSet(t *testing.T) {
+	v := ValueOf(&[10]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}).Elem()
+	v.Index(4).SetInt(123)
+	s := valueToString(v)
+	const want = "[10]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 123, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}"
+	if s != want {
+		t.Errorf("[10]int: have %#q want %#q", s, want)
+	}
+
+	v = ValueOf([]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10})
+	v.Index(4).SetInt(123)
+	s = valueToString(v)
+	const want1 = "[]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 123, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}"
+	if s != want1 {
+		t.Errorf("[]int: have %#q want %#q", s, want1)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPtrPointTo(t *testing.T) {
+	var ip *int32
+	var i int32 = 1234
+	vip := ValueOf(&ip)
+	vi := ValueOf(&i).Elem()
+	vip.Elem().Set(vi.Addr())
+	if *ip != 1234 {
+		t.Errorf("got %d, want 1234", *ip)
+	}
+
+	ip = nil
+	vp := ValueOf(&ip).Elem()
+	vp.Set(Zero(vp.Type()))
+	if ip != nil {
+		t.Errorf("got non-nil (%p), want nil", ip)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPtrSetNil(t *testing.T) {
+	var i int32 = 1234
+	ip := &i
+	vip := ValueOf(&ip)
+	vip.Elem().Set(Zero(vip.Elem().Type()))
+	if ip != nil {
+		t.Errorf("got non-nil (%d), want nil", *ip)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMapSetNil(t *testing.T) {
+	m := make(map[string]int)
+	vm := ValueOf(&m)
+	vm.Elem().Set(Zero(vm.Elem().Type()))
+	if m != nil {
+		t.Errorf("got non-nil (%p), want nil", m)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAll(t *testing.T) {
+	testType(t, 1, TypeOf((int8)(0)), "int8")
+	testType(t, 2, TypeOf((*int8)(nil)).Elem(), "int8")
+
+	typ := TypeOf((*struct {
+		c chan *int32
+		d float32
+	})(nil))
+	testType(t, 3, typ, "*struct { c chan *int32; d float32 }")
+	etyp := typ.Elem()
+	testType(t, 4, etyp, "struct { c chan *int32; d float32 }")
+	styp := etyp
+	f := styp.Field(0)
+	testType(t, 5, f.Type, "chan *int32")
+
+	f, present := styp.FieldByName("d")
+	if !present {
+		t.Errorf("FieldByName says present field is absent")
+	}
+	testType(t, 6, f.Type, "float32")
+
+	f, present = styp.FieldByName("absent")
+	if present {
+		t.Errorf("FieldByName says absent field is present")
+	}
+
+	typ = TypeOf([32]int32{})
+	testType(t, 7, typ, "[32]int32")
+	testType(t, 8, typ.Elem(), "int32")
+
+	typ = TypeOf((map[string]*int32)(nil))
+	testType(t, 9, typ, "map[string]*int32")
+	mtyp := typ
+	testType(t, 10, mtyp.Key(), "string")
+	testType(t, 11, mtyp.Elem(), "*int32")
+
+	typ = TypeOf((chan<- string)(nil))
+	testType(t, 12, typ, "chan<- string")
+	testType(t, 13, typ.Elem(), "string")
+
+	// make sure tag strings are not part of element type
+	typ = TypeOf(struct {
+		d []uint32 `reflect:"TAG"`
+	}{}).Field(0).Type
+	testType(t, 14, typ, "[]uint32")
+}
+
+func TestInterfaceGet(t *testing.T) {
+	var inter struct {
+		E any
+	}
+	inter.E = 123.456
+	v1 := ValueOf(&inter)
+	v2 := v1.Elem().Field(0)
+	assert(t, v2.Type().String(), "interface {}")
+	i2 := v2.Interface()
+	v3 := ValueOf(i2)
+	assert(t, v3.Type().String(), "float64")
+}
+
+func TestInterfaceValue(t *testing.T) {
+	var inter struct {
+		E any
+	}
+	inter.E = 123.456
+	v1 := ValueOf(&inter)
+	v2 := v1.Elem().Field(0)
+	assert(t, v2.Type().String(), "interface {}")
+	v3 := v2.Elem()
+	assert(t, v3.Type().String(), "float64")
+
+	i3 := v2.Interface()
+	if _, ok := i3.(float64); !ok {
+		t.Error("v2.Interface() did not return float64, got ", TypeOf(i3))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFunctionValue(t *testing.T) {
+	var x any = func() {}
+	v := ValueOf(x)
+	if fmt.Sprint(v.Interface()) != fmt.Sprint(x) {
+		t.Fatalf("TestFunction returned wrong pointer")
+	}
+	assert(t, v.Type().String(), "func()")
+}
+
+var appendTests = []struct {
+	orig, extra []int
+}{
+	{make([]int, 2, 4), []int{22}},
+	{make([]int, 2, 4), []int{22, 33, 44}},
+}
+
+func sameInts(x, y []int) bool {
+	if len(x) != len(y) {
+		return false
+	}
+	for i, xx := range x {
+		if xx != y[i] {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+func TestAppend(t *testing.T) {
+	for i, test := range appendTests {
+		origLen, extraLen := len(test.orig), len(test.extra)
+		want := append(test.orig, test.extra...)
+		// Convert extra from []int to []Value.
+		e0 := make([]Value, len(test.extra))
+		for j, e := range test.extra {
+			e0[j] = ValueOf(e)
+		}
+		// Convert extra from []int to *SliceValue.
+		e1 := ValueOf(test.extra)
+		// Test Append.
+		a0 := ValueOf(test.orig)
+		have0 := Append(a0, e0...).Interface().([]int)
+		if !sameInts(have0, want) {
+			t.Errorf("Append #%d: have %v, want %v (%p %p)", i, have0, want, test.orig, have0)
+		}
+		// Check that the orig and extra slices were not modified.
+		if len(test.orig) != origLen {
+			t.Errorf("Append #%d origLen: have %v, want %v", i, len(test.orig), origLen)
+		}
+		if len(test.extra) != extraLen {
+			t.Errorf("Append #%d extraLen: have %v, want %v", i, len(test.extra), extraLen)
+		}
+		// Test AppendSlice.
+		a1 := ValueOf(test.orig)
+		have1 := AppendSlice(a1, e1).Interface().([]int)
+		if !sameInts(have1, want) {
+			t.Errorf("AppendSlice #%d: have %v, want %v", i, have1, want)
+		}
+		// Check that the orig and extra slices were not modified.
+		if len(test.orig) != origLen {
+			t.Errorf("AppendSlice #%d origLen: have %v, want %v", i, len(test.orig), origLen)
+		}
+		if len(test.extra) != extraLen {
+			t.Errorf("AppendSlice #%d extraLen: have %v, want %v", i, len(test.extra), extraLen)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	a := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 9, 8, 7}
+	b := []int{11, 22, 33, 44, 1010, 99, 88, 77, 66, 55, 44}
+	c := []int{11, 22, 33, 44, 1010, 99, 88, 77, 66, 55, 44}
+	for i := 0; i < len(b); i++ {
+		if b[i] != c[i] {
+			t.Fatalf("b != c before test")
+		}
+	}
+	a1 := a
+	b1 := b
+	aa := ValueOf(&a1).Elem()
+	ab := ValueOf(&b1).Elem()
+	for tocopy := 1; tocopy <= 7; tocopy++ {
+		aa.SetLen(tocopy)
+		Copy(ab, aa)
+		aa.SetLen(8)
+		for i := 0; i < tocopy; i++ {
+			if a[i] != b[i] {
+				t.Errorf("(i) tocopy=%d a[%d]=%d, b[%d]=%d",
+					tocopy, i, a[i], i, b[i])
+			}
+		}
+		for i := tocopy; i < len(b); i++ {
+			if b[i] != c[i] {
+				if i < len(a) {
+					t.Errorf("(ii) tocopy=%d a[%d]=%d, b[%d]=%d, c[%d]=%d",
+						tocopy, i, a[i], i, b[i], i, c[i])
+				} else {
+					t.Errorf("(iii) tocopy=%d b[%d]=%d, c[%d]=%d",
+						tocopy, i, b[i], i, c[i])
+				}
+			} else {
+				t.Logf("tocopy=%d elem %d is okay\n", tocopy, i)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCopyString(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Slice", func(t *testing.T) {
+		s := bytes.Repeat([]byte{'_'}, 8)
+		val := ValueOf(s)
+
+		n := Copy(val, ValueOf(""))
+		if expecting := []byte("________"); n != 0 || !bytes.Equal(s, expecting) {
+			t.Errorf("got n = %d, s = %s, expecting n = 0, s = %s", n, s, expecting)
+		}
+
+		n = Copy(val, ValueOf("hello"))
+		if expecting := []byte("hello___"); n != 5 || !bytes.Equal(s, expecting) {
+			t.Errorf("got n = %d, s = %s, expecting n = 5, s = %s", n, s, expecting)
+		}
+
+		n = Copy(val, ValueOf("helloworld"))
+		if expecting := []byte("hellowor"); n != 8 || !bytes.Equal(s, expecting) {
+			t.Errorf("got n = %d, s = %s, expecting n = 8, s = %s", n, s, expecting)
+		}
+	})
+	t.Run("Array", func(t *testing.T) {
+		s := [...]byte{'_', '_', '_', '_', '_', '_', '_', '_'}
+		val := ValueOf(&s).Elem()
+
+		n := Copy(val, ValueOf(""))
+		if expecting := []byte("________"); n != 0 || !bytes.Equal(s[:], expecting) {
+			t.Errorf("got n = %d, s = %s, expecting n = 0, s = %s", n, s[:], expecting)
+		}
+
+		n = Copy(val, ValueOf("hello"))
+		if expecting := []byte("hello___"); n != 5 || !bytes.Equal(s[:], expecting) {
+			t.Errorf("got n = %d, s = %s, expecting n = 5, s = %s", n, s[:], expecting)
+		}
+
+		n = Copy(val, ValueOf("helloworld"))
+		if expecting := []byte("hellowor"); n != 8 || !bytes.Equal(s[:], expecting) {
+			t.Errorf("got n = %d, s = %s, expecting n = 8, s = %s", n, s[:], expecting)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestCopyArray(t *testing.T) {
+	a := [8]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 9, 8, 7}
+	b := [11]int{11, 22, 33, 44, 1010, 99, 88, 77, 66, 55, 44}
+	c := b
+	aa := ValueOf(&a).Elem()
+	ab := ValueOf(&b).Elem()
+	Copy(ab, aa)
+	for i := 0; i < len(a); i++ {
+		if a[i] != b[i] {
+			t.Errorf("(i) a[%d]=%d, b[%d]=%d", i, a[i], i, b[i])
+		}
+	}
+	for i := len(a); i < len(b); i++ {
+		if b[i] != c[i] {
+			t.Errorf("(ii) b[%d]=%d, c[%d]=%d", i, b[i], i, c[i])
+		} else {
+			t.Logf("elem %d is okay\n", i)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBigUnnamedStruct(t *testing.T) {
+	b := struct{ a, b, c, d int64 }{1, 2, 3, 4}
+	v := ValueOf(b)
+	b1 := v.Interface().(struct {
+		a, b, c, d int64
+	})
+	if b1.a != b.a || b1.b != b.b || b1.c != b.c || b1.d != b.d {
+		t.Errorf("ValueOf(%v).Interface().(*Big) = %v", b, b1)
+	}
+}
+
+type big struct {
+	a, b, c, d, e int64
+}
+
+func TestBigStruct(t *testing.T) {
+	b := big{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
+	v := ValueOf(b)
+	b1 := v.Interface().(big)
+	if b1.a != b.a || b1.b != b.b || b1.c != b.c || b1.d != b.d || b1.e != b.e {
+		t.Errorf("ValueOf(%v).Interface().(big) = %v", b, b1)
+	}
+}
+
+type Basic struct {
+	x int
+	y float32
+}
+
+type NotBasic Basic
+
+type DeepEqualTest struct {
+	a, b any
+	eq   bool
+}
+
+// Simple functions for DeepEqual tests.
+var (
+	fn1 func()             // nil.
+	fn2 func()             // nil.
+	fn3 = func() { fn1() } // Not nil.
+)
+
+type self struct{}
+
+type Loop *Loop
+type Loopy any
+
+var loop1, loop2 Loop
+var loopy1, loopy2 Loopy
+var cycleMap1, cycleMap2, cycleMap3 map[string]any
+
+type structWithSelfPtr struct {
+	p *structWithSelfPtr
+	s string
+}
+
+func init() {
+	loop1 = &loop2
+	loop2 = &loop1
+
+	loopy1 = &loopy2
+	loopy2 = &loopy1
+
+	cycleMap1 = map[string]any{}
+	cycleMap1["cycle"] = cycleMap1
+	cycleMap2 = map[string]any{}
+	cycleMap2["cycle"] = cycleMap2
+	cycleMap3 = map[string]any{}
+	cycleMap3["different"] = cycleMap3
+}
+
+var deepEqualTests = []DeepEqualTest{
+	// Equalities
+	{nil, nil, true},
+	{1, 1, true},
+	{int32(1), int32(1), true},
+	{0.5, 0.5, true},
+	{float32(0.5), float32(0.5), true},
+	{"hello", "hello", true},
+	{make([]int, 10), make([]int, 10), true},
+	{&[3]int{1, 2, 3}, &[3]int{1, 2, 3}, true},
+	{Basic{1, 0.5}, Basic{1, 0.5}, true},
+	{error(nil), error(nil), true},
+	{map[int]string{1: "one", 2: "two"}, map[int]string{2: "two", 1: "one"}, true},
+	{fn1, fn2, true},
+	{[]byte{1, 2, 3}, []byte{1, 2, 3}, true},
+	{[]MyByte{1, 2, 3}, []MyByte{1, 2, 3}, true},
+	{MyBytes{1, 2, 3}, MyBytes{1, 2, 3}, true},
+
+	// Inequalities
+	{1, 2, false},
+	{int32(1), int32(2), false},
+	{0.5, 0.6, false},
+	{float32(0.5), float32(0.6), false},
+	{"hello", "hey", false},
+	{make([]int, 10), make([]int, 11), false},
+	{&[3]int{1, 2, 3}, &[3]int{1, 2, 4}, false},
+	{Basic{1, 0.5}, Basic{1, 0.6}, false},
+	{Basic{1, 0}, Basic{2, 0}, false},
+	{map[int]string{1: "one", 3: "two"}, map[int]string{2: "two", 1: "one"}, false},
+	{map[int]string{1: "one", 2: "txo"}, map[int]string{2: "two", 1: "one"}, false},
+	{map[int]string{1: "one"}, map[int]string{2: "two", 1: "one"}, false},
+	{map[int]string{2: "two", 1: "one"}, map[int]string{1: "one"}, false},
+	{nil, 1, false},
+	{1, nil, false},
+	{fn1, fn3, false},
+	{fn3, fn3, false},
+	{[][]int{{1}}, [][]int{{2}}, false},
+	{&structWithSelfPtr{p: &structWithSelfPtr{s: "a"}}, &structWithSelfPtr{p: &structWithSelfPtr{s: "b"}}, false},
+
+	// Fun with floating point.
+	{math.NaN(), math.NaN(), false},
+	{&[1]float64{math.NaN()}, &[1]float64{math.NaN()}, false},
+	{&[1]float64{math.NaN()}, self{}, true},
+	{[]float64{math.NaN()}, []float64{math.NaN()}, false},
+	{[]float64{math.NaN()}, self{}, true},
+	{map[float64]float64{math.NaN(): 1}, map[float64]float64{1: 2}, false},
+	{map[float64]float64{math.NaN(): 1}, self{}, true},
+
+	// Nil vs empty: not the same.
+	{[]int{}, []int(nil), false},
+	{[]int{}, []int{}, true},
+	{[]int(nil), []int(nil), true},
+	{map[int]int{}, map[int]int(nil), false},
+	{map[int]int{}, map[int]int{}, true},
+	{map[int]int(nil), map[int]int(nil), true},
+
+	// Mismatched types
+	{1, 1.0, false},
+	{int32(1), int64(1), false},
+	{0.5, "hello", false},
+	{[]int{1, 2, 3}, [3]int{1, 2, 3}, false},
+	{&[3]any{1, 2, 4}, &[3]any{1, 2, "s"}, false},
+	{Basic{1, 0.5}, NotBasic{1, 0.5}, false},
+	{map[uint]string{1: "one", 2: "two"}, map[int]string{2: "two", 1: "one"}, false},
+	{[]byte{1, 2, 3}, []MyByte{1, 2, 3}, false},
+	{[]MyByte{1, 2, 3}, MyBytes{1, 2, 3}, false},
+	{[]byte{1, 2, 3}, MyBytes{1, 2, 3}, false},
+
+	// Possible loops.
+	{&loop1, &loop1, true},
+	{&loop1, &loop2, true},
+	{&loopy1, &loopy1, true},
+	{&loopy1, &loopy2, true},
+	{&cycleMap1, &cycleMap2, true},
+	{&cycleMap1, &cycleMap3, false},
+}
+
+func TestDeepEqual(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range deepEqualTests {
+		if test.b == (self{}) {
+			test.b = test.a
+		}
+		if r := DeepEqual(test.a, test.b); r != test.eq {
+			t.Errorf("DeepEqual(%#v, %#v) = %v, want %v", test.a, test.b, r, test.eq)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTypeOf(t *testing.T) {
+	// Special case for nil
+	if typ := TypeOf(nil); typ != nil {
+		t.Errorf("expected nil type for nil value; got %v", typ)
+	}
+	for _, test := range deepEqualTests {
+		v := ValueOf(test.a)
+		if !v.IsValid() {
+			continue
+		}
+		typ := TypeOf(test.a)
+		if typ != v.Type() {
+			t.Errorf("TypeOf(%v) = %v, but ValueOf(%v).Type() = %v", test.a, typ, test.a, v.Type())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type Recursive struct {
+	x int
+	r *Recursive
+}
+
+func TestDeepEqualRecursiveStruct(t *testing.T) {
+	a, b := new(Recursive), new(Recursive)
+	*a = Recursive{12, a}
+	*b = Recursive{12, b}
+	if !DeepEqual(a, b) {
+		t.Error("DeepEqual(recursive same) = false, want true")
+	}
+}
+
+type _Complex struct {
+	a int
+	b [3]*_Complex
+	c *string
+	d map[float64]float64
+}
+
+func TestDeepEqualComplexStruct(t *testing.T) {
+	m := make(map[float64]float64)
+	stra, strb := "hello", "hello"
+	a, b := new(_Complex), new(_Complex)
+	*a = _Complex{5, [3]*_Complex{a, b, a}, &stra, m}
+	*b = _Complex{5, [3]*_Complex{b, a, a}, &strb, m}
+	if !DeepEqual(a, b) {
+		t.Error("DeepEqual(complex same) = false, want true")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDeepEqualComplexStructInequality(t *testing.T) {
+	m := make(map[float64]float64)
+	stra, strb := "hello", "helloo" // Difference is here
+	a, b := new(_Complex), new(_Complex)
+	*a = _Complex{5, [3]*_Complex{a, b, a}, &stra, m}
+	*b = _Complex{5, [3]*_Complex{b, a, a}, &strb, m}
+	if DeepEqual(a, b) {
+		t.Error("DeepEqual(complex different) = true, want false")
+	}
+}
+
+type UnexpT struct {
+	m map[int]int
+}
+
+func TestDeepEqualUnexportedMap(t *testing.T) {
+	// Check that DeepEqual can look at unexported fields.
+	x1 := UnexpT{map[int]int{1: 2}}
+	x2 := UnexpT{map[int]int{1: 2}}
+	if !DeepEqual(&x1, &x2) {
+		t.Error("DeepEqual(x1, x2) = false, want true")
+	}
+
+	y1 := UnexpT{map[int]int{2: 3}}
+	if DeepEqual(&x1, &y1) {
+		t.Error("DeepEqual(x1, y1) = true, want false")
+	}
+}
+
+var deepEqualPerfTests = []struct {
+	x, y any
+}{
+	{x: int8(99), y: int8(99)},
+	{x: []int8{99}, y: []int8{99}},
+	{x: int16(99), y: int16(99)},
+	{x: []int16{99}, y: []int16{99}},
+	{x: int32(99), y: int32(99)},
+	{x: []int32{99}, y: []int32{99}},
+	{x: int64(99), y: int64(99)},
+	{x: []int64{99}, y: []int64{99}},
+	{x: int(999999), y: int(999999)},
+	{x: []int{999999}, y: []int{999999}},
+
+	{x: uint8(99), y: uint8(99)},
+	{x: []uint8{99}, y: []uint8{99}},
+	{x: uint16(99), y: uint16(99)},
+	{x: []uint16{99}, y: []uint16{99}},
+	{x: uint32(99), y: uint32(99)},
+	{x: []uint32{99}, y: []uint32{99}},
+	{x: uint64(99), y: uint64(99)},
+	{x: []uint64{99}, y: []uint64{99}},
+	{x: uint(999999), y: uint(999999)},
+	{x: []uint{999999}, y: []uint{999999}},
+	{x: uintptr(999999), y: uintptr(999999)},
+	{x: []uintptr{999999}, y: []uintptr{999999}},
+
+	{x: float32(1.414), y: float32(1.414)},
+	{x: []float32{1.414}, y: []float32{1.414}},
+	{x: float64(1.414), y: float64(1.414)},
+	{x: []float64{1.414}, y: []float64{1.414}},
+
+	{x: complex64(1.414), y: complex64(1.414)},
+	{x: []complex64{1.414}, y: []complex64{1.414}},
+	{x: complex128(1.414), y: complex128(1.414)},
+	{x: []complex128{1.414}, y: []complex128{1.414}},
+
+	{x: true, y: true},
+	{x: []bool{true}, y: []bool{true}},
+
+	{x: "abcdef", y: "abcdef"},
+	{x: []string{"abcdef"}, y: []string{"abcdef"}},
+
+	{x: []byte("abcdef"), y: []byte("abcdef")},
+	{x: [][]byte{[]byte("abcdef")}, y: [][]byte{[]byte("abcdef")}},
+
+	{x: [6]byte{'a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'c'}, y: [6]byte{'a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'c'}},
+	{x: [][6]byte{[6]byte{'a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'c'}}, y: [][6]byte{[6]byte{'a', 'b', 'c', 'a', 'b', 'c'}}},
+}
+
+func TestDeepEqualAllocs(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range deepEqualPerfTests {
+		t.Run(ValueOf(tt.x).Type().String(), func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := testing.AllocsPerRun(100, func() {
+				if !DeepEqual(tt.x, tt.y) {
+					t.Errorf("DeepEqual(%v, %v)=false", tt.x, tt.y)
+				}
+			})
+			if int(got) != 0 {
+				t.Errorf("DeepEqual(%v, %v) allocated %d times", tt.x, tt.y, int(got))
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkDeepEqual(b *testing.B) {
+	for _, bb := range deepEqualPerfTests {
+		b.Run(ValueOf(bb.x).Type().String(), func(b *testing.B) {
+			b.ReportAllocs()
+			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+				sink = DeepEqual(bb.x, bb.y)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func check2ndField(x any, offs uintptr, t *testing.T) {
+	s := ValueOf(x)
+	f := s.Type().Field(1)
+	if f.Offset != offs {
+		t.Error("mismatched offsets in structure alignment:", f.Offset, offs)
+	}
+}
+
+// Check that structure alignment & offsets viewed through reflect agree with those
+// from the compiler itself.
+func TestAlignment(t *testing.T) {
+	type T1inner struct {
+		a int
+	}
+	type T1 struct {
+		T1inner
+		f int
+	}
+	type T2inner struct {
+		a, b int
+	}
+	type T2 struct {
+		T2inner
+		f int
+	}
+
+	x := T1{T1inner{2}, 17}
+	check2ndField(x, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&x.f))-uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&x)), t)
+
+	x1 := T2{T2inner{2, 3}, 17}
+	check2ndField(x1, uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&x1.f))-uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(&x1)), t)
+}
+
+func Nil(a any, t *testing.T) {
+	n := ValueOf(a).Field(0)
+	if !n.IsNil() {
+		t.Errorf("%v should be nil", a)
+	}
+}
+
+func NotNil(a any, t *testing.T) {
+	n := ValueOf(a).Field(0)
+	if n.IsNil() {
+		t.Errorf("value of type %v should not be nil", ValueOf(a).Type().String())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIsNil(t *testing.T) {
+	// These implement IsNil.
+	// Wrap in extra struct to hide interface type.
+	doNil := []any{
+		struct{ x *int }{},
+		struct{ x any }{},
+		struct{ x map[string]int }{},
+		struct{ x func() bool }{},
+		struct{ x chan int }{},
+		struct{ x []string }{},
+		struct{ x unsafe.Pointer }{},
+	}
+	for _, ts := range doNil {
+		ty := TypeOf(ts).Field(0).Type
+		v := Zero(ty)
+		v.IsNil() // panics if not okay to call
+	}
+
+	// Check the implementations
+	var pi struct {
+		x *int
+	}
+	Nil(pi, t)
+	pi.x = new(int)
+	NotNil(pi, t)
+
+	var si struct {
+		x []int
+	}
+	Nil(si, t)
+	si.x = make([]int, 10)
+	NotNil(si, t)
+
+	var ci struct {
+		x chan int
+	}
+	Nil(ci, t)
+	ci.x = make(chan int)
+	NotNil(ci, t)
+
+	var mi struct {
+		x map[int]int
+	}
+	Nil(mi, t)
+	mi.x = make(map[int]int)
+	NotNil(mi, t)
+
+	var ii struct {
+		x any
+	}
+	Nil(ii, t)
+	ii.x = 2
+	NotNil(ii, t)
+
+	var fi struct {
+		x func(t *testing.T)
+	}
+	Nil(fi, t)
+	fi.x = TestIsNil
+	NotNil(fi, t)
+}
+
+func TestIsZero(t *testing.T) {
+	for i, tt := range []struct {
+		x    any
+		want bool
+	}{
+		// Booleans
+		{true, false},
+		{false, true},
+		// Numeric types
+		{int(0), true},
+		{int(1), false},
+		{int8(0), true},
+		{int8(1), false},
+		{int16(0), true},
+		{int16(1), false},
+		{int32(0), true},
+		{int32(1), false},
+		{int64(0), true},
+		{int64(1), false},
+		{uint(0), true},
+		{uint(1), false},
+		{uint8(0), true},
+		{uint8(1), false},
+		{uint16(0), true},
+		{uint16(1), false},
+		{uint32(0), true},
+		{uint32(1), false},
+		{uint64(0), true},
+		{uint64(1), false},
+		{float32(0), true},
+		{float32(1.2), false},
+		{float64(0), true},
+		{float64(1.2), false},
+		{math.Copysign(0, -1), false},
+		{complex64(0), true},
+		{complex64(1.2), false},
+		{complex128(0), true},
+		{complex128(1.2), false},
+		{complex(math.Copysign(0, -1), 0), false},
+		{complex(0, math.Copysign(0, -1)), false},
+		{complex(math.Copysign(0, -1), math.Copysign(0, -1)), false},
+		{uintptr(0), true},
+		{uintptr(128), false},
+		// Array
+		{Zero(TypeOf([5]string{})).Interface(), true},
+		{[5]string{"", "", "", "", ""}, true},
+		{[5]string{}, true},
+		{[5]string{"", "", "", "a", ""}, false},
+		// Chan
+		{(chan string)(nil), true},
+		{make(chan string), false},
+		{time.After(1), false},
+		// Func
+		{(func())(nil), true},
+		{New, false},
+		// Interface
+		{New(TypeOf(new(error)).Elem()).Elem(), true},
+		{(io.Reader)(strings.NewReader("")), false},
+		// Map
+		{(map[string]string)(nil), true},
+		{map[string]string{}, false},
+		{make(map[string]string), false},
+		// Pointer
+		{(*func())(nil), true},
+		{(*int)(nil), true},
+		{new(int), false},
+		// Slice
+		{[]string{}, false},
+		{([]string)(nil), true},
+		{make([]string, 0), false},
+		// Strings
+		{"", true},
+		{"not-zero", false},
+		// Structs
+		{T{}, true},
+		{T{123, 456.75, "hello", &_i}, false},
+		// UnsafePointer
+		{(unsafe.Pointer)(nil), true},
+		{(unsafe.Pointer)(new(int)), false},
+	} {
+		var x Value
+		if v, ok := tt.x.(Value); ok {
+			x = v
+		} else {
+			x = ValueOf(tt.x)
+		}
+
+		b := x.IsZero()
+		if b != tt.want {
+			t.Errorf("%d: IsZero((%s)(%+v)) = %t, want %t", i, x.Kind(), tt.x, b, tt.want)
+		}
+
+		if !Zero(TypeOf(tt.x)).IsZero() {
+			t.Errorf("%d: IsZero(Zero(TypeOf((%s)(%+v)))) is false", i, x.Kind(), tt.x)
+		}
+	}
+
+	func() {
+		defer func() {
+			if r := recover(); r == nil {
+				t.Error("should panic for invalid value")
+			}
+		}()
+		(Value{}).IsZero()
+	}()
+}
+
+func TestInterfaceExtraction(t *testing.T) {
+	var s struct {
+		W io.Writer
+	}
+
+	s.W = os.Stdout
+	v := Indirect(ValueOf(&s)).Field(0).Interface()
+	if v != s.W.(any) {
+		t.Error("Interface() on interface: ", v, s.W)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestNilPtrValueSub(t *testing.T) {
+	var pi *int
+	if pv := ValueOf(pi); pv.Elem().IsValid() {
+		t.Error("ValueOf((*int)(nil)).Elem().IsValid()")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMap(t *testing.T) {
+	m := map[string]int{"a": 1, "b": 2}
+	mv := ValueOf(m)
+	if n := mv.Len(); n != len(m) {
+		t.Errorf("Len = %d, want %d", n, len(m))
+	}
+	keys := mv.MapKeys()
+	newmap := MakeMap(mv.Type())
+	for k, v := range m {
+		// Check that returned Keys match keys in range.
+		// These aren't required to be in the same order.
+		seen := false
+		for _, kv := range keys {
+			if kv.String() == k {
+				seen = true
+				break
+			}
+		}
+		if !seen {
+			t.Errorf("Missing key %q", k)
+		}
+
+		// Check that value lookup is correct.
+		vv := mv.MapIndex(ValueOf(k))
+		if vi := vv.Int(); vi != int64(v) {
+			t.Errorf("Key %q: have value %d, want %d", k, vi, v)
+		}
+
+		// Copy into new map.
+		newmap.SetMapIndex(ValueOf(k), ValueOf(v))
+	}
+	vv := mv.MapIndex(ValueOf("not-present"))
+	if vv.IsValid() {
+		t.Errorf("Invalid key: got non-nil value %s", valueToString(vv))
+	}
+
+	newm := newmap.Interface().(map[string]int)
+	if len(newm) != len(m) {
+		t.Errorf("length after copy: newm=%d, m=%d", len(newm), len(m))
+	}
+
+	for k, v := range newm {
+		mv, ok := m[k]
+		if mv != v {
+			t.Errorf("newm[%q] = %d, but m[%q] = %d, %v", k, v, k, mv, ok)
+		}
+	}
+
+	newmap.SetMapIndex(ValueOf("a"), Value{})
+	v, ok := newm["a"]
+	if ok {
+		t.Errorf("newm[\"a\"] = %d after delete", v)
+	}
+
+	mv = ValueOf(&m).Elem()
+	mv.Set(Zero(mv.Type()))
+	if m != nil {
+		t.Errorf("mv.Set(nil) failed")
+	}
+
+	type S string
+	shouldPanic("not assignable", func() { mv.MapIndex(ValueOf(S("key"))) })
+	shouldPanic("not assignable", func() { mv.SetMapIndex(ValueOf(S("key")), ValueOf(0)) })
+}
+
+func TestNilMap(t *testing.T) {
+	var m map[string]int
+	mv := ValueOf(m)
+	keys := mv.MapKeys()
+	if len(keys) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf(">0 keys for nil map: %v", keys)
+	}
+
+	// Check that value for missing key is zero.
+	x := mv.MapIndex(ValueOf("hello"))
+	if x.Kind() != Invalid {
+		t.Errorf("m.MapIndex(\"hello\") for nil map = %v, want Invalid Value", x)
+	}
+
+	// Check big value too.
+	var mbig map[string][10 << 20]byte
+	x = ValueOf(mbig).MapIndex(ValueOf("hello"))
+	if x.Kind() != Invalid {
+		t.Errorf("mbig.MapIndex(\"hello\") for nil map = %v, want Invalid Value", x)
+	}
+
+	// Test that deletes from a nil map succeed.
+	mv.SetMapIndex(ValueOf("hi"), Value{})
+}
+
+func TestChan(t *testing.T) {
+	for loop := 0; loop < 2; loop++ {
+		var c chan int
+		var cv Value
+
+		// check both ways to allocate channels
+		switch loop {
+		case 1:
+			c = make(chan int, 1)
+			cv = ValueOf(c)
+		case 0:
+			cv = MakeChan(TypeOf(c), 1)
+			c = cv.Interface().(chan int)
+		}
+
+		// Send
+		cv.Send(ValueOf(2))
+		if i := <-c; i != 2 {
+			t.Errorf("reflect Send 2, native recv %d", i)
+		}
+
+		// Recv
+		c <- 3
+		if i, ok := cv.Recv(); i.Int() != 3 || !ok {
+			t.Errorf("native send 3, reflect Recv %d, %t", i.Int(), ok)
+		}
+
+		// TryRecv fail
+		val, ok := cv.TryRecv()
+		if val.IsValid() || ok {
+			t.Errorf("TryRecv on empty chan: %s, %t", valueToString(val), ok)
+		}
+
+		// TryRecv success
+		c <- 4
+		val, ok = cv.TryRecv()
+		if !val.IsValid() {
+			t.Errorf("TryRecv on ready chan got nil")
+		} else if i := val.Int(); i != 4 || !ok {
+			t.Errorf("native send 4, TryRecv %d, %t", i, ok)
+		}
+
+		// TrySend fail
+		c <- 100
+		ok = cv.TrySend(ValueOf(5))
+		i := <-c
+		if ok {
+			t.Errorf("TrySend on full chan succeeded: value %d", i)
+		}
+
+		// TrySend success
+		ok = cv.TrySend(ValueOf(6))
+		if !ok {
+			t.Errorf("TrySend on empty chan failed")
+			select {
+			case x := <-c:
+				t.Errorf("TrySend failed but it did send %d", x)
+			default:
+			}
+		} else {
+			if i = <-c; i != 6 {
+				t.Errorf("TrySend 6, recv %d", i)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Close
+		c <- 123
+		cv.Close()
+		if i, ok := cv.Recv(); i.Int() != 123 || !ok {
+			t.Errorf("send 123 then close; Recv %d, %t", i.Int(), ok)
+		}
+		if i, ok := cv.Recv(); i.Int() != 0 || ok {
+			t.Errorf("after close Recv %d, %t", i.Int(), ok)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// check creation of unbuffered channel
+	var c chan int
+	cv := MakeChan(TypeOf(c), 0)
+	c = cv.Interface().(chan int)
+	if cv.TrySend(ValueOf(7)) {
+		t.Errorf("TrySend on sync chan succeeded")
+	}
+	if v, ok := cv.TryRecv(); v.IsValid() || ok {
+		t.Errorf("TryRecv on sync chan succeeded: isvalid=%v ok=%v", v.IsValid(), ok)
+	}
+
+	// len/cap
+	cv = MakeChan(TypeOf(c), 10)
+	c = cv.Interface().(chan int)
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		c <- i
+	}
+	if l, m := cv.Len(), cv.Cap(); l != len(c) || m != cap(c) {
+		t.Errorf("Len/Cap = %d/%d want %d/%d", l, m, len(c), cap(c))
+	}
+}
+
+// caseInfo describes a single case in a select test.
+type caseInfo struct {
+	desc      string
+	canSelect bool
+	recv      Value
+	closed    bool
+	helper    func()
+	panic     bool
+}
+
+var allselect = flag.Bool("allselect", false, "exhaustive select test")
+
+func TestSelect(t *testing.T) {
+	selectWatch.once.Do(func() { go selectWatcher() })
+
+	var x exhaustive
+	nch := 0
+	newop := func(n int, cap int) (ch, val Value) {
+		nch++
+		if nch%101%2 == 1 {
+			c := make(chan int, cap)
+			ch = ValueOf(c)
+			val = ValueOf(n)
+		} else {
+			c := make(chan string, cap)
+			ch = ValueOf(c)
+			val = ValueOf(fmt.Sprint(n))
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	for n := 0; x.Next(); n++ {
+		if testing.Short() && n >= 1000 {
+			break
+		}
+		if n >= 100000 && !*allselect {
+			break
+		}
+		if n%100000 == 0 && testing.Verbose() {
+			println("TestSelect", n)
+		}
+		var cases []SelectCase
+		var info []caseInfo
+
+		// Ready send.
+		if x.Maybe() {
+			ch, val := newop(len(cases), 1)
+			cases = append(cases, SelectCase{
+				Dir:  SelectSend,
+				Chan: ch,
+				Send: val,
+			})
+			info = append(info, caseInfo{desc: "ready send", canSelect: true})
+		}
+
+		// Ready recv.
+		if x.Maybe() {
+			ch, val := newop(len(cases), 1)
+			ch.Send(val)
+			cases = append(cases, SelectCase{
+				Dir:  SelectRecv,
+				Chan: ch,
+			})
+			info = append(info, caseInfo{desc: "ready recv", canSelect: true, recv: val})
+		}
+
+		// Blocking send.
+		if x.Maybe() {
+			ch, val := newop(len(cases), 0)
+			cases = append(cases, SelectCase{
+				Dir:  SelectSend,
+				Chan: ch,
+				Send: val,
+			})
+			// Let it execute?
+			if x.Maybe() {
+				f := func() { ch.Recv() }
+				info = append(info, caseInfo{desc: "blocking send", helper: f})
+			} else {
+				info = append(info, caseInfo{desc: "blocking send"})
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Blocking recv.
+		if x.Maybe() {
+			ch, val := newop(len(cases), 0)
+			cases = append(cases, SelectCase{
+				Dir:  SelectRecv,
+				Chan: ch,
+			})
+			// Let it execute?
+			if x.Maybe() {
+				f := func() { ch.Send(val) }
+				info = append(info, caseInfo{desc: "blocking recv", recv: val, helper: f})
+			} else {
+				info = append(info, caseInfo{desc: "blocking recv"})
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Zero Chan send.
+		if x.Maybe() {
+			// Maybe include value to send.
+			var val Value
+			if x.Maybe() {
+				val = ValueOf(100)
+			}
+			cases = append(cases, SelectCase{
+				Dir:  SelectSend,
+				Send: val,
+			})
+			info = append(info, caseInfo{desc: "zero Chan send"})
+		}
+
+		// Zero Chan receive.
+		if x.Maybe() {
+			cases = append(cases, SelectCase{
+				Dir: SelectRecv,
+			})
+			info = append(info, caseInfo{desc: "zero Chan recv"})
+		}
+
+		// nil Chan send.
+		if x.Maybe() {
+			cases = append(cases, SelectCase{
+				Dir:  SelectSend,
+				Chan: ValueOf((chan int)(nil)),
+				Send: ValueOf(101),
+			})
+			info = append(info, caseInfo{desc: "nil Chan send"})
+		}
+
+		// nil Chan recv.
+		if x.Maybe() {
+			cases = append(cases, SelectCase{
+				Dir:  SelectRecv,
+				Chan: ValueOf((chan int)(nil)),
+			})
+			info = append(info, caseInfo{desc: "nil Chan recv"})
+		}
+
+		// closed Chan send.
+		if x.Maybe() {
+			ch := make(chan int)
+			close(ch)
+			cases = append(cases, SelectCase{
+				Dir:  SelectSend,
+				Chan: ValueOf(ch),
+				Send: ValueOf(101),
+			})
+			info = append(info, caseInfo{desc: "closed Chan send", canSelect: true, panic: true})
+		}
+
+		// closed Chan recv.
+		if x.Maybe() {
+			ch, val := newop(len(cases), 0)
+			ch.Close()
+			val = Zero(val.Type())
+			cases = append(cases, SelectCase{
+				Dir:  SelectRecv,
+				Chan: ch,
+			})
+			info = append(info, caseInfo{desc: "closed Chan recv", canSelect: true, closed: true, recv: val})
+		}
+
+		var helper func() // goroutine to help the select complete
+
+		// Add default? Must be last case here, but will permute.
+		// Add the default if the select would otherwise
+		// block forever, and maybe add it anyway.
+		numCanSelect := 0
+		canProceed := false
+		canBlock := true
+		canPanic := false
+		helpers := []int{}
+		for i, c := range info {
+			if c.canSelect {
+				canProceed = true
+				canBlock = false
+				numCanSelect++
+				if c.panic {
+					canPanic = true
+				}
+			} else if c.helper != nil {
+				canProceed = true
+				helpers = append(helpers, i)
+			}
+		}
+		if !canProceed || x.Maybe() {
+			cases = append(cases, SelectCase{
+				Dir: SelectDefault,
+			})
+			info = append(info, caseInfo{desc: "default", canSelect: canBlock})
+			numCanSelect++
+		} else if canBlock {
+			// Select needs to communicate with another goroutine.
+			cas := &info[helpers[x.Choose(len(helpers))]]
+			helper = cas.helper
+			cas.canSelect = true
+			numCanSelect++
+		}
+
+		// Permute cases and case info.
+		// Doing too much here makes the exhaustive loop
+		// too exhausting, so just do two swaps.
+		for loop := 0; loop < 2; loop++ {
+			i := x.Choose(len(cases))
+			j := x.Choose(len(cases))
+			cases[i], cases[j] = cases[j], cases[i]
+			info[i], info[j] = info[j], info[i]
+		}
+
+		if helper != nil {
+			// We wait before kicking off a goroutine to satisfy a blocked select.
+			// The pause needs to be big enough to let the select block before
+			// we run the helper, but if we lose that race once in a while it's okay: the
+			// select will just proceed immediately. Not a big deal.
+			// For short tests we can grow [sic] the timeout a bit without fear of taking too long
+			pause := 10 * time.Microsecond
+			if testing.Short() {
+				pause = 100 * time.Microsecond
+			}
+			time.AfterFunc(pause, helper)
+		}
+
+		// Run select.
+		i, recv, recvOK, panicErr := runSelect(cases, info)
+		if panicErr != nil && !canPanic {
+			t.Fatalf("%s\npanicked unexpectedly: %v", fmtSelect(info), panicErr)
+		}
+		if panicErr == nil && canPanic && numCanSelect == 1 {
+			t.Fatalf("%s\nselected #%d incorrectly (should panic)", fmtSelect(info), i)
+		}
+		if panicErr != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		cas := info[i]
+		if !cas.canSelect {
+			recvStr := ""
+			if recv.IsValid() {
+				recvStr = fmt.Sprintf(", received %v, %v", recv.Interface(), recvOK)
+			}
+			t.Fatalf("%s\nselected #%d incorrectly%s", fmtSelect(info), i, recvStr)
+			continue
+		}
+		if cas.panic {
+			t.Fatalf("%s\nselected #%d incorrectly (case should panic)", fmtSelect(info), i)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if cases[i].Dir == SelectRecv {
+			if !recv.IsValid() {
+				t.Fatalf("%s\nselected #%d but got %v, %v, want %v, %v", fmtSelect(info), i, recv, recvOK, cas.recv.Interface(), !cas.closed)
+			}
+			if !cas.recv.IsValid() {
+				t.Fatalf("%s\nselected #%d but internal error: missing recv value", fmtSelect(info), i)
+			}
+			if recv.Interface() != cas.recv.Interface() || recvOK != !cas.closed {
+				if recv.Interface() == cas.recv.Interface() && recvOK == !cas.closed {
+					t.Fatalf("%s\nselected #%d, got %#v, %v, and DeepEqual is broken on %T", fmtSelect(info), i, recv.Interface(), recvOK, recv.Interface())
+				}
+				t.Fatalf("%s\nselected #%d but got %#v, %v, want %#v, %v", fmtSelect(info), i, recv.Interface(), recvOK, cas.recv.Interface(), !cas.closed)
+			}
+		} else {
+			if recv.IsValid() || recvOK {
+				t.Fatalf("%s\nselected #%d but got %v, %v, want %v, %v", fmtSelect(info), i, recv, recvOK, Value{}, false)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSelectMaxCases(t *testing.T) {
+	var sCases []SelectCase
+	channel := make(chan int)
+	close(channel)
+	for i := 0; i < 65536; i++ {
+		sCases = append(sCases, SelectCase{
+			Dir:  SelectRecv,
+			Chan: ValueOf(channel),
+		})
+	}
+	// Should not panic
+	_, _, _ = Select(sCases)
+	sCases = append(sCases, SelectCase{
+		Dir:  SelectRecv,
+		Chan: ValueOf(channel),
+	})
+	defer func() {
+		if err := recover(); err != nil {
+			if err.(string) != "reflect.Select: too many cases (max 65536)" {
+				t.Fatalf("unexpected error from select call with greater than max supported cases")
+			}
+		} else {
+			t.Fatalf("expected select call to panic with greater than max supported cases")
+		}
+	}()
+	// Should panic
+	_, _, _ = Select(sCases)
+}
+
+func TestSelectNop(t *testing.T) {
+	// "select { default: }" should always return the default case.
+	chosen, _, _ := Select([]SelectCase{{Dir: SelectDefault}})
+	if chosen != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected Select to return 0, but got %#v", chosen)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkSelect(b *testing.B) {
+	channel := make(chan int)
+	close(channel)
+	var cases []SelectCase
+	for i := 0; i < 8; i++ {
+		cases = append(cases, SelectCase{
+			Dir:  SelectRecv,
+			Chan: ValueOf(channel),
+		})
+	}
+	for _, numCases := range []int{1, 4, 8} {
+		b.Run(strconv.Itoa(numCases), func(b *testing.B) {
+			b.ReportAllocs()
+			for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+				_, _, _ = Select(cases[:numCases])
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// selectWatch and the selectWatcher are a watchdog mechanism for running Select.
+// If the selectWatcher notices that the select has been blocked for >1 second, it prints
+// an error describing the select and panics the entire test binary.
+var selectWatch struct {
+	sync.Mutex
+	once sync.Once
+	now  time.Time
+	info []caseInfo
+}
+
+func selectWatcher() {
+	for {
+		time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
+		selectWatch.Lock()
+		if selectWatch.info != nil && time.Since(selectWatch.now) > 10*time.Second {
+			fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "TestSelect:\n%s blocked indefinitely\n", fmtSelect(selectWatch.info))
+			panic("select stuck")
+		}
+		selectWatch.Unlock()
+	}
+}
+
+// runSelect runs a single select test.
+// It returns the values returned by Select but also returns
+// a panic value if the Select panics.
+func runSelect(cases []SelectCase, info []caseInfo) (chosen int, recv Value, recvOK bool, panicErr any) {
+	defer func() {
+		panicErr = recover()
+
+		selectWatch.Lock()
+		selectWatch.info = nil
+		selectWatch.Unlock()
+	}()
+
+	selectWatch.Lock()
+	selectWatch.now = time.Now()
+	selectWatch.info = info
+	selectWatch.Unlock()
+
+	chosen, recv, recvOK = Select(cases)
+	return
+}
+
+// fmtSelect formats the information about a single select test.
+func fmtSelect(info []caseInfo) string {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "\nselect {\n")
+	for i, cas := range info {
+		fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%d: %s", i, cas.desc)
+		if cas.recv.IsValid() {
+			fmt.Fprintf(&buf, " val=%#v", cas.recv.Interface())
+		}
+		if cas.canSelect {
+			fmt.Fprintf(&buf, " canselect")
+		}
+		if cas.panic {
+			fmt.Fprintf(&buf, " panic")
+		}
+		fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "\n")
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "}")
+	return buf.String()
+}
+
+type two [2]uintptr
+
+// Difficult test for function call because of
+// implicit padding between arguments.
+func dummy(b byte, c int, d byte, e two, f byte, g float32, h byte) (i byte, j int, k byte, l two, m byte, n float32, o byte) {
+	return b, c, d, e, f, g, h
+}
+
+func TestFunc(t *testing.T) {
+	ret := ValueOf(dummy).Call([]Value{
+		ValueOf(byte(10)),
+		ValueOf(20),
+		ValueOf(byte(30)),
+		ValueOf(two{40, 50}),
+		ValueOf(byte(60)),
+		ValueOf(float32(70)),
+		ValueOf(byte(80)),
+	})
+	if len(ret) != 7 {
+		t.Fatalf("Call returned %d values, want 7", len(ret))
+	}
+
+	i := byte(ret[0].Uint())
+	j := int(ret[1].Int())
+	k := byte(ret[2].Uint())
+	l := ret[3].Interface().(two)
+	m := byte(ret[4].Uint())
+	n := float32(ret[5].Float())
+	o := byte(ret[6].Uint())
+
+	if i != 10 || j != 20 || k != 30 || l != (two{40, 50}) || m != 60 || n != 70 || o != 80 {
+		t.Errorf("Call returned %d, %d, %d, %v, %d, %g, %d; want 10, 20, 30, [40, 50], 60, 70, 80", i, j, k, l, m, n, o)
+	}
+
+	for i, v := range ret {
+		if v.CanAddr() {
+			t.Errorf("result %d is addressable", i)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCallConvert(t *testing.T) {
+	v := ValueOf(new(io.ReadWriter)).Elem()
+	f := ValueOf(func(r io.Reader) io.Reader { return r })
+	out := f.Call([]Value{v})
+	if len(out) != 1 || out[0].Type() != TypeOf(new(io.Reader)).Elem() || !out[0].IsNil() {
+		t.Errorf("expected [nil], got %v", out)
+	}
+}
+
+type emptyStruct struct{}
+
+type nonEmptyStruct struct {
+	member int
+}
+
+func returnEmpty() emptyStruct {
+	return emptyStruct{}
+}
+
+func takesEmpty(e emptyStruct) {
+}
+
+func returnNonEmpty(i int) nonEmptyStruct {
+	return nonEmptyStruct{member: i}
+}
+
+func takesNonEmpty(n nonEmptyStruct) int {
+	return n.member
+}
+
+func TestCallWithStruct(t *testing.T) {
+	r := ValueOf(returnEmpty).Call(nil)
+	if len(r) != 1 || r[0].Type() != TypeOf(emptyStruct{}) {
+		t.Errorf("returning empty struct returned %#v instead", r)
+	}
+	r = ValueOf(takesEmpty).Call([]Value{ValueOf(emptyStruct{})})
+	if len(r) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("takesEmpty returned values: %#v", r)
+	}
+	r = ValueOf(returnNonEmpty).Call([]Value{ValueOf(42)})
+	if len(r) != 1 || r[0].Type() != TypeOf(nonEmptyStruct{}) || r[0].Field(0).Int() != 42 {
+		t.Errorf("returnNonEmpty returned %#v", r)
+	}
+	r = ValueOf(takesNonEmpty).Call([]Value{ValueOf(nonEmptyStruct{member: 42})})
+	if len(r) != 1 || r[0].Type() != TypeOf(1) || r[0].Int() != 42 {
+		t.Errorf("takesNonEmpty returned %#v", r)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCallReturnsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	// Issue 21717: past-the-end pointer write in Call with
+	// nonzero-sized frame and zero-sized return value.
+	runtime.GC()
+	var finalized uint32
+	f := func() (emptyStruct, *[2]int64) {
+		i := new([2]int64) // big enough to not be tinyalloc'd, so finalizer always runs when i dies
+		runtime.SetFinalizer(i, func(*[2]int64) { atomic.StoreUint32(&finalized, 1) })
+		return emptyStruct{}, i
+	}
+	v := ValueOf(f).Call(nil)[0] // out[0] should not alias out[1]'s memory, so the finalizer should run.
+	timeout := time.After(5 * time.Second)
+	for atomic.LoadUint32(&finalized) == 0 {
+		select {
+		case <-timeout:
+			t.Fatal("finalizer did not run")
+		default:
+		}
+		runtime.Gosched()
+		runtime.GC()
+	}
+	runtime.KeepAlive(v)
+}
+
+func BenchmarkCall(b *testing.B) {
+	fv := ValueOf(func(a, b string) {})
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
+		args := []Value{ValueOf("a"), ValueOf("b")}
+		for pb.Next() {
+			fv.Call(args)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+type myint int64
+
+func (i *myint) inc() {
+	*i = *i + 1
+}
+
+func BenchmarkCallMethod(b *testing.B) {
+	b.ReportAllocs()
+	z := new(myint)
+
+	v := ValueOf(z.inc)
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		v.Call(nil)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkCallArgCopy(b *testing.B) {
+	byteArray := func(n int) Value {
+		return Zero(ArrayOf(n, TypeOf(byte(0))))
+	}
+	sizes := [...]struct {
+		fv  Value
+		arg Value
+	}{
+		{ValueOf(func(a [128]byte) {}), byteArray(128)},
+		{ValueOf(func(a [256]byte) {}), byteArray(256)},
+		{ValueOf(func(a [1024]byte) {}), byteArray(1024)},
+		{ValueOf(func(a [4096]byte) {}), byteArray(4096)},
+		{ValueOf(func(a [65536]byte) {}), byteArray(65536)},
+	}
+	for _, size := range sizes {
+		bench := func(b *testing.B) {
+			args := []Value{size.arg}
+			b.SetBytes(int64(size.arg.Len()))
+			b.ResetTimer()
+			b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
+				for pb.Next() {
+					size.fv.Call(args)
+				}
+			})
+		}
+		name := fmt.Sprintf("size=%v", size.arg.Len())
+		b.Run(name, bench)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMakeFunc(t *testing.T) {
+	f := dummy
+	fv := MakeFunc(TypeOf(f), func(in []Value) []Value { return in })
+	ValueOf(&f).Elem().Set(fv)
+
+	// Call g with small arguments so that there is
+	// something predictable (and different from the
+	// correct results) in those positions on the stack.
+	g := dummy
+	g(1, 2, 3, two{4, 5}, 6, 7, 8)
+
+	// Call constructed function f.
+	i, j, k, l, m, n, o := f(10, 20, 30, two{40, 50}, 60, 70, 80)
+	if i != 10 || j != 20 || k != 30 || l != (two{40, 50}) || m != 60 || n != 70 || o != 80 {
+		t.Errorf("Call returned %d, %d, %d, %v, %d, %g, %d; want 10, 20, 30, [40, 50], 60, 70, 80", i, j, k, l, m, n, o)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMakeFuncInterface(t *testing.T) {
+	fn := func(i int) int { return i }
+	incr := func(in []Value) []Value {
+		return []Value{ValueOf(int(in[0].Int() + 1))}
+	}
+	fv := MakeFunc(TypeOf(fn), incr)
+	ValueOf(&fn).Elem().Set(fv)
+	if r := fn(2); r != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("Call returned %d, want 3", r)
+	}
+	if r := fv.Call([]Value{ValueOf(14)})[0].Int(); r != 15 {
+		t.Errorf("Call returned %d, want 15", r)
+	}
+	if r := fv.Interface().(func(int) int)(26); r != 27 {
+		t.Errorf("Call returned %d, want 27", r)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMakeFuncVariadic(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test that variadic arguments are packed into a slice and passed as last arg
+	fn := func(_ int, is ...int) []int { return nil }
+	fv := MakeFunc(TypeOf(fn), func(in []Value) []Value { return in[1:2] })
+	ValueOf(&fn).Elem().Set(fv)
+
+	r := fn(1, 2, 3)
+	if r[0] != 2 || r[1] != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("Call returned [%v, %v]; want 2, 3", r[0], r[1])
+	}
+
+	r = fn(1, []int{2, 3}...)
+	if r[0] != 2 || r[1] != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("Call returned [%v, %v]; want 2, 3", r[0], r[1])
+	}
+
+	r = fv.Call([]Value{ValueOf(1), ValueOf(2), ValueOf(3)})[0].Interface().([]int)
+	if r[0] != 2 || r[1] != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("Call returned [%v, %v]; want 2, 3", r[0], r[1])
+	}
+
+	r = fv.CallSlice([]Value{ValueOf(1), ValueOf([]int{2, 3})})[0].Interface().([]int)
+	if r[0] != 2 || r[1] != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("Call returned [%v, %v]; want 2, 3", r[0], r[1])
+	}
+
+	f := fv.Interface().(func(int, ...int) []int)
+
+	r = f(1, 2, 3)
+	if r[0] != 2 || r[1] != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("Call returned [%v, %v]; want 2, 3", r[0], r[1])
+	}
+	r = f(1, []int{2, 3}...)
+	if r[0] != 2 || r[1] != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("Call returned [%v, %v]; want 2, 3", r[0], r[1])
+	}
+}
+
+// Dummy type that implements io.WriteCloser
+type WC struct {
+}
+
+func (w *WC) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	return 0, nil
+}
+func (w *WC) Close() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func TestMakeFuncValidReturnAssignments(t *testing.T) {
+	// reflect.Values returned from the wrapped function should be assignment-converted
+	// to the types returned by the result of MakeFunc.
+
+	// Concrete types should be promotable to interfaces they implement.
+	var f func() error
+	f = MakeFunc(TypeOf(f), func([]Value) []Value {
+		return []Value{ValueOf(io.EOF)}
+	}).Interface().(func() error)
+	f()
+
+	// Super-interfaces should be promotable to simpler interfaces.
+	var g func() io.Writer
+	g = MakeFunc(TypeOf(g), func([]Value) []Value {
+		var w io.WriteCloser = &WC{}
+		return []Value{ValueOf(&w).Elem()}
+	}).Interface().(func() io.Writer)
+	g()
+
+	// Channels should be promotable to directional channels.
+	var h func() <-chan int
+	h = MakeFunc(TypeOf(h), func([]Value) []Value {
+		return []Value{ValueOf(make(chan int))}
+	}).Interface().(func() <-chan int)
+	h()
+
+	// Unnamed types should be promotable to named types.
+	type T struct{ a, b, c int }
+	var i func() T
+	i = MakeFunc(TypeOf(i), func([]Value) []Value {
+		return []Value{ValueOf(struct{ a, b, c int }{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3})}
+	}).Interface().(func() T)
+	i()
+}
+
+func TestMakeFuncInvalidReturnAssignments(t *testing.T) {
+	// Type doesn't implement the required interface.
+	shouldPanic("", func() {
+		var f func() error
+		f = MakeFunc(TypeOf(f), func([]Value) []Value {
+			return []Value{ValueOf(int(7))}
+		}).Interface().(func() error)
+		f()
+	})
+	// Assigning to an interface with additional methods.
+	shouldPanic("", func() {
+		var f func() io.ReadWriteCloser
+		f = MakeFunc(TypeOf(f), func([]Value) []Value {
+			var w io.WriteCloser = &WC{}
+			return []Value{ValueOf(&w).Elem()}
+		}).Interface().(func() io.ReadWriteCloser)
+		f()
+	})
+	// Directional channels can't be assigned to bidirectional ones.
+	shouldPanic("", func() {
+		var f func() chan int
+		f = MakeFunc(TypeOf(f), func([]Value) []Value {
+			var c <-chan int = make(chan int)
+			return []Value{ValueOf(c)}
+		}).Interface().(func() chan int)
+		f()
+	})
+	// Two named types which are otherwise identical.
+	shouldPanic("", func() {
+		type T struct{ a, b, c int }
+		type U struct{ a, b, c int }
+		var f func() T
+		f = MakeFunc(TypeOf(f), func([]Value) []Value {
+			return []Value{ValueOf(U{a: 1, b: 2, c: 3})}
+		}).Interface().(func() T)
+		f()
+	})
+}
+
+type Point struct {
+	x, y int
+}
+
+// This will be index 0.
+func (p Point) AnotherMethod(scale int) int {
+	return -1
+}
+
+// This will be index 1.
+func (p Point) Dist(scale int) int {
+	//println("Point.Dist", p.x, p.y, scale)
+	return p.x*p.x*scale + p.y*p.y*scale
+}
+
+// This will be index 2.
+func (p Point) GCMethod(k int) int {
+	runtime.GC()
+	return k + p.x
+}
+
+// This will be index 3.
+func (p Point) NoArgs() {
+	// Exercise no-argument/no-result paths.
+}
+
+// This will be index 4.
+func (p Point) TotalDist(points ...Point) int {
+	tot := 0
+	for _, q := range points {
+		dx := q.x - p.x
+		dy := q.y - p.y
+		tot += dx*dx + dy*dy // Should call Sqrt, but it's just a test.
+
+	}
+	return tot
+}
+
+// This will be index 5.
+func (p *Point) Int64Method(x int64) int64 {
+	return x
+}
+
+// This will be index 6.
+func (p *Point) Int32Method(x int32) int32 {
+	return x
+}
+
+func TestMethod(t *testing.T) {
+	// Non-curried method of type.
+	p := Point{3, 4}
+	i := TypeOf(p).Method(1).Func.Call([]Value{ValueOf(p), ValueOf(10)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 250 {
+		t.Errorf("Type Method returned %d; want 250", i)
+	}
+
+	m, ok := TypeOf(p).MethodByName("Dist")
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("method by name failed")
+	}
+	i = m.Func.Call([]Value{ValueOf(p), ValueOf(11)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 275 {
+		t.Errorf("Type MethodByName returned %d; want 275", i)
+	}
+
+	m, ok = TypeOf(p).MethodByName("NoArgs")
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("method by name failed")
+	}
+	n := len(m.Func.Call([]Value{ValueOf(p)}))
+	if n != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("NoArgs returned %d values; want 0", n)
+	}
+
+	i = TypeOf(&p).Method(1).Func.Call([]Value{ValueOf(&p), ValueOf(12)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 300 {
+		t.Errorf("Pointer Type Method returned %d; want 300", i)
+	}
+
+	m, ok = TypeOf(&p).MethodByName("Dist")
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("ptr method by name failed")
+	}
+	i = m.Func.Call([]Value{ValueOf(&p), ValueOf(13)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 325 {
+		t.Errorf("Pointer Type MethodByName returned %d; want 325", i)
+	}
+
+	m, ok = TypeOf(&p).MethodByName("NoArgs")
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("method by name failed")
+	}
+	n = len(m.Func.Call([]Value{ValueOf(&p)}))
+	if n != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("NoArgs returned %d values; want 0", n)
+	}
+
+	// Curried method of value.
+	tfunc := TypeOf((func(int) int)(nil))
+	v := ValueOf(p).Method(1)
+	if tt := v.Type(); tt != tfunc {
+		t.Errorf("Value Method Type is %s; want %s", tt, tfunc)
+	}
+	i = v.Call([]Value{ValueOf(14)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 350 {
+		t.Errorf("Value Method returned %d; want 350", i)
+	}
+	v = ValueOf(p).MethodByName("Dist")
+	if tt := v.Type(); tt != tfunc {
+		t.Errorf("Value MethodByName Type is %s; want %s", tt, tfunc)
+	}
+	i = v.Call([]Value{ValueOf(15)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 375 {
+		t.Errorf("Value MethodByName returned %d; want 375", i)
+	}
+	v = ValueOf(p).MethodByName("NoArgs")
+	v.Call(nil)
+
+	// Curried method of pointer.
+	v = ValueOf(&p).Method(1)
+	if tt := v.Type(); tt != tfunc {
+		t.Errorf("Pointer Value Method Type is %s; want %s", tt, tfunc)
+	}
+	i = v.Call([]Value{ValueOf(16)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 400 {
+		t.Errorf("Pointer Value Method returned %d; want 400", i)
+	}
+	v = ValueOf(&p).MethodByName("Dist")
+	if tt := v.Type(); tt != tfunc {
+		t.Errorf("Pointer Value MethodByName Type is %s; want %s", tt, tfunc)
+	}
+	i = v.Call([]Value{ValueOf(17)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 425 {
+		t.Errorf("Pointer Value MethodByName returned %d; want 425", i)
+	}
+	v = ValueOf(&p).MethodByName("NoArgs")
+	v.Call(nil)
+
+	// Curried method of interface value.
+	// Have to wrap interface value in a struct to get at it.
+	// Passing it to ValueOf directly would
+	// access the underlying Point, not the interface.
+	var x interface {
+		Dist(int) int
+	} = p
+	pv := ValueOf(&x).Elem()
+	v = pv.Method(0)
+	if tt := v.Type(); tt != tfunc {
+		t.Errorf("Interface Method Type is %s; want %s", tt, tfunc)
+	}
+	i = v.Call([]Value{ValueOf(18)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 450 {
+		t.Errorf("Interface Method returned %d; want 450", i)
+	}
+	v = pv.MethodByName("Dist")
+	if tt := v.Type(); tt != tfunc {
+		t.Errorf("Interface MethodByName Type is %s; want %s", tt, tfunc)
+	}
+	i = v.Call([]Value{ValueOf(19)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 475 {
+		t.Errorf("Interface MethodByName returned %d; want 475", i)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMethodValue(t *testing.T) {
+	p := Point{3, 4}
+	var i int64
+
+	// Check that method value have the same underlying code pointers.
+	if p1, p2 := ValueOf(Point{1, 1}).Method(1), ValueOf(Point{2, 2}).Method(1); p1.Pointer() != p2.Pointer() {
+		t.Errorf("methodValueCall mismatched: %v - %v", p1, p2)
+	}
+
+	// Curried method of value.
+	tfunc := TypeOf((func(int) int)(nil))
+	v := ValueOf(p).Method(1)
+	if tt := v.Type(); tt != tfunc {
+		t.Errorf("Value Method Type is %s; want %s", tt, tfunc)
+	}
+	i = ValueOf(v.Interface()).Call([]Value{ValueOf(10)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 250 {
+		t.Errorf("Value Method returned %d; want 250", i)
+	}
+	v = ValueOf(p).MethodByName("Dist")
+	if tt := v.Type(); tt != tfunc {
+		t.Errorf("Value MethodByName Type is %s; want %s", tt, tfunc)
+	}
+	i = ValueOf(v.Interface()).Call([]Value{ValueOf(11)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 275 {
+		t.Errorf("Value MethodByName returned %d; want 275", i)
+	}
+	v = ValueOf(p).MethodByName("NoArgs")
+	ValueOf(v.Interface()).Call(nil)
+	v.Interface().(func())()
+
+	// Curried method of pointer.
+	v = ValueOf(&p).Method(1)
+	if tt := v.Type(); tt != tfunc {
+		t.Errorf("Pointer Value Method Type is %s; want %s", tt, tfunc)
+	}
+	i = ValueOf(v.Interface()).Call([]Value{ValueOf(12)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 300 {
+		t.Errorf("Pointer Value Method returned %d; want 300", i)
+	}
+	v = ValueOf(&p).MethodByName("Dist")
+	if tt := v.Type(); tt != tfunc {
+		t.Errorf("Pointer Value MethodByName Type is %s; want %s", tt, tfunc)
+	}
+	i = ValueOf(v.Interface()).Call([]Value{ValueOf(13)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 325 {
+		t.Errorf("Pointer Value MethodByName returned %d; want 325", i)
+	}
+	v = ValueOf(&p).MethodByName("NoArgs")
+	ValueOf(v.Interface()).Call(nil)
+	v.Interface().(func())()
+
+	// Curried method of pointer to pointer.
+	pp := &p
+	v = ValueOf(&pp).Elem().Method(1)
+	if tt := v.Type(); tt != tfunc {
+		t.Errorf("Pointer Pointer Value Method Type is %s; want %s", tt, tfunc)
+	}
+	i = ValueOf(v.Interface()).Call([]Value{ValueOf(14)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 350 {
+		t.Errorf("Pointer Pointer Value Method returned %d; want 350", i)
+	}
+	v = ValueOf(&pp).Elem().MethodByName("Dist")
+	if tt := v.Type(); tt != tfunc {
+		t.Errorf("Pointer Pointer Value MethodByName Type is %s; want %s", tt, tfunc)
+	}
+	i = ValueOf(v.Interface()).Call([]Value{ValueOf(15)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 375 {
+		t.Errorf("Pointer Pointer Value MethodByName returned %d; want 375", i)
+	}
+
+	// Curried method of interface value.
+	// Have to wrap interface value in a struct to get at it.
+	// Passing it to ValueOf directly would
+	// access the underlying Point, not the interface.
+	var s = struct {
+		X interface {
+			Dist(int) int
+		}
+	}{p}
+	pv := ValueOf(s).Field(0)
+	v = pv.Method(0)
+	if tt := v.Type(); tt != tfunc {
+		t.Errorf("Interface Method Type is %s; want %s", tt, tfunc)
+	}
+	i = ValueOf(v.Interface()).Call([]Value{ValueOf(16)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 400 {
+		t.Errorf("Interface Method returned %d; want 400", i)
+	}
+	v = pv.MethodByName("Dist")
+	if tt := v.Type(); tt != tfunc {
+		t.Errorf("Interface MethodByName Type is %s; want %s", tt, tfunc)
+	}
+	i = ValueOf(v.Interface()).Call([]Value{ValueOf(17)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 425 {
+		t.Errorf("Interface MethodByName returned %d; want 425", i)
+	}
+
+	// For issue #33628: method args are not stored at the right offset
+	// on amd64p32.
+	m64 := ValueOf(&p).MethodByName("Int64Method").Interface().(func(int64) int64)
+	if x := m64(123); x != 123 {
+		t.Errorf("Int64Method returned %d; want 123", x)
+	}
+	m32 := ValueOf(&p).MethodByName("Int32Method").Interface().(func(int32) int32)
+	if x := m32(456); x != 456 {
+		t.Errorf("Int32Method returned %d; want 456", x)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestVariadicMethodValue(t *testing.T) {
+	p := Point{3, 4}
+	points := []Point{{20, 21}, {22, 23}, {24, 25}}
+	want := int64(p.TotalDist(points[0], points[1], points[2]))
+
+	// Variadic method of type.
+	tfunc := TypeOf((func(Point, ...Point) int)(nil))
+	if tt := TypeOf(p).Method(4).Type; tt != tfunc {
+		t.Errorf("Variadic Method Type from TypeOf is %s; want %s", tt, tfunc)
+	}
+
+	// Curried method of value.
+	tfunc = TypeOf((func(...Point) int)(nil))
+	v := ValueOf(p).Method(4)
+	if tt := v.Type(); tt != tfunc {
+		t.Errorf("Variadic Method Type is %s; want %s", tt, tfunc)
+	}
+	i := ValueOf(v.Interface()).Call([]Value{ValueOf(points[0]), ValueOf(points[1]), ValueOf(points[2])})[0].Int()
+	if i != want {
+		t.Errorf("Variadic Method returned %d; want %d", i, want)
+	}
+	i = ValueOf(v.Interface()).CallSlice([]Value{ValueOf(points)})[0].Int()
+	if i != want {
+		t.Errorf("Variadic Method CallSlice returned %d; want %d", i, want)
+	}
+
+	f := v.Interface().(func(...Point) int)
+	i = int64(f(points[0], points[1], points[2]))
+	if i != want {
+		t.Errorf("Variadic Method Interface returned %d; want %d", i, want)
+	}
+	i = int64(f(points...))
+	if i != want {
+		t.Errorf("Variadic Method Interface Slice returned %d; want %d", i, want)
+	}
+}
+
+type DirectIfaceT struct {
+	p *int
+}
+
+func (d DirectIfaceT) M() int { return *d.p }
+
+func TestDirectIfaceMethod(t *testing.T) {
+	x := 42
+	v := DirectIfaceT{&x}
+	typ := TypeOf(v)
+	m, ok := typ.MethodByName("M")
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("cannot find method M")
+	}
+	in := []Value{ValueOf(v)}
+	out := m.Func.Call(in)
+	if got := out[0].Int(); got != 42 {
+		t.Errorf("Call with value receiver got %d, want 42", got)
+	}
+
+	pv := &v
+	typ = TypeOf(pv)
+	m, ok = typ.MethodByName("M")
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatalf("cannot find method M")
+	}
+	in = []Value{ValueOf(pv)}
+	out = m.Func.Call(in)
+	if got := out[0].Int(); got != 42 {
+		t.Errorf("Call with pointer receiver got %d, want 42", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// Reflect version of $GOROOT/test/method5.go
+
+// Concrete types implementing M method.
+// Smaller than a word, word-sized, larger than a word.
+// Value and pointer receivers.
+
+type Tinter interface {
+	M(int, byte) (byte, int)
+}
+
+type Tsmallv byte
+
+func (v Tsmallv) M(x int, b byte) (byte, int) { return b, x + int(v) }
+
+type Tsmallp byte
+
+func (p *Tsmallp) M(x int, b byte) (byte, int) { return b, x + int(*p) }
+
+type Twordv uintptr
+
+func (v Twordv) M(x int, b byte) (byte, int) { return b, x + int(v) }
+
+type Twordp uintptr
+
+func (p *Twordp) M(x int, b byte) (byte, int) { return b, x + int(*p) }
+
+type Tbigv [2]uintptr
+
+func (v Tbigv) M(x int, b byte) (byte, int) { return b, x + int(v[0]) + int(v[1]) }
+
+type Tbigp [2]uintptr
+
+func (p *Tbigp) M(x int, b byte) (byte, int) { return b, x + int(p[0]) + int(p[1]) }
+
+type tinter interface {
+	m(int, byte) (byte, int)
+}
+
+// Embedding via pointer.
+
+type Tm1 struct {
+	Tm2
+}
+
+type Tm2 struct {
+	*Tm3
+}
+
+type Tm3 struct {
+	*Tm4
+}
+
+type Tm4 struct {
+}
+
+func (t4 Tm4) M(x int, b byte) (byte, int) { return b, x + 40 }
+
+func TestMethod5(t *testing.T) {
+	CheckF := func(name string, f func(int, byte) (byte, int), inc int) {
+		b, x := f(1000, 99)
+		if b != 99 || x != 1000+inc {
+			t.Errorf("%s(1000, 99) = %v, %v, want 99, %v", name, b, x, 1000+inc)
+		}
+	}
+
+	CheckV := func(name string, i Value, inc int) {
+		bx := i.Method(0).Call([]Value{ValueOf(1000), ValueOf(byte(99))})
+		b := bx[0].Interface()
+		x := bx[1].Interface()
+		if b != byte(99) || x != 1000+inc {
+			t.Errorf("direct %s.M(1000, 99) = %v, %v, want 99, %v", name, b, x, 1000+inc)
+		}
+
+		CheckF(name+".M", i.Method(0).Interface().(func(int, byte) (byte, int)), inc)
+	}
+
+	var TinterType = TypeOf(new(Tinter)).Elem()
+
+	CheckI := func(name string, i any, inc int) {
+		v := ValueOf(i)
+		CheckV(name, v, inc)
+		CheckV("(i="+name+")", v.Convert(TinterType), inc)
+	}
+
+	sv := Tsmallv(1)
+	CheckI("sv", sv, 1)
+	CheckI("&sv", &sv, 1)
+
+	sp := Tsmallp(2)
+	CheckI("&sp", &sp, 2)
+
+	wv := Twordv(3)
+	CheckI("wv", wv, 3)
+	CheckI("&wv", &wv, 3)
+
+	wp := Twordp(4)
+	CheckI("&wp", &wp, 4)
+
+	bv := Tbigv([2]uintptr{5, 6})
+	CheckI("bv", bv, 11)
+	CheckI("&bv", &bv, 11)
+
+	bp := Tbigp([2]uintptr{7, 8})
+	CheckI("&bp", &bp, 15)
+
+	t4 := Tm4{}
+	t3 := Tm3{&t4}
+	t2 := Tm2{&t3}
+	t1 := Tm1{t2}
+	CheckI("t4", t4, 40)
+	CheckI("&t4", &t4, 40)
+	CheckI("t3", t3, 40)
+	CheckI("&t3", &t3, 40)
+	CheckI("t2", t2, 40)
+	CheckI("&t2", &t2, 40)
+	CheckI("t1", t1, 40)
+	CheckI("&t1", &t1, 40)
+
+	var tnil Tinter
+	vnil := ValueOf(&tnil).Elem()
+	shouldPanic("Method", func() { vnil.Method(0) })
+}
+
+func TestInterfaceSet(t *testing.T) {
+	p := &Point{3, 4}
+
+	var s struct {
+		I any
+		P interface {
+			Dist(int) int
+		}
+	}
+	sv := ValueOf(&s).Elem()
+	sv.Field(0).Set(ValueOf(p))
+	if q := s.I.(*Point); q != p {
+		t.Errorf("i: have %p want %p", q, p)
+	}
+
+	pv := sv.Field(1)
+	pv.Set(ValueOf(p))
+	if q := s.P.(*Point); q != p {
+		t.Errorf("i: have %p want %p", q, p)
+	}
+
+	i := pv.Method(0).Call([]Value{ValueOf(10)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 250 {
+		t.Errorf("Interface Method returned %d; want 250", i)
+	}
+}
+
+type T1 struct {
+	a string
+	int
+}
+
+func TestAnonymousFields(t *testing.T) {
+	var field StructField
+	var ok bool
+	var t1 T1
+	type1 := TypeOf(t1)
+	if field, ok = type1.FieldByName("int"); !ok {
+		t.Fatal("no field 'int'")
+	}
+	if field.Index[0] != 1 {
+		t.Error("field index should be 1; is", field.Index)
+	}
+}
+
+type FTest struct {
+	s     any
+	name  string
+	index []int
+	value int
+}
+
+type D1 struct {
+	d int
+}
+type D2 struct {
+	d int
+}
+
+type S0 struct {
+	A, B, C int
+	D1
+	D2
+}
+
+type S1 struct {
+	B int
+	S0
+}
+
+type S2 struct {
+	A int
+	*S1
+}
+
+type S1x struct {
+	S1
+}
+
+type S1y struct {
+	S1
+}
+
+type S3 struct {
+	S1x
+	S2
+	D, E int
+	*S1y
+}
+
+type S4 struct {
+	*S4
+	A int
+}
+
+// The X in S6 and S7 annihilate, but they also block the X in S8.S9.
+type S5 struct {
+	S6
+	S7
+	S8
+}
+
+type S6 struct {
+	X int
+}
+
+type S7 S6
+
+type S8 struct {
+	S9
+}
+
+type S9 struct {
+	X int
+	Y int
+}
+
+// The X in S11.S6 and S12.S6 annihilate, but they also block the X in S13.S8.S9.
+type S10 struct {
+	S11
+	S12
+	S13
+}
+
+type S11 struct {
+	S6
+}
+
+type S12 struct {
+	S6
+}
+
+type S13 struct {
+	S8
+}
+
+// The X in S15.S11.S1 and S16.S11.S1 annihilate.
+type S14 struct {
+	S15
+	S16
+}
+
+type S15 struct {
+	S11
+}
+
+type S16 struct {
+	S11
+}
+
+var fieldTests = []FTest{
+	{struct{}{}, "", nil, 0},
+	{struct{}{}, "Foo", nil, 0},
+	{S0{A: 'a'}, "A", []int{0}, 'a'},
+	{S0{}, "D", nil, 0},
+	{S1{S0: S0{A: 'a'}}, "A", []int{1, 0}, 'a'},
+	{S1{B: 'b'}, "B", []int{0}, 'b'},
+	{S1{}, "S0", []int{1}, 0},
+	{S1{S0: S0{C: 'c'}}, "C", []int{1, 2}, 'c'},
+	{S2{A: 'a'}, "A", []int{0}, 'a'},
+	{S2{}, "S1", []int{1}, 0},
+	{S2{S1: &S1{B: 'b'}}, "B", []int{1, 0}, 'b'},
+	{S2{S1: &S1{S0: S0{C: 'c'}}}, "C", []int{1, 1, 2}, 'c'},
+	{S2{}, "D", nil, 0},
+	{S3{}, "S1", nil, 0},
+	{S3{S2: S2{A: 'a'}}, "A", []int{1, 0}, 'a'},
+	{S3{}, "B", nil, 0},
+	{S3{D: 'd'}, "D", []int{2}, 0},
+	{S3{E: 'e'}, "E", []int{3}, 'e'},
+	{S4{A: 'a'}, "A", []int{1}, 'a'},
+	{S4{}, "B", nil, 0},
+	{S5{}, "X", nil, 0},
+	{S5{}, "Y", []int{2, 0, 1}, 0},
+	{S10{}, "X", nil, 0},
+	{S10{}, "Y", []int{2, 0, 0, 1}, 0},
+	{S14{}, "X", nil, 0},
+}
+
+func TestFieldByIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range fieldTests {
+		s := TypeOf(test.s)
+		f := s.FieldByIndex(test.index)
+		if f.Name != "" {
+			if test.index != nil {
+				if f.Name != test.name {
+					t.Errorf("%s.%s found; want %s", s.Name(), f.Name, test.name)
+				}
+			} else {
+				t.Errorf("%s.%s found", s.Name(), f.Name)
+			}
+		} else if len(test.index) > 0 {
+			t.Errorf("%s.%s not found", s.Name(), test.name)
+		}
+
+		if test.value != 0 {
+			v := ValueOf(test.s).FieldByIndex(test.index)
+			if v.IsValid() {
+				if x, ok := v.Interface().(int); ok {
+					if x != test.value {
+						t.Errorf("%s%v is %d; want %d", s.Name(), test.index, x, test.value)
+					}
+				} else {
+					t.Errorf("%s%v value not an int", s.Name(), test.index)
+				}
+			} else {
+				t.Errorf("%s%v value not found", s.Name(), test.index)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFieldByName(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range fieldTests {
+		s := TypeOf(test.s)
+		f, found := s.FieldByName(test.name)
+		if found {
+			if test.index != nil {
+				// Verify field depth and index.
+				if len(f.Index) != len(test.index) {
+					t.Errorf("%s.%s depth %d; want %d: %v vs %v", s.Name(), test.name, len(f.Index), len(test.index), f.Index, test.index)
+				} else {
+					for i, x := range f.Index {
+						if x != test.index[i] {
+							t.Errorf("%s.%s.Index[%d] is %d; want %d", s.Name(), test.name, i, x, test.index[i])
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			} else {
+				t.Errorf("%s.%s found", s.Name(), f.Name)
+			}
+		} else if len(test.index) > 0 {
+			t.Errorf("%s.%s not found", s.Name(), test.name)
+		}
+
+		if test.value != 0 {
+			v := ValueOf(test.s).FieldByName(test.name)
+			if v.IsValid() {
+				if x, ok := v.Interface().(int); ok {
+					if x != test.value {
+						t.Errorf("%s.%s is %d; want %d", s.Name(), test.name, x, test.value)
+					}
+				} else {
+					t.Errorf("%s.%s value not an int", s.Name(), test.name)
+				}
+			} else {
+				t.Errorf("%s.%s value not found", s.Name(), test.name)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestImportPath(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		t    Type
+		path string
+	}{
+		{TypeOf(&base64.Encoding{}).Elem(), "encoding/base64"},
+		{TypeOf(int(0)), ""},
+		{TypeOf(int8(0)), ""},
+		{TypeOf(int16(0)), ""},
+		{TypeOf(int32(0)), ""},
+		{TypeOf(int64(0)), ""},
+		{TypeOf(uint(0)), ""},
+		{TypeOf(uint8(0)), ""},
+		{TypeOf(uint16(0)), ""},
+		{TypeOf(uint32(0)), ""},
+		{TypeOf(uint64(0)), ""},
+		{TypeOf(uintptr(0)), ""},
+		{TypeOf(float32(0)), ""},
+		{TypeOf(float64(0)), ""},
+		{TypeOf(complex64(0)), ""},
+		{TypeOf(complex128(0)), ""},
+		{TypeOf(byte(0)), ""},
+		{TypeOf(rune(0)), ""},
+		{TypeOf([]byte(nil)), ""},
+		{TypeOf([]rune(nil)), ""},
+		{TypeOf(string("")), ""},
+		{TypeOf((*any)(nil)).Elem(), ""},
+		{TypeOf((*byte)(nil)), ""},
+		{TypeOf((*rune)(nil)), ""},
+		{TypeOf((*int64)(nil)), ""},
+		{TypeOf(map[string]int{}), ""},
+		{TypeOf((*error)(nil)).Elem(), ""},
+		{TypeOf((*Point)(nil)), ""},
+		{TypeOf((*Point)(nil)).Elem(), "reflect_test"},
+	}
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		if path := test.t.PkgPath(); path != test.path {
+			t.Errorf("%v.PkgPath() = %q, want %q", test.t, path, test.path)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFieldPkgPath(t *testing.T) {
+	type x int
+	typ := TypeOf(struct {
+		Exported   string
+		unexported string
+		OtherPkgFields
+		int // issue 21702
+		*x  // issue 21122
+	}{})
+
+	type pkgpathTest struct {
+		index    []int
+		pkgPath  string
+		embedded bool
+		exported bool
+	}
+
+	checkPkgPath := func(name string, s []pkgpathTest) {
+		for _, test := range s {
+			f := typ.FieldByIndex(test.index)
+			if got, want := f.PkgPath, test.pkgPath; got != want {
+				t.Errorf("%s: Field(%d).PkgPath = %q, want %q", name, test.index, got, want)
+			}
+			if got, want := f.Anonymous, test.embedded; got != want {
+				t.Errorf("%s: Field(%d).Anonymous = %v, want %v", name, test.index, got, want)
+			}
+			if got, want := f.IsExported(), test.exported; got != want {
+				t.Errorf("%s: Field(%d).IsExported = %v, want %v", name, test.index, got, want)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	checkPkgPath("testStruct", []pkgpathTest{
+		{[]int{0}, "", false, true},              // Exported
+		{[]int{1}, "reflect_test", false, false}, // unexported
+		{[]int{2}, "", true, true},               // OtherPkgFields
+		{[]int{2, 0}, "", false, true},           // OtherExported
+		{[]int{2, 1}, "reflect", false, false},   // otherUnexported
+		{[]int{3}, "reflect_test", true, false},  // int
+		{[]int{4}, "reflect_test", true, false},  // *x
+	})
+
+	type localOtherPkgFields OtherPkgFields
+	typ = TypeOf(localOtherPkgFields{})
+	checkPkgPath("localOtherPkgFields", []pkgpathTest{
+		{[]int{0}, "", false, true},         // OtherExported
+		{[]int{1}, "reflect", false, false}, // otherUnexported
+	})
+}
+
+func TestMethodPkgPath(t *testing.T) {
+	type I interface {
+		x()
+		X()
+	}
+	typ := TypeOf((*interface {
+		I
+		y()
+		Y()
+	})(nil)).Elem()
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		pkgPath  string
+		exported bool
+	}{
+		{"X", "", true},
+		{"Y", "", true},
+		{"x", "reflect_test", false},
+		{"y", "reflect_test", false},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		m, _ := typ.MethodByName(test.name)
+		if got, want := m.PkgPath, test.pkgPath; got != want {
+			t.Errorf("MethodByName(%q).PkgPath = %q, want %q", test.name, got, want)
+		}
+		if got, want := m.IsExported(), test.exported; got != want {
+			t.Errorf("MethodByName(%q).IsExported = %v, want %v", test.name, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestVariadicType(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test example from Type documentation.
+	var f func(x int, y ...float64)
+	typ := TypeOf(f)
+	if typ.NumIn() == 2 && typ.In(0) == TypeOf(int(0)) {
+		sl := typ.In(1)
+		if sl.Kind() == Slice {
+			if sl.Elem() == TypeOf(0.0) {
+				// ok
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Failed
+	t.Errorf("want NumIn() = 2, In(0) = int, In(1) = []float64")
+	s := fmt.Sprintf("have NumIn() = %d", typ.NumIn())
+	for i := 0; i < typ.NumIn(); i++ {
+		s += fmt.Sprintf(", In(%d) = %s", i, typ.In(i))
+	}
+	t.Error(s)
+}
+
+type inner struct {
+	x int
+}
+
+type outer struct {
+	y int
+	inner
+}
+
+func (*inner) M() {}
+func (*outer) M() {}
+
+func TestNestedMethods(t *testing.T) {
+	typ := TypeOf((*outer)(nil))
+	if typ.NumMethod() != 1 || typ.Method(0).Func.UnsafePointer() != ValueOf((*outer).M).UnsafePointer() {
+		t.Errorf("Wrong method table for outer: (M=%p)", (*outer).M)
+		for i := 0; i < typ.NumMethod(); i++ {
+			m := typ.Method(i)
+			t.Errorf("\t%d: %s %p\n", i, m.Name, m.Func.UnsafePointer())
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type unexp struct{}
+
+func (*unexp) f() (int32, int8) { return 7, 7 }
+func (*unexp) g() (int64, int8) { return 8, 8 }
+
+type unexpI interface {
+	f() (int32, int8)
+}
+
+var unexpi unexpI = new(unexp)
+
+func TestUnexportedMethods(t *testing.T) {
+	typ := TypeOf(unexpi)
+
+	if got := typ.NumMethod(); got != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("NumMethod=%d, want 0 satisfied methods", got)
+	}
+}
+
+type InnerInt struct {
+	X int
+}
+
+type OuterInt struct {
+	Y int
+	InnerInt
+}
+
+func (i *InnerInt) M() int {
+	return i.X
+}
+
+func TestEmbeddedMethods(t *testing.T) {
+	typ := TypeOf((*OuterInt)(nil))
+	if typ.NumMethod() != 1 || typ.Method(0).Func.UnsafePointer() != ValueOf((*OuterInt).M).UnsafePointer() {
+		t.Errorf("Wrong method table for OuterInt: (m=%p)", (*OuterInt).M)
+		for i := 0; i < typ.NumMethod(); i++ {
+			m := typ.Method(i)
+			t.Errorf("\t%d: %s %p\n", i, m.Name, m.Func.UnsafePointer())
+		}
+	}
+
+	i := &InnerInt{3}
+	if v := ValueOf(i).Method(0).Call(nil)[0].Int(); v != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("i.M() = %d, want 3", v)
+	}
+
+	o := &OuterInt{1, InnerInt{2}}
+	if v := ValueOf(o).Method(0).Call(nil)[0].Int(); v != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("i.M() = %d, want 2", v)
+	}
+
+	f := (*OuterInt).M
+	if v := f(o); v != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("f(o) = %d, want 2", v)
+	}
+}
+
+type FuncDDD func(...any) error
+
+func (f FuncDDD) M() {}
+
+func TestNumMethodOnDDD(t *testing.T) {
+	rv := ValueOf((FuncDDD)(nil))
+	if n := rv.NumMethod(); n != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("NumMethod()=%d, want 1", n)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPtrTo(t *testing.T) {
+	// This block of code means that the ptrToThis field of the
+	// reflect data for *unsafe.Pointer is non zero, see
+	// https://golang.org/issue/19003
+	var x unsafe.Pointer
+	var y = &x
+	var z = &y
+
+	var i int
+
+	typ := TypeOf(z)
+	for i = 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		typ = PointerTo(typ)
+	}
+	for i = 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		typ = typ.Elem()
+	}
+	if typ != TypeOf(z) {
+		t.Errorf("after 100 PointerTo and Elem, have %s, want %s", typ, TypeOf(z))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPtrToGC(t *testing.T) {
+	type T *uintptr
+	tt := TypeOf(T(nil))
+	pt := PointerTo(tt)
+	const n = 100
+	var x []any
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		v := New(pt)
+		p := new(*uintptr)
+		*p = new(uintptr)
+		**p = uintptr(i)
+		v.Elem().Set(ValueOf(p).Convert(pt))
+		x = append(x, v.Interface())
+	}
+	runtime.GC()
+
+	for i, xi := range x {
+		k := ValueOf(xi).Elem().Elem().Elem().Interface().(uintptr)
+		if k != uintptr(i) {
+			t.Errorf("lost x[%d] = %d, want %d", i, k, i)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkPtrTo(b *testing.B) {
+	// Construct a type with a zero ptrToThis.
+	type T struct{ int }
+	t := SliceOf(TypeOf(T{}))
+	ptrToThis := ValueOf(t).Elem().FieldByName("ptrToThis")
+	if !ptrToThis.IsValid() {
+		b.Fatalf("%v has no ptrToThis field; was it removed from rtype?", t)
+	}
+	if ptrToThis.Int() != 0 {
+		b.Fatalf("%v.ptrToThis unexpectedly nonzero", t)
+	}
+	b.ResetTimer()
+
+	// Now benchmark calling PointerTo on it: we'll have to hit the ptrMap cache on
+	// every call.
+	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
+		for pb.Next() {
+			PointerTo(t)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestAddr(t *testing.T) {
+	var p struct {
+		X, Y int
+	}
+
+	v := ValueOf(&p)
+	v = v.Elem()
+	v = v.Addr()
+	v = v.Elem()
+	v = v.Field(0)
+	v.SetInt(2)
+	if p.X != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("Addr.Elem.Set failed to set value")
+	}
+
+	// Again but take address of the ValueOf value.
+	// Exercises generation of PtrTypes not present in the binary.
+	q := &p
+	v = ValueOf(&q).Elem()
+	v = v.Addr()
+	v = v.Elem()
+	v = v.Elem()
+	v = v.Addr()
+	v = v.Elem()
+	v = v.Field(0)
+	v.SetInt(3)
+	if p.X != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("Addr.Elem.Set failed to set value")
+	}
+
+	// Starting without pointer we should get changed value
+	// in interface.
+	qq := p
+	v = ValueOf(&qq).Elem()
+	v0 := v
+	v = v.Addr()
+	v = v.Elem()
+	v = v.Field(0)
+	v.SetInt(4)
+	if p.X != 3 { // should be unchanged from last time
+		t.Errorf("somehow value Set changed original p")
+	}
+	p = v0.Interface().(struct {
+		X, Y int
+	})
+	if p.X != 4 {
+		t.Errorf("Addr.Elem.Set valued to set value in top value")
+	}
+
+	// Verify that taking the address of a type gives us a pointer
+	// which we can convert back using the usual interface
+	// notation.
+	var s struct {
+		B *bool
+	}
+	ps := ValueOf(&s).Elem().Field(0).Addr().Interface()
+	*(ps.(**bool)) = new(bool)
+	if s.B == nil {
+		t.Errorf("Addr.Interface direct assignment failed")
+	}
+}
+
+func noAlloc(t *testing.T, n int, f func(int)) {
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip("skipping malloc count in short mode")
+	}
+	if runtime.GOMAXPROCS(0) > 1 {
+		t.Skip("skipping; GOMAXPROCS>1")
+	}
+	i := -1
+	allocs := testing.AllocsPerRun(n, func() {
+		f(i)
+		i++
+	})
+	if allocs > 0 {
+		t.Errorf("%d iterations: got %v mallocs, want 0", n, allocs)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAllocations(t *testing.T) {
+	noAlloc(t, 100, func(j int) {
+		var i any
+		var v Value
+
+		// We can uncomment this when compiler escape analysis
+		// is good enough to see that the integer assigned to i
+		// does not escape and therefore need not be allocated.
+		//
+		// i = 42 + j
+		// v = ValueOf(i)
+		// if int(v.Int()) != 42+j {
+		// 	panic("wrong int")
+		// }
+
+		i = func(j int) int { return j }
+		v = ValueOf(i)
+		if v.Interface().(func(int) int)(j) != j {
+			panic("wrong result")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestSmallNegativeInt(t *testing.T) {
+	i := int16(-1)
+	v := ValueOf(i)
+	if v.Int() != -1 {
+		t.Errorf("int16(-1).Int() returned %v", v.Int())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	xs := []byte{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
+	v := ValueOf(xs).Index(3).Interface().(byte)
+	if v != xs[3] {
+		t.Errorf("xs.Index(3) = %v; expected %v", v, xs[3])
+	}
+	xa := [8]byte{10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80}
+	v = ValueOf(xa).Index(2).Interface().(byte)
+	if v != xa[2] {
+		t.Errorf("xa.Index(2) = %v; expected %v", v, xa[2])
+	}
+	s := "0123456789"
+	v = ValueOf(s).Index(3).Interface().(byte)
+	if v != s[3] {
+		t.Errorf("s.Index(3) = %v; expected %v", v, s[3])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSlice(t *testing.T) {
+	xs := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
+	v := ValueOf(xs).Slice(3, 5).Interface().([]int)
+	if len(v) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("len(xs.Slice(3, 5)) = %d", len(v))
+	}
+	if cap(v) != 5 {
+		t.Errorf("cap(xs.Slice(3, 5)) = %d", cap(v))
+	}
+	if !DeepEqual(v[0:5], xs[3:]) {
+		t.Errorf("xs.Slice(3, 5)[0:5] = %v", v[0:5])
+	}
+	xa := [8]int{10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80}
+	v = ValueOf(&xa).Elem().Slice(2, 5).Interface().([]int)
+	if len(v) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("len(xa.Slice(2, 5)) = %d", len(v))
+	}
+	if cap(v) != 6 {
+		t.Errorf("cap(xa.Slice(2, 5)) = %d", cap(v))
+	}
+	if !DeepEqual(v[0:6], xa[2:]) {
+		t.Errorf("xs.Slice(2, 5)[0:6] = %v", v[0:6])
+	}
+	s := "0123456789"
+	vs := ValueOf(s).Slice(3, 5).Interface().(string)
+	if vs != s[3:5] {
+		t.Errorf("s.Slice(3, 5) = %q; expected %q", vs, s[3:5])
+	}
+
+	rv := ValueOf(&xs).Elem()
+	rv = rv.Slice(3, 4)
+	ptr2 := rv.UnsafePointer()
+	rv = rv.Slice(5, 5)
+	ptr3 := rv.UnsafePointer()
+	if ptr3 != ptr2 {
+		t.Errorf("xs.Slice(3,4).Slice3(5,5).UnsafePointer() = %p, want %p", ptr3, ptr2)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSlice3(t *testing.T) {
+	xs := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
+	v := ValueOf(xs).Slice3(3, 5, 7).Interface().([]int)
+	if len(v) != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("len(xs.Slice3(3, 5, 7)) = %d", len(v))
+	}
+	if cap(v) != 4 {
+		t.Errorf("cap(xs.Slice3(3, 5, 7)) = %d", cap(v))
+	}
+	if !DeepEqual(v[0:4], xs[3:7:7]) {
+		t.Errorf("xs.Slice3(3, 5, 7)[0:4] = %v", v[0:4])
+	}
+	rv := ValueOf(&xs).Elem()
+	shouldPanic("Slice3", func() { rv.Slice3(1, 2, 1) })
+	shouldPanic("Slice3", func() { rv.Slice3(1, 1, 11) })
+	shouldPanic("Slice3", func() { rv.Slice3(2, 2, 1) })
+
+	xa := [8]int{10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80}
+	v = ValueOf(&xa).Elem().Slice3(2, 5, 6).Interface().([]int)
+	if len(v) != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("len(xa.Slice(2, 5, 6)) = %d", len(v))
+	}
+	if cap(v) != 4 {
+		t.Errorf("cap(xa.Slice(2, 5, 6)) = %d", cap(v))
+	}
+	if !DeepEqual(v[0:4], xa[2:6:6]) {
+		t.Errorf("xs.Slice(2, 5, 6)[0:4] = %v", v[0:4])
+	}
+	rv = ValueOf(&xa).Elem()
+	shouldPanic("Slice3", func() { rv.Slice3(1, 2, 1) })
+	shouldPanic("Slice3", func() { rv.Slice3(1, 1, 11) })
+	shouldPanic("Slice3", func() { rv.Slice3(2, 2, 1) })
+
+	s := "hello world"
+	rv = ValueOf(&s).Elem()
+	shouldPanic("Slice3", func() { rv.Slice3(1, 2, 3) })
+
+	rv = ValueOf(&xs).Elem()
+	rv = rv.Slice3(3, 5, 7)
+	ptr2 := rv.UnsafePointer()
+	rv = rv.Slice3(4, 4, 4)
+	ptr3 := rv.UnsafePointer()
+	if ptr3 != ptr2 {
+		t.Errorf("xs.Slice3(3,5,7).Slice3(4,4,4).UnsafePointer() = %p, want %p", ptr3, ptr2)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSetLenCap(t *testing.T) {
+	xs := []int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
+	xa := [8]int{10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80}
+
+	vs := ValueOf(&xs).Elem()
+	shouldPanic("SetLen", func() { vs.SetLen(10) })
+	shouldPanic("SetCap", func() { vs.SetCap(10) })
+	shouldPanic("SetLen", func() { vs.SetLen(-1) })
+	shouldPanic("SetCap", func() { vs.SetCap(-1) })
+	shouldPanic("SetCap", func() { vs.SetCap(6) }) // smaller than len
+	vs.SetLen(5)
+	if len(xs) != 5 || cap(xs) != 8 {
+		t.Errorf("after SetLen(5), len, cap = %d, %d, want 5, 8", len(xs), cap(xs))
+	}
+	vs.SetCap(6)
+	if len(xs) != 5 || cap(xs) != 6 {
+		t.Errorf("after SetCap(6), len, cap = %d, %d, want 5, 6", len(xs), cap(xs))
+	}
+	vs.SetCap(5)
+	if len(xs) != 5 || cap(xs) != 5 {
+		t.Errorf("after SetCap(5), len, cap = %d, %d, want 5, 5", len(xs), cap(xs))
+	}
+	shouldPanic("SetCap", func() { vs.SetCap(4) }) // smaller than len
+	shouldPanic("SetLen", func() { vs.SetLen(6) }) // bigger than cap
+
+	va := ValueOf(&xa).Elem()
+	shouldPanic("SetLen", func() { va.SetLen(8) })
+	shouldPanic("SetCap", func() { va.SetCap(8) })
+}
+
+func TestVariadic(t *testing.T) {
+	var b bytes.Buffer
+	V := ValueOf
+
+	b.Reset()
+	V(fmt.Fprintf).Call([]Value{V(&b), V("%s, %d world"), V("hello"), V(42)})
+	if b.String() != "hello, 42 world" {
+		t.Errorf("after Fprintf Call: %q != %q", b.String(), "hello 42 world")
+	}
+
+	b.Reset()
+	V(fmt.Fprintf).CallSlice([]Value{V(&b), V("%s, %d world"), V([]any{"hello", 42})})
+	if b.String() != "hello, 42 world" {
+		t.Errorf("after Fprintf CallSlice: %q != %q", b.String(), "hello 42 world")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFuncArg(t *testing.T) {
+	f1 := func(i int, f func(int) int) int { return f(i) }
+	f2 := func(i int) int { return i + 1 }
+	r := ValueOf(f1).Call([]Value{ValueOf(100), ValueOf(f2)})
+	if r[0].Int() != 101 {
+		t.Errorf("function returned %d, want 101", r[0].Int())
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStructArg(t *testing.T) {
+	type padded struct {
+		B string
+		C int32
+	}
+	var (
+		gotA  padded
+		gotB  uint32
+		wantA = padded{"3", 4}
+		wantB = uint32(5)
+	)
+	f := func(a padded, b uint32) {
+		gotA, gotB = a, b
+	}
+	ValueOf(f).Call([]Value{ValueOf(wantA), ValueOf(wantB)})
+	if gotA != wantA || gotB != wantB {
+		t.Errorf("function called with (%v, %v), want (%v, %v)", gotA, gotB, wantA, wantB)
+	}
+}
+
+var tagGetTests = []struct {
+	Tag   StructTag
+	Key   string
+	Value string
+}{
+	{`protobuf:"PB(1,2)"`, `protobuf`, `PB(1,2)`},
+	{`protobuf:"PB(1,2)"`, `foo`, ``},
+	{`protobuf:"PB(1,2)"`, `rotobuf`, ``},
+	{`protobuf:"PB(1,2)" json:"name"`, `json`, `name`},
+	{`protobuf:"PB(1,2)" json:"name"`, `protobuf`, `PB(1,2)`},
+	{`k0:"values contain spaces" k1:"and\ttabs"`, "k0", "values contain spaces"},
+	{`k0:"values contain spaces" k1:"and\ttabs"`, "k1", "and\ttabs"},
+}
+
+func TestTagGet(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range tagGetTests {
+		if v := tt.Tag.Get(tt.Key); v != tt.Value {
+			t.Errorf("StructTag(%#q).Get(%#q) = %#q, want %#q", tt.Tag, tt.Key, v, tt.Value)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	type B []byte
+	x := B{1, 2, 3, 4}
+	y := ValueOf(x).Bytes()
+	if !bytes.Equal(x, y) {
+		t.Fatalf("ValueOf(%v).Bytes() = %v", x, y)
+	}
+	if &x[0] != &y[0] {
+		t.Errorf("ValueOf(%p).Bytes() = %p", &x[0], &y[0])
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSetBytes(t *testing.T) {
+	type B []byte
+	var x B
+	y := []byte{1, 2, 3, 4}
+	ValueOf(&x).Elem().SetBytes(y)
+	if !bytes.Equal(x, y) {
+		t.Fatalf("ValueOf(%v).Bytes() = %v", x, y)
+	}
+	if &x[0] != &y[0] {
+		t.Errorf("ValueOf(%p).Bytes() = %p", &x[0], &y[0])
+	}
+}
+
+type Private struct {
+	x int
+	y **int
+	Z int
+}
+
+func (p *Private) m() {
+}
+
+type private struct {
+	Z int
+	z int
+	S string
+	A [1]Private
+	T []Private
+}
+
+func (p *private) P() {
+}
+
+type Public struct {
+	X int
+	Y **int
+	private
+}
+
+func (p *Public) M() {
+}
+
+func TestUnexported(t *testing.T) {
+	var pub Public
+	pub.S = "S"
+	pub.T = pub.A[:]
+	v := ValueOf(&pub)
+	isValid(v.Elem().Field(0))
+	isValid(v.Elem().Field(1))
+	isValid(v.Elem().Field(2))
+	isValid(v.Elem().FieldByName("X"))
+	isValid(v.Elem().FieldByName("Y"))
+	isValid(v.Elem().FieldByName("Z"))
+	isValid(v.Type().Method(0).Func)
+	m, _ := v.Type().MethodByName("M")
+	isValid(m.Func)
+	m, _ = v.Type().MethodByName("P")
+	isValid(m.Func)
+	isNonNil(v.Elem().Field(0).Interface())
+	isNonNil(v.Elem().Field(1).Interface())
+	isNonNil(v.Elem().Field(2).Field(2).Index(0))
+	isNonNil(v.Elem().FieldByName("X").Interface())
+	isNonNil(v.Elem().FieldByName("Y").Interface())
+	isNonNil(v.Elem().FieldByName("Z").Interface())
+	isNonNil(v.Elem().FieldByName("S").Index(0).Interface())
+	isNonNil(v.Type().Method(0).Func.Interface())
+	m, _ = v.Type().MethodByName("P")
+	isNonNil(m.Func.Interface())
+
+	var priv Private
+	v = ValueOf(&priv)
+	isValid(v.Elem().Field(0))
+	isValid(v.Elem().Field(1))
+	isValid(v.Elem().FieldByName("x"))
+	isValid(v.Elem().FieldByName("y"))
+	shouldPanic("Interface", func() { v.Elem().Field(0).Interface() })
+	shouldPanic("Interface", func() { v.Elem().Field(1).Interface() })
+	shouldPanic("Interface", func() { v.Elem().FieldByName("x").Interface() })
+	shouldPanic("Interface", func() { v.Elem().FieldByName("y").Interface() })
+	shouldPanic("Method", func() { v.Type().Method(0) })
+}
+
+func TestSetPanic(t *testing.T) {
+	ok := func(f func()) { f() }
+	bad := func(f func()) { shouldPanic("Set", f) }
+	clear := func(v Value) { v.Set(Zero(v.Type())) }
+
+	type t0 struct {
+		W int
+	}
+
+	type t1 struct {
+		Y int
+		t0
+	}
+
+	type T2 struct {
+		Z       int
+		namedT0 t0
+	}
+
+	type T struct {
+		X int
+		t1
+		T2
+		NamedT1 t1
+		NamedT2 T2
+		namedT1 t1
+		namedT2 T2
+	}
+
+	// not addressable
+	v := ValueOf(T{})
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(0)) })                   // .X
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(1)) })                   // .t1
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(1).Field(0)) })          // .t1.Y
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(1).Field(1)) })          // .t1.t0
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(1).Field(1).Field(0)) }) // .t1.t0.W
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(2)) })                   // .T2
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(2).Field(0)) })          // .T2.Z
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(2).Field(1)) })          // .T2.namedT0
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(2).Field(1).Field(0)) }) // .T2.namedT0.W
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(3)) })                   // .NamedT1
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(3).Field(0)) })          // .NamedT1.Y
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(3).Field(1)) })          // .NamedT1.t0
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(3).Field(1).Field(0)) }) // .NamedT1.t0.W
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(4)) })                   // .NamedT2
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(4).Field(0)) })          // .NamedT2.Z
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(4).Field(1)) })          // .NamedT2.namedT0
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(4).Field(1).Field(0)) }) // .NamedT2.namedT0.W
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(5)) })                   // .namedT1
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(5).Field(0)) })          // .namedT1.Y
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(5).Field(1)) })          // .namedT1.t0
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(5).Field(1).Field(0)) }) // .namedT1.t0.W
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(6)) })                   // .namedT2
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(6).Field(0)) })          // .namedT2.Z
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(6).Field(1)) })          // .namedT2.namedT0
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(6).Field(1).Field(0)) }) // .namedT2.namedT0.W
+
+	// addressable
+	v = ValueOf(&T{}).Elem()
+	ok(func() { clear(v.Field(0)) })                    // .X
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(1)) })                   // .t1
+	ok(func() { clear(v.Field(1).Field(0)) })           // .t1.Y
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(1).Field(1)) })          // .t1.t0
+	ok(func() { clear(v.Field(1).Field(1).Field(0)) })  // .t1.t0.W
+	ok(func() { clear(v.Field(2)) })                    // .T2
+	ok(func() { clear(v.Field(2).Field(0)) })           // .T2.Z
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(2).Field(1)) })          // .T2.namedT0
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(2).Field(1).Field(0)) }) // .T2.namedT0.W
+	ok(func() { clear(v.Field(3)) })                    // .NamedT1
+	ok(func() { clear(v.Field(3).Field(0)) })           // .NamedT1.Y
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(3).Field(1)) })          // .NamedT1.t0
+	ok(func() { clear(v.Field(3).Field(1).Field(0)) })  // .NamedT1.t0.W
+	ok(func() { clear(v.Field(4)) })                    // .NamedT2
+	ok(func() { clear(v.Field(4).Field(0)) })           // .NamedT2.Z
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(4).Field(1)) })          // .NamedT2.namedT0
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(4).Field(1).Field(0)) }) // .NamedT2.namedT0.W
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(5)) })                   // .namedT1
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(5).Field(0)) })          // .namedT1.Y
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(5).Field(1)) })          // .namedT1.t0
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(5).Field(1).Field(0)) }) // .namedT1.t0.W
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(6)) })                   // .namedT2
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(6).Field(0)) })          // .namedT2.Z
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(6).Field(1)) })          // .namedT2.namedT0
+	bad(func() { clear(v.Field(6).Field(1).Field(0)) }) // .namedT2.namedT0.W
+}
+
+type timp int
+
+func (t timp) W() {}
+func (t timp) Y() {}
+func (t timp) w() {}
+func (t timp) y() {}
+
+func TestCallPanic(t *testing.T) {
+	type t0 interface {
+		W()
+		w()
+	}
+	type T1 interface {
+		Y()
+		y()
+	}
+	type T2 struct {
+		T1
+		t0
+	}
+	type T struct {
+		t0 // 0
+		T1 // 1
+
+		NamedT0 t0 // 2
+		NamedT1 T1 // 3
+		NamedT2 T2 // 4
+
+		namedT0 t0 // 5
+		namedT1 T1 // 6
+		namedT2 T2 // 7
+	}
+	ok := func(f func()) { f() }
+	badCall := func(f func()) { shouldPanic("Call", f) }
+	badMethod := func(f func()) { shouldPanic("Method", f) }
+	call := func(v Value) { v.Call(nil) }
+
+	i := timp(0)
+	v := ValueOf(T{i, i, i, i, T2{i, i}, i, i, T2{i, i}})
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(0).Method(0)) })          // .t0.W
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(0).Elem().Method(0)) })   // .t0.W
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(0).Method(1)) })          // .t0.w
+	badMethod(func() { call(v.Field(0).Elem().Method(2)) }) // .t0.w
+	ok(func() { call(v.Field(1).Method(0)) })               // .T1.Y
+	ok(func() { call(v.Field(1).Elem().Method(0)) })        // .T1.Y
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(1).Method(1)) })          // .T1.y
+	badMethod(func() { call(v.Field(1).Elem().Method(2)) }) // .T1.y
+
+	ok(func() { call(v.Field(2).Method(0)) })               // .NamedT0.W
+	ok(func() { call(v.Field(2).Elem().Method(0)) })        // .NamedT0.W
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(2).Method(1)) })          // .NamedT0.w
+	badMethod(func() { call(v.Field(2).Elem().Method(2)) }) // .NamedT0.w
+
+	ok(func() { call(v.Field(3).Method(0)) })               // .NamedT1.Y
+	ok(func() { call(v.Field(3).Elem().Method(0)) })        // .NamedT1.Y
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(3).Method(1)) })          // .NamedT1.y
+	badMethod(func() { call(v.Field(3).Elem().Method(3)) }) // .NamedT1.y
+
+	ok(func() { call(v.Field(4).Field(0).Method(0)) })             // .NamedT2.T1.Y
+	ok(func() { call(v.Field(4).Field(0).Elem().Method(0)) })      // .NamedT2.T1.W
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(4).Field(1).Method(0)) })        // .NamedT2.t0.W
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(4).Field(1).Elem().Method(0)) }) // .NamedT2.t0.W
+
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(5).Method(0)) })          // .namedT0.W
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(5).Elem().Method(0)) })   // .namedT0.W
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(5).Method(1)) })          // .namedT0.w
+	badMethod(func() { call(v.Field(5).Elem().Method(2)) }) // .namedT0.w
+
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(6).Method(0)) })        // .namedT1.Y
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(6).Elem().Method(0)) }) // .namedT1.Y
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(6).Method(0)) })        // .namedT1.y
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(6).Elem().Method(0)) }) // .namedT1.y
+
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(7).Field(0).Method(0)) })        // .namedT2.T1.Y
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(7).Field(0).Elem().Method(0)) }) // .namedT2.T1.W
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(7).Field(1).Method(0)) })        // .namedT2.t0.W
+	badCall(func() { call(v.Field(7).Field(1).Elem().Method(0)) }) // .namedT2.t0.W
+}
+
+func shouldPanic(expect string, f func()) {
+	defer func() {
+		r := recover()
+		if r == nil {
+			panic("did not panic")
+		}
+		if expect != "" {
+			var s string
+			switch r := r.(type) {
+			case string:
+				s = r
+			case *ValueError:
+				s = r.Error()
+			default:
+				panic(fmt.Sprintf("panicked with unexpected type %T", r))
+			}
+			if !strings.HasPrefix(s, "reflect") {
+				panic(`panic string does not start with "reflect": ` + s)
+			}
+			if !strings.Contains(s, expect) {
+				panic(`panic string does not contain "` + expect + `": ` + s)
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+	f()
+}
+
+func isNonNil(x any) {
+	if x == nil {
+		panic("nil interface")
+	}
+}
+
+func isValid(v Value) {
+	if !v.IsValid() {
+		panic("zero Value")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAlias(t *testing.T) {
+	x := string("hello")
+	v := ValueOf(&x).Elem()
+	oldvalue := v.Interface()
+	v.SetString("world")
+	newvalue := v.Interface()
+
+	if oldvalue != "hello" || newvalue != "world" {
+		t.Errorf("aliasing: old=%q new=%q, want hello, world", oldvalue, newvalue)
+	}
+}
+
+var V = ValueOf
+
+func EmptyInterfaceV(x any) Value {
+	return ValueOf(&x).Elem()
+}
+
+func ReaderV(x io.Reader) Value {
+	return ValueOf(&x).Elem()
+}
+
+func ReadWriterV(x io.ReadWriter) Value {
+	return ValueOf(&x).Elem()
+}
+
+type Empty struct{}
+type MyStruct struct {
+	x int `some:"tag"`
+}
+type MyStruct1 struct {
+	x struct {
+		int `some:"bar"`
+	}
+}
+type MyStruct2 struct {
+	x struct {
+		int `some:"foo"`
+	}
+}
+type MyString string
+type MyBytes []byte
+type MyBytesArrayPtr0 *[0]byte
+type MyBytesArrayPtr *[4]byte
+type MyBytesArray0 [0]byte
+type MyBytesArray [4]byte
+type MyRunes []int32
+type MyFunc func()
+type MyByte byte
+
+type IntChan chan int
+type IntChanRecv <-chan int
+type IntChanSend chan<- int
+type BytesChan chan []byte
+type BytesChanRecv <-chan []byte
+type BytesChanSend chan<- []byte
+
+var convertTests = []struct {
+	in  Value
+	out Value
+}{
+	// numbers
+	/*
+		Edit .+1,/\*\//-1>cat >/tmp/x.go && go run /tmp/x.go
+
+		package main
+
+		import "fmt"
+
+		var numbers = []string{
+			"int8", "uint8", "int16", "uint16",
+			"int32", "uint32", "int64", "uint64",
+			"int", "uint", "uintptr",
+			"float32", "float64",
+		}
+
+		func main() {
+			// all pairs but in an unusual order,
+			// to emit all the int8, uint8 cases
+			// before n grows too big.
+			n := 1
+			for i, f := range numbers {
+				for _, g := range numbers[i:] {
+					fmt.Printf("\t{V(%s(%d)), V(%s(%d))},\n", f, n, g, n)
+					n++
+					if f != g {
+						fmt.Printf("\t{V(%s(%d)), V(%s(%d))},\n", g, n, f, n)
+						n++
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	*/
+	{V(int8(1)), V(int8(1))},
+	{V(int8(2)), V(uint8(2))},
+	{V(uint8(3)), V(int8(3))},
+	{V(int8(4)), V(int16(4))},
+	{V(int16(5)), V(int8(5))},
+	{V(int8(6)), V(uint16(6))},
+	{V(uint16(7)), V(int8(7))},
+	{V(int8(8)), V(int32(8))},
+	{V(int32(9)), V(int8(9))},
+	{V(int8(10)), V(uint32(10))},
+	{V(uint32(11)), V(int8(11))},
+	{V(int8(12)), V(int64(12))},
+	{V(int64(13)), V(int8(13))},
+	{V(int8(14)), V(uint64(14))},
+	{V(uint64(15)), V(int8(15))},
+	{V(int8(16)), V(int(16))},
+	{V(int(17)), V(int8(17))},
+	{V(int8(18)), V(uint(18))},
+	{V(uint(19)), V(int8(19))},
+	{V(int8(20)), V(uintptr(20))},
+	{V(uintptr(21)), V(int8(21))},
+	{V(int8(22)), V(float32(22))},
+	{V(float32(23)), V(int8(23))},
+	{V(int8(24)), V(float64(24))},
+	{V(float64(25)), V(int8(25))},
+	{V(uint8(26)), V(uint8(26))},
+	{V(uint8(27)), V(int16(27))},
+	{V(int16(28)), V(uint8(28))},
+	{V(uint8(29)), V(uint16(29))},
+	{V(uint16(30)), V(uint8(30))},
+	{V(uint8(31)), V(int32(31))},
+	{V(int32(32)), V(uint8(32))},
+	{V(uint8(33)), V(uint32(33))},
+	{V(uint32(34)), V(uint8(34))},
+	{V(uint8(35)), V(int64(35))},
+	{V(int64(36)), V(uint8(36))},
+	{V(uint8(37)), V(uint64(37))},
+	{V(uint64(38)), V(uint8(38))},
+	{V(uint8(39)), V(int(39))},
+	{V(int(40)), V(uint8(40))},
+	{V(uint8(41)), V(uint(41))},
+	{V(uint(42)), V(uint8(42))},
+	{V(uint8(43)), V(uintptr(43))},
+	{V(uintptr(44)), V(uint8(44))},
+	{V(uint8(45)), V(float32(45))},
+	{V(float32(46)), V(uint8(46))},
+	{V(uint8(47)), V(float64(47))},
+	{V(float64(48)), V(uint8(48))},
+	{V(int16(49)), V(int16(49))},
+	{V(int16(50)), V(uint16(50))},
+	{V(uint16(51)), V(int16(51))},
+	{V(int16(52)), V(int32(52))},
+	{V(int32(53)), V(int16(53))},
+	{V(int16(54)), V(uint32(54))},
+	{V(uint32(55)), V(int16(55))},
+	{V(int16(56)), V(int64(56))},
+	{V(int64(57)), V(int16(57))},
+	{V(int16(58)), V(uint64(58))},
+	{V(uint64(59)), V(int16(59))},
+	{V(int16(60)), V(int(60))},
+	{V(int(61)), V(int16(61))},
+	{V(int16(62)), V(uint(62))},
+	{V(uint(63)), V(int16(63))},
+	{V(int16(64)), V(uintptr(64))},
+	{V(uintptr(65)), V(int16(65))},
+	{V(int16(66)), V(float32(66))},
+	{V(float32(67)), V(int16(67))},
+	{V(int16(68)), V(float64(68))},
+	{V(float64(69)), V(int16(69))},
+	{V(uint16(70)), V(uint16(70))},
+	{V(uint16(71)), V(int32(71))},
+	{V(int32(72)), V(uint16(72))},
+	{V(uint16(73)), V(uint32(73))},
+	{V(uint32(74)), V(uint16(74))},
+	{V(uint16(75)), V(int64(75))},
+	{V(int64(76)), V(uint16(76))},
+	{V(uint16(77)), V(uint64(77))},
+	{V(uint64(78)), V(uint16(78))},
+	{V(uint16(79)), V(int(79))},
+	{V(int(80)), V(uint16(80))},
+	{V(uint16(81)), V(uint(81))},
+	{V(uint(82)), V(uint16(82))},
+	{V(uint16(83)), V(uintptr(83))},
+	{V(uintptr(84)), V(uint16(84))},
+	{V(uint16(85)), V(float32(85))},
+	{V(float32(86)), V(uint16(86))},
+	{V(uint16(87)), V(float64(87))},
+	{V(float64(88)), V(uint16(88))},
+	{V(int32(89)), V(int32(89))},
+	{V(int32(90)), V(uint32(90))},
+	{V(uint32(91)), V(int32(91))},
+	{V(int32(92)), V(int64(92))},
+	{V(int64(93)), V(int32(93))},
+	{V(int32(94)), V(uint64(94))},
+	{V(uint64(95)), V(int32(95))},
+	{V(int32(96)), V(int(96))},
+	{V(int(97)), V(int32(97))},
+	{V(int32(98)), V(uint(98))},
+	{V(uint(99)), V(int32(99))},
+	{V(int32(100)), V(uintptr(100))},
+	{V(uintptr(101)), V(int32(101))},
+	{V(int32(102)), V(float32(102))},
+	{V(float32(103)), V(int32(103))},
+	{V(int32(104)), V(float64(104))},
+	{V(float64(105)), V(int32(105))},
+	{V(uint32(106)), V(uint32(106))},
+	{V(uint32(107)), V(int64(107))},
+	{V(int64(108)), V(uint32(108))},
+	{V(uint32(109)), V(uint64(109))},
+	{V(uint64(110)), V(uint32(110))},
+	{V(uint32(111)), V(int(111))},
+	{V(int(112)), V(uint32(112))},
+	{V(uint32(113)), V(uint(113))},
+	{V(uint(114)), V(uint32(114))},
+	{V(uint32(115)), V(uintptr(115))},
+	{V(uintptr(116)), V(uint32(116))},
+	{V(uint32(117)), V(float32(117))},
+	{V(float32(118)), V(uint32(118))},
+	{V(uint32(119)), V(float64(119))},
+	{V(float64(120)), V(uint32(120))},
+	{V(int64(121)), V(int64(121))},
+	{V(int64(122)), V(uint64(122))},
+	{V(uint64(123)), V(int64(123))},
+	{V(int64(124)), V(int(124))},
+	{V(int(125)), V(int64(125))},
+	{V(int64(126)), V(uint(126))},
+	{V(uint(127)), V(int64(127))},
+	{V(int64(128)), V(uintptr(128))},
+	{V(uintptr(129)), V(int64(129))},
+	{V(int64(130)), V(float32(130))},
+	{V(float32(131)), V(int64(131))},
+	{V(int64(132)), V(float64(132))},
+	{V(float64(133)), V(int64(133))},
+	{V(uint64(134)), V(uint64(134))},
+	{V(uint64(135)), V(int(135))},
+	{V(int(136)), V(uint64(136))},
+	{V(uint64(137)), V(uint(137))},
+	{V(uint(138)), V(uint64(138))},
+	{V(uint64(139)), V(uintptr(139))},
+	{V(uintptr(140)), V(uint64(140))},
+	{V(uint64(141)), V(float32(141))},
+	{V(float32(142)), V(uint64(142))},
+	{V(uint64(143)), V(float64(143))},
+	{V(float64(144)), V(uint64(144))},
+	{V(int(145)), V(int(145))},
+	{V(int(146)), V(uint(146))},
+	{V(uint(147)), V(int(147))},
+	{V(int(148)), V(uintptr(148))},
+	{V(uintptr(149)), V(int(149))},
+	{V(int(150)), V(float32(150))},
+	{V(float32(151)), V(int(151))},
+	{V(int(152)), V(float64(152))},
+	{V(float64(153)), V(int(153))},
+	{V(uint(154)), V(uint(154))},
+	{V(uint(155)), V(uintptr(155))},
+	{V(uintptr(156)), V(uint(156))},
+	{V(uint(157)), V(float32(157))},
+	{V(float32(158)), V(uint(158))},
+	{V(uint(159)), V(float64(159))},
+	{V(float64(160)), V(uint(160))},
+	{V(uintptr(161)), V(uintptr(161))},
+	{V(uintptr(162)), V(float32(162))},
+	{V(float32(163)), V(uintptr(163))},
+	{V(uintptr(164)), V(float64(164))},
+	{V(float64(165)), V(uintptr(165))},
+	{V(float32(166)), V(float32(166))},
+	{V(float32(167)), V(float64(167))},
+	{V(float64(168)), V(float32(168))},
+	{V(float64(169)), V(float64(169))},
+
+	// truncation
+	{V(float64(1.5)), V(int(1))},
+
+	// complex
+	{V(complex64(1i)), V(complex64(1i))},
+	{V(complex64(2i)), V(complex128(2i))},
+	{V(complex128(3i)), V(complex64(3i))},
+	{V(complex128(4i)), V(complex128(4i))},
+
+	// string
+	{V(string("hello")), V(string("hello"))},
+	{V(string("bytes1")), V([]byte("bytes1"))},
+	{V([]byte("bytes2")), V(string("bytes2"))},
+	{V([]byte("bytes3")), V([]byte("bytes3"))},
+	{V(string("runes♝")), V([]rune("runes♝"))},
+	{V([]rune("runes♕")), V(string("runes♕"))},
+	{V([]rune("runes🙈🙉🙊")), V([]rune("runes🙈🙉🙊"))},
+	{V(int('a')), V(string("a"))},
+	{V(int8('a')), V(string("a"))},
+	{V(int16('a')), V(string("a"))},
+	{V(int32('a')), V(string("a"))},
+	{V(int64('a')), V(string("a"))},
+	{V(uint('a')), V(string("a"))},
+	{V(uint8('a')), V(string("a"))},
+	{V(uint16('a')), V(string("a"))},
+	{V(uint32('a')), V(string("a"))},
+	{V(uint64('a')), V(string("a"))},
+	{V(uintptr('a')), V(string("a"))},
+	{V(int(-1)), V(string("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(int8(-2)), V(string("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(int16(-3)), V(string("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(int32(-4)), V(string("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(int64(-5)), V(string("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(int64(-1 << 32)), V(string("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(int64(1 << 32)), V(string("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(uint(0x110001)), V(string("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(uint32(0x110002)), V(string("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(uint64(0x110003)), V(string("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(uint64(1 << 32)), V(string("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(uintptr(0x110004)), V(string("\uFFFD"))},
+
+	// named string
+	{V(MyString("hello")), V(string("hello"))},
+	{V(string("hello")), V(MyString("hello"))},
+	{V(string("hello")), V(string("hello"))},
+	{V(MyString("hello")), V(MyString("hello"))},
+	{V(MyString("bytes1")), V([]byte("bytes1"))},
+	{V([]byte("bytes2")), V(MyString("bytes2"))},
+	{V([]byte("bytes3")), V([]byte("bytes3"))},
+	{V(MyString("runes♝")), V([]rune("runes♝"))},
+	{V([]rune("runes♕")), V(MyString("runes♕"))},
+	{V([]rune("runes🙈🙉🙊")), V([]rune("runes🙈🙉🙊"))},
+	{V([]rune("runes🙈🙉🙊")), V(MyRunes("runes🙈🙉🙊"))},
+	{V(MyRunes("runes🙈🙉🙊")), V([]rune("runes🙈🙉🙊"))},
+	{V(int('a')), V(MyString("a"))},
+	{V(int8('a')), V(MyString("a"))},
+	{V(int16('a')), V(MyString("a"))},
+	{V(int32('a')), V(MyString("a"))},
+	{V(int64('a')), V(MyString("a"))},
+	{V(uint('a')), V(MyString("a"))},
+	{V(uint8('a')), V(MyString("a"))},
+	{V(uint16('a')), V(MyString("a"))},
+	{V(uint32('a')), V(MyString("a"))},
+	{V(uint64('a')), V(MyString("a"))},
+	{V(uintptr('a')), V(MyString("a"))},
+	{V(int(-1)), V(MyString("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(int8(-2)), V(MyString("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(int16(-3)), V(MyString("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(int32(-4)), V(MyString("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(int64(-5)), V(MyString("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(uint(0x110001)), V(MyString("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(uint32(0x110002)), V(MyString("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(uint64(0x110003)), V(MyString("\uFFFD"))},
+	{V(uintptr(0x110004)), V(MyString("\uFFFD"))},
+
+	// named []byte
+	{V(string("bytes1")), V(MyBytes("bytes1"))},
+	{V(MyBytes("bytes2")), V(string("bytes2"))},
+	{V(MyBytes("bytes3")), V(MyBytes("bytes3"))},
+	{V(MyString("bytes1")), V(MyBytes("bytes1"))},
+	{V(MyBytes("bytes2")), V(MyString("bytes2"))},
+
+	// named []rune
+	{V(string("runes♝")), V(MyRunes("runes♝"))},
+	{V(MyRunes("runes♕")), V(string("runes♕"))},
+	{V(MyRunes("runes🙈🙉🙊")), V(MyRunes("runes🙈🙉🙊"))},
+	{V(MyString("runes♝")), V(MyRunes("runes♝"))},
+	{V(MyRunes("runes♕")), V(MyString("runes♕"))},
+
+	// slice to array pointer
+	{V([]byte(nil)), V((*[0]byte)(nil))},
+	{V([]byte{}), V(new([0]byte))},
+	{V([]byte{7}), V(&[1]byte{7})},
+	{V(MyBytes([]byte(nil))), V((*[0]byte)(nil))},
+	{V(MyBytes([]byte{})), V(new([0]byte))},
+	{V(MyBytes([]byte{9})), V(&[1]byte{9})},
+	{V([]byte(nil)), V(MyBytesArrayPtr0(nil))},
+	{V([]byte{}), V(MyBytesArrayPtr0(new([0]byte)))},
+	{V([]byte{1, 2, 3, 4}), V(MyBytesArrayPtr(&[4]byte{1, 2, 3, 4}))},
+	{V(MyBytes([]byte{})), V(MyBytesArrayPtr0(new([0]byte)))},
+	{V(MyBytes([]byte{5, 6, 7, 8})), V(MyBytesArrayPtr(&[4]byte{5, 6, 7, 8}))},
+
+	{V([]byte(nil)), V((*MyBytesArray0)(nil))},
+	{V([]byte{}), V((*MyBytesArray0)(new([0]byte)))},
+	{V([]byte{1, 2, 3, 4}), V(&MyBytesArray{1, 2, 3, 4})},
+	{V(MyBytes([]byte(nil))), V((*MyBytesArray0)(nil))},
+	{V(MyBytes([]byte{})), V((*MyBytesArray0)(new([0]byte)))},
+	{V(MyBytes([]byte{5, 6, 7, 8})), V(&MyBytesArray{5, 6, 7, 8})},
+	{V(new([0]byte)), V(new(MyBytesArray0))},
+	{V(new(MyBytesArray0)), V(new([0]byte))},
+	{V(MyBytesArrayPtr0(nil)), V((*[0]byte)(nil))},
+	{V((*[0]byte)(nil)), V(MyBytesArrayPtr0(nil))},
+
+	// named types and equal underlying types
+	{V(new(int)), V(new(integer))},
+	{V(new(integer)), V(new(int))},
+	{V(Empty{}), V(struct{}{})},
+	{V(new(Empty)), V(new(struct{}))},
+	{V(struct{}{}), V(Empty{})},
+	{V(new(struct{})), V(new(Empty))},
+	{V(Empty{}), V(Empty{})},
+	{V(MyBytes{}), V([]byte{})},
+	{V([]byte{}), V(MyBytes{})},
+	{V((func())(nil)), V(MyFunc(nil))},
+	{V((MyFunc)(nil)), V((func())(nil))},
+
+	// structs with different tags
+	{V(struct {
+		x int `some:"foo"`
+	}{}), V(struct {
+		x int `some:"bar"`
+	}{})},
+
+	{V(struct {
+		x int `some:"bar"`
+	}{}), V(struct {
+		x int `some:"foo"`
+	}{})},
+
+	{V(MyStruct{}), V(struct {
+		x int `some:"foo"`
+	}{})},
+
+	{V(struct {
+		x int `some:"foo"`
+	}{}), V(MyStruct{})},
+
+	{V(MyStruct{}), V(struct {
+		x int `some:"bar"`
+	}{})},
+
+	{V(struct {
+		x int `some:"bar"`
+	}{}), V(MyStruct{})},
+
+	{V(MyStruct1{}), V(MyStruct2{})},
+	{V(MyStruct2{}), V(MyStruct1{})},
+
+	// can convert *byte and *MyByte
+	{V((*byte)(nil)), V((*MyByte)(nil))},
+	{V((*MyByte)(nil)), V((*byte)(nil))},
+
+	// cannot convert mismatched array sizes
+	{V([2]byte{}), V([2]byte{})},
+	{V([3]byte{}), V([3]byte{})},
+
+	// cannot convert other instances
+	{V((**byte)(nil)), V((**byte)(nil))},
+	{V((**MyByte)(nil)), V((**MyByte)(nil))},
+	{V((chan byte)(nil)), V((chan byte)(nil))},
+	{V((chan MyByte)(nil)), V((chan MyByte)(nil))},
+	{V(([]byte)(nil)), V(([]byte)(nil))},
+	{V(([]MyByte)(nil)), V(([]MyByte)(nil))},
+	{V((map[int]byte)(nil)), V((map[int]byte)(nil))},
+	{V((map[int]MyByte)(nil)), V((map[int]MyByte)(nil))},
+	{V((map[byte]int)(nil)), V((map[byte]int)(nil))},
+	{V((map[MyByte]int)(nil)), V((map[MyByte]int)(nil))},
+	{V([2]byte{}), V([2]byte{})},
+	{V([2]MyByte{}), V([2]MyByte{})},
+
+	// other
+	{V((***int)(nil)), V((***int)(nil))},
+	{V((***byte)(nil)), V((***byte)(nil))},
+	{V((***int32)(nil)), V((***int32)(nil))},
+	{V((***int64)(nil)), V((***int64)(nil))},
+	{V((chan byte)(nil)), V((chan byte)(nil))},
+	{V((chan MyByte)(nil)), V((chan MyByte)(nil))},
+	{V((map[int]bool)(nil)), V((map[int]bool)(nil))},
+	{V((map[int]byte)(nil)), V((map[int]byte)(nil))},
+	{V((map[uint]bool)(nil)), V((map[uint]bool)(nil))},
+	{V([]uint(nil)), V([]uint(nil))},
+	{V([]int(nil)), V([]int(nil))},
+	{V(new(any)), V(new(any))},
+	{V(new(io.Reader)), V(new(io.Reader))},
+	{V(new(io.Writer)), V(new(io.Writer))},
+
+	// channels
+	{V(IntChan(nil)), V((chan<- int)(nil))},
+	{V(IntChan(nil)), V((<-chan int)(nil))},
+	{V((chan int)(nil)), V(IntChanRecv(nil))},
+	{V((chan int)(nil)), V(IntChanSend(nil))},
+	{V(IntChanRecv(nil)), V((<-chan int)(nil))},
+	{V((<-chan int)(nil)), V(IntChanRecv(nil))},
+	{V(IntChanSend(nil)), V((chan<- int)(nil))},
+	{V((chan<- int)(nil)), V(IntChanSend(nil))},
+	{V(IntChan(nil)), V((chan int)(nil))},
+	{V((chan int)(nil)), V(IntChan(nil))},
+	{V((chan int)(nil)), V((<-chan int)(nil))},
+	{V((chan int)(nil)), V((chan<- int)(nil))},
+	{V(BytesChan(nil)), V((chan<- []byte)(nil))},
+	{V(BytesChan(nil)), V((<-chan []byte)(nil))},
+	{V((chan []byte)(nil)), V(BytesChanRecv(nil))},
+	{V((chan []byte)(nil)), V(BytesChanSend(nil))},
+	{V(BytesChanRecv(nil)), V((<-chan []byte)(nil))},
+	{V((<-chan []byte)(nil)), V(BytesChanRecv(nil))},
+	{V(BytesChanSend(nil)), V((chan<- []byte)(nil))},
+	{V((chan<- []byte)(nil)), V(BytesChanSend(nil))},
+	{V(BytesChan(nil)), V((chan []byte)(nil))},
+	{V((chan []byte)(nil)), V(BytesChan(nil))},
+	{V((chan []byte)(nil)), V((<-chan []byte)(nil))},
+	{V((chan []byte)(nil)), V((chan<- []byte)(nil))},
+
+	// cannot convert other instances (channels)
+	{V(IntChan(nil)), V(IntChan(nil))},
+	{V(IntChanRecv(nil)), V(IntChanRecv(nil))},
+	{V(IntChanSend(nil)), V(IntChanSend(nil))},
+	{V(BytesChan(nil)), V(BytesChan(nil))},
+	{V(BytesChanRecv(nil)), V(BytesChanRecv(nil))},
+	{V(BytesChanSend(nil)), V(BytesChanSend(nil))},
+
+	// interfaces
+	{V(int(1)), EmptyInterfaceV(int(1))},
+	{V(string("hello")), EmptyInterfaceV(string("hello"))},
+	{V(new(bytes.Buffer)), ReaderV(new(bytes.Buffer))},
+	{ReadWriterV(new(bytes.Buffer)), ReaderV(new(bytes.Buffer))},
+	{V(new(bytes.Buffer)), ReadWriterV(new(bytes.Buffer))},
+}
+
+func TestConvert(t *testing.T) {
+	canConvert := map[[2]Type]bool{}
+	all := map[Type]bool{}
+
+	for _, tt := range convertTests {
+		t1 := tt.in.Type()
+		if !t1.ConvertibleTo(t1) {
+			t.Errorf("(%s).ConvertibleTo(%s) = false, want true", t1, t1)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		t2 := tt.out.Type()
+		if !t1.ConvertibleTo(t2) {
+			t.Errorf("(%s).ConvertibleTo(%s) = false, want true", t1, t2)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		all[t1] = true
+		all[t2] = true
+		canConvert[[2]Type{t1, t2}] = true
+
+		// vout1 represents the in value converted to the in type.
+		v1 := tt.in
+		if !v1.CanConvert(t1) {
+			t.Errorf("ValueOf(%T(%[1]v)).CanConvert(%s) = false, want true", tt.in.Interface(), t1)
+		}
+		vout1 := v1.Convert(t1)
+		out1 := vout1.Interface()
+		if vout1.Type() != tt.in.Type() || !DeepEqual(out1, tt.in.Interface()) {
+			t.Errorf("ValueOf(%T(%[1]v)).Convert(%s) = %T(%[3]v), want %T(%[4]v)", tt.in.Interface(), t1, out1, tt.in.Interface())
+		}
+
+		// vout2 represents the in value converted to the out type.
+		if !v1.CanConvert(t2) {
+			t.Errorf("ValueOf(%T(%[1]v)).CanConvert(%s) = false, want true", tt.in.Interface(), t2)
+		}
+		vout2 := v1.Convert(t2)
+		out2 := vout2.Interface()
+		if vout2.Type() != tt.out.Type() || !DeepEqual(out2, tt.out.Interface()) {
+			t.Errorf("ValueOf(%T(%[1]v)).Convert(%s) = %T(%[3]v), want %T(%[4]v)", tt.in.Interface(), t2, out2, tt.out.Interface())
+		}
+		if got, want := vout2.Kind(), vout2.Type().Kind(); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("ValueOf(%T(%[1]v)).Convert(%s) has internal kind %v want %v", tt.in.Interface(), t1, got, want)
+		}
+
+		// vout3 represents a new value of the out type, set to vout2.  This makes
+		// sure the converted value vout2 is really usable as a regular value.
+		vout3 := New(t2).Elem()
+		vout3.Set(vout2)
+		out3 := vout3.Interface()
+		if vout3.Type() != tt.out.Type() || !DeepEqual(out3, tt.out.Interface()) {
+			t.Errorf("Set(ValueOf(%T(%[1]v)).Convert(%s)) = %T(%[3]v), want %T(%[4]v)", tt.in.Interface(), t2, out3, tt.out.Interface())
+		}
+
+		if IsRO(v1) {
+			t.Errorf("table entry %v is RO, should not be", v1)
+		}
+		if IsRO(vout1) {
+			t.Errorf("self-conversion output %v is RO, should not be", vout1)
+		}
+		if IsRO(vout2) {
+			t.Errorf("conversion output %v is RO, should not be", vout2)
+		}
+		if IsRO(vout3) {
+			t.Errorf("set(conversion output) %v is RO, should not be", vout3)
+		}
+		if !IsRO(MakeRO(v1).Convert(t1)) {
+			t.Errorf("RO self-conversion output %v is not RO, should be", v1)
+		}
+		if !IsRO(MakeRO(v1).Convert(t2)) {
+			t.Errorf("RO conversion output %v is not RO, should be", v1)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Assume that of all the types we saw during the tests,
+	// if there wasn't an explicit entry for a conversion between
+	// a pair of types, then it's not to be allowed. This checks for
+	// things like 'int64' converting to '*int'.
+	for t1 := range all {
+		for t2 := range all {
+			expectOK := t1 == t2 || canConvert[[2]Type{t1, t2}] || t2.Kind() == Interface && t2.NumMethod() == 0
+			if ok := t1.ConvertibleTo(t2); ok != expectOK {
+				t.Errorf("(%s).ConvertibleTo(%s) = %v, want %v", t1, t2, ok, expectOK)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestConvertPanic(t *testing.T) {
+	s := make([]byte, 4)
+	p := new([8]byte)
+	v := ValueOf(s)
+	pt := TypeOf(p)
+	if !v.Type().ConvertibleTo(pt) {
+		t.Errorf("[]byte should be convertible to *[8]byte")
+	}
+	if v.CanConvert(pt) {
+		t.Errorf("slice with length 4 should not be convertible to *[8]byte")
+	}
+	shouldPanic("reflect: cannot convert slice with length 4 to pointer to array with length 8", func() {
+		_ = v.Convert(pt)
+	})
+}
+
+var gFloat32 float32
+
+const snan uint32 = 0x7f800001
+
+func TestConvertNaNs(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test to see if a store followed by a load of a signaling NaN
+	// maintains the signaling bit. (This used to fail on the 387 port.)
+	gFloat32 = math.Float32frombits(snan)
+	runtime.Gosched() // make sure we don't optimize the store/load away
+	if got := math.Float32bits(gFloat32); got != snan {
+		t.Errorf("store/load of sNaN not faithful, got %x want %x", got, snan)
+	}
+	// Test reflect's conversion between float32s. See issue 36400.
+	type myFloat32 float32
+	x := V(myFloat32(math.Float32frombits(snan)))
+	y := x.Convert(TypeOf(float32(0)))
+	z := y.Interface().(float32)
+	if got := math.Float32bits(z); got != snan {
+		t.Errorf("signaling nan conversion got %x, want %x", got, snan)
+	}
+}
+
+type ComparableStruct struct {
+	X int
+}
+
+type NonComparableStruct struct {
+	X int
+	Y map[string]int
+}
+
+var comparableTests = []struct {
+	typ Type
+	ok  bool
+}{
+	{TypeOf(1), true},
+	{TypeOf("hello"), true},
+	{TypeOf(new(byte)), true},
+	{TypeOf((func())(nil)), false},
+	{TypeOf([]byte{}), false},
+	{TypeOf(map[string]int{}), false},
+	{TypeOf(make(chan int)), true},
+	{TypeOf(1.5), true},
+	{TypeOf(false), true},
+	{TypeOf(1i), true},
+	{TypeOf(ComparableStruct{}), true},
+	{TypeOf(NonComparableStruct{}), false},
+	{TypeOf([10]map[string]int{}), false},
+	{TypeOf([10]string{}), true},
+	{TypeOf(new(any)).Elem(), true},
+}
+
+func TestComparable(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, tt := range comparableTests {
+		if ok := tt.typ.Comparable(); ok != tt.ok {
+			t.Errorf("TypeOf(%v).Comparable() = %v, want %v", tt.typ, ok, tt.ok)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOverflow(t *testing.T) {
+	if ovf := V(float64(0)).OverflowFloat(1e300); ovf {
+		t.Errorf("%v wrongly overflows float64", 1e300)
+	}
+
+	maxFloat32 := float64((1<<24 - 1) << (127 - 23))
+	if ovf := V(float32(0)).OverflowFloat(maxFloat32); ovf {
+		t.Errorf("%v wrongly overflows float32", maxFloat32)
+	}
+	ovfFloat32 := float64((1<<24-1)<<(127-23) + 1<<(127-52))
+	if ovf := V(float32(0)).OverflowFloat(ovfFloat32); !ovf {
+		t.Errorf("%v should overflow float32", ovfFloat32)
+	}
+	if ovf := V(float32(0)).OverflowFloat(-ovfFloat32); !ovf {
+		t.Errorf("%v should overflow float32", -ovfFloat32)
+	}
+
+	maxInt32 := int64(0x7fffffff)
+	if ovf := V(int32(0)).OverflowInt(maxInt32); ovf {
+		t.Errorf("%v wrongly overflows int32", maxInt32)
+	}
+	if ovf := V(int32(0)).OverflowInt(-1 << 31); ovf {
+		t.Errorf("%v wrongly overflows int32", -int64(1)<<31)
+	}
+	ovfInt32 := int64(1 << 31)
+	if ovf := V(int32(0)).OverflowInt(ovfInt32); !ovf {
+		t.Errorf("%v should overflow int32", ovfInt32)
+	}
+
+	maxUint32 := uint64(0xffffffff)
+	if ovf := V(uint32(0)).OverflowUint(maxUint32); ovf {
+		t.Errorf("%v wrongly overflows uint32", maxUint32)
+	}
+	ovfUint32 := uint64(1 << 32)
+	if ovf := V(uint32(0)).OverflowUint(ovfUint32); !ovf {
+		t.Errorf("%v should overflow uint32", ovfUint32)
+	}
+}
+
+func checkSameType(t *testing.T, x Type, y any) {
+	if x != TypeOf(y) || TypeOf(Zero(x).Interface()) != TypeOf(y) {
+		t.Errorf("did not find preexisting type for %s (vs %s)", TypeOf(x), TypeOf(y))
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArrayOf(t *testing.T) {
+	// check construction and use of type not in binary
+	tests := []struct {
+		n          int
+		value      func(i int) any
+		comparable bool
+		want       string
+	}{
+		{
+			n:          0,
+			value:      func(i int) any { type Tint int; return Tint(i) },
+			comparable: true,
+			want:       "[]",
+		},
+		{
+			n:          10,
+			value:      func(i int) any { type Tint int; return Tint(i) },
+			comparable: true,
+			want:       "[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]",
+		},
+		{
+			n:          10,
+			value:      func(i int) any { type Tfloat float64; return Tfloat(i) },
+			comparable: true,
+			want:       "[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]",
+		},
+		{
+			n:          10,
+			value:      func(i int) any { type Tstring string; return Tstring(strconv.Itoa(i)) },
+			comparable: true,
+			want:       "[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]",
+		},
+		{
+			n:          10,
+			value:      func(i int) any { type Tstruct struct{ V int }; return Tstruct{i} },
+			comparable: true,
+			want:       "[{0} {1} {2} {3} {4} {5} {6} {7} {8} {9}]",
+		},
+		{
+			n:          10,
+			value:      func(i int) any { type Tint int; return []Tint{Tint(i)} },
+			comparable: false,
+			want:       "[[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]]",
+		},
+		{
+			n:          10,
+			value:      func(i int) any { type Tint int; return [1]Tint{Tint(i)} },
+			comparable: true,
+			want:       "[[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]]",
+		},
+		{
+			n:          10,
+			value:      func(i int) any { type Tstruct struct{ V [1]int }; return Tstruct{[1]int{i}} },
+			comparable: true,
+			want:       "[{[0]} {[1]} {[2]} {[3]} {[4]} {[5]} {[6]} {[7]} {[8]} {[9]}]",
+		},
+		{
+			n:          10,
+			value:      func(i int) any { type Tstruct struct{ V []int }; return Tstruct{[]int{i}} },
+			comparable: false,
+			want:       "[{[0]} {[1]} {[2]} {[3]} {[4]} {[5]} {[6]} {[7]} {[8]} {[9]}]",
+		},
+		{
+			n:          10,
+			value:      func(i int) any { type TstructUV struct{ U, V int }; return TstructUV{i, i} },
+			comparable: true,
+			want:       "[{0 0} {1 1} {2 2} {3 3} {4 4} {5 5} {6 6} {7 7} {8 8} {9 9}]",
+		},
+		{
+			n: 10,
+			value: func(i int) any {
+				type TstructUV struct {
+					U int
+					V float64
+				}
+				return TstructUV{i, float64(i)}
+			},
+			comparable: true,
+			want:       "[{0 0} {1 1} {2 2} {3 3} {4 4} {5 5} {6 6} {7 7} {8 8} {9 9}]",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, table := range tests {
+		at := ArrayOf(table.n, TypeOf(table.value(0)))
+		v := New(at).Elem()
+		vok := New(at).Elem()
+		vnot := New(at).Elem()
+		for i := 0; i < v.Len(); i++ {
+			v.Index(i).Set(ValueOf(table.value(i)))
+			vok.Index(i).Set(ValueOf(table.value(i)))
+			j := i
+			if i+1 == v.Len() {
+				j = i + 1
+			}
+			vnot.Index(i).Set(ValueOf(table.value(j))) // make it differ only by last element
+		}
+		s := fmt.Sprint(v.Interface())
+		if s != table.want {
+			t.Errorf("constructed array = %s, want %s", s, table.want)
+		}
+
+		if table.comparable != at.Comparable() {
+			t.Errorf("constructed array (%#v) is comparable=%v, want=%v", v.Interface(), at.Comparable(), table.comparable)
+		}
+		if table.comparable {
+			if table.n > 0 {
+				if DeepEqual(vnot.Interface(), v.Interface()) {
+					t.Errorf(
+						"arrays (%#v) compare ok (but should not)",
+						v.Interface(),
+					)
+				}
+			}
+			if !DeepEqual(vok.Interface(), v.Interface()) {
+				t.Errorf(
+					"arrays (%#v) compare NOT-ok (but should)",
+					v.Interface(),
+				)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// check that type already in binary is found
+	type T int
+	checkSameType(t, ArrayOf(5, TypeOf(T(1))), [5]T{})
+}
+
+func TestArrayOfGC(t *testing.T) {
+	type T *uintptr
+	tt := TypeOf(T(nil))
+	const n = 100
+	var x []any
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		v := New(ArrayOf(n, tt)).Elem()
+		for j := 0; j < v.Len(); j++ {
+			p := new(uintptr)
+			*p = uintptr(i*n + j)
+			v.Index(j).Set(ValueOf(p).Convert(tt))
+		}
+		x = append(x, v.Interface())
+	}
+	runtime.GC()
+
+	for i, xi := range x {
+		v := ValueOf(xi)
+		for j := 0; j < v.Len(); j++ {
+			k := v.Index(j).Elem().Interface()
+			if k != uintptr(i*n+j) {
+				t.Errorf("lost x[%d][%d] = %d, want %d", i, j, k, i*n+j)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArrayOfAlg(t *testing.T) {
+	at := ArrayOf(6, TypeOf(byte(0)))
+	v1 := New(at).Elem()
+	v2 := New(at).Elem()
+	if v1.Interface() != v1.Interface() {
+		t.Errorf("constructed array %v not equal to itself", v1.Interface())
+	}
+	v1.Index(5).Set(ValueOf(byte(1)))
+	if i1, i2 := v1.Interface(), v2.Interface(); i1 == i2 {
+		t.Errorf("constructed arrays %v and %v should not be equal", i1, i2)
+	}
+
+	at = ArrayOf(6, TypeOf([]int(nil)))
+	v1 = New(at).Elem()
+	shouldPanic("", func() { _ = v1.Interface() == v1.Interface() })
+}
+
+func TestArrayOfGenericAlg(t *testing.T) {
+	at1 := ArrayOf(5, TypeOf(string("")))
+	at := ArrayOf(6, at1)
+	v1 := New(at).Elem()
+	v2 := New(at).Elem()
+	if v1.Interface() != v1.Interface() {
+		t.Errorf("constructed array %v not equal to itself", v1.Interface())
+	}
+
+	v1.Index(0).Index(0).Set(ValueOf("abc"))
+	v2.Index(0).Index(0).Set(ValueOf("efg"))
+	if i1, i2 := v1.Interface(), v2.Interface(); i1 == i2 {
+		t.Errorf("constructed arrays %v and %v should not be equal", i1, i2)
+	}
+
+	v1.Index(0).Index(0).Set(ValueOf("abc"))
+	v2.Index(0).Index(0).Set(ValueOf((v1.Index(0).Index(0).String() + " ")[:3]))
+	if i1, i2 := v1.Interface(), v2.Interface(); i1 != i2 {
+		t.Errorf("constructed arrays %v and %v should be equal", i1, i2)
+	}
+
+	// Test hash
+	m := MakeMap(MapOf(at, TypeOf(int(0))))
+	m.SetMapIndex(v1, ValueOf(1))
+	if i1, i2 := v1.Interface(), v2.Interface(); !m.MapIndex(v2).IsValid() {
+		t.Errorf("constructed arrays %v and %v have different hashes", i1, i2)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestArrayOfDirectIface(t *testing.T) {
+	{
+		type T [1]*byte
+		i1 := Zero(TypeOf(T{})).Interface()
+		v1 := ValueOf(&i1).Elem()
+		p1 := v1.InterfaceData()[1]
+
+		i2 := Zero(ArrayOf(1, PointerTo(TypeOf(int8(0))))).Interface()
+		v2 := ValueOf(&i2).Elem()
+		p2 := v2.InterfaceData()[1]
+
+		if p1 != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("got p1=%v. want=%v", p1, nil)
+		}
+
+		if p2 != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("got p2=%v. want=%v", p2, nil)
+		}
+	}
+	{
+		type T [0]*byte
+		i1 := Zero(TypeOf(T{})).Interface()
+		v1 := ValueOf(&i1).Elem()
+		p1 := v1.InterfaceData()[1]
+
+		i2 := Zero(ArrayOf(0, PointerTo(TypeOf(int8(0))))).Interface()
+		v2 := ValueOf(&i2).Elem()
+		p2 := v2.InterfaceData()[1]
+
+		if p1 == 0 {
+			t.Errorf("got p1=%v. want=not-%v", p1, nil)
+		}
+
+		if p2 == 0 {
+			t.Errorf("got p2=%v. want=not-%v", p2, nil)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Ensure passing in negative lengths panics.
+// See https://golang.org/issue/43603
+func TestArrayOfPanicOnNegativeLength(t *testing.T) {
+	shouldPanic("reflect: negative length passed to ArrayOf", func() {
+		ArrayOf(-1, TypeOf(byte(0)))
+	})
+}
+
+func TestSliceOf(t *testing.T) {
+	// check construction and use of type not in binary
+	type T int
+	st := SliceOf(TypeOf(T(1)))
+	if got, want := st.String(), "[]reflect_test.T"; got != want {
+		t.Errorf("SliceOf(T(1)).String()=%q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+	v := MakeSlice(st, 10, 10)
+	runtime.GC()
+	for i := 0; i < v.Len(); i++ {
+		v.Index(i).Set(ValueOf(T(i)))
+		runtime.GC()
+	}
+	s := fmt.Sprint(v.Interface())
+	want := "[0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]"
+	if s != want {
+		t.Errorf("constructed slice = %s, want %s", s, want)
+	}
+
+	// check that type already in binary is found
+	type T1 int
+	checkSameType(t, SliceOf(TypeOf(T1(1))), []T1{})
+}
+
+func TestSliceOverflow(t *testing.T) {
+	// check that MakeSlice panics when size of slice overflows uint
+	const S = 1e6
+	s := uint(S)
+	l := (1<<(unsafe.Sizeof((*byte)(nil))*8)-1)/s + 1
+	if l*s >= s {
+		t.Fatal("slice size does not overflow")
+	}
+	var x [S]byte
+	st := SliceOf(TypeOf(x))
+	defer func() {
+		err := recover()
+		if err == nil {
+			t.Fatal("slice overflow does not panic")
+		}
+	}()
+	MakeSlice(st, int(l), int(l))
+}
+
+func TestSliceOfGC(t *testing.T) {
+	type T *uintptr
+	tt := TypeOf(T(nil))
+	st := SliceOf(tt)
+	const n = 100
+	var x []any
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		v := MakeSlice(st, n, n)
+		for j := 0; j < v.Len(); j++ {
+			p := new(uintptr)
+			*p = uintptr(i*n + j)
+			v.Index(j).Set(ValueOf(p).Convert(tt))
+		}
+		x = append(x, v.Interface())
+	}
+	runtime.GC()
+
+	for i, xi := range x {
+		v := ValueOf(xi)
+		for j := 0; j < v.Len(); j++ {
+			k := v.Index(j).Elem().Interface()
+			if k != uintptr(i*n+j) {
+				t.Errorf("lost x[%d][%d] = %d, want %d", i, j, k, i*n+j)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStructOfFieldName(t *testing.T) {
+	// invalid field name "1nvalid"
+	shouldPanic("has invalid name", func() {
+		StructOf([]StructField{
+			{Name: "Valid", Type: TypeOf("")},
+			{Name: "1nvalid", Type: TypeOf("")},
+		})
+	})
+
+	// invalid field name "+"
+	shouldPanic("has invalid name", func() {
+		StructOf([]StructField{
+			{Name: "Val1d", Type: TypeOf("")},
+			{Name: "+", Type: TypeOf("")},
+		})
+	})
+
+	// no field name
+	shouldPanic("has no name", func() {
+		StructOf([]StructField{
+			{Name: "", Type: TypeOf("")},
+		})
+	})
+
+	// verify creation of a struct with valid struct fields
+	validFields := []StructField{
+		{
+			Name: "φ",
+			Type: TypeOf(""),
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "ValidName",
+			Type: TypeOf(""),
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "Val1dNam5",
+			Type: TypeOf(""),
+		},
+	}
+
+	validStruct := StructOf(validFields)
+
+	const structStr = `struct { φ string; ValidName string; Val1dNam5 string }`
+	if got, want := validStruct.String(), structStr; got != want {
+		t.Errorf("StructOf(validFields).String()=%q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStructOf(t *testing.T) {
+	// check construction and use of type not in binary
+	fields := []StructField{
+		{
+			Name: "S",
+			Tag:  "s",
+			Type: TypeOf(""),
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "X",
+			Tag:  "x",
+			Type: TypeOf(byte(0)),
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "Y",
+			Type: TypeOf(uint64(0)),
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "Z",
+			Type: TypeOf([3]uint16{}),
+		},
+	}
+
+	st := StructOf(fields)
+	v := New(st).Elem()
+	runtime.GC()
+	v.FieldByName("X").Set(ValueOf(byte(2)))
+	v.FieldByIndex([]int{1}).Set(ValueOf(byte(1)))
+	runtime.GC()
+
+	s := fmt.Sprint(v.Interface())
+	want := `{ 1 0 [0 0 0]}`
+	if s != want {
+		t.Errorf("constructed struct = %s, want %s", s, want)
+	}
+	const stStr = `struct { S string "s"; X uint8 "x"; Y uint64; Z [3]uint16 }`
+	if got, want := st.String(), stStr; got != want {
+		t.Errorf("StructOf(fields).String()=%q, want %q", got, want)
+	}
+
+	// check the size, alignment and field offsets
+	stt := TypeOf(struct {
+		String string
+		X      byte
+		Y      uint64
+		Z      [3]uint16
+	}{})
+	if st.Size() != stt.Size() {
+		t.Errorf("constructed struct size = %v, want %v", st.Size(), stt.Size())
+	}
+	if st.Align() != stt.Align() {
+		t.Errorf("constructed struct align = %v, want %v", st.Align(), stt.Align())
+	}
+	if st.FieldAlign() != stt.FieldAlign() {
+		t.Errorf("constructed struct field align = %v, want %v", st.FieldAlign(), stt.FieldAlign())
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < st.NumField(); i++ {
+		o1 := st.Field(i).Offset
+		o2 := stt.Field(i).Offset
+		if o1 != o2 {
+			t.Errorf("constructed struct field %v offset = %v, want %v", i, o1, o2)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Check size and alignment with a trailing zero-sized field.
+	st = StructOf([]StructField{
+		{
+			Name: "F1",
+			Type: TypeOf(byte(0)),
+		},
+		{
+			Name: "F2",
+			Type: TypeOf([0]*byte{}),
+		},
+	})
+	stt = TypeOf(struct {
+		G1 byte
+		G2 [0]*byte
+	}{})
+	if st.Size() != stt.Size() {
+		t.Errorf("constructed zero-padded struct size = %v, want %v", st.Size(), stt.Size())
+	}
+	if st.Align() != stt.Align() {
+		t.Errorf("constructed zero-padded struct align = %v, want %v", st.Align(), stt.Align())
+	}
+	if st.FieldAlign() != stt.FieldAlign() {
+		t.Errorf("constructed zero-padded struct field align = %v, want %v", st.FieldAlign(), stt.FieldAlign())
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < st.NumField(); i++ {
+		o1 := st.Field(i).Offset
+		o2 := stt.Field(i).Offset
+		if o1 != o2 {
+			t.Errorf("constructed zero-padded struct field %v offset = %v, want %v", i, o1, o2)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// check duplicate names
+	shouldPanic("duplicate field", func() {
+		StructOf([]StructField{
+			{Name: "string", PkgPath: "p", Type: TypeOf("")},
+			{Name: "string", PkgPath: "p", Type: TypeOf("")},
+		})
+	})
+	shouldPanic("has no name", func() {
+		StructOf([]StructField{
+			{Type: TypeOf("")},
+			{Name: "string", PkgPath: "p", Type: TypeOf("")},
+		})
+	})
+	shouldPanic("has no name", func() {
+		StructOf([]StructField{
+			{Type: TypeOf("")},
+			{Type: TypeOf("")},
+		})
+	})
+	// check that type already in binary is found
+	checkSameType(t, StructOf(fields[2:3]), struct{ Y uint64 }{})
+
+	// gccgo used to fail this test.
+	type structFieldType any
+	checkSameType(t,
+		StructOf([]StructField{
+			{
+				Name: "F",
+				Type: TypeOf((*structFieldType)(nil)).Elem(),
+			},
+		}),
+		struct{ F structFieldType }{})
+}
+
+func TestStructOfExportRules(t *testing.T) {
+	type S1 struct{}
+	type s2 struct{}
+	type ΦType struct{}
+	type φType struct{}
+
+	testPanic := func(i int, mustPanic bool, f func()) {
+		defer func() {
+			err := recover()
+			if err == nil && mustPanic {
+				t.Errorf("test-%d did not panic", i)
+			}
+			if err != nil && !mustPanic {
+				t.Errorf("test-%d panicked: %v\n", i, err)
+			}
+		}()
+		f()
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		field     StructField
+		mustPanic bool
+		exported  bool
+	}{
+		{
+			field:    StructField{Name: "S1", Anonymous: true, Type: TypeOf(S1{})},
+			exported: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:    StructField{Name: "S1", Anonymous: true, Type: TypeOf((*S1)(nil))},
+			exported: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:     StructField{Name: "s2", Anonymous: true, Type: TypeOf(s2{})},
+			mustPanic: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:     StructField{Name: "s2", Anonymous: true, Type: TypeOf((*s2)(nil))},
+			mustPanic: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:     StructField{Name: "Name", Type: nil, PkgPath: ""},
+			mustPanic: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:     StructField{Name: "", Type: TypeOf(S1{}), PkgPath: ""},
+			mustPanic: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:     StructField{Name: "S1", Anonymous: true, Type: TypeOf(S1{}), PkgPath: "other/pkg"},
+			mustPanic: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:     StructField{Name: "S1", Anonymous: true, Type: TypeOf((*S1)(nil)), PkgPath: "other/pkg"},
+			mustPanic: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:     StructField{Name: "s2", Anonymous: true, Type: TypeOf(s2{}), PkgPath: "other/pkg"},
+			mustPanic: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:     StructField{Name: "s2", Anonymous: true, Type: TypeOf((*s2)(nil)), PkgPath: "other/pkg"},
+			mustPanic: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field: StructField{Name: "s2", Type: TypeOf(int(0)), PkgPath: "other/pkg"},
+		},
+		{
+			field: StructField{Name: "s2", Type: TypeOf(int(0)), PkgPath: "other/pkg"},
+		},
+		{
+			field:    StructField{Name: "S", Type: TypeOf(S1{})},
+			exported: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:    StructField{Name: "S", Type: TypeOf((*S1)(nil))},
+			exported: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:    StructField{Name: "S", Type: TypeOf(s2{})},
+			exported: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:    StructField{Name: "S", Type: TypeOf((*s2)(nil))},
+			exported: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:     StructField{Name: "s", Type: TypeOf(S1{})},
+			mustPanic: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:     StructField{Name: "s", Type: TypeOf((*S1)(nil))},
+			mustPanic: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:     StructField{Name: "s", Type: TypeOf(s2{})},
+			mustPanic: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:     StructField{Name: "s", Type: TypeOf((*s2)(nil))},
+			mustPanic: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field: StructField{Name: "s", Type: TypeOf(S1{}), PkgPath: "other/pkg"},
+		},
+		{
+			field: StructField{Name: "s", Type: TypeOf((*S1)(nil)), PkgPath: "other/pkg"},
+		},
+		{
+			field: StructField{Name: "s", Type: TypeOf(s2{}), PkgPath: "other/pkg"},
+		},
+		{
+			field: StructField{Name: "s", Type: TypeOf((*s2)(nil)), PkgPath: "other/pkg"},
+		},
+		{
+			field:     StructField{Name: "", Type: TypeOf(ΦType{})},
+			mustPanic: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:     StructField{Name: "", Type: TypeOf(φType{})},
+			mustPanic: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:    StructField{Name: "Φ", Type: TypeOf(0)},
+			exported: true,
+		},
+		{
+			field:    StructField{Name: "φ", Type: TypeOf(0)},
+			exported: false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for i, test := range tests {
+		testPanic(i, test.mustPanic, func() {
+			typ := StructOf([]StructField{test.field})
+			if typ == nil {
+				t.Errorf("test-%d: error creating struct type", i)
+				return
+			}
+			field := typ.Field(0)
+			n := field.Name
+			if n == "" {
+				panic("field.Name must not be empty")
+			}
+			exported := token.IsExported(n)
+			if exported != test.exported {
+				t.Errorf("test-%d: got exported=%v want exported=%v", i, exported, test.exported)
+			}
+			if field.PkgPath != test.field.PkgPath {
+				t.Errorf("test-%d: got PkgPath=%q want pkgPath=%q", i, field.PkgPath, test.field.PkgPath)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStructOfGC(t *testing.T) {
+	type T *uintptr
+	tt := TypeOf(T(nil))
+	fields := []StructField{
+		{Name: "X", Type: tt},
+		{Name: "Y", Type: tt},
+	}
+	st := StructOf(fields)
+
+	const n = 10000
+	var x []any
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		v := New(st).Elem()
+		for j := 0; j < v.NumField(); j++ {
+			p := new(uintptr)
+			*p = uintptr(i*n + j)
+			v.Field(j).Set(ValueOf(p).Convert(tt))
+		}
+		x = append(x, v.Interface())
+	}
+	runtime.GC()
+
+	for i, xi := range x {
+		v := ValueOf(xi)
+		for j := 0; j < v.NumField(); j++ {
+			k := v.Field(j).Elem().Interface()
+			if k != uintptr(i*n+j) {
+				t.Errorf("lost x[%d].%c = %d, want %d", i, "XY"[j], k, i*n+j)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStructOfAlg(t *testing.T) {
+	st := StructOf([]StructField{{Name: "X", Tag: "x", Type: TypeOf(int(0))}})
+	v1 := New(st).Elem()
+	v2 := New(st).Elem()
+	if !DeepEqual(v1.Interface(), v1.Interface()) {
+		t.Errorf("constructed struct %v not equal to itself", v1.Interface())
+	}
+	v1.FieldByName("X").Set(ValueOf(int(1)))
+	if i1, i2 := v1.Interface(), v2.Interface(); DeepEqual(i1, i2) {
+		t.Errorf("constructed structs %v and %v should not be equal", i1, i2)
+	}
+
+	st = StructOf([]StructField{{Name: "X", Tag: "x", Type: TypeOf([]int(nil))}})
+	v1 = New(st).Elem()
+	shouldPanic("", func() { _ = v1.Interface() == v1.Interface() })
+}
+
+func TestStructOfGenericAlg(t *testing.T) {
+	st1 := StructOf([]StructField{
+		{Name: "X", Tag: "x", Type: TypeOf(int64(0))},
+		{Name: "Y", Type: TypeOf(string(""))},
+	})
+	st := StructOf([]StructField{
+		{Name: "S0", Type: st1},
+		{Name: "S1", Type: st1},
+	})
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		rt  Type
+		idx []int
+	}{
+		{
+			rt:  st,
+			idx: []int{0, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			rt:  st1,
+			idx: []int{1},
+		},
+		{
+			rt: StructOf(
+				[]StructField{
+					{Name: "XX", Type: TypeOf([0]int{})},
+					{Name: "YY", Type: TypeOf("")},
+				},
+			),
+			idx: []int{1},
+		},
+		{
+			rt: StructOf(
+				[]StructField{
+					{Name: "XX", Type: TypeOf([0]int{})},
+					{Name: "YY", Type: TypeOf("")},
+					{Name: "ZZ", Type: TypeOf([2]int{})},
+				},
+			),
+			idx: []int{1},
+		},
+		{
+			rt: StructOf(
+				[]StructField{
+					{Name: "XX", Type: TypeOf([1]int{})},
+					{Name: "YY", Type: TypeOf("")},
+				},
+			),
+			idx: []int{1},
+		},
+		{
+			rt: StructOf(
+				[]StructField{
+					{Name: "XX", Type: TypeOf([1]int{})},
+					{Name: "YY", Type: TypeOf("")},
+					{Name: "ZZ", Type: TypeOf([1]int{})},
+				},
+			),
+			idx: []int{1},
+		},
+		{
+			rt: StructOf(
+				[]StructField{
+					{Name: "XX", Type: TypeOf([2]int{})},
+					{Name: "YY", Type: TypeOf("")},
+					{Name: "ZZ", Type: TypeOf([2]int{})},
+				},
+			),
+			idx: []int{1},
+		},
+		{
+			rt: StructOf(
+				[]StructField{
+					{Name: "XX", Type: TypeOf(int64(0))},
+					{Name: "YY", Type: TypeOf(byte(0))},
+					{Name: "ZZ", Type: TypeOf("")},
+				},
+			),
+			idx: []int{2},
+		},
+		{
+			rt: StructOf(
+				[]StructField{
+					{Name: "XX", Type: TypeOf(int64(0))},
+					{Name: "YY", Type: TypeOf(int64(0))},
+					{Name: "ZZ", Type: TypeOf("")},
+					{Name: "AA", Type: TypeOf([1]int64{})},
+				},
+			),
+			idx: []int{2},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, table := range tests {
+		v1 := New(table.rt).Elem()
+		v2 := New(table.rt).Elem()
+
+		if !DeepEqual(v1.Interface(), v1.Interface()) {
+			t.Errorf("constructed struct %v not equal to itself", v1.Interface())
+		}
+
+		v1.FieldByIndex(table.idx).Set(ValueOf("abc"))
+		v2.FieldByIndex(table.idx).Set(ValueOf("def"))
+		if i1, i2 := v1.Interface(), v2.Interface(); DeepEqual(i1, i2) {
+			t.Errorf("constructed structs %v and %v should not be equal", i1, i2)
+		}
+
+		abc := "abc"
+		v1.FieldByIndex(table.idx).Set(ValueOf(abc))
+		val := "+" + abc + "-"
+		v2.FieldByIndex(table.idx).Set(ValueOf(val[1:4]))
+		if i1, i2 := v1.Interface(), v2.Interface(); !DeepEqual(i1, i2) {
+			t.Errorf("constructed structs %v and %v should be equal", i1, i2)
+		}
+
+		// Test hash
+		m := MakeMap(MapOf(table.rt, TypeOf(int(0))))
+		m.SetMapIndex(v1, ValueOf(1))
+		if i1, i2 := v1.Interface(), v2.Interface(); !m.MapIndex(v2).IsValid() {
+			t.Errorf("constructed structs %#v and %#v have different hashes", i1, i2)
+		}
+
+		v2.FieldByIndex(table.idx).Set(ValueOf("abc"))
+		if i1, i2 := v1.Interface(), v2.Interface(); !DeepEqual(i1, i2) {
+			t.Errorf("constructed structs %v and %v should be equal", i1, i2)
+		}
+
+		if i1, i2 := v1.Interface(), v2.Interface(); !m.MapIndex(v2).IsValid() {
+			t.Errorf("constructed structs %v and %v have different hashes", i1, i2)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStructOfDirectIface(t *testing.T) {
+	{
+		type T struct{ X [1]*byte }
+		i1 := Zero(TypeOf(T{})).Interface()
+		v1 := ValueOf(&i1).Elem()
+		p1 := v1.InterfaceData()[1]
+
+		i2 := Zero(StructOf([]StructField{
+			{
+				Name: "X",
+				Type: ArrayOf(1, TypeOf((*int8)(nil))),
+			},
+		})).Interface()
+		v2 := ValueOf(&i2).Elem()
+		p2 := v2.InterfaceData()[1]
+
+		if p1 != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("got p1=%v. want=%v", p1, nil)
+		}
+
+		if p2 != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("got p2=%v. want=%v", p2, nil)
+		}
+	}
+	{
+		type T struct{ X [0]*byte }
+		i1 := Zero(TypeOf(T{})).Interface()
+		v1 := ValueOf(&i1).Elem()
+		p1 := v1.InterfaceData()[1]
+
+		i2 := Zero(StructOf([]StructField{
+			{
+				Name: "X",
+				Type: ArrayOf(0, TypeOf((*int8)(nil))),
+			},
+		})).Interface()
+		v2 := ValueOf(&i2).Elem()
+		p2 := v2.InterfaceData()[1]
+
+		if p1 == 0 {
+			t.Errorf("got p1=%v. want=not-%v", p1, nil)
+		}
+
+		if p2 == 0 {
+			t.Errorf("got p2=%v. want=not-%v", p2, nil)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type StructI int
+
+func (i StructI) Get() int { return int(i) }
+
+type StructIPtr int
+
+func (i *StructIPtr) Get() int  { return int(*i) }
+func (i *StructIPtr) Set(v int) { *(*int)(i) = v }
+
+type SettableStruct struct {
+	SettableField int
+}
+
+func (p *SettableStruct) Set(v int) { p.SettableField = v }
+
+type SettablePointer struct {
+	SettableField *int
+}
+
+func (p *SettablePointer) Set(v int) { *p.SettableField = v }
+
+func TestStructOfWithInterface(t *testing.T) {
+	const want = 42
+	type Iface interface {
+		Get() int
+	}
+	type IfaceSet interface {
+		Set(int)
+	}
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		typ  Type
+		val  Value
+		impl bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "StructI",
+			typ:  TypeOf(StructI(want)),
+			val:  ValueOf(StructI(want)),
+			impl: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "StructI",
+			typ:  PointerTo(TypeOf(StructI(want))),
+			val: ValueOf(func() any {
+				v := StructI(want)
+				return &v
+			}()),
+			impl: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "StructIPtr",
+			typ:  PointerTo(TypeOf(StructIPtr(want))),
+			val: ValueOf(func() any {
+				v := StructIPtr(want)
+				return &v
+			}()),
+			impl: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "StructIPtr",
+			typ:  TypeOf(StructIPtr(want)),
+			val:  ValueOf(StructIPtr(want)),
+			impl: false,
+		},
+		// {
+		//	typ:  TypeOf((*Iface)(nil)).Elem(), // FIXME(sbinet): fix method.ifn/tfn
+		//	val:  ValueOf(StructI(want)),
+		//	impl: true,
+		// },
+	}
+
+	for i, table := range tests {
+		for j := 0; j < 2; j++ {
+			var fields []StructField
+			if j == 1 {
+				fields = append(fields, StructField{
+					Name:    "Dummy",
+					PkgPath: "",
+					Type:    TypeOf(int(0)),
+				})
+			}
+			fields = append(fields, StructField{
+				Name:      table.name,
+				Anonymous: true,
+				PkgPath:   "",
+				Type:      table.typ,
+			})
+
+			// We currently do not correctly implement methods
+			// for embedded fields other than the first.
+			// Therefore, for now, we expect those methods
+			// to not exist.  See issues 15924 and 20824.
+			// When those issues are fixed, this test of panic
+			// should be removed.
+			if j == 1 && table.impl {
+				func() {
+					defer func() {
+						if err := recover(); err == nil {
+							t.Errorf("test-%d-%d did not panic", i, j)
+						}
+					}()
+					_ = StructOf(fields)
+				}()
+				continue
+			}
+
+			rt := StructOf(fields)
+			rv := New(rt).Elem()
+			rv.Field(j).Set(table.val)
+
+			if _, ok := rv.Interface().(Iface); ok != table.impl {
+				if table.impl {
+					t.Errorf("test-%d-%d: type=%v fails to implement Iface.\n", i, j, table.typ)
+				} else {
+					t.Errorf("test-%d-%d: type=%v should NOT implement Iface\n", i, j, table.typ)
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+
+			if !table.impl {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			v := rv.Interface().(Iface).Get()
+			if v != want {
+				t.Errorf("test-%d-%d: x.Get()=%v. want=%v\n", i, j, v, want)
+			}
+
+			fct := rv.MethodByName("Get")
+			out := fct.Call(nil)
+			if !DeepEqual(out[0].Interface(), want) {
+				t.Errorf("test-%d-%d: x.Get()=%v. want=%v\n", i, j, out[0].Interface(), want)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Test an embedded nil pointer with pointer methods.
+	fields := []StructField{{
+		Name:      "StructIPtr",
+		Anonymous: true,
+		Type:      PointerTo(TypeOf(StructIPtr(want))),
+	}}
+	rt := StructOf(fields)
+	rv := New(rt).Elem()
+	// This should panic since the pointer is nil.
+	shouldPanic("", func() {
+		rv.Interface().(IfaceSet).Set(want)
+	})
+
+	// Test an embedded nil pointer to a struct with pointer methods.
+
+	fields = []StructField{{
+		Name:      "SettableStruct",
+		Anonymous: true,
+		Type:      PointerTo(TypeOf(SettableStruct{})),
+	}}
+	rt = StructOf(fields)
+	rv = New(rt).Elem()
+	// This should panic since the pointer is nil.
+	shouldPanic("", func() {
+		rv.Interface().(IfaceSet).Set(want)
+	})
+
+	// The behavior is different if there is a second field,
+	// since now an interface value holds a pointer to the struct
+	// rather than just holding a copy of the struct.
+	fields = []StructField{
+		{
+			Name:      "SettableStruct",
+			Anonymous: true,
+			Type:      PointerTo(TypeOf(SettableStruct{})),
+		},
+		{
+			Name:      "EmptyStruct",
+			Anonymous: true,
+			Type:      StructOf(nil),
+		},
+	}
+	// With the current implementation this is expected to panic.
+	// Ideally it should work and we should be able to see a panic
+	// if we call the Set method.
+	shouldPanic("", func() {
+		StructOf(fields)
+	})
+
+	// Embed a field that can be stored directly in an interface,
+	// with a second field.
+	fields = []StructField{
+		{
+			Name:      "SettablePointer",
+			Anonymous: true,
+			Type:      TypeOf(SettablePointer{}),
+		},
+		{
+			Name:      "EmptyStruct",
+			Anonymous: true,
+			Type:      StructOf(nil),
+		},
+	}
+	// With the current implementation this is expected to panic.
+	// Ideally it should work and we should be able to call the
+	// Set and Get methods.
+	shouldPanic("", func() {
+		StructOf(fields)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestStructOfTooManyFields(t *testing.T) {
+	// Bug Fix: #25402 - this should not panic
+	tt := StructOf([]StructField{
+		{Name: "Time", Type: TypeOf(time.Time{}), Anonymous: true},
+	})
+
+	if _, present := tt.MethodByName("After"); !present {
+		t.Errorf("Expected method `After` to be found")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestStructOfDifferentPkgPath(t *testing.T) {
+	fields := []StructField{
+		{
+			Name:    "f1",
+			PkgPath: "p1",
+			Type:    TypeOf(int(0)),
+		},
+		{
+			Name:    "f2",
+			PkgPath: "p2",
+			Type:    TypeOf(int(0)),
+		},
+	}
+	shouldPanic("different PkgPath", func() {
+		StructOf(fields)
+	})
+}
+
+func TestChanOf(t *testing.T) {
+	// check construction and use of type not in binary
+	type T string
+	ct := ChanOf(BothDir, TypeOf(T("")))
+	v := MakeChan(ct, 2)
+	runtime.GC()
+	v.Send(ValueOf(T("hello")))
+	runtime.GC()
+	v.Send(ValueOf(T("world")))
+	runtime.GC()
+
+	sv1, _ := v.Recv()
+	sv2, _ := v.Recv()
+	s1 := sv1.String()
+	s2 := sv2.String()
+	if s1 != "hello" || s2 != "world" {
+		t.Errorf("constructed chan: have %q, %q, want %q, %q", s1, s2, "hello", "world")
+	}
+
+	// check that type already in binary is found
+	type T1 int
+	checkSameType(t, ChanOf(BothDir, TypeOf(T1(1))), (chan T1)(nil))
+
+	// Check arrow token association in undefined chan types.
+	var left chan<- chan T
+	var right chan (<-chan T)
+	tLeft := ChanOf(SendDir, ChanOf(BothDir, TypeOf(T(""))))
+	tRight := ChanOf(BothDir, ChanOf(RecvDir, TypeOf(T(""))))
+	if tLeft != TypeOf(left) {
+		t.Errorf("chan<-chan: have %s, want %T", tLeft, left)
+	}
+	if tRight != TypeOf(right) {
+		t.Errorf("chan<-chan: have %s, want %T", tRight, right)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestChanOfDir(t *testing.T) {
+	// check construction and use of type not in binary
+	type T string
+	crt := ChanOf(RecvDir, TypeOf(T("")))
+	cst := ChanOf(SendDir, TypeOf(T("")))
+
+	// check that type already in binary is found
+	type T1 int
+	checkSameType(t, ChanOf(RecvDir, TypeOf(T1(1))), (<-chan T1)(nil))
+	checkSameType(t, ChanOf(SendDir, TypeOf(T1(1))), (chan<- T1)(nil))
+
+	// check String form of ChanDir
+	if crt.ChanDir().String() != "<-chan" {
+		t.Errorf("chan dir: have %q, want %q", crt.ChanDir().String(), "<-chan")
+	}
+	if cst.ChanDir().String() != "chan<-" {
+		t.Errorf("chan dir: have %q, want %q", cst.ChanDir().String(), "chan<-")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestChanOfGC(t *testing.T) {
+	done := make(chan bool, 1)
+	go func() {
+		select {
+		case <-done:
+		case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+			panic("deadlock in TestChanOfGC")
+		}
+	}()
+
+	defer func() {
+		done <- true
+	}()
+
+	type T *uintptr
+	tt := TypeOf(T(nil))
+	ct := ChanOf(BothDir, tt)
+
+	// NOTE: The garbage collector handles allocated channels specially,
+	// so we have to save pointers to channels in x; the pointer code will
+	// use the gc info in the newly constructed chan type.
+	const n = 100
+	var x []any
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		v := MakeChan(ct, n)
+		for j := 0; j < n; j++ {
+			p := new(uintptr)
+			*p = uintptr(i*n + j)
+			v.Send(ValueOf(p).Convert(tt))
+		}
+		pv := New(ct)
+		pv.Elem().Set(v)
+		x = append(x, pv.Interface())
+	}
+	runtime.GC()
+
+	for i, xi := range x {
+		v := ValueOf(xi).Elem()
+		for j := 0; j < n; j++ {
+			pv, _ := v.Recv()
+			k := pv.Elem().Interface()
+			if k != uintptr(i*n+j) {
+				t.Errorf("lost x[%d][%d] = %d, want %d", i, j, k, i*n+j)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMapOf(t *testing.T) {
+	// check construction and use of type not in binary
+	type K string
+	type V float64
+
+	v := MakeMap(MapOf(TypeOf(K("")), TypeOf(V(0))))
+	runtime.GC()
+	v.SetMapIndex(ValueOf(K("a")), ValueOf(V(1)))
+	runtime.GC()
+
+	s := fmt.Sprint(v.Interface())
+	want := "map[a:1]"
+	if s != want {
+		t.Errorf("constructed map = %s, want %s", s, want)
+	}
+
+	// check that type already in binary is found
+	checkSameType(t, MapOf(TypeOf(V(0)), TypeOf(K(""))), map[V]K(nil))
+
+	// check that invalid key type panics
+	shouldPanic("invalid key type", func() { MapOf(TypeOf((func())(nil)), TypeOf(false)) })
+}
+
+func TestMapOfGCKeys(t *testing.T) {
+	type T *uintptr
+	tt := TypeOf(T(nil))
+	mt := MapOf(tt, TypeOf(false))
+
+	// NOTE: The garbage collector handles allocated maps specially,
+	// so we have to save pointers to maps in x; the pointer code will
+	// use the gc info in the newly constructed map type.
+	const n = 100
+	var x []any
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		v := MakeMap(mt)
+		for j := 0; j < n; j++ {
+			p := new(uintptr)
+			*p = uintptr(i*n + j)
+			v.SetMapIndex(ValueOf(p).Convert(tt), ValueOf(true))
+		}
+		pv := New(mt)
+		pv.Elem().Set(v)
+		x = append(x, pv.Interface())
+	}
+	runtime.GC()
+
+	for i, xi := range x {
+		v := ValueOf(xi).Elem()
+		var out []int
+		for _, kv := range v.MapKeys() {
+			out = append(out, int(kv.Elem().Interface().(uintptr)))
+		}
+		sort.Ints(out)
+		for j, k := range out {
+			if k != i*n+j {
+				t.Errorf("lost x[%d][%d] = %d, want %d", i, j, k, i*n+j)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMapOfGCValues(t *testing.T) {
+	type T *uintptr
+	tt := TypeOf(T(nil))
+	mt := MapOf(TypeOf(1), tt)
+
+	// NOTE: The garbage collector handles allocated maps specially,
+	// so we have to save pointers to maps in x; the pointer code will
+	// use the gc info in the newly constructed map type.
+	const n = 100
+	var x []any
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		v := MakeMap(mt)
+		for j := 0; j < n; j++ {
+			p := new(uintptr)
+			*p = uintptr(i*n + j)
+			v.SetMapIndex(ValueOf(j), ValueOf(p).Convert(tt))
+		}
+		pv := New(mt)
+		pv.Elem().Set(v)
+		x = append(x, pv.Interface())
+	}
+	runtime.GC()
+
+	for i, xi := range x {
+		v := ValueOf(xi).Elem()
+		for j := 0; j < n; j++ {
+			k := v.MapIndex(ValueOf(j)).Elem().Interface().(uintptr)
+			if k != uintptr(i*n+j) {
+				t.Errorf("lost x[%d][%d] = %d, want %d", i, j, k, i*n+j)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTypelinksSorted(t *testing.T) {
+	var last string
+	for i, n := range TypeLinks() {
+		if n < last {
+			t.Errorf("typelinks not sorted: %q [%d] > %q [%d]", last, i-1, n, i)
+		}
+		last = n
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFuncOf(t *testing.T) {
+	// check construction and use of type not in binary
+	type K string
+	type V float64
+
+	fn := func(args []Value) []Value {
+		if len(args) != 1 {
+			t.Errorf("args == %v, want exactly one arg", args)
+		} else if args[0].Type() != TypeOf(K("")) {
+			t.Errorf("args[0] is type %v, want %v", args[0].Type(), TypeOf(K("")))
+		} else if args[0].String() != "gopher" {
+			t.Errorf("args[0] = %q, want %q", args[0].String(), "gopher")
+		}
+		return []Value{ValueOf(V(3.14))}
+	}
+	v := MakeFunc(FuncOf([]Type{TypeOf(K(""))}, []Type{TypeOf(V(0))}, false), fn)
+
+	outs := v.Call([]Value{ValueOf(K("gopher"))})
+	if len(outs) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("v.Call returned %v, want exactly one result", outs)
+	} else if outs[0].Type() != TypeOf(V(0)) {
+		t.Fatalf("c.Call[0] is type %v, want %v", outs[0].Type(), TypeOf(V(0)))
+	}
+	f := outs[0].Float()
+	if f != 3.14 {
+		t.Errorf("constructed func returned %f, want %f", f, 3.14)
+	}
+
+	// check that types already in binary are found
+	type T1 int
+	testCases := []struct {
+		in, out  []Type
+		variadic bool
+		want     any
+	}{
+		{in: []Type{TypeOf(T1(0))}, want: (func(T1))(nil)},
+		{in: []Type{TypeOf(int(0))}, want: (func(int))(nil)},
+		{in: []Type{SliceOf(TypeOf(int(0)))}, variadic: true, want: (func(...int))(nil)},
+		{in: []Type{TypeOf(int(0))}, out: []Type{TypeOf(false)}, want: (func(int) bool)(nil)},
+		{in: []Type{TypeOf(int(0))}, out: []Type{TypeOf(false), TypeOf("")}, want: (func(int) (bool, string))(nil)},
+	}
+	for _, tt := range testCases {
+		checkSameType(t, FuncOf(tt.in, tt.out, tt.variadic), tt.want)
+	}
+
+	// check that variadic requires last element be a slice.
+	FuncOf([]Type{TypeOf(1), TypeOf(""), SliceOf(TypeOf(false))}, nil, true)
+	shouldPanic("must be slice", func() { FuncOf([]Type{TypeOf(0), TypeOf(""), TypeOf(false)}, nil, true) })
+	shouldPanic("must be slice", func() { FuncOf(nil, nil, true) })
+}
+
+type B1 struct {
+	X int
+	Y int
+	Z int
+}
+
+func BenchmarkFieldByName1(b *testing.B) {
+	t := TypeOf(B1{})
+	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
+		for pb.Next() {
+			t.FieldByName("Z")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func BenchmarkFieldByName2(b *testing.B) {
+	t := TypeOf(S3{})
+	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
+		for pb.Next() {
+			t.FieldByName("B")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+type R0 struct {
+	*R1
+	*R2
+	*R3
+	*R4
+}
+
+type R1 struct {
+	*R5
+	*R6
+	*R7
+	*R8
+}
+
+type R2 R1
+type R3 R1
+type R4 R1
+
+type R5 struct {
+	*R9
+	*R10
+	*R11
+	*R12
+}
+
+type R6 R5
+type R7 R5
+type R8 R5
+
+type R9 struct {
+	*R13
+	*R14
+	*R15
+	*R16
+}
+
+type R10 R9
+type R11 R9
+type R12 R9
+
+type R13 struct {
+	*R17
+	*R18
+	*R19
+	*R20
+}
+
+type R14 R13
+type R15 R13
+type R16 R13
+
+type R17 struct {
+	*R21
+	*R22
+	*R23
+	*R24
+}
+
+type R18 R17
+type R19 R17
+type R20 R17
+
+type R21 struct {
+	X int
+}
+
+type R22 R21
+type R23 R21
+type R24 R21
+
+func TestEmbed(t *testing.T) {
+	typ := TypeOf(R0{})
+	f, ok := typ.FieldByName("X")
+	if ok {
+		t.Fatalf(`FieldByName("X") should fail, returned %v`, f.Index)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkFieldByName3(b *testing.B) {
+	t := TypeOf(R0{})
+	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
+		for pb.Next() {
+			t.FieldByName("X")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+type S struct {
+	i1 int64
+	i2 int64
+}
+
+func BenchmarkInterfaceBig(b *testing.B) {
+	v := ValueOf(S{})
+	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
+		for pb.Next() {
+			v.Interface()
+		}
+	})
+	b.StopTimer()
+}
+
+func TestAllocsInterfaceBig(t *testing.T) {
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip("skipping malloc count in short mode")
+	}
+	v := ValueOf(S{})
+	if allocs := testing.AllocsPerRun(100, func() { v.Interface() }); allocs > 0 {
+		t.Error("allocs:", allocs)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkInterfaceSmall(b *testing.B) {
+	v := ValueOf(int64(0))
+	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
+		for pb.Next() {
+			v.Interface()
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func TestAllocsInterfaceSmall(t *testing.T) {
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip("skipping malloc count in short mode")
+	}
+	v := ValueOf(int64(0))
+	if allocs := testing.AllocsPerRun(100, func() { v.Interface() }); allocs > 0 {
+		t.Error("allocs:", allocs)
+	}
+}
+
+// An exhaustive is a mechanism for writing exhaustive or stochastic tests.
+// The basic usage is:
+//
+//	for x.Next() {
+//		... code using x.Maybe() or x.Choice(n) to create test cases ...
+//	}
+//
+// Each iteration of the loop returns a different set of results, until all
+// possible result sets have been explored. It is okay for different code paths
+// to make different method call sequences on x, but there must be no
+// other source of non-determinism in the call sequences.
+//
+// When faced with a new decision, x chooses randomly. Future explorations
+// of that path will choose successive values for the result. Thus, stopping
+// the loop after a fixed number of iterations gives somewhat stochastic
+// testing.
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//	for x.Next() {
+//		v := make([]bool, x.Choose(4))
+//		for i := range v {
+//			v[i] = x.Maybe()
+//		}
+//		fmt.Println(v)
+//	}
+//
+// prints (in some order):
+//
+//	[]
+//	[false]
+//	[true]
+//	[false false]
+//	[false true]
+//	...
+//	[true true]
+//	[false false false]
+//	...
+//	[true true true]
+//	[false false false false]
+//	...
+//	[true true true true]
+//
+type exhaustive struct {
+	r    *rand.Rand
+	pos  int
+	last []choice
+}
+
+type choice struct {
+	off int
+	n   int
+	max int
+}
+
+func (x *exhaustive) Next() bool {
+	if x.r == nil {
+		x.r = rand.New(rand.NewSource(time.Now().UnixNano()))
+	}
+	x.pos = 0
+	if x.last == nil {
+		x.last = []choice{}
+		return true
+	}
+	for i := len(x.last) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
+		c := &x.last[i]
+		if c.n+1 < c.max {
+			c.n++
+			x.last = x.last[:i+1]
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func (x *exhaustive) Choose(max int) int {
+	if x.pos >= len(x.last) {
+		x.last = append(x.last, choice{x.r.Intn(max), 0, max})
+	}
+	c := &x.last[x.pos]
+	x.pos++
+	if c.max != max {
+		panic("inconsistent use of exhaustive tester")
+	}
+	return (c.n + c.off) % max
+}
+
+func (x *exhaustive) Maybe() bool {
+	return x.Choose(2) == 1
+}
+
+func GCFunc(args []Value) []Value {
+	runtime.GC()
+	return []Value{}
+}
+
+func TestReflectFuncTraceback(t *testing.T) {
+	f := MakeFunc(TypeOf(func() {}), GCFunc)
+	f.Call([]Value{})
+}
+
+func TestReflectMethodTraceback(t *testing.T) {
+	p := Point{3, 4}
+	m := ValueOf(p).MethodByName("GCMethod")
+	i := ValueOf(m.Interface()).Call([]Value{ValueOf(5)})[0].Int()
+	if i != 8 {
+		t.Errorf("Call returned %d; want 8", i)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSmallZero(t *testing.T) {
+	type T [10]byte
+	typ := TypeOf(T{})
+	if allocs := testing.AllocsPerRun(100, func() { Zero(typ) }); allocs > 0 {
+		t.Errorf("Creating small zero values caused %f allocs, want 0", allocs)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestBigZero(t *testing.T) {
+	const size = 1 << 10
+	var v [size]byte
+	z := Zero(ValueOf(v).Type()).Interface().([size]byte)
+	for i := 0; i < size; i++ {
+		if z[i] != 0 {
+			t.Fatalf("Zero object not all zero, index %d", i)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestZeroSet(t *testing.T) {
+	type T [16]byte
+	type S struct {
+		a uint64
+		T T
+		b uint64
+	}
+	v := S{
+		a: 0xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa,
+		T: T{9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9},
+		b: 0xbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb,
+	}
+	ValueOf(&v).Elem().Field(1).Set(Zero(TypeOf(T{})))
+	if v != (S{
+		a: 0xaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa,
+		b: 0xbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb,
+	}) {
+		t.Fatalf("Setting a field to a Zero value didn't work")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestFieldByIndexNil(t *testing.T) {
+	type P struct {
+		F int
+	}
+	type T struct {
+		*P
+	}
+	v := ValueOf(T{})
+
+	v.FieldByName("P") // should be fine
+
+	defer func() {
+		if err := recover(); err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("no error")
+		} else if !strings.Contains(fmt.Sprint(err), "nil pointer to embedded struct") {
+			t.Fatalf(`err=%q, wanted error containing "nil pointer to embedded struct"`, err)
+		}
+	}()
+	v.FieldByName("F") // should panic
+
+	t.Fatalf("did not panic")
+}
+
+// Given
+//	type Outer struct {
+//		*Inner
+//		...
+//	}
+// the compiler generates the implementation of (*Outer).M dispatching to the embedded Inner.
+// The implementation is logically:
+//	func (p *Outer) M() {
+//		(p.Inner).M()
+//	}
+// but since the only change here is the replacement of one pointer receiver with another,
+// the actual generated code overwrites the original receiver with the p.Inner pointer and
+// then jumps to the M method expecting the *Inner receiver.
+//
+// During reflect.Value.Call, we create an argument frame and the associated data structures
+// to describe it to the garbage collector, populate the frame, call reflect.call to
+// run a function call using that frame, and then copy the results back out of the frame.
+// The reflect.call function does a memmove of the frame structure onto the
+// stack (to set up the inputs), runs the call, and the memmoves the stack back to
+// the frame structure (to preserve the outputs).
+//
+// Originally reflect.call did not distinguish inputs from outputs: both memmoves
+// were for the full stack frame. However, in the case where the called function was
+// one of these wrappers, the rewritten receiver is almost certainly a different type
+// than the original receiver. This is not a problem on the stack, where we use the
+// program counter to determine the type information and understand that
+// during (*Outer).M the receiver is an *Outer while during (*Inner).M the receiver in the same
+// memory word is now an *Inner. But in the statically typed argument frame created
+// by reflect, the receiver is always an *Outer. Copying the modified receiver pointer
+// off the stack into the frame will store an *Inner there, and then if a garbage collection
+// happens to scan that argument frame before it is discarded, it will scan the *Inner
+// memory as if it were an *Outer. If the two have different memory layouts, the
+// collection will interpret the memory incorrectly.
+//
+// One such possible incorrect interpretation is to treat two arbitrary memory words
+// (Inner.P1 and Inner.P2 below) as an interface (Outer.R below). Because interpreting
+// an interface requires dereferencing the itab word, the misinterpretation will try to
+// deference Inner.P1, causing a crash during garbage collection.
+//
+// This came up in a real program in issue 7725.
+
+type Outer struct {
+	*Inner
+	R io.Reader
+}
+
+type Inner struct {
+	X  *Outer
+	P1 uintptr
+	P2 uintptr
+}
+
+func (pi *Inner) M() {
+	// Clear references to pi so that the only way the
+	// garbage collection will find the pointer is in the
+	// argument frame, typed as a *Outer.
+	pi.X.Inner = nil
+
+	// Set up an interface value that will cause a crash.
+	// P1 = 1 is a non-zero, so the interface looks non-nil.
+	// P2 = pi ensures that the data word points into the
+	// allocated heap; if not the collection skips the interface
+	// value as irrelevant, without dereferencing P1.
+	pi.P1 = 1
+	pi.P2 = uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(pi))
+}
+
+func TestCallMethodJump(t *testing.T) {
+	// In reflect.Value.Call, trigger a garbage collection after reflect.call
+	// returns but before the args frame has been discarded.
+	// This is a little clumsy but makes the failure repeatable.
+	*CallGC = true
+
+	p := &Outer{Inner: new(Inner)}
+	p.Inner.X = p
+	ValueOf(p).Method(0).Call(nil)
+
+	// Stop garbage collecting during reflect.call.
+	*CallGC = false
+}
+
+func TestCallArgLive(t *testing.T) {
+	type T struct{ X, Y *string } // pointerful aggregate
+
+	F := func(t T) { *t.X = "ok" }
+
+	// In reflect.Value.Call, trigger a garbage collection in reflect.call
+	// between marshaling argument and the actual call.
+	*CallGC = true
+
+	x := new(string)
+	runtime.SetFinalizer(x, func(p *string) {
+		if *p != "ok" {
+			t.Errorf("x dead prematurely")
+		}
+	})
+	v := T{x, nil}
+
+	ValueOf(F).Call([]Value{ValueOf(v)})
+
+	// Stop garbage collecting during reflect.call.
+	*CallGC = false
+}
+
+func TestMakeFuncStackCopy(t *testing.T) {
+	target := func(in []Value) []Value {
+		runtime.GC()
+		useStack(16)
+		return []Value{ValueOf(9)}
+	}
+
+	var concrete func(*int, int) int
+	fn := MakeFunc(ValueOf(concrete).Type(), target)
+	ValueOf(&concrete).Elem().Set(fn)
+	x := concrete(nil, 7)
+	if x != 9 {
+		t.Errorf("have %#q want 9", x)
+	}
+}
+
+// use about n KB of stack
+func useStack(n int) {
+	if n == 0 {
+		return
+	}
+	var b [1024]byte // makes frame about 1KB
+	useStack(n - 1 + int(b[99]))
+}
+
+type Impl struct{}
+
+func (Impl) F() {}
+
+func TestValueString(t *testing.T) {
+	rv := ValueOf(Impl{})
+	if rv.String() != "<reflect_test.Impl Value>" {
+		t.Errorf("ValueOf(Impl{}).String() = %q, want %q", rv.String(), "<reflect_test.Impl Value>")
+	}
+
+	method := rv.Method(0)
+	if method.String() != "<func() Value>" {
+		t.Errorf("ValueOf(Impl{}).Method(0).String() = %q, want %q", method.String(), "<func() Value>")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestInvalid(t *testing.T) {
+	// Used to have inconsistency between IsValid() and Kind() != Invalid.
+	type T struct{ v any }
+
+	v := ValueOf(T{}).Field(0)
+	if v.IsValid() != true || v.Kind() != Interface {
+		t.Errorf("field: IsValid=%v, Kind=%v, want true, Interface", v.IsValid(), v.Kind())
+	}
+	v = v.Elem()
+	if v.IsValid() != false || v.Kind() != Invalid {
+		t.Errorf("field elem: IsValid=%v, Kind=%v, want false, Invalid", v.IsValid(), v.Kind())
+	}
+}
+
+// Issue 8917.
+func TestLargeGCProg(t *testing.T) {
+	fv := ValueOf(func([256]*byte) {})
+	fv.Call([]Value{ValueOf([256]*byte{})})
+}
+
+func fieldIndexRecover(t Type, i int) (recovered any) {
+	defer func() {
+		recovered = recover()
+	}()
+
+	t.Field(i)
+	return
+}
+
+// Issue 15046.
+func TestTypeFieldOutOfRangePanic(t *testing.T) {
+	typ := TypeOf(struct{ X int }{10})
+	testIndices := [...]struct {
+		i         int
+		mustPanic bool
+	}{
+		0: {-2, true},
+		1: {0, false},
+		2: {1, true},
+		3: {1 << 10, true},
+	}
+	for i, tt := range testIndices {
+		recoveredErr := fieldIndexRecover(typ, tt.i)
+		if tt.mustPanic {
+			if recoveredErr == nil {
+				t.Errorf("#%d: fieldIndex %d expected to panic", i, tt.i)
+			}
+		} else {
+			if recoveredErr != nil {
+				t.Errorf("#%d: got err=%v, expected no panic", i, recoveredErr)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Issue 9179.
+func TestCallGC(t *testing.T) {
+	f := func(a, b, c, d, e string) {
+	}
+	g := func(in []Value) []Value {
+		runtime.GC()
+		return nil
+	}
+	typ := ValueOf(f).Type()
+	f2 := MakeFunc(typ, g).Interface().(func(string, string, string, string, string))
+	f2("four", "five5", "six666", "seven77", "eight888")
+}
+
+// Issue 18635 (function version).
+func TestKeepFuncLive(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test that we keep makeFuncImpl live as long as it is
+	// referenced on the stack.
+	typ := TypeOf(func(i int) {})
+	var f, g func(in []Value) []Value
+	f = func(in []Value) []Value {
+		clobber()
+		i := int(in[0].Int())
+		if i > 0 {
+			// We can't use Value.Call here because
+			// runtime.call* will keep the makeFuncImpl
+			// alive. However, by converting it to an
+			// interface value and calling that,
+			// reflect.callReflect is the only thing that
+			// can keep the makeFuncImpl live.
+			//
+			// Alternate between f and g so that if we do
+			// reuse the memory prematurely it's more
+			// likely to get obviously corrupted.
+			MakeFunc(typ, g).Interface().(func(i int))(i - 1)
+		}
+		return nil
+	}
+	g = func(in []Value) []Value {
+		clobber()
+		i := int(in[0].Int())
+		MakeFunc(typ, f).Interface().(func(i int))(i)
+		return nil
+	}
+	MakeFunc(typ, f).Call([]Value{ValueOf(10)})
+}
+
+type UnExportedFirst int
+
+func (i UnExportedFirst) ΦExported()  {}
+func (i UnExportedFirst) unexported() {}
+
+// Issue 21177
+func TestMethodByNameUnExportedFirst(t *testing.T) {
+	defer func() {
+		if recover() != nil {
+			t.Errorf("should not panic")
+		}
+	}()
+	typ := TypeOf(UnExportedFirst(0))
+	m, _ := typ.MethodByName("ΦExported")
+	if m.Name != "ΦExported" {
+		t.Errorf("got %s, expected ΦExported", m.Name)
+	}
+}
+
+// Issue 18635 (method version).
+type KeepMethodLive struct{}
+
+func (k KeepMethodLive) Method1(i int) {
+	clobber()
+	if i > 0 {
+		ValueOf(k).MethodByName("Method2").Interface().(func(i int))(i - 1)
+	}
+}
+
+func (k KeepMethodLive) Method2(i int) {
+	clobber()
+	ValueOf(k).MethodByName("Method1").Interface().(func(i int))(i)
+}
+
+func TestKeepMethodLive(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test that we keep methodValue live as long as it is
+	// referenced on the stack.
+	KeepMethodLive{}.Method1(10)
+}
+
+// clobber tries to clobber unreachable memory.
+func clobber() {
+	runtime.GC()
+	for i := 1; i < 32; i++ {
+		for j := 0; j < 10; j++ {
+			obj := make([]*byte, i)
+			sink = obj
+		}
+	}
+	runtime.GC()
+}
+
+func TestFuncLayout(t *testing.T) {
+	align := func(x uintptr) uintptr {
+		return (x + goarch.PtrSize - 1) &^ (goarch.PtrSize - 1)
+	}
+	var r []byte
+	if goarch.PtrSize == 4 {
+		r = []byte{0, 0, 0, 1}
+	} else {
+		r = []byte{0, 0, 1}
+	}
+
+	type S struct {
+		a, b uintptr
+		c, d *byte
+	}
+
+	type test struct {
+		rcvr, typ                  Type
+		size, argsize, retOffset   uintptr
+		stack, gc, inRegs, outRegs []byte // pointer bitmap: 1 is pointer, 0 is scalar
+		intRegs, floatRegs         int
+		floatRegSize               uintptr
+	}
+	tests := []test{
+		{
+			typ:       ValueOf(func(a, b string) string { return "" }).Type(),
+			size:      6 * goarch.PtrSize,
+			argsize:   4 * goarch.PtrSize,
+			retOffset: 4 * goarch.PtrSize,
+			stack:     []byte{1, 0, 1, 0, 1},
+			gc:        []byte{1, 0, 1, 0, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			typ:       ValueOf(func(a, b, c uint32, p *byte, d uint16) {}).Type(),
+			size:      align(align(3*4) + goarch.PtrSize + 2),
+			argsize:   align(3*4) + goarch.PtrSize + 2,
+			retOffset: align(align(3*4) + goarch.PtrSize + 2),
+			stack:     r,
+			gc:        r,
+		},
+		{
+			typ:       ValueOf(func(a map[int]int, b uintptr, c any) {}).Type(),
+			size:      4 * goarch.PtrSize,
+			argsize:   4 * goarch.PtrSize,
+			retOffset: 4 * goarch.PtrSize,
+			stack:     []byte{1, 0, 1, 1},
+			gc:        []byte{1, 0, 1, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			typ:       ValueOf(func(a S) {}).Type(),
+			size:      4 * goarch.PtrSize,
+			argsize:   4 * goarch.PtrSize,
+			retOffset: 4 * goarch.PtrSize,
+			stack:     []byte{0, 0, 1, 1},
+			gc:        []byte{0, 0, 1, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			rcvr:      ValueOf((*byte)(nil)).Type(),
+			typ:       ValueOf(func(a uintptr, b *int) {}).Type(),
+			size:      3 * goarch.PtrSize,
+			argsize:   3 * goarch.PtrSize,
+			retOffset: 3 * goarch.PtrSize,
+			stack:     []byte{1, 0, 1},
+			gc:        []byte{1, 0, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			typ:       ValueOf(func(a uintptr) {}).Type(),
+			size:      goarch.PtrSize,
+			argsize:   goarch.PtrSize,
+			retOffset: goarch.PtrSize,
+			stack:     []byte{},
+			gc:        []byte{},
+		},
+		{
+			typ:       ValueOf(func() uintptr { return 0 }).Type(),
+			size:      goarch.PtrSize,
+			argsize:   0,
+			retOffset: 0,
+			stack:     []byte{},
+			gc:        []byte{},
+		},
+		{
+			rcvr:      ValueOf(uintptr(0)).Type(),
+			typ:       ValueOf(func(a uintptr) {}).Type(),
+			size:      2 * goarch.PtrSize,
+			argsize:   2 * goarch.PtrSize,
+			retOffset: 2 * goarch.PtrSize,
+			stack:     []byte{1},
+			gc:        []byte{1},
+			// Note: this one is tricky, as the receiver is not a pointer. But we
+			// pass the receiver by reference to the autogenerated pointer-receiver
+			// version of the function.
+		},
+		// TODO(mknyszek): Add tests for non-zero register count.
+	}
+	for _, lt := range tests {
+		name := lt.typ.String()
+		if lt.rcvr != nil {
+			name = lt.rcvr.String() + "." + name
+		}
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			defer SetArgRegs(SetArgRegs(lt.intRegs, lt.floatRegs, lt.floatRegSize))
+
+			typ, argsize, retOffset, stack, gc, inRegs, outRegs, ptrs := FuncLayout(lt.typ, lt.rcvr)
+			if typ.Size() != lt.size {
+				t.Errorf("funcLayout(%v, %v).size=%d, want %d", lt.typ, lt.rcvr, typ.Size(), lt.size)
+			}
+			if argsize != lt.argsize {
+				t.Errorf("funcLayout(%v, %v).argsize=%d, want %d", lt.typ, lt.rcvr, argsize, lt.argsize)
+			}
+			if retOffset != lt.retOffset {
+				t.Errorf("funcLayout(%v, %v).retOffset=%d, want %d", lt.typ, lt.rcvr, retOffset, lt.retOffset)
+			}
+			if !bytes.Equal(stack, lt.stack) {
+				t.Errorf("funcLayout(%v, %v).stack=%v, want %v", lt.typ, lt.rcvr, stack, lt.stack)
+			}
+			if !bytes.Equal(gc, lt.gc) {
+				t.Errorf("funcLayout(%v, %v).gc=%v, want %v", lt.typ, lt.rcvr, gc, lt.gc)
+			}
+			if !bytes.Equal(inRegs, lt.inRegs) {
+				t.Errorf("funcLayout(%v, %v).inRegs=%v, want %v", lt.typ, lt.rcvr, inRegs, lt.inRegs)
+			}
+			if !bytes.Equal(outRegs, lt.outRegs) {
+				t.Errorf("funcLayout(%v, %v).outRegs=%v, want %v", lt.typ, lt.rcvr, outRegs, lt.outRegs)
+			}
+			if ptrs && len(stack) == 0 || !ptrs && len(stack) > 0 {
+				t.Errorf("funcLayout(%v, %v) pointers flag=%v, want %v", lt.typ, lt.rcvr, ptrs, !ptrs)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func verifyGCBits(t *testing.T, typ Type, bits []byte) {
+	heapBits := GCBits(New(typ).Interface())
+	if !bytes.Equal(heapBits, bits) {
+		_, _, line, _ := runtime.Caller(1)
+		t.Errorf("line %d: heapBits incorrect for %v\nhave %v\nwant %v", line, typ, heapBits, bits)
+	}
+}
+
+func verifyGCBitsSlice(t *testing.T, typ Type, cap int, bits []byte) {
+	// Creating a slice causes the runtime to repeat a bitmap,
+	// which exercises a different path from making the compiler
+	// repeat a bitmap for a small array or executing a repeat in
+	// a GC program.
+	val := MakeSlice(typ, 0, cap)
+	data := NewAt(ArrayOf(cap, typ), val.UnsafePointer())
+	heapBits := GCBits(data.Interface())
+	// Repeat the bitmap for the slice size, trimming scalars in
+	// the last element.
+	bits = rep(cap, bits)
+	for len(bits) > 0 && bits[len(bits)-1] == 0 {
+		bits = bits[:len(bits)-1]
+	}
+	if !bytes.Equal(heapBits, bits) {
+		t.Errorf("heapBits incorrect for make(%v, 0, %v)\nhave %v\nwant %v", typ, cap, heapBits, bits)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestGCBits(t *testing.T) {
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf((*byte)(nil)), []byte{1})
+
+	// Building blocks for types seen by the compiler (like [2]Xscalar).
+	// The compiler will create the type structures for the derived types,
+	// including their GC metadata.
+	type Xscalar struct{ x uintptr }
+	type Xptr struct{ x *byte }
+	type Xptrscalar struct {
+		*byte
+		uintptr
+	}
+	type Xscalarptr struct {
+		uintptr
+		*byte
+	}
+	type Xbigptrscalar struct {
+		_ [100]*byte
+		_ [100]uintptr
+	}
+
+	var Tscalar, Tint64, Tptr, Tscalarptr, Tptrscalar, Tbigptrscalar Type
+	{
+		// Building blocks for types constructed by reflect.
+		// This code is in a separate block so that code below
+		// cannot accidentally refer to these.
+		// The compiler must NOT see types derived from these
+		// (for example, [2]Scalar must NOT appear in the program),
+		// or else reflect will use it instead of having to construct one.
+		// The goal is to test the construction.
+		type Scalar struct{ x uintptr }
+		type Ptr struct{ x *byte }
+		type Ptrscalar struct {
+			*byte
+			uintptr
+		}
+		type Scalarptr struct {
+			uintptr
+			*byte
+		}
+		type Bigptrscalar struct {
+			_ [100]*byte
+			_ [100]uintptr
+		}
+		type Int64 int64
+		Tscalar = TypeOf(Scalar{})
+		Tint64 = TypeOf(Int64(0))
+		Tptr = TypeOf(Ptr{})
+		Tscalarptr = TypeOf(Scalarptr{})
+		Tptrscalar = TypeOf(Ptrscalar{})
+		Tbigptrscalar = TypeOf(Bigptrscalar{})
+	}
+
+	empty := []byte{}
+
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf(Xscalar{}), empty)
+	verifyGCBits(t, Tscalar, empty)
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf(Xptr{}), lit(1))
+	verifyGCBits(t, Tptr, lit(1))
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf(Xscalarptr{}), lit(0, 1))
+	verifyGCBits(t, Tscalarptr, lit(0, 1))
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf(Xptrscalar{}), lit(1))
+	verifyGCBits(t, Tptrscalar, lit(1))
+
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf([0]Xptr{}), empty)
+	verifyGCBits(t, ArrayOf(0, Tptr), empty)
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf([1]Xptrscalar{}), lit(1))
+	verifyGCBits(t, ArrayOf(1, Tptrscalar), lit(1))
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf([2]Xscalar{}), empty)
+	verifyGCBits(t, ArrayOf(2, Tscalar), empty)
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf([10000]Xscalar{}), empty)
+	verifyGCBits(t, ArrayOf(10000, Tscalar), empty)
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf([2]Xptr{}), lit(1, 1))
+	verifyGCBits(t, ArrayOf(2, Tptr), lit(1, 1))
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf([10000]Xptr{}), rep(10000, lit(1)))
+	verifyGCBits(t, ArrayOf(10000, Tptr), rep(10000, lit(1)))
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf([2]Xscalarptr{}), lit(0, 1, 0, 1))
+	verifyGCBits(t, ArrayOf(2, Tscalarptr), lit(0, 1, 0, 1))
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf([10000]Xscalarptr{}), rep(10000, lit(0, 1)))
+	verifyGCBits(t, ArrayOf(10000, Tscalarptr), rep(10000, lit(0, 1)))
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf([2]Xptrscalar{}), lit(1, 0, 1))
+	verifyGCBits(t, ArrayOf(2, Tptrscalar), lit(1, 0, 1))
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf([10000]Xptrscalar{}), rep(10000, lit(1, 0)))
+	verifyGCBits(t, ArrayOf(10000, Tptrscalar), rep(10000, lit(1, 0)))
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf([1][10000]Xptrscalar{}), rep(10000, lit(1, 0)))
+	verifyGCBits(t, ArrayOf(1, ArrayOf(10000, Tptrscalar)), rep(10000, lit(1, 0)))
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf([2][10000]Xptrscalar{}), rep(2*10000, lit(1, 0)))
+	verifyGCBits(t, ArrayOf(2, ArrayOf(10000, Tptrscalar)), rep(2*10000, lit(1, 0)))
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf([4]Xbigptrscalar{}), join(rep(3, join(rep(100, lit(1)), rep(100, lit(0)))), rep(100, lit(1))))
+	verifyGCBits(t, ArrayOf(4, Tbigptrscalar), join(rep(3, join(rep(100, lit(1)), rep(100, lit(0)))), rep(100, lit(1))))
+
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, TypeOf([]Xptr{}), 0, empty)
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, SliceOf(Tptr), 0, empty)
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, TypeOf([]Xptrscalar{}), 1, lit(1))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, SliceOf(Tptrscalar), 1, lit(1))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, TypeOf([]Xscalar{}), 2, lit(0))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, SliceOf(Tscalar), 2, lit(0))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, TypeOf([]Xscalar{}), 10000, lit(0))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, SliceOf(Tscalar), 10000, lit(0))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, TypeOf([]Xptr{}), 2, lit(1))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, SliceOf(Tptr), 2, lit(1))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, TypeOf([]Xptr{}), 10000, lit(1))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, SliceOf(Tptr), 10000, lit(1))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, TypeOf([]Xscalarptr{}), 2, lit(0, 1))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, SliceOf(Tscalarptr), 2, lit(0, 1))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, TypeOf([]Xscalarptr{}), 10000, lit(0, 1))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, SliceOf(Tscalarptr), 10000, lit(0, 1))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, TypeOf([]Xptrscalar{}), 2, lit(1, 0))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, SliceOf(Tptrscalar), 2, lit(1, 0))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, TypeOf([]Xptrscalar{}), 10000, lit(1, 0))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, SliceOf(Tptrscalar), 10000, lit(1, 0))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, TypeOf([][10000]Xptrscalar{}), 1, rep(10000, lit(1, 0)))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, SliceOf(ArrayOf(10000, Tptrscalar)), 1, rep(10000, lit(1, 0)))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, TypeOf([][10000]Xptrscalar{}), 2, rep(10000, lit(1, 0)))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, SliceOf(ArrayOf(10000, Tptrscalar)), 2, rep(10000, lit(1, 0)))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, TypeOf([]Xbigptrscalar{}), 4, join(rep(100, lit(1)), rep(100, lit(0))))
+	verifyGCBitsSlice(t, SliceOf(Tbigptrscalar), 4, join(rep(100, lit(1)), rep(100, lit(0))))
+
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf((chan [100]Xscalar)(nil)), lit(1))
+	verifyGCBits(t, ChanOf(BothDir, ArrayOf(100, Tscalar)), lit(1))
+
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf((func([10000]Xscalarptr))(nil)), lit(1))
+	verifyGCBits(t, FuncOf([]Type{ArrayOf(10000, Tscalarptr)}, nil, false), lit(1))
+
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf((map[[10000]Xscalarptr]Xscalar)(nil)), lit(1))
+	verifyGCBits(t, MapOf(ArrayOf(10000, Tscalarptr), Tscalar), lit(1))
+
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf((*[10000]Xscalar)(nil)), lit(1))
+	verifyGCBits(t, PointerTo(ArrayOf(10000, Tscalar)), lit(1))
+
+	verifyGCBits(t, TypeOf(([][10000]Xscalar)(nil)), lit(1))
+	verifyGCBits(t, SliceOf(ArrayOf(10000, Tscalar)), lit(1))
+
+	hdr := make([]byte, 8/goarch.PtrSize)
+
+	verifyMapBucket := func(t *testing.T, k, e Type, m any, want []byte) {
+		verifyGCBits(t, MapBucketOf(k, e), want)
+		verifyGCBits(t, CachedBucketOf(TypeOf(m)), want)
+	}
+	verifyMapBucket(t,
+		Tscalar, Tptr,
+		map[Xscalar]Xptr(nil),
+		join(hdr, rep(8, lit(0)), rep(8, lit(1)), lit(1)))
+	verifyMapBucket(t,
+		Tscalarptr, Tptr,
+		map[Xscalarptr]Xptr(nil),
+		join(hdr, rep(8, lit(0, 1)), rep(8, lit(1)), lit(1)))
+	verifyMapBucket(t, Tint64, Tptr,
+		map[int64]Xptr(nil),
+		join(hdr, rep(8, rep(8/goarch.PtrSize, lit(0))), rep(8, lit(1)), lit(1)))
+	verifyMapBucket(t,
+		Tscalar, Tscalar,
+		map[Xscalar]Xscalar(nil),
+		empty)
+	verifyMapBucket(t,
+		ArrayOf(2, Tscalarptr), ArrayOf(3, Tptrscalar),
+		map[[2]Xscalarptr][3]Xptrscalar(nil),
+		join(hdr, rep(8*2, lit(0, 1)), rep(8*3, lit(1, 0)), lit(1)))
+	verifyMapBucket(t,
+		ArrayOf(64/goarch.PtrSize, Tscalarptr), ArrayOf(64/goarch.PtrSize, Tptrscalar),
+		map[[64 / goarch.PtrSize]Xscalarptr][64 / goarch.PtrSize]Xptrscalar(nil),
+		join(hdr, rep(8*64/goarch.PtrSize, lit(0, 1)), rep(8*64/goarch.PtrSize, lit(1, 0)), lit(1)))
+	verifyMapBucket(t,
+		ArrayOf(64/goarch.PtrSize+1, Tscalarptr), ArrayOf(64/goarch.PtrSize, Tptrscalar),
+		map[[64/goarch.PtrSize + 1]Xscalarptr][64 / goarch.PtrSize]Xptrscalar(nil),
+		join(hdr, rep(8, lit(1)), rep(8*64/goarch.PtrSize, lit(1, 0)), lit(1)))
+	verifyMapBucket(t,
+		ArrayOf(64/goarch.PtrSize, Tscalarptr), ArrayOf(64/goarch.PtrSize+1, Tptrscalar),
+		map[[64 / goarch.PtrSize]Xscalarptr][64/goarch.PtrSize + 1]Xptrscalar(nil),
+		join(hdr, rep(8*64/goarch.PtrSize, lit(0, 1)), rep(8, lit(1)), lit(1)))
+	verifyMapBucket(t,
+		ArrayOf(64/goarch.PtrSize+1, Tscalarptr), ArrayOf(64/goarch.PtrSize+1, Tptrscalar),
+		map[[64/goarch.PtrSize + 1]Xscalarptr][64/goarch.PtrSize + 1]Xptrscalar(nil),
+		join(hdr, rep(8, lit(1)), rep(8, lit(1)), lit(1)))
+}
+
+func rep(n int, b []byte) []byte { return bytes.Repeat(b, n) }
+func join(b ...[]byte) []byte    { return bytes.Join(b, nil) }
+func lit(x ...byte) []byte       { return x }
+
+func TestTypeOfTypeOf(t *testing.T) {
+	// Check that all the type constructors return concrete *rtype implementations.
+	// It's difficult to test directly because the reflect package is only at arm's length.
+	// The easiest thing to do is just call a function that crashes if it doesn't get an *rtype.
+	check := func(name string, typ Type) {
+		if underlying := TypeOf(typ).String(); underlying != "*reflect.rtype" {
+			t.Errorf("%v returned %v, not *reflect.rtype", name, underlying)
+		}
+	}
+
+	type T struct{ int }
+	check("TypeOf", TypeOf(T{}))
+
+	check("ArrayOf", ArrayOf(10, TypeOf(T{})))
+	check("ChanOf", ChanOf(BothDir, TypeOf(T{})))
+	check("FuncOf", FuncOf([]Type{TypeOf(T{})}, nil, false))
+	check("MapOf", MapOf(TypeOf(T{}), TypeOf(T{})))
+	check("PtrTo", PointerTo(TypeOf(T{})))
+	check("SliceOf", SliceOf(TypeOf(T{})))
+}
+
+type XM struct{ _ bool }
+
+func (*XM) String() string { return "" }
+
+func TestPtrToMethods(t *testing.T) {
+	var y struct{ XM }
+	yp := New(TypeOf(y)).Interface()
+	_, ok := yp.(fmt.Stringer)
+	if !ok {
+		t.Fatal("does not implement Stringer, but should")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMapAlloc(t *testing.T) {
+	m := ValueOf(make(map[int]int, 10))
+	k := ValueOf(5)
+	v := ValueOf(7)
+	allocs := testing.AllocsPerRun(100, func() {
+		m.SetMapIndex(k, v)
+	})
+	if allocs > 0.5 {
+		t.Errorf("allocs per map assignment: want 0 got %f", allocs)
+	}
+
+	const size = 1000
+	tmp := 0
+	val := ValueOf(&tmp).Elem()
+	allocs = testing.AllocsPerRun(100, func() {
+		mv := MakeMapWithSize(TypeOf(map[int]int{}), size)
+		// Only adding half of the capacity to not trigger re-allocations due too many overloaded buckets.
+		for i := 0; i < size/2; i++ {
+			val.SetInt(int64(i))
+			mv.SetMapIndex(val, val)
+		}
+	})
+	if allocs > 10 {
+		t.Errorf("allocs per map assignment: want at most 10 got %f", allocs)
+	}
+	// Empirical testing shows that with capacity hint single run will trigger 3 allocations and without 91. I set
+	// the threshold to 10, to not make it overly brittle if something changes in the initial allocation of the
+	// map, but to still catch a regression where we keep re-allocating in the hashmap as new entries are added.
+}
+
+func TestChanAlloc(t *testing.T) {
+	// Note: for a chan int, the return Value must be allocated, so we
+	// use a chan *int instead.
+	c := ValueOf(make(chan *int, 1))
+	v := ValueOf(new(int))
+	allocs := testing.AllocsPerRun(100, func() {
+		c.Send(v)
+		_, _ = c.Recv()
+	})
+	if allocs < 0.5 || allocs > 1.5 {
+		t.Errorf("allocs per chan send/recv: want 1 got %f", allocs)
+	}
+	// Note: there is one allocation in reflect.recv which seems to be
+	// a limitation of escape analysis. If that is ever fixed the
+	// allocs < 0.5 condition will trigger and this test should be fixed.
+}
+
+type TheNameOfThisTypeIsExactly255BytesLongSoWhenTheCompilerPrependsTheReflectTestPackageNameAndExtraStarTheLinkerRuntimeAndReflectPackagesWillHaveToCorrectlyDecodeTheSecondLengthByte0123456789_0123456789_0123456789_0123456789_0123456789_012345678 int
+
+type nameTest struct {
+	v    any
+	want string
+}
+
+var nameTests = []nameTest{
+	{(*int32)(nil), "int32"},
+	{(*D1)(nil), "D1"},
+	{(*[]D1)(nil), ""},
+	{(*chan D1)(nil), ""},
+	{(*func() D1)(nil), ""},
+	{(*<-chan D1)(nil), ""},
+	{(*chan<- D1)(nil), ""},
+	{(*any)(nil), ""},
+	{(*interface {
+		F()
+	})(nil), ""},
+	{(*TheNameOfThisTypeIsExactly255BytesLongSoWhenTheCompilerPrependsTheReflectTestPackageNameAndExtraStarTheLinkerRuntimeAndReflectPackagesWillHaveToCorrectlyDecodeTheSecondLengthByte0123456789_0123456789_0123456789_0123456789_0123456789_012345678)(nil), "TheNameOfThisTypeIsExactly255BytesLongSoWhenTheCompilerPrependsTheReflectTestPackageNameAndExtraStarTheLinkerRuntimeAndReflectPackagesWillHaveToCorrectlyDecodeTheSecondLengthByte0123456789_0123456789_0123456789_0123456789_0123456789_012345678"},
+}
+
+func TestNames(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, test := range nameTests {
+		typ := TypeOf(test.v).Elem()
+		if got := typ.Name(); got != test.want {
+			t.Errorf("%v Name()=%q, want %q", typ, got, test.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestExported(t *testing.T) {
+	type ΦExported struct{}
+	type φUnexported struct{}
+	type BigP *big
+	type P int
+	type p *P
+	type P2 p
+	type p3 p
+
+	type exportTest struct {
+		v    any
+		want bool
+	}
+	exportTests := []exportTest{
+		{D1{}, true},
+		{(*D1)(nil), true},
+		{big{}, false},
+		{(*big)(nil), false},
+		{(BigP)(nil), true},
+		{(*BigP)(nil), true},
+		{ΦExported{}, true},
+		{φUnexported{}, false},
+		{P(0), true},
+		{(p)(nil), false},
+		{(P2)(nil), true},
+		{(p3)(nil), false},
+	}
+
+	for i, test := range exportTests {
+		typ := TypeOf(test.v)
+		if got := IsExported(typ); got != test.want {
+			t.Errorf("%d: %s exported=%v, want %v", i, typ.Name(), got, test.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestTypeStrings(t *testing.T) {
+	type stringTest struct {
+		typ  Type
+		want string
+	}
+	stringTests := []stringTest{
+		{TypeOf(func(int) {}), "func(int)"},
+		{FuncOf([]Type{TypeOf(int(0))}, nil, false), "func(int)"},
+		{TypeOf(XM{}), "reflect_test.XM"},
+		{TypeOf(new(XM)), "*reflect_test.XM"},
+		{TypeOf(new(XM).String), "func() string"},
+		{TypeOf(new(XM)).Method(0).Type, "func(*reflect_test.XM) string"},
+		{ChanOf(3, TypeOf(XM{})), "chan reflect_test.XM"},
+		{MapOf(TypeOf(int(0)), TypeOf(XM{})), "map[int]reflect_test.XM"},
+		{ArrayOf(3, TypeOf(XM{})), "[3]reflect_test.XM"},
+		{ArrayOf(3, TypeOf(struct{}{})), "[3]struct {}"},
+	}
+
+	for i, test := range stringTests {
+		if got, want := test.typ.String(), test.want; got != want {
+			t.Errorf("type %d String()=%q, want %q", i, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestOffsetLock(t *testing.T) {
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
+		i := i
+		wg.Add(1)
+		go func() {
+			for j := 0; j < 50; j++ {
+				ResolveReflectName(fmt.Sprintf("OffsetLockName:%d:%d", i, j))
+			}
+			wg.Done()
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+}
+
+func BenchmarkNew(b *testing.B) {
+	v := TypeOf(XM{})
+	b.RunParallel(func(pb *testing.PB) {
+		for pb.Next() {
+			New(v)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+func BenchmarkMap(b *testing.B) {
+	type V *int
+	type S string
+	value := ValueOf((V)(nil))
+	stringKeys := []string{}
+	mapOfStrings := map[string]V{}
+	uint64Keys := []uint64{}
+	mapOfUint64s := map[uint64]V{}
+	userStringKeys := []S{}
+	mapOfUserStrings := map[S]V{}
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		stringKey := fmt.Sprintf("key%d", i)
+		stringKeys = append(stringKeys, stringKey)
+		mapOfStrings[stringKey] = nil
+
+		uint64Key := uint64(i)
+		uint64Keys = append(uint64Keys, uint64Key)
+		mapOfUint64s[uint64Key] = nil
+
+		userStringKey := S(fmt.Sprintf("key%d", i))
+		userStringKeys = append(userStringKeys, userStringKey)
+		mapOfUserStrings[userStringKey] = nil
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		label          string
+		m, keys, value Value
+	}{
+		{"StringKeys", ValueOf(mapOfStrings), ValueOf(stringKeys), value},
+		{"Uint64Keys", ValueOf(mapOfUint64s), ValueOf(uint64Keys), value},
+		{"UserStringKeys", ValueOf(mapOfUserStrings), ValueOf(userStringKeys), value},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		b.Run(tt.label, func(b *testing.B) {
+			b.Run("MapIndex", func(b *testing.B) {
+				b.ReportAllocs()
+				for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+					for j := tt.keys.Len() - 1; j >= 0; j-- {
+						tt.m.MapIndex(tt.keys.Index(j))
+					}
+				}
+			})
+			b.Run("SetMapIndex", func(b *testing.B) {
+				b.ReportAllocs()
+				for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+					for j := tt.keys.Len() - 1; j >= 0; j-- {
+						tt.m.SetMapIndex(tt.keys.Index(j), tt.value)
+					}
+				}
+			})
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSwapper(t *testing.T) {
+	type I int
+	var a, b, c I
+	type pair struct {
+		x, y int
+	}
+	type pairPtr struct {
+		x, y int
+		p    *I
+	}
+	type S string
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		in   any
+		i, j int
+		want any
+	}{
+		{
+			in:   []int{1, 20, 300},
+			i:    0,
+			j:    2,
+			want: []int{300, 20, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			in:   []uintptr{1, 20, 300},
+			i:    0,
+			j:    2,
+			want: []uintptr{300, 20, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			in:   []int16{1, 20, 300},
+			i:    0,
+			j:    2,
+			want: []int16{300, 20, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			in:   []int8{1, 20, 100},
+			i:    0,
+			j:    2,
+			want: []int8{100, 20, 1},
+		},
+		{
+			in:   []*I{&a, &b, &c},
+			i:    0,
+			j:    2,
+			want: []*I{&c, &b, &a},
+		},
+		{
+			in:   []string{"eric", "sergey", "larry"},
+			i:    0,
+			j:    2,
+			want: []string{"larry", "sergey", "eric"},
+		},
+		{
+			in:   []S{"eric", "sergey", "larry"},
+			i:    0,
+			j:    2,
+			want: []S{"larry", "sergey", "eric"},
+		},
+		{
+			in:   []pair{{1, 2}, {3, 4}, {5, 6}},
+			i:    0,
+			j:    2,
+			want: []pair{{5, 6}, {3, 4}, {1, 2}},
+		},
+		{
+			in:   []pairPtr{{1, 2, &a}, {3, 4, &b}, {5, 6, &c}},
+			i:    0,
+			j:    2,
+			want: []pairPtr{{5, 6, &c}, {3, 4, &b}, {1, 2, &a}},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for i, tt := range tests {
+		inStr := fmt.Sprint(tt.in)
+		Swapper(tt.in)(tt.i, tt.j)
+		if !DeepEqual(tt.in, tt.want) {
+			t.Errorf("%d. swapping %v and %v of %v = %v; want %v", i, tt.i, tt.j, inStr, tt.in, tt.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestUnaddressableField tests that the reflect package will not allow
+// a type from another package to be used as a named type with an
+// unexported field.
+//
+// This ensures that unexported fields cannot be modified by other packages.
+func TestUnaddressableField(t *testing.T) {
+	var b Buffer // type defined in reflect, a different package
+	var localBuffer struct {
+		buf []byte
+	}
+	lv := ValueOf(&localBuffer).Elem()
+	rv := ValueOf(b)
+	shouldPanic("Set", func() {
+		lv.Set(rv)
+	})
+}
+
+type Tint int
+
+type Tint2 = Tint
+
+type Talias1 struct {
+	byte
+	uint8
+	int
+	int32
+	rune
+}
+
+type Talias2 struct {
+	Tint
+	Tint2
+}
+
+func TestAliasNames(t *testing.T) {
+	t1 := Talias1{byte: 1, uint8: 2, int: 3, int32: 4, rune: 5}
+	out := fmt.Sprintf("%#v", t1)
+	want := "reflect_test.Talias1{byte:0x1, uint8:0x2, int:3, int32:4, rune:5}"
+	if out != want {
+		t.Errorf("Talias1 print:\nhave: %s\nwant: %s", out, want)
+	}
+
+	t2 := Talias2{Tint: 1, Tint2: 2}
+	out = fmt.Sprintf("%#v", t2)
+	want = "reflect_test.Talias2{Tint:1, Tint2:2}"
+	if out != want {
+		t.Errorf("Talias2 print:\nhave: %s\nwant: %s", out, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestIssue22031(t *testing.T) {
+	type s []struct{ C int }
+
+	type t1 struct{ s }
+	type t2 struct{ f s }
+
+	tests := []Value{
+		ValueOf(t1{s{{}}}).Field(0).Index(0).Field(0),
+		ValueOf(t2{s{{}}}).Field(0).Index(0).Field(0),
+	}
+
+	for i, test := range tests {
+		if test.CanSet() {
+			t.Errorf("%d: CanSet: got true, want false", i)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+type NonExportedFirst int
+
+func (i NonExportedFirst) ΦExported()       {}
+func (i NonExportedFirst) nonexported() int { panic("wrong") }
+
+func TestIssue22073(t *testing.T) {
+	m := ValueOf(NonExportedFirst(0)).Method(0)
+
+	if got := m.Type().NumOut(); got != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("NumOut: got %v, want 0", got)
+	}
+
+	// Shouldn't panic.
+	m.Call(nil)
+}
+
+func TestMapIterNonEmptyMap(t *testing.T) {
+	m := map[string]int{"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}
+	iter := ValueOf(m).MapRange()
+	if got, want := iterateToString(iter), `[one: 1, three: 3, two: 2]`; got != want {
+		t.Errorf("iterator returned %s (after sorting), want %s", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMapIterNilMap(t *testing.T) {
+	var m map[string]int
+	iter := ValueOf(m).MapRange()
+	if got, want := iterateToString(iter), `[]`; got != want {
+		t.Errorf("non-empty result iteratoring nil map: %s", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMapIterReset(t *testing.T) {
+	iter := new(MapIter)
+
+	// Use of zero iterator should panic.
+	func() {
+		defer func() { recover() }()
+		iter.Next()
+		t.Error("Next did not panic")
+	}()
+
+	// Reset to new Map should work.
+	m := map[string]int{"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}
+	iter.Reset(ValueOf(m))
+	if got, want := iterateToString(iter), `[one: 1, three: 3, two: 2]`; got != want {
+		t.Errorf("iterator returned %s (after sorting), want %s", got, want)
+	}
+
+	// Reset to Zero value should work, but iterating over it should panic.
+	iter.Reset(Value{})
+	func() {
+		defer func() { recover() }()
+		iter.Next()
+		t.Error("Next did not panic")
+	}()
+
+	// Reset to a different Map with different types should work.
+	m2 := map[int]string{1: "one", 2: "two", 3: "three"}
+	iter.Reset(ValueOf(m2))
+	if got, want := iterateToString(iter), `[1: one, 2: two, 3: three]`; got != want {
+		t.Errorf("iterator returned %s (after sorting), want %s", got, want)
+	}
+
+	// Check that Reset, Next, and SetKey/SetValue play nicely together.
+	m3 := map[uint64]uint64{
+		1 << 0: 1 << 1,
+		1 << 1: 1 << 2,
+		1 << 2: 1 << 3,
+	}
+	kv := New(TypeOf(uint64(0))).Elem()
+	for i := 0; i < 5; i++ {
+		var seenk, seenv uint64
+		iter.Reset(ValueOf(m3))
+		for iter.Next() {
+			kv.SetIterKey(iter)
+			seenk ^= kv.Uint()
+			kv.SetIterValue(iter)
+			seenv ^= kv.Uint()
+		}
+		if seenk != 0b111 {
+			t.Errorf("iteration yielded keys %b, want %b", seenk, 0b111)
+		}
+		if seenv != 0b1110 {
+			t.Errorf("iteration yielded values %b, want %b", seenv, 0b1110)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Reset should not allocate.
+	n := int(testing.AllocsPerRun(10, func() {
+		iter.Reset(ValueOf(m2))
+		iter.Reset(Value{})
+	}))
+	if n > 0 {
+		t.Errorf("MapIter.Reset allocated %d times", n)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMapIterSafety(t *testing.T) {
+	// Using a zero MapIter causes a panic, but not a crash.
+	func() {
+		defer func() { recover() }()
+		new(MapIter).Key()
+		t.Fatal("Key did not panic")
+	}()
+	func() {
+		defer func() { recover() }()
+		new(MapIter).Value()
+		t.Fatal("Value did not panic")
+	}()
+	func() {
+		defer func() { recover() }()
+		new(MapIter).Next()
+		t.Fatal("Next did not panic")
+	}()
+
+	// Calling Key/Value on a MapIter before Next
+	// causes a panic, but not a crash.
+	var m map[string]int
+	iter := ValueOf(m).MapRange()
+
+	func() {
+		defer func() { recover() }()
+		iter.Key()
+		t.Fatal("Key did not panic")
+	}()
+	func() {
+		defer func() { recover() }()
+		iter.Value()
+		t.Fatal("Value did not panic")
+	}()
+
+	// Calling Next, Key, or Value on an exhausted iterator
+	// causes a panic, but not a crash.
+	iter.Next() // -> false
+	func() {
+		defer func() { recover() }()
+		iter.Key()
+		t.Fatal("Key did not panic")
+	}()
+	func() {
+		defer func() { recover() }()
+		iter.Value()
+		t.Fatal("Value did not panic")
+	}()
+	func() {
+		defer func() { recover() }()
+		iter.Next()
+		t.Fatal("Next did not panic")
+	}()
+}
+
+func TestMapIterNext(t *testing.T) {
+	// The first call to Next should reflect any
+	// insertions to the map since the iterator was created.
+	m := map[string]int{}
+	iter := ValueOf(m).MapRange()
+	m["one"] = 1
+	if got, want := iterateToString(iter), `[one: 1]`; got != want {
+		t.Errorf("iterator returned deleted elements: got %s, want %s", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkMapIterNext(b *testing.B) {
+	m := ValueOf(map[string]int{"a": 0, "b": 1, "c": 2, "d": 3})
+	it := m.MapRange()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		for it.Next() {
+		}
+		it.Reset(m)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMapIterDelete0(t *testing.T) {
+	// Delete all elements before first iteration.
+	m := map[string]int{"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}
+	iter := ValueOf(m).MapRange()
+	delete(m, "one")
+	delete(m, "two")
+	delete(m, "three")
+	if got, want := iterateToString(iter), `[]`; got != want {
+		t.Errorf("iterator returned deleted elements: got %s, want %s", got, want)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestMapIterDelete1(t *testing.T) {
+	// Delete all elements after first iteration.
+	m := map[string]int{"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}
+	iter := ValueOf(m).MapRange()
+	var got []string
+	for iter.Next() {
+		got = append(got, fmt.Sprint(iter.Key(), iter.Value()))
+		delete(m, "one")
+		delete(m, "two")
+		delete(m, "three")
+	}
+	if len(got) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("iterator returned wrong number of elements: got %d, want 1", len(got))
+	}
+}
+
+// iterateToString returns the set of elements
+// returned by an iterator in readable form.
+func iterateToString(it *MapIter) string {
+	var got []string
+	for it.Next() {
+		line := fmt.Sprintf("%v: %v", it.Key(), it.Value())
+		got = append(got, line)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(got)
+	return "[" + strings.Join(got, ", ") + "]"
+}
+
+func TestConvertibleTo(t *testing.T) {
+	t1 := ValueOf(example1.MyStruct{}).Type()
+	t2 := ValueOf(example2.MyStruct{}).Type()
+
+	// Shouldn't raise stack overflow
+	if t1.ConvertibleTo(t2) {
+		t.Fatalf("(%s).ConvertibleTo(%s) = true, want false", t1, t2)
+	}
+
+	t3 := ValueOf([]example1.MyStruct{}).Type()
+	t4 := ValueOf([]example2.MyStruct{}).Type()
+
+	if t3.ConvertibleTo(t4) {
+		t.Fatalf("(%s).ConvertibleTo(%s) = true, want false", t3, t4)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSetIter(t *testing.T) {
+	data := map[string]int{
+		"foo": 1,
+		"bar": 2,
+		"baz": 3,
+	}
+
+	m := ValueOf(data)
+	i := m.MapRange()
+	k := New(TypeOf("")).Elem()
+	v := New(TypeOf(0)).Elem()
+	shouldPanic("Value.SetIterKey called before Next", func() {
+		k.SetIterKey(i)
+	})
+	shouldPanic("Value.SetIterValue called before Next", func() {
+		v.SetIterValue(i)
+	})
+	data2 := map[string]int{}
+	for i.Next() {
+		k.SetIterKey(i)
+		v.SetIterValue(i)
+		data2[k.Interface().(string)] = v.Interface().(int)
+	}
+	if !DeepEqual(data, data2) {
+		t.Errorf("maps not equal, got %v want %v", data2, data)
+	}
+	shouldPanic("Value.SetIterKey called on exhausted iterator", func() {
+		k.SetIterKey(i)
+	})
+	shouldPanic("Value.SetIterValue called on exhausted iterator", func() {
+		v.SetIterValue(i)
+	})
+
+	i.Reset(m)
+	i.Next()
+	shouldPanic("Value.SetIterKey using unaddressable value", func() {
+		ValueOf("").SetIterKey(i)
+	})
+	shouldPanic("Value.SetIterValue using unaddressable value", func() {
+		ValueOf(0).SetIterValue(i)
+	})
+	shouldPanic("value of type string is not assignable to type int", func() {
+		New(TypeOf(0)).Elem().SetIterKey(i)
+	})
+	shouldPanic("value of type int is not assignable to type string", func() {
+		New(TypeOf("")).Elem().SetIterValue(i)
+	})
+
+	// Make sure assignment conversion works.
+	var x any
+	y := ValueOf(&x).Elem()
+	y.SetIterKey(i)
+	if _, ok := data[x.(string)]; !ok {
+		t.Errorf("got key %s which is not in map", x)
+	}
+	y.SetIterValue(i)
+	if x.(int) < 1 || x.(int) > 3 {
+		t.Errorf("got value %d which is not in map", x)
+	}
+
+	// Try some key/value types which are direct interfaces.
+	a := 88
+	b := 99
+	pp := map[*int]*int{
+		&a: &b,
+	}
+	i = ValueOf(pp).MapRange()
+	i.Next()
+	y.SetIterKey(i)
+	if got := *y.Interface().(*int); got != a {
+		t.Errorf("pointer incorrect: got %d want %d", got, a)
+	}
+	y.SetIterValue(i)
+	if got := *y.Interface().(*int); got != b {
+		t.Errorf("pointer incorrect: got %d want %d", got, b)
+	}
+}
+
+//go:notinheap
+type nih struct{ x int }
+
+var global_nih = nih{x: 7}
+
+func TestNotInHeapDeref(t *testing.T) {
+	// See issue 48399.
+	v := ValueOf((*nih)(nil))
+	v.Elem()
+	shouldPanic("reflect: call of reflect.Value.Field on zero Value", func() { v.Elem().Field(0) })
+
+	v = ValueOf(&global_nih)
+	if got := v.Elem().Field(0).Int(); got != 7 {
+		t.Fatalf("got %d, want 7", got)
+	}
+
+	v = ValueOf((*nih)(unsafe.Pointer(new(int))))
+	shouldPanic("reflect: reflect.Value.Elem on an invalid notinheap pointer", func() { v.Elem() })
+	shouldPanic("reflect: reflect.Value.Pointer on an invalid notinheap pointer", func() { v.Pointer() })
+	shouldPanic("reflect: reflect.Value.UnsafePointer on an invalid notinheap pointer", func() { v.UnsafePointer() })
+}
+
+func TestMethodCallValueCodePtr(t *testing.T) {
+	m := ValueOf(Point{}).Method(1)
+	want := MethodValueCallCodePtr()
+	if got := uintptr(m.UnsafePointer()); got != want {
+		t.Errorf("methodValueCall code pointer mismatched, want: %v, got: %v", want, got)
+	}
+	if got := m.Pointer(); got != want {
+		t.Errorf("methodValueCall code pointer mismatched, want: %v, got: %v", want, got)
+	}
+}
+
+type A struct{}
+type B[T any] struct{}
+
+func TestIssue50208(t *testing.T) {
+	want1 := "B[reflect_test.A]"
+	if got := TypeOf(new(B[A])).Elem().Name(); got != want1 {
+		t.Errorf("name of type parameter mismatched, want:%s, got:%s", want1, got)
+	}
+	want2 := "B[reflect_test.B[reflect_test.A]]"
+	if got := TypeOf(new(B[B[A]])).Elem().Name(); got != want2 {
+		t.Errorf("name of type parameter mismatched, want:%s, got:%s", want2, got)
+	}
+}