Adding upstream version 15.5.upstream/15.5

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 3784 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f409729
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,3784 @@
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create FDW objects
+-- ===================================================================
+
+CREATE EXTENSION postgres_fdw;
+
+CREATE SERVER testserver1 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw;
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback2 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback3 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (user 'value', password 'value');
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback2;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback3;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create objects used through FDW loopback server
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TYPE user_enum AS ENUM ('foo', 'bar', 'buz');
+CREATE SCHEMA "S 1";
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 1" (
+	"C 1" int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10),
+	c8 user_enum,
+	CONSTRAINT t1_pkey PRIMARY KEY ("C 1")
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 2" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t2_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 3" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t3_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 4" (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	CONSTRAINT t4_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
+);
+
+-- Disable autovacuum for these tables to avoid unexpected effects of that
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 2" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 3" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 4" SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id % 10,
+	       to_char(id, 'FM00000'),
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamptz + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       '1970-01-01'::timestamp + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
+	       id % 10,
+	       id % 10,
+	       'foo'::user_enum
+	FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 2"
+	SELECT id,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 3"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 % 2 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 4"
+	SELECT id,
+	       id + 1,
+	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
+	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE c1 % 3 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
+
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 2";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 3";
+ANALYZE "S 1"."T 4";
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- create foreign tables
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft1 (
+	c0 int,
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP COLUMN c0;
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft2 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	cx int,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft2',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 DROP COLUMN cx;
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft4 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3');
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft5 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft6 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft7 (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text
+) SERVER loopback3 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- tests for validator
+-- ===================================================================
+-- requiressl and some other parameters are omitted because
+-- valid values for them depend on configure options
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (
+	use_remote_estimate 'false',
+	updatable 'true',
+	fdw_startup_cost '123.456',
+	fdw_tuple_cost '0.123',
+	service 'value',
+	connect_timeout 'value',
+	dbname 'value',
+	host 'value',
+	hostaddr 'value',
+	port 'value',
+	--client_encoding 'value',
+	application_name 'value',
+	--fallback_application_name 'value',
+	keepalives 'value',
+	keepalives_idle 'value',
+	keepalives_interval 'value',
+	tcp_user_timeout 'value',
+	-- requiressl 'value',
+	sslcompression 'value',
+	sslmode 'value',
+	sslcert 'value',
+	sslkey 'value',
+	sslrootcert 'value',
+	sslcrl 'value',
+	--requirepeer 'value',
+	krbsrvname 'value',
+	gsslib 'value'
+	--replication 'value'
+);
+
+-- Error, invalid list syntax
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo; bar');
+
+-- OK but gets a warning
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo, bar');
+ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (DROP user, DROP password);
+
+-- Attempt to add a valid option that's not allowed in a user mapping
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslmode 'require');
+
+-- But we can add valid ones fine
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslpassword 'dummy');
+
+-- Ensure valid options we haven't used in a user mapping yet are
+-- permitted to check validation.
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
+	OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'value', ADD sslcert 'value');
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
+\det+
+
+-- Test that alteration of server options causes reconnection
+-- Remote's errors might be non-English, so hide them to ensure stable results
+\set VERBOSITY terse
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET dbname 'no such database');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$ALTER SERVER loopback
+            OPTIONS (SET dbname '$$||current_database()||$$')$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+
+-- Test that alteration of user mapping options causes reconnection
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (ADD user 'no such user');
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
+  OPTIONS (DROP user);
+SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
+\set VERBOSITY default
+
+-- Now we should be able to run ANALYZE.
+-- To exercise multiple code paths, we use local stats on ft1
+-- and remote-estimate mode on ft2.
+ANALYZE ft1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test error case for create publication on foreign table
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE PUBLICATION testpub_ftbl FOR TABLE ft1;  -- should fail
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- single table without alias
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+-- single table with alias - also test that tableoid sort is not pushed to remote side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+-- whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+-- empty result
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE false;
+-- with WHERE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
+-- with FOR UPDATE/SHARE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
+-- aggregate
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ft1 t1;
+-- subquery
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 <= 10) ORDER BY c1;
+-- subquery+MAX
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 = (SELECT MAX(c3) FROM ft2 t2) ORDER BY c1;
+-- used in CTE
+WITH t1 AS (SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 <= 10) SELECT t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3, t2.c4 FROM t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1 ORDER BY t1.c1;
+-- fixed values
+SELECT 'fixed', NULL FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join.
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+-- A join between local table and foreign join. ORDER BY clause is added to the
+-- foreign join so that the local table can be joined using merge join strategy.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+-- Test similar to above, except that the full join prevents any equivalence
+-- classes from being merged. This produces single relation equivalence classes
+-- included in join restrictions.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+-- Test similar to above with all full outer joins
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+
+-- Test executing assertion in estimate_path_cost_size() that makes sure that
+-- retrieved_rows for foreign rel re-used to cost pre-sorted foreign paths is
+-- a sensible value even when the rel has tuples=0
+CREATE TABLE loct_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft_empty (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct_empty');
+INSERT INTO loct_empty
+  SELECT id, 'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000') FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
+DELETE FROM loct_empty;
+ANALYZE ft_empty;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft_empty ORDER BY c1;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- WHERE with remotely-executable conditions
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 1;         -- Var, OpExpr(b), Const
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 100 AND t1.c2 = 0; -- BoolExpr
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NULL;        -- NullTest
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NOT NULL;    -- NullTest
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE round(abs(c1), 0) = 1; -- FuncExpr
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = -c1;          -- OpExpr(l)
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE (c1 IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM (c1 IS NOT NULL); -- DistinctExpr
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = ANY(ARRAY[c2, 1, c1 + 0]); -- ScalarArrayOpExpr
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = (ARRAY[c1,c2,3])[1]; -- SubscriptingRef
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c6 = E'foo''s\\bar';  -- check special chars
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = 'foo';  -- can't be sent to remote
+-- parameterized remote path for foreign table
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM "S 1"."T 1" a, ft2 b WHERE a."C 1" = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+SELECT * FROM "S 1"."T 1" a, ft2 b WHERE a."C 1" = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
+
+-- check both safe and unsafe join conditions
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+  WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
+WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
+-- bug before 9.3.5 due to sloppy handling of remote-estimate parameters
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft2 WHERE c1 < 5));
+SELECT * FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 < 5));
+-- we should not push order by clause with volatile expressions or unsafe
+-- collations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, random();
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, ft2.c3 collate "C";
+
+-- user-defined operator/function
+CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int) RETURNS int AS $$
+BEGIN
+RETURN abs($1);
+END
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql IMMUTABLE;
+CREATE OPERATOR === (
+    LEFTARG = int,
+    RIGHTARG = int,
+    PROCEDURE = int4eq,
+    COMMUTATOR = ===
+);
+
+-- built-in operators and functions can be shipped for remote execution
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+
+-- by default, user-defined ones cannot
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+
+-- ORDER BY can be shipped, though
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+
+-- but let's put them in an extension ...
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int);
+ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD OPERATOR === (int, int);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+
+-- ... now they can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+
+-- and both ORDER BY and LIMIT can be shipped
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2 order by t1.c2 limit 1;
+
+-- Test CASE pushdown
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE WHEN c1 > 990 THEN c1 END < 1000 ORDER BY c1;
+
+-- Nested CASE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+
+SELECT c1,c2,c3 FROM ft2 WHERE CASE CASE WHEN c2 > 0 THEN c2 END WHEN 100 THEN 601 WHEN c2 THEN c2 ELSE 0 END > 600 ORDER BY c1;
+
+-- CASE arg WHEN
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE mod(c1, 4) WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+
+-- CASE cannot be pushed down because of unshippable arg clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 > (CASE random()::integer WHEN 0 THEN 1 WHEN 2 THEN 50 ELSE 100 END);
+
+-- these are shippable
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c6 WHEN 'foo' THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+
+-- but this is not because of collation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE CASE c3 COLLATE "C" WHEN c6 THEN true ELSE c3 < 'bar' END;
+
+-- check schema-qualification of regconfig constant
+CREATE TEXT SEARCH CONFIGURATION public.custom_search
+  (COPY = pg_catalog.english);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+SELECT c1, to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3) FROM ft1
+WHERE c1 = 642 AND length(to_tsvector('custom_search'::regconfig, c3)) > 0;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- JOIN queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Analyze ft4 and ft5 so that we have better statistics. These tables do not
+-- have use_remote_estimate set.
+ANALYZE ft4;
+ANALYZE ft5;
+
+-- join two tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+-- join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+-- left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+-- left outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+-- left outer join + placement of clauses.
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but top level clause on
+-- non-nullable side is pushed into non-nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
+-- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but the top level clause
+-- on nullable side is not pushed down into nullable side
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
+			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
+-- right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+-- right outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+-- full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
+-- full outer join with restrictions on the joining relations
+-- a. the joining relations are both base relations
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+-- b. one of the joining relations is a base relation and the other is a join
+-- relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+-- c. test deparsing the remote query as nested subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
+-- d. test deparsing rowmarked relations as subqueries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+-- full outer join + inner join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
+-- full outer join three tables
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+-- full outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+-- right outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+-- full outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+-- left outer join + full outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+SET enable_memoize TO off;
+-- right outer join + left outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+RESET enable_memoize;
+-- left outer join + right outer join
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause, only matched rows
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+-- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions not set
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+-- join two tables with FOR UPDATE clause
+-- tests whole-row reference for row marks
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
+-- join two tables with FOR SHARE clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
+-- join in CTE
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS MATERIALIZED (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+-- ctid with whole-row reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.ctid, t1, t2, t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+-- SEMI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+-- ANTI JOIN, not pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+-- CROSS JOIN can be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+-- different server, not pushed down. No result expected.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+-- unsafe join conditions (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down. Practically a CROSS
+-- JOIN since c8 in both tables has same value.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+-- unsafe conditions on one side (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+-- join where unsafe to pushdown condition in WHERE clause has a column not
+-- in the SELECT clause. In this test unsafe clause needs to have column
+-- references from both joining sides so that the clause is not pushed down
+-- into one of the joining sides.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+-- Aggregate after UNION, for testing setrefs
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+-- join with pseudoconstant quals, not pushed down.
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 AND CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
+
+-- non-Var items in targetlist of the nullable rel of a join preventing
+-- push-down in some cases
+-- unable to push {ft1, ft2}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+
+-- ok to push {ft1, ft2} but not {ft1, ft2, ft4}
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
+
+-- join with nullable side with some columns with null values
+UPDATE ft5 SET c3 = null where c1 % 9 = 0;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
+
+-- multi-way join involving multiple merge joins
+-- (this case used to have EPQ-related planning problems)
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (c1 int NOT NULL, c2 int NOT NULL, c3 text, CONSTRAINT local_tbl_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1));
+INSERT INTO local_tbl SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+SET enable_nestloop TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+SELECT * FROM ft1, ft2, ft4, ft5, local_tbl WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c2 = ft4.c1
+    AND ft1.c2 = ft5.c1 AND ft1.c2 = local_tbl.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft2.c1 < 100 FOR UPDATE;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+
+-- test that add_paths_with_pathkeys_for_rel() arranges for the epq_path to
+-- return columns needed by the parent ForeignScan node
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.*, COALESCE(ft1.c3 || ft2.c3, 'foobar') FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100)) ss ON (local_tbl.c1 = ss.c1) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD fdw_startup_cost '10000.0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl LEFT JOIN (SELECT ft1.* FROM ft1 INNER JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 < 100 AND ft1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(ft2.c2))) ss ON (local_tbl.c3 = ss.c3) ORDER BY local_tbl.c1 FOR UPDATE OF local_tbl;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP fdw_startup_cost);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+
+-- check join pushdown in situations where multiple userids are involved
+CREATE ROLE regress_view_owner SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_view_owner SERVER loopback;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft4 TO regress_view_owner;
+GRANT SELECT ON ft5 TO regress_view_owner;
+
+CREATE VIEW v4 AS SELECT * FROM ft4;
+CREATE VIEW v5 AS SELECT * FROM ft5;
+ALTER VIEW v5 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, different view owners
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, view owner not current user
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO CURRENT_USER;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
+SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
+ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP OWNED BY regress_view_owner;
+DROP ROLE regress_view_owner;
+
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Aggregate and grouping queries
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Simple aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2 limit 1;
+
+-- Aggregate is not pushed down as aggregation contains random()
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) as sum, avg(c1) from ft1;
+
+-- Aggregate over join query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
+
+-- Not pushed down due to local conditions present in underneath input rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where ((t1.c1 * t2.c1)/(t1.c1 * t2.c1)) * random() <= 1;
+
+-- GROUP BY clause having expressions
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
+
+-- Aggregates in subquery are pushed down.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
+
+-- Aggregate is still pushed down by taking unshippable expression out
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
+
+-- Aggregate with unshippable GROUP BY clause are not pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as c2 from ft2 group by c2 * (random() <= 1)::int order by 1;
+
+-- GROUP BY clause in various forms, cardinal, alias and constant expression
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
+
+-- GROUP BY clause referring to same column multiple times
+-- Also, ORDER BY contains an aggregate function
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+select c2, c2 from ft1 where c2 > 6 group by 1, 2 order by sum(c1);
+
+-- Testing HAVING clause shippability
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
+
+-- Unshippable HAVING clause will be evaluated locally, and other qual in HAVING clause is pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
+
+-- Aggregate in HAVING clause is not pushable, and thus aggregation is not pushed down
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) from ft1 group by c2 having avg(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) > 100 order by 1;
+
+-- Remote aggregate in combination with a local Param (for the output
+-- of an initplan) can be trouble, per bug #15781
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1;
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+select exists(select 1 from pg_enum), sum(c1) from ft1 group by 1;
+
+
+-- Testing ORDER BY, DISTINCT, FILTER, Ordered-sets and VARIADIC within aggregates
+
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, same column used to order
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
+
+-- ORDER BY within aggregate, different column used to order also using DESC
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
+
+-- DISTINCT within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+
+-- DISTINCT combined with ORDER BY within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
+
+-- FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+
+-- DISTINCT, ORDER BY and FILTER within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
+
+-- Outer query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+-- Inner query is aggregation query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
+
+-- Aggregate not pushed down as FILTER condition is not pushable
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c1) filter (where (c1 / c1) * random() <= 1) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) filter (where c2 in (select c2 from ft1 where c2 < 5)) from ft1;
+
+-- Ordered-sets within aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
+
+-- Using multiple arguments within aggregates
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
+
+-- User defined function for user defined aggregate, VARIADIC
+create function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray)
+returns anyelement language sql as
+  'select least($1, min($2[i])) from generate_subscripts($2,1) g(i)';
+create aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray) (
+  stype = anyelement, sfunc = least_accum
+);
+
+-- Disable hash aggregation for plan stability.
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+
+-- Not pushed down due to user defined aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+
+-- Add function and aggregate into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+
+-- Now aggregate will be pushed.  Aggregate will display VARIADIC argument.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
+
+-- Remove function and aggregate from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+
+-- Not pushed down as we have dropped objects from extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
+
+-- Cleanup
+reset enable_hashagg;
+drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
+drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
+
+
+-- Testing USING OPERATOR() in ORDER BY within aggregate.
+-- For this, we need user defined operators along with operator family and
+-- operator class.  Create those and then add them in extension.  Note that
+-- user defined objects are considered unshippable unless they are part of
+-- the extension.
+create operator public.<^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4eq
+);
+
+create operator public.=^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4lt
+);
+
+create operator public.>^ (
+ leftarg = int4,
+ rightarg = int4,
+ procedure = int4gt
+);
+
+create operator family my_op_family using btree;
+
+create function my_op_cmp(a int, b int) returns int as
+  $$begin return btint4cmp(a, b); end $$ language plpgsql;
+
+create operator class my_op_class for type int using btree family my_op_family as
+ operator 1 public.<^,
+ operator 3 public.=^,
+ operator 5 public.>^,
+ function 1 my_op_cmp(int, int);
+
+-- This will not be pushed as user defined sort operator is not part of the
+-- extension yet.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+
+-- This should not be pushed either.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+
+-- Update local stats on ft2
+ANALYZE ft2;
+
+-- Add into extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+
+-- Now this will be pushed as sort operator is part of the extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+
+-- This should be pushed too.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from ft2 order by c1 using operator(public.<^);
+
+-- Remove from extension
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+
+-- This will not be pushed as sort operator is now removed from the extension.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
+
+-- Cleanup
+drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
+drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
+drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
+drop operator public.>^(int, int);
+drop operator public.=^(int, int);
+drop operator public.<^(int, int);
+
+-- Input relation to aggregate push down hook is not safe to pushdown and thus
+-- the aggregate cannot be pushed down to foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(t1.c3) from ft2 t1 left join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = random() * t2.c2);
+
+-- Subquery in FROM clause having aggregate
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
+
+-- FULL join with IS NULL check in HAVING
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
+
+-- Aggregate over FULL join needing to deparse the joining relations as
+-- subqueries.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
+
+-- ORDER BY expression is part of the target list but not pushed down to
+-- foreign server.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
+
+-- LATERAL join, with parameterization
+set enable_hashagg to false;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
+reset enable_hashagg;
+
+-- bug #15613: bad plan for foreign table scan with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+
+SELECT ref_0.c2, subq_1.*
+FROM
+    "S 1"."T 1" AS ref_0,
+    LATERAL (
+        SELECT ref_0."C 1" c1, subq_0.*
+        FROM (SELECT ref_0.c2, ref_1.c3
+              FROM ft1 AS ref_1) AS subq_0
+             RIGHT JOIN ft2 AS ref_3 ON (subq_0.c3 = ref_3.c3)
+    ) AS subq_1
+WHERE ref_0."C 1" < 10 AND subq_1.c3 = '00001'
+ORDER BY ref_0."C 1";
+
+-- Check with placeHolderVars
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
+
+
+-- Not supported cases
+-- Grouping sets
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
+
+-- DISTINCT itself is not pushed down, whereas underneath aggregate is pushed
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
+
+-- WindowAgg
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
+
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- parameterized queries
+-- ===================================================================
+-- simple join
+PREPARE st1(int, int) AS SELECT t1.c3, t2.c3 FROM ft1 t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = $1 AND t2.c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st1(1, 2);
+EXECUTE st1(1, 1);
+EXECUTE st1(101, 101);
+-- subquery using stable function (can't be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st2(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c4) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
+EXECUTE st2(101, 121);
+-- subquery using immutable function (can be sent to remote)
+PREPARE st3(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
+EXECUTE st3(20, 30);
+-- custom plan should be chosen initially
+PREPARE st4(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = $1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+-- once we try it enough times, should switch to generic plan
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
+-- value of $1 should not be sent to remote
+PREPARE st5(user_enum,int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = $1 and c1 = $2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
+
+-- altering FDW options requires replanning
+PREPARE st6 AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+PREPARE st7 AS INSERT INTO ft1 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1001,101,'foo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" RENAME TO "T 0";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 0');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
+EXECUTE st6;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 0" RENAME TO "T 1";
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 1');
+
+PREPARE st8 AS SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
+EXECUTE st8;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+
+-- cleanup
+DEALLOCATE st1;
+DEALLOCATE st2;
+DEALLOCATE st3;
+DEALLOCATE st4;
+DEALLOCATE st5;
+DEALLOCATE st6;
+DEALLOCATE st7;
+DEALLOCATE st8;
+
+-- System columns, except ctid and oid, should not be sent to remote
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'pg_class'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'ft1'::regclass LIMIT 1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- used in PL/pgSQL function
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_test(p_c1 int) RETURNS int AS $$
+DECLARE
+	v_c1 int;
+BEGIN
+    SELECT c1 INTO v_c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    PERFORM c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 AND p_c1 = v_c1 LIMIT 1;
+    RETURN v_c1;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+SELECT f_test(100);
+DROP FUNCTION f_test(int);
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- REINDEX
+-- ===================================================================
+-- remote table is not created here
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign (c1 int, c2 int)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'reindex_local');
+REINDEX TABLE reindex_foreign; -- error
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reindex_foreign; -- error
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE reindex_foreign;
+-- partitions and foreign tables
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_parent (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE reind_fdw_0_10 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE reind_fdw_10_20 PARTITION OF reind_fdw_parent
+  FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'reind_local_10_20');
+REINDEX TABLE reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+REINDEX TABLE CONCURRENTLY reind_fdw_parent; -- ok
+DROP TABLE reind_fdw_parent;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- conversion error
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE int;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8) WHERE x1 = 1;  -- ERROR
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx.x8 FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+SELECT ftx.x1, ft2.c2, ftx FROM ft1 ftx(x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7,x8), ft2
+  WHERE ftx.x1 = ft2.c1 AND ftx.x1 = 1; -- ERROR
+SELECT sum(c2), array_agg(c8) FROM ft1 GROUP BY c8; -- ERROR
+ANALYZE ft1; -- ERROR
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- local type can be different from remote type in some cases,
+-- in particular if similarly-named operators do equivalent things
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE text;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 = 'foo' LIMIT 1;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 'foo' = c8 LIMIT 1;
+-- we declared c8 to be text locally, but it's still the same type on
+-- the remote which will balk if we try to do anything incompatible
+-- with that remote type
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8 LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c8::text LIKE 'foo' LIMIT 1; -- ERROR; cast not pushed down
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- subtransaction
+--  + local/remote error doesn't break cursor
+-- ===================================================================
+BEGIN;
+DECLARE c CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1;
+FETCH c;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+ERROR OUT;          -- ERROR
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 1 / (c1 - 1) > 0;  -- ERROR
+ROLLBACK TO s;
+FETCH c;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1 LIMIT 1;
+COMMIT;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test handling of collations
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loct3 (f1 text collate "C" unique, f2 text, f3 varchar(10) unique);
+create foreign table ft3 (f1 text collate "C", f2 text, f3 varchar(10))
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct3', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+
+-- can be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo';
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo';
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f3 = 'foo';
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 and l.f1 = 'foo';
+-- can't be sent to remote
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "POSIX" = 'foo';
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
+explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
+  where f.f3 = l.f3 COLLATE "POSIX" and l.f1 = 'foo';
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test writable foreign table stuff
+-- ===================================================================
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  VALUES (1101,201,'aaa'), (1102,202,'bbb'), (1103,203,'ccc') RETURNING *;
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1104,204,'ddd'), (1105,205,'eee');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;              -- can be pushed down
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;  -- can be pushed down
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;                               -- can be pushed down
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
+  FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+  DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;                               -- can be pushed down
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;                -- can be pushed down
+DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;
+SELECT c1,c2,c3,c4 FROM ft2 ORDER BY c1;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1200,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;             -- can be pushed down
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;                       -- can be pushed down
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 1200 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
+
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with RETURNING on a three-table join
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id - 1200, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(1201, 1300) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;       -- can be pushed down
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'foo'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2, ft2.*, ft4, ft4.*;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;                          -- can be pushed down
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 LEFT JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200 AND ft2.c1 % 10 = 0 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING 100;
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 1200;
+
+-- Test UPDATE with a MULTIEXPR sub-select
+-- (maybe someday this'll be remotely executable, but not today)
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2, c7) = (
+    SELECT c2 * 10, c7
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+
+UPDATE ft2 AS target SET (c2) = (
+    SELECT c2 / 10
+        FROM ft2 AS src
+        WHERE target.c1 = src.c1
+) WHERE c1 > 1100;
+
+-- Test UPDATE involving a join that can be pushed down,
+-- but a SET clause that can't be
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+UPDATE ft2 d SET c2 = CASE WHEN random() >= 0 THEN d.c2 ELSE 0 END
+  FROM ft2 AS t WHERE d.c1 = t.c1 AND d.c1 > 1000;
+
+-- Test UPDATE/DELETE with WHERE or JOIN/ON conditions containing
+-- user-defined operators/functions
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
+  SELECT id, id % 10, to_char(id, 'FM00000') FROM generate_series(2001, 2010) id;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;            -- can't be pushed down
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(c1) > 2000 RETURNING *;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;                                                    -- can't be pushed down
+UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'baz'
+  FROM ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 = ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 === ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.*, ft4.*, ft5.*;
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;       -- can't be pushed down
+DELETE FROM ft2
+  USING ft4 INNER JOIN ft5 ON (ft4.c1 === ft5.c1)
+  WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000 AND ft2.c2 = ft4.c1
+  RETURNING ft2.c1, ft2.c2, ft2.c3;
+DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE ft2.c1 > 2000;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
+
+-- Test that trigger on remote table works as expected
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION "S 1".F_BRTRIG() RETURNS trigger AS $$
+BEGIN
+    NEW.c3 = NEW.c3 || '_trig_update';
+    RETURN NEW;
+END;
+$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+CREATE TRIGGER t1_br_insert BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
+    ON "S 1"."T 1" FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE "S 1".F_BRTRIG();
+
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1208, 818, 'fff') RETURNING *;
+INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3,c6) VALUES (1218, 818, 'ggg', '(--;') RETURNING *;
+UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 600 WHERE c1 % 10 = 8 AND c1 < 1200 RETURNING *;
+
+-- Test errors thrown on remote side during update
+ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" ADD CONSTRAINT c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12);  -- duplicate key
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING; -- works
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO NOTHING; -- unsupported
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO UPDATE SET c3 = 'ffg'; -- unsupported
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+
+-- Test savepoint/rollback behavior
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+begin;
+update ft2 set c2 = 42 where c2 = 0;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+savepoint s1;
+update ft2 set c2 = 44 where c2 = 4;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+release savepoint s1;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+savepoint s2;
+update ft2 set c2 = 46 where c2 = 6;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+rollback to savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+release savepoint s2;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+savepoint s3;
+update ft2 set c2 = -2 where c2 = 42 and c1 = 10; -- fail on remote side
+rollback to savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+release savepoint s3;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+-- none of the above is committed yet remotely
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+commit;
+select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
+
+VACUUM ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
+
+-- Above DMLs add data with c6 as NULL in ft1, so test ORDER BY NULLS LAST and NULLs
+-- FIRST behavior here.
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS LAST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795  LIMIT 10;
+-- ORDER BY DESC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+-- ORDER BY ASC NULLS FIRST options
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test check constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Consistent check constraints provide consistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive;
+
+-- But inconsistent check constraints provide inconsistent results
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative CHECK (c2 < 0);
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
+RESET constraint_exclusion;
+-- local check constraint is not actually enforced
+INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, 2);
+UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = c2 + 1 WHERE c1 = 1;
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test WITH CHECK OPTION constraints
+-- ===================================================================
+
+CREATE FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc() RETURNS trigger AS $$BEGIN NEW.a := NEW.a + 10; RETURN NEW; END$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE base_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON base_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON base_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+
+-- test WCO for partitions
+
+CREATE TABLE child_tbl (a int, b int);
+ALTER TABLE child_tbl SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON child_tbl FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE row_before_insupd_trigfunc();
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (a int, b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'child_tbl');
+
+CREATE TABLE parent_tbl (a int, b int) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+-- Detach and re-attach once, to stress the concurrent detach case.
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl DETACH PARTITION foreign_tbl CONCURRENTLY;
+ALTER TABLE parent_tbl ATTACH PARTITION foreign_tbl FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (100);
+
+CREATE VIEW rw_view AS SELECT * FROM parent_tbl
+  WHERE a < b WITH CHECK OPTION;
+\d+ rw_view
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5);
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 5); -- should fail
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15);
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15); -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5;
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 5; -- should fail
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15;
+UPDATE rw_view SET b = b + 15; -- ok
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+
+-- We don't allow batch insert when there are any WCO constraints
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5);
+INSERT INTO rw_view VALUES (0, 15), (0, 5); -- should fail
+SELECT * FROM foreign_tbl;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+DROP TRIGGER row_before_insupd_trigger ON child_tbl;
+DROP TABLE parent_tbl CASCADE;
+
+DROP FUNCTION row_before_insupd_trigfunc;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test serial columns (ie, sequence-based defaults)
+-- ===================================================================
+create table loc1 (f1 serial, f2 text);
+alter table loc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem1 (f1 serial, f2 text)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'loc1');
+select pg_catalog.setval('rem1_f1_seq', 10, false);
+insert into loc1(f2) values('hi');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('hi remote');
+insert into loc1(f2) values('bye');
+insert into rem1(f2) values('bye remote');
+select * from loc1;
+select * from rem1;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test generated columns
+-- ===================================================================
+create table gloc1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored);
+alter table gloc1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table grem1 (
+  a int,
+  b int generated always as (a * 2) stored)
+  server loopback options(table_name 'gloc1');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+update grem1 set a = 22 where a = 2;
+select * from gloc1;
+select * from grem1;
+delete from grem1;
+
+-- test copy from
+copy grem1 from stdin;
+1
+2
+\.
+select * from gloc1;
+select * from grem1;
+delete from grem1;
+
+-- test batch insert
+alter server loopback options (add batch_size '10');
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+insert into grem1 (a) values (1), (2);
+select * from gloc1;
+select * from grem1;
+delete from grem1;
+-- batch insert with foreign partitions.
+-- This schema uses two partitions, one local and one remote with a modulo
+-- to loop across all of them in batches.
+create table tab_batch_local (id int, data text);
+insert into tab_batch_local select i, 'test'|| i from generate_series(1, 45) i;
+create table tab_batch_sharded (id int, data text) partition by hash(id);
+create table tab_batch_sharded_p0 partition of tab_batch_sharded
+  for values with (modulus 2, remainder 0);
+create table tab_batch_sharded_p1_remote (id int, data text);
+create foreign table tab_batch_sharded_p1 partition of tab_batch_sharded
+  for values with (modulus 2, remainder 1)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'tab_batch_sharded_p1_remote');
+insert into tab_batch_sharded select * from tab_batch_local;
+select count(*) from tab_batch_sharded;
+drop table tab_batch_local;
+drop table tab_batch_sharded;
+drop table tab_batch_sharded_p1_remote;
+
+alter server loopback options (drop batch_size);
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test local triggers
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Trigger functions "borrowed" from triggers regress test.
+CREATE FUNCTION trigger_func() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+BEGIN
+	RAISE NOTICE 'trigger_func(%) called: action = %, when = %, level = %',
+		TG_ARGV[0], TG_OP, TG_WHEN, TG_LEVEL;
+	RETURN NULL;
+END;$$;
+
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+
+CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION trigger_data()  RETURNS trigger
+LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
+
+declare
+	oldnew text[];
+	relid text;
+    argstr text;
+begin
+
+	relid := TG_relid::regclass;
+	argstr := '';
+	for i in 0 .. TG_nargs - 1 loop
+		if i > 0 then
+			argstr := argstr || ', ';
+		end if;
+		argstr := argstr || TG_argv[i];
+	end loop;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%(%) % % % ON %',
+		tg_name, argstr, TG_when, TG_level, TG_OP, relid;
+    oldnew := '{}'::text[];
+	if TG_OP != 'INSERT' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('OLD: %s', OLD));
+	end if;
+
+	if TG_OP != 'DELETE' then
+		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('NEW: %s', NEW));
+	end if;
+
+    RAISE NOTICE '%', array_to_string(oldnew, ',');
+
+	if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then
+		return OLD;
+	else
+		return NEW;
+	end if;
+end;
+$$;
+
+-- Test basic functionality
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+
+delete from rem1;
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+
+DELETE from rem1;
+
+-- Test multiple AFTER ROW triggers on a foreign table
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after1
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after2
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+
+insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
+update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
+update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
+delete from rem1;
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after1 ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after2 ON rem1;
+
+-- Test WHEN conditions
+
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+
+-- Insert or update not matching: nothing happens
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'test';
+
+-- Insert or update matching: triggers are fired
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'update');
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'update update' where f1 = '2';
+
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW
+WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
+EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+
+-- Trigger is fired for f1=2, not for f1=1
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+
+
+-- Test various RETURN statements in BEFORE triggers.
+
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_row_before_insupdate() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    NEW.f2 := NEW.f2 || ' triggered !';
+    RETURN NEW;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+
+-- The new values should have 'triggered' appended
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;          -- all columns should be transmitted
+UPDATE rem1 set f1 = 10;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+
+DELETE FROM rem1;
+
+-- Add a second trigger, to check that the changes are propagated correctly
+-- from trigger to trigger
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
+SELECT * from loc1;
+INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
+SELECT * from loc1;
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
+SELECT * from loc1;
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2 ON rem1;
+
+DELETE from rem1;
+
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (1, 'test');
+
+-- Test with a trigger returning NULL
+CREATE FUNCTION trig_null() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+  BEGIN
+    RETURN NULL;
+  END
+$$ language plpgsql;
+
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_null
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_null();
+
+-- Nothing should have changed.
+INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (2, 'test2');
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'test2';
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+
+DELETE from rem1;
+
+SELECT * from loc1;
+
+DROP TRIGGER trig_null ON rem1;
+DELETE from rem1;
+
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_local_before BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON loc1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
+
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test');
+UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'testo';
+
+-- Test returning a system attribute
+INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test') RETURNING ctid;
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
+DROP TRIGGER trig_local_before ON loc1;
+
+
+-- Test direct foreign table modification functionality
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1 WHERE false;     -- currently can't be pushed down
+
+-- Test with statement-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before
+	BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
+
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after
+	AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
+	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
+
+-- Test with row-level ON INSERT triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert
+BEFORE INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert ON rem1;
+
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert
+AFTER INSERT ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert ON rem1;
+
+-- Test with row-level ON UPDATE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_update
+BEFORE UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_update ON rem1;
+
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_update
+AFTER UPDATE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_update ON rem1;
+
+-- Test with row-level ON DELETE triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
+BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
+
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
+AFTER DELETE ON rem1
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
+EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
+DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test inheritance features
+-- ===================================================================
+
+CREATE TABLE a (aa TEXT);
+CREATE TABLE loct (aa TEXT, bb TEXT);
+ALTER TABLE a SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE loct SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE b (bb TEXT) INHERITS (a)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct');
+
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaa');
+INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
+
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
+INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+
+UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+
+UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+
+DELETE FROM a;
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
+
+DROP TABLE a CASCADE;
+DROP TABLE loct;
+
+-- Check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table
+create table loct1 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create table loct2 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+
+alter table loct1 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table loct2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+
+create table foo (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table foo2 (f3 int) inherits (foo)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table bar (f1 int, f2 int);
+create foreign table bar2 (f3 int) inherits (bar)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+
+alter table foo set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+alter table bar set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+
+insert into foo values(1,1);
+insert into foo values(3,3);
+insert into foo2 values(2,2,2);
+insert into foo2 values(4,4,4);
+insert into bar values(1,11);
+insert into bar values(2,22);
+insert into bar values(6,66);
+insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
+insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
+insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
+
+-- Now check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table,
+-- where the parent is itself a foreign table
+create table loct4 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
+create foreign table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct4');
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+
+drop foreign table foo2child;
+
+-- And with a local child relation of the foreign table parent
+create table foo2child (f3 int) inherits (foo2);
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo2) for share;
+
+drop table foo2child;
+
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+
+-- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an appendrel subquery
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
+from
+  ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
+where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
+
+-- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join,
+-- but the foreign table is an inheritance child.
+truncate table loct1;
+truncate table only foo;
+\set num_rows_foo 2000
+insert into loct1 select generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+insert into foo select generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2);
+SET enable_hashjoin to false;
+SET enable_nestloop to false;
+alter foreign table foo2 options (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+create index i_loct1_f1 on loct1(f1);
+create index i_foo_f1 on foo(f1);
+analyze foo;
+analyze loct1;
+-- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+-- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
+-- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+RESET enable_nestloop;
+
+-- Test that WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported
+begin;
+declare c cursor for select * from bar where f1 = 7;
+fetch from c;
+update bar set f2 = null where current of c;
+rollback;
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
+
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with row-level triggers
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
+BEFORE UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
+AFTER UPDATE OR DELETE ON bar2
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+update bar set f2 = f2 + 100;
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+delete from bar where f2 < 400;
+
+-- cleanup
+drop table foo cascade;
+drop table bar cascade;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+
+-- Test pushing down UPDATE/DELETE joins to the remote server
+create table parent (a int, b text);
+create table loct1 (a int, b text);
+create table loct2 (a int, b text);
+create foreign table remt1 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create foreign table remt2 (a int, b text)
+  server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter foreign table remt1 inherit parent;
+
+insert into remt1 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt1 values (2, 'bar');
+insert into remt2 values (1, 'foo');
+insert into remt2 values (2, 'bar');
+
+analyze remt1;
+analyze remt2;
+
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+update parent set b = parent.b || remt2.b from remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning *;
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+delete from parent using remt2 where parent.a = remt2.a returning parent;
+
+-- cleanup
+drop foreign table remt1;
+drop foreign table remt2;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+drop table parent;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test tuple routing for foreign-table partitions
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Test insert tuple routing
+create table itrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table itrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') returning *;
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'baz');
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+
+delete from itrtest;
+
+-- MERGE ought to fail cleanly
+merge into itrtest using (select 1, 'foo') as source on (true)
+  when matched then do nothing;
+
+create unique index loct1_idx on loct1 (a);
+
+-- DO NOTHING without an inference specification is supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') on conflict do nothing returning *;
+
+-- But other cases are not supported
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do nothing;
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'bar') on conflict (a) do update set b = excluded.b;
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM itrtest;
+
+delete from itrtest;
+
+drop index loct1_idx;
+
+-- Test that remote triggers work with insert tuple routing
+create function br_insert_trigfunc() returns trigger as $$
+begin
+	new.b := new.b || ' triggered !';
+	return new;
+end
+$$ language plpgsql;
+create trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct1
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+create trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct2
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'foo') returning *;
+insert into itrtest values (2, 'qux') returning *;
+insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *;
+with result as (insert into itrtest values (1, 'test1'), (2, 'test2') returning *) select * from result;
+
+drop trigger loct1_br_insert_trigger on loct1;
+drop trigger loct2_br_insert_trigger on loct2;
+
+drop table itrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+
+-- Test update tuple routing
+create table utrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+create table locp (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (1);
+alter table utrtest attach partition locp for values in (2);
+
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+
+-- It's not allowed to move a row from a partition that is foreign to another
+update utrtest set a = 2 where b = 'foo' returning *;
+
+-- But the reverse is allowed
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'qux' returning *;
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM utrtest;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM locp;
+
+-- The executor should not let unexercised FDWs shut down
+update utrtest set a = 1 where b = 'foo';
+
+-- Test that remote triggers work with update tuple routing
+create trigger loct_br_insert_trigger before insert on loct
+	for each row execute procedure br_insert_trigfunc();
+
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+
+-- Check case where the foreign partition is a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 1 or a = 2 returning *;
+
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+
+-- Check case where the foreign partition isn't a subplan target rel
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+update utrtest set a = 1 where a = 2 returning *;
+
+drop trigger loct_br_insert_trigger on loct;
+
+-- We can move rows to a foreign partition that has been updated already,
+-- but can't move rows to a foreign partition that hasn't been updated yet
+
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+
+-- Test the former case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+update utrtest set a = 1 returning *;
+
+delete from utrtest;
+insert into utrtest values (1, 'foo');
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+update utrtest set a = 1 from (values (1), (2)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+
+-- Change the definition of utrtest so that the foreign partition get updated
+-- after the local partition
+delete from utrtest;
+alter table utrtest detach partition remp;
+drop foreign table remp;
+alter table loct drop constraint loct_a_check;
+alter table loct add check (a in (3));
+create foreign table remp (a int check (a in (3)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct');
+alter table utrtest attach partition remp for values in (3);
+insert into utrtest values (2, 'qux');
+insert into utrtest values (3, 'xyzzy');
+
+-- Test the latter case:
+-- with a direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *;
+update utrtest set a = 3 returning *; -- ERROR
+
+-- with a non-direct modification plan
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *;
+update utrtest set a = 3 from (values (2), (3)) s(x) where a = s.x returning *; -- ERROR
+
+drop table utrtest;
+drop table loct;
+
+-- Test copy tuple routing
+create table ctrtest (a int, b text) partition by list (a);
+create table loct1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text);
+create foreign table remp1 (a int check (a in (1)), b text) server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
+create table loct2 (a int check (a in (2)), b text);
+create foreign table remp2 (b text, a int check (a in (2))) server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp1 for values in (1);
+alter table ctrtest attach partition remp2 for values in (2);
+
+copy ctrtest from stdin;
+1	foo
+2	qux
+\.
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM ctrtest;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp2;
+
+-- Copying into foreign partitions directly should work as well
+copy remp1 from stdin;
+1	bar
+\.
+
+select tableoid::regclass, * FROM remp1;
+
+drop table ctrtest;
+drop table loct1;
+drop table loct2;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test COPY FROM
+-- ===================================================================
+
+create table loc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+alter table loc2 set (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+create foreign table rem2 (f1 int, f2 text) server loopback options(table_name 'loc2');
+
+-- Test basic functionality
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+1	foo
+2	bar
+\.
+select * from rem2;
+
+delete from rem2;
+
+-- Test check constraints
+alter table loc2 add constraint loc2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+alter foreign table rem2 add constraint rem2_f1positive check (f1 >= 0);
+
+-- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+1	foo
+2	bar
+\.
+copy rem2 from stdin; -- ERROR
+-1	xyzzy
+\.
+select * from rem2;
+
+alter foreign table rem2 drop constraint rem2_f1positive;
+alter table loc2 drop constraint loc2_f1positive;
+
+delete from rem2;
+
+-- Test local triggers
+create trigger trig_stmt_before before insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_stmt_after after insert on rem2
+	for each statement execute procedure trigger_func();
+create trigger trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+1	foo
+2	bar
+\.
+select * from rem2;
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_before on rem2;
+drop trigger trig_stmt_after on rem2;
+
+delete from rem2;
+
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+1	foo
+2	bar
+\.
+select * from rem2;
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on rem2;
+
+delete from rem2;
+
+create trigger trig_null before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+1	foo
+2	bar
+\.
+select * from rem2;
+
+drop trigger trig_null on rem2;
+
+delete from rem2;
+
+-- Test remote triggers
+create trigger trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+
+-- The new values are concatenated with ' triggered !'
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+1	foo
+2	bar
+\.
+select * from rem2;
+
+drop trigger trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+
+delete from rem2;
+
+create trigger trig_null before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_null();
+
+-- Nothing happens
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+1	foo
+2	bar
+\.
+select * from rem2;
+
+drop trigger trig_null on loc2;
+
+delete from rem2;
+
+-- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_before before insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger rem2_trig_row_after after insert on rem2
+	for each row execute procedure trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+create trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert before insert on loc2
+	for each row execute procedure trig_row_before_insupdate();
+
+copy rem2 from stdin;
+1	foo
+2	bar
+\.
+select * from rem2;
+
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_before on rem2;
+drop trigger rem2_trig_row_after on rem2;
+drop trigger loc2_trig_row_before_insert on loc2;
+
+delete from rem2;
+
+-- test COPY FROM with foreign table created in the same transaction
+create table loc3 (f1 int, f2 text);
+begin;
+create foreign table rem3 (f1 int, f2 text)
+	server loopback options(table_name 'loc3');
+copy rem3 from stdin;
+1	foo
+2	bar
+\.
+commit;
+select * from rem3;
+drop foreign table rem3;
+drop table loc3;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test for TRUNCATE
+-- ===================================================================
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable0');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable (id int) PARTITION BY HASH(id);
+CREATE TABLE tru_ptable__p0 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                            FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable1 (id int primary key);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable__p1 PARTITION OF tru_ptable
+                                    FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable1');
+INSERT INTO tru_ptable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(11,20) x);
+
+CREATE TABLE tru_pk_table(id int primary key);
+CREATE TABLE tru_fk_table(fkey int references tru_pk_table(id));
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_table (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,10) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_fk_table (SELECT x % 10 + 1 FROM generate_series(5,25) x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_pk_ftable (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_pk_table');
+
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_parent (id int);
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable_child (id int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent (id int)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_parent');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_child () INHERITS (tru_ftable_parent)
+       SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'tru_rtable_child');
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_parent (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable_child  (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10, 18) x);
+
+-- normal truncate
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;        -- 55
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable0;		-- 0
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 0
+
+-- 'truncatable' option
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (ADD truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP truncatable);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'false');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- error
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable OPTIONS (SET truncatable 'true');
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- accepted
+
+-- partitioned table with both local and foreign tables as partitions
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ptable;        -- 155
+TRUNCATE tru_ptable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable;		-- 0
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ptable__p0;	-- 0
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable__p1;	-- 0
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_rtable1;		-- 0
+
+-- 'CASCADE' option
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_pk_ftable;      -- 55
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable;	-- failed by FK reference
+TRUNCATE tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_pk_ftable;    -- 0
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_fk_table;		-- also truncated,0
+
+-- truncate two tables at a command
+INSERT INTO tru_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(1,8) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_pk_ftable (SELECT x FROM generate_series(3,10) x);
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 8
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 8
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable, tru_pk_ftable CASCADE;
+SELECT count(*) from tru_ftable; -- 0
+SELECT count(*) from tru_pk_ftable; -- 0
+
+-- truncate with ONLY clause
+-- Since ONLY is specified, the table tru_ftable_child that inherits
+-- tru_ftable_parent locally is not truncated.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable_parent;  -- 126
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable_parent;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable_parent; -- 0
+
+-- in case when remote table has inherited children
+CREATE TABLE tru_rtable0_child () INHERITS (tru_rtable0);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(5,9) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(10,14) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 95
+
+-- Both parent and child tables in the foreign server are truncated
+-- even though ONLY is specified because ONLY has no effect
+-- when truncating a foreign table.
+TRUNCATE ONLY tru_ftable;
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;   -- 0
+
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0 (SELECT x FROM generate_series(21,25) x);
+INSERT INTO tru_rtable0_child (SELECT x FROM generate_series(26,30) x);
+SELECT sum(id) FROM tru_ftable;		-- 255
+TRUNCATE tru_ftable;			-- truncate both of parent and child
+SELECT count(*) FROM tru_ftable;    -- 0
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE tru_ftable_parent, tru_ftable_child, tru_pk_ftable,tru_ftable__p1,tru_ftable;
+DROP TABLE tru_rtable0, tru_rtable1, tru_ptable, tru_ptable__p0, tru_pk_table, tru_fk_table,
+tru_rtable_parent,tru_rtable_child, tru_rtable0_child;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
+-- ===================================================================
+
+CREATE SCHEMA import_source;
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t1 (c1 int, c2 varchar NOT NULL);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t2 (c1 int default 42, c2 varchar NULL, c3 text collate "POSIX");
+CREATE TYPE typ1 AS (m1 int, m2 varchar);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t3 (c1 timestamptz default now(), c2 typ1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 4" (c1 float8, "C 2" text, c3 varchar(42));
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 5" (c1 float8);
+ALTER TABLE import_source."x 5" DROP COLUMN c1;
+CREATE TABLE import_source."x 6" (c1 int, c2 int generated always as (c1 * 2) stored);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4 (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (1) TO (100);
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part2 PARTITION OF import_source.t4
+  FOR VALUES FROM (100) TO (200);
+
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest1;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest1;
+\det+ import_dest1.*
+\d import_dest1.*
+
+-- Options
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest2;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest2
+  OPTIONS (import_default 'true');
+\det+ import_dest2.*
+\d import_dest2.*
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest3;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest3
+  OPTIONS (import_collate 'false', import_generated 'false', import_not_null 'false');
+\det+ import_dest3.*
+\d import_dest3.*
+
+-- Check LIMIT TO and EXCEPT
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest4;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t1, nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source EXCEPT (t1, "x 4", nonesuch, t4_part)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+\det+ import_dest4.*
+
+-- Assorted error cases
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO notthere;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER nowhere INTO notthere;
+
+-- Check case of a type present only on the remote server.
+-- We can fake this by dropping the type locally in our transaction.
+CREATE TYPE "Colors" AS ENUM ('red', 'green', 'blue');
+CREATE TABLE import_source.t5 (c1 int, c2 text collate "C", "Col" "Colors");
+
+CREATE SCHEMA import_dest5;
+BEGIN;
+DROP TYPE "Colors" CASCADE;
+IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t5)
+  FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest5;  -- ERROR
+
+ROLLBACK;
+
+BEGIN;
+
+
+CREATE SERVER fetch101 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( fetch_size '101' );
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+
+ALTER SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS( SET fetch_size '202' );
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
+AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=202'];
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30000 ( x int ) SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS ( fetch_size '30000' );
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30000 OPTIONS ( SET fetch_size '60000');
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=60000'];
+
+ROLLBACK;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise joins
+-- ===================================================================
+SET enable_partitionwise_join=on;
+
+CREATE TABLE fprt1 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p1 (LIKE fprt1);
+CREATE TABLE fprt1_p2 (LIKE fprt1);
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt1_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 2) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt1_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 2) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p1 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt1_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt1_p2 PARTITION OF fprt1 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (TABLE_NAME 'fprt1_p2');
+ANALYZE fprt1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt1_p2;
+
+CREATE TABLE fprt2 (a int, b int, c varchar) PARTITION BY RANGE(b);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p1 (LIKE fprt2);
+CREATE TABLE fprt2_p2 (LIKE fprt2);
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p1 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2_p2 SET (autovacuum_enabled = 'false');
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p1 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 249, 3) i;
+INSERT INTO fprt2_p2 SELECT i, i, to_char(i/50, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(250, 499, 3) i;
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p1 (b int, c varchar, a int)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p1', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER TABLE fprt2 ATTACH PARTITION ftprt2_p1 FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (250);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftprt2_p2 PARTITION OF fprt2 FOR VALUES FROM (250) TO (500)
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'fprt2_p2', use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ANALYZE fprt2;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p1;
+ANALYZE fprt2_p2;
+
+-- inner join three tables
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t3.c FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) INNER JOIN fprt1 t3 ON (t2.b = t3.a) WHERE t1.a % 25 =0 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+
+-- left outer join + nullable clause
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+SELECT t1.a,t2.b,t2.c FROM fprt1 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM fprt2 WHERE a < 10) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b and t1.b = t2.a) WHERE t1.a < 10 ORDER BY 1,2,3;
+
+-- with whole-row reference; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+SELECT t1.wr, t2.wr FROM (SELECT t1 wr, a FROM fprt1 t1 WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2 wr, b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t2.b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY 1,2;
+
+-- join with lateral reference
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+SELECT t1.a,t1.b FROM fprt1 t1, LATERAL (SELECT t2.a, t2.b FROM fprt2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.b AND t1.b = t2.a) q WHERE t1.a%25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2;
+
+-- with PHVs, partitionwise join selected but no join pushdown
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+SELECT t1.a, t1.phv, t2.b, t2.phv FROM (SELECT 't1_phv' phv, * FROM fprt1 WHERE a % 25 = 0) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT 't2_phv' phv, * FROM fprt2 WHERE b % 25 = 0) t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) ORDER BY t1.a, t2.b;
+
+-- test FOR UPDATE; partitionwise join does not apply
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+SELECT t1.a, t2.b FROM fprt1 t1 INNER JOIN fprt2 t2 ON (t1.a = t2.b) WHERE t1.a % 25 = 0 ORDER BY 1,2 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
+
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test partitionwise aggregates
+-- ===================================================================
+
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE(a);
+
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p1 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p2 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+CREATE TABLE pagg_tab_p3 (LIKE pagg_tab);
+
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p1 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p2 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 20 and (i % 30) >= 10;
+INSERT INTO pagg_tab_p3 SELECT i % 30, i % 50, to_char(i/30, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(1, 3000) i WHERE (i % 30) < 30 and (i % 30) >= 20;
+
+-- Create foreign partitions
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p1 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (0) TO (10) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p2 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (10) TO (20) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p2');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE fpagg_tab_p3 PARTITION OF pagg_tab FOR VALUES FROM (20) TO (30) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'pagg_tab_p3');
+
+ANALYZE pagg_tab;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p1;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p2;
+ANALYZE fpagg_tab_p3;
+
+-- When GROUP BY clause matches with PARTITION KEY.
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is disabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO false;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+
+-- Plan with partitionwise aggregates is enabled
+SET enable_partitionwise_aggregate TO true;
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+SELECT a, sum(b), min(b), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+
+-- Check with whole-row reference
+-- Should have all the columns in the target list for the given relation
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+SELECT a, count(t1) FROM pagg_tab t1 GROUP BY a HAVING avg(b) < 22 ORDER BY 1;
+
+-- When GROUP BY clause does not match with PARTITION KEY.
+EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF)
+SELECT b, avg(a), max(a), count(*) FROM pagg_tab GROUP BY b HAVING sum(a) < 700 ORDER BY 1;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- access rights and superuser
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Non-superuser cannot create a FDW without a password in the connstr
+CREATE ROLE regress_nosuper NOSUPERUSER;
+
+GRANT USAGE ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw TO regress_nosuper;
+
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+
+SHOW is_superuser;
+
+-- This will be OK, we can create the FDW
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback_nopw FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+            OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
+                     port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
+            )$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+
+-- But creation of user mappings for non-superusers should fail
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE pg_temp.ft1_nopw (
+	c1 int NOT NULL,
+	c2 int NOT NULL,
+	c3 text,
+	c4 timestamptz,
+	c5 timestamp,
+	c6 varchar(10),
+	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
+	c8 user_enum
+) SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (schema_name 'public', table_name 'ft1');
+
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+
+-- If we add a password to the connstr it'll fail, because we don't allow passwords
+-- in connstrs only in user mappings.
+
+DO $d$
+    BEGIN
+        EXECUTE $$ALTER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw')$$;
+    END;
+$d$;
+
+-- If we add a password for our user mapping instead, we should get a different
+-- error because the password wasn't actually *used* when we run with trust auth.
+--
+-- This won't work with installcheck, but neither will most of the FDW checks.
+
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password 'dummypw');
+
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+
+-- Unpriv user cannot make the mapping passwordless
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+
+
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+
+RESET ROLE;
+
+-- But the superuser can
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR regress_nosuper SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD password_required 'false');
+
+SET ROLE regress_nosuper;
+
+-- Should finally work now
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+
+-- unpriv user also cannot set sslcert / sslkey on the user mapping
+-- first set password_required so we see the right error messages
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (SET password_required 'true');
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslcert 'foo.crt');
+ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw OPTIONS (ADD sslkey 'foo.key');
+
+-- We're done with the role named after a specific user and need to check the
+-- changes to the public mapping.
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback_nopw;
+
+-- This will fail again as it'll resolve the user mapping for public, which
+-- lacks password_required=false
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+
+RESET ROLE;
+
+-- The user mapping for public is passwordless and lacks the password_required=false
+-- mapping option, but will work because the current user is a superuser.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1_nopw LIMIT 1;
+
+-- cleanup
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER loopback_nopw;
+DROP OWNED BY regress_nosuper;
+DROP ROLE regress_nosuper;
+
+-- Clean-up
+RESET enable_partitionwise_aggregate;
+
+-- Two-phase transactions are not supported.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT count(*) FROM ft1;
+-- error here
+PREPARE TRANSACTION 'fdw_tpc';
+ROLLBACK;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- reestablish new connection
+-- ===================================================================
+
+-- Change application_name of remote connection to special one
+-- so that we can easily terminate the connection later.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_retry_check');
+
+-- Make sure we have a remote connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+-- (If a cache flush happens, the remote connection might have already been
+-- dropped; so code this step in a way that doesn't fail if no connection.)
+DO $$ BEGIN
+PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+END $$;
+
+-- This query should detect the broken connection when starting new remote
+-- transaction, reestablish new connection, and then succeed.
+BEGIN;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+
+-- If we detect the broken connection when starting a new remote
+-- subtransaction, we should fail instead of establishing a new connection.
+-- Terminate the remote connection and wait for the termination to complete.
+DO $$ BEGIN
+PERFORM pg_terminate_backend(pid, 180000) FROM pg_stat_activity
+	WHERE application_name = 'fdw_retry_check';
+END $$;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+-- The text of the error might vary across platforms, so only show SQLSTATE.
+\set VERBOSITY sqlstate
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;    -- should fail
+\set VERBOSITY default
+COMMIT;
+
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test connection invalidation cases and postgres_fdw_get_connections function
+-- =============================================================================
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+-- This test case is for closing the connection in pgfdw_xact_callback
+BEGIN;
+-- Connection xact depth becomes 1 i.e. the connection is in midst of the xact.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft7 LIMIT 1;
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+-- Connections are not closed at the end of the alter and drop statements.
+-- That's because the connections are in midst of this xact,
+-- they are just marked as invalid in pgfdw_inval_callback.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD use_remote_estimate 'off');
+DROP SERVER loopback3 CASCADE;
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback3
+-- should be output as invalid connections. Also the server name for
+-- loopback3 should be NULL because the server was dropped.
+SELECT * FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+-- The invalid connections get closed in pgfdw_xact_callback during commit.
+COMMIT;
+-- All cached connections were closed while committing above xact, so no
+-- records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+
+-- =======================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw_disconnect and postgres_fdw_disconnect_all functions
+-- =======================================================================
+BEGIN;
+-- Ensure to cache loopback connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+-- Ensure to cache loopback2 connection.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft6 LIMIT 1;
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+-- Issue a warning and return false as loopback connection is still in use and
+-- can not be closed.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback');
+-- List all the existing cached connections. loopback and loopback2 should be
+-- output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+-- Return false as connections are still in use, warnings are issued.
+-- But disable warnings temporarily because the order of them is not stable.
+SET client_min_messages = 'ERROR';
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+RESET client_min_messages;
+COMMIT;
+-- Ensure that loopback2 connection is closed.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() WHERE server_name = 'loopback2';
+-- Return false as loopback2 connection is closed already.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('loopback2');
+-- Return an error as there is no foreign server with given name.
+SELECT postgres_fdw_disconnect('unknownserver');
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+
+-- =============================================================================
+-- test case for having multiple cached connections for a foreign server
+-- =============================================================================
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2 SUPERUSER;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+
+BEGIN;
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user1
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+RESET ROLE;
+
+-- Will cache loopback connection with user mapping for regress_multi_conn_user2
+SET ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+RESET ROLE;
+
+-- Should output two connections for loopback server
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+COMMIT;
+-- Let's ensure to close all the existing cached connections.
+SELECT 1 FROM postgres_fdw_disconnect_all();
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user1 SERVER loopback;
+DROP USER MAPPING FOR regress_multi_conn_user2 SERVER loopback;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user1;
+DROP ROLE regress_multi_conn_user2;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Test foreign server level option keep_connections
+-- ===================================================================
+-- By default, the connections associated with foreign server are cached i.e.
+-- keep_connections option is on. Set it to off.
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (keep_connections 'off');
+-- connection to loopback server is closed at the end of xact
+-- as keep_connections was set to off.
+SELECT 1 FROM ft1 LIMIT 1;
+-- No cached connections, so no records should be output.
+SELECT server_name FROM postgres_fdw_get_connections() ORDER BY 1;
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET keep_connections 'on');
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- batch insert
+-- ===================================================================
+
+BEGIN;
+
+CREATE SERVER batch10 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( batch_size '10' );
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+
+ALTER SERVER batch10 OPTIONS( SET batch_size '20' );
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=10'];
+
+SELECT count(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_server
+WHERE srvname = 'batch10'
+AND srvoptions @> array['batch_size=20'];
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30 ( x int ) SERVER batch10 OPTIONS ( batch_size '30' );
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30 OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '40');
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=30'];
+
+SELECT COUNT(*)
+FROM pg_foreign_table
+WHERE ftrelid = 'table30'::regclass
+AND ftoptions @> array['batch_size=40'];
+
+ROLLBACK;
+
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int );
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '10' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 10) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM generate_series(11, 31) i;
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (32);
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (33), (34);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+TRUNCATE batch_table;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+
+-- Disable batch insert
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable ( x int ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS ( table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '1' );
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (1), (2);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+
+-- Disable batch inserting into foreign tables with BEFORE ROW INSERT triggers
+-- even if the batch_size option is enabled.
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ftable OPTIONS ( SET batch_size '10' );
+CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before BEFORE INSERT ON ftable
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+INSERT INTO ftable VALUES (3), (4);
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ftable;
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON ftable;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+
+-- Use partitioning
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int ) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0', batch_size '10');
+
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1', batch_size '1');
+
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p2
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 3, REMAINDER 2);
+
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT * FROM generate_series(1, 66) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+
+-- Check that enabling batched inserts doesn't interfere with cross-partition
+-- updates
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test (a int) PARTITION BY LIST (a);
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1 (LIKE batch_cp_upd_test);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_cp_upd_test1_f
+	PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_cp_upd_test1', batch_size '10');
+CREATE TABLE batch_cp_up_test1 PARTITION OF batch_cp_upd_test
+	FOR VALUES IN (2);
+INSERT INTO batch_cp_upd_test VALUES (1), (2);
+
+-- The following moves a row from the local partition to the foreign one
+UPDATE batch_cp_upd_test t SET a = 1 FROM (VALUES (1), (2)) s(a) WHERE t.a = s.a;
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM batch_cp_upd_test;
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE batch_table, batch_cp_upd_test, batch_table_p0, batch_table_p1 CASCADE;
+
+-- Use partitioning
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD batch_size '10');
+
+CREATE TABLE batch_table ( x int, field1 text, field2 text) PARTITION BY HASH (x);
+
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p0 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p0 ADD CONSTRAINT p0_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p0f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 0)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p0');
+
+CREATE TABLE batch_table_p1 (LIKE batch_table);
+ALTER TABLE batch_table_p1 ADD CONSTRAINT p1_pkey PRIMARY KEY (x);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE batch_table_p1f
+	PARTITION OF batch_table
+	FOR VALUES WITH (MODULUS 2, REMAINDER 1)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table_p1');
+
+INSERT INTO batch_table SELECT i, 'test'||i, 'test'|| i FROM generate_series(1, 50) i;
+SELECT COUNT(*) FROM batch_table;
+SELECT * FROM batch_table ORDER BY x;
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+DROP TABLE batch_table_p0;
+DROP TABLE batch_table_p1;
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP batch_size);
+
+-- Test that pending inserts are handled properly when needed
+CREATE TABLE batch_table (a text, b int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable (a text, b int)
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '2');
+CREATE TABLE ltable (a text, b int);
+CREATE FUNCTION ftable_rowcount_trigf() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS
+$$
+begin
+	raise notice '%: there are % rows in ftable',
+		TG_NAME, (SELECT count(*) FROM ftable);
+	if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then
+		return OLD;
+	else
+		return NEW;
+	end if;
+end;
+$$;
+CREATE TRIGGER ftable_rowcount_trigger
+BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON ltable
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE ftable_rowcount_trigf();
+
+WITH t AS (
+	INSERT INTO ltable VALUES ('AAA', 42), ('BBB', 42) RETURNING *
+)
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM t;
+
+SELECT * FROM ltable;
+SELECT * FROM ftable;
+DELETE FROM ftable;
+
+WITH t AS (
+	UPDATE ltable SET b = b + 100 RETURNING *
+)
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM t;
+
+SELECT * FROM ltable;
+SELECT * FROM ftable;
+DELETE FROM ftable;
+
+WITH t AS (
+	DELETE FROM ltable RETURNING *
+)
+INSERT INTO ftable SELECT * FROM t;
+
+SELECT * FROM ltable;
+SELECT * FROM ftable;
+DELETE FROM ftable;
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+DROP TRIGGER ftable_rowcount_trigger ON ltable;
+DROP TABLE ltable;
+
+CREATE TABLE parent (a text, b int) PARTITION BY LIST (a);
+CREATE TABLE batch_table (a text, b int);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ftable
+	PARTITION OF parent
+	FOR VALUES IN ('AAA')
+	SERVER loopback
+	OPTIONS (table_name 'batch_table', batch_size '2');
+CREATE TABLE ltable
+	PARTITION OF parent
+	FOR VALUES IN ('BBB');
+CREATE TRIGGER ftable_rowcount_trigger
+BEFORE INSERT ON ltable
+FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE ftable_rowcount_trigf();
+
+INSERT INTO parent VALUES ('AAA', 42), ('BBB', 42), ('AAA', 42), ('BBB', 42);
+
+SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM parent;
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE ftable;
+DROP TABLE batch_table;
+DROP TRIGGER ftable_rowcount_trigger ON ltable;
+DROP TABLE ltable;
+DROP TABLE parent;
+DROP FUNCTION ftable_rowcount_trigf;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test asynchronous execution
+-- ===================================================================
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD async_capable 'true');
+
+CREATE TABLE async_pt (a int, b int, c text) PARTITION BY RANGE (a);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl1 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl2 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (1000) TO (2000)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl1');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (2000) TO (3000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl2');
+INSERT INTO async_p1 SELECT 1000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+INSERT INTO async_p2 SELECT 2000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+
+-- simple queries
+CREATE TABLE result_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b % 100 = 0;
+
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+
+-- Check case where multiple partitions use the same connection
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE async_p3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+
+-- Check case where the partitioned table has local/remote partitions
+CREATE TABLE async_p3 PARTITION OF async_pt FOR VALUES FROM (3000) TO (4000);
+INSERT INTO async_p3 SELECT 3000 + i, i, to_char(i, 'FM0000') FROM generate_series(0, 999, 5) i;
+ANALYZE async_pt;
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE b === 505;
+
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+
+-- partitionwise joins
+SET enable_partitionwise_join TO true;
+
+CREATE TABLE join_tbl (a1 int, b1 int, c1 text, a2 int, b2 int, c2 text);
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT t1.a, t1.b, 'AAA' || t1.c, t2.a, t2.b, 'AAA' || t2.c FROM async_pt t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+
+RESET enable_partitionwise_join;
+
+-- Test rescan of an async Append node with do_exec_prune=false
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_p1 t1, async_pt t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b = t2.b AND t1.b % 100 = 0;
+
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+
+-- Test interaction of async execution with plan-time partition pruning
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000;
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < 2000;
+
+-- Test interaction of async execution with run-time partition pruning
+SET plan_cache_mode TO force_generic_plan;
+
+PREPARE async_pt_query (int, int) AS
+  INSERT INTO result_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE a < $1 AND b === $2;
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (3000, 505);
+
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+EXECUTE async_pt_query (2000, 505);
+
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+
+RESET plan_cache_mode;
+
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl(a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo'), (2505, 505, 'bar');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl1_idx ON base_tbl1 (a);
+CREATE INDEX base_tbl2_idx ON base_tbl2 (a);
+CREATE INDEX async_p3_idx ON async_p3 (a);
+ANALYZE base_tbl1;
+ANALYZE base_tbl2;
+ANALYZE async_p3;
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl, async_pt WHERE local_tbl.a = async_pt.a AND local_tbl.c = 'bar';
+
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p1 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+ALTER FOREIGN TABLE async_p2 OPTIONS (DROP use_remote_estimate);
+
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl1_idx;
+DROP INDEX base_tbl2_idx;
+DROP INDEX async_p3_idx;
+
+-- UNION queries
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+INSERT INTO result_tbl
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p1 ORDER BY a LIMIT 10)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT a, b, 'AAA' || c FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10);
+
+SELECT * FROM result_tbl ORDER BY a;
+DELETE FROM result_tbl;
+
+-- Disable async execution if we use gating Result nodes for pseudoconstant
+-- quals
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+(SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER)
+UNION ALL
+(SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER);
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM ((SELECT * FROM async_p1 WHERE b < 10) UNION ALL (SELECT * FROM async_p2 WHERE b < 10)) s WHERE CURRENT_USER = SESSION_USER;
+
+-- Test that pending requests are processed properly
+SET enable_mergejoin TO false;
+SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1, async_p2 t2 WHERE t1.a = t2.a AND t1.b === 505;
+
+CREATE TABLE local_tbl (a int, b int, c text);
+INSERT INTO local_tbl VALUES (1505, 505, 'foo');
+ANALYZE local_tbl;
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+SELECT * FROM local_tbl t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT *, (SELECT count(*) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) FROM async_pt WHERE a < 3000) t2 ON t1.a = t2.a;
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+SELECT * FROM async_pt t1 WHERE t1.b === 505 LIMIT 1;
+
+-- Check with foreign modify
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl3 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl3');
+INSERT INTO remote_tbl VALUES (2505, 505, 'bar');
+
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl4 (a int, b int, c text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl (a int, b int, c text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl4');
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+INSERT INTO insert_tbl (SELECT * FROM local_tbl UNION ALL SELECT * FROM remote_tbl);
+
+SELECT * FROM insert_tbl ORDER BY a;
+
+-- Check with direct modify
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+WITH t AS (UPDATE remote_tbl SET c = c || c RETURNING *)
+INSERT INTO join_tbl SELECT * FROM async_pt LEFT JOIN t ON (async_pt.a = t.a AND async_pt.b = t.b) WHERE async_pt.b === 505;
+
+SELECT * FROM join_tbl ORDER BY a1;
+DELETE FROM join_tbl;
+
+DROP TABLE local_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE remote_tbl;
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE insert_tbl;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl3;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl4;
+
+RESET enable_mergejoin;
+RESET enable_hashjoin;
+
+-- Test that UPDATE/DELETE with inherited target works with async_capable enabled
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+UPDATE async_pt SET c = c || c WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+DELETE FROM async_pt WHERE b = 0 RETURNING *;
+
+-- Check EXPLAIN ANALYZE for a query that scans empty partitions asynchronously
+DELETE FROM async_p1;
+DELETE FROM async_p2;
+DELETE FROM async_p3;
+
+EXPLAIN (ANALYZE, COSTS OFF, SUMMARY OFF, TIMING OFF)
+SELECT * FROM async_pt;
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP TABLE async_pt;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl1;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl2;
+DROP TABLE result_tbl;
+DROP TABLE join_tbl;
+
+-- Test that an asynchronous fetch is processed before restarting the scan in
+-- ReScanForeignScan
+CREATE TABLE base_tbl (a int, b int);
+INSERT INTO base_tbl VALUES (1, 11), (2, 22), (3, 33);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl (b int)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl2 () INHERITS (foreign_tbl)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'base_tbl');
+
+EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+SELECT a FROM base_tbl WHERE a IN (SELECT a FROM foreign_tbl);
+
+-- Clean up
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE foreign_tbl CASCADE;
+DROP TABLE base_tbl;
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP async_capable);
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test invalid server, foreign table and foreign data wrapper options
+-- ===================================================================
+-- Invalid fdw_startup_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_startup_cost '100$%$#$#');
+-- Invalid fdw_tuple_cost option
+CREATE SERVER inv_scst FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
+	OPTIONS(fdw_tuple_cost '100$%$#$#');
+-- Invalid fetch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_fsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (fetch_size '100$%$#$#');
+-- Invalid batch_size option
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE inv_bsz (c1 int )
+	SERVER loopback OPTIONS (batch_size '100$%$#$#');
+
+-- No option is allowed to be specified at foreign data wrapper level
+ALTER FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS (nonexistent 'fdw');
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test postgres_fdw.application_name GUC
+-- ===================================================================
+-- To avoid race conditions in checking the remote session's application_name,
+-- use this view to make the remote session itself read its application_name.
+CREATE VIEW my_application_name AS
+  SELECT application_name FROM pg_stat_activity WHERE pid = pg_backend_pid();
+
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE remote_application_name (application_name text)
+  SERVER loopback2
+  OPTIONS (schema_name 'public', table_name 'my_application_name');
+
+SELECT count(*) FROM remote_application_name;
+
+-- Specify escape sequences in application_name option of a server
+-- object so as to test that they are replaced with status information
+-- expectedly.  Note that we are also relying on ALTER SERVER to force
+-- the remote session to be restarted with its new application name.
+--
+-- Since pg_stat_activity.application_name may be truncated to less than
+-- NAMEDATALEN characters, note that substring() needs to be used
+-- at the condition of test query to make sure that the string consisting
+-- of database name and process ID is also less than that.
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (application_name 'fdw_%d%p');
+SELECT count(*) FROM remote_application_name
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_database() || pg_backend_pid() for
+      current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+
+-- postgres_fdw.application_name overrides application_name option
+-- of a server object if both settings are present.
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (SET application_name 'fdw_wrong');
+SET postgres_fdw.application_name TO 'fdw_%a%u%%';
+SELECT count(*) FROM remote_application_name
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('application_name') ||
+      CURRENT_USER || '%' for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+RESET postgres_fdw.application_name;
+
+-- Test %c (session ID) and %C (cluster name) escape sequences.
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (SET application_name 'fdw_%C%c');
+SELECT count(*) FROM remote_application_name
+  WHERE application_name =
+    substring('fdw_' || current_setting('cluster_name') ||
+      to_hex(trunc(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (SELECT backend_start FROM
+      pg_stat_get_activity(pg_backend_pid()))))::integer) || '.' ||
+      to_hex(pg_backend_pid())
+      for current_setting('max_identifier_length')::int);
+
+-- Clean up.
+DROP FOREIGN TABLE remote_application_name;
+DROP VIEW my_application_name;
+
+-- ===================================================================
+-- test parallel commit
+-- ===================================================================
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (ADD parallel_commit 'true');
+
+CREATE TABLE ploc1 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem1 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc1');
+CREATE TABLE ploc2 (f1 int, f2 text);
+CREATE FOREIGN TABLE prem2 (f1 int, f2 text)
+  SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (table_name 'ploc2');
+
+BEGIN;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (101, 'foo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (201, 'bar');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (102, 'foofoo');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (202, 'barbar');
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+
+-- This tests executing DEALLOCATE ALL against foreign servers in parallel
+-- during pre-commit
+BEGIN;
+SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (103, 'baz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (203, 'qux');
+ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT s;
+RELEASE SAVEPOINT s;
+INSERT INTO prem1 VALUES (104, 'bazbaz');
+INSERT INTO prem2 VALUES (204, 'quxqux');
+COMMIT;
+SELECT * FROM prem1;
+SELECT * FROM prem2;
+
+ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);
+ALTER SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (DROP parallel_commit);