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diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/html/citext.html b/doc/src/sgml/html/citext.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec2d807 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/src/sgml/html/citext.html @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>F.8. citext</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1" /><link rel="prev" href="btree-gist.html" title="F.7. btree_gist" /><link rel="next" href="cube.html" title="F.9. cube" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">F.8. citext</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="btree-gist.html" title="F.7. btree_gist">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="contrib.html" title="Appendix F. Additional Supplied Modules">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix F. Additional Supplied Modules</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 13.4 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="cube.html" title="F.9. cube">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></hr></div><div class="sect1" id="CITEXT"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">F.8. citext</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="citext.html#id-1.11.7.17.6">F.8.1. Rationale</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="citext.html#id-1.11.7.17.7">F.8.2. How to Use It</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="citext.html#id-1.11.7.17.8">F.8.3. String Comparison Behavior</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="citext.html#id-1.11.7.17.9">F.8.4. Limitations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="citext.html#id-1.11.7.17.10">F.8.5. Author</a></span></dt></dl></div><a id="id-1.11.7.17.2" class="indexterm"></a><p> + The <code class="filename">citext</code> module provides a case-insensitive + character string type, <code class="type">citext</code>. Essentially, it internally calls + <code class="function">lower</code> when comparing values. Otherwise, it behaves almost + exactly like <code class="type">text</code>. + </p><div class="tip"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p> + Consider using <em class="firstterm">nondeterministic collations</em> (see + <a class="xref" href="collation.html#COLLATION-NONDETERMINISTIC" title="23.2.2.4. Nondeterministic Collations">Section 23.2.2.4</a>) instead of this module. They + can be used for case-insensitive comparisons, accent-insensitive + comparisons, and other combinations, and they handle more Unicode special + cases correctly. + </p></div><p> + This module is considered <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">trusted</span>”</span>, that is, it can be + installed by non-superusers who have <code class="literal">CREATE</code> privilege + on the current database. + </p><div class="sect2" id="id-1.11.7.17.6"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">F.8.1. Rationale</h3></div></div></div><p> + The standard approach to doing case-insensitive matches + in <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> has been to use the <code class="function">lower</code> + function when comparing values, for example + +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +SELECT * FROM tab WHERE lower(col) = LOWER(?); +</pre><p> + </p><p> + This works reasonably well, but has a number of drawbacks: + </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> + It makes your SQL statements verbose, and you always have to remember to + use <code class="function">lower</code> on both the column and the query value. + </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> + It won't use an index, unless you create a functional index using + <code class="function">lower</code>. + </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> + If you declare a column as <code class="literal">UNIQUE</code> or <code class="literal">PRIMARY + KEY</code>, the implicitly generated index is case-sensitive. So it's + useless for case-insensitive searches, and it won't enforce + uniqueness case-insensitively. + </p></li></ul></div><p> + The <code class="type">citext</code> data type allows you to eliminate calls + to <code class="function">lower</code> in SQL queries, and allows a primary key to + be case-insensitive. <code class="type">citext</code> is locale-aware, just + like <code class="type">text</code>, which means that the matching of upper case and + lower case characters is dependent on the rules of + the database's <code class="literal">LC_CTYPE</code> setting. Again, this behavior is + identical to the use of <code class="function">lower</code> in queries. But because it's + done transparently by the data type, you don't have to remember to do + anything special in your queries. + </p></div><div class="sect2" id="id-1.11.7.17.7"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">F.8.2. How to Use It</h3></div></div></div><p> + Here's a simple example of usage: + +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +CREATE TABLE users ( + nick CITEXT PRIMARY KEY, + pass TEXT NOT NULL +); + +INSERT INTO users VALUES ( 'larry', sha256(random()::text::bytea) ); +INSERT INTO users VALUES ( 'Tom', sha256(random()::text::bytea) ); +INSERT INTO users VALUES ( 'Damian', sha256(random()::text::bytea) ); +INSERT INTO users VALUES ( 'NEAL', sha256(random()::text::bytea) ); +INSERT INTO users VALUES ( 'Bjørn', sha256(random()::text::bytea) ); + +SELECT * FROM users WHERE nick = 'Larry'; +</pre><p> + + The <code class="command">SELECT</code> statement will return one tuple, even though + the <code class="structfield">nick</code> column was set to <code class="literal">larry</code> and the query + was for <code class="literal">Larry</code>. + </p></div><div class="sect2" id="id-1.11.7.17.8"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">F.8.3. String Comparison Behavior</h3></div></div></div><p> + <code class="type">citext</code> performs comparisons by converting each string to lower + case (as though <code class="function">lower</code> were called) and then comparing the + results normally. Thus, for example, two strings are considered equal + if <code class="function">lower</code> would produce identical results for them. + </p><p> + In order to emulate a case-insensitive collation as closely as possible, + there are <code class="type">citext</code>-specific versions of a number of string-processing + operators and functions. So, for example, the regular expression + operators <code class="literal">~</code> and <code class="literal">~*</code> exhibit the same behavior when + applied to <code class="type">citext</code>: they both match case-insensitively. + The same is true + for <code class="literal">!~</code> and <code class="literal">!~*</code>, as well as for the + <code class="literal">LIKE</code> operators <code class="literal">~~</code> and <code class="literal">~~*</code>, and + <code class="literal">!~~</code> and <code class="literal">!~~*</code>. If you'd like to match + case-sensitively, you can cast the operator's arguments to <code class="type">text</code>. + </p><p> + Similarly, all of the following functions perform matching + case-insensitively if their arguments are <code class="type">citext</code>: + </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> + <code class="function">regexp_match()</code> + </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> + <code class="function">regexp_matches()</code> + </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> + <code class="function">regexp_replace()</code> + </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> + <code class="function">regexp_split_to_array()</code> + </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> + <code class="function">regexp_split_to_table()</code> + </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> + <code class="function">replace()</code> + </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> + <code class="function">split_part()</code> + </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> + <code class="function">strpos()</code> + </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> + <code class="function">translate()</code> + </p></li></ul></div><p> + For the regexp functions, if you want to match case-sensitively, you can + specify the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">c</span>”</span> flag to force a case-sensitive match. Otherwise, + you must cast to <code class="type">text</code> before using one of these functions if + you want case-sensitive behavior. + </p></div><div class="sect2" id="id-1.11.7.17.9"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">F.8.4. Limitations</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> + <code class="type">citext</code>'s case-folding behavior depends on + the <code class="literal">LC_CTYPE</code> setting of your database. How it compares + values is therefore determined when the database is created. + It is not truly + case-insensitive in the terms defined by the Unicode standard. + Effectively, what this means is that, as long as you're happy with your + collation, you should be happy with <code class="type">citext</code>'s comparisons. But + if you have data in different languages stored in your database, users + of one language may find their query results are not as expected if the + collation is for another language. + </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> + As of <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> 9.1, you can attach a + <code class="literal">COLLATE</code> specification to <code class="type">citext</code> columns or data + values. Currently, <code class="type">citext</code> operators will honor a non-default + <code class="literal">COLLATE</code> specification while comparing case-folded strings, + but the initial folding to lower case is always done according to the + database's <code class="literal">LC_CTYPE</code> setting (that is, as though + <code class="literal">COLLATE "default"</code> were given). This may be changed in a + future release so that both steps follow the input <code class="literal">COLLATE</code> + specification. + </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> + <code class="type">citext</code> is not as efficient as <code class="type">text</code> because the + operator functions and the B-tree comparison functions must make copies + of the data and convert it to lower case for comparisons. Also, only + <code class="type">text</code> can support B-Tree deduplication. However, + <code class="type">citext</code> is slightly more efficient than using + <code class="function">lower</code> to get case-insensitive matching. + </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> + <code class="type">citext</code> doesn't help much if you need data to compare + case-sensitively in some contexts and case-insensitively in other + contexts. The standard answer is to use the <code class="type">text</code> type and + manually use the <code class="function">lower</code> function when you need to compare + case-insensitively; this works all right if case-insensitive comparison + is needed only infrequently. If you need case-insensitive behavior most + of the time and case-sensitive infrequently, consider storing the data + as <code class="type">citext</code> and explicitly casting the column to <code class="type">text</code> + when you want case-sensitive comparison. In either situation, you will + need two indexes if you want both types of searches to be fast. + </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> + The schema containing the <code class="type">citext</code> operators must be + in the current <code class="varname">search_path</code> (typically <code class="literal">public</code>); + if it is not, the normal case-sensitive <code class="type">text</code> operators + will be invoked instead. + </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> + The approach of lower-casing strings for comparison does not handle some + Unicode special cases correctly, for example when one upper-case letter + has two lower-case letter equivalents. Unicode distinguishes between + <em class="firstterm">case mapping</em> and <em class="firstterm">case + folding</em> for this reason. Use nondeterministic collations + instead of <code class="type">citext</code> to handle that correctly. + </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" id="id-1.11.7.17.10"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">F.8.5. Author</h3></div></div></div><p> + David E. Wheeler <code class="email"><<a class="email" href="mailto:david@kineticode.com">david@kineticode.com</a>></code> + </p><p> + Inspired by the original <code class="type">citext</code> module by Donald Fraser. + </p></div></div><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="navfooter"><hr></hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="btree-gist.html" title="F.7. btree_gist">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="contrib.html" title="Appendix F. 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