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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>9.20. Range Functions and Operators</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1" /><link rel="prev" href="functions-array.html" title="9.19. Array Functions and Operators" /><link rel="next" href="functions-aggregate.html" title="9.21. Aggregate Functions" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">9.20. Range Functions and Operators</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="functions-array.html" title="9.19. Array Functions and Operators">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="functions.html" title="Chapter 9. Functions and Operators">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 9. Functions and Operators</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 13.4 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="functions-aggregate.html" title="9.21. Aggregate Functions">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></hr></div><div class="sect1" id="FUNCTIONS-RANGE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">9.20. Range Functions and Operators</h2></div></div></div><p>
See <a class="xref" href="rangetypes.html" title="8.17. Range Types">Section 8.17</a> for an overview of range types.
</p><p>
<a class="xref" href="functions-range.html#RANGE-OPERATORS-TABLE" title="Table 9.53. Range Operators">Table 9.53</a> shows the specialized operators
available for range types.
In addition to those, the usual comparison operators shown in
<a class="xref" href="functions-comparison.html#FUNCTIONS-COMPARISON-OP-TABLE" title="Table 9.1. Comparison Operators">Table 9.1</a> are available for range
types. The comparison operators order first by the range lower bounds, and
only if those are equal do they compare the upper bounds. This does not
usually result in a useful overall ordering, but the operators are provided
to allow unique indexes to be constructed on ranges.
</p><div class="table" id="RANGE-OPERATORS-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 9.53. Range Operators</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Range Operators" border="1"><colgroup><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
Operator
</p>
<p>
Description
</p>
<p>
Example(s)
</p></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<code class="type">anyrange</code> <code class="literal">@></code> <code class="type">anyrange</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
</p>
<p>
Does the first range contain the second?
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">int4range(2,4) @> int4range(2,3)</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">t</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<code class="type">anyrange</code> <code class="literal">@></code> <code class="type">anyelement</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
</p>
<p>
Does the range contain the element?
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">'[2011-01-01,2011-03-01)'::tsrange @> '2011-01-10'::timestamp</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">t</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<code class="type">anyrange</code> <code class="literal"><@</code> <code class="type">anyrange</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
</p>
<p>
Is the first range contained by the second?
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">int4range(2,4) <@ int4range(1,7)</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">t</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<code class="type">anyelement</code> <code class="literal"><@</code> <code class="type">anyrange</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
</p>
<p>
Is the element contained in the range?
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">42 <@ int4range(1,7)</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">f</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<code class="type">anyrange</code> <code class="literal">&&</code> <code class="type">anyrange</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
</p>
<p>
Do the ranges overlap, that is, have any elements in common?
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">int8range(3,7) && int8range(4,12)</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">t</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<code class="type">anyrange</code> <code class="literal"><<</code> <code class="type">anyrange</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
</p>
<p>
Is the first range strictly left of the second?
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">int8range(1,10) << int8range(100,110)</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">t</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<code class="type">anyrange</code> <code class="literal">>></code> <code class="type">anyrange</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
</p>
<p>
Is the first range strictly right of the second?
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">int8range(50,60) >> int8range(20,30)</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">t</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<code class="type">anyrange</code> <code class="literal">&<</code> <code class="type">anyrange</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
</p>
<p>
Does the first range not extend to the right of the second?
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">int8range(1,20) &< int8range(18,20)</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">t</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<code class="type">anyrange</code> <code class="literal">&></code> <code class="type">anyrange</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
</p>
<p>
Does the first range not extend to the left of the second?
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">int8range(7,20) &> int8range(5,10)</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">t</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<code class="type">anyrange</code> <code class="literal">-|-</code> <code class="type">anyrange</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
</p>
<p>
Are the ranges adjacent?
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">numrange(1.1,2.2) -|- numrange(2.2,3.3)</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">t</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<code class="type">anyrange</code> <code class="literal">+</code> <code class="type">anyrange</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">anyrange</code>
</p>
<p>
Computes the union of the ranges. The ranges must overlap or be
adjacent, so that the union is a single range (but
see <code class="function">range_merge()</code>).
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">numrange(5,15) + numrange(10,20)</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">[5,20)</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<code class="type">anyrange</code> <code class="literal">*</code> <code class="type">anyrange</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">anyrange</code>
</p>
<p>
Computes the intersection of the ranges.
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">int8range(5,15) * int8range(10,20)</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">[10,15)</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<code class="type">anyrange</code> <code class="literal">-</code> <code class="type">anyrange</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">anyrange</code>
</p>
<p>
Computes the difference of the ranges. The second range must not be
contained in the first in such a way that the difference would not be
a single range.
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">int8range(5,15) - int8range(10,20)</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">[5,10)</code>
</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
The left-of/right-of/adjacent operators always return false when an empty
range is involved; that is, an empty range is not considered to be either
before or after any other range.
</p><p>
<a class="xref" href="functions-range.html#RANGE-FUNCTIONS-TABLE" title="Table 9.54. Range Functions">Table 9.54</a> shows the functions
available for use with range types.
</p><div class="table" id="RANGE-FUNCTIONS-TABLE"><p class="title"><strong>Table 9.54. Range Functions</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Range Functions" border="1"><colgroup><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
Function
</p>
<p>
Description
</p>
<p>
Example(s)
</p></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<a id="id-1.5.8.26.7.2.2.1.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="function">lower</code> ( <code class="type">anyrange</code> )
→ <code class="returnvalue">anyelement</code>
</p>
<p>
Extracts the lower bound of the range (<code class="literal">NULL</code> if the
range is empty or the lower bound is infinite).
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">lower(numrange(1.1,2.2))</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">1.1</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<a id="id-1.5.8.26.7.2.2.2.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="function">upper</code> ( <code class="type">anyrange</code> )
→ <code class="returnvalue">anyelement</code>
</p>
<p>
Extracts the upper bound of the range (<code class="literal">NULL</code> if the
range is empty or the upper bound is infinite).
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">upper(numrange(1.1,2.2))</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">2.2</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<a id="id-1.5.8.26.7.2.2.3.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="function">isempty</code> ( <code class="type">anyrange</code> )
→ <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
</p>
<p>
Is the range empty?
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">isempty(numrange(1.1,2.2))</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">f</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<a id="id-1.5.8.26.7.2.2.4.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="function">lower_inc</code> ( <code class="type">anyrange</code> )
→ <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
</p>
<p>
Is the range's lower bound inclusive?
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">lower_inc(numrange(1.1,2.2))</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">t</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<a id="id-1.5.8.26.7.2.2.5.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="function">upper_inc</code> ( <code class="type">anyrange</code> )
→ <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
</p>
<p>
Is the range's upper bound inclusive?
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">upper_inc(numrange(1.1,2.2))</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">f</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<a id="id-1.5.8.26.7.2.2.6.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="function">lower_inf</code> ( <code class="type">anyrange</code> )
→ <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
</p>
<p>
Is the range's lower bound infinite?
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">lower_inf('(,)'::daterange)</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">t</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<a id="id-1.5.8.26.7.2.2.7.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="function">upper_inf</code> ( <code class="type">anyrange</code> )
→ <code class="returnvalue">boolean</code>
</p>
<p>
Is the range's upper bound infinite?
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">upper_inf('(,)'::daterange)</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">t</code>
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<a id="id-1.5.8.26.7.2.2.8.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="function">range_merge</code> ( <code class="type">anyrange</code>, <code class="type">anyrange</code> )
→ <code class="returnvalue">anyrange</code>
</p>
<p>
Computes the smallest range that includes both of the given ranges.
</p>
<p>
<code class="literal">range_merge('[1,2)'::int4range, '[3,4)'::int4range)</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">[1,4)</code>
</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
The <code class="function">lower_inc</code>, <code class="function">upper_inc</code>,
<code class="function">lower_inf</code>, and <code class="function">upper_inf</code>
functions all return false for an empty range.
</p></div><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="navfooter"><hr></hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="functions-array.html" title="9.19. Array Functions and Operators">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="functions.html" title="Chapter 9. Functions and Operators">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="functions-aggregate.html" title="9.21. Aggregate Functions">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">9.19. Array Functions and Operators </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 13.4 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 9.21. Aggregate Functions</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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