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+--
+-- STRINGS
+-- Test various data entry syntaxes.
+--
+-- SQL string continuation syntax
+-- E021-03 character string literals
+SELECT 'first line'
+' - next line'
+ ' - third line'
+ AS "Three lines to one";
+ Three lines to one
+-------------------------------------
+ first line - next line - third line
+(1 row)
+
+-- illegal string continuation syntax
+SELECT 'first line'
+' - next line' /* this comment is not allowed here */
+' - third line'
+ AS "Illegal comment within continuation";
+ERROR: syntax error at or near "' - third line'"
+LINE 3: ' - third line'
+ ^
+-- Unicode escapes
+SET standard_conforming_strings TO on;
+SELECT U&'d\0061t\+000061' AS U&"d\0061t\+000061";
+ data
+------
+ data
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT U&'d!0061t\+000061' UESCAPE '!' AS U&"d*0061t\+000061" UESCAPE '*';
+ dat\+000061
+-------------
+ dat\+000061
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT U&'a\\b' AS "a\b";
+ a\b
+-----
+ a\b
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT U&' \' UESCAPE '!' AS "tricky";
+ tricky
+--------
+ \
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'tricky' AS U&"\" UESCAPE '!';
+ \
+--------
+ tricky
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT U&'wrong: \061';
+ERROR: invalid Unicode escape
+LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \061';
+ ^
+HINT: Unicode escapes must be \XXXX or \+XXXXXX.
+SELECT U&'wrong: \+0061';
+ERROR: invalid Unicode escape
+LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \+0061';
+ ^
+HINT: Unicode escapes must be \XXXX or \+XXXXXX.
+SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE +;
+ERROR: UESCAPE must be followed by a simple string literal at or near "+"
+LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE +;
+ ^
+SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE '+';
+ERROR: invalid Unicode escape character at or near "'+'"
+LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE '+';
+ ^
+SELECT U&'wrong: \db99';
+ERROR: invalid Unicode surrogate pair
+LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \db99';
+ ^
+SELECT U&'wrong: \db99xy';
+ERROR: invalid Unicode surrogate pair
+LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \db99xy';
+ ^
+SELECT U&'wrong: \db99\\';
+ERROR: invalid Unicode surrogate pair
+LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \db99\\';
+ ^
+SELECT U&'wrong: \db99\0061';
+ERROR: invalid Unicode surrogate pair
+LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \db99\0061';
+ ^
+SELECT U&'wrong: \+00db99\+000061';
+ERROR: invalid Unicode surrogate pair
+LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \+00db99\+000061';
+ ^
+SELECT U&'wrong: \+2FFFFF';
+ERROR: invalid Unicode escape value
+LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \+2FFFFF';
+ ^
+-- while we're here, check the same cases in E-style literals
+SELECT E'd\u0061t\U00000061' AS "data";
+ data
+------
+ data
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'a\\b' AS "a\b";
+ a\b
+-----
+ a\b
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'wrong: \u061';
+ERROR: invalid Unicode escape
+LINE 1: SELECT E'wrong: \u061';
+ ^
+HINT: Unicode escapes must be \uXXXX or \UXXXXXXXX.
+SELECT E'wrong: \U0061';
+ERROR: invalid Unicode escape
+LINE 1: SELECT E'wrong: \U0061';
+ ^
+HINT: Unicode escapes must be \uXXXX or \UXXXXXXXX.
+SELECT E'wrong: \udb99';
+ERROR: invalid Unicode surrogate pair at or near "'"
+LINE 1: SELECT E'wrong: \udb99';
+ ^
+SELECT E'wrong: \udb99xy';
+ERROR: invalid Unicode surrogate pair at or near "x"
+LINE 1: SELECT E'wrong: \udb99xy';
+ ^
+SELECT E'wrong: \udb99\\';
+ERROR: invalid Unicode surrogate pair at or near "\"
+LINE 1: SELECT E'wrong: \udb99\\';
+ ^
+SELECT E'wrong: \udb99\u0061';
+ERROR: invalid Unicode surrogate pair at or near "\u0061"
+LINE 1: SELECT E'wrong: \udb99\u0061';
+ ^
+SELECT E'wrong: \U0000db99\U00000061';
+ERROR: invalid Unicode surrogate pair at or near "\U00000061"
+LINE 1: SELECT E'wrong: \U0000db99\U00000061';
+ ^
+SELECT E'wrong: \U002FFFFF';
+ERROR: invalid Unicode escape value at or near "\U002FFFFF"
+LINE 1: SELECT E'wrong: \U002FFFFF';
+ ^
+SET standard_conforming_strings TO off;
+SELECT U&'d\0061t\+000061' AS U&"d\0061t\+000061";
+ERROR: unsafe use of string constant with Unicode escapes
+LINE 1: SELECT U&'d\0061t\+000061' AS U&"d\0061t\+000061";
+ ^
+DETAIL: String constants with Unicode escapes cannot be used when standard_conforming_strings is off.
+SELECT U&'d!0061t\+000061' UESCAPE '!' AS U&"d*0061t\+000061" UESCAPE '*';
+ERROR: unsafe use of string constant with Unicode escapes
+LINE 1: SELECT U&'d!0061t\+000061' UESCAPE '!' AS U&"d*0061t\+000061...
+ ^
+DETAIL: String constants with Unicode escapes cannot be used when standard_conforming_strings is off.
+SELECT U&' \' UESCAPE '!' AS "tricky";
+ERROR: unsafe use of string constant with Unicode escapes
+LINE 1: SELECT U&' \' UESCAPE '!' AS "tricky";
+ ^
+DETAIL: String constants with Unicode escapes cannot be used when standard_conforming_strings is off.
+SELECT 'tricky' AS U&"\" UESCAPE '!';
+ \
+--------
+ tricky
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT U&'wrong: \061';
+ERROR: unsafe use of string constant with Unicode escapes
+LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \061';
+ ^
+DETAIL: String constants with Unicode escapes cannot be used when standard_conforming_strings is off.
+SELECT U&'wrong: \+0061';
+ERROR: unsafe use of string constant with Unicode escapes
+LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: \+0061';
+ ^
+DETAIL: String constants with Unicode escapes cannot be used when standard_conforming_strings is off.
+SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE '+';
+ERROR: unsafe use of string constant with Unicode escapes
+LINE 1: SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE '+';
+ ^
+DETAIL: String constants with Unicode escapes cannot be used when standard_conforming_strings is off.
+RESET standard_conforming_strings;
+-- bytea
+SET bytea_output TO hex;
+SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEf'::bytea;
+ bytea
+------------
+ \xdeadbeef
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\x De Ad Be Ef '::bytea;
+ bytea
+------------
+ \xdeadbeef
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeE'::bytea;
+ERROR: invalid hexadecimal data: odd number of digits
+LINE 1: SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeE'::bytea;
+ ^
+SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEx'::bytea;
+ERROR: invalid hexadecimal digit: "x"
+LINE 1: SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEx'::bytea;
+ ^
+SELECT E'\\xDe00BeEf'::bytea;
+ bytea
+------------
+ \xde00beef
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'DeAdBeEf'::bytea;
+ bytea
+--------------------
+ \x4465416442654566
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'De\\000dBeEf'::bytea;
+ bytea
+--------------------
+ \x4465006442654566
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'De\123dBeEf'::bytea;
+ bytea
+--------------------
+ \x4465536442654566
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'De\\123dBeEf'::bytea;
+ bytea
+--------------------
+ \x4465536442654566
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'De\\678dBeEf'::bytea;
+ERROR: invalid input syntax for type bytea
+LINE 1: SELECT E'De\\678dBeEf'::bytea;
+ ^
+SET bytea_output TO escape;
+SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEf'::bytea;
+ bytea
+------------------
+ \336\255\276\357
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\x De Ad Be Ef '::bytea;
+ bytea
+------------------
+ \336\255\276\357
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'\\xDe00BeEf'::bytea;
+ bytea
+------------------
+ \336\000\276\357
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'DeAdBeEf'::bytea;
+ bytea
+----------
+ DeAdBeEf
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'De\\000dBeEf'::bytea;
+ bytea
+-------------
+ De\000dBeEf
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT E'De\\123dBeEf'::bytea;
+ bytea
+----------
+ DeSdBeEf
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- test conversions between various string types
+-- E021-10 implicit casting among the character data types
+--
+SELECT CAST(f1 AS text) AS "text(char)" FROM CHAR_TBL;
+ text(char)
+------------
+ a
+ ab
+ abcd
+ abcd
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT CAST(f1 AS text) AS "text(varchar)" FROM VARCHAR_TBL;
+ text(varchar)
+---------------
+ a
+ ab
+ abcd
+ abcd
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT CAST(name 'namefield' AS text) AS "text(name)";
+ text(name)
+------------
+ namefield
+(1 row)
+
+-- since this is an explicit cast, it should truncate w/o error:
+SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(10)) AS "char(text)" FROM TEXT_TBL;
+ char(text)
+------------
+ doh!
+ hi de ho n
+(2 rows)
+
+-- note: implicit-cast case is tested in char.sql
+SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(20)) AS "char(text)" FROM TEXT_TBL;
+ char(text)
+----------------------
+ doh!
+ hi de ho neighbor
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(10)) AS "char(varchar)" FROM VARCHAR_TBL;
+ char(varchar)
+---------------
+ a
+ ab
+ abcd
+ abcd
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT CAST(name 'namefield' AS char(10)) AS "char(name)";
+ char(name)
+------------
+ namefield
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT CAST(f1 AS varchar) AS "varchar(text)" FROM TEXT_TBL;
+ varchar(text)
+-------------------
+ doh!
+ hi de ho neighbor
+(2 rows)
+
+SELECT CAST(f1 AS varchar) AS "varchar(char)" FROM CHAR_TBL;
+ varchar(char)
+---------------
+ a
+ ab
+ abcd
+ abcd
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT CAST(name 'namefield' AS varchar) AS "varchar(name)";
+ varchar(name)
+---------------
+ namefield
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- test SQL string functions
+-- E### and T### are feature reference numbers from SQL99
+--
+-- E021-09 trim function
+SELECT TRIM(BOTH FROM ' bunch o blanks ') = 'bunch o blanks' AS "bunch o blanks";
+ bunch o blanks
+----------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT TRIM(LEADING FROM ' bunch o blanks ') = 'bunch o blanks ' AS "bunch o blanks ";
+ bunch o blanks
+------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT TRIM(TRAILING FROM ' bunch o blanks ') = ' bunch o blanks' AS " bunch o blanks";
+ bunch o blanks
+------------------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT TRIM(BOTH 'x' FROM 'xxxxxsome Xsxxxxx') = 'some Xs' AS "some Xs";
+ some Xs
+---------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- E021-06 substring expression
+SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890' FROM 3) = '34567890' AS "34567890";
+ 34567890
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890' FROM 4 FOR 3) = '456' AS "456";
+ 456
+-----
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- test overflow cases
+SELECT SUBSTRING('string' FROM 2 FOR 2147483646) AS "tring";
+ tring
+-------
+ tring
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT SUBSTRING('string' FROM -10 FOR 2147483646) AS "string";
+ string
+--------
+ string
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT SUBSTRING('string' FROM -10 FOR -2147483646) AS "error";
+ERROR: negative substring length not allowed
+-- T581 regular expression substring (with SQL's bizarre regexp syntax)
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a#"(b_d)#"%' FOR '#') AS "bcd";
+ bcd
+-----
+ bcd
+(1 row)
+
+-- No match should return NULL
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM '#"(b_d)#"%' FOR '#') IS NULL AS "True";
+ True
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- Null inputs should return NULL
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM '%' FOR NULL) IS NULL AS "True";
+ True
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT SUBSTRING(NULL FROM '%' FOR '#') IS NULL AS "True";
+ True
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM NULL FOR '#') IS NULL AS "True";
+ True
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- The first and last parts should act non-greedy
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a#"%#"g' FOR '#') AS "bcdef";
+ bcdef
+-------
+ bcdef
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a*#"%#"g*' FOR '#') AS "abcdefg";
+ abcdefg
+---------
+ abcdefg
+(1 row)
+
+-- Vertical bar in any part affects only that part
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a|b#"%#"g' FOR '#') AS "bcdef";
+ bcdef
+-------
+ bcdef
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a#"%#"x|g' FOR '#') AS "bcdef";
+ bcdef
+-------
+ bcdef
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a#"%|ab#"g' FOR '#') AS "bcdef";
+ bcdef
+-------
+ bcdef
+(1 row)
+
+-- Can't have more than two part separators
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a*#"%#"g*#"x' FOR '#') AS "error";
+ERROR: SQL regular expression may not contain more than two escape-double-quote separators
+CONTEXT: SQL function "substring" statement 1
+-- Postgres extension: with 0 or 1 separator, assume parts 1 and 3 are empty
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a#"%g' FOR '#') AS "bcdefg";
+ bcdefg
+--------
+ bcdefg
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a%g' FOR '#') AS "abcdefg";
+ abcdefg
+---------
+ abcdefg
+(1 row)
+
+-- substring() with just two arguments is not allowed by SQL spec;
+-- we accept it, but we interpret the pattern as a POSIX regexp not SQL
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'c.e') AS "cde";
+ cde
+-----
+ cde
+(1 row)
+
+-- With a parenthesized subexpression, return only what matches the subexpr
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'b(.*)f') AS "cde";
+ cde
+-----
+ cde
+(1 row)
+
+-- Check behavior of SIMILAR TO, which uses largely the same regexp variant
+SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd%' AS true;
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO 'bcd%' AS false;
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd#%' ESCAPE '#' AS false;
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'abcd%' SIMILAR TO '_bcd#%' ESCAPE '#' AS true;
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- Postgres uses '\' as the default escape character, which is not per spec
+SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd\%' AS false;
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- and an empty string to mean "no escape", which is also not per spec
+SELECT 'abcd\efg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd\%' ESCAPE '' AS true;
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- these behaviors are per spec, though:
+SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd%' ESCAPE NULL AS null;
+ null
+------
+
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd#%' ESCAPE '##' AS error;
+ERROR: invalid escape string
+HINT: Escape string must be empty or one character.
+-- Test back reference in regexp_replace
+SELECT regexp_replace('1112223333', E'(\\d{3})(\\d{3})(\\d{4})', E'(\\1) \\2-\\3');
+ regexp_replace
+----------------
+ (111) 222-3333
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT regexp_replace('AAA BBB CCC ', E'\\s+', ' ', 'g');
+ regexp_replace
+----------------
+ AAA BBB CCC
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT regexp_replace('AAA', '^|$', 'Z', 'g');
+ regexp_replace
+----------------
+ ZAAAZ
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT regexp_replace('AAA aaa', 'A+', 'Z', 'gi');
+ regexp_replace
+----------------
+ Z Z
+(1 row)
+
+-- invalid regexp option
+SELECT regexp_replace('AAA aaa', 'A+', 'Z', 'z');
+ERROR: invalid regular expression option: "z"
+-- set so we can tell NULL from empty string
+\pset null '\\N'
+-- return all matches from regexp
+SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(beque)$re$);
+ regexp_matches
+----------------
+ {bar,beque}
+(1 row)
+
+-- test case insensitive
+SELECT regexp_matches('foObARbEqUEbAz', $re$(bar)(beque)$re$, 'i');
+ regexp_matches
+----------------
+ {bAR,bEqUE}
+(1 row)
+
+-- global option - more than one match
+SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebazilbarfbonk', $re$(b[^b]+)(b[^b]+)$re$, 'g');
+ regexp_matches
+----------------
+ {bar,beque}
+ {bazil,barf}
+(2 rows)
+
+-- empty capture group (matched empty string)
+SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(.*)(beque)$re$);
+ regexp_matches
+----------------
+ {bar,"",beque}
+(1 row)
+
+-- no match
+SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(.+)(beque)$re$);
+ regexp_matches
+----------------
+(0 rows)
+
+-- optional capture group did not match, null entry in array
+SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(.+)?(beque)$re$);
+ regexp_matches
+------------------
+ {bar,NULL,beque}
+(1 row)
+
+-- no capture groups
+SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$barbeque$re$);
+ regexp_matches
+----------------
+ {barbeque}
+(1 row)
+
+-- start/end-of-line matches are of zero length
+SELECT regexp_matches('foo' || chr(10) || 'bar' || chr(10) || 'bequq' || chr(10) || 'baz', '^', 'mg');
+ regexp_matches
+----------------
+ {""}
+ {""}
+ {""}
+ {""}
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT regexp_matches('foo' || chr(10) || 'bar' || chr(10) || 'bequq' || chr(10) || 'baz', '$', 'mg');
+ regexp_matches
+----------------
+ {""}
+ {""}
+ {""}
+ {""}
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT regexp_matches('1' || chr(10) || '2' || chr(10) || '3' || chr(10) || '4' || chr(10), '^.?', 'mg');
+ regexp_matches
+----------------
+ {1}
+ {2}
+ {3}
+ {4}
+ {""}
+(5 rows)
+
+SELECT regexp_matches(chr(10) || '1' || chr(10) || '2' || chr(10) || '3' || chr(10) || '4' || chr(10), '.?$', 'mg');
+ regexp_matches
+----------------
+ {""}
+ {1}
+ {""}
+ {2}
+ {""}
+ {3}
+ {""}
+ {4}
+ {""}
+ {""}
+(10 rows)
+
+SELECT regexp_matches(chr(10) || '1' || chr(10) || '2' || chr(10) || '3' || chr(10) || '4', '.?$', 'mg');
+ regexp_matches
+----------------
+ {""}
+ {1}
+ {""}
+ {2}
+ {""}
+ {3}
+ {""}
+ {4}
+ {""}
+(9 rows)
+
+-- give me errors
+SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(beque)$re$, 'gz');
+ERROR: invalid regular expression option: "z"
+SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(barbeque$re$);
+ERROR: invalid regular expression: parentheses () not balanced
+SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(beque){2,1}$re$);
+ERROR: invalid regular expression: invalid repetition count(s)
+-- split string on regexp
+SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s+$re$) AS foo;
+ foo | length
+-------+--------
+ the | 3
+ quick | 5
+ brown | 5
+ fox | 3
+ jumps | 5
+ over | 4
+ the | 3
+ lazy | 4
+ dog | 3
+(9 rows)
+
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s+$re$);
+ regexp_split_to_array
+-----------------------------------------------
+ {the,quick,brown,fox,jumps,over,the,lazy,dog}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s*$re$) AS foo;
+ foo | length
+-----+--------
+ t | 1
+ h | 1
+ e | 1
+ q | 1
+ u | 1
+ i | 1
+ c | 1
+ k | 1
+ b | 1
+ r | 1
+ o | 1
+ w | 1
+ n | 1
+ f | 1
+ o | 1
+ x | 1
+ j | 1
+ u | 1
+ m | 1
+ p | 1
+ s | 1
+ o | 1
+ v | 1
+ e | 1
+ r | 1
+ t | 1
+ h | 1
+ e | 1
+ l | 1
+ a | 1
+ z | 1
+ y | 1
+ d | 1
+ o | 1
+ g | 1
+(35 rows)
+
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s*$re$);
+ regexp_split_to_array
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ {t,h,e,q,u,i,c,k,b,r,o,w,n,f,o,x,j,u,m,p,s,o,v,e,r,t,h,e,l,a,z,y,d,o,g}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', '') AS foo;
+ foo | length
+-----+--------
+ t | 1
+ h | 1
+ e | 1
+ | 1
+ q | 1
+ u | 1
+ i | 1
+ c | 1
+ k | 1
+ | 1
+ b | 1
+ r | 1
+ o | 1
+ w | 1
+ n | 1
+ | 1
+ f | 1
+ o | 1
+ x | 1
+ | 1
+ j | 1
+ u | 1
+ m | 1
+ p | 1
+ s | 1
+ | 1
+ o | 1
+ v | 1
+ e | 1
+ r | 1
+ | 1
+ t | 1
+ h | 1
+ e | 1
+ | 1
+ l | 1
+ a | 1
+ z | 1
+ y | 1
+ | 1
+ d | 1
+ o | 1
+ g | 1
+(43 rows)
+
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', '');
+ regexp_split_to_array
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ {t,h,e," ",q,u,i,c,k," ",b,r,o,w,n," ",f,o,x," ",j,u,m,p,s," ",o,v,e,r," ",t,h,e," ",l,a,z,y," ",d,o,g}
+(1 row)
+
+-- case insensitive
+SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'i') AS foo;
+ foo | length
+---------------------------+--------
+ th | 2
+ QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ov | 25
+ r Th | 4
+ lazy dOG | 9
+(4 rows)
+
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'i');
+ regexp_split_to_array
+-----------------------------------------------------
+ {th," QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ov","r Th"," lazy dOG"}
+(1 row)
+
+-- no match of pattern
+SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', 'nomatch') AS foo;
+ foo | length
+---------------------------------------------+--------
+ the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog | 43
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', 'nomatch');
+ regexp_split_to_array
+-------------------------------------------------
+ {"the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"}
+(1 row)
+
+-- some corner cases
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','1');
+ regexp_split_to_array
+-----------------------
+ {"",23456}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','6');
+ regexp_split_to_array
+-----------------------
+ {12345,""}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','.');
+ regexp_split_to_array
+------------------------
+ {"","","","","","",""}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','');
+ regexp_split_to_array
+-----------------------
+ {1,2,3,4,5,6}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','(?:)');
+ regexp_split_to_array
+-----------------------
+ {1,2,3,4,5,6}
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('1','');
+ regexp_split_to_array
+-----------------------
+ {1}
+(1 row)
+
+-- errors
+SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'zippy') AS foo;
+ERROR: invalid regular expression option: "z"
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'iz');
+ERROR: invalid regular expression option: "z"
+-- global option meaningless for regexp_split
+SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'g') AS foo;
+ERROR: regexp_split_to_table() does not support the "global" option
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'g');
+ERROR: regexp_split_to_array() does not support the "global" option
+-- change NULL-display back
+\pset null ''
+-- E021-11 position expression
+SELECT POSITION('4' IN '1234567890') = '4' AS "4";
+ 4
+---
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT POSITION('5' IN '1234567890') = '5' AS "5";
+ 5
+---
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- T312 character overlay function
+SELECT OVERLAY('abcdef' PLACING '45' FROM 4) AS "abc45f";
+ abc45f
+--------
+ abc45f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT OVERLAY('yabadoo' PLACING 'daba' FROM 5) AS "yabadaba";
+ yabadaba
+----------
+ yabadaba
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT OVERLAY('yabadoo' PLACING 'daba' FROM 5 FOR 0) AS "yabadabadoo";
+ yabadabadoo
+-------------
+ yabadabadoo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT OVERLAY('babosa' PLACING 'ubb' FROM 2 FOR 4) AS "bubba";
+ bubba
+-------
+ bubba
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- test LIKE
+-- Be sure to form every test as a LIKE/NOT LIKE pair.
+--
+-- simplest examples
+-- E061-04 like predicate
+SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'h%' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'h%' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'H%' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'H%' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'indio%' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'indio%' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'h%eye' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'h%eye' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'indio' LIKE '_ndio' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE '_ndio' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'indio' LIKE 'in__o' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE 'in__o' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'indio' LIKE 'in_o' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE 'in_o' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+-- unused escape character
+SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'h%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'h%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'indio' LIKE 'ind_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE 'ind_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- escape character
+-- E061-05 like predicate with escape clause
+SELECT 'h%' LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'h%' NOT LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'h%wkeye' LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'h%wkeye' NOT LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'h%wkeye' LIKE 'h#%%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'h%wkeye' NOT LIKE 'h#%%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'h%awkeye' LIKE 'h#%a%k%e' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'h%awkeye' NOT LIKE 'h#%a%k%e' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'indio' LIKE '_ndio' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE '_ndio' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'i_dio' LIKE 'i$_d_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'i_dio' NOT LIKE 'i$_d_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'i_dio' LIKE 'i$_nd_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'i_dio' NOT LIKE 'i$_nd_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'i_dio' LIKE 'i$_d%o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'i_dio' NOT LIKE 'i$_d%o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+-- escape character same as pattern character
+SELECT 'maca' LIKE 'm%aca' ESCAPE '%' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'maca' NOT LIKE 'm%aca' ESCAPE '%' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'ma%a' LIKE 'm%a%%a' ESCAPE '%' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'ma%a' NOT LIKE 'm%a%%a' ESCAPE '%' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'bear' LIKE 'b_ear' ESCAPE '_' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'bear' NOT LIKE 'b_ear' ESCAPE '_' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'be_r' LIKE 'b_e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'be_r' NOT LIKE 'b_e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'be_r' LIKE '__e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'be_r' NOT LIKE '__e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- test ILIKE (case-insensitive LIKE)
+-- Be sure to form every test as an ILIKE/NOT ILIKE pair.
+--
+SELECT 'hawkeye' ILIKE 'h%' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'h%' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' ILIKE 'H%' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'H%' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' ILIKE 'H%Eye' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'H%Eye' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'Hawkeye' ILIKE 'h%' AS "true";
+ true
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'Hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'h%' AS "false";
+ false
+-------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- test %/_ combination cases, cf bugs #4821 and #5478
+--
+SELECT 'foo' LIKE '_%' as t, 'f' LIKE '_%' as t, '' LIKE '_%' as f;
+ t | t | f
+---+---+---
+ t | t | f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'foo' LIKE '%_' as t, 'f' LIKE '%_' as t, '' LIKE '%_' as f;
+ t | t | f
+---+---+---
+ t | t | f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'foo' LIKE '__%' as t, 'foo' LIKE '___%' as t, 'foo' LIKE '____%' as f;
+ t | t | f
+---+---+---
+ t | t | f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'foo' LIKE '%__' as t, 'foo' LIKE '%___' as t, 'foo' LIKE '%____' as f;
+ t | t | f
+---+---+---
+ t | t | f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT 'jack' LIKE '%____%' AS t;
+ t
+---
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- basic tests of LIKE with indexes
+--
+CREATE TABLE texttest (a text PRIMARY KEY, b int);
+SELECT * FROM texttest WHERE a LIKE '%1%';
+ a | b
+---+---
+(0 rows)
+
+CREATE TABLE byteatest (a bytea PRIMARY KEY, b int);
+SELECT * FROM byteatest WHERE a LIKE '%1%';
+ a | b
+---+---
+(0 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE texttest, byteatest;
+--
+-- test implicit type conversion
+--
+-- E021-07 character concatenation
+SELECT 'unknown' || ' and unknown' AS "Concat unknown types";
+ Concat unknown types
+----------------------
+ unknown and unknown
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT text 'text' || ' and unknown' AS "Concat text to unknown type";
+ Concat text to unknown type
+-----------------------------
+ text and unknown
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT char(20) 'characters' || ' and text' AS "Concat char to unknown type";
+ Concat char to unknown type
+-----------------------------
+ characters and text
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT text 'text' || char(20) ' and characters' AS "Concat text to char";
+ Concat text to char
+---------------------
+ text and characters
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT text 'text' || varchar ' and varchar' AS "Concat text to varchar";
+ Concat text to varchar
+------------------------
+ text and varchar
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- test substr with toasted text values
+--
+CREATE TABLE toasttest(f1 text);
+insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
+insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
+--
+-- Ensure that some values are uncompressed, to test the faster substring
+-- operation used in that case
+--
+alter table toasttest alter column f1 set storage external;
+insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
+insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
+-- If the starting position is zero or less, then return from the start of the string
+-- adjusting the length to be consistent with the "negative start" per SQL.
+SELECT substr(f1, -1, 5) from toasttest;
+ substr
+--------
+ 123
+ 123
+ 123
+ 123
+(4 rows)
+
+-- If the length is less than zero, an ERROR is thrown.
+SELECT substr(f1, 5, -1) from toasttest;
+ERROR: negative substring length not allowed
+-- If no third argument (length) is provided, the length to the end of the
+-- string is assumed.
+SELECT substr(f1, 99995) from toasttest;
+ substr
+--------
+ 567890
+ 567890
+ 567890
+ 567890
+(4 rows)
+
+-- If start plus length is > string length, the result is truncated to
+-- string length
+SELECT substr(f1, 99995, 10) from toasttest;
+ substr
+--------
+ 567890
+ 567890
+ 567890
+ 567890
+(4 rows)
+
+TRUNCATE TABLE toasttest;
+INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
+INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
+INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
+INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
+-- expect >0 blocks
+SELECT pg_relation_size(reltoastrelid) = 0 AS is_empty
+ FROM pg_class where relname = 'toasttest';
+ is_empty
+----------
+ f
+(1 row)
+
+TRUNCATE TABLE toasttest;
+ALTER TABLE toasttest set (toast_tuple_target = 4080);
+INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
+INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
+INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
+INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
+-- expect 0 blocks
+SELECT pg_relation_size(reltoastrelid) = 0 AS is_empty
+ FROM pg_class where relname = 'toasttest';
+ is_empty
+----------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TABLE toasttest;
+--
+-- test substr with toasted bytea values
+--
+CREATE TABLE toasttest(f1 bytea);
+insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
+insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
+--
+-- Ensure that some values are uncompressed, to test the faster substring
+-- operation used in that case
+--
+alter table toasttest alter column f1 set storage external;
+insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
+insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
+-- If the starting position is zero or less, then return from the start of the string
+-- adjusting the length to be consistent with the "negative start" per SQL.
+SELECT substr(f1, -1, 5) from toasttest;
+ substr
+--------
+ 123
+ 123
+ 123
+ 123
+(4 rows)
+
+-- If the length is less than zero, an ERROR is thrown.
+SELECT substr(f1, 5, -1) from toasttest;
+ERROR: negative substring length not allowed
+-- If no third argument (length) is provided, the length to the end of the
+-- string is assumed.
+SELECT substr(f1, 99995) from toasttest;
+ substr
+--------
+ 567890
+ 567890
+ 567890
+ 567890
+(4 rows)
+
+-- If start plus length is > string length, the result is truncated to
+-- string length
+SELECT substr(f1, 99995, 10) from toasttest;
+ substr
+--------
+ 567890
+ 567890
+ 567890
+ 567890
+(4 rows)
+
+DROP TABLE toasttest;
+-- test internally compressing datums
+-- this tests compressing a datum to a very small size which exercises a
+-- corner case in packed-varlena handling: even though small, the compressed
+-- datum must be given a 4-byte header because there are no bits to indicate
+-- compression in a 1-byte header
+CREATE TABLE toasttest (c char(4096));
+INSERT INTO toasttest VALUES('x');
+SELECT length(c), c::text FROM toasttest;
+ length | c
+--------+---
+ 1 | x
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT c FROM toasttest;
+ c
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ x
+(1 row)
+
+DROP TABLE toasttest;
+--
+-- test length
+--
+SELECT length('abcdef') AS "length_6";
+ length_6
+----------
+ 6
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- test strpos
+--
+SELECT strpos('abcdef', 'cd') AS "pos_3";
+ pos_3
+-------
+ 3
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT strpos('abcdef', 'xy') AS "pos_0";
+ pos_0
+-------
+ 0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT strpos('abcdef', '') AS "pos_1";
+ pos_1
+-------
+ 1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT strpos('', 'xy') AS "pos_0";
+ pos_0
+-------
+ 0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT strpos('', '') AS "pos_1";
+ pos_1
+-------
+ 1
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- test replace
+--
+SELECT replace('abcdef', 'de', '45') AS "abc45f";
+ abc45f
+--------
+ abc45f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT replace('yabadabadoo', 'ba', '123') AS "ya123da123doo";
+ ya123da123doo
+---------------
+ ya123da123doo
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT replace('yabadoo', 'bad', '') AS "yaoo";
+ yaoo
+------
+ yaoo
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- test split_part
+--
+select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',0) AS "an error";
+ERROR: field position must be greater than zero
+select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',1) AS "joeuser";
+ joeuser
+---------
+ joeuser
+(1 row)
+
+select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',2) AS "mydatabase";
+ mydatabase
+------------
+ mydatabase
+(1 row)
+
+select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',3) AS "empty string";
+ empty string
+--------------
+
+(1 row)
+
+select split_part('@joeuser@mydatabase@','@',2) AS "joeuser";
+ joeuser
+---------
+ joeuser
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- test to_hex
+--
+select to_hex(256*256*256 - 1) AS "ffffff";
+ ffffff
+--------
+ ffffff
+(1 row)
+
+select to_hex(256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint - 1) AS "ffffffff";
+ ffffffff
+----------
+ ffffffff
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- MD5 test suite - from IETF RFC 1321
+-- (see: ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc1321.txt)
+--
+select md5('') = 'd41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e' AS "TRUE";
+ TRUE
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+select md5('a') = '0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661' AS "TRUE";
+ TRUE
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+select md5('abc') = '900150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72' AS "TRUE";
+ TRUE
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+select md5('message digest') = 'f96b697d7cb7938d525a2f31aaf161d0' AS "TRUE";
+ TRUE
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+select md5('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz') = 'c3fcd3d76192e4007dfb496cca67e13b' AS "TRUE";
+ TRUE
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+select md5('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789') = 'd174ab98d277d9f5a5611c2c9f419d9f' AS "TRUE";
+ TRUE
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+select md5('12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890') = '57edf4a22be3c955ac49da2e2107b67a' AS "TRUE";
+ TRUE
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+select md5(''::bytea) = 'd41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e' AS "TRUE";
+ TRUE
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+select md5('a'::bytea) = '0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661' AS "TRUE";
+ TRUE
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+select md5('abc'::bytea) = '900150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72' AS "TRUE";
+ TRUE
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+select md5('message digest'::bytea) = 'f96b697d7cb7938d525a2f31aaf161d0' AS "TRUE";
+ TRUE
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+select md5('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'::bytea) = 'c3fcd3d76192e4007dfb496cca67e13b' AS "TRUE";
+ TRUE
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+select md5('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789'::bytea) = 'd174ab98d277d9f5a5611c2c9f419d9f' AS "TRUE";
+ TRUE
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+select md5('12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890'::bytea) = '57edf4a22be3c955ac49da2e2107b67a' AS "TRUE";
+ TRUE
+------
+ t
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- SHA-2
+--
+SET bytea_output TO hex;
+SELECT sha224('');
+ sha224
+------------------------------------------------------------
+ \xd14a028c2a3a2bc9476102bb288234c415a2b01f828ea62ac5b3e42f
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT sha224('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');
+ sha224
+------------------------------------------------------------
+ \x619cba8e8e05826e9b8c519c0a5c68f4fb653e8a3d8aa04bb2c8cd4c
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT sha256('');
+ sha256
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ \xe3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT sha256('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');
+ sha256
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+ \xef537f25c895bfa782526529a9b63d97aa631564d5d789c2b765448c8635fb6c
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT sha384('');
+ sha384
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ \x38b060a751ac96384cd9327eb1b1e36a21fdb71114be07434c0cc7bf63f6e1da274edebfe76f65fbd51ad2f14898b95b
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT sha384('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');
+ sha384
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ \xed892481d8272ca6df370bf706e4d7bc1b5739fa2177aae6c50e946678718fc67a7af2819a021c2fc34e91bdb63409d7
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT sha512('');
+ sha512
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ \xcf83e1357eefb8bdf1542850d66d8007d620e4050b5715dc83f4a921d36ce9ce47d0d13c5d85f2b0ff8318d2877eec2f63b931bd47417a81a538327af927da3e
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT sha512('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');
+ sha512
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ \x91ea1245f20d46ae9a037a989f54f1f790f0a47607eeb8a14d12890cea77a1bbc6c7ed9cf205e67b7f2b8fd4c7dfd3a7a8617e45f3c463d481c7e586c39ac1ed
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- encode/decode
+--
+SELECT encode('\x1234567890abcdef00', 'hex');
+ encode
+--------------------
+ 1234567890abcdef00
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT decode('1234567890abcdef00', 'hex');
+ decode
+----------------------
+ \x1234567890abcdef00
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT encode(('\x' || repeat('1234567890abcdef0001', 7))::bytea, 'base64');
+ encode
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ EjRWeJCrze8AARI0VniQq83vAAESNFZ4kKvN7wABEjRWeJCrze8AARI0VniQq83vAAESNFZ4kKvN+
+ 7wABEjRWeJCrze8AAQ==
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT decode(encode(('\x' || repeat('1234567890abcdef0001', 7))::bytea,
+ 'base64'), 'base64');
+ decode
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ \x1234567890abcdef00011234567890abcdef00011234567890abcdef00011234567890abcdef00011234567890abcdef00011234567890abcdef00011234567890abcdef0001
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT encode('\x1234567890abcdef00', 'escape');
+ encode
+-----------------------------
+ \x124Vx\220\253\315\357\000
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT decode(encode('\x1234567890abcdef00', 'escape'), 'escape');
+ decode
+----------------------
+ \x1234567890abcdef00
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- get_bit/set_bit etc
+--
+SELECT get_bit('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 43);
+ get_bit
+---------
+ 1
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT get_bit('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 99); -- error
+ERROR: index 99 out of valid range, 0..71
+SELECT set_bit('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 43, 0);
+ set_bit
+----------------------
+ \x1234567890a3cdef00
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT set_bit('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 99, 0); -- error
+ERROR: index 99 out of valid range, 0..71
+SELECT get_byte('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 3);
+ get_byte
+----------
+ 120
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT get_byte('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 99); -- error
+ERROR: index 99 out of valid range, 0..8
+SELECT set_byte('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 7, 11);
+ set_byte
+----------------------
+ \x1234567890abcd0b00
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT set_byte('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 99, 11); -- error
+ERROR: index 99 out of valid range, 0..8
+--
+-- test behavior of escape_string_warning and standard_conforming_strings options
+--
+set escape_string_warning = off;
+set standard_conforming_strings = off;
+show escape_string_warning;
+ escape_string_warning
+-----------------------
+ off
+(1 row)
+
+show standard_conforming_strings;
+ standard_conforming_strings
+-----------------------------
+ off
+(1 row)
+
+set escape_string_warning = on;
+set standard_conforming_strings = on;
+show escape_string_warning;
+ escape_string_warning
+-----------------------
+ on
+(1 row)
+
+show standard_conforming_strings;
+ standard_conforming_strings
+-----------------------------
+ on
+(1 row)
+
+select 'a\bcd' as f1, 'a\b''cd' as f2, 'a\b''''cd' as f3, 'abcd\' as f4, 'ab\''cd' as f5, '\\' as f6;
+ f1 | f2 | f3 | f4 | f5 | f6
+-------+--------+---------+-------+--------+----
+ a\bcd | a\b'cd | a\b''cd | abcd\ | ab\'cd | \\
+(1 row)
+
+set standard_conforming_strings = off;
+select 'a\\bcd' as f1, 'a\\b\'cd' as f2, 'a\\b\'''cd' as f3, 'abcd\\' as f4, 'ab\\\'cd' as f5, '\\\\' as f6;
+WARNING: nonstandard use of \\ in a string literal
+LINE 1: select 'a\\bcd' as f1, 'a\\b\'cd' as f2, 'a\\b\'''cd' as f3,...
+ ^
+HINT: Use the escape string syntax for backslashes, e.g., E'\\'.
+WARNING: nonstandard use of \\ in a string literal
+LINE 1: select 'a\\bcd' as f1, 'a\\b\'cd' as f2, 'a\\b\'''cd' as f3,...
+ ^
+HINT: Use the escape string syntax for backslashes, e.g., E'\\'.
+WARNING: nonstandard use of \\ in a string literal
+LINE 1: select 'a\\bcd' as f1, 'a\\b\'cd' as f2, 'a\\b\'''cd' as f3,...
+ ^
+HINT: Use the escape string syntax for backslashes, e.g., E'\\'.
+WARNING: nonstandard use of \\ in a string literal
+LINE 1: ...bcd' as f1, 'a\\b\'cd' as f2, 'a\\b\'''cd' as f3, 'abcd\\' ...
+ ^
+HINT: Use the escape string syntax for backslashes, e.g., E'\\'.
+WARNING: nonstandard use of \\ in a string literal
+LINE 1: ...'cd' as f2, 'a\\b\'''cd' as f3, 'abcd\\' as f4, 'ab\\\'cd'...
+ ^
+HINT: Use the escape string syntax for backslashes, e.g., E'\\'.
+WARNING: nonstandard use of \\ in a string literal
+LINE 1: ...'''cd' as f3, 'abcd\\' as f4, 'ab\\\'cd' as f5, '\\\\' as ...
+ ^
+HINT: Use the escape string syntax for backslashes, e.g., E'\\'.
+ f1 | f2 | f3 | f4 | f5 | f6
+-------+--------+---------+-------+--------+----
+ a\bcd | a\b'cd | a\b''cd | abcd\ | ab\'cd | \\
+(1 row)
+
+set escape_string_warning = off;
+set standard_conforming_strings = on;
+select 'a\bcd' as f1, 'a\b''cd' as f2, 'a\b''''cd' as f3, 'abcd\' as f4, 'ab\''cd' as f5, '\\' as f6;
+ f1 | f2 | f3 | f4 | f5 | f6
+-------+--------+---------+-------+--------+----
+ a\bcd | a\b'cd | a\b''cd | abcd\ | ab\'cd | \\
+(1 row)
+
+set standard_conforming_strings = off;
+select 'a\\bcd' as f1, 'a\\b\'cd' as f2, 'a\\b\'''cd' as f3, 'abcd\\' as f4, 'ab\\\'cd' as f5, '\\\\' as f6;
+ f1 | f2 | f3 | f4 | f5 | f6
+-------+--------+---------+-------+--------+----
+ a\bcd | a\b'cd | a\b''cd | abcd\ | ab\'cd | \\
+(1 row)
+
+--
+-- Additional string functions
+--
+SET bytea_output TO escape;
+SELECT initcap('hi THOMAS');
+ initcap
+-----------
+ Hi Thomas
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT lpad('hi', 5, 'xy');
+ lpad
+-------
+ xyxhi
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT lpad('hi', 5);
+ lpad
+-------
+ hi
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT lpad('hi', -5, 'xy');
+ lpad
+------
+
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT lpad('hello', 2);
+ lpad
+------
+ he
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT lpad('hi', 5, '');
+ lpad
+------
+ hi
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT rpad('hi', 5, 'xy');
+ rpad
+-------
+ hixyx
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT rpad('hi', 5);
+ rpad
+-------
+ hi
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT rpad('hi', -5, 'xy');
+ rpad
+------
+
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT rpad('hello', 2);
+ rpad
+------
+ he
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT rpad('hi', 5, '');
+ rpad
+------
+ hi
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ltrim('zzzytrim', 'xyz');
+ ltrim
+-------
+ trim
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT translate('', '14', 'ax');
+ translate
+-----------
+
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT translate('12345', '14', 'ax');
+ translate
+-----------
+ a23x5
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ascii('x');
+ ascii
+-------
+ 120
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT ascii('');
+ ascii
+-------
+ 0
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT chr(65);
+ chr
+-----
+ A
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT chr(0);
+ERROR: null character not permitted
+SELECT repeat('Pg', 4);
+ repeat
+----------
+ PgPgPgPg
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT repeat('Pg', -4);
+ repeat
+--------
+
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890'::bytea FROM 3) "34567890";
+ 34567890
+----------
+ 34567890
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890'::bytea FROM 4 FOR 3) AS "456";
+ 456
+-----
+ 456
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT SUBSTRING('string'::bytea FROM 2 FOR 2147483646) AS "tring";
+ tring
+-------
+ tring
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT SUBSTRING('string'::bytea FROM -10 FOR 2147483646) AS "string";
+ string
+--------
+ string
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT SUBSTRING('string'::bytea FROM -10 FOR -2147483646) AS "error";
+ERROR: negative substring length not allowed
+SELECT trim(E'\\000'::bytea from E'\\000Tom\\000'::bytea);
+ btrim
+-------
+ Tom
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT btrim(E'\\000trim\\000'::bytea, E'\\000'::bytea);
+ btrim
+-------
+ trim
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT btrim(''::bytea, E'\\000'::bytea);
+ btrim
+-------
+
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT btrim(E'\\000trim\\000'::bytea, ''::bytea);
+ btrim
+--------------
+ \000trim\000
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT encode(overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea placing E'Th\\001omas'::bytea from 2),'escape');
+ encode
+-------------
+ TTh\x01omas
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT encode(overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea placing E'\\002\\003'::bytea from 8),'escape');
+ encode
+--------------------
+ Th\000omas\x02\x03
+(1 row)
+
+SELECT encode(overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea placing E'\\002\\003'::bytea from 5 for 3),'escape');
+ encode
+-----------------
+ Th\000o\x02\x03
+(1 row)
+
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.39.1) at 2024-11-10 08:45:48 +0000