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diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/man1/psql.1 b/doc/src/sgml/man1/psql.1 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ff8570 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/src/sgml/man1/psql.1 @@ -0,0 +1,4378 @@ +'\" t +.\" Title: psql +.\" Author: The PostgreSQL Global Development Group +.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/> +.\" Date: 2021 +.\" Manual: PostgreSQL 13.4 Documentation +.\" Source: PostgreSQL 13.4 +.\" Language: English +.\" +.TH "PSQL" "1" "2021" "PostgreSQL 13.4" "PostgreSQL 13.4 Documentation" +.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" * Define some portability stuff +.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673 +.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html +.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq +.el .ds Aq ' +.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" * set default formatting +.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" disable hyphenation +.nh +.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only) +.ad l +.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- +.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE * +.\" ----------------------------------------------------------------- +.SH "NAME" +psql \- PostgreSQL interactive terminal +.SH "SYNOPSIS" +.HP \w'\fBpsql\fR\ 'u +\fBpsql\fR [\fIoption\fR...] [\fIdbname\fR\ [\fIusername\fR]] +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +.PP +psql +is a terminal\-based front\-end to +PostgreSQL\&. It enables you to type in queries interactively, issue them to +PostgreSQL, and see the query results\&. Alternatively, input can be from a file or from command line arguments\&. In addition, +psql +provides a number of meta\-commands and various shell\-like features to facilitate writing scripts and automating a wide variety of tasks\&. +.SH "OPTIONS" +.PP +\fB\-a\fR +.br +\fB\-\-echo\-all\fR +.RS 4 +Print all nonempty input lines to standard output as they are read\&. (This does not apply to lines read interactively\&.) This is equivalent to setting the variable +\fIECHO\fR +to +all\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-A\fR +.br +\fB\-\-no\-align\fR +.RS 4 +Switches to unaligned output mode\&. (The default output mode is +aligned\&.) This is equivalent to +\fB\epset format unaligned\fR\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-b\fR +.br +\fB\-\-echo\-errors\fR +.RS 4 +Print failed SQL commands to standard error output\&. This is equivalent to setting the variable +\fIECHO\fR +to +errors\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-c \fR\fB\fIcommand\fR\fR +.br +\fB\-\-command=\fR\fB\fIcommand\fR\fR +.RS 4 +Specifies that +psql +is to execute the given command string, +\fIcommand\fR\&. This option can be repeated and combined in any order with the +\fB\-f\fR +option\&. When either +\fB\-c\fR +or +\fB\-f\fR +is specified, +psql +does not read commands from standard input; instead it terminates after processing all the +\fB\-c\fR +and +\fB\-f\fR +options in sequence\&. +.sp +\fIcommand\fR +must be either a command string that is completely parsable by the server (i\&.e\&., it contains no +psql\-specific features), or a single backslash command\&. Thus you cannot mix +SQL +and +psql +meta\-commands within a +\fB\-c\fR +option\&. To achieve that, you could use repeated +\fB\-c\fR +options or pipe the string into +psql, for example: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +psql \-c \*(Aq\ex\*(Aq \-c \*(AqSELECT * FROM foo;\*(Aq +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +or +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +echo \*(Aq\ex \e\e SELECT * FROM foo;\*(Aq | psql +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +(\e\e +is the separator meta\-command\&.) +.sp +Each +SQL +command string passed to +\fB\-c\fR +is sent to the server as a single request\&. Because of this, the server executes it as a single transaction even if the string contains multiple +SQL +commands, unless there are explicit +\fBBEGIN\fR/\fBCOMMIT\fR +commands included in the string to divide it into multiple transactions\&. (See +Section\ \&52.2.2.1 +for more details about how the server handles multi\-query strings\&.) Also, +psql +only prints the result of the last +SQL +command in the string\&. This is different from the behavior when the same string is read from a file or fed to +psql\*(Aqs standard input, because then +psql +sends each +SQL +command separately\&. +.sp +Because of this behavior, putting more than one SQL command in a single +\fB\-c\fR +string often has unexpected results\&. It\*(Aqs better to use repeated +\fB\-c\fR +commands or feed multiple commands to +psql\*(Aqs standard input, either using +echo +as illustrated above, or via a shell here\-document, for example: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +psql <<EOF +\ex +SELECT * FROM foo; +EOF +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.RE +.PP +\fB\-\-csv\fR +.RS 4 +Switches to +CSV +(Comma\-Separated Values) output mode\&. This is equivalent to +\fB\epset format csv\fR\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-d \fR\fB\fIdbname\fR\fR +.br +\fB\-\-dbname=\fR\fB\fIdbname\fR\fR +.RS 4 +Specifies the name of the database to connect to\&. This is equivalent to specifying +\fIdbname\fR +as the first non\-option argument on the command line\&. The +\fIdbname\fR +can be a +connection string\&. If so, connection string parameters will override any conflicting command line options\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-e\fR +.br +\fB\-\-echo\-queries\fR +.RS 4 +Copy all SQL commands sent to the server to standard output as well\&. This is equivalent to setting the variable +\fIECHO\fR +to +queries\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-E\fR +.br +\fB\-\-echo\-hidden\fR +.RS 4 +Echo the actual queries generated by +\fB\ed\fR +and other backslash commands\&. You can use this to study +psql\*(Aqs internal operations\&. This is equivalent to setting the variable +\fIECHO_HIDDEN\fR +to +on\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-f \fR\fB\fIfilename\fR\fR +.br +\fB\-\-file=\fR\fB\fIfilename\fR\fR +.RS 4 +Read commands from the file +\fIfilename\fR, rather than standard input\&. This option can be repeated and combined in any order with the +\fB\-c\fR +option\&. When either +\fB\-c\fR +or +\fB\-f\fR +is specified, +psql +does not read commands from standard input; instead it terminates after processing all the +\fB\-c\fR +and +\fB\-f\fR +options in sequence\&. Except for that, this option is largely equivalent to the meta\-command +\fB\ei\fR\&. +.sp +If +\fIfilename\fR +is +\- +(hyphen), then standard input is read until an EOF indication or +\fB\eq\fR +meta\-command\&. This can be used to intersperse interactive input with input from files\&. Note however that Readline is not used in this case (much as if +\fB\-n\fR +had been specified)\&. +.sp +Using this option is subtly different from writing +psql < \fIfilename\fR\&. In general, both will do what you expect, but using +\-f +enables some nice features such as error messages with line numbers\&. There is also a slight chance that using this option will reduce the start\-up overhead\&. On the other hand, the variant using the shell\*(Aqs input redirection is (in theory) guaranteed to yield exactly the same output you would have received had you entered everything by hand\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-F \fR\fB\fIseparator\fR\fR +.br +\fB\-\-field\-separator=\fR\fB\fIseparator\fR\fR +.RS 4 +Use +\fIseparator\fR +as the field separator for unaligned output\&. This is equivalent to +\fB\epset fieldsep\fR +or +\fB\ef\fR\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-h \fR\fB\fIhostname\fR\fR +.br +\fB\-\-host=\fR\fB\fIhostname\fR\fR +.RS 4 +Specifies the host name of the machine on which the server is running\&. If the value begins with a slash, it is used as the directory for the Unix\-domain socket\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-H\fR +.br +\fB\-\-html\fR +.RS 4 +Switches to +HTML +output mode\&. This is equivalent to +\fB\epset format html\fR +or the +\fB\eH\fR +command\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-l\fR +.br +\fB\-\-list\fR +.RS 4 +List all available databases, then exit\&. Other non\-connection options are ignored\&. This is similar to the meta\-command +\fB\elist\fR\&. +.sp +When this option is used, +psql +will connect to the database +postgres, unless a different database is named on the command line (option +\fB\-d\fR +or non\-option argument, possibly via a service entry, but not via an environment variable)\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-L \fR\fB\fIfilename\fR\fR +.br +\fB\-\-log\-file=\fR\fB\fIfilename\fR\fR +.RS 4 +Write all query output into file +\fIfilename\fR, in addition to the normal output destination\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-n\fR +.br +\fB\-\-no\-readline\fR +.RS 4 +Do not use +Readline +for line editing and do not use the command history\&. This can be useful to turn off tab expansion when cutting and pasting\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-o \fR\fB\fIfilename\fR\fR +.br +\fB\-\-output=\fR\fB\fIfilename\fR\fR +.RS 4 +Put all query output into file +\fIfilename\fR\&. This is equivalent to the command +\fB\eo\fR\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-p \fR\fB\fIport\fR\fR +.br +\fB\-\-port=\fR\fB\fIport\fR\fR +.RS 4 +Specifies the TCP port or the local Unix\-domain socket file extension on which the server is listening for connections\&. Defaults to the value of the +\fBPGPORT\fR +environment variable or, if not set, to the port specified at compile time, usually 5432\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-P \fR\fB\fIassignment\fR\fR +.br +\fB\-\-pset=\fR\fB\fIassignment\fR\fR +.RS 4 +Specifies printing options, in the style of +\fB\epset\fR\&. Note that here you have to separate name and value with an equal sign instead of a space\&. For example, to set the output format to +LaTeX, you could write +\-P format=latex\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-q\fR +.br +\fB\-\-quiet\fR +.RS 4 +Specifies that +psql +should do its work quietly\&. By default, it prints welcome messages and various informational output\&. If this option is used, none of this happens\&. This is useful with the +\fB\-c\fR +option\&. This is equivalent to setting the variable +\fIQUIET\fR +to +on\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-R \fR\fB\fIseparator\fR\fR +.br +\fB\-\-record\-separator=\fR\fB\fIseparator\fR\fR +.RS 4 +Use +\fIseparator\fR +as the record separator for unaligned output\&. This is equivalent to +\fB\epset recordsep\fR\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-s\fR +.br +\fB\-\-single\-step\fR +.RS 4 +Run in single\-step mode\&. That means the user is prompted before each command is sent to the server, with the option to cancel execution as well\&. Use this to debug scripts\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-S\fR +.br +\fB\-\-single\-line\fR +.RS 4 +Runs in single\-line mode where a newline terminates an SQL command, as a semicolon does\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBNote\fR +.ps -1 +.br +This mode is provided for those who insist on it, but you are not necessarily encouraged to use it\&. In particular, if you mix +SQL +and meta\-commands on a line the order of execution might not always be clear to the inexperienced user\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\fB\-t\fR +.br +\fB\-\-tuples\-only\fR +.RS 4 +Turn off printing of column names and result row count footers, etc\&. This is equivalent to +\fB\et\fR +or +\fB\epset tuples_only\fR\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-T \fR\fB\fItable_options\fR\fR +.br +\fB\-\-table\-attr=\fR\fB\fItable_options\fR\fR +.RS 4 +Specifies options to be placed within the +HTML +table +tag\&. See +\fB\epset tableattr\fR +for details\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-U \fR\fB\fIusername\fR\fR +.br +\fB\-\-username=\fR\fB\fIusername\fR\fR +.RS 4 +Connect to the database as the user +\fIusername\fR +instead of the default\&. (You must have permission to do so, of course\&.) +.RE +.PP +\fB\-v \fR\fB\fIassignment\fR\fR +.br +\fB\-\-set=\fR\fB\fIassignment\fR\fR +.br +\fB\-\-variable=\fR\fB\fIassignment\fR\fR +.RS 4 +Perform a variable assignment, like the +\fB\eset\fR +meta\-command\&. Note that you must separate name and value, if any, by an equal sign on the command line\&. To unset a variable, leave off the equal sign\&. To set a variable with an empty value, use the equal sign but leave off the value\&. These assignments are done during command line processing, so variables that reflect connection state will get overwritten later\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-V\fR +.br +\fB\-\-version\fR +.RS 4 +Print the +psql +version and exit\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-w\fR +.br +\fB\-\-no\-password\fR +.RS 4 +Never issue a password prompt\&. If the server requires password authentication and a password is not available from other sources such as a +\&.pgpass +file, the connection attempt will fail\&. This option can be useful in batch jobs and scripts where no user is present to enter a password\&. +.sp +Note that this option will remain set for the entire session, and so it affects uses of the meta\-command +\fB\econnect\fR +as well as the initial connection attempt\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-W\fR +.br +\fB\-\-password\fR +.RS 4 +Force +psql +to prompt for a password before connecting to a database, even if the password will not be used\&. +.sp +If the server requires password authentication and a password is not available from other sources such as a +\&.pgpass +file, +psql +will prompt for a password in any case\&. However, +psql +will waste a connection attempt finding out that the server wants a password\&. In some cases it is worth typing +\fB\-W\fR +to avoid the extra connection attempt\&. +.sp +Note that this option will remain set for the entire session, and so it affects uses of the meta\-command +\fB\econnect\fR +as well as the initial connection attempt\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-x\fR +.br +\fB\-\-expanded\fR +.RS 4 +Turn on the expanded table formatting mode\&. This is equivalent to +\fB\ex\fR +or +\fB\epset expanded\fR\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-X,\fR +.br +\fB\-\-no\-psqlrc\fR +.RS 4 +Do not read the start\-up file (neither the system\-wide +psqlrc +file nor the user\*(Aqs +~/\&.psqlrc +file)\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-z\fR +.br +\fB\-\-field\-separator\-zero\fR +.RS 4 +Set the field separator for unaligned output to a zero byte\&. This is equivalent to +\fB\epset fieldsep_zero\fR\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-0\fR +.br +\fB\-\-record\-separator\-zero\fR +.RS 4 +Set the record separator for unaligned output to a zero byte\&. This is useful for interfacing, for example, with +xargs \-0\&. This is equivalent to +\fB\epset recordsep_zero\fR\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-1\fR +.br +\fB\-\-single\-transaction\fR +.RS 4 +This option can only be used in combination with one or more +\fB\-c\fR +and/or +\fB\-f\fR +options\&. It causes +psql +to issue a +\fBBEGIN\fR +command before the first such option and a +\fBCOMMIT\fR +command after the last one, thereby wrapping all the commands into a single transaction\&. This ensures that either all the commands complete successfully, or no changes are applied\&. +.sp +If the commands themselves contain +\fBBEGIN\fR, +\fBCOMMIT\fR, or +\fBROLLBACK\fR, this option will not have the desired effects\&. Also, if an individual command cannot be executed inside a transaction block, specifying this option will cause the whole transaction to fail\&. +.RE +.PP +\fB\-?\fR +.br +\fB\-\-help[=\fR\fB\fItopic\fR\fR\fB]\fR +.RS 4 +Show help about +psql +and exit\&. The optional +\fItopic\fR +parameter (defaulting to +options) selects which part of +psql +is explained: +commands +describes +psql\*(Aqs backslash commands; +options +describes the command\-line options that can be passed to +psql; and +variables +shows help about +psql +configuration variables\&. +.RE +.SH "EXIT STATUS" +.PP +psql +returns 0 to the shell if it finished normally, 1 if a fatal error of its own occurs (e\&.g\&., out of memory, file not found), 2 if the connection to the server went bad and the session was not interactive, and 3 if an error occurred in a script and the variable +\fION_ERROR_STOP\fR +was set\&. +.SH "USAGE" +.SS "Connecting to a Database" +.PP +psql +is a regular +PostgreSQL +client application\&. In order to connect to a database you need to know the name of your target database, the host name and port number of the server, and what user name you want to connect as\&. +psql +can be told about those parameters via command line options, namely +\fB\-d\fR, +\fB\-h\fR, +\fB\-p\fR, and +\fB\-U\fR +respectively\&. If an argument is found that does not belong to any option it will be interpreted as the database name (or the user name, if the database name is already given)\&. Not all of these options are required; there are useful defaults\&. If you omit the host name, +psql +will connect via a Unix\-domain socket to a server on the local host, or via TCP/IP to +localhost +on machines that don\*(Aqt have Unix\-domain sockets\&. The default port number is determined at compile time\&. Since the database server uses the same default, you will not have to specify the port in most cases\&. The default user name is your operating\-system user name, as is the default database name\&. Note that you cannot just connect to any database under any user name\&. Your database administrator should have informed you about your access rights\&. +.PP +When the defaults aren\*(Aqt quite right, you can save yourself some typing by setting the environment variables +\fBPGDATABASE\fR, +\fBPGHOST\fR, +\fBPGPORT\fR +and/or +\fBPGUSER\fR +to appropriate values\&. (For additional environment variables, see +Section\ \&33.14\&.) It is also convenient to have a +~/\&.pgpass +file to avoid regularly having to type in passwords\&. See +Section\ \&33.15 +for more information\&. +.PP +An alternative way to specify connection parameters is in a +\fIconninfo\fR +string or a +URI, which is used instead of a database name\&. This mechanism give you very wide control over the connection\&. For example: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +$ \fBpsql "service=myservice sslmode=require"\fR +$ \fBpsql postgresql://dbmaster:5433/mydb?sslmode=require\fR +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +This way you can also use +LDAP +for connection parameter lookup as described in +Section\ \&33.17\&. See +Section\ \&33.1.2 +for more information on all the available connection options\&. +.PP +If the connection could not be made for any reason (e\&.g\&., insufficient privileges, server is not running on the targeted host, etc\&.), +psql +will return an error and terminate\&. +.PP +If both standard input and standard output are a terminal, then +psql +sets the client encoding to +\(lqauto\(rq, which will detect the appropriate client encoding from the locale settings (\fBLC_CTYPE\fR +environment variable on Unix systems)\&. If this doesn\*(Aqt work out as expected, the client encoding can be overridden using the environment variable +\fBPGCLIENTENCODING\fR\&. +.SS "Entering SQL Commands" +.PP +In normal operation, +psql +provides a prompt with the name of the database to which +psql +is currently connected, followed by the string +=>\&. For example: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +$ \fBpsql testdb\fR +psql (13\&.4) +Type "help" for help\&. + +testdb=> +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.PP +At the prompt, the user can type in +SQL +commands\&. Ordinarily, input lines are sent to the server when a command\-terminating semicolon is reached\&. An end of line does not terminate a command\&. Thus commands can be spread over several lines for clarity\&. If the command was sent and executed without error, the results of the command are displayed on the screen\&. +.PP +If untrusted users have access to a database that has not adopted a +secure schema usage pattern, begin your session by removing publicly\-writable schemas from +\fIsearch_path\fR\&. One can add +options=\-csearch_path= +to the connection string or issue +SELECT pg_catalog\&.set_config(\*(Aqsearch_path\*(Aq, \*(Aq\*(Aq, false) +before other SQL commands\&. This consideration is not specific to +psql; it applies to every interface for executing arbitrary SQL commands\&. +.PP +Whenever a command is executed, +psql +also polls for asynchronous notification events generated by +\fBLISTEN\fR(7) +and +\fBNOTIFY\fR(7)\&. +.PP +While C\-style block comments are passed to the server for processing and removal, SQL\-standard comments are removed by +psql\&. +.SS "Meta\-Commands" +.PP +Anything you enter in +psql +that begins with an unquoted backslash is a +psql +meta\-command that is processed by +psql +itself\&. These commands make +psql +more useful for administration or scripting\&. Meta\-commands are often called slash or backslash commands\&. +.PP +The format of a +psql +command is the backslash, followed immediately by a command verb, then any arguments\&. The arguments are separated from the command verb and each other by any number of whitespace characters\&. +.PP +To include whitespace in an argument you can quote it with single quotes\&. To include a single quote in an argument, write two single quotes within single\-quoted text\&. Anything contained in single quotes is furthermore subject to C\-like substitutions for +\en +(new line), +\et +(tab), +\eb +(backspace), +\er +(carriage return), +\ef +(form feed), +\e\fIdigits\fR +(octal), and +\ex\fIdigits\fR +(hexadecimal)\&. A backslash preceding any other character within single\-quoted text quotes that single character, whatever it is\&. +.PP +If an unquoted colon (:) followed by a +psql +variable name appears within an argument, it is replaced by the variable\*(Aqs value, as described in +SQL Interpolation +below\&. The forms +:\*(Aq\fIvariable_name\fR\*(Aq +and +:"\fIvariable_name\fR" +described there work as well\&. The +:{?\fIvariable_name\fR} +syntax allows testing whether a variable is defined\&. It is substituted by TRUE or FALSE\&. Escaping the colon with a backslash protects it from substitution\&. +.PP +Within an argument, text that is enclosed in backquotes (`) is taken as a command line that is passed to the shell\&. The output of the command (with any trailing newline removed) replaces the backquoted text\&. Within the text enclosed in backquotes, no special quoting or other processing occurs, except that appearances of +:\fIvariable_name\fR +where +\fIvariable_name\fR +is a +psql +variable name are replaced by the variable\*(Aqs value\&. Also, appearances of +:\*(Aq\fIvariable_name\fR\*(Aq +are replaced by the variable\*(Aqs value suitably quoted to become a single shell command argument\&. (The latter form is almost always preferable, unless you are very sure of what is in the variable\&.) Because carriage return and line feed characters cannot be safely quoted on all platforms, the +:\*(Aq\fIvariable_name\fR\*(Aq +form prints an error message and does not substitute the variable value when such characters appear in the value\&. +.PP +Some commands take an +SQL +identifier (such as a table name) as argument\&. These arguments follow the syntax rules of +SQL: Unquoted letters are forced to lowercase, while double quotes (") protect letters from case conversion and allow incorporation of whitespace into the identifier\&. Within double quotes, paired double quotes reduce to a single double quote in the resulting name\&. For example, +FOO"BAR"BAZ +is interpreted as +fooBARbaz, and +"A weird"" name" +becomes +A weird" name\&. +.PP +Parsing for arguments stops at the end of the line, or when another unquoted backslash is found\&. An unquoted backslash is taken as the beginning of a new meta\-command\&. The special sequence +\e\e +(two backslashes) marks the end of arguments and continues parsing +SQL +commands, if any\&. That way +SQL +and +psql +commands can be freely mixed on a line\&. But in any case, the arguments of a meta\-command cannot continue beyond the end of the line\&. +.PP +Many of the meta\-commands act on the +current query buffer\&. This is simply a buffer holding whatever SQL command text has been typed but not yet sent to the server for execution\&. This will include previous input lines as well as any text appearing before the meta\-command on the same line\&. +.PP +The following meta\-commands are defined: +.PP +\ea +.RS 4 +If the current table output format is unaligned, it is switched to aligned\&. If it is not unaligned, it is set to unaligned\&. This command is kept for backwards compatibility\&. See +\fB\epset\fR +for a more general solution\&. +.RE +.PP +\ec or \econnect [ \-reuse\-previous=\fIon|off\fR ] [ \fIdbname\fR [ \fIusername\fR ] [ \fIhost\fR ] [ \fIport\fR ] | \fIconninfo\fR ] +.RS 4 +Establishes a new connection to a +PostgreSQL +server\&. The connection parameters to use can be specified either using a positional syntax (one or more of database name, user, host, and port), or using a +\fIconninfo\fR +connection string as detailed in +Section\ \&33.1.1\&. If no arguments are given, a new connection is made using the same parameters as before\&. +.sp +Specifying any of +\fIdbname\fR, +\fIusername\fR, +\fIhost\fR +or +\fIport\fR +as +\- +is equivalent to omitting that parameter\&. +.sp +The new connection can re\-use connection parameters from the previous connection; not only database name, user, host, and port, but other settings such as +\fIsslmode\fR\&. By default, parameters are re\-used in the positional syntax, but not when a +\fIconninfo\fR +string is given\&. Passing a first argument of +\-reuse\-previous=on +or +\-reuse\-previous=off +overrides that default\&. If parameters are re\-used, then any parameter not explicitly specified as a positional parameter or in the +\fIconninfo\fR +string is taken from the existing connection\*(Aqs parameters\&. An exception is that if the +\fIhost\fR +setting is changed from its previous value using the positional syntax, any +\fIhostaddr\fR +setting present in the existing connection\*(Aqs parameters is dropped\&. Also, any password used for the existing connection will be re\-used only if the user, host, and port settings are not changed\&. When the command neither specifies nor reuses a particular parameter, the +libpq +default is used\&. +.sp +If the new connection is successfully made, the previous connection is closed\&. If the connection attempt fails (wrong user name, access denied, etc\&.), the previous connection will be kept if +psql +is in interactive mode\&. But when executing a non\-interactive script, processing will immediately stop with an error\&. This distinction was chosen as a user convenience against typos on the one hand, and a safety mechanism that scripts are not accidentally acting on the wrong database on the other hand\&. +.sp +Examples: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +=> \ec mydb myuser host\&.dom 6432 +=> \ec service=foo +=> \ec "host=localhost port=5432 dbname=mydb connect_timeout=10 sslmode=disable" +=> \ec \-reuse\-previous=on sslmode=require \-\- changes only sslmode +=> \ec postgresql://tom@localhost/mydb?application_name=myapp +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.RE +.PP +\eC [ \fItitle\fR ] +.RS 4 +Sets the title of any tables being printed as the result of a query or unset any such title\&. This command is equivalent to +\epset title \fItitle\fR\&. (The name of this command derives from +\(lqcaption\(rq, as it was previously only used to set the caption in an +HTML +table\&.) +.RE +.PP +\ecd [ \fIdirectory\fR ] +.RS 4 +Changes the current working directory to +\fIdirectory\fR\&. Without argument, changes to the current user\*(Aqs home directory\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBTip\fR +.ps -1 +.br +To print your current working directory, use +\e! pwd\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\econninfo +.RS 4 +Outputs information about the current database connection\&. +.RE +.PP +\ecopy { \fItable\fR [ ( \fIcolumn_list\fR ) ] } from { \fI\*(Aqfilename\*(Aq\fR | program \fI\*(Aqcommand\*(Aq\fR | stdin | pstdin } [ [ with ] ( \fIoption\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] ) ] [ where \fIcondition\fR ] +.br +\ecopy { \fItable\fR [ ( \fIcolumn_list\fR ) ] | ( \fIquery\fR ) } to { \fI\*(Aqfilename\*(Aq\fR | program \fI\*(Aqcommand\*(Aq\fR | stdout | pstdout } [ [ with ] ( \fIoption\fR [, \&.\&.\&.] ) ] +.RS 4 +Performs a frontend (client) copy\&. This is an operation that runs an +SQL +\fBCOPY\fR(7) +command, but instead of the server reading or writing the specified file, +psql +reads or writes the file and routes the data between the server and the local file system\&. This means that file accessibility and privileges are those of the local user, not the server, and no SQL superuser privileges are required\&. +.sp +When +program +is specified, +\fIcommand\fR +is executed by +psql +and the data passed from or to +\fIcommand\fR +is routed between the server and the client\&. Again, the execution privileges are those of the local user, not the server, and no SQL superuser privileges are required\&. +.sp +For +\ecopy \&.\&.\&. from stdin, data rows are read from the same source that issued the command, continuing until +\e\&. +is read or the stream reaches +EOF\&. This option is useful for populating tables in\-line within a SQL script file\&. For +\ecopy \&.\&.\&. to stdout, output is sent to the same place as +psql +command output, and the +COPY \fIcount\fR +command status is not printed (since it might be confused with a data row)\&. To read/write +psql\*(Aqs standard input or output regardless of the current command source or +\eo +option, write +from pstdin +or +to pstdout\&. +.sp +The syntax of this command is similar to that of the +SQL +\fBCOPY\fR(7) +command\&. All options other than the data source/destination are as specified for +\fBCOPY\fR(7)\&. Because of this, special parsing rules apply to the +\fB\ecopy\fR +meta\-command\&. Unlike most other meta\-commands, the entire remainder of the line is always taken to be the arguments of +\fB\ecopy\fR, and neither variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are performed in the arguments\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBTip\fR +.ps -1 +.br +Another way to obtain the same result as +\ecopy \&.\&.\&. to +is to use the +SQL +COPY \&.\&.\&. TO STDOUT +command and terminate it with +\eg \fIfilename\fR +or +\eg |\fIprogram\fR\&. Unlike +\ecopy, this method allows the command to span multiple lines; also, variable interpolation and backquote expansion can be used\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBTip\fR +.ps -1 +.br +These operations are not as efficient as the +SQL +\fBCOPY\fR +command with a file or program data source or destination, because all data must pass through the client/server connection\&. For large amounts of data the +SQL +command might be preferable\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\ecopyright +.RS 4 +Shows the copyright and distribution terms of +PostgreSQL\&. +.RE +.PP +\ecrosstabview [ \fIcolV\fR [ \fIcolH\fR [ \fIcolD\fR [ \fIsortcolH\fR ] ] ] ] +.RS 4 +Executes the current query buffer (like +\eg) and shows the results in a crosstab grid\&. The query must return at least three columns\&. The output column identified by +\fIcolV\fR +becomes a vertical header and the output column identified by +\fIcolH\fR +becomes a horizontal header\&. +\fIcolD\fR +identifies the output column to display within the grid\&. +\fIsortcolH\fR +identifies an optional sort column for the horizontal header\&. +.sp +Each column specification can be a column number (starting at 1) or a column name\&. The usual SQL case folding and quoting rules apply to column names\&. If omitted, +\fIcolV\fR +is taken as column 1 and +\fIcolH\fR +as column 2\&. +\fIcolH\fR +must differ from +\fIcolV\fR\&. If +\fIcolD\fR +is not specified, then there must be exactly three columns in the query result, and the column that is neither +\fIcolV\fR +nor +\fIcolH\fR +is taken to be +\fIcolD\fR\&. +.sp +The vertical header, displayed as the leftmost column, contains the values found in column +\fIcolV\fR, in the same order as in the query results, but with duplicates removed\&. +.sp +The horizontal header, displayed as the first row, contains the values found in column +\fIcolH\fR, with duplicates removed\&. By default, these appear in the same order as in the query results\&. But if the optional +\fIsortcolH\fR +argument is given, it identifies a column whose values must be integer numbers, and the values from +\fIcolH\fR +will appear in the horizontal header sorted according to the corresponding +\fIsortcolH\fR +values\&. +.sp +Inside the crosstab grid, for each distinct value +x +of +\fIcolH\fR +and each distinct value +y +of +\fIcolV\fR, the cell located at the intersection +(x,y) +contains the value of the +colD +column in the query result row for which the value of +\fIcolH\fR +is +x +and the value of +\fIcolV\fR +is +y\&. If there is no such row, the cell is empty\&. If there are multiple such rows, an error is reported\&. +.RE +.PP +\ed[S+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +For each relation (table, view, materialized view, index, sequence, or foreign table) or composite type matching the +\fIpattern\fR, show all columns, their types, the tablespace (if not the default) and any special attributes such as +NOT NULL +or defaults\&. Associated indexes, constraints, rules, and triggers are also shown\&. For foreign tables, the associated foreign server is shown as well\&. (\(lqMatching the pattern\(rq +is defined in +Patterns +below\&.) +.sp +For some types of relation, +\ed +shows additional information for each column: column values for sequences, indexed expressions for indexes, and foreign data wrapper options for foreign tables\&. +.sp +The command form +\ed+ +is identical, except that more information is displayed: any comments associated with the columns of the table are shown, as is the presence of OIDs in the table, the view definition if the relation is a view, a non\-default +replica identity +setting\&. +.sp +By default, only user\-created objects are shown; supply a pattern or the +S +modifier to include system objects\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBNote\fR +.ps -1 +.br +If +\fB\ed\fR +is used without a +\fIpattern\fR +argument, it is equivalent to +\fB\edtvmsE\fR +which will show a list of all visible tables, views, materialized views, sequences and foreign tables\&. This is purely a convenience measure\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\eda[S] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists aggregate functions, together with their return type and the data types they operate on\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only aggregates whose names match the pattern are shown\&. By default, only user\-created objects are shown; supply a pattern or the +S +modifier to include system objects\&. +.RE +.PP +\edA[+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists access methods\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only access methods whose names match the pattern are shown\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, each access method is listed with its associated handler function and description\&. +.RE +.PP +\edAc[+] [\fIaccess\-method\-pattern\fR [\fIinput\-type\-pattern\fR]] +.RS 4 +Lists operator classes (see +Section\ \&37.16.1)\&. If +\fIaccess\-method\-pattern\fR +is specified, only operator classes associated with access methods whose names match that pattern are listed\&. If +\fIinput\-type\-pattern\fR +is specified, only operator classes associated with input types whose names match that pattern are listed\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, each operator class is listed with its associated operator family and owner\&. +.RE +.PP +\edAf[+] [\fIaccess\-method\-pattern\fR [\fIinput\-type\-pattern\fR]] +.RS 4 +Lists operator families (see +Section\ \&37.16.5)\&. If +\fIaccess\-method\-pattern\fR +is specified, only operator families associated with access methods whose names match that pattern are listed\&. If +\fIinput\-type\-pattern\fR +is specified, only operator families associated with input types whose names match that pattern are listed\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, each operator family is listed with its owner\&. +.RE +.PP +\edAo[+] [\fIaccess\-method\-pattern\fR [\fIoperator\-family\-pattern\fR]] +.RS 4 +Lists operators associated with operator families (see +Section\ \&37.16.2)\&. If +\fIaccess\-method\-pattern\fR +is specified, only members of operator families associated with access methods whose names match that pattern are listed\&. If +\fIoperator\-family\-pattern\fR +is specified, only members of operator families whose names match that pattern are listed\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, each operator is listed with its sort operator family (if it is an ordering operator)\&. +.RE +.PP +\edAp[+] [\fIaccess\-method\-pattern\fR [\fIoperator\-family\-pattern\fR]] +.RS 4 +Lists support functions associated with operator families (see +Section\ \&37.16.3)\&. If +\fIaccess\-method\-pattern\fR +is specified, only functions of operator families associated with access methods whose names match that pattern are listed\&. If +\fIoperator\-family\-pattern\fR +is specified, only functions of operator families whose names match that pattern are listed\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, functions are displayed verbosely, with their actual parameter lists\&. +.RE +.PP +\edb[+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists tablespaces\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only tablespaces whose names match the pattern are shown\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, each tablespace is listed with its associated options, on\-disk size, permissions and description\&. +.RE +.PP +\edc[S+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists conversions between character\-set encodings\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only conversions whose names match the pattern are listed\&. By default, only user\-created objects are shown; supply a pattern or the +S +modifier to include system objects\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, each object is listed with its associated description\&. +.RE +.PP +\edC[+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists type casts\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only casts whose source or target types match the pattern are listed\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, each object is listed with its associated description\&. +.RE +.PP +\edd[S] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Shows the descriptions of objects of type +constraint, +operator class, +operator family, +rule, and +trigger\&. All other comments may be viewed by the respective backslash commands for those object types\&. +.sp +\edd +displays descriptions for objects matching the +\fIpattern\fR, or of visible objects of the appropriate type if no argument is given\&. But in either case, only objects that have a description are listed\&. By default, only user\-created objects are shown; supply a pattern or the +S +modifier to include system objects\&. +.sp +Descriptions for objects can be created with the +\fBCOMMENT\fR(7) +SQL +command\&. +.RE +.PP +\edD[S+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists domains\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only domains whose names match the pattern are shown\&. By default, only user\-created objects are shown; supply a pattern or the +S +modifier to include system objects\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, each object is listed with its associated permissions and description\&. +.RE +.PP +\eddp [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists default access privilege settings\&. An entry is shown for each role (and schema, if applicable) for which the default privilege settings have been changed from the built\-in defaults\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only entries whose role name or schema name matches the pattern are listed\&. +.sp +The +ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES (\fBALTER_DEFAULT_PRIVILEGES\fR(7)) +command is used to set default access privileges\&. The meaning of the privilege display is explained in +Section\ \&5.7\&. +.RE +.PP +\edE[S+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.br +\edi[S+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.br +\edm[S+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.br +\eds[S+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.br +\edt[S+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.br +\edv[S+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +In this group of commands, the letters +E, +i, +m, +s, +t, and +v +stand for foreign table, index, materialized view, sequence, table, and view, respectively\&. You can specify any or all of these letters, in any order, to obtain a listing of objects of these types\&. For example, +\edti +lists tables and indexes\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, each object is listed with its persistence status (permanent, temporary, or unlogged), physical size on disk, and associated description if any\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only objects whose names match the pattern are listed\&. By default, only user\-created objects are shown; supply a pattern or the +S +modifier to include system objects\&. +.RE +.PP +\edes[+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists foreign servers (mnemonic: +\(lqexternal servers\(rq)\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only those servers whose name matches the pattern are listed\&. If the form +\edes+ +is used, a full description of each server is shown, including the server\*(Aqs access privileges, type, version, options, and description\&. +.RE +.PP +\edet[+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists foreign tables (mnemonic: +\(lqexternal tables\(rq)\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only entries whose table name or schema name matches the pattern are listed\&. If the form +\edet+ +is used, generic options and the foreign table description are also displayed\&. +.RE +.PP +\edeu[+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists user mappings (mnemonic: +\(lqexternal users\(rq)\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only those mappings whose user names match the pattern are listed\&. If the form +\edeu+ +is used, additional information about each mapping is shown\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBCaution\fR +.ps -1 +.br +\edeu+ +might also display the user name and password of the remote user, so care should be taken not to disclose them\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\edew[+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists foreign\-data wrappers (mnemonic: +\(lqexternal wrappers\(rq)\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only those foreign\-data wrappers whose name matches the pattern are listed\&. If the form +\edew+ +is used, the access privileges, options, and description of the foreign\-data wrapper are also shown\&. +.RE +.PP +\edf[anptwS+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists functions, together with their result data types, argument data types, and function types, which are classified as +\(lqagg\(rq +(aggregate), +\(lqnormal\(rq, +\(lqprocedure\(rq, +\(lqtrigger\(rq, or +\(lqwindow\(rq\&. To display only functions of specific type(s), add the corresponding letters +a, +n, +p, +t, or +w +to the command\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only functions whose names match the pattern are shown\&. By default, only user\-created objects are shown; supply a pattern or the +S +modifier to include system objects\&. If the form +\edf+ +is used, additional information about each function is shown, including volatility, parallel safety, owner, security classification, access privileges, language, source code and description\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBTip\fR +.ps -1 +.br +To look up functions taking arguments or returning values of a specific data type, use your pager\*(Aqs search capability to scroll through the +\edf +output\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\edF[+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists text search configurations\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only configurations whose names match the pattern are shown\&. If the form +\edF+ +is used, a full description of each configuration is shown, including the underlying text search parser and the dictionary list for each parser token type\&. +.RE +.PP +\edFd[+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists text search dictionaries\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only dictionaries whose names match the pattern are shown\&. If the form +\edFd+ +is used, additional information is shown about each selected dictionary, including the underlying text search template and the option values\&. +.RE +.PP +\edFp[+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists text search parsers\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only parsers whose names match the pattern are shown\&. If the form +\edFp+ +is used, a full description of each parser is shown, including the underlying functions and the list of recognized token types\&. +.RE +.PP +\edFt[+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists text search templates\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only templates whose names match the pattern are shown\&. If the form +\edFt+ +is used, additional information is shown about each template, including the underlying function names\&. +.RE +.PP +\edg[S+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists database roles\&. (Since the concepts of +\(lqusers\(rq +and +\(lqgroups\(rq +have been unified into +\(lqroles\(rq, this command is now equivalent to +\edu\&.) By default, only user\-created roles are shown; supply the +S +modifier to include system roles\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only those roles whose names match the pattern are listed\&. If the form +\edg+ +is used, additional information is shown about each role; currently this adds the comment for each role\&. +.RE +.PP +\edl +.RS 4 +This is an alias for +\fB\elo_list\fR, which shows a list of large objects\&. +.RE +.PP +\edL[S+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists procedural languages\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only languages whose names match the pattern are listed\&. By default, only user\-created languages are shown; supply the +S +modifier to include system objects\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, each language is listed with its call handler, validator, access privileges, and whether it is a system object\&. +.RE +.PP +\edn[S+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists schemas (namespaces)\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only schemas whose names match the pattern are listed\&. By default, only user\-created objects are shown; supply a pattern or the +S +modifier to include system objects\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, each object is listed with its associated permissions and description, if any\&. +.RE +.PP +\edo[S+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists operators with their operand and result types\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only operators whose names match the pattern are listed\&. By default, only user\-created objects are shown; supply a pattern or the +S +modifier to include system objects\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, additional information about each operator is shown, currently just the name of the underlying function\&. +.RE +.PP +\edO[S+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists collations\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only collations whose names match the pattern are listed\&. By default, only user\-created objects are shown; supply a pattern or the +S +modifier to include system objects\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, each collation is listed with its associated description, if any\&. Note that only collations usable with the current database\*(Aqs encoding are shown, so the results may vary in different databases of the same installation\&. +.RE +.PP +\edp [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists tables, views and sequences with their associated access privileges\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only tables, views and sequences whose names match the pattern are listed\&. +.sp +The +\fBGRANT\fR(7) +and +\fBREVOKE\fR(7) +commands are used to set access privileges\&. The meaning of the privilege display is explained in +Section\ \&5.7\&. +.RE +.PP +\edP[itn+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists partitioned relations\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only entries whose name matches the pattern are listed\&. The modifiers +t +(tables) and +i +(indexes) can be appended to the command, filtering the kind of relations to list\&. By default, partitioned tables and indexes are listed\&. +.sp +If the modifier +n +(\(lqnested\(rq) is used, or a pattern is specified, then non\-root partitioned relations are included, and a column is shown displaying the parent of each partitioned relation\&. +.sp +If ++ +is appended to the command name, the sum of the sizes of each relation\*(Aqs partitions is also displayed, along with the relation\*(Aqs description\&. If +n +is combined with ++, two sizes are shown: one including the total size of directly\-attached leaf partitions, and another showing the total size of all partitions, including indirectly attached sub\-partitions\&. +.RE +.PP +\edrds [ \fIrole\-pattern\fR [ \fIdatabase\-pattern\fR ] ] +.RS 4 +Lists defined configuration settings\&. These settings can be role\-specific, database\-specific, or both\&. +\fIrole\-pattern\fR +and +\fIdatabase\-pattern\fR +are used to select specific roles and databases to list, respectively\&. If omitted, or if +* +is specified, all settings are listed, including those not role\-specific or database\-specific, respectively\&. +.sp +The +ALTER ROLE (\fBALTER_ROLE\fR(7)) +and +ALTER DATABASE (\fBALTER_DATABASE\fR(7)) +commands are used to define per\-role and per\-database configuration settings\&. +.RE +.PP +\edRp[+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists replication publications\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only those publications whose names match the pattern are listed\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, the tables associated with each publication are shown as well\&. +.RE +.PP +\edRs[+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists replication subscriptions\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only those subscriptions whose names match the pattern are listed\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, additional properties of the subscriptions are shown\&. +.RE +.PP +\edT[S+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists data types\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only types whose names match the pattern are listed\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, each type is listed with its internal name and size, its allowed values if it is an +enum +type, and its associated permissions\&. By default, only user\-created objects are shown; supply a pattern or the +S +modifier to include system objects\&. +.RE +.PP +\edu[S+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists database roles\&. (Since the concepts of +\(lqusers\(rq +and +\(lqgroups\(rq +have been unified into +\(lqroles\(rq, this command is now equivalent to +\edg\&.) By default, only user\-created roles are shown; supply the +S +modifier to include system roles\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only those roles whose names match the pattern are listed\&. If the form +\edu+ +is used, additional information is shown about each role; currently this adds the comment for each role\&. +.RE +.PP +\edx[+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists installed extensions\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only those extensions whose names match the pattern are listed\&. If the form +\edx+ +is used, all the objects belonging to each matching extension are listed\&. +.RE +.PP +\edy[+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists event triggers\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only those event triggers whose names match the pattern are listed\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, each object is listed with its associated description\&. +.RE +.PP +\ee or \eedit [ \fIfilename\fR ] [ \fIline_number\fR ] +.RS 4 +If +\fIfilename\fR +is specified, the file is edited; after the editor exits, the file\*(Aqs content is copied into the current query buffer\&. If no +\fIfilename\fR +is given, the current query buffer is copied to a temporary file which is then edited in the same fashion\&. Or, if the current query buffer is empty, the most recently executed query is copied to a temporary file and edited in the same fashion\&. +.sp +The new contents of the query buffer are then re\-parsed according to the normal rules of +psql, treating the whole buffer as a single line\&. Any complete queries are immediately executed; that is, if the query buffer contains or ends with a semicolon, everything up to that point is executed and removed from the query buffer\&. Whatever remains in the query buffer is redisplayed\&. Type semicolon or +\eg +to send it, or +\er +to cancel it by clearing the query buffer\&. +.sp +Treating the buffer as a single line primarily affects meta\-commands: whatever is in the buffer after a meta\-command will be taken as argument(s) to the meta\-command, even if it spans multiple lines\&. (Thus you cannot make meta\-command\-using scripts this way\&. Use +\fB\ei\fR +for that\&.) +.sp +If a line number is specified, +psql +will position the cursor on the specified line of the file or query buffer\&. Note that if a single all\-digits argument is given, +psql +assumes it is a line number, not a file name\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBTip\fR +.ps -1 +.br +See +Environment, below, for how to configure and customize your editor\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\eecho \fItext\fR [ \&.\&.\&. ] +.RS 4 +Prints the evaluated arguments to standard output, separated by spaces and followed by a newline\&. This can be useful to intersperse information in the output of scripts\&. For example: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +=> \fB\eecho `date`\fR +Tue Oct 26 21:40:57 CEST 1999 +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +If the first argument is an unquoted +\-n +the trailing newline is not written (nor is the first argument)\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBTip\fR +.ps -1 +.br +If you use the +\fB\eo\fR +command to redirect your query output you might wish to use +\fB\eqecho\fR +instead of this command\&. See also +\fB\ewarn\fR\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\eef [ \fIfunction_description\fR [ \fIline_number\fR ] ] +.RS 4 +This command fetches and edits the definition of the named function or procedure, in the form of a +\fBCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION\fR +or +\fBCREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE\fR +command\&. Editing is done in the same way as for +\eedit\&. After the editor exits, the updated command is executed immediately if you added a semicolon to it\&. Otherwise it is redisplayed; type semicolon or +\eg +to send it, or +\er +to cancel\&. +.sp +The target function can be specified by name alone, or by name and arguments, for example +foo(integer, text)\&. The argument types must be given if there is more than one function of the same name\&. +.sp +If no function is specified, a blank +\fBCREATE FUNCTION\fR +template is presented for editing\&. +.sp +If a line number is specified, +psql +will position the cursor on the specified line of the function body\&. (Note that the function body typically does not begin on the first line of the file\&.) +.sp +Unlike most other meta\-commands, the entire remainder of the line is always taken to be the argument(s) of +\fB\eef\fR, and neither variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are performed in the arguments\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBTip\fR +.ps -1 +.br +See +Environment, below, for how to configure and customize your editor\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\eencoding [ \fIencoding\fR ] +.RS 4 +Sets the client character set encoding\&. Without an argument, this command shows the current encoding\&. +.RE +.PP +\eerrverbose +.RS 4 +Repeats the most recent server error message at maximum verbosity, as though +\fIVERBOSITY\fR +were set to +verbose +and +\fISHOW_CONTEXT\fR +were set to +always\&. +.RE +.PP +\eev [ \fIview_name\fR [ \fIline_number\fR ] ] +.RS 4 +This command fetches and edits the definition of the named view, in the form of a +\fBCREATE OR REPLACE VIEW\fR +command\&. Editing is done in the same way as for +\eedit\&. After the editor exits, the updated command is executed immediately if you added a semicolon to it\&. Otherwise it is redisplayed; type semicolon or +\eg +to send it, or +\er +to cancel\&. +.sp +If no view is specified, a blank +\fBCREATE VIEW\fR +template is presented for editing\&. +.sp +If a line number is specified, +psql +will position the cursor on the specified line of the view definition\&. +.sp +Unlike most other meta\-commands, the entire remainder of the line is always taken to be the argument(s) of +\fB\eev\fR, and neither variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are performed in the arguments\&. +.RE +.PP +\ef [ \fIstring\fR ] +.RS 4 +Sets the field separator for unaligned query output\&. The default is the vertical bar (|)\&. It is equivalent to +\fB\epset fieldsep\fR\&. +.RE +.PP +\eg [ (\fIoption\fR=\fIvalue\fR [\&.\&.\&.]) ] [ \fIfilename\fR ] +.br +\eg [ (\fIoption\fR=\fIvalue\fR [\&.\&.\&.]) ] [ |\fIcommand\fR ] +.RS 4 +Sends the current query buffer to the server for execution\&. +.sp +If parentheses appear after +\eg, they surround a space\-separated list of +\fIoption\fR=\fIvalue\fR +formatting\-option clauses, which are interpreted in the same way as +\epset +\fIoption\fR +\fIvalue\fR +commands, but take effect only for the duration of this query\&. In this list, spaces are not allowed around += +signs, but are required between option clauses\&. If +=\fIvalue\fR +is omitted, the named +\fIoption\fR +is changed in the same way as for +\epset +\fIoption\fR +with no explicit +\fIvalue\fR\&. +.sp +If a +\fIfilename\fR +or +|\fIcommand\fR +argument is given, the query\*(Aqs output is written to the named file or piped to the given shell command, instead of displaying it as usual\&. The file or command is written to only if the query successfully returns zero or more tuples, not if the query fails or is a non\-data\-returning SQL command\&. +.sp +If the current query buffer is empty, the most recently sent query is re\-executed instead\&. Except for that behavior, +\eg +without any arguments is essentially equivalent to a semicolon\&. With arguments, +\eg +provides a +\(lqone\-shot\(rq +alternative to the +\fB\eo\fR +command, and additionally allows one\-shot adjustments of the output formatting options normally set by +\epset\&. +.sp +When the last argument begins with +|, the entire remainder of the line is taken to be the +\fIcommand\fR +to execute, and neither variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are performed in it\&. The rest of the line is simply passed literally to the shell\&. +.RE +.PP +\egdesc +.RS 4 +Shows the description (that is, the column names and data types) of the result of the current query buffer\&. The query is not actually executed; however, if it contains some type of syntax error, that error will be reported in the normal way\&. +.sp +If the current query buffer is empty, the most recently sent query is described instead\&. +.RE +.PP +\egexec +.RS 4 +Sends the current query buffer to the server, then treats each column of each row of the query\*(Aqs output (if any) as a SQL statement to be executed\&. For example, to create an index on each column of +my_table: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +=> \fBSELECT format(\*(Aqcreate index on my_table(%I)\*(Aq, attname)\fR +\-> \fBFROM pg_attribute\fR +\-> \fBWHERE attrelid = \*(Aqmy_table\*(Aq::regclass AND attnum > 0\fR +\-> \fBORDER BY attnum\fR +\-> \fB\egexec\fR +CREATE INDEX +CREATE INDEX +CREATE INDEX +CREATE INDEX +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +The generated queries are executed in the order in which the rows are returned, and left\-to\-right within each row if there is more than one column\&. NULL fields are ignored\&. The generated queries are sent literally to the server for processing, so they cannot be +psql +meta\-commands nor contain +psql +variable references\&. If any individual query fails, execution of the remaining queries continues unless +\fION_ERROR_STOP\fR +is set\&. Execution of each query is subject to +\fIECHO\fR +processing\&. (Setting +\fIECHO\fR +to +all +or +queries +is often advisable when using +\fB\egexec\fR\&.) Query logging, single\-step mode, timing, and other query execution features apply to each generated query as well\&. +.sp +If the current query buffer is empty, the most recently sent query is re\-executed instead\&. +.RE +.PP +\egset [ \fIprefix\fR ] +.RS 4 +Sends the current query buffer to the server and stores the query\*(Aqs output into +psql +variables (see +Variables +below)\&. The query to be executed must return exactly one row\&. Each column of the row is stored into a separate variable, named the same as the column\&. For example: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +=> \fBSELECT \*(Aqhello\*(Aq AS var1, 10 AS var2\fR +\-> \fB\egset\fR +=> \fB\eecho :var1 :var2\fR +hello 10 +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +If you specify a +\fIprefix\fR, that string is prepended to the query\*(Aqs column names to create the variable names to use: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +=> \fBSELECT \*(Aqhello\*(Aq AS var1, 10 AS var2\fR +\-> \fB\egset result_\fR +=> \fB\eecho :result_var1 :result_var2\fR +hello 10 +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +If a column result is NULL, the corresponding variable is unset rather than being set\&. +.sp +If the query fails or does not return one row, no variables are changed\&. +.sp +If the current query buffer is empty, the most recently sent query is re\-executed instead\&. +.RE +.PP +\egx [ (\fIoption\fR=\fIvalue\fR [\&.\&.\&.]) ] [ \fIfilename\fR ] +.br +\egx [ (\fIoption\fR=\fIvalue\fR [\&.\&.\&.]) ] [ |\fIcommand\fR ] +.RS 4 +\egx +is equivalent to +\eg, except that it forces expanded output mode for this query, as if +expanded=on +were included in the list of +\epset +options\&. See also +\ex\&. +.RE +.PP +\eh or \ehelp [ \fIcommand\fR ] +.RS 4 +Gives syntax help on the specified +SQL +command\&. If +\fIcommand\fR +is not specified, then +psql +will list all the commands for which syntax help is available\&. If +\fIcommand\fR +is an asterisk (*), then syntax help on all +SQL +commands is shown\&. +.sp +Unlike most other meta\-commands, the entire remainder of the line is always taken to be the argument(s) of +\fB\ehelp\fR, and neither variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are performed in the arguments\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBNote\fR +.ps -1 +.br +To simplify typing, commands that consists of several words do not have to be quoted\&. Thus it is fine to type +\fB\ehelp alter table\fR\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\eH or \ehtml +.RS 4 +Turns on +HTML +query output format\&. If the +HTML +format is already on, it is switched back to the default aligned text format\&. This command is for compatibility and convenience, but see +\fB\epset\fR +about setting other output options\&. +.RE +.PP +\ei or \einclude \fIfilename\fR +.RS 4 +Reads input from the file +\fIfilename\fR +and executes it as though it had been typed on the keyboard\&. +.sp +If +\fIfilename\fR +is +\- +(hyphen), then standard input is read until an EOF indication or +\fB\eq\fR +meta\-command\&. This can be used to intersperse interactive input with input from files\&. Note that Readline behavior will be used only if it is active at the outermost level\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBNote\fR +.ps -1 +.br +If you want to see the lines on the screen as they are read you must set the variable +\fIECHO\fR +to +all\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\eif \fIexpression\fR +.br +\eelif \fIexpression\fR +.br +\eelse +.br +\eendif +.RS 4 +This group of commands implements nestable conditional blocks\&. A conditional block must begin with an +\fB\eif\fR +and end with an +\fB\eendif\fR\&. In between there may be any number of +\fB\eelif\fR +clauses, which may optionally be followed by a single +\fB\eelse\fR +clause\&. Ordinary queries and other types of backslash commands may (and usually do) appear between the commands forming a conditional block\&. +.sp +The +\fB\eif\fR +and +\fB\eelif\fR +commands read their argument(s) and evaluate them as a boolean expression\&. If the expression yields +true +then processing continues normally; otherwise, lines are skipped until a matching +\fB\eelif\fR, +\fB\eelse\fR, or +\fB\eendif\fR +is reached\&. Once an +\fB\eif\fR +or +\fB\eelif\fR +test has succeeded, the arguments of later +\fB\eelif\fR +commands in the same block are not evaluated but are treated as false\&. Lines following an +\fB\eelse\fR +are processed only if no earlier matching +\fB\eif\fR +or +\fB\eelif\fR +succeeded\&. +.sp +The +\fIexpression\fR +argument of an +\fB\eif\fR +or +\fB\eelif\fR +command is subject to variable interpolation and backquote expansion, just like any other backslash command argument\&. After that it is evaluated like the value of an on/off option variable\&. So a valid value is any unambiguous case\-insensitive match for one of: +true, +false, +1, +0, +on, +off, +yes, +no\&. For example, +t, +T, and +tR +will all be considered to be +true\&. +.sp +Expressions that do not properly evaluate to true or false will generate a warning and be treated as false\&. +.sp +Lines being skipped are parsed normally to identify queries and backslash commands, but queries are not sent to the server, and backslash commands other than conditionals (\fB\eif\fR, +\fB\eelif\fR, +\fB\eelse\fR, +\fB\eendif\fR) are ignored\&. Conditional commands are checked only for valid nesting\&. Variable references in skipped lines are not expanded, and backquote expansion is not performed either\&. +.sp +All the backslash commands of a given conditional block must appear in the same source file\&. If EOF is reached on the main input file or an +\fB\einclude\fR\-ed file before all local +\fB\eif\fR\-blocks have been closed, then +psql +will raise an error\&. +.sp +Here is an example: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +\-\- check for the existence of two separate records in the database and store +\-\- the results in separate psql variables +SELECT + EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM customer WHERE customer_id = 123) as is_customer, + EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM employee WHERE employee_id = 456) as is_employee +\egset +\eif :is_customer + SELECT * FROM customer WHERE customer_id = 123; +\eelif :is_employee + \eecho \*(Aqis not a customer but is an employee\*(Aq + SELECT * FROM employee WHERE employee_id = 456; +\eelse + \eif yes + \eecho \*(Aqnot a customer or employee\*(Aq + \eelse + \eecho \*(Aqthis will never print\*(Aq + \eendif +\eendif +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.RE +.PP +\eir or \einclude_relative \fIfilename\fR +.RS 4 +The +\eir +command is similar to +\ei, but resolves relative file names differently\&. When executing in interactive mode, the two commands behave identically\&. However, when invoked from a script, +\eir +interprets file names relative to the directory in which the script is located, rather than the current working directory\&. +.RE +.PP +\el[+] or \elist[+] [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +List the databases in the server and show their names, owners, character set encodings, and access privileges\&. If +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only databases whose names match the pattern are listed\&. If ++ +is appended to the command name, database sizes, default tablespaces, and descriptions are also displayed\&. (Size information is only available for databases that the current user can connect to\&.) +.RE +.PP +\elo_export \fIloid\fR \fIfilename\fR +.RS 4 +Reads the large object with +OID +\fIloid\fR +from the database and writes it to +\fIfilename\fR\&. Note that this is subtly different from the server function +\fBlo_export\fR, which acts with the permissions of the user that the database server runs as and on the server\*(Aqs file system\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBTip\fR +.ps -1 +.br +Use +\fB\elo_list\fR +to find out the large object\*(Aqs +OID\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\elo_import \fIfilename\fR [ \fIcomment\fR ] +.RS 4 +Stores the file into a +PostgreSQL +large object\&. Optionally, it associates the given comment with the object\&. Example: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +foo=> \fB\elo_import \*(Aq/home/peter/pictures/photo\&.xcf\*(Aq \*(Aqa picture of me\*(Aq\fR +lo_import 152801 +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +The response indicates that the large object received object ID 152801, which can be used to access the newly\-created large object in the future\&. For the sake of readability, it is recommended to always associate a human\-readable comment with every object\&. Both OIDs and comments can be viewed with the +\fB\elo_list\fR +command\&. +.sp +Note that this command is subtly different from the server\-side +\fBlo_import\fR +because it acts as the local user on the local file system, rather than the server\*(Aqs user and file system\&. +.RE +.PP +\elo_list +.RS 4 +Shows a list of all +PostgreSQL +large objects currently stored in the database, along with any comments provided for them\&. +.RE +.PP +\elo_unlink \fIloid\fR +.RS 4 +Deletes the large object with +OID +\fIloid\fR +from the database\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBTip\fR +.ps -1 +.br +Use +\fB\elo_list\fR +to find out the large object\*(Aqs +OID\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\eo or \eout [ \fIfilename\fR ] +.br +\eo or \eout [ |\fIcommand\fR ] +.RS 4 +Arranges to save future query results to the file +\fIfilename\fR +or pipe future results to the shell command +\fIcommand\fR\&. If no argument is specified, the query output is reset to the standard output\&. +.sp +If the argument begins with +|, then the entire remainder of the line is taken to be the +\fIcommand\fR +to execute, and neither variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are performed in it\&. The rest of the line is simply passed literally to the shell\&. +.sp +\(lqQuery results\(rq +includes all tables, command responses, and notices obtained from the database server, as well as output of various backslash commands that query the database (such as +\fB\ed\fR); but not error messages\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBTip\fR +.ps -1 +.br +To intersperse text output in between query results, use +\fB\eqecho\fR\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\ep or \eprint +.RS 4 +Print the current query buffer to the standard output\&. If the current query buffer is empty, the most recently executed query is printed instead\&. +.RE +.PP +\epassword [ \fIusername\fR ] +.RS 4 +Changes the password of the specified user (by default, the current user)\&. This command prompts for the new password, encrypts it, and sends it to the server as an +\fBALTER ROLE\fR +command\&. This makes sure that the new password does not appear in cleartext in the command history, the server log, or elsewhere\&. +.RE +.PP +\eprompt [ \fItext\fR ] \fIname\fR +.RS 4 +Prompts the user to supply text, which is assigned to the variable +\fIname\fR\&. An optional prompt string, +\fItext\fR, can be specified\&. (For multiword prompts, surround the text with single quotes\&.) +.sp +By default, +\eprompt +uses the terminal for input and output\&. However, if the +\fB\-f\fR +command line switch was used, +\eprompt +uses standard input and standard output\&. +.RE +.PP +\epset [ \fIoption\fR [ \fIvalue\fR ] ] +.RS 4 +This command sets options affecting the output of query result tables\&. +\fIoption\fR +indicates which option is to be set\&. The semantics of +\fIvalue\fR +vary depending on the selected option\&. For some options, omitting +\fIvalue\fR +causes the option to be toggled or unset, as described under the particular option\&. If no such behavior is mentioned, then omitting +\fIvalue\fR +just results in the current setting being displayed\&. +.sp +\fB\epset\fR +without any arguments displays the current status of all printing options\&. +.sp +Adjustable printing options are: +.PP +border +.RS 4 +The +\fIvalue\fR +must be a number\&. In general, the higher the number the more borders and lines the tables will have, but details depend on the particular format\&. In +HTML +format, this will translate directly into the +border=\&.\&.\&. +attribute\&. In most other formats only values 0 (no border), 1 (internal dividing lines), and 2 (table frame) make sense, and values above 2 will be treated the same as +border = 2\&. The +latex +and +latex\-longtable +formats additionally allow a value of 3 to add dividing lines between data rows\&. +.RE +.PP +columns +.RS 4 +Sets the target width for the +wrapped +format, and also the width limit for determining whether output is wide enough to require the pager or switch to the vertical display in expanded auto mode\&. Zero (the default) causes the target width to be controlled by the environment variable +\fBCOLUMNS\fR, or the detected screen width if +\fBCOLUMNS\fR +is not set\&. In addition, if +columns +is zero then the +wrapped +format only affects screen output\&. If +columns +is nonzero then file and pipe output is wrapped to that width as well\&. +.RE +.PP +csv_fieldsep +.RS 4 +Specifies the field separator to be used in +CSV +output format\&. If the separator character appears in a field\*(Aqs value, that field is output within double quotes, following standard +CSV +rules\&. The default is a comma\&. +.RE +.PP +expanded (or x) +.RS 4 +If +\fIvalue\fR +is specified it must be either +on +or +off, which will enable or disable expanded mode, or +auto\&. If +\fIvalue\fR +is omitted the command toggles between the on and off settings\&. When expanded mode is enabled, query results are displayed in two columns, with the column name on the left and the data on the right\&. This mode is useful if the data wouldn\*(Aqt fit on the screen in the normal +\(lqhorizontal\(rq +mode\&. In the auto setting, the expanded mode is used whenever the query output has more than one column and is wider than the screen; otherwise, the regular mode is used\&. The auto setting is only effective in the aligned and wrapped formats\&. In other formats, it always behaves as if the expanded mode is off\&. +.RE +.PP +fieldsep +.RS 4 +Specifies the field separator to be used in unaligned output format\&. That way one can create, for example, tab\-separated output, which other programs might prefer\&. To set a tab as field separator, type +\epset fieldsep \*(Aq\et\*(Aq\&. The default field separator is +\*(Aq|\*(Aq +(a vertical bar)\&. +.RE +.PP +fieldsep_zero +.RS 4 +Sets the field separator to use in unaligned output format to a zero byte\&. +.RE +.PP +footer +.RS 4 +If +\fIvalue\fR +is specified it must be either +on +or +off +which will enable or disable display of the table footer (the +(\fIn\fR rows) +count)\&. If +\fIvalue\fR +is omitted the command toggles footer display on or off\&. +.RE +.PP +format +.RS 4 +Sets the output format to one of +aligned, +asciidoc, +csv, +html, +latex, +latex\-longtable, +troff\-ms, +unaligned, or +wrapped\&. Unique abbreviations are allowed\&. +.sp +aligned +format is the standard, human\-readable, nicely formatted text output; this is the default\&. +.sp +unaligned +format writes all columns of a row on one line, separated by the currently active field separator\&. This is useful for creating output that might be intended to be read in by other programs, for example, tab\-separated or comma\-separated format\&. However, the field separator character is not treated specially if it appears in a column\*(Aqs value; so +CSV +format may be better suited for such purposes\&. +.sp +csv +format + +writes column values separated by commas, applying the quoting rules described in +\m[blue]\fBRFC 4180\fR\m[]\&. This output is compatible with the CSV format of the server\*(Aqs +\fBCOPY\fR +command\&. A header line with column names is generated unless the +tuples_only +parameter is +on\&. Titles and footers are not printed\&. Each row is terminated by the system\-dependent end\-of\-line character, which is typically a single newline (\en) for Unix\-like systems or a carriage return and newline sequence (\er\en) for Microsoft Windows\&. Field separator characters other than comma can be selected with +\fB\epset csv_fieldsep\fR\&. +.sp +wrapped +format is like +aligned +but wraps wide data values across lines to make the output fit in the target column width\&. The target width is determined as described under the +columns +option\&. Note that +psql +will not attempt to wrap column header titles; therefore, +wrapped +format behaves the same as +aligned +if the total width needed for column headers exceeds the target\&. +.sp +The +asciidoc, +html, +latex, +latex\-longtable, and +troff\-ms +formats put out tables that are intended to be included in documents using the respective mark\-up language\&. They are not complete documents! This might not be necessary in +HTML, but in +LaTeX +you must have a complete document wrapper\&. The +latex +format uses +LaTeX\*(Aqs +tabular +environment\&. The +latex\-longtable +format requires the +LaTeX +longtable +and +booktabs +packages\&. +.RE +.PP +linestyle +.RS 4 +Sets the border line drawing style to one of +ascii, +old\-ascii, or +unicode\&. Unique abbreviations are allowed\&. (That would mean one letter is enough\&.) The default setting is +ascii\&. This option only affects the +aligned +and +wrapped +output formats\&. +.sp +ascii +style uses plain +ASCII +characters\&. Newlines in data are shown using a ++ +symbol in the right\-hand margin\&. When the +wrapped +format wraps data from one line to the next without a newline character, a dot (\&.) is shown in the right\-hand margin of the first line, and again in the left\-hand margin of the following line\&. +.sp +old\-ascii +style uses plain +ASCII +characters, using the formatting style used in +PostgreSQL +8\&.4 and earlier\&. Newlines in data are shown using a +: +symbol in place of the left\-hand column separator\&. When the data is wrapped from one line to the next without a newline character, a +; +symbol is used in place of the left\-hand column separator\&. +.sp +unicode +style uses Unicode box\-drawing characters\&. Newlines in data are shown using a carriage return symbol in the right\-hand margin\&. When the data is wrapped from one line to the next without a newline character, an ellipsis symbol is shown in the right\-hand margin of the first line, and again in the left\-hand margin of the following line\&. +.sp +When the +border +setting is greater than zero, the +linestyle +option also determines the characters with which the border lines are drawn\&. Plain +ASCII +characters work everywhere, but Unicode characters look nicer on displays that recognize them\&. +.RE +.PP +null +.RS 4 +Sets the string to be printed in place of a null value\&. The default is to print nothing, which can easily be mistaken for an empty string\&. For example, one might prefer +\epset null \*(Aq(null)\*(Aq\&. +.RE +.PP +numericlocale +.RS 4 +If +\fIvalue\fR +is specified it must be either +on +or +off +which will enable or disable display of a locale\-specific character to separate groups of digits to the left of the decimal marker\&. If +\fIvalue\fR +is omitted the command toggles between regular and locale\-specific numeric output\&. +.RE +.PP +pager +.RS 4 +Controls use of a pager program for query and +psql +help output\&. If the environment variable +\fBPSQL_PAGER\fR +or +\fBPAGER\fR +is set, the output is piped to the specified program\&. Otherwise a platform\-dependent default program (such as +more) is used\&. +.sp +When the +pager +option is +off, the pager program is not used\&. When the +pager +option is +on, the pager is used when appropriate, i\&.e\&., when the output is to a terminal and will not fit on the screen\&. The +pager +option can also be set to +always, which causes the pager to be used for all terminal output regardless of whether it fits on the screen\&. +\epset pager +without a +\fIvalue\fR +toggles pager use on and off\&. +.RE +.PP +pager_min_lines +.RS 4 +If +pager_min_lines +is set to a number greater than the page height, the pager program will not be called unless there are at least this many lines of output to show\&. The default setting is 0\&. +.RE +.PP +recordsep +.RS 4 +Specifies the record (line) separator to use in unaligned output format\&. The default is a newline character\&. +.RE +.PP +recordsep_zero +.RS 4 +Sets the record separator to use in unaligned output format to a zero byte\&. +.RE +.PP +tableattr (or T) +.RS 4 +In +HTML +format, this specifies attributes to be placed inside the +table +tag\&. This could for example be +cellpadding +or +bgcolor\&. Note that you probably don\*(Aqt want to specify +border +here, as that is already taken care of by +\epset border\&. If no +\fIvalue\fR +is given, the table attributes are unset\&. +.sp +In +latex\-longtable +format, this controls the proportional width of each column containing a left\-aligned data type\&. It is specified as a whitespace\-separated list of values, e\&.g\&., +\*(Aq0\&.2 0\&.2 0\&.6\*(Aq\&. Unspecified output columns use the last specified value\&. +.RE +.PP +title (or C) +.RS 4 +Sets the table title for any subsequently printed tables\&. This can be used to give your output descriptive tags\&. If no +\fIvalue\fR +is given, the title is unset\&. +.RE +.PP +tuples_only (or t) +.RS 4 +If +\fIvalue\fR +is specified it must be either +on +or +off +which will enable or disable tuples\-only mode\&. If +\fIvalue\fR +is omitted the command toggles between regular and tuples\-only output\&. Regular output includes extra information such as column headers, titles, and various footers\&. In tuples\-only mode, only actual table data is shown\&. +.RE +.PP +unicode_border_linestyle +.RS 4 +Sets the border drawing style for the +unicode +line style to one of +single +or +double\&. +.RE +.PP +unicode_column_linestyle +.RS 4 +Sets the column drawing style for the +unicode +line style to one of +single +or +double\&. +.RE +.PP +unicode_header_linestyle +.RS 4 +Sets the header drawing style for the +unicode +line style to one of +single +or +double\&. +.RE +.sp +Illustrations of how these different formats look can be seen in +Examples, below\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBTip\fR +.ps -1 +.br +There are various shortcut commands for +\fB\epset\fR\&. See +\fB\ea\fR, +\fB\eC\fR, +\fB\ef\fR, +\fB\eH\fR, +\fB\et\fR, +\fB\eT\fR, and +\fB\ex\fR\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\eq or \equit +.RS 4 +Quits the +psql +program\&. In a script file, only execution of that script is terminated\&. +.RE +.PP +\eqecho \fItext\fR [ \&.\&.\&. ] +.RS 4 +This command is identical to +\fB\eecho\fR +except that the output will be written to the query output channel, as set by +\fB\eo\fR\&. +.RE +.PP +\er or \ereset +.RS 4 +Resets (clears) the query buffer\&. +.RE +.PP +\es [ \fIfilename\fR ] +.RS 4 +Print +psql\*(Aqs command line history to +\fIfilename\fR\&. If +\fIfilename\fR +is omitted, the history is written to the standard output (using the pager if appropriate)\&. This command is not available if +psql +was built without +Readline +support\&. +.RE +.PP +\eset [ \fIname\fR [ \fIvalue\fR [ \&.\&.\&. ] ] ] +.RS 4 +Sets the +psql +variable +\fIname\fR +to +\fIvalue\fR, or if more than one value is given, to the concatenation of all of them\&. If only one argument is given, the variable is set to an empty\-string value\&. To unset a variable, use the +\fB\eunset\fR +command\&. +.sp +\fB\eset\fR +without any arguments displays the names and values of all currently\-set +psql +variables\&. +.sp +Valid variable names can contain letters, digits, and underscores\&. See +Variables +below for details\&. Variable names are case\-sensitive\&. +.sp +Certain variables are special, in that they control +psql\*(Aqs behavior or are automatically set to reflect connection state\&. These variables are documented in +Variables, below\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBNote\fR +.ps -1 +.br +This command is unrelated to the +SQL +command +\fBSET\fR(7)\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\esetenv \fIname\fR [ \fIvalue\fR ] +.RS 4 +Sets the environment variable +\fIname\fR +to +\fIvalue\fR, or if the +\fIvalue\fR +is not supplied, unsets the environment variable\&. Example: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +testdb=> \fB\esetenv PAGER less\fR +testdb=> \fB\esetenv LESS \-imx4F\fR +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.RE +.PP +\esf[+] \fIfunction_description\fR +.RS 4 +This command fetches and shows the definition of the named function or procedure, in the form of a +\fBCREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION\fR +or +\fBCREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE\fR +command\&. The definition is printed to the current query output channel, as set by +\fB\eo\fR\&. +.sp +The target function can be specified by name alone, or by name and arguments, for example +foo(integer, text)\&. The argument types must be given if there is more than one function of the same name\&. +.sp +If ++ +is appended to the command name, then the output lines are numbered, with the first line of the function body being line 1\&. +.sp +Unlike most other meta\-commands, the entire remainder of the line is always taken to be the argument(s) of +\fB\esf\fR, and neither variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are performed in the arguments\&. +.RE +.PP +\esv[+] \fIview_name\fR +.RS 4 +This command fetches and shows the definition of the named view, in the form of a +\fBCREATE OR REPLACE VIEW\fR +command\&. The definition is printed to the current query output channel, as set by +\fB\eo\fR\&. +.sp +If ++ +is appended to the command name, then the output lines are numbered from 1\&. +.sp +Unlike most other meta\-commands, the entire remainder of the line is always taken to be the argument(s) of +\fB\esv\fR, and neither variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are performed in the arguments\&. +.RE +.PP +\et +.RS 4 +Toggles the display of output column name headings and row count footer\&. This command is equivalent to +\epset tuples_only +and is provided for convenience\&. +.RE +.PP +\eT \fItable_options\fR +.RS 4 +Specifies attributes to be placed within the +table +tag in +HTML +output format\&. This command is equivalent to +\epset tableattr \fItable_options\fR\&. +.RE +.PP +\etiming [ \fIon\fR | \fIoff\fR ] +.RS 4 +With a parameter, turns displaying of how long each SQL statement takes on or off\&. Without a parameter, toggles the display between on and off\&. The display is in milliseconds; intervals longer than 1 second are also shown in minutes:seconds format, with hours and days fields added if needed\&. +.RE +.PP +\eunset \fIname\fR +.RS 4 +Unsets (deletes) the +psql +variable +\fIname\fR\&. +.sp +Most variables that control +psql\*(Aqs behavior cannot be unset; instead, an +\eunset +command is interpreted as setting them to their default values\&. See +Variables +below\&. +.RE +.PP +\ew or \ewrite \fIfilename\fR +.br +\ew or \ewrite |\fIcommand\fR +.RS 4 +Writes the current query buffer to the file +\fIfilename\fR +or pipes it to the shell command +\fIcommand\fR\&. If the current query buffer is empty, the most recently executed query is written instead\&. +.sp +If the argument begins with +|, then the entire remainder of the line is taken to be the +\fIcommand\fR +to execute, and neither variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are performed in it\&. The rest of the line is simply passed literally to the shell\&. +.RE +.PP +\ewarn \fItext\fR [ \&.\&.\&. ] +.RS 4 +This command is identical to +\fB\eecho\fR +except that the output will be written to +psql\*(Aqs standard error channel, rather than standard output\&. +.RE +.PP +\ewatch [ \fIseconds\fR ] +.RS 4 +Repeatedly execute the current query buffer (as +\eg +does) until interrupted or the query fails\&. Wait the specified number of seconds (default 2) between executions\&. Each query result is displayed with a header that includes the +\epset title +string (if any), the time as of query start, and the delay interval\&. +.sp +If the current query buffer is empty, the most recently sent query is re\-executed instead\&. +.RE +.PP +\ex [ \fIon\fR | \fIoff\fR | \fIauto\fR ] +.RS 4 +Sets or toggles expanded table formatting mode\&. As such it is equivalent to +\epset expanded\&. +.RE +.PP +\ez [ \fIpattern\fR ] +.RS 4 +Lists tables, views and sequences with their associated access privileges\&. If a +\fIpattern\fR +is specified, only tables, views and sequences whose names match the pattern are listed\&. +.sp +This is an alias for +\fB\edp\fR +(\(lqdisplay privileges\(rq)\&. +.RE +.PP +\e! [ \fIcommand\fR ] +.RS 4 +With no argument, escapes to a sub\-shell; +psql +resumes when the sub\-shell exits\&. With an argument, executes the shell command +\fIcommand\fR\&. +.sp +Unlike most other meta\-commands, the entire remainder of the line is always taken to be the argument(s) of +\fB\e!\fR, and neither variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are performed in the arguments\&. The rest of the line is simply passed literally to the shell\&. +.RE +.PP +\e? [ \fItopic\fR ] +.RS 4 +Shows help information\&. The optional +\fItopic\fR +parameter (defaulting to +commands) selects which part of +psql +is explained: +commands +describes +psql\*(Aqs backslash commands; +options +describes the command\-line options that can be passed to +psql; and +variables +shows help about +psql +configuration variables\&. +.RE +.PP +\e; +.RS 4 +Backslash\-semicolon is not a meta\-command in the same way as the preceding commands; rather, it simply causes a semicolon to be added to the query buffer without any further processing\&. +.sp +Normally, +psql +will dispatch a SQL command to the server as soon as it reaches the command\-ending semicolon, even if more input remains on the current line\&. Thus for example entering +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +select 1; select 2; select 3; +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +will result in the three SQL commands being individually sent to the server, with each one\*(Aqs results being displayed before continuing to the next command\&. However, a semicolon entered as +\e; +will not trigger command processing, so that the command before it and the one after are effectively combined and sent to the server in one request\&. So for example +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +select 1\e; select 2\e; select 3; +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +results in sending the three SQL commands to the server in a single request, when the non\-backslashed semicolon is reached\&. The server executes such a request as a single transaction, unless there are explicit +\fBBEGIN\fR/\fBCOMMIT\fR +commands included in the string to divide it into multiple transactions\&. (See +Section\ \&52.2.2.1 +for more details about how the server handles multi\-query strings\&.) +psql +prints only the last query result it receives for each request; in this example, although all three +\fBSELECT\fRs are indeed executed, +psql +only prints the +3\&. +.RE +.sp +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBPatterns\fR +.RS 4 +.PP +The various +\ed +commands accept a +\fIpattern\fR +parameter to specify the object name(s) to be displayed\&. In the simplest case, a pattern is just the exact name of the object\&. The characters within a pattern are normally folded to lower case, just as in SQL names; for example, +\edt FOO +will display the table named +foo\&. As in SQL names, placing double quotes around a pattern stops folding to lower case\&. Should you need to include an actual double quote character in a pattern, write it as a pair of double quotes within a double\-quote sequence; again this is in accord with the rules for SQL quoted identifiers\&. For example, +\edt "FOO""BAR" +will display the table named +FOO"BAR +(not +foo"bar)\&. Unlike the normal rules for SQL names, you can put double quotes around just part of a pattern, for instance +\edt FOO"FOO"BAR +will display the table named +fooFOObar\&. +.PP +Whenever the +\fIpattern\fR +parameter is omitted completely, the +\ed +commands display all objects that are visible in the current schema search path \(em this is equivalent to using +* +as the pattern\&. (An object is said to be +visible +if its containing schema is in the search path and no object of the same kind and name appears earlier in the search path\&. This is equivalent to the statement that the object can be referenced by name without explicit schema qualification\&.) To see all objects in the database regardless of visibility, use +*\&.* +as the pattern\&. +.PP +Within a pattern, +* +matches any sequence of characters (including no characters) and +? +matches any single character\&. (This notation is comparable to Unix shell file name patterns\&.) For example, +\edt int* +displays tables whose names begin with +int\&. But within double quotes, +* +and +? +lose these special meanings and are just matched literally\&. +.PP +A pattern that contains a dot (\&.) is interpreted as a schema name pattern followed by an object name pattern\&. For example, +\edt foo*\&.*bar* +displays all tables whose table name includes +bar +that are in schemas whose schema name starts with +foo\&. When no dot appears, then the pattern matches only objects that are visible in the current schema search path\&. Again, a dot within double quotes loses its special meaning and is matched literally\&. +.PP +Advanced users can use regular\-expression notations such as character classes, for example +[0\-9] +to match any digit\&. All regular expression special characters work as specified in +Section\ \&9.7.3, except for +\&. +which is taken as a separator as mentioned above, +* +which is translated to the regular\-expression notation +\&.*, +? +which is translated to +\&., and +$ +which is matched literally\&. You can emulate these pattern characters at need by writing +? +for +\&., +(\fIR\fR+|) +for +\fIR\fR*, or +(\fIR\fR|) +for +\fIR\fR?\&. +$ +is not needed as a regular\-expression character since the pattern must match the whole name, unlike the usual interpretation of regular expressions (in other words, +$ +is automatically appended to your pattern)\&. Write +* +at the beginning and/or end if you don\*(Aqt wish the pattern to be anchored\&. Note that within double quotes, all regular expression special characters lose their special meanings and are matched literally\&. Also, the regular expression special characters are matched literally in operator name patterns (i\&.e\&., the argument of +\edo)\&. +.RE +.SS "Advanced Features" +.sp +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBVariables\fR +.RS 4 +.PP +psql +provides variable substitution features similar to common Unix command shells\&. Variables are simply name/value pairs, where the value can be any string of any length\&. The name must consist of letters (including non\-Latin letters), digits, and underscores\&. +.PP +To set a variable, use the +psql +meta\-command +\fB\eset\fR\&. For example, +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +testdb=> \fB\eset foo bar\fR +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +sets the variable +foo +to the value +bar\&. To retrieve the content of the variable, precede the name with a colon, for example: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +testdb=> \fB\eecho :foo\fR +bar +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +This works in both regular SQL commands and meta\-commands; there is more detail in +SQL Interpolation, below\&. +.PP +If you call +\fB\eset\fR +without a second argument, the variable is set to an empty\-string value\&. To unset (i\&.e\&., delete) a variable, use the command +\fB\eunset\fR\&. To show the values of all variables, call +\fB\eset\fR +without any argument\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBNote\fR +.ps -1 +.br +.PP +The arguments of +\fB\eset\fR +are subject to the same substitution rules as with other commands\&. Thus you can construct interesting references such as +\eset :foo \*(Aqsomething\*(Aq +and get +\(lqsoft links\(rq +or +\(lqvariable variables\(rq +of +Perl +or +PHP +fame, respectively\&. Unfortunately (or fortunately?), there is no way to do anything useful with these constructs\&. On the other hand, +\eset bar :foo +is a perfectly valid way to copy a variable\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.PP +A number of these variables are treated specially by +psql\&. They represent certain option settings that can be changed at run time by altering the value of the variable, or in some cases represent changeable state of +psql\&. By convention, all specially treated variables\*(Aq names consist of all upper\-case ASCII letters (and possibly digits and underscores)\&. To ensure maximum compatibility in the future, avoid using such variable names for your own purposes\&. +.PP +Variables that control +psql\*(Aqs behavior generally cannot be unset or set to invalid values\&. An +\eunset +command is allowed but is interpreted as setting the variable to its default value\&. A +\eset +command without a second argument is interpreted as setting the variable to +on, for control variables that accept that value, and is rejected for others\&. Also, control variables that accept the values +on +and +off +will also accept other common spellings of Boolean values, such as +true +and +false\&. +.PP +The specially treated variables are: +.PP +\fIAUTOCOMMIT\fR +.RS 4 +When +on +(the default), each SQL command is automatically committed upon successful completion\&. To postpone commit in this mode, you must enter a +\fBBEGIN\fR +or +\fBSTART TRANSACTION\fR +SQL command\&. When +off +or unset, SQL commands are not committed until you explicitly issue +\fBCOMMIT\fR +or +\fBEND\fR\&. The autocommit\-off mode works by issuing an implicit +\fBBEGIN\fR +for you, just before any command that is not already in a transaction block and is not itself a +\fBBEGIN\fR +or other transaction\-control command, nor a command that cannot be executed inside a transaction block (such as +\fBVACUUM\fR)\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBNote\fR +.ps -1 +.br +In autocommit\-off mode, you must explicitly abandon any failed transaction by entering +\fBABORT\fR +or +\fBROLLBACK\fR\&. Also keep in mind that if you exit the session without committing, your work will be lost\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBNote\fR +.ps -1 +.br +The autocommit\-on mode is +PostgreSQL\*(Aqs traditional behavior, but autocommit\-off is closer to the SQL spec\&. If you prefer autocommit\-off, you might wish to set it in the system\-wide +psqlrc +file or your +~/\&.psqlrc +file\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\fICOMP_KEYWORD_CASE\fR +.RS 4 +Determines which letter case to use when completing an SQL key word\&. If set to +lower +or +upper, the completed word will be in lower or upper case, respectively\&. If set to +preserve\-lower +or +preserve\-upper +(the default), the completed word will be in the case of the word already entered, but words being completed without anything entered will be in lower or upper case, respectively\&. +.RE +.PP +\fIDBNAME\fR +.RS 4 +The name of the database you are currently connected to\&. This is set every time you connect to a database (including program start\-up), but can be changed or unset\&. +.RE +.PP +\fIECHO\fR +.RS 4 +If set to +all, all nonempty input lines are printed to standard output as they are read\&. (This does not apply to lines read interactively\&.) To select this behavior on program start\-up, use the switch +\fB\-a\fR\&. If set to +queries, +psql +prints each query to standard output as it is sent to the server\&. The switch to select this behavior is +\fB\-e\fR\&. If set to +errors, then only failed queries are displayed on standard error output\&. The switch for this behavior is +\fB\-b\fR\&. If set to +none +(the default), then no queries are displayed\&. +.RE +.PP +\fIECHO_HIDDEN\fR +.RS 4 +When this variable is set to +on +and a backslash command queries the database, the query is first shown\&. This feature helps you to study +PostgreSQL +internals and provide similar functionality in your own programs\&. (To select this behavior on program start\-up, use the switch +\fB\-E\fR\&.) If you set this variable to the value +noexec, the queries are just shown but are not actually sent to the server and executed\&. The default value is +off\&. +.RE +.PP +\fIENCODING\fR +.RS 4 +The current client character set encoding\&. This is set every time you connect to a database (including program start\-up), and when you change the encoding with +\eencoding, but it can be changed or unset\&. +.RE +.PP +\fIERROR\fR +.RS 4 +true +if the last SQL query failed, +false +if it succeeded\&. See also +\fISQLSTATE\fR\&. +.RE +.PP +\fIFETCH_COUNT\fR +.RS 4 +If this variable is set to an integer value greater than zero, the results of +\fBSELECT\fR +queries are fetched and displayed in groups of that many rows, rather than the default behavior of collecting the entire result set before display\&. Therefore only a limited amount of memory is used, regardless of the size of the result set\&. Settings of 100 to 1000 are commonly used when enabling this feature\&. Keep in mind that when using this feature, a query might fail after having already displayed some rows\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBTip\fR +.ps -1 +.br +Although you can use any output format with this feature, the default +aligned +format tends to look bad because each group of +\fIFETCH_COUNT\fR +rows will be formatted separately, leading to varying column widths across the row groups\&. The other output formats work better\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\fIHIDE_TABLEAM\fR +.RS 4 +If this variable is set to +true, a table\*(Aqs access method details are not displayed\&. This is mainly useful for regression tests\&. +.RE +.PP +\fIHISTCONTROL\fR +.RS 4 +If this variable is set to +ignorespace, lines which begin with a space are not entered into the history list\&. If set to a value of +ignoredups, lines matching the previous history line are not entered\&. A value of +ignoreboth +combines the two options\&. If set to +none +(the default), all lines read in interactive mode are saved on the history list\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBNote\fR +.ps -1 +.br +This feature was shamelessly plagiarized from +Bash\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\fIHISTFILE\fR +.RS 4 +The file name that will be used to store the history list\&. If unset, the file name is taken from the +\fBPSQL_HISTORY\fR +environment variable\&. If that is not set either, the default is +~/\&.psql_history, or +%APPDATA%\epostgresql\epsql_history +on Windows\&. For example, putting: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +\eset HISTFILE ~/\&.psql_history\- :DBNAME +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +in +~/\&.psqlrc +will cause +psql +to maintain a separate history for each database\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBNote\fR +.ps -1 +.br +This feature was shamelessly plagiarized from +Bash\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\fIHISTSIZE\fR +.RS 4 +The maximum number of commands to store in the command history (default 500)\&. If set to a negative value, no limit is applied\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBNote\fR +.ps -1 +.br +This feature was shamelessly plagiarized from +Bash\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\fIHOST\fR +.RS 4 +The database server host you are currently connected to\&. This is set every time you connect to a database (including program start\-up), but can be changed or unset\&. +.RE +.PP +\fIIGNOREEOF\fR +.RS 4 +If set to 1 or less, sending an +EOF +character (usually +Control+D) to an interactive session of +psql +will terminate the application\&. If set to a larger numeric value, that many consecutive +EOF +characters must be typed to make an interactive session terminate\&. If the variable is set to a non\-numeric value, it is interpreted as 10\&. The default is 0\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBNote\fR +.ps -1 +.br +This feature was shamelessly plagiarized from +Bash\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.PP +\fILASTOID\fR +.RS 4 +The value of the last affected OID, as returned from an +\fBINSERT\fR +or +\fB\elo_import\fR +command\&. This variable is only guaranteed to be valid until after the result of the next +SQL +command has been displayed\&. +PostgreSQL +servers since version 12 do not support OID system columns anymore, thus LASTOID will always be 0 following +\fBINSERT\fR +when targeting such servers\&. +.RE +.PP +\fILAST_ERROR_MESSAGE\fR +.br +\fILAST_ERROR_SQLSTATE\fR +.RS 4 +The primary error message and associated SQLSTATE code for the most recent failed query in the current +psql +session, or an empty string and +00000 +if no error has occurred in the current session\&. +.RE +.PP +\fION_ERROR_ROLLBACK\fR +.RS 4 +When set to +on, if a statement in a transaction block generates an error, the error is ignored and the transaction continues\&. When set to +interactive, such errors are only ignored in interactive sessions, and not when reading script files\&. When set to +off +(the default), a statement in a transaction block that generates an error aborts the entire transaction\&. The error rollback mode works by issuing an implicit +\fBSAVEPOINT\fR +for you, just before each command that is in a transaction block, and then rolling back to the savepoint if the command fails\&. +.RE +.PP +\fION_ERROR_STOP\fR +.RS 4 +By default, command processing continues after an error\&. When this variable is set to +on, processing will instead stop immediately\&. In interactive mode, +psql +will return to the command prompt; otherwise, +psql +will exit, returning error code 3 to distinguish this case from fatal error conditions, which are reported using error code 1\&. In either case, any currently running scripts (the top\-level script, if any, and any other scripts which it may have in invoked) will be terminated immediately\&. If the top\-level command string contained multiple SQL commands, processing will stop with the current command\&. +.RE +.PP +\fIPORT\fR +.RS 4 +The database server port to which you are currently connected\&. This is set every time you connect to a database (including program start\-up), but can be changed or unset\&. +.RE +.PP +\fIPROMPT1\fR +.br +\fIPROMPT2\fR +.br +\fIPROMPT3\fR +.RS 4 +These specify what the prompts +psql +issues should look like\&. See +Prompting +below\&. +.RE +.PP +\fIQUIET\fR +.RS 4 +Setting this variable to +on +is equivalent to the command line option +\fB\-q\fR\&. It is probably not too useful in interactive mode\&. +.RE +.PP +\fIROW_COUNT\fR +.RS 4 +The number of rows returned or affected by the last SQL query, or 0 if the query failed or did not report a row count\&. +.RE +.PP +\fISERVER_VERSION_NAME\fR +.br +\fISERVER_VERSION_NUM\fR +.RS 4 +The server\*(Aqs version number as a string, for example +9\&.6\&.2, +10\&.1 +or +11beta1, and in numeric form, for example +90602 +or +100001\&. These are set every time you connect to a database (including program start\-up), but can be changed or unset\&. +.RE +.PP +\fISHOW_CONTEXT\fR +.RS 4 +This variable can be set to the values +never, +errors, or +always +to control whether +CONTEXT +fields are displayed in messages from the server\&. The default is +errors +(meaning that context will be shown in error messages, but not in notice or warning messages)\&. This setting has no effect when +\fIVERBOSITY\fR +is set to +terse +or +sqlstate\&. (See also +\fB\eerrverbose\fR, for use when you want a verbose version of the error you just got\&.) +.RE +.PP +\fISINGLELINE\fR +.RS 4 +Setting this variable to +on +is equivalent to the command line option +\fB\-S\fR\&. +.RE +.PP +\fISINGLESTEP\fR +.RS 4 +Setting this variable to +on +is equivalent to the command line option +\fB\-s\fR\&. +.RE +.PP +\fISQLSTATE\fR +.RS 4 +The error code (see +Appendix\ \&A) associated with the last SQL query\*(Aqs failure, or +00000 +if it succeeded\&. +.RE +.PP +\fIUSER\fR +.RS 4 +The database user you are currently connected as\&. This is set every time you connect to a database (including program start\-up), but can be changed or unset\&. +.RE +.PP +\fIVERBOSITY\fR +.RS 4 +This variable can be set to the values +default, +verbose, +terse, or +sqlstate +to control the verbosity of error reports\&. (See also +\fB\eerrverbose\fR, for use when you want a verbose version of the error you just got\&.) +.RE +.PP +\fIVERSION\fR +.br +\fIVERSION_NAME\fR +.br +\fIVERSION_NUM\fR +.RS 4 +These variables are set at program start\-up to reflect +psql\*(Aqs version, respectively as a verbose string, a short string (e\&.g\&., +9\&.6\&.2, +10\&.1, or +11beta1), and a number (e\&.g\&., +90602 +or +100001)\&. They can be changed or unset\&. +.RE +.RE +.sp +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBSQL Interpolation\fR +.RS 4 +.PP +A key feature of +psql +variables is that you can substitute (\(lqinterpolate\(rq) them into regular +SQL +statements, as well as the arguments of meta\-commands\&. Furthermore, +psql +provides facilities for ensuring that variable values used as SQL literals and identifiers are properly quoted\&. The syntax for interpolating a value without any quoting is to prepend the variable name with a colon (:)\&. For example, +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +testdb=> \fB\eset foo \*(Aqmy_table\*(Aq\fR +testdb=> \fBSELECT * FROM :foo;\fR +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +would query the table +my_table\&. Note that this may be unsafe: the value of the variable is copied literally, so it can contain unbalanced quotes, or even backslash commands\&. You must make sure that it makes sense where you put it\&. +.PP +When a value is to be used as an SQL literal or identifier, it is safest to arrange for it to be quoted\&. To quote the value of a variable as an SQL literal, write a colon followed by the variable name in single quotes\&. To quote the value as an SQL identifier, write a colon followed by the variable name in double quotes\&. These constructs deal correctly with quotes and other special characters embedded within the variable value\&. The previous example would be more safely written this way: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +testdb=> \fB\eset foo \*(Aqmy_table\*(Aq\fR +testdb=> \fBSELECT * FROM :"foo";\fR +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.PP +Variable interpolation will not be performed within quoted +SQL +literals and identifiers\&. Therefore, a construction such as +\*(Aq:foo\*(Aq +doesn\*(Aqt work to produce a quoted literal from a variable\*(Aqs value (and it would be unsafe if it did work, since it wouldn\*(Aqt correctly handle quotes embedded in the value)\&. +.PP +One example use of this mechanism is to copy the contents of a file into a table column\&. First load the file into a variable and then interpolate the variable\*(Aqs value as a quoted string: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +testdb=> \fB\eset content `cat my_file\&.txt`\fR +testdb=> \fBINSERT INTO my_table VALUES (:\*(Aqcontent\*(Aq);\fR +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +(Note that this still won\*(Aqt work if +my_file\&.txt +contains NUL bytes\&. +psql +does not support embedded NUL bytes in variable values\&.) +.PP +Since colons can legally appear in SQL commands, an apparent attempt at interpolation (that is, +:name, +:\*(Aqname\*(Aq, or +:"name") is not replaced unless the named variable is currently set\&. In any case, you can escape a colon with a backslash to protect it from substitution\&. +.PP +The +:{?\fIname\fR} +special syntax returns TRUE or FALSE depending on whether the variable exists or not, and is thus always substituted, unless the colon is backslash\-escaped\&. +.PP +The colon syntax for variables is standard +SQL +for embedded query languages, such as +ECPG\&. The colon syntaxes for array slices and type casts are +PostgreSQL +extensions, which can sometimes conflict with the standard usage\&. The colon\-quote syntax for escaping a variable\*(Aqs value as an SQL literal or identifier is a +psql +extension\&. +.RE +.sp +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBPrompting\fR +.RS 4 +.PP +The prompts +psql +issues can be customized to your preference\&. The three variables +\fIPROMPT1\fR, +\fIPROMPT2\fR, and +\fIPROMPT3\fR +contain strings and special escape sequences that describe the appearance of the prompt\&. Prompt 1 is the normal prompt that is issued when +psql +requests a new command\&. Prompt 2 is issued when more input is expected during command entry, for example because the command was not terminated with a semicolon or a quote was not closed\&. Prompt 3 is issued when you are running an +SQL +\fBCOPY FROM STDIN\fR +command and you need to type in a row value on the terminal\&. +.PP +The value of the selected prompt variable is printed literally, except where a percent sign (%) is encountered\&. Depending on the next character, certain other text is substituted instead\&. Defined substitutions are: +.PP +%M +.RS 4 +The full host name (with domain name) of the database server, or +[local] +if the connection is over a Unix domain socket, or +[local:\fI/dir/name\fR], if the Unix domain socket is not at the compiled in default location\&. +.RE +.PP +%m +.RS 4 +The host name of the database server, truncated at the first dot, or +[local] +if the connection is over a Unix domain socket\&. +.RE +.PP +%> +.RS 4 +The port number at which the database server is listening\&. +.RE +.PP +%n +.RS 4 +The database session user name\&. (The expansion of this value might change during a database session as the result of the command +\fBSET SESSION AUTHORIZATION\fR\&.) +.RE +.PP +%/ +.RS 4 +The name of the current database\&. +.RE +.PP +%~ +.RS 4 +Like +%/, but the output is +~ +(tilde) if the database is your default database\&. +.RE +.PP +%# +.RS 4 +If the session user is a database superuser, then a +#, otherwise a +>\&. (The expansion of this value might change during a database session as the result of the command +\fBSET SESSION AUTHORIZATION\fR\&.) +.RE +.PP +%p +.RS 4 +The process ID of the backend currently connected to\&. +.RE +.PP +%R +.RS 4 +In prompt 1 normally +=, but +@ +if the session is in an inactive branch of a conditional block, or +^ +if in single\-line mode, or +! +if the session is disconnected from the database (which can happen if +\fB\econnect\fR +fails)\&. In prompt 2 +%R +is replaced by a character that depends on why +psql +expects more input: +\- +if the command simply wasn\*(Aqt terminated yet, but +* +if there is an unfinished +/* \&.\&.\&. */ +comment, a single quote if there is an unfinished quoted string, a double quote if there is an unfinished quoted identifier, a dollar sign if there is an unfinished dollar\-quoted string, or +( +if there is an unmatched left parenthesis\&. In prompt 3 +%R +doesn\*(Aqt produce anything\&. +.RE +.PP +%x +.RS 4 +Transaction status: an empty string when not in a transaction block, or +* +when in a transaction block, or +! +when in a failed transaction block, or +? +when the transaction state is indeterminate (for example, because there is no connection)\&. +.RE +.PP +%l +.RS 4 +The line number inside the current statement, starting from +1\&. +.RE +.PP +%\fIdigits\fR +.RS 4 +The character with the indicated octal code is substituted\&. +.RE +.PP +%:\fIname\fR: +.RS 4 +The value of the +psql +variable +\fIname\fR\&. See +Variables, above, for details\&. +.RE +.PP +%`\fIcommand\fR` +.RS 4 +The output of +\fIcommand\fR, similar to ordinary +\(lqback\-tick\(rq +substitution\&. +.RE +.PP +%[ \&.\&.\&. %] +.RS 4 +Prompts can contain terminal control characters which, for example, change the color, background, or style of the prompt text, or change the title of the terminal window\&. In order for the line editing features of +Readline +to work properly, these non\-printing control characters must be designated as invisible by surrounding them with +%[ +and +%]\&. Multiple pairs of these can occur within the prompt\&. For example: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +testdb=> \eset PROMPT1 \*(Aq%[%033[1;33;40m%]%n@%/%R%[%033[0m%]%# \*(Aq +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +results in a boldfaced (1;) yellow\-on\-black (33;40) prompt on VT100\-compatible, color\-capable terminals\&. +.RE +.PP +%w +.RS 4 +Whitespace of the same width as the most recent output of +\fIPROMPT1\fR\&. This can be used as a +\fIPROMPT2\fR +setting, so that multi\-line statements are aligned with the first line, but there is no visible secondary prompt\&. +.RE +To insert a percent sign into your prompt, write +%%\&. The default prompts are +\*(Aq%/%R%x%# \*(Aq +for prompts 1 and 2, and +\*(Aq>> \*(Aq +for prompt 3\&. +.if n \{\ +.sp +.\} +.RS 4 +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBNote\fR +.ps -1 +.br +.PP +This feature was shamelessly plagiarized from +tcsh\&. +.sp .5v +.RE +.RE +.sp +.it 1 an-trap +.nr an-no-space-flag 1 +.nr an-break-flag 1 +.br +.ps +1 +\fBCommand-Line Editing\fR +.RS 4 +.PP +psql +supports the +Readline +library for convenient line editing and retrieval\&. The command history is automatically saved when +psql +exits and is reloaded when +psql +starts up\&. Tab\-completion is also supported, although the completion logic makes no claim to be an +SQL +parser\&. The queries generated by tab\-completion can also interfere with other SQL commands, e\&.g\&., +SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL\&. If for some reason you do not like the tab completion, you can turn it off by putting this in a file named +\&.inputrc +in your home directory: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +$if psql +set disable\-completion on +$endif +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +(This is not a +psql +but a +Readline +feature\&. Read its documentation for further details\&.) +.RE +.SH "ENVIRONMENT" +.PP +\fBCOLUMNS\fR +.RS 4 +If +\epset columns +is zero, controls the width for the +wrapped +format and width for determining if wide output requires the pager or should be switched to the vertical format in expanded auto mode\&. +.RE +.PP +\fBPGDATABASE\fR +.br +\fBPGHOST\fR +.br +\fBPGPORT\fR +.br +\fBPGUSER\fR +.RS 4 +Default connection parameters (see +Section\ \&33.14)\&. +.RE +.PP +\fBPG_COLOR\fR +.RS 4 +Specifies whether to use color in diagnostic messages\&. Possible values are +always, +auto +and +never\&. +.RE +.PP +\fBPSQL_EDITOR\fR +.br +\fBEDITOR\fR +.br +\fBVISUAL\fR +.RS 4 +Editor used by the +\fB\ee\fR, +\fB\eef\fR, and +\fB\eev\fR +commands\&. These variables are examined in the order listed; the first that is set is used\&. If none of them is set, the default is to use +vi +on Unix systems or +notepad\&.exe +on Windows systems\&. +.RE +.PP +\fBPSQL_EDITOR_LINENUMBER_ARG\fR +.RS 4 +When +\fB\ee\fR, +\fB\eef\fR, or +\fB\eev\fR +is used with a line number argument, this variable specifies the command\-line argument used to pass the starting line number to the user\*(Aqs editor\&. For editors such as +Emacs +or +vi, this is a plus sign\&. Include a trailing space in the value of the variable if there needs to be space between the option name and the line number\&. Examples: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +PSQL_EDITOR_LINENUMBER_ARG=\*(Aq+\*(Aq +PSQL_EDITOR_LINENUMBER_ARG=\*(Aq\-\-line \*(Aq +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +The default is ++ +on Unix systems (corresponding to the default editor +vi, and useful for many other common editors); but there is no default on Windows systems\&. +.RE +.PP +\fBPSQL_HISTORY\fR +.RS 4 +Alternative location for the command history file\&. Tilde (~) expansion is performed\&. +.RE +.PP +\fBPSQL_PAGER\fR +.br +\fBPAGER\fR +.RS 4 +If a query\*(Aqs results do not fit on the screen, they are piped through this command\&. Typical values are +more +or +less\&. Use of the pager can be disabled by setting +\fBPSQL_PAGER\fR +or +\fBPAGER\fR +to an empty string, or by adjusting the pager\-related options of the +\fB\epset\fR +command\&. These variables are examined in the order listed; the first that is set is used\&. If none of them is set, the default is to use +more +on most platforms, but +less +on Cygwin\&. +.RE +.PP +\fBPSQLRC\fR +.RS 4 +Alternative location of the user\*(Aqs +\&.psqlrc +file\&. Tilde (~) expansion is performed\&. +.RE +.PP +\fBSHELL\fR +.RS 4 +Command executed by the +\fB\e!\fR +command\&. +.RE +.PP +\fBTMPDIR\fR +.RS 4 +Directory for storing temporary files\&. The default is +/tmp\&. +.RE +.PP +This utility, like most other +PostgreSQL +utilities, also uses the environment variables supported by +libpq +(see +Section\ \&33.14)\&. +.SH "FILES" +.PP +psqlrc and ~/\&.psqlrc +.RS 4 +Unless it is passed an +\fB\-X\fR +option, +psql +attempts to read and execute commands from the system\-wide startup file (psqlrc) and then the user\*(Aqs personal startup file (~/\&.psqlrc), after connecting to the database but before accepting normal commands\&. These files can be used to set up the client and/or the server to taste, typically with +\fB\eset\fR +and +\fBSET\fR +commands\&. +.sp +The system\-wide startup file is named +psqlrc +and is sought in the installation\*(Aqs +\(lqsystem configuration\(rq +directory, which is most reliably identified by running +pg_config \-\-sysconfdir\&. By default this directory will be +\&.\&./etc/ +relative to the directory containing the +PostgreSQL +executables\&. The name of this directory can be set explicitly via the +\fBPGSYSCONFDIR\fR +environment variable\&. +.sp +The user\*(Aqs personal startup file is named +\&.psqlrc +and is sought in the invoking user\*(Aqs home directory\&. On Windows, which lacks such a concept, the personal startup file is named +%APPDATA%\epostgresql\epsqlrc\&.conf\&. The location of the user\*(Aqs startup file can be set explicitly via the +\fBPSQLRC\fR +environment variable\&. +.sp +Both the system\-wide startup file and the user\*(Aqs personal startup file can be made +psql\-version\-specific by appending a dash and the +PostgreSQL +major or minor release number to the file name, for example +~/\&.psqlrc\-9\&.2 +or +~/\&.psqlrc\-9\&.2\&.5\&. The most specific version\-matching file will be read in preference to a non\-version\-specific file\&. +.RE +.PP +\&.psql_history +.RS 4 +The command\-line history is stored in the file +~/\&.psql_history, or +%APPDATA%\epostgresql\epsql_history +on Windows\&. +.sp +The location of the history file can be set explicitly via the +\fIHISTFILE\fR +psql +variable or the +\fBPSQL_HISTORY\fR +environment variable\&. +.RE +.SH "NOTES" +.sp +.RS 4 +.ie n \{\ +\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c +.\} +.el \{\ +.sp -1 +.IP \(bu 2.3 +.\} +psql +works best with servers of the same or an older major version\&. Backslash commands are particularly likely to fail if the server is of a newer version than +psql +itself\&. However, backslash commands of the +\ed +family should work with servers of versions back to 7\&.4, though not necessarily with servers newer than +psql +itself\&. The general functionality of running SQL commands and displaying query results should also work with servers of a newer major version, but this cannot be guaranteed in all cases\&. +.sp +If you want to use +psql +to connect to several servers of different major versions, it is recommended that you use the newest version of +psql\&. Alternatively, you can keep around a copy of +psql +from each major version and be sure to use the version that matches the respective server\&. But in practice, this additional complication should not be necessary\&. +.RE +.sp +.RS 4 +.ie n \{\ +\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c +.\} +.el \{\ +.sp -1 +.IP \(bu 2.3 +.\} +Before +PostgreSQL +9\&.6, the +\fB\-c\fR +option implied +\fB\-X\fR +(\fB\-\-no\-psqlrc\fR); this is no longer the case\&. +.RE +.sp +.RS 4 +.ie n \{\ +\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c +.\} +.el \{\ +.sp -1 +.IP \(bu 2.3 +.\} +Before +PostgreSQL +8\&.4, +psql +allowed the first argument of a single\-letter backslash command to start directly after the command, without intervening whitespace\&. Now, some whitespace is required\&. +.RE +.SH "NOTES FOR WINDOWS USERS" +.PP +psql +is built as a +\(lqconsole application\(rq\&. Since the Windows console windows use a different encoding than the rest of the system, you must take special care when using 8\-bit characters within +psql\&. If +psql +detects a problematic console code page, it will warn you at startup\&. To change the console code page, two things are necessary: +.sp +.RS 4 +.ie n \{\ +\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c +.\} +.el \{\ +.sp -1 +.IP \(bu 2.3 +.\} +Set the code page by entering +\fBcmd\&.exe /c chcp 1252\fR\&. (1252 is a code page that is appropriate for German; replace it with your value\&.) If you are using Cygwin, you can put this command in +/etc/profile\&. +.RE +.sp +.RS 4 +.ie n \{\ +\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c +.\} +.el \{\ +.sp -1 +.IP \(bu 2.3 +.\} +Set the console font to +Lucida Console, because the raster font does not work with the ANSI code page\&. +.RE +.SH "EXAMPLES" +.PP +The first example shows how to spread a command over several lines of input\&. Notice the changing prompt: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +testdb=> \fBCREATE TABLE my_table (\fR +testdb(> \fB first integer not null default 0,\fR +testdb(> \fB second text)\fR +testdb\-> \fB;\fR +CREATE TABLE +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +Now look at the table definition again: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +testdb=> \fB\ed my_table\fR + Table "public\&.my_table" + Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default +\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-+\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-+\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-+\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-+\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- + first | integer | | not null | 0 + second | text | | | +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +Now we change the prompt to something more interesting: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +testdb=> \fB\eset PROMPT1 \*(Aq%n@%m %~%R%# \*(Aq\fR +peter@localhost testdb=> +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +Let\*(Aqs assume you have filled the table with data and want to take a look at it: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +peter@localhost testdb=> SELECT * FROM my_table; + first | second +\-\-\-\-\-\-\-+\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- + 1 | one + 2 | two + 3 | three + 4 | four +(4 rows) +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +You can display tables in different ways by using the +\fB\epset\fR +command: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +peter@localhost testdb=> \fB\epset border 2\fR +Border style is 2\&. +peter@localhost testdb=> \fBSELECT * FROM my_table;\fR ++\-\-\-\-\-\-\-+\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-+ +| first | second | ++\-\-\-\-\-\-\-+\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-+ +| 1 | one | +| 2 | two | +| 3 | three | +| 4 | four | ++\-\-\-\-\-\-\-+\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-+ +(4 rows) + +peter@localhost testdb=> \fB\epset border 0\fR +Border style is 0\&. +peter@localhost testdb=> \fBSELECT * FROM my_table;\fR +first second +\-\-\-\-\- \-\-\-\-\-\- + 1 one + 2 two + 3 three + 4 four +(4 rows) + +peter@localhost testdb=> \fB\epset border 1\fR +Border style is 1\&. +peter@localhost testdb=> \fB\epset format csv\fR +Output format is csv\&. +peter@localhost testdb=> \fB\epset tuples_only\fR +Tuples only is on\&. +peter@localhost testdb=> \fBSELECT second, first FROM my_table;\fR +one,1 +two,2 +three,3 +four,4 +peter@localhost testdb=> \fB\epset format unaligned\fR +Output format is unaligned\&. +peter@localhost testdb=> \fB\epset fieldsep \*(Aq\et\*(Aq\fR +Field separator is " "\&. +peter@localhost testdb=> \fBSELECT second, first FROM my_table;\fR +one 1 +two 2 +three 3 +four 4 +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +Alternatively, use the short commands: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +peter@localhost testdb=> \fB\ea \et \ex\fR +Output format is aligned\&. +Tuples only is off\&. +Expanded display is on\&. +peter@localhost testdb=> \fBSELECT * FROM my_table;\fR +\-[ RECORD 1 ]\- +first | 1 +second | one +\-[ RECORD 2 ]\- +first | 2 +second | two +\-[ RECORD 3 ]\- +first | 3 +second | three +\-[ RECORD 4 ]\- +first | 4 +second | four +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.PP +Also, these output format options can be set for just one query by using +\eg: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +peter@localhost testdb=> \fBSELECT * FROM my_table\fR +peter@localhost testdb\-> \fB\eg (format=aligned tuples_only=off expanded=on)\fR +\-[ RECORD 1 ]\- +first | 1 +second | one +\-[ RECORD 2 ]\- +first | 2 +second | two +\-[ RECORD 3 ]\- +first | 3 +second | three +\-[ RECORD 4 ]\- +first | 4 +second | four +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.PP +When suitable, query results can be shown in a crosstab representation with the +\fB\ecrosstabview\fR +command: +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +testdb=> \fBSELECT first, second, first > 2 AS gt2 FROM my_table;\fR + first | second | gt2 +\-\-\-\-\-\-\-+\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-+\-\-\-\-\- + 1 | one | f + 2 | two | f + 3 | three | t + 4 | four | t +(4 rows) + +testdb=> \fB\ecrosstabview first second\fR + first | one | two | three | four +\-\-\-\-\-\-\-+\-\-\-\-\-+\-\-\-\-\-+\-\-\-\-\-\-\-+\-\-\-\-\-\- + 1 | f | | | + 2 | | f | | + 3 | | | t | + 4 | | | | t +(4 rows) +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} +.sp +This second example shows a multiplication table with rows sorted in reverse numerical order and columns with an independent, ascending numerical order\&. +.sp +.if n \{\ +.RS 4 +.\} +.nf +testdb=> \fBSELECT t1\&.first as "A", t2\&.first+100 AS "B", t1\&.first*(t2\&.first+100) as "AxB",\fR +testdb(> \fBrow_number() over(order by t2\&.first) AS ord\fR +testdb(> \fBFROM my_table t1 CROSS JOIN my_table t2 ORDER BY 1 DESC\fR +testdb(> \fB\ecrosstabview "A" "B" "AxB" ord\fR + A | 101 | 102 | 103 | 104 +\-\-\-+\-\-\-\-\-+\-\-\-\-\-+\-\-\-\-\-+\-\-\-\-\- + 4 | 404 | 408 | 412 | 416 + 3 | 303 | 306 | 309 | 312 + 2 | 202 | 204 | 206 | 208 + 1 | 101 | 102 | 103 | 104 +(4 rows) +.fi +.if n \{\ +.RE +.\} + |