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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>12.4. Additional Features</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.79.1" /><link rel="prev" href="textsearch-controls.html" title="12.3. Controlling Text Search" /><link rel="next" href="textsearch-parsers.html" title="12.5. Parsers" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/transitional" class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">12.4. Additional Features</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="textsearch-controls.html" title="12.3. Controlling Text Search">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="textsearch.html" title="Chapter 12. Full Text Search">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 12. Full Text Search</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 13.4 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="textsearch-parsers.html" title="12.5. Parsers">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></hr></div><div class="sect1" id="TEXTSEARCH-FEATURES"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">12.4. Additional Features</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="textsearch-features.html#TEXTSEARCH-MANIPULATE-TSVECTOR">12.4.1. Manipulating Documents</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="textsearch-features.html#TEXTSEARCH-MANIPULATE-TSQUERY">12.4.2. Manipulating Queries</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="textsearch-features.html#TEXTSEARCH-UPDATE-TRIGGERS">12.4.3. Triggers for Automatic Updates</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="textsearch-features.html#TEXTSEARCH-STATISTICS">12.4.4. Gathering Document Statistics</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
This section describes additional functions and operators that are
useful in connection with text search.
</p><div class="sect2" id="TEXTSEARCH-MANIPULATE-TSVECTOR"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">12.4.1. Manipulating Documents</h3></div></div></div><p>
<a class="xref" href="textsearch-controls.html#TEXTSEARCH-PARSING-DOCUMENTS" title="12.3.1. Parsing Documents">Section 12.3.1</a> showed how raw textual
documents can be converted into <code class="type">tsvector</code> values.
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> also provides functions and
operators that can be used to manipulate documents that are already
in <code class="type">tsvector</code> form.
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">
<a id="id-1.5.11.7.3.3.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="literal"><code class="type">tsvector</code> || <code class="type">tsvector</code></code>
</span></dt><dd><p>
The <code class="type">tsvector</code> concatenation operator
returns a vector which combines the lexemes and positional information
of the two vectors given as arguments. Positions and weight labels
are retained during the concatenation.
Positions appearing in the right-hand vector are offset by the largest
position mentioned in the left-hand vector, so that the result is
nearly equivalent to the result of performing <code class="function">to_tsvector</code>
on the concatenation of the two original document strings. (The
equivalence is not exact, because any stop-words removed from the
end of the left-hand argument will not affect the result, whereas
they would have affected the positions of the lexemes in the
right-hand argument if textual concatenation were used.)
</p><p>
One advantage of using concatenation in the vector form, rather than
concatenating text before applying <code class="function">to_tsvector</code>, is that
you can use different configurations to parse different sections
of the document. Also, because the <code class="function">setweight</code> function
marks all lexemes of the given vector the same way, it is necessary
to parse the text and do <code class="function">setweight</code> before concatenating
if you want to label different parts of the document with different
weights.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<a id="id-1.5.11.7.3.3.2.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="literal">setweight(<em class="replaceable"><code>vector</code></em> <code class="type">tsvector</code>, <em class="replaceable"><code>weight</code></em> <code class="type">"char"</code>) returns <code class="type">tsvector</code></code>
</span></dt><dd><p>
<code class="function">setweight</code> returns a copy of the input vector in which every
position has been labeled with the given <em class="replaceable"><code>weight</code></em>, either
<code class="literal">A</code>, <code class="literal">B</code>, <code class="literal">C</code>, or
<code class="literal">D</code>. (<code class="literal">D</code> is the default for new
vectors and as such is not displayed on output.) These labels are
retained when vectors are concatenated, allowing words from different
parts of a document to be weighted differently by ranking functions.
</p><p>
Note that weight labels apply to <span class="emphasis"><em>positions</em></span>, not
<span class="emphasis"><em>lexemes</em></span>. If the input vector has been stripped of
positions then <code class="function">setweight</code> does nothing.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<a id="id-1.5.11.7.3.3.3.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="literal">length(<em class="replaceable"><code>vector</code></em> <code class="type">tsvector</code>) returns <code class="type">integer</code></code>
</span></dt><dd><p>
Returns the number of lexemes stored in the vector.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<a id="id-1.5.11.7.3.3.4.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="literal">strip(<em class="replaceable"><code>vector</code></em> <code class="type">tsvector</code>) returns <code class="type">tsvector</code></code>
</span></dt><dd><p>
Returns a vector that lists the same lexemes as the given vector, but
lacks any position or weight information. The result is usually much
smaller than an unstripped vector, but it is also less useful.
Relevance ranking does not work as well on stripped vectors as
unstripped ones. Also,
the <code class="literal"><-></code> (FOLLOWED BY) <code class="type">tsquery</code> operator
will never match stripped input, since it cannot determine the
distance between lexeme occurrences.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
A full list of <code class="type">tsvector</code>-related functions is available
in <a class="xref" href="functions-textsearch.html#TEXTSEARCH-FUNCTIONS-TABLE" title="Table 9.42. Text Search Functions">Table 9.42</a>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="TEXTSEARCH-MANIPULATE-TSQUERY"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">12.4.2. Manipulating Queries</h3></div></div></div><p>
<a class="xref" href="textsearch-controls.html#TEXTSEARCH-PARSING-QUERIES" title="12.3.2. Parsing Queries">Section 12.3.2</a> showed how raw textual
queries can be converted into <code class="type">tsquery</code> values.
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> also provides functions and
operators that can be used to manipulate queries that are already
in <code class="type">tsquery</code> form.
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">
<code class="literal"><code class="type">tsquery</code> && <code class="type">tsquery</code></code>
</span></dt><dd><p>
Returns the AND-combination of the two given queries.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<code class="literal"><code class="type">tsquery</code> || <code class="type">tsquery</code></code>
</span></dt><dd><p>
Returns the OR-combination of the two given queries.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<code class="literal">!! <code class="type">tsquery</code></code>
</span></dt><dd><p>
Returns the negation (NOT) of the given query.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<code class="literal"><code class="type">tsquery</code> <-> <code class="type">tsquery</code></code>
</span></dt><dd><p>
Returns a query that searches for a match to the first given query
immediately followed by a match to the second given query, using
the <code class="literal"><-></code> (FOLLOWED BY)
<code class="type">tsquery</code> operator. For example:
</p><pre class="screen">
SELECT to_tsquery('fat') <-> to_tsquery('cat | rat');
?column?
----------------------------
'fat' <-> ( 'cat' | 'rat' )
</pre><p>
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<a id="id-1.5.11.7.4.3.5.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="literal">tsquery_phrase(<em class="replaceable"><code>query1</code></em> <code class="type">tsquery</code>, <em class="replaceable"><code>query2</code></em> <code class="type">tsquery</code> [, <em class="replaceable"><code>distance</code></em> <code class="type">integer</code> ]) returns <code class="type">tsquery</code></code>
</span></dt><dd><p>
Returns a query that searches for a match to the first given query
followed by a match to the second given query at a distance of exactly
<em class="replaceable"><code>distance</code></em> lexemes, using
the <code class="literal"><<em class="replaceable"><code>N</code></em>></code>
<code class="type">tsquery</code> operator. For example:
</p><pre class="screen">
SELECT tsquery_phrase(to_tsquery('fat'), to_tsquery('cat'), 10);
tsquery_phrase
------------------
'fat' <10> 'cat'
</pre><p>
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<a id="id-1.5.11.7.4.3.6.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="literal">numnode(<em class="replaceable"><code>query</code></em> <code class="type">tsquery</code>) returns <code class="type">integer</code></code>
</span></dt><dd><p>
Returns the number of nodes (lexemes plus operators) in a
<code class="type">tsquery</code>. This function is useful
to determine if the <em class="replaceable"><code>query</code></em> is meaningful
(returns > 0), or contains only stop words (returns 0).
Examples:
</p><pre class="screen">
SELECT numnode(plainto_tsquery('the any'));
NOTICE: query contains only stopword(s) or doesn't contain lexeme(s), ignored
numnode
---------
0
SELECT numnode('foo & bar'::tsquery);
numnode
---------
3
</pre><p>
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<a id="id-1.5.11.7.4.3.7.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="literal">querytree(<em class="replaceable"><code>query</code></em> <code class="type">tsquery</code>) returns <code class="type">text</code></code>
</span></dt><dd><p>
Returns the portion of a <code class="type">tsquery</code> that can be used for
searching an index. This function is useful for detecting
unindexable queries, for example those containing only stop words
or only negated terms. For example:
</p><pre class="screen">
SELECT querytree(to_tsquery('defined'));
querytree
-----------
'defin'
SELECT querytree(to_tsquery('!defined'));
querytree
-----------
T
</pre><p>
</p></dd></dl></div><div class="sect3" id="TEXTSEARCH-QUERY-REWRITING"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title">12.4.2.1. Query Rewriting</h4></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.11.7.4.4.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
The <code class="function">ts_rewrite</code> family of functions search a
given <code class="type">tsquery</code> for occurrences of a target
subquery, and replace each occurrence with a
substitute subquery. In essence this operation is a
<code class="type">tsquery</code>-specific version of substring replacement.
A target and substitute combination can be
thought of as a <em class="firstterm">query rewrite rule</em>. A collection
of such rewrite rules can be a powerful search aid.
For example, you can expand the search using synonyms
(e.g., <code class="literal">new york</code>, <code class="literal">big apple</code>, <code class="literal">nyc</code>,
<code class="literal">gotham</code>) or narrow the search to direct the user to some hot
topic. There is some overlap in functionality between this feature
and thesaurus dictionaries (<a class="xref" href="textsearch-dictionaries.html#TEXTSEARCH-THESAURUS" title="12.6.4. Thesaurus Dictionary">Section 12.6.4</a>).
However, you can modify a set of rewrite rules on-the-fly without
reindexing, whereas updating a thesaurus requires reindexing to be
effective.
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">
<code class="literal">ts_rewrite (<em class="replaceable"><code>query</code></em> <code class="type">tsquery</code>, <em class="replaceable"><code>target</code></em> <code class="type">tsquery</code>, <em class="replaceable"><code>substitute</code></em> <code class="type">tsquery</code>) returns <code class="type">tsquery</code></code>
</span></dt><dd><p>
This form of <code class="function">ts_rewrite</code> simply applies a single
rewrite rule: <em class="replaceable"><code>target</code></em>
is replaced by <em class="replaceable"><code>substitute</code></em>
wherever it appears in <em class="replaceable"><code>query</code></em>. For example:
</p><pre class="screen">
SELECT ts_rewrite('a & b'::tsquery, 'a'::tsquery, 'c'::tsquery);
ts_rewrite
------------
'b' & 'c'
</pre><p>
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">
<code class="literal">ts_rewrite (<em class="replaceable"><code>query</code></em> <code class="type">tsquery</code>, <em class="replaceable"><code>select</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>) returns <code class="type">tsquery</code></code>
</span></dt><dd><p>
This form of <code class="function">ts_rewrite</code> accepts a starting
<em class="replaceable"><code>query</code></em> and a SQL <em class="replaceable"><code>select</code></em> command, which
is given as a text string. The <em class="replaceable"><code>select</code></em> must yield two
columns of <code class="type">tsquery</code> type. For each row of the
<em class="replaceable"><code>select</code></em> result, occurrences of the first column value
(the target) are replaced by the second column value (the substitute)
within the current <em class="replaceable"><code>query</code></em> value. For example:
</p><pre class="screen">
CREATE TABLE aliases (t tsquery PRIMARY KEY, s tsquery);
INSERT INTO aliases VALUES('a', 'c');
SELECT ts_rewrite('a & b'::tsquery, 'SELECT t,s FROM aliases');
ts_rewrite
------------
'b' & 'c'
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Note that when multiple rewrite rules are applied in this way,
the order of application can be important; so in practice you will
want the source query to <code class="literal">ORDER BY</code> some ordering key.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
Let's consider a real-life astronomical example. We'll expand query
<code class="literal">supernovae</code> using table-driven rewriting rules:
</p><pre class="screen">
CREATE TABLE aliases (t tsquery primary key, s tsquery);
INSERT INTO aliases VALUES(to_tsquery('supernovae'), to_tsquery('supernovae|sn'));
SELECT ts_rewrite(to_tsquery('supernovae & crab'), 'SELECT * FROM aliases');
ts_rewrite
---------------------------------
'crab' & ( 'supernova' | 'sn' )
</pre><p>
We can change the rewriting rules just by updating the table:
</p><pre class="screen">
UPDATE aliases
SET s = to_tsquery('supernovae|sn & !nebulae')
WHERE t = to_tsquery('supernovae');
SELECT ts_rewrite(to_tsquery('supernovae & crab'), 'SELECT * FROM aliases');
ts_rewrite
---------------------------------------------
'crab' & ( 'supernova' | 'sn' & !'nebula' )
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Rewriting can be slow when there are many rewriting rules, since it
checks every rule for a possible match. To filter out obvious non-candidate
rules we can use the containment operators for the <code class="type">tsquery</code>
type. In the example below, we select only those rules which might match
the original query:
</p><pre class="screen">
SELECT ts_rewrite('a & b'::tsquery,
'SELECT t,s FROM aliases WHERE ''a & b''::tsquery @> t');
ts_rewrite
------------
'b' & 'c'
</pre><p>
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" id="TEXTSEARCH-UPDATE-TRIGGERS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">12.4.3. Triggers for Automatic Updates</h3></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.11.7.5.2" class="indexterm"></a><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
The method described in this section has been obsoleted by the use of
stored generated columns, as described in <a class="xref" href="textsearch-tables.html#TEXTSEARCH-TABLES-INDEX" title="12.2.2. Creating Indexes">Section 12.2.2</a>.
</p></div><p>
When using a separate column to store the <code class="type">tsvector</code> representation
of your documents, it is necessary to create a trigger to update the
<code class="type">tsvector</code> column when the document content columns change.
Two built-in trigger functions are available for this, or you can write
your own.
</p><pre class="synopsis">
tsvector_update_trigger(<em class="replaceable"><code>tsvector_column_name</code></em>, <em class="replaceable"><code>config_name</code></em>, <em class="replaceable"><code>text_column_name</code></em> [<span class="optional">, ... </span>])
tsvector_update_trigger_column(<em class="replaceable"><code>tsvector_column_name</code></em>, <em class="replaceable"><code>config_column_name</code></em>, <em class="replaceable"><code>text_column_name</code></em> [<span class="optional">, ... </span>])
</pre><p>
These trigger functions automatically compute a <code class="type">tsvector</code>
column from one or more textual columns, under the control of
parameters specified in the <code class="command">CREATE TRIGGER</code> command.
An example of their use is:
</p><pre class="screen">
CREATE TABLE messages (
title text,
body text,
tsv tsvector
);
CREATE TRIGGER tsvectorupdate BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
ON messages FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION
tsvector_update_trigger(tsv, 'pg_catalog.english', title, body);
INSERT INTO messages VALUES('title here', 'the body text is here');
SELECT * FROM messages;
title | body | tsv
------------+-----------------------+----------------------------
title here | the body text is here | 'bodi':4 'text':5 'titl':1
SELECT title, body FROM messages WHERE tsv @@ to_tsquery('title & body');
title | body
------------+-----------------------
title here | the body text is here
</pre><p>
Having created this trigger, any change in <code class="structfield">title</code> or
<code class="structfield">body</code> will automatically be reflected into
<code class="structfield">tsv</code>, without the application having to worry about it.
</p><p>
The first trigger argument must be the name of the <code class="type">tsvector</code>
column to be updated. The second argument specifies the text search
configuration to be used to perform the conversion. For
<code class="function">tsvector_update_trigger</code>, the configuration name is simply
given as the second trigger argument. It must be schema-qualified as
shown above, so that the trigger behavior will not change with changes
in <code class="varname">search_path</code>. For
<code class="function">tsvector_update_trigger_column</code>, the second trigger argument
is the name of another table column, which must be of type
<code class="type">regconfig</code>. This allows a per-row selection of configuration
to be made. The remaining argument(s) are the names of textual columns
(of type <code class="type">text</code>, <code class="type">varchar</code>, or <code class="type">char</code>). These
will be included in the document in the order given. NULL values will
be skipped (but the other columns will still be indexed).
</p><p>
A limitation of these built-in triggers is that they treat all the
input columns alike. To process columns differently — for
example, to weight title differently from body — it is necessary
to write a custom trigger. Here is an example using
<span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> as the trigger language:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE FUNCTION messages_trigger() RETURNS trigger AS $$
begin
new.tsv :=
setweight(to_tsvector('pg_catalog.english', coalesce(new.title,'')), 'A') ||
setweight(to_tsvector('pg_catalog.english', coalesce(new.body,'')), 'D');
return new;
end
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
CREATE TRIGGER tsvectorupdate BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
ON messages FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE FUNCTION messages_trigger();
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Keep in mind that it is important to specify the configuration name
explicitly when creating <code class="type">tsvector</code> values inside triggers,
so that the column's contents will not be affected by changes to
<code class="varname">default_text_search_config</code>. Failure to do this is likely to
lead to problems such as search results changing after a dump and reload.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="TEXTSEARCH-STATISTICS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">12.4.4. Gathering Document Statistics</h3></div></div></div><a id="id-1.5.11.7.6.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
The function <code class="function">ts_stat</code> is useful for checking your
configuration and for finding stop-word candidates.
</p><pre class="synopsis">
ts_stat(<em class="replaceable"><code>sqlquery</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>, [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>weights</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>, </span>]
OUT <em class="replaceable"><code>word</code></em> <code class="type">text</code>, OUT <em class="replaceable"><code>ndoc</code></em> <code class="type">integer</code>,
OUT <em class="replaceable"><code>nentry</code></em> <code class="type">integer</code>) returns <code class="type">setof record</code>
</pre><p>
<em class="replaceable"><code>sqlquery</code></em> is a text value containing an SQL
query which must return a single <code class="type">tsvector</code> column.
<code class="function">ts_stat</code> executes the query and returns statistics about
each distinct lexeme (word) contained in the <code class="type">tsvector</code>
data. The columns returned are
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist compact" style="list-style-type: bullet; "><li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: disc"><p>
<em class="replaceable"><code>word</code></em> <code class="type">text</code> — the value of a lexeme
</p></li><li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: disc"><p>
<em class="replaceable"><code>ndoc</code></em> <code class="type">integer</code> — number of documents
(<code class="type">tsvector</code>s) the word occurred in
</p></li><li class="listitem" style="list-style-type: disc"><p>
<em class="replaceable"><code>nentry</code></em> <code class="type">integer</code> — total number of
occurrences of the word
</p></li></ul></div><p>
If <em class="replaceable"><code>weights</code></em> is supplied, only occurrences
having one of those weights are counted.
</p><p>
For example, to find the ten most frequent words in a document collection:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT * FROM ts_stat('SELECT vector FROM apod')
ORDER BY nentry DESC, ndoc DESC, word
LIMIT 10;
</pre><p>
The same, but counting only word occurrences with weight <code class="literal">A</code>
or <code class="literal">B</code>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT * FROM ts_stat('SELECT vector FROM apod', 'ab')
ORDER BY nentry DESC, ndoc DESC, word
LIMIT 10;
</pre><p>
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