Adding upstream version 14.5.upstream/14.5upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 255 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/backend/lib/hyperloglog.c b/src/backend/lib/hyperloglog.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f4e0241
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/backend/lib/hyperloglog.c
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+/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * hyperloglog.c
+ *	  HyperLogLog cardinality estimator
+ *
+ * Portions Copyright (c) 2014-2021, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ *
+ * Based on Hideaki Ohno's C++ implementation.  This is probably not ideally
+ * suited to estimating the cardinality of very large sets;  in particular, we
+ * have not attempted to further optimize the implementation as described in
+ * the Heule, Nunkesser and Hall paper "HyperLogLog in Practice: Algorithmic
+ * Engineering of a State of The Art Cardinality Estimation Algorithm".
+ *
+ * A sparse representation of HyperLogLog state is used, with fixed space
+ * overhead.
+ *
+ * The copyright terms of Ohno's original version (the MIT license) follow.
+ *
+ * IDENTIFICATION
+ *	  src/backend/lib/hyperloglog.c
+ *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2013 Hideaki Ohno <hide.o.j55{at}gmail.com>
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the 'Software'), to
+ * deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the
+ * rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or
+ * sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED 'AS IS', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
+ * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS
+ * IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+#include "postgres.h"
+
+#include <math.h>
+
+#include "lib/hyperloglog.h"
+#include "port/pg_bitutils.h"
+
+#define POW_2_32			(4294967296.0)
+#define NEG_POW_2_32		(-4294967296.0)
+
+static inline uint8 rho(uint32 x, uint8 b);
+
+/*
+ * Initialize HyperLogLog track state, by bit width
+ *
+ * bwidth is bit width (so register size will be 2 to the power of bwidth).
+ * Must be between 4 and 16 inclusive.
+ */
+void
+initHyperLogLog(hyperLogLogState *cState, uint8 bwidth)
+{
+	double		alpha;
+
+	if (bwidth < 4 || bwidth > 16)
+		elog(ERROR, "bit width must be between 4 and 16 inclusive");
+
+	cState->registerWidth = bwidth;
+	cState->nRegisters = (Size) 1 << bwidth;
+	cState->arrSize = sizeof(uint8) * cState->nRegisters + 1;
+
+	/*
+	 * Initialize hashes array to zero, not negative infinity, per discussion
+	 * of the coupon collector problem in the HyperLogLog paper
+	 */
+	cState->hashesArr = palloc0(cState->arrSize);
+
+	/*
+	 * "alpha" is a value that for each possible number of registers (m) is
+	 * used to correct a systematic multiplicative bias present in m ^ 2 Z (Z
+	 * is "the indicator function" through which we finally compute E,
+	 * estimated cardinality).
+	 */
+	switch (cState->nRegisters)
+	{
+		case 16:
+			alpha = 0.673;
+			break;
+		case 32:
+			alpha = 0.697;
+			break;
+		case 64:
+			alpha = 0.709;
+			break;
+		default:
+			alpha = 0.7213 / (1.0 + 1.079 / cState->nRegisters);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Precalculate alpha m ^ 2, later used to generate "raw" HyperLogLog
+	 * estimate E
+	 */
+	cState->alphaMM = alpha * cState->nRegisters * cState->nRegisters;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Initialize HyperLogLog track state, by error rate
+ *
+ * Instead of specifying bwidth (number of bits used for addressing the
+ * register), this method allows sizing the counter for particular error
+ * rate using a simple formula from the paper:
+ *
+ *	 e = 1.04 / sqrt(m)
+ *
+ * where 'm' is the number of registers, i.e. (2^bwidth). The method
+ * finds the lowest bwidth with 'e' below the requested error rate, and
+ * then uses it to initialize the counter.
+ *
+ * As bwidth has to be between 4 and 16, the worst possible error rate
+ * is between ~25% (bwidth=4) and 0.4% (bwidth=16).
+ */
+void
+initHyperLogLogError(hyperLogLogState *cState, double error)
+{
+	uint8		bwidth = 4;
+
+	while (bwidth < 16)
+	{
+		double		m = (Size) 1 << bwidth;
+
+		if (1.04 / sqrt(m) < error)
+			break;
+		bwidth++;
+	}
+
+	initHyperLogLog(cState, bwidth);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Free HyperLogLog track state
+ *
+ * Releases allocated resources, but not the state itself (in case it's not
+ * allocated by palloc).
+ */
+void
+freeHyperLogLog(hyperLogLogState *cState)
+{
+	Assert(cState->hashesArr != NULL);
+	pfree(cState->hashesArr);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Adds element to the estimator, from caller-supplied hash.
+ *
+ * It is critical that the hash value passed be an actual hash value, typically
+ * generated using hash_any().  The algorithm relies on a specific bit-pattern
+ * observable in conjunction with stochastic averaging.  There must be a
+ * uniform distribution of bits in hash values for each distinct original value
+ * observed.
+ */
+void
+addHyperLogLog(hyperLogLogState *cState, uint32 hash)
+{
+	uint8		count;
+	uint32		index;
+
+	/* Use the first "k" (registerWidth) bits as a zero based index */
+	index = hash >> (BITS_PER_BYTE * sizeof(uint32) - cState->registerWidth);
+
+	/* Compute the rank of the remaining 32 - "k" (registerWidth) bits */
+	count = rho(hash << cState->registerWidth,
+				BITS_PER_BYTE * sizeof(uint32) - cState->registerWidth);
+
+	cState->hashesArr[index] = Max(count, cState->hashesArr[index]);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Estimates cardinality, based on elements added so far
+ */
+double
+estimateHyperLogLog(hyperLogLogState *cState)
+{
+	double		result;
+	double		sum = 0.0;
+	int			i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < cState->nRegisters; i++)
+	{
+		sum += 1.0 / pow(2.0, cState->hashesArr[i]);
+	}
+
+	/* result set to "raw" HyperLogLog estimate (E in the HyperLogLog paper) */
+	result = cState->alphaMM / sum;
+
+	if (result <= (5.0 / 2.0) * cState->nRegisters)
+	{
+		/* Small range correction */
+		int			zero_count = 0;
+
+		for (i = 0; i < cState->nRegisters; i++)
+		{
+			if (cState->hashesArr[i] == 0)
+				zero_count++;
+		}
+
+		if (zero_count != 0)
+			result = cState->nRegisters * log((double) cState->nRegisters /
+											  zero_count);
+	}
+	else if (result > (1.0 / 30.0) * POW_2_32)
+	{
+		/* Large range correction */
+		result = NEG_POW_2_32 * log(1.0 - (result / POW_2_32));
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Worker for addHyperLogLog().
+ *
+ * Calculates the position of the first set bit in first b bits of x argument
+ * starting from the first, reading from most significant to least significant
+ * bits.
+ *
+ * Example (when considering fist 10 bits of x):
+ *
+ * rho(x = 0b1000000000)   returns 1
+ * rho(x = 0b0010000000)   returns 3
+ * rho(x = 0b0000000000)   returns b + 1
+ *
+ * "The binary address determined by the first b bits of x"
+ *
+ * Return value "j" used to index bit pattern to watch.
+ */
+static inline uint8
+rho(uint32 x, uint8 b)
+{
+	uint8		j = 1;
+
+	if (x == 0)
+		return b + 1;
+
+	j = 32 - pg_leftmost_one_pos32(x);
+
+	if (j > b)
+		return b + 1;
+
+	return j;
+}