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+--
+-- STRINGS
+-- Test various data entry syntaxes.
+--
+
+-- SQL string continuation syntax
+-- E021-03 character string literals
+SELECT 'first line'
+' - next line'
+	' - third line'
+	AS "Three lines to one";
+
+-- illegal string continuation syntax
+SELECT 'first line'
+' - next line' /* this comment is not allowed here */
+' - third line'
+	AS "Illegal comment within continuation";
+
+-- Unicode escapes
+SET standard_conforming_strings TO on;
+
+SELECT U&'d\0061t\+000061' AS U&"d\0061t\+000061";
+SELECT U&'d!0061t\+000061' UESCAPE '!' AS U&"d*0061t\+000061" UESCAPE '*';
+SELECT U&'a\\b' AS "a\b";
+
+SELECT U&' \' UESCAPE '!' AS "tricky";
+SELECT 'tricky' AS U&"\" UESCAPE '!';
+
+SELECT U&'wrong: \061';
+SELECT U&'wrong: \+0061';
+SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE +;
+SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE '+';
+
+SELECT U&'wrong: \db99';
+SELECT U&'wrong: \db99xy';
+SELECT U&'wrong: \db99\\';
+SELECT U&'wrong: \db99\0061';
+SELECT U&'wrong: \+00db99\+000061';
+SELECT U&'wrong: \+2FFFFF';
+
+-- while we're here, check the same cases in E-style literals
+SELECT E'd\u0061t\U00000061' AS "data";
+SELECT E'a\\b' AS "a\b";
+SELECT E'wrong: \u061';
+SELECT E'wrong: \U0061';
+SELECT E'wrong: \udb99';
+SELECT E'wrong: \udb99xy';
+SELECT E'wrong: \udb99\\';
+SELECT E'wrong: \udb99\u0061';
+SELECT E'wrong: \U0000db99\U00000061';
+SELECT E'wrong: \U002FFFFF';
+
+SET standard_conforming_strings TO off;
+
+SELECT U&'d\0061t\+000061' AS U&"d\0061t\+000061";
+SELECT U&'d!0061t\+000061' UESCAPE '!' AS U&"d*0061t\+000061" UESCAPE '*';
+
+SELECT U&' \' UESCAPE '!' AS "tricky";
+SELECT 'tricky' AS U&"\" UESCAPE '!';
+
+SELECT U&'wrong: \061';
+SELECT U&'wrong: \+0061';
+SELECT U&'wrong: +0061' UESCAPE '+';
+
+RESET standard_conforming_strings;
+
+-- bytea
+SET bytea_output TO hex;
+SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEf'::bytea;
+SELECT E'\\x De Ad Be Ef '::bytea;
+SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeE'::bytea;
+SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEx'::bytea;
+SELECT E'\\xDe00BeEf'::bytea;
+SELECT E'DeAdBeEf'::bytea;
+SELECT E'De\\000dBeEf'::bytea;
+SELECT E'De\123dBeEf'::bytea;
+SELECT E'De\\123dBeEf'::bytea;
+SELECT E'De\\678dBeEf'::bytea;
+
+SET bytea_output TO escape;
+SELECT E'\\xDeAdBeEf'::bytea;
+SELECT E'\\x De Ad Be Ef '::bytea;
+SELECT E'\\xDe00BeEf'::bytea;
+SELECT E'DeAdBeEf'::bytea;
+SELECT E'De\\000dBeEf'::bytea;
+SELECT E'De\\123dBeEf'::bytea;
+
+--
+-- test conversions between various string types
+-- E021-10 implicit casting among the character data types
+--
+
+SELECT CAST(f1 AS text) AS "text(char)" FROM CHAR_TBL;
+
+SELECT CAST(f1 AS text) AS "text(varchar)" FROM VARCHAR_TBL;
+
+SELECT CAST(name 'namefield' AS text) AS "text(name)";
+
+-- since this is an explicit cast, it should truncate w/o error:
+SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(10)) AS "char(text)" FROM TEXT_TBL;
+-- note: implicit-cast case is tested in char.sql
+
+SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(20)) AS "char(text)" FROM TEXT_TBL;
+
+SELECT CAST(f1 AS char(10)) AS "char(varchar)" FROM VARCHAR_TBL;
+
+SELECT CAST(name 'namefield' AS char(10)) AS "char(name)";
+
+SELECT CAST(f1 AS varchar) AS "varchar(text)" FROM TEXT_TBL;
+
+SELECT CAST(f1 AS varchar) AS "varchar(char)" FROM CHAR_TBL;
+
+SELECT CAST(name 'namefield' AS varchar) AS "varchar(name)";
+
+--
+-- test SQL string functions
+-- E### and T### are feature reference numbers from SQL99
+--
+
+-- E021-09 trim function
+SELECT TRIM(BOTH FROM '  bunch o blanks  ') = 'bunch o blanks' AS "bunch o blanks";
+
+SELECT TRIM(LEADING FROM '  bunch o blanks  ') = 'bunch o blanks  ' AS "bunch o blanks  ";
+
+SELECT TRIM(TRAILING FROM '  bunch o blanks  ') = '  bunch o blanks' AS "  bunch o blanks";
+
+SELECT TRIM(BOTH 'x' FROM 'xxxxxsome Xsxxxxx') = 'some Xs' AS "some Xs";
+
+-- E021-06 substring expression
+SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890' FROM 3) = '34567890' AS "34567890";
+
+SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890' FROM 4 FOR 3) = '456' AS "456";
+
+-- test overflow cases
+SELECT SUBSTRING('string' FROM 2 FOR 2147483646) AS "tring";
+SELECT SUBSTRING('string' FROM -10 FOR 2147483646) AS "string";
+SELECT SUBSTRING('string' FROM -10 FOR -2147483646) AS "error";
+
+-- T581 regular expression substring (with SQL's bizarre regexp syntax)
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a#"(b_d)#"%' FOR '#') AS "bcd";
+
+-- No match should return NULL
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM '#"(b_d)#"%' FOR '#') IS NULL AS "True";
+
+-- Null inputs should return NULL
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM '%' FOR NULL) IS NULL AS "True";
+SELECT SUBSTRING(NULL FROM '%' FOR '#') IS NULL AS "True";
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM NULL FOR '#') IS NULL AS "True";
+
+-- The first and last parts should act non-greedy
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a#"%#"g' FOR '#') AS "bcdef";
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a*#"%#"g*' FOR '#') AS "abcdefg";
+
+-- Vertical bar in any part affects only that part
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a|b#"%#"g' FOR '#') AS "bcdef";
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a#"%#"x|g' FOR '#') AS "bcdef";
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a#"%|ab#"g' FOR '#') AS "bcdef";
+
+-- Can't have more than two part separators
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a*#"%#"g*#"x' FOR '#') AS "error";
+
+-- Postgres extension: with 0 or 1 separator, assume parts 1 and 3 are empty
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a#"%g' FOR '#') AS "bcdefg";
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'a%g' FOR '#') AS "abcdefg";
+
+-- substring() with just two arguments is not allowed by SQL spec;
+-- we accept it, but we interpret the pattern as a POSIX regexp not SQL
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'c.e') AS "cde";
+
+-- With a parenthesized subexpression, return only what matches the subexpr
+SELECT SUBSTRING('abcdefg' FROM 'b(.*)f') AS "cde";
+
+-- Check behavior of SIMILAR TO, which uses largely the same regexp variant
+SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd%' AS true;
+SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO 'bcd%' AS false;
+SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd#%' ESCAPE '#' AS false;
+SELECT 'abcd%' SIMILAR TO '_bcd#%' ESCAPE '#' AS true;
+-- Postgres uses '\' as the default escape character, which is not per spec
+SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd\%' AS false;
+-- and an empty string to mean "no escape", which is also not per spec
+SELECT 'abcd\efg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd\%' ESCAPE '' AS true;
+-- these behaviors are per spec, though:
+SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd%' ESCAPE NULL AS null;
+SELECT 'abcdefg' SIMILAR TO '_bcd#%' ESCAPE '##' AS error;
+
+-- Test back reference in regexp_replace
+SELECT regexp_replace('1112223333', E'(\\d{3})(\\d{3})(\\d{4})', E'(\\1) \\2-\\3');
+SELECT regexp_replace('AAA   BBB   CCC   ', E'\\s+', ' ', 'g');
+SELECT regexp_replace('AAA', '^|$', 'Z', 'g');
+SELECT regexp_replace('AAA aaa', 'A+', 'Z', 'gi');
+-- invalid regexp option
+SELECT regexp_replace('AAA aaa', 'A+', 'Z', 'z');
+
+-- set so we can tell NULL from empty string
+\pset null '\\N'
+
+-- return all matches from regexp
+SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(beque)$re$);
+
+-- test case insensitive
+SELECT regexp_matches('foObARbEqUEbAz', $re$(bar)(beque)$re$, 'i');
+
+-- global option - more than one match
+SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebazilbarfbonk', $re$(b[^b]+)(b[^b]+)$re$, 'g');
+
+-- empty capture group (matched empty string)
+SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(.*)(beque)$re$);
+-- no match
+SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(.+)(beque)$re$);
+-- optional capture group did not match, null entry in array
+SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(.+)?(beque)$re$);
+
+-- no capture groups
+SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$barbeque$re$);
+
+-- start/end-of-line matches are of zero length
+SELECT regexp_matches('foo' || chr(10) || 'bar' || chr(10) || 'bequq' || chr(10) || 'baz', '^', 'mg');
+SELECT regexp_matches('foo' || chr(10) || 'bar' || chr(10) || 'bequq' || chr(10) || 'baz', '$', 'mg');
+SELECT regexp_matches('1' || chr(10) || '2' || chr(10) || '3' || chr(10) || '4' || chr(10), '^.?', 'mg');
+SELECT regexp_matches(chr(10) || '1' || chr(10) || '2' || chr(10) || '3' || chr(10) || '4' || chr(10), '.?$', 'mg');
+SELECT regexp_matches(chr(10) || '1' || chr(10) || '2' || chr(10) || '3' || chr(10) || '4', '.?$', 'mg');
+
+-- give me errors
+SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(beque)$re$, 'gz');
+SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(barbeque$re$);
+SELECT regexp_matches('foobarbequebaz', $re$(bar)(beque){2,1}$re$);
+
+-- split string on regexp
+SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s+$re$) AS foo;
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s+$re$);
+
+SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s*$re$) AS foo;
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', $re$\s*$re$);
+SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', '') AS foo;
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', '');
+-- case insensitive
+SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'i') AS foo;
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'i');
+-- no match of pattern
+SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', 'nomatch') AS foo;
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog', 'nomatch');
+-- some corner cases
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','1');
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','6');
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','.');
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','');
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('123456','(?:)');
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('1','');
+-- errors
+SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'zippy') AS foo;
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'iz');
+-- global option meaningless for regexp_split
+SELECT foo, length(foo) FROM regexp_split_to_table('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'g') AS foo;
+SELECT regexp_split_to_array('thE QUick bROWn FOx jUMPs ovEr The lazy dOG', 'e', 'g');
+
+-- change NULL-display back
+\pset null ''
+
+-- E021-11 position expression
+SELECT POSITION('4' IN '1234567890') = '4' AS "4";
+
+SELECT POSITION('5' IN '1234567890') = '5' AS "5";
+
+-- T312 character overlay function
+SELECT OVERLAY('abcdef' PLACING '45' FROM 4) AS "abc45f";
+
+SELECT OVERLAY('yabadoo' PLACING 'daba' FROM 5) AS "yabadaba";
+
+SELECT OVERLAY('yabadoo' PLACING 'daba' FROM 5 FOR 0) AS "yabadabadoo";
+
+SELECT OVERLAY('babosa' PLACING 'ubb' FROM 2 FOR 4) AS "bubba";
+
+--
+-- test LIKE
+-- Be sure to form every test as a LIKE/NOT LIKE pair.
+--
+
+-- simplest examples
+-- E061-04 like predicate
+SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'h%' AS "true";
+SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'h%' AS "false";
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'H%' AS "false";
+SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'H%' AS "true";
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'indio%' AS "false";
+SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'indio%' AS "true";
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'h%eye' AS "true";
+SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'h%eye' AS "false";
+
+SELECT 'indio' LIKE '_ndio' AS "true";
+SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE '_ndio' AS "false";
+
+SELECT 'indio' LIKE 'in__o' AS "true";
+SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE 'in__o' AS "false";
+
+SELECT 'indio' LIKE 'in_o' AS "false";
+SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE 'in_o' AS "true";
+
+-- unused escape character
+SELECT 'hawkeye' LIKE 'h%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
+SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT LIKE 'h%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
+
+SELECT 'indio' LIKE 'ind_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
+SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE 'ind_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
+
+-- escape character
+-- E061-05 like predicate with escape clause
+SELECT 'h%' LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
+SELECT 'h%' NOT LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
+
+SELECT 'h%wkeye' LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
+SELECT 'h%wkeye' NOT LIKE 'h#%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
+
+SELECT 'h%wkeye' LIKE 'h#%%' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
+SELECT 'h%wkeye' NOT LIKE 'h#%%' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
+
+SELECT 'h%awkeye' LIKE 'h#%a%k%e' ESCAPE '#' AS "true";
+SELECT 'h%awkeye' NOT LIKE 'h#%a%k%e' ESCAPE '#' AS "false";
+
+SELECT 'indio' LIKE '_ndio' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
+SELECT 'indio' NOT LIKE '_ndio' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
+
+SELECT 'i_dio' LIKE 'i$_d_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
+SELECT 'i_dio' NOT LIKE 'i$_d_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
+
+SELECT 'i_dio' LIKE 'i$_nd_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
+SELECT 'i_dio' NOT LIKE 'i$_nd_o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
+
+SELECT 'i_dio' LIKE 'i$_d%o' ESCAPE '$' AS "true";
+SELECT 'i_dio' NOT LIKE 'i$_d%o' ESCAPE '$' AS "false";
+
+-- escape character same as pattern character
+SELECT 'maca' LIKE 'm%aca' ESCAPE '%' AS "true";
+SELECT 'maca' NOT LIKE 'm%aca' ESCAPE '%' AS "false";
+
+SELECT 'ma%a' LIKE 'm%a%%a' ESCAPE '%' AS "true";
+SELECT 'ma%a' NOT LIKE 'm%a%%a' ESCAPE '%' AS "false";
+
+SELECT 'bear' LIKE 'b_ear' ESCAPE '_' AS "true";
+SELECT 'bear' NOT LIKE 'b_ear' ESCAPE '_' AS "false";
+
+SELECT 'be_r' LIKE 'b_e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "true";
+SELECT 'be_r' NOT LIKE 'b_e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "false";
+
+SELECT 'be_r' LIKE '__e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "false";
+SELECT 'be_r' NOT LIKE '__e__r' ESCAPE '_' AS "true";
+
+
+--
+-- test ILIKE (case-insensitive LIKE)
+-- Be sure to form every test as an ILIKE/NOT ILIKE pair.
+--
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' ILIKE 'h%' AS "true";
+SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'h%' AS "false";
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' ILIKE 'H%' AS "true";
+SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'H%' AS "false";
+
+SELECT 'hawkeye' ILIKE 'H%Eye' AS "true";
+SELECT 'hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'H%Eye' AS "false";
+
+SELECT 'Hawkeye' ILIKE 'h%' AS "true";
+SELECT 'Hawkeye' NOT ILIKE 'h%' AS "false";
+
+--
+-- test %/_ combination cases, cf bugs #4821 and #5478
+--
+
+SELECT 'foo' LIKE '_%' as t, 'f' LIKE '_%' as t, '' LIKE '_%' as f;
+SELECT 'foo' LIKE '%_' as t, 'f' LIKE '%_' as t, '' LIKE '%_' as f;
+
+SELECT 'foo' LIKE '__%' as t, 'foo' LIKE '___%' as t, 'foo' LIKE '____%' as f;
+SELECT 'foo' LIKE '%__' as t, 'foo' LIKE '%___' as t, 'foo' LIKE '%____' as f;
+
+SELECT 'jack' LIKE '%____%' AS t;
+
+
+--
+-- basic tests of LIKE with indexes
+--
+
+CREATE TABLE texttest (a text PRIMARY KEY, b int);
+SELECT * FROM texttest WHERE a LIKE '%1%';
+
+CREATE TABLE byteatest (a bytea PRIMARY KEY, b int);
+SELECT * FROM byteatest WHERE a LIKE '%1%';
+
+DROP TABLE texttest, byteatest;
+
+
+--
+-- test implicit type conversion
+--
+
+-- E021-07 character concatenation
+SELECT 'unknown' || ' and unknown' AS "Concat unknown types";
+
+SELECT text 'text' || ' and unknown' AS "Concat text to unknown type";
+
+SELECT char(20) 'characters' || ' and text' AS "Concat char to unknown type";
+
+SELECT text 'text' || char(20) ' and characters' AS "Concat text to char";
+
+SELECT text 'text' || varchar ' and varchar' AS "Concat text to varchar";
+
+--
+-- test substr with toasted text values
+--
+CREATE TABLE toasttest(f1 text);
+
+insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
+insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
+
+--
+-- Ensure that some values are uncompressed, to test the faster substring
+-- operation used in that case
+--
+alter table toasttest alter column f1 set storage external;
+insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
+insert into toasttest values(repeat('1234567890',10000));
+
+-- If the starting position is zero or less, then return from the start of the string
+-- adjusting the length to be consistent with the "negative start" per SQL.
+SELECT substr(f1, -1, 5) from toasttest;
+
+-- If the length is less than zero, an ERROR is thrown.
+SELECT substr(f1, 5, -1) from toasttest;
+
+-- If no third argument (length) is provided, the length to the end of the
+-- string is assumed.
+SELECT substr(f1, 99995) from toasttest;
+
+-- If start plus length is > string length, the result is truncated to
+-- string length
+SELECT substr(f1, 99995, 10) from toasttest;
+
+TRUNCATE TABLE toasttest;
+INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
+INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
+INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
+INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
+-- expect >0 blocks
+SELECT pg_relation_size(reltoastrelid) = 0 AS is_empty
+  FROM pg_class where relname = 'toasttest';
+
+TRUNCATE TABLE toasttest;
+ALTER TABLE toasttest set (toast_tuple_target = 4080);
+INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
+INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
+INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
+INSERT INTO toasttest values (repeat('1234567890',300));
+-- expect 0 blocks
+SELECT pg_relation_size(reltoastrelid) = 0 AS is_empty
+  FROM pg_class where relname = 'toasttest';
+
+DROP TABLE toasttest;
+
+--
+-- test substr with toasted bytea values
+--
+CREATE TABLE toasttest(f1 bytea);
+
+insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
+insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
+
+--
+-- Ensure that some values are uncompressed, to test the faster substring
+-- operation used in that case
+--
+alter table toasttest alter column f1 set storage external;
+insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
+insert into toasttest values(decode(repeat('1234567890',10000),'escape'));
+
+-- If the starting position is zero or less, then return from the start of the string
+-- adjusting the length to be consistent with the "negative start" per SQL.
+SELECT substr(f1, -1, 5) from toasttest;
+
+-- If the length is less than zero, an ERROR is thrown.
+SELECT substr(f1, 5, -1) from toasttest;
+
+-- If no third argument (length) is provided, the length to the end of the
+-- string is assumed.
+SELECT substr(f1, 99995) from toasttest;
+
+-- If start plus length is > string length, the result is truncated to
+-- string length
+SELECT substr(f1, 99995, 10) from toasttest;
+
+DROP TABLE toasttest;
+
+-- test internally compressing datums
+
+-- this tests compressing a datum to a very small size which exercises a
+-- corner case in packed-varlena handling: even though small, the compressed
+-- datum must be given a 4-byte header because there are no bits to indicate
+-- compression in a 1-byte header
+
+CREATE TABLE toasttest (c char(4096));
+INSERT INTO toasttest VALUES('x');
+SELECT length(c), c::text FROM toasttest;
+SELECT c FROM toasttest;
+DROP TABLE toasttest;
+
+--
+-- test length
+--
+
+SELECT length('abcdef') AS "length_6";
+
+--
+-- test strpos
+--
+
+SELECT strpos('abcdef', 'cd') AS "pos_3";
+
+SELECT strpos('abcdef', 'xy') AS "pos_0";
+
+SELECT strpos('abcdef', '') AS "pos_1";
+
+SELECT strpos('', 'xy') AS "pos_0";
+
+SELECT strpos('', '') AS "pos_1";
+
+--
+-- test replace
+--
+SELECT replace('abcdef', 'de', '45') AS "abc45f";
+
+SELECT replace('yabadabadoo', 'ba', '123') AS "ya123da123doo";
+
+SELECT replace('yabadoo', 'bad', '') AS "yaoo";
+
+--
+-- test split_part
+--
+select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',0) AS "an error";
+
+select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',1) AS "joeuser";
+
+select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',2) AS "mydatabase";
+
+select split_part('joeuser@mydatabase','@',3) AS "empty string";
+
+select split_part('@joeuser@mydatabase@','@',2) AS "joeuser";
+
+--
+-- test to_hex
+--
+select to_hex(256*256*256 - 1) AS "ffffff";
+
+select to_hex(256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint*256::bigint - 1) AS "ffffffff";
+
+--
+-- MD5 test suite - from IETF RFC 1321
+-- (see: ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc1321.txt)
+--
+select md5('') = 'd41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e' AS "TRUE";
+
+select md5('a') = '0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661' AS "TRUE";
+
+select md5('abc') = '900150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72' AS "TRUE";
+
+select md5('message digest') = 'f96b697d7cb7938d525a2f31aaf161d0' AS "TRUE";
+
+select md5('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz') = 'c3fcd3d76192e4007dfb496cca67e13b' AS "TRUE";
+
+select md5('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789') = 'd174ab98d277d9f5a5611c2c9f419d9f' AS "TRUE";
+
+select md5('12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890') = '57edf4a22be3c955ac49da2e2107b67a' AS "TRUE";
+
+select md5(''::bytea) = 'd41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e' AS "TRUE";
+
+select md5('a'::bytea) = '0cc175b9c0f1b6a831c399e269772661' AS "TRUE";
+
+select md5('abc'::bytea) = '900150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72' AS "TRUE";
+
+select md5('message digest'::bytea) = 'f96b697d7cb7938d525a2f31aaf161d0' AS "TRUE";
+
+select md5('abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'::bytea) = 'c3fcd3d76192e4007dfb496cca67e13b' AS "TRUE";
+
+select md5('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789'::bytea) = 'd174ab98d277d9f5a5611c2c9f419d9f' AS "TRUE";
+
+select md5('12345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890'::bytea) = '57edf4a22be3c955ac49da2e2107b67a' AS "TRUE";
+
+--
+-- SHA-2
+--
+SET bytea_output TO hex;
+
+SELECT sha224('');
+SELECT sha224('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');
+
+SELECT sha256('');
+SELECT sha256('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');
+
+SELECT sha384('');
+SELECT sha384('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');
+
+SELECT sha512('');
+SELECT sha512('The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.');
+
+--
+-- encode/decode
+--
+SELECT encode('\x1234567890abcdef00', 'hex');
+SELECT decode('1234567890abcdef00', 'hex');
+SELECT encode(('\x' || repeat('1234567890abcdef0001', 7))::bytea, 'base64');
+SELECT decode(encode(('\x' || repeat('1234567890abcdef0001', 7))::bytea,
+                     'base64'), 'base64');
+SELECT encode('\x1234567890abcdef00', 'escape');
+SELECT decode(encode('\x1234567890abcdef00', 'escape'), 'escape');
+
+--
+-- get_bit/set_bit etc
+--
+SELECT get_bit('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 43);
+SELECT get_bit('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 99);  -- error
+SELECT set_bit('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 43, 0);
+SELECT set_bit('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 99, 0);  -- error
+SELECT get_byte('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 3);
+SELECT get_byte('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 99);  -- error
+SELECT set_byte('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 7, 11);
+SELECT set_byte('\x1234567890abcdef00'::bytea, 99, 11);  -- error
+
+--
+-- test behavior of escape_string_warning and standard_conforming_strings options
+--
+set escape_string_warning = off;
+set standard_conforming_strings = off;
+
+show escape_string_warning;
+show standard_conforming_strings;
+
+set escape_string_warning = on;
+set standard_conforming_strings = on;
+
+show escape_string_warning;
+show standard_conforming_strings;
+
+select 'a\bcd' as f1, 'a\b''cd' as f2, 'a\b''''cd' as f3, 'abcd\'   as f4, 'ab\''cd' as f5, '\\' as f6;
+
+set standard_conforming_strings = off;
+
+select 'a\\bcd' as f1, 'a\\b\'cd' as f2, 'a\\b\'''cd' as f3, 'abcd\\'   as f4, 'ab\\\'cd' as f5, '\\\\' as f6;
+
+set escape_string_warning = off;
+set standard_conforming_strings = on;
+
+select 'a\bcd' as f1, 'a\b''cd' as f2, 'a\b''''cd' as f3, 'abcd\'   as f4, 'ab\''cd' as f5, '\\' as f6;
+
+set standard_conforming_strings = off;
+
+select 'a\\bcd' as f1, 'a\\b\'cd' as f2, 'a\\b\'''cd' as f3, 'abcd\\'   as f4, 'ab\\\'cd' as f5, '\\\\' as f6;
+
+
+--
+-- Additional string functions
+--
+SET bytea_output TO escape;
+
+SELECT initcap('hi THOMAS');
+
+SELECT lpad('hi', 5, 'xy');
+SELECT lpad('hi', 5);
+SELECT lpad('hi', -5, 'xy');
+SELECT lpad('hello', 2);
+SELECT lpad('hi', 5, '');
+
+SELECT rpad('hi', 5, 'xy');
+SELECT rpad('hi', 5);
+SELECT rpad('hi', -5, 'xy');
+SELECT rpad('hello', 2);
+SELECT rpad('hi', 5, '');
+
+SELECT ltrim('zzzytrim', 'xyz');
+
+SELECT translate('', '14', 'ax');
+SELECT translate('12345', '14', 'ax');
+
+SELECT ascii('x');
+SELECT ascii('');
+
+SELECT chr(65);
+SELECT chr(0);
+
+SELECT repeat('Pg', 4);
+SELECT repeat('Pg', -4);
+
+SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890'::bytea FROM 3) "34567890";
+SELECT SUBSTRING('1234567890'::bytea FROM 4 FOR 3) AS "456";
+SELECT SUBSTRING('string'::bytea FROM 2 FOR 2147483646) AS "tring";
+SELECT SUBSTRING('string'::bytea FROM -10 FOR 2147483646) AS "string";
+SELECT SUBSTRING('string'::bytea FROM -10 FOR -2147483646) AS "error";
+
+SELECT trim(E'\\000'::bytea from E'\\000Tom\\000'::bytea);
+SELECT btrim(E'\\000trim\\000'::bytea, E'\\000'::bytea);
+SELECT btrim(''::bytea, E'\\000'::bytea);
+SELECT btrim(E'\\000trim\\000'::bytea, ''::bytea);
+SELECT encode(overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea placing E'Th\\001omas'::bytea from 2),'escape');
+SELECT encode(overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea placing E'\\002\\003'::bytea from 8),'escape');
+SELECT encode(overlay(E'Th\\000omas'::bytea placing E'\\002\\003'::bytea from 5 for 3),'escape');