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| author | Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org> | 2024-05-04 12:17:33 +0000 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org> | 2024-05-04 12:17:33 +0000 |
| commit | 5e45211a64149b3c659b90ff2de6fa982a5a93ed (patch) | |
| tree | 739caf8c461053357daa9f162bef34516c7bf452 /doc/src/sgml/html/app-psql.html | |
| parent | Initial commit. (diff) | |
| download | postgresql-15-5e45211a64149b3c659b90ff2de6fa982a5a93ed.tar.xz postgresql-15-5e45211a64149b3c659b90ff2de6fa982a5a93ed.zip | |
Adding upstream version 15.5.upstream/15.5
Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>
Diffstat (limited to 'doc/src/sgml/html/app-psql.html')
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/src/sgml/html/app-psql.html | 2959 |
1 files changed, 2959 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/html/app-psql.html b/doc/src/sgml/html/app-psql.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..783b3c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/src/sgml/html/app-psql.html @@ -0,0 +1,2959 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>psql</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="app-pgverifybackup.html" title="pg_verifybackup" /><link rel="next" href="app-reindexdb.html" title="reindexdb" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center"><span class="application">psql</span></th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="app-pgverifybackup.html" title="pg_verifybackup">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="reference-client.html" title="PostgreSQL Client Applications">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">PostgreSQL Client Applications</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.5 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="app-reindexdb.html" title="reindexdb">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="refentry" id="APP-PSQL"><div class="titlepage"></div><a id="id-1.9.4.20.1" class="indexterm"></a><div class="refnamediv"><h2><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">psql</span></span></h2><p><span class="application">psql</span> — + <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> interactive terminal + </p></div><div class="refsynopsisdiv"><h2>Synopsis</h2><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p id="id-1.9.4.20.4.1"><code class="command">psql</code> [<em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em>...] [<em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> + [<em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em>]]</p></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.4.20.5"><h2>Description</h2><p> + <span class="application">psql</span> is a terminal-based front-end to + <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>. It enables you to type in + queries interactively, issue them to + <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>, and see the query results. + Alternatively, input can be from a file or from command line + arguments. In addition, <span class="application">psql</span> provides a + number of meta-commands and various shell-like features to + facilitate writing scripts and automating a wide variety of tasks. + </p></div><div class="refsect1" id="R1-APP-PSQL-3"><h2>Options</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-a</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--echo-all</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Print all nonempty input lines to standard output as they are read. + (This does not apply to lines read interactively.) This is + equivalent to setting the variable <code class="varname">ECHO</code> to + <code class="literal">all</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-A</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-align</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Switches to unaligned output mode. (The default output mode is + <code class="literal">aligned</code>.) This is equivalent to + <code class="command">\pset format unaligned</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-b</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--echo-errors</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Print failed SQL commands to standard error output. This is + equivalent to setting the variable <code class="varname">ECHO</code> to + <code class="literal">errors</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--command=<em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies that <span class="application">psql</span> is to execute the given + command string, <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em>. + This option can be repeated and combined in any order with + the <code class="option">-f</code> option. When either <code class="option">-c</code> + or <code class="option">-f</code> is specified, <span class="application">psql</span> + does not read commands from standard input; instead it terminates + after processing all the <code class="option">-c</code> and <code class="option">-f</code> + options in sequence. + </p><p> + <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> must be either + a command string that is completely parsable by the server (i.e., + it contains no <span class="application">psql</span>-specific features), + or a single backslash command. Thus you cannot mix + <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> and <span class="application">psql</span> + meta-commands within a <code class="option">-c</code> option. To achieve that, + you could use repeated <code class="option">-c</code> options or pipe the string + into <span class="application">psql</span>, for example: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +psql -c '\x' -c 'SELECT * FROM foo;' +</pre><p> + or +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +echo '\x \\ SELECT * FROM foo;' | psql +</pre><p> + (<code class="literal">\\</code> is the separator meta-command.) + </p><p> + Each <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> command string passed + to <code class="option">-c</code> is sent to the server as a single request. + Because of this, the server executes it as a single transaction even + if the string contains multiple <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> commands, + unless there are explicit <code class="command">BEGIN</code>/<code class="command">COMMIT</code> + commands included in the string to divide it into multiple + transactions. (See <a class="xref" href="protocol-flow.html#PROTOCOL-FLOW-MULTI-STATEMENT" title="55.2.2.1. Multiple Statements in a Simple Query">Section 55.2.2.1</a> + for more details about how the server handles multi-query strings.) + </p><p> + If having several commands executed in one transaction is not desired, + use repeated <code class="option">-c</code> commands or feed multiple commands to + <span class="application">psql</span>'s standard input, + either using <span class="application">echo</span> as illustrated above, or + via a shell here-document, for example: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +psql <<EOF +\x +SELECT * FROM foo; +EOF +</pre></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">--csv</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Switches to <acronym class="acronym">CSV</acronym> (Comma-Separated Values) output + mode. This is equivalent to <code class="command">\pset format csv</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--dbname=<em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies the name of the database to connect to. This is + equivalent to specifying <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> as the first non-option + argument on the command line. The <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> + can be a <a class="link" href="libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNSTRING" title="34.1.1. Connection Strings">connection string</a>. + If so, connection string parameters will override any conflicting + command line options. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-e</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--echo-queries</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Copy all SQL commands sent to the server to standard output as well. + This is equivalent + to setting the variable <code class="varname">ECHO</code> to + <code class="literal">queries</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-E</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--echo-hidden</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Echo the actual queries generated by <code class="command">\d</code> and other backslash + commands. You can use this to study <span class="application">psql</span>'s + internal operations. This is equivalent to + setting the variable <code class="varname">ECHO_HIDDEN</code> to <code class="literal">on</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--file=<em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Read commands from the + file <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>, + rather than standard input. + This option can be repeated and combined in any order with + the <code class="option">-c</code> option. When either <code class="option">-c</code> + or <code class="option">-f</code> is specified, <span class="application">psql</span> + does not read commands from standard input; instead it terminates + after processing all the <code class="option">-c</code> and <code class="option">-f</code> + options in sequence. + Except for that, this option is largely equivalent to the + meta-command <code class="command">\i</code>. + </p><p> + If <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> is <code class="literal">-</code> + (hyphen), then standard input is read until an EOF indication + or <code class="command">\q</code> meta-command. This can be used to intersperse + interactive input with input from files. Note however that Readline + is not used in this case (much as if <code class="option">-n</code> had been + specified). + </p><p> + Using this option is subtly different from writing <code class="literal">psql + < <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code>. In general, + both will do what you expect, but using <code class="literal">-f</code> + enables some nice features such as error messages with line + numbers. There is also a slight chance that using this option will + reduce the start-up overhead. On the other hand, the variant using + the shell's input redirection is (in theory) guaranteed to yield + exactly the same output you would have received had you entered + everything by hand. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-F <em class="replaceable"><code>separator</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--field-separator=<em class="replaceable"><code>separator</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Use <em class="replaceable"><code>separator</code></em> as the + field separator for unaligned output. This is equivalent to + <code class="command">\pset fieldsep</code> or <code class="command">\f</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-h <em class="replaceable"><code>hostname</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--host=<em class="replaceable"><code>hostname</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies the host name of the machine on which the + server is running. If the value begins + with a slash, it is used as the directory for the Unix-domain + socket. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-H</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--html</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Switches to <acronym class="acronym">HTML</acronym> output mode. This is + equivalent to <code class="command">\pset format html</code> or the + <code class="command">\H</code> command. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-l</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--list</code></span></dt><dd><p> + List all available databases, then exit. Other non-connection + options are ignored. This is similar to the meta-command + <code class="command">\list</code>. + </p><p> + When this option is used, <span class="application">psql</span> will connect + to the database <code class="literal">postgres</code>, unless a different database + is named on the command line (option <code class="option">-d</code> or non-option + argument, possibly via a service entry, but not via an environment + variable). + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--log-file=<em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Write all query output into file <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>, in addition to the + normal output destination. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-n</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-readline</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Do not use <span class="application">Readline</span> for line editing and + do not use the command history (see + <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-READLINE" title="Command-Line Editing">the section called “Command-Line Editing”</a> below). + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--output=<em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Put all query output into file <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>. This is equivalent to + the command <code class="command">\o</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--port=<em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies the TCP port or the local Unix-domain + socket file extension on which the server is listening for + connections. Defaults to the value of the <code class="envar">PGPORT</code> + environment variable or, if not set, to the port specified at + compile time, usually 5432. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-P <em class="replaceable"><code>assignment</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--pset=<em class="replaceable"><code>assignment</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies printing options, in the style of + <code class="command">\pset</code>. Note that here you + have to separate name and value with an equal sign instead of a + space. For example, to set the output format to <span class="application">LaTeX</span>, you could write + <code class="literal">-P format=latex</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-q</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--quiet</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies that <span class="application">psql</span> should do its work + quietly. By default, it prints welcome messages and various + informational output. If this option is used, none of this + happens. This is useful with the <code class="option">-c</code> option. + This is equivalent to setting the variable <code class="varname">QUIET</code> + to <code class="literal">on</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-R <em class="replaceable"><code>separator</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--record-separator=<em class="replaceable"><code>separator</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Use <em class="replaceable"><code>separator</code></em> as the + record separator for unaligned output. This is equivalent to + <code class="command">\pset recordsep</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-s</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--single-step</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Run in single-step mode. That means the user is prompted before + each command is sent to the server, with the option to cancel + execution as well. Use this to debug scripts. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-S</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--single-line</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Runs in single-line mode where a newline terminates an SQL command, as a + semicolon does. + </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> + This mode is provided for those who insist on it, but you are not + necessarily encouraged to use it. In particular, if you mix + <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> and meta-commands on a line the order of + execution might not always be clear to the inexperienced user. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-t</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--tuples-only</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Turn off printing of column names and result row count footers, + etc. This is equivalent to <code class="command">\t</code> or + <code class="command">\pset tuples_only</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>table_options</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--table-attr=<em class="replaceable"><code>table_options</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies options to be placed within the + <acronym class="acronym">HTML</acronym> <code class="sgmltag-element">table</code> tag. See + <code class="command">\pset tableattr</code> for details. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--username=<em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Connect to the database as the user <em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em> instead of the default. + (You must have permission to do so, of course.) + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>assignment</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--set=<em class="replaceable"><code>assignment</code></em></code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--variable=<em class="replaceable"><code>assignment</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Perform a variable assignment, like the <code class="command">\set</code> + meta-command. Note that you must separate name and value, if + any, by an equal sign on the command line. To unset a variable, + leave off the equal sign. To set a variable with an empty value, + use the equal sign but leave off the value. These assignments are + done during command line processing, so variables that reflect + connection state will get overwritten later. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-V</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--version</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Print the <span class="application">psql</span> version and exit. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-w</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-password</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Never issue a password prompt. If the server requires password + authentication and a password is not available from other sources + such as a <code class="filename">.pgpass</code> file, the connection + attempt will fail. This option can be useful in batch jobs and + scripts where no user is present to enter a password. + </p><p> + Note that this option will remain set for the entire session, + and so it affects uses of the meta-command + <code class="command">\connect</code> as well as the initial connection attempt. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-W</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--password</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Force <span class="application">psql</span> to prompt for a + password before connecting to a database, even if the password will + not be used. + </p><p> + If the server requires password authentication and a password is not + available from other sources such as a <code class="filename">.pgpass</code> + file, <span class="application">psql</span> will prompt for a + password in any case. However, <span class="application">psql</span> + will waste a connection attempt finding out that the server wants a + password. In some cases it is worth typing <code class="option">-W</code> to avoid + the extra connection attempt. + </p><p> + Note that this option will remain set for the entire session, + and so it affects uses of the meta-command + <code class="command">\connect</code> as well as the initial connection attempt. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-x</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--expanded</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Turn on the expanded table formatting mode. This is equivalent to + <code class="command">\x</code> or <code class="command">\pset expanded</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-X,</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--no-psqlrc</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Do not read the start-up file (neither the system-wide + <code class="filename">psqlrc</code> file nor the user's + <code class="filename">~/.psqlrc</code> file). + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-z</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--field-separator-zero</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Set the field separator for unaligned output to a zero byte. This is + equivalent to <code class="command">\pset fieldsep_zero</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-0</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--record-separator-zero</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Set the record separator for unaligned output to a zero byte. This is + useful for interfacing, for example, with <code class="literal">xargs -0</code>. + This is equivalent to <code class="command">\pset recordsep_zero</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-1</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--single-transaction</code></span></dt><dd><p> + This option can only be used in combination with one or more + <code class="option">-c</code> and/or <code class="option">-f</code> options. It causes + <span class="application">psql</span> to issue a <code class="command">BEGIN</code> command + before the first such option and a <code class="command">COMMIT</code> command after + the last one, thereby wrapping all the commands into a single + transaction. If any of the commands fails and the variable + <code class="varname">ON_ERROR_STOP</code> was set, a + <code class="command">ROLLBACK</code> command is sent instead. This ensures that + either all the commands complete successfully, or no changes are + applied. + </p><p> + If the commands themselves + contain <code class="command">BEGIN</code>, <code class="command">COMMIT</code>, + or <code class="command">ROLLBACK</code>, this option will not have the desired + effects. Also, if an individual command cannot be executed inside a + transaction block, specifying this option will cause the whole + transaction to fail. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="option">-?</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="option">--help[=<em class="replaceable"><code>topic</code></em>]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Show help about <span class="application">psql</span> and exit. The optional + <em class="replaceable"><code>topic</code></em> parameter (defaulting + to <code class="literal">options</code>) selects which part of <span class="application">psql</span> is + explained: <code class="literal">commands</code> describes <span class="application">psql</span>'s + backslash commands; <code class="literal">options</code> describes the command-line + options that can be passed to <span class="application">psql</span>; + and <code class="literal">variables</code> shows help about <span class="application">psql</span> configuration + variables. + </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.4.20.7"><h2>Exit Status</h2><p> + <span class="application">psql</span> returns 0 to the shell if it + finished normally, 1 if a fatal error of its own occurs (e.g., out of memory, + file not found), 2 if the connection to the server went bad + and the session was not interactive, and 3 if an error occurred in a + script and the variable <code class="varname">ON_ERROR_STOP</code> was set. + </p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.4.20.8"><h2>Usage</h2><div class="refsect2" id="R2-APP-PSQL-CONNECTING"><h3>Connecting to a Database</h3><p> + <span class="application">psql</span> is a regular + <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> client application. In order + to connect to a database you need to know the name of your target + database, the host name and port number of the server, and what user + name you want to connect as. <span class="application">psql</span> can be + told about those parameters via command line options, namely + <code class="option">-d</code>, <code class="option">-h</code>, <code class="option">-p</code>, and + <code class="option">-U</code> respectively. If an argument is found that does + not belong to any option it will be interpreted as the database name + (or the user name, if the database name is already given). Not all + of these options are required; there are useful defaults. If you omit the host + name, <span class="application">psql</span> will connect via a Unix-domain socket + to a server on the local host, or via TCP/IP to <code class="literal">localhost</code> on + machines that don't have Unix-domain sockets. The default port number is + determined at compile time. + Since the database server uses the same default, you will not have + to specify the port in most cases. The default user name is your + operating-system user name, as is the default database name. + Note that you cannot + just connect to any database under any user name. Your database + administrator should have informed you about your access rights. + </p><p> + When the defaults aren't quite right, you can save yourself + some typing by setting the environment variables + <code class="envar">PGDATABASE</code>, <code class="envar">PGHOST</code>, + <code class="envar">PGPORT</code> and/or <code class="envar">PGUSER</code> to appropriate + values. (For additional environment variables, see <a class="xref" href="libpq-envars.html" title="34.15. Environment Variables">Section 34.15</a>.) It is also convenient to have a + <code class="filename">~/.pgpass</code> file to avoid regularly having to type in + passwords. See <a class="xref" href="libpq-pgpass.html" title="34.16. The Password File">Section 34.16</a> for more information. + </p><p> + An alternative way to specify connection parameters is in a + <em class="parameter"><code>conninfo</code></em> string or + a <acronym class="acronym">URI</acronym>, which is used instead of a database + name. This mechanism give you very wide control over the + connection. For example: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +$ <strong class="userinput"><code>psql "service=myservice sslmode=require"</code></strong> +$ <strong class="userinput"><code>psql postgresql://dbmaster:5433/mydb?sslmode=require</code></strong> +</pre><p> + This way you can also use <acronym class="acronym">LDAP</acronym> for connection + parameter lookup as described in <a class="xref" href="libpq-ldap.html" title="34.18. LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters">Section 34.18</a>. + See <a class="xref" href="libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-PARAMKEYWORDS" title="34.1.2. Parameter Key Words">Section 34.1.2</a> for more information on all the + available connection options. + </p><p> + If the connection could not be made for any reason (e.g., insufficient + privileges, server is not running on the targeted host, etc.), + <span class="application">psql</span> will return an error and terminate. + </p><p> + If both standard input and standard output are a + terminal, then <span class="application">psql</span> sets the client + encoding to <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">auto</span>”</span>, which will detect the + appropriate client encoding from the locale settings + (<code class="envar">LC_CTYPE</code> environment variable on Unix systems). + If this doesn't work out as expected, the client encoding can be + overridden using the environment + variable <code class="envar">PGCLIENTENCODING</code>. + </p></div><div class="refsect2" id="R2-APP-PSQL-4"><h3>Entering SQL Commands</h3><p> + In normal operation, <span class="application">psql</span> provides a + prompt with the name of the database to which + <span class="application">psql</span> is currently connected, followed by + the string <code class="literal">=></code>. For example: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +$ <strong class="userinput"><code>psql testdb</code></strong> +psql (15.5) +Type "help" for help. + +testdb=> +</pre><p> + </p><p> + At the prompt, the user can type in <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> commands. + Ordinarily, input lines are sent to the server when a + command-terminating semicolon is reached. An end of line does not + terminate a command. Thus commands can be spread over several lines for + clarity. If the command was sent and executed without error, the results + of the command are displayed on the screen. + </p><p> + If untrusted users have access to a database that has not adopted a + <a class="link" href="ddl-schemas.html#DDL-SCHEMAS-PATTERNS" title="5.9.6. Usage Patterns">secure schema usage pattern</a>, + begin your session by removing publicly-writable schemas + from <code class="varname">search_path</code>. One can + add <code class="literal">options=-csearch_path=</code> to the connection string or + issue <code class="literal">SELECT pg_catalog.set_config('search_path', '', + false)</code> before other SQL commands. This consideration is not + specific to <span class="application">psql</span>; it applies to every interface + for executing arbitrary SQL commands. + </p><p> + Whenever a command is executed, <span class="application">psql</span> also polls + for asynchronous notification events generated by + <a class="link" href="sql-listen.html" title="LISTEN"><code class="command">LISTEN</code></a> and + <a class="link" href="sql-notify.html" title="NOTIFY"><code class="command">NOTIFY</code></a>. + </p><p> + While C-style block comments are passed to the server for + processing and removal, SQL-standard comments are removed by + <span class="application">psql</span>. + </p></div><div class="refsect2" id="APP-PSQL-META-COMMANDS"><h3>Meta-Commands</h3><p> + Anything you enter in <span class="application">psql</span> that begins + with an unquoted backslash is a <span class="application">psql</span> + meta-command that is processed by <span class="application">psql</span> + itself. These commands make + <span class="application">psql</span> more useful for administration or + scripting. Meta-commands are often called slash or backslash commands. + </p><p> + The format of a <span class="application">psql</span> command is the backslash, + followed immediately by a command verb, then any arguments. The arguments + are separated from the command verb and each other by any number of + whitespace characters. + </p><p> + To include whitespace in an argument you can quote it with + single quotes. To include a single quote in an argument, + write two single quotes within single-quoted text. + Anything contained in single quotes is + furthermore subject to C-like substitutions for + <code class="literal">\n</code> (new line), <code class="literal">\t</code> (tab), + <code class="literal">\b</code> (backspace), <code class="literal">\r</code> (carriage return), + <code class="literal">\f</code> (form feed), + <code class="literal">\</code><em class="replaceable"><code>digits</code></em> (octal), and + <code class="literal">\x</code><em class="replaceable"><code>digits</code></em> (hexadecimal). + A backslash preceding any other character within single-quoted text + quotes that single character, whatever it is. + </p><p> + If an unquoted colon (<code class="literal">:</code>) followed by a + <span class="application">psql</span> variable name appears within an argument, it is + replaced by the variable's value, as described in <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-INTERPOLATION" title="SQL Interpolation">SQL Interpolation</a> below. + The forms <code class="literal">:'<em class="replaceable"><code>variable_name</code></em>'</code> and + <code class="literal">:"<em class="replaceable"><code>variable_name</code></em>"</code> described there + work as well. + The <code class="literal">:{?<em class="replaceable"><code>variable_name</code></em>}</code> syntax allows + testing whether a variable is defined. It is substituted by + TRUE or FALSE. + Escaping the colon with a backslash protects it from substitution. + </p><p> + Within an argument, text that is enclosed in backquotes + (<code class="literal">`</code>) is taken as a command line that is passed to the + shell. The output of the command (with any trailing newline removed) + replaces the backquoted text. Within the text enclosed in backquotes, + no special quoting or other processing occurs, except that appearances + of <code class="literal">:<em class="replaceable"><code>variable_name</code></em></code> where + <em class="replaceable"><code>variable_name</code></em> is a <span class="application">psql</span> variable name + are replaced by the variable's value. Also, appearances of + <code class="literal">:'<em class="replaceable"><code>variable_name</code></em>'</code> are replaced by the + variable's value suitably quoted to become a single shell command + argument. (The latter form is almost always preferable, unless you are + very sure of what is in the variable.) Because carriage return and line + feed characters cannot be safely quoted on all platforms, the + <code class="literal">:'<em class="replaceable"><code>variable_name</code></em>'</code> form prints an + error message and does not substitute the variable value when such + characters appear in the value. + </p><p> + Some commands take an <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> identifier (such as a + table name) as argument. These arguments follow the syntax rules + of <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym>: Unquoted letters are forced to + lowercase, while double quotes (<code class="literal">"</code>) protect letters + from case conversion and allow incorporation of whitespace into + the identifier. Within double quotes, paired double quotes reduce + to a single double quote in the resulting name. For example, + <code class="literal">FOO"BAR"BAZ</code> is interpreted as <code class="literal">fooBARbaz</code>, + and <code class="literal">"A weird"" name"</code> becomes <code class="literal">A weird" + name</code>. + </p><p> + Parsing for arguments stops at the end of the line, or when another + unquoted backslash is found. An unquoted backslash + is taken as the beginning of a new meta-command. The special + sequence <code class="literal">\\</code> (two backslashes) marks the end of + arguments and continues parsing <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> commands, if + any. That way <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> and + <span class="application">psql</span> commands can be freely mixed on a + line. But in any case, the arguments of a meta-command cannot + continue beyond the end of the line. + </p><p> + Many of the meta-commands act on the <em class="firstterm">current query buffer</em>. + This is simply a buffer holding whatever SQL command text has been typed + but not yet sent to the server for execution. This will include previous + input lines as well as any text appearing before the meta-command on the + same line. + </p><p> + The following meta-commands are defined: + + </p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\a</code></span></dt><dd><p> + If the current table output format is unaligned, it is switched to aligned. + If it is not unaligned, it is set to unaligned. This command is + kept for backwards compatibility. See <code class="command">\pset</code> for a + more general solution. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\c</code> or <code class="literal">\connect [ -reuse-previous=<em class="replaceable"><code>on|off</code></em> ] [ <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em> ] [ <em class="replaceable"><code>host</code></em> ] [ <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em> ] | <em class="replaceable"><code>conninfo</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Establishes a new connection to a <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> + server. The connection parameters to use can be specified either + using a positional syntax (one or more of database name, user, + host, and port), or using a <em class="replaceable"><code>conninfo</code></em> + connection string as detailed in + <a class="xref" href="libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNSTRING" title="34.1.1. Connection Strings">Section 34.1.1</a>. If no arguments are given, a + new connection is made using the same parameters as before. + </p><p> + Specifying any + of <em class="replaceable"><code>dbname</code></em>, + <em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em>, + <em class="replaceable"><code>host</code></em> or + <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em> + as <code class="literal">-</code> is equivalent to omitting that parameter. + </p><p> + The new connection can re-use connection parameters from the previous + connection; not only database name, user, host, and port, but other + settings such as <em class="replaceable"><code>sslmode</code></em>. By default, + parameters are re-used in the positional syntax, but not when + a <em class="replaceable"><code>conninfo</code></em> string is given. Passing a + first argument of <code class="literal">-reuse-previous=on</code> + or <code class="literal">-reuse-previous=off</code> overrides that default. If + parameters are re-used, then any parameter not explicitly specified as + a positional parameter or in the <em class="replaceable"><code>conninfo</code></em> + string is taken from the existing connection's parameters. An + exception is that if the <em class="replaceable"><code>host</code></em> setting + is changed from its previous value using the positional syntax, + any <em class="replaceable"><code>hostaddr</code></em> setting present in the + existing connection's parameters is dropped. + Also, any password used for the existing connection will be re-used + only if the user, host, and port settings are not changed. + When the command neither specifies nor reuses a particular parameter, + the <span class="application">libpq</span> default is used. + </p><p> + If the new connection is successfully made, the previous + connection is closed. + If the connection attempt fails (wrong user name, access + denied, etc.), the previous connection will be kept if + <span class="application">psql</span> is in interactive mode. But when + executing a non-interactive script, the old connection is closed + and an error is reported. That may or may not terminate the + script; if it does not, all database-accessing commands will fail + until another <code class="literal">\connect</code> command is successfully + executed. This distinction was chosen as + a user convenience against typos on the one hand, and a safety + mechanism that scripts are not accidentally acting on the + wrong database on the other hand. + Note that whenever a <code class="literal">\connect</code> command attempts + to re-use parameters, the values re-used are those of the last + successful connection, not of any failed attempts made subsequently. + However, in the case of a + non-interactive <code class="literal">\connect</code> failure, no parameters + are allowed to be re-used later, since the script would likely be + expecting the values from the failed <code class="literal">\connect</code> + to be re-used. + </p><p> + Examples: + </p><pre class="programlisting"> +=> \c mydb myuser host.dom 6432 +=> \c service=foo +=> \c "host=localhost port=5432 dbname=mydb connect_timeout=10 sslmode=disable" +=> \c -reuse-previous=on sslmode=require -- changes only sslmode +=> \c postgresql://tom@localhost/mydb?application_name=myapp +</pre></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\C [ <em class="replaceable"><code>title</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the title of any tables being printed as the result of a + query or unset any such title. This command is equivalent to + <code class="literal">\pset title <em class="replaceable"><code>title</code></em></code>. (The name of + this command derives from <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">caption</span>”</span>, as it was + previously only used to set the caption in an + <acronym class="acronym">HTML</acronym> table.) + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\cd [ <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Changes the current working directory to + <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em>. Without argument, changes + to the current user's home directory. + </p><div class="tip"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p> + To print your current working directory, use <code class="literal">\! pwd</code>. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\conninfo</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Outputs information about the current database connection. + </p></dd><dt id="APP-PSQL-META-COMMANDS-COPY"><span class="term"><code class="literal">\copy { <em class="replaceable"><code>table</code></em> [ ( <em class="replaceable"><code>column_list</code></em> ) ] } + <code class="literal">from</code> + { <em class="replaceable"><code>'filename'</code></em> | program <em class="replaceable"><code>'command'</code></em> | stdin | pstdin } + [ [ with ] ( <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em> [, ...] ) ] + [ where <em class="replaceable"><code>condition</code></em> ]</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">\copy { <em class="replaceable"><code>table</code></em> [ ( <em class="replaceable"><code>column_list</code></em> ) ] | ( <em class="replaceable"><code>query</code></em> ) } + <code class="literal">to</code> + { <em class="replaceable"><code>'filename'</code></em> | program <em class="replaceable"><code>'command'</code></em> | stdout | pstdout } + [ [ with ] ( <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em> [, ...] ) ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Performs a frontend (client) copy. This is an operation that + runs an <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> <a class="link" href="sql-copy.html" title="COPY"><code class="command">COPY</code></a> + command, but instead of the server + reading or writing the specified file, + <span class="application">psql</span> reads or writes the file and + routes the data between the server and the local file system. + This means that file accessibility and privileges are those of + the local user, not the server, and no SQL superuser + privileges are required. + </p><p> + When <code class="literal">program</code> is specified, + <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> is + executed by <span class="application">psql</span> and the data passed from + or to <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> is + routed between the server and the client. + Again, the execution privileges are those of + the local user, not the server, and no SQL superuser + privileges are required. + </p><p> + For <code class="literal">\copy ... from stdin</code>, data rows are read from the same + source that issued the command, continuing until <code class="literal">\.</code> + is read or the stream reaches <acronym class="acronym">EOF</acronym>. This option is useful + for populating tables in-line within an SQL script file. + For <code class="literal">\copy ... to stdout</code>, output is sent to the same place + as <span class="application">psql</span> command output, and + the <code class="literal">COPY <em class="replaceable"><code>count</code></em></code> command status is + not printed (since it might be confused with a data row). + To read/write <span class="application">psql</span>'s standard input or + output regardless of the current command source or <code class="literal">\o</code> + option, write <code class="literal">from pstdin</code> or <code class="literal">to pstdout</code>. + </p><p> + The syntax of this command is similar to that of the + <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> <a class="link" href="sql-copy.html" title="COPY"><code class="command">COPY</code></a> + command. All options other than the data source/destination are + as specified for <code class="command">COPY</code>. + Because of this, special parsing rules apply to the <code class="command">\copy</code> + meta-command. Unlike most other meta-commands, the entire remainder + of the line is always taken to be the arguments of <code class="command">\copy</code>, + and neither variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are + performed in the arguments. + </p><div class="tip"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p> + Another way to obtain the same result as <code class="literal">\copy + ... to</code> is to use the <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> <code class="literal">COPY + ... TO STDOUT</code> command and terminate it + with <code class="literal">\g <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code> + or <code class="literal">\g |<em class="replaceable"><code>program</code></em></code>. + Unlike <code class="literal">\copy</code>, this method allows the command to + span multiple lines; also, variable interpolation and backquote + expansion can be used. + </p></div><div class="tip"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p> + These operations are not as efficient as the <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> + <code class="command">COPY</code> command with a file or program data source or + destination, because all data must pass through the client/server + connection. For large amounts of data the <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> + command might be preferable. + Also, because of this pass-through method, <code class="literal">\copy + ... from</code> in <acronym class="acronym">CSV</acronym> mode will erroneously + treat a <code class="literal">\.</code> data value alone on a line as an + end-of-input marker. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\copyright</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Shows the copyright and distribution terms of + <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>. + </p></dd><dt id="APP-PSQL-META-COMMANDS-CROSSTABVIEW"><span class="term"><code class="literal">\crosstabview [ + <em class="replaceable"><code>colV</code></em> + [ <em class="replaceable"><code>colH</code></em> + [ <em class="replaceable"><code>colD</code></em> + [ <em class="replaceable"><code>sortcolH</code></em> + ] ] ] ] </code></span></dt><dd><p> + Executes the current query buffer (like <code class="literal">\g</code>) and + shows the results in a crosstab grid. + The query must return at least three columns. + The output column identified by <em class="replaceable"><code>colV</code></em> + becomes a vertical header and the output column identified by + <em class="replaceable"><code>colH</code></em> + becomes a horizontal header. + <em class="replaceable"><code>colD</code></em> identifies + the output column to display within the grid. + <em class="replaceable"><code>sortcolH</code></em> identifies + an optional sort column for the horizontal header. + </p><p> + Each column specification can be a column number (starting at 1) or + a column name. The usual SQL case folding and quoting rules apply to + column names. If omitted, + <em class="replaceable"><code>colV</code></em> is taken as column 1 + and <em class="replaceable"><code>colH</code></em> as column 2. + <em class="replaceable"><code>colH</code></em> must differ from + <em class="replaceable"><code>colV</code></em>. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>colD</code></em> is not + specified, then there must be exactly three columns in the query + result, and the column that is neither + <em class="replaceable"><code>colV</code></em> nor + <em class="replaceable"><code>colH</code></em> + is taken to be <em class="replaceable"><code>colD</code></em>. + </p><p> + The vertical header, displayed as the leftmost column, contains the + values found in column <em class="replaceable"><code>colV</code></em>, in the + same order as in the query results, but with duplicates removed. + </p><p> + The horizontal header, displayed as the first row, contains the values + found in column <em class="replaceable"><code>colH</code></em>, + with duplicates removed. By default, these appear in the same order + as in the query results. But if the + optional <em class="replaceable"><code>sortcolH</code></em> argument is given, + it identifies a column whose values must be integer numbers, and the + values from <em class="replaceable"><code>colH</code></em> will + appear in the horizontal header sorted according to the + corresponding <em class="replaceable"><code>sortcolH</code></em> values. + </p><p> + Inside the crosstab grid, for each distinct value <code class="literal">x</code> + of <em class="replaceable"><code>colH</code></em> and each distinct + value <code class="literal">y</code> + of <em class="replaceable"><code>colV</code></em>, the cell located + at the intersection <code class="literal">(x,y)</code> contains the value of + the <code class="literal">colD</code> column in the query result row for which + the value of <em class="replaceable"><code>colH</code></em> + is <code class="literal">x</code> and the value + of <em class="replaceable"><code>colV</code></em> + is <code class="literal">y</code>. If there is no such row, the cell is empty. If + there are multiple such rows, an error is reported. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\d[S+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + For each relation (table, view, materialized view, index, sequence, + or foreign table) + or composite type matching the + <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em>, show all + columns, their types, the tablespace (if not the default) and any + special attributes such as <code class="literal">NOT NULL</code> or defaults. + Associated indexes, constraints, rules, and triggers are + also shown. For foreign tables, the associated foreign + server is shown as well. + (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Matching the pattern</span>”</span> is defined in + <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns">Patterns</a> below.) + </p><p> + For some types of relation, <code class="literal">\d</code> shows additional information + for each column: column values for sequences, indexed expressions for + indexes, and foreign data wrapper options for foreign tables. + </p><p> + The command form <code class="literal">\d+</code> is identical, except that + more information is displayed: any comments associated with the + columns of the table are shown, as is the presence of OIDs in the + table, the view definition if the relation is a view, a non-default + <a class="link" href="sql-altertable.html#SQL-ALTERTABLE-REPLICA-IDENTITY">replica + identity</a> setting and the + <a class="link" href="sql-create-access-method.html" title="CREATE ACCESS METHOD">access method</a> name + if the relation has an access method. + </p><p> + By default, only user-created objects are shown; supply a + pattern or the <code class="literal">S</code> modifier to include system + objects. + </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> + If <code class="command">\d</code> is used without a + <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> argument, it is + equivalent to <code class="command">\dtvmsE</code> which will show a list of + all visible tables, views, materialized views, sequences and + foreign tables. + This is purely a convenience measure. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\da[S] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists aggregate functions, together with their + return type and the data types they operate on. If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> + is specified, only aggregates whose names match the pattern are shown. + By default, only user-created objects are shown; supply a + pattern or the <code class="literal">S</code> modifier to include system + objects. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dA[+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists access methods. If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is specified, only access + methods whose names match the pattern are shown. If + <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, each access + method is listed with its associated handler function and description. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> + <code class="literal">\dAc[+] + [<a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>access-method-pattern</code></em></a> + [<a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>input-type-pattern</code></em></a>]] + </code> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Lists operator classes + (see <a class="xref" href="xindex.html#XINDEX-OPCLASS" title="38.16.1. Index Methods and Operator Classes">Section 38.16.1</a>). + If <em class="replaceable"><code>access-method-pattern</code></em> + is specified, only operator classes associated with access methods whose + names match that pattern are listed. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>input-type-pattern</code></em> + is specified, only operator classes associated with input types whose + names match that pattern are listed. + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, each operator + class is listed with its associated operator family and owner. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> + <code class="literal">\dAf[+] + [<a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>access-method-pattern</code></em></a> + [<a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>input-type-pattern</code></em></a>]] + </code> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Lists operator families + (see <a class="xref" href="xindex.html#XINDEX-OPFAMILY" title="38.16.5. Operator Classes and Operator Families">Section 38.16.5</a>). + If <em class="replaceable"><code>access-method-pattern</code></em> + is specified, only operator families associated with access methods whose + names match that pattern are listed. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>input-type-pattern</code></em> + is specified, only operator families associated with input types whose + names match that pattern are listed. + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, each operator + family is listed with its owner. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> + <code class="literal">\dAo[+] + [<a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>access-method-pattern</code></em></a> + [<a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>operator-family-pattern</code></em></a>]] + </code> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Lists operators associated with operator families + (see <a class="xref" href="xindex.html#XINDEX-STRATEGIES" title="38.16.2. Index Method Strategies">Section 38.16.2</a>). + If <em class="replaceable"><code>access-method-pattern</code></em> + is specified, only members of operator families associated with access + methods whose names match that pattern are listed. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>operator-family-pattern</code></em> + is specified, only members of operator families whose names match that + pattern are listed. + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, each operator + is listed with its sort operator family (if it is an ordering operator). + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> + <code class="literal">\dAp[+] + [<a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>access-method-pattern</code></em></a> + [<a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>operator-family-pattern</code></em></a>]] + </code> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Lists support functions associated with operator families + (see <a class="xref" href="xindex.html#XINDEX-SUPPORT" title="38.16.3. Index Method Support Routines">Section 38.16.3</a>). + If <em class="replaceable"><code>access-method-pattern</code></em> + is specified, only functions of operator families associated with + access methods whose names match that pattern are listed. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>operator-family-pattern</code></em> + is specified, only functions of operator families whose names match + that pattern are listed. + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, functions are + displayed verbosely, with their actual parameter lists. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\db[+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists tablespaces. If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> + is specified, only tablespaces whose names match the pattern are shown. + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, each tablespace + is listed with its associated options, on-disk size, permissions and + description. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dc[S+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists conversions between character-set encodings. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> + is specified, only conversions whose names match the pattern are + listed. + By default, only user-created objects are shown; supply a + pattern or the <code class="literal">S</code> modifier to include system + objects. + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, each object + is listed with its associated description. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dconfig[+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists server configuration parameters and their values. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is specified, + only parameters whose names match the pattern are listed. Without + a <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em>, only + parameters that are set to non-default values are listed. + (Use <code class="literal">\dconfig *</code> to see all parameters.) + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, each + parameter is listed with its data type, context in which the + parameter can be set, and access privileges (if non-default access + privileges have been granted). + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dC[+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists type casts. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> + is specified, only casts whose source or target types match the + pattern are listed. + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, each object + is listed with its associated description. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dd[S] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Shows the descriptions of objects of type <code class="literal">constraint</code>, + <code class="literal">operator class</code>, <code class="literal">operator family</code>, + <code class="literal">rule</code>, and <code class="literal">trigger</code>. All + other comments may be viewed by the respective backslash commands for + those object types. + </p><p><code class="literal">\dd</code> displays descriptions for objects matching the + <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em>, or of visible + objects of the appropriate type if no argument is given. But in either + case, only objects that have a description are listed. + By default, only user-created objects are shown; supply a + pattern or the <code class="literal">S</code> modifier to include system + objects. + </p><p> + Descriptions for objects can be created with the <a class="link" href="sql-comment.html" title="COMMENT"><code class="command">COMMENT</code></a> + <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> command. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dD[S+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists domains. If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> + is specified, only domains whose names match the pattern are shown. + By default, only user-created objects are shown; supply a + pattern or the <code class="literal">S</code> modifier to include system + objects. + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, each object + is listed with its associated permissions and description. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\ddp [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists default access privilege settings. An entry is shown for + each role (and schema, if applicable) for which the default + privilege settings have been changed from the built-in defaults. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is + specified, only entries whose role name or schema name matches + the pattern are listed. + </p><p> + The <a class="link" href="sql-alterdefaultprivileges.html" title="ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES"><code class="command">ALTER DEFAULT + PRIVILEGES</code></a> command is used to set default access + privileges. The meaning of the privilege display is explained in + <a class="xref" href="ddl-priv.html" title="5.7. Privileges">Section 5.7</a>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dE[S+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">\di[S+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dm[S+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">\ds[S+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dt[S+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dv[S+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + In this group of commands, the letters <code class="literal">E</code>, + <code class="literal">i</code>, <code class="literal">m</code>, <code class="literal">s</code>, + <code class="literal">t</code>, and <code class="literal">v</code> + stand for foreign table, index, materialized view, + sequence, table, and view, + respectively. + You can specify any or all of + these letters, in any order, to obtain a listing of objects + of these types. For example, <code class="literal">\dti</code> lists + tables and indexes. If <code class="literal">+</code> is + appended to the command name, each object is listed with its + persistence status (permanent, temporary, or unlogged), + physical size on disk, and associated description if any. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is + specified, only objects whose names match the pattern are listed. + By default, only user-created objects are shown; supply a + pattern or the <code class="literal">S</code> modifier to include system + objects. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\des[+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists foreign servers (mnemonic: <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">external + servers</span>”</span>). + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is + specified, only those servers whose name matches the pattern + are listed. If the form <code class="literal">\des+</code> is used, a + full description of each server is shown, including the + server's access privileges, type, version, options, and description. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\det[+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists foreign tables (mnemonic: <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">external tables</span>”</span>). + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is + specified, only entries whose table name or schema name matches + the pattern are listed. If the form <code class="literal">\det+</code> + is used, generic options and the foreign table description + are also displayed. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\deu[+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists user mappings (mnemonic: <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">external + users</span>”</span>). + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is + specified, only those mappings whose user names match the + pattern are listed. If the form <code class="literal">\deu+</code> is + used, additional information about each mapping is shown. + </p><div class="caution"><h3 class="title">Caution</h3><p> + <code class="literal">\deu+</code> might also display the user name and + password of the remote user, so care should be taken not to + disclose them. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dew[+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists foreign-data wrappers (mnemonic: <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">external + wrappers</span>”</span>). + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is + specified, only those foreign-data wrappers whose name matches + the pattern are listed. If the form <code class="literal">\dew+</code> + is used, the access privileges, options, and description of the + foreign-data wrapper are also shown. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\df[anptwS+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>arg_pattern</code></em> ... ] ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists functions, together with their result data types, argument data + types, and function types, which are classified as <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">agg</span>”</span> + (aggregate), <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">normal</span>”</span>, <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">procedure</span>”</span>, <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">trigger</span>”</span>, or <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">window</span>”</span>. + To display only functions + of specific type(s), add the corresponding letters <code class="literal">a</code>, + <code class="literal">n</code>, <code class="literal">p</code>, <code class="literal">t</code>, or <code class="literal">w</code> to the command. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is specified, only + functions whose names match the pattern are shown. + Any additional arguments are type-name patterns, which are matched + to the type names of the first, second, and so on arguments of the + function. (Matching functions can have more arguments than what + you specify. To prevent that, write a dash <code class="literal">-</code> as + the last <em class="replaceable"><code>arg_pattern</code></em>.) + By default, only user-created + objects are shown; supply a pattern or the <code class="literal">S</code> + modifier to include system objects. + If the form <code class="literal">\df+</code> is used, additional information + about each function is shown, including volatility, + parallel safety, owner, security classification, access privileges, + language, source code and description. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dF[+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists text search configurations. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is specified, + only configurations whose names match the pattern are shown. + If the form <code class="literal">\dF+</code> is used, a full description of + each configuration is shown, including the underlying text search + parser and the dictionary list for each parser token type. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dFd[+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists text search dictionaries. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is specified, + only dictionaries whose names match the pattern are shown. + If the form <code class="literal">\dFd+</code> is used, additional information + is shown about each selected dictionary, including the underlying + text search template and the option values. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dFp[+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists text search parsers. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is specified, + only parsers whose names match the pattern are shown. + If the form <code class="literal">\dFp+</code> is used, a full description of + each parser is shown, including the underlying functions and the + list of recognized token types. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dFt[+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists text search templates. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is specified, + only templates whose names match the pattern are shown. + If the form <code class="literal">\dFt+</code> is used, additional information + is shown about each template, including the underlying function names. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dg[S+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists database roles. + (Since the concepts of <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">users</span>”</span> and <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">groups</span>”</span> have been + unified into <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">roles</span>”</span>, this command is now equivalent to + <code class="literal">\du</code>.) + By default, only user-created roles are shown; supply the + <code class="literal">S</code> modifier to include system roles. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is specified, + only those roles whose names match the pattern are listed. + If the form <code class="literal">\dg+</code> is used, additional information + is shown about each role; currently this adds the comment for each + role. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dl[+]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + This is an alias for <code class="command">\lo_list</code>, which shows a + list of large objects. + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, + each large object is listed with its associated permissions, + if any. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dL[S+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists procedural languages. If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> + is specified, only languages whose names match the pattern are listed. + By default, only user-created languages + are shown; supply the <code class="literal">S</code> modifier to include system + objects. If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, each + language is listed with its call handler, validator, access privileges, + and whether it is a system object. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dn[S+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists schemas (namespaces). If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> + is specified, only schemas whose names match the pattern are listed. + By default, only user-created objects are shown; supply a + pattern or the <code class="literal">S</code> modifier to include system objects. + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, each object + is listed with its associated permissions and description, if any. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\do[S+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>arg_pattern</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>arg_pattern</code></em> ] ] ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists operators with their operand and result types. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is + specified, only operators whose names match the pattern are listed. + If one <em class="replaceable"><code>arg_pattern</code></em> is + specified, only prefix operators whose right argument's type name + matches that pattern are listed. + If two <em class="replaceable"><code>arg_pattern</code></em>s + are specified, only binary operators whose argument type names match + those patterns are listed. (Alternatively, write <code class="literal">-</code> + for the unused argument of a unary operator.) + By default, only user-created objects are shown; supply a + pattern or the <code class="literal">S</code> modifier to include system + objects. + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, + additional information about each operator is shown, currently just + the name of the underlying function. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dO[S+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists collations. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is + specified, only collations whose names match the pattern are + listed. By default, only user-created objects are shown; + supply a pattern or the <code class="literal">S</code> modifier to + include system objects. If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended + to the command name, each collation is listed with its associated + description, if any. + Note that only collations usable with the current database's encoding + are shown, so the results may vary in different databases of the + same installation. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dp [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists tables, views and sequences with their + associated access privileges. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is + specified, only tables, views and sequences whose names match the + pattern are listed. + </p><p> + The <a class="link" href="sql-grant.html" title="GRANT"><code class="command">GRANT</code></a> and + <a class="link" href="sql-revoke.html" title="REVOKE"><code class="command">REVOKE</code></a> + commands are used to set access privileges. The meaning of the + privilege display is explained in + <a class="xref" href="ddl-priv.html" title="5.7. Privileges">Section 5.7</a>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dP[itn+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists partitioned relations. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> + is specified, only entries whose name matches the pattern are listed. + The modifiers <code class="literal">t</code> (tables) and <code class="literal">i</code> + (indexes) can be appended to the command, filtering the kind of + relations to list. By default, partitioned tables and indexes are + listed. + </p><p> + If the modifier <code class="literal">n</code> (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">nested</span>”</span>) is used, + or a pattern is specified, then non-root partitioned relations are + included, and a column is shown displaying the parent of each + partitioned relation. + </p><p> + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, the sum of the + sizes of each relation's partitions is also displayed, along with the + relation's description. + If <code class="literal">n</code> is combined with <code class="literal">+</code>, two + sizes are shown: one including the total size of directly-attached + leaf partitions, and another showing the total size of all partitions, + including indirectly attached sub-partitions. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\drds [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>role-pattern</code></em></a> [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>database-pattern</code></em></a> ] ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists defined configuration settings. These settings can be + role-specific, database-specific, or both. + <em class="replaceable"><code>role-pattern</code></em> and + <em class="replaceable"><code>database-pattern</code></em> are used to select + specific roles and databases to list, respectively. If omitted, or if + <code class="literal">*</code> is specified, all settings are listed, including those + not role-specific or database-specific, respectively. + </p><p> + The <a class="link" href="sql-alterrole.html" title="ALTER ROLE"><code class="command">ALTER ROLE</code></a> and + <a class="link" href="sql-alterdatabase.html" title="ALTER DATABASE"><code class="command">ALTER DATABASE</code></a> + commands are used to define per-role and per-database configuration + settings. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dRp[+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists replication publications. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is + specified, only those publications whose names match the pattern are + listed. + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, the tables and + schemas associated with each publication are shown as well. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dRs[+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists replication subscriptions. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is + specified, only those subscriptions whose names match the pattern are + listed. + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, additional + properties of the subscriptions are shown. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dT[S+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists data types. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is + specified, only types whose names match the pattern are listed. + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, each type is + listed with its internal name and size, its allowed values + if it is an <code class="type">enum</code> type, and its associated permissions. + By default, only user-created objects are shown; supply a + pattern or the <code class="literal">S</code> modifier to include system + objects. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\du[S+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists database roles. + (Since the concepts of <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">users</span>”</span> and <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">groups</span>”</span> have been + unified into <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">roles</span>”</span>, this command is now equivalent to + <code class="literal">\dg</code>.) + By default, only user-created roles are shown; supply the + <code class="literal">S</code> modifier to include system roles. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is specified, + only those roles whose names match the pattern are listed. + If the form <code class="literal">\du+</code> is used, additional information + is shown about each role; currently this adds the comment for each + role. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dx[+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists installed extensions. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> + is specified, only those extensions whose names match the pattern + are listed. + If the form <code class="literal">\dx+</code> is used, all the objects belonging + to each matching extension are listed. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dX [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists extended statistics. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> + is specified, only those extended statistics whose names match the + pattern are listed. + </p><p> + The status of each kind of extended statistics is shown in a column + named after its statistic kind (e.g. Ndistinct). + <code class="literal">defined</code> means that it was requested when creating + the statistics, and NULL means it wasn't requested. + You can use <code class="structname">pg_stats_ext</code> if you'd like to + know whether <a class="link" href="sql-analyze.html" title="ANALYZE"><code class="command">ANALYZE</code></a> + was run and statistics are available to the planner. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\dy[+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists event triggers. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> + is specified, only those event triggers whose names match the pattern + are listed. + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, each object + is listed with its associated description. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\e</code> or <code class="literal">\edit</code> <code class="literal"> [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> </span>] [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>line_number</code></em> </span>] </code></span></dt><dd><p> + If <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> is + specified, the file is edited; after the editor exits, the file's + content is copied into the current query buffer. If no <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> is given, the current query + buffer is copied to a temporary file which is then edited in the same + fashion. Or, if the current query buffer is empty, the most recently + executed query is copied to a temporary file and edited in the same + fashion. + </p><p> + If you edit a file or the previous query, and you quit the editor without + modifying the file, the query buffer is cleared. + Otherwise, the new contents of the query buffer are re-parsed according to + the normal rules of <span class="application">psql</span>, treating the + whole buffer as a single line. Any complete queries are immediately + executed; that is, if the query buffer contains or ends with a + semicolon, everything up to that point is executed and removed from + the query buffer. Whatever remains in the query buffer is + redisplayed. Type semicolon or <code class="literal">\g</code> to send it, + or <code class="literal">\r</code> to cancel it by clearing the query buffer. + </p><p> + Treating the buffer as a single line primarily affects meta-commands: + whatever is in the buffer after a meta-command will be taken as + argument(s) to the meta-command, even if it spans multiple lines. + (Thus you cannot make meta-command-using scripts this way. + Use <code class="command">\i</code> for that.) + </p><p> + If a line number is specified, <span class="application">psql</span> will + position the cursor on the specified line of the file or query buffer. + Note that if a single all-digits argument is given, + <span class="application">psql</span> assumes it is a line number, + not a file name. + </p><div class="tip"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p> + See <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-ENVIRONMENT" title="Environment">Environment</a>, below, for how to + configure and customize your editor. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\echo <em class="replaceable"><code>text</code></em> [ ... ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Prints the evaluated arguments to standard output, separated by + spaces and followed by a newline. This can be useful to + intersperse information in the output of scripts. For example: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\echo `date`</code></strong> +Tue Oct 26 21:40:57 CEST 1999 +</pre><p> + If the first argument is an unquoted <code class="literal">-n</code> the trailing + newline is not written (nor is the first argument). + </p><div class="tip"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p> + If you use the <code class="command">\o</code> command to redirect your + query output you might wish to use <code class="command">\qecho</code> + instead of this command. See also <code class="command">\warn</code>. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\ef [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>function_description</code></em> [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>line_number</code></em> </span>] </span>] </code></span></dt><dd><p> + This command fetches and edits the definition of the named function or procedure, + in the form of a <code class="command">CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION</code> or + <code class="command">CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE</code> command. + Editing is done in the same way as for <code class="literal">\edit</code>. + If you quit the editor without saving, the statement is discarded. + If you save and exit the editor, the updated command is executed immediately + if you added a semicolon to it. Otherwise it is redisplayed; + type semicolon or <code class="literal">\g</code> to send it, or <code class="literal">\r</code> + to cancel. + </p><p> + The target function can be specified by name alone, or by name + and arguments, for example <code class="literal">foo(integer, text)</code>. + The argument types must be given if there is more + than one function of the same name. + </p><p> + If no function is specified, a blank <code class="command">CREATE FUNCTION</code> + template is presented for editing. + </p><p> + If a line number is specified, <span class="application">psql</span> will + position the cursor on the specified line of the function body. + (Note that the function body typically does not begin on the first + line of the file.) + </p><p> + Unlike most other meta-commands, the entire remainder of the line is + always taken to be the argument(s) of <code class="command">\ef</code>, and neither + variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are performed in the + arguments. + </p><div class="tip"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p> + See <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-ENVIRONMENT" title="Environment">Environment</a>, below, for how to + configure and customize your editor. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\encoding [ <em class="replaceable"><code>encoding</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the client character set encoding. Without an argument, this command + shows the current encoding. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\errverbose</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Repeats the most recent server error message at maximum + verbosity, as though <code class="varname">VERBOSITY</code> were set + to <code class="literal">verbose</code> and <code class="varname">SHOW_CONTEXT</code> were + set to <code class="literal">always</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\ev [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>view_name</code></em> [<span class="optional"> <em class="replaceable"><code>line_number</code></em> </span>] </span>] </code></span></dt><dd><p> + This command fetches and edits the definition of the named view, + in the form of a <code class="command">CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW</code> command. + Editing is done in the same way as for <code class="literal">\edit</code>. + If you quit the editor without saving, the statement is discarded. + If you save and exit the editor, the updated command is executed immediately + if you added a semicolon to it. Otherwise it is redisplayed; + type semicolon or <code class="literal">\g</code> to send it, or <code class="literal">\r</code> + to cancel. + </p><p> + If no view is specified, a blank <code class="command">CREATE VIEW</code> + template is presented for editing. + </p><p> + If a line number is specified, <span class="application">psql</span> will + position the cursor on the specified line of the view definition. + </p><p> + Unlike most other meta-commands, the entire remainder of the line is + always taken to be the argument(s) of <code class="command">\ev</code>, and neither + variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are performed in the + arguments. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\f [ <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the field separator for unaligned query output. The default + is the vertical bar (<code class="literal">|</code>). It is equivalent to + <code class="command">\pset fieldsep</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\g [ (<em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em>=<em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> [...]) ] [ <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> ]</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">\g [ (<em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em>=<em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> [...]) ] [ |<em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Sends the current query buffer to the server for execution. + </p><p> + If parentheses appear after <code class="literal">\g</code>, they surround a + space-separated list + of <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em><code class="literal">=</code><em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> + formatting-option clauses, which are interpreted in the same way + as <code class="literal">\pset</code> + <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em> + <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> commands, but take + effect only for the duration of this query. In this list, spaces are + not allowed around <code class="literal">=</code> signs, but are required + between option clauses. + If <code class="literal">=</code><em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> + is omitted, the + named <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em> is changed + in the same way as for + <code class="literal">\pset</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em> + with no explicit <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em>. + </p><p> + If a <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> + or <code class="literal">|</code><em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> + argument is given, the query's output is written to the named + file or piped to the given shell command, instead of displaying it as + usual. The file or command is written to only if the query + successfully returns zero or more tuples, not if the query fails or + is a non-data-returning SQL command. + </p><p> + If the current query buffer is empty, the most recently sent query is + re-executed instead. Except for that behavior, <code class="literal">\g</code> + without any arguments is essentially equivalent to a semicolon. + With arguments, <code class="literal">\g</code> provides + a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">one-shot</span>”</span> alternative to the <code class="command">\o</code> + command, and additionally allows one-shot adjustments of the + output formatting options normally set by <code class="literal">\pset</code>. + </p><p> + When the last argument begins with <code class="literal">|</code>, the entire + remainder of the line is taken to be + the <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> to execute, + and neither variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are + performed in it. The rest of the line is simply passed literally to + the shell. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\gdesc</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Shows the description (that is, the column names and data types) + of the result of the current query buffer. The query is not + actually executed; however, if it contains some type of syntax + error, that error will be reported in the normal way. + </p><p> + If the current query buffer is empty, the most recently sent query + is described instead. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\getenv <em class="replaceable"><code>psql_var</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>env_var</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Gets the value of the environment + variable <em class="replaceable"><code>env_var</code></em> + and assigns it to the <span class="application">psql</span> + variable <em class="replaceable"><code>psql_var</code></em>. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>env_var</code></em> is + not defined in the <span class="application">psql</span> process's + environment, <em class="replaceable"><code>psql_var</code></em> + is not changed. Example: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\getenv home HOME</code></strong> +=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\echo :home</code></strong> +/home/postgres +</pre></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\gexec</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Sends the current query buffer to the server, then treats + each column of each row of the query's output (if any) as an SQL + statement to be executed. For example, to create an index on each + column of <code class="structname">my_table</code>: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +=> <strong class="userinput"><code>SELECT format('create index on my_table(%I)', attname)</code></strong> +-> <strong class="userinput"><code>FROM pg_attribute</code></strong> +-> <strong class="userinput"><code>WHERE attrelid = 'my_table'::regclass AND attnum > 0</code></strong> +-> <strong class="userinput"><code>ORDER BY attnum</code></strong> +-> <strong class="userinput"><code>\gexec</code></strong> +CREATE INDEX +CREATE INDEX +CREATE INDEX +CREATE INDEX +</pre><p> + </p><p> + The generated queries are executed in the order in which the rows + are returned, and left-to-right within each row if there is more + than one column. NULL fields are ignored. The generated queries + are sent literally to the server for processing, so they cannot be + <span class="application">psql</span> meta-commands nor contain <span class="application">psql</span> + variable references. If any individual query fails, execution of + the remaining queries continues + unless <code class="varname">ON_ERROR_STOP</code> is set. Execution of each + query is subject to <code class="varname">ECHO</code> processing. + (Setting <code class="varname">ECHO</code> to <code class="literal">all</code> + or <code class="literal">queries</code> is often advisable when + using <code class="command">\gexec</code>.) Query logging, single-step mode, + timing, and other query execution features apply to each generated + query as well. + </p><p> + If the current query buffer is empty, the most recently sent query + is re-executed instead. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\gset [ <em class="replaceable"><code>prefix</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Sends the current query buffer to the server and stores the + query's output into <span class="application">psql</span> variables + (see <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-VARIABLES" title="Variables">Variables</a> below). + The query to be executed must return exactly one row. Each column of + the row is stored into a separate variable, named the same as the + column. For example: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +=> <strong class="userinput"><code>SELECT 'hello' AS var1, 10 AS var2</code></strong> +-> <strong class="userinput"><code>\gset</code></strong> +=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\echo :var1 :var2</code></strong> +hello 10 +</pre><p> + </p><p> + If you specify a <em class="replaceable"><code>prefix</code></em>, + that string is prepended to the query's column names to create the + variable names to use: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +=> <strong class="userinput"><code>SELECT 'hello' AS var1, 10 AS var2</code></strong> +-> <strong class="userinput"><code>\gset result_</code></strong> +=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\echo :result_var1 :result_var2</code></strong> +hello 10 +</pre><p> + </p><p> + If a column result is NULL, the corresponding variable is unset + rather than being set. + </p><p> + If the query fails or does not return one row, + no variables are changed. + </p><p> + If the current query buffer is empty, the most recently sent query + is re-executed instead. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\gx [ (<em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em>=<em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> [...]) ] [ <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> ]</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">\gx [ (<em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em>=<em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> [...]) ] [ |<em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + <code class="literal">\gx</code> is equivalent to <code class="literal">\g</code>, except + that it forces expanded output mode for this query, as + if <code class="literal">expanded=on</code> were included in the list of + <code class="literal">\pset</code> options. See also <code class="literal">\x</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\h</code> or <code class="literal">\help</code> <code class="literal">[ <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Gives syntax help on the specified <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> + command. If <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> + is not specified, then <span class="application">psql</span> will list + all the commands for which syntax help is available. If + <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> is an + asterisk (<code class="literal">*</code>), then syntax help on all + <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> commands is shown. + </p><p> + Unlike most other meta-commands, the entire remainder of the line is + always taken to be the argument(s) of <code class="command">\help</code>, and neither + variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are performed in the + arguments. + </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> + To simplify typing, commands that consists of several words do + not have to be quoted. Thus it is fine to type <strong class="userinput"><code>\help + alter table</code></strong>. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\H</code> or <code class="literal">\html</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Turns on <acronym class="acronym">HTML</acronym> query output format. If the + <acronym class="acronym">HTML</acronym> format is already on, it is switched + back to the default aligned text format. This command is for + compatibility and convenience, but see <code class="command">\pset</code> + about setting other output options. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\i</code> or <code class="literal">\include</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></span></dt><dd><p> + Reads input from the file <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> and executes it as + though it had been typed on the keyboard. + </p><p> + If <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> is <code class="literal">-</code> + (hyphen), then standard input is read until an EOF indication + or <code class="command">\q</code> meta-command. This can be used to intersperse + interactive input with input from files. Note that Readline behavior + will be used only if it is active at the outermost level. + </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> + If you want to see the lines on the screen as they are read you + must set the variable <code class="varname">ECHO</code> to + <code class="literal">all</code>. + </p></div></dd><dt id="PSQL-METACOMMAND-IF"><span class="term"><code class="literal">\if</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>expression</code></em><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">\elif</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>expression</code></em><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">\else</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">\endif</code></span></dt><dd><p> + This group of commands implements nestable conditional blocks. + A conditional block must begin with an <code class="command">\if</code> and end + with an <code class="command">\endif</code>. In between there may be any number + of <code class="command">\elif</code> clauses, which may optionally be followed + by a single <code class="command">\else</code> clause. Ordinary queries and + other types of backslash commands may (and usually do) appear between + the commands forming a conditional block. + </p><p> + The <code class="command">\if</code> and <code class="command">\elif</code> commands read + their argument(s) and evaluate them as a Boolean expression. If the + expression yields <code class="literal">true</code> then processing continues + normally; otherwise, lines are skipped until a + matching <code class="command">\elif</code>, <code class="command">\else</code>, + or <code class="command">\endif</code> is reached. Once + an <code class="command">\if</code> or <code class="command">\elif</code> test has + succeeded, the arguments of later <code class="command">\elif</code> commands in + the same block are not evaluated but are treated as false. Lines + following an <code class="command">\else</code> are processed only if no earlier + matching <code class="command">\if</code> or <code class="command">\elif</code> succeeded. + </p><p> + The <em class="replaceable"><code>expression</code></em> argument + of an <code class="command">\if</code> or <code class="command">\elif</code> command + is subject to variable interpolation and backquote expansion, just + like any other backslash command argument. After that it is evaluated + like the value of an on/off option variable. So a valid value + is any unambiguous case-insensitive match for one of: + <code class="literal">true</code>, <code class="literal">false</code>, <code class="literal">1</code>, + <code class="literal">0</code>, <code class="literal">on</code>, <code class="literal">off</code>, + <code class="literal">yes</code>, <code class="literal">no</code>. For example, + <code class="literal">t</code>, <code class="literal">T</code>, and <code class="literal">tR</code> + will all be considered to be <code class="literal">true</code>. + </p><p> + Expressions that do not properly evaluate to true or false will + generate a warning and be treated as false. + </p><p> + Lines being skipped are parsed normally to identify queries and + backslash commands, but queries are not sent to the server, and + backslash commands other than conditionals + (<code class="command">\if</code>, <code class="command">\elif</code>, + <code class="command">\else</code>, <code class="command">\endif</code>) are + ignored. Conditional commands are checked only for valid nesting. + Variable references in skipped lines are not expanded, and backquote + expansion is not performed either. + </p><p> + All the backslash commands of a given conditional block must appear in + the same source file. If EOF is reached on the main input file or an + <code class="command">\include</code>-ed file before all local + <code class="command">\if</code>-blocks have been closed, + then <span class="application">psql</span> will raise an error. + </p><p> + Here is an example: + </p><pre class="programlisting"> +-- check for the existence of two separate records in the database and store +-- the results in separate psql variables +SELECT + EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM customer WHERE customer_id = 123) as is_customer, + EXISTS(SELECT 1 FROM employee WHERE employee_id = 456) as is_employee +\gset +\if :is_customer + SELECT * FROM customer WHERE customer_id = 123; +\elif :is_employee + \echo 'is not a customer but is an employee' + SELECT * FROM employee WHERE employee_id = 456; +\else + \if yes + \echo 'not a customer or employee' + \else + \echo 'this will never print' + \endif +\endif +</pre></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\ir</code> or <code class="literal">\include_relative</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></span></dt><dd><p> + The <code class="literal">\ir</code> command is similar to <code class="literal">\i</code>, but resolves + relative file names differently. When executing in interactive mode, + the two commands behave identically. However, when invoked from a + script, <code class="literal">\ir</code> interprets file names relative to the + directory in which the script is located, rather than the current + working directory. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\l[+]</code> or <code class="literal">\list[+] [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + List the databases in the server and show their names, owners, + character set encodings, and access privileges. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is specified, + only databases whose names match the pattern are listed. + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, database + sizes, default tablespaces, and descriptions are also displayed. + (Size information is only available for databases that the current + user can connect to.) + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\lo_export <em class="replaceable"><code>loid</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Reads the large object with <acronym class="acronym">OID</acronym> <em class="replaceable"><code>loid</code></em> from the database and + writes it to <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>. Note that this is + subtly different from the server function + <code class="function">lo_export</code>, which acts with the permissions + of the user that the database server runs as and on the server's + file system. + </p><div class="tip"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p> + Use <code class="command">\lo_list</code> to find out the large object's + <acronym class="acronym">OID</acronym>. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\lo_import <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>comment</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Stores the file into a <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> + large object. Optionally, it associates the given + comment with the object. Example: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +foo=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\lo_import '/home/peter/pictures/photo.xcf' 'a picture of me'</code></strong> +lo_import 152801 +</pre><p> + The response indicates that the large object received object + ID 152801, which can be used to access the newly-created large + object in the future. For the sake of readability, it is + recommended to always associate a human-readable comment with + every object. Both OIDs and comments can be viewed with the + <code class="command">\lo_list</code> command. + </p><p> + Note that this command is subtly different from the server-side + <code class="function">lo_import</code> because it acts as the local user + on the local file system, rather than the server's user and file + system. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\lo_list[+]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Shows a list of all <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> + large objects currently stored in the database, + along with any comments provided for them. + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, + each large object is listed with its associated permissions, + if any. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\lo_unlink <em class="replaceable"><code>loid</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Deletes the large object with <acronym class="acronym">OID</acronym> + <em class="replaceable"><code>loid</code></em> from the + database. + </p><div class="tip"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p> + Use <code class="command">\lo_list</code> to find out the large object's + <acronym class="acronym">OID</acronym>. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\o</code> or <code class="literal">\out [ <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> ]</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">\o</code> or <code class="literal">\out [ |<em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Arranges to save future query results to the file <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> or pipe future results + to the shell command <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em>. If no argument is + specified, the query output is reset to the standard output. + </p><p> + If the argument begins with <code class="literal">|</code>, then the entire remainder + of the line is taken to be + the <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> to execute, + and neither variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are + performed in it. The rest of the line is simply passed literally to + the shell. + </p><p> + <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Query results</span>”</span> includes all tables, command + responses, and notices obtained from the database server, as + well as output of various backslash commands that query the + database (such as <code class="command">\d</code>); but not error + messages. + </p><div class="tip"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p> + To intersperse text output in between query results, use + <code class="command">\qecho</code>. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\p</code> or <code class="literal">\print</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Print the current query buffer to the standard output. + If the current query buffer is empty, the most recently executed query + is printed instead. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\password [ <em class="replaceable"><code>username</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Changes the password of the specified user (by default, the current + user). This command prompts for the new password, encrypts it, and + sends it to the server as an <code class="command">ALTER ROLE</code> command. This + makes sure that the new password does not appear in cleartext in the + command history, the server log, or elsewhere. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\prompt [ <em class="replaceable"><code>text</code></em> ] <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Prompts the user to supply text, which is assigned to the variable + <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>. + An optional prompt string, <em class="replaceable"><code>text</code></em>, can be specified. (For multiword + prompts, surround the text with single quotes.) + </p><p> + By default, <code class="literal">\prompt</code> uses the terminal for input and + output. However, if the <code class="option">-f</code> command line switch was + used, <code class="literal">\prompt</code> uses standard input and standard output. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\pset [ <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> ] ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + This command sets options affecting the output of query result tables. + <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em> + indicates which option is to be set. The semantics of + <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> vary depending + on the selected option. For some options, omitting <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> causes the option to be toggled + or unset, as described under the particular option. If no such + behavior is mentioned, then omitting + <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> just results in + the current setting being displayed. + </p><p> + <code class="command">\pset</code> without any arguments displays the current status + of all printing options. + </p><p> + Adjustable printing options are: + </p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">border</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> must be a + number. In general, the higher + the number the more borders and lines the tables will have, + but details depend on the particular format. + In <acronym class="acronym">HTML</acronym> format, this will translate directly + into the <code class="literal">border=...</code> attribute. + In most other formats only values 0 (no border), 1 (internal + dividing lines), and 2 (table frame) make sense, and values above 2 + will be treated the same as <code class="literal">border = 2</code>. + The <code class="literal">latex</code> and <code class="literal">latex-longtable</code> + formats additionally allow a value of 3 to add dividing lines + between data rows. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">columns</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the target width for the <code class="literal">wrapped</code> format, and also + the width limit for determining whether output is wide enough to + require the pager or switch to the vertical display in expanded auto + mode. + Zero (the default) causes the target width to be controlled by the + environment variable <code class="envar">COLUMNS</code>, or the detected screen width + if <code class="envar">COLUMNS</code> is not set. + In addition, if <code class="literal">columns</code> is zero then the + <code class="literal">wrapped</code> format only affects screen output. + If <code class="literal">columns</code> is nonzero then file and pipe output is + wrapped to that width as well. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">csv_fieldsep</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies the field separator to be used in + <acronym class="acronym">CSV</acronym> output format. If the separator character + appears in a field's value, that field is output within double + quotes, following standard <acronym class="acronym">CSV</acronym> rules. + The default is a comma. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">expanded</code> (or <code class="literal">x</code>)</span></dt><dd><p> + If <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> is specified it + must be either <code class="literal">on</code> or <code class="literal">off</code>, which + will enable or disable expanded mode, or <code class="literal">auto</code>. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> is omitted the + command toggles between the on and off settings. When expanded mode + is enabled, query results are displayed in two columns, with the + column name on the left and the data on the right. This mode is + useful if the data wouldn't fit on the screen in the + normal <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">horizontal</span>”</span> mode. In the auto setting, the + expanded mode is used whenever the query output has more than one + column and is wider than the screen; otherwise, the regular mode is + used. The auto setting is only + effective in the aligned and wrapped formats. In other formats, it + always behaves as if the expanded mode is off. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">fieldsep</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies the field separator to be used in unaligned output + format. That way one can create, for example, tab-separated + output, which other programs might prefer. To + set a tab as field separator, type <code class="literal">\pset fieldsep + '\t'</code>. The default field separator is + <code class="literal">'|'</code> (a vertical bar). + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">fieldsep_zero</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the field separator to use in unaligned output format to a zero + byte. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">footer</code></span></dt><dd><p> + If <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> is specified + it must be either <code class="literal">on</code> or <code class="literal">off</code> + which will enable or disable display of the table footer + (the <code class="literal">(<em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em> rows)</code> count). + If <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> is omitted the + command toggles footer display on or off. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">format</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the output format to one of <code class="literal">aligned</code>, + <code class="literal">asciidoc</code>, + <code class="literal">csv</code>, + <code class="literal">html</code>, + <code class="literal">latex</code>, + <code class="literal">latex-longtable</code>, <code class="literal">troff-ms</code>, + <code class="literal">unaligned</code>, or <code class="literal">wrapped</code>. + Unique abbreviations are allowed. + </p><p><code class="literal">aligned</code> format is the standard, + human-readable, nicely formatted text output; this is the default. + </p><p><code class="literal">unaligned</code> format writes all columns of a row on one + line, separated by the currently active field separator. This + is useful for creating output that might be intended to be read + in by other programs, for example, tab-separated or comma-separated + format. However, the field separator character is not treated + specially if it appears in a column's value; + so <acronym class="acronym">CSV</acronym> format may be better suited for such + purposes. + </p><p><code class="literal">csv</code> format + <a id="id-1.9.4.20.8.4.10.1.76.2.3.1.8.2.4.2" class="indexterm"></a> + writes column values separated by commas, applying the quoting + rules described in + <a class="ulink" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4180" target="_top">RFC 4180</a>. + This output is compatible with the CSV format of the server's + <code class="command">COPY</code> command. + A header line with column names is generated unless + the <code class="literal">tuples_only</code> parameter is + <code class="literal">on</code>. Titles and footers are not printed. + Each row is terminated by the system-dependent end-of-line character, + which is typically a single newline (<code class="literal">\n</code>) for + Unix-like systems or a carriage return and newline sequence + (<code class="literal">\r\n</code>) for Microsoft Windows. + Field separator characters other than comma can be selected with + <code class="command">\pset csv_fieldsep</code>. + </p><p><code class="literal">wrapped</code> format is like <code class="literal">aligned</code> but wraps + wide data values across lines to make the output fit in the target + column width. The target width is determined as described under + the <code class="literal">columns</code> option. Note that <span class="application">psql</span> will + not attempt to wrap column header titles; therefore, + <code class="literal">wrapped</code> format behaves the same as <code class="literal">aligned</code> + if the total width needed for column headers exceeds the target. + </p><p> + The <code class="literal">asciidoc</code>, <code class="literal">html</code>, + <code class="literal">latex</code>, <code class="literal">latex-longtable</code>, and + <code class="literal">troff-ms</code> formats put out tables that are intended + to be included in documents using the respective mark-up + language. They are not complete documents! This might not be + necessary in <acronym class="acronym">HTML</acronym>, but in + <span class="application">LaTeX</span> you must have a complete + document wrapper. + The <code class="literal">latex</code> format + uses <span class="application">LaTeX</span>'s <code class="literal">tabular</code> + environment. + The <code class="literal">latex-longtable</code> format + requires the <span class="application">LaTeX</span> + <code class="literal">longtable</code> and <code class="literal">booktabs</code> packages. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">linestyle</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the border line drawing style to one + of <code class="literal">ascii</code>, <code class="literal">old-ascii</code>, + or <code class="literal">unicode</code>. + Unique abbreviations are allowed. (That would mean one + letter is enough.) + The default setting is <code class="literal">ascii</code>. + This option only affects the <code class="literal">aligned</code> and + <code class="literal">wrapped</code> output formats. + </p><p><code class="literal">ascii</code> style uses plain <acronym class="acronym">ASCII</acronym> + characters. Newlines in data are shown using + a <code class="literal">+</code> symbol in the right-hand margin. + When the <code class="literal">wrapped</code> format wraps data from + one line to the next without a newline character, a dot + (<code class="literal">.</code>) is shown in the right-hand margin of the first line, + and again in the left-hand margin of the following line. + </p><p><code class="literal">old-ascii</code> style uses plain <acronym class="acronym">ASCII</acronym> + characters, using the formatting style used + in <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> 8.4 and earlier. + Newlines in data are shown using a <code class="literal">:</code> + symbol in place of the left-hand column separator. + When the data is wrapped from one line + to the next without a newline character, a <code class="literal">;</code> + symbol is used in place of the left-hand column separator. + </p><p><code class="literal">unicode</code> style uses Unicode box-drawing characters. + Newlines in data are shown using a carriage return symbol + in the right-hand margin. When the data is wrapped from one line + to the next without a newline character, an ellipsis symbol + is shown in the right-hand margin of the first line, and + again in the left-hand margin of the following line. + </p><p> + When the <code class="literal">border</code> setting is greater than zero, + the <code class="literal">linestyle</code> option also determines the + characters with which the border lines are drawn. + Plain <acronym class="acronym">ASCII</acronym> characters work everywhere, but + Unicode characters look nicer on displays that recognize them. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">null</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the string to be printed in place of a null value. + The default is to print nothing, which can easily be mistaken for + an empty string. For example, one might prefer <code class="literal">\pset null + '(null)'</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">numericlocale</code></span></dt><dd><p> + If <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> is specified + it must be either <code class="literal">on</code> or <code class="literal">off</code> + which will enable or disable display of a locale-specific character + to separate groups of digits to the left of the decimal marker. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> is omitted the + command toggles between regular and locale-specific numeric output. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">pager</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Controls use of a pager program for query and <span class="application">psql</span> + help output. + When the <code class="literal">pager</code> option is <code class="literal">off</code>, the pager + program is not used. When the <code class="literal">pager</code> option is + <code class="literal">on</code>, the pager is used when appropriate, i.e., when the + output is to a terminal and will not fit on the screen. + The <code class="literal">pager</code> option can also be set to <code class="literal">always</code>, + which causes the pager to be used for all terminal output regardless + of whether it fits on the screen. <code class="literal">\pset pager</code> + without a <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> + toggles pager use on and off. + </p><p> + If the environment variable <code class="envar">PSQL_PAGER</code> + or <code class="envar">PAGER</code> is set, output to be paged is piped to the + specified program. Otherwise a platform-dependent default program + (such as <code class="filename">more</code>) is used. + </p><p> + When using the <code class="literal">\watch</code> command to execute a query + repeatedly, the environment variable <code class="envar">PSQL_WATCH_PAGER</code> + is used to find the pager program instead, on Unix systems. This is + configured separately because it may confuse traditional pagers, but + can be used to send output to tools that understand + <span class="application">psql</span>'s output format (such as + <code class="filename">pspg --stream</code>). + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">pager_min_lines</code></span></dt><dd><p> + If <code class="literal">pager_min_lines</code> is set to a number greater than the + page height, the pager program will not be called unless there are + at least this many lines of output to show. The default setting + is 0. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">recordsep</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies the record (line) separator to use in unaligned + output format. The default is a newline character. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">recordsep_zero</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the record separator to use in unaligned output format to a zero + byte. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">tableattr</code> (or <code class="literal">T</code>)</span></dt><dd><p> + In <acronym class="acronym">HTML</acronym> format, this specifies attributes + to be placed inside the <code class="sgmltag-element">table</code> tag. This + could for example be <code class="literal">cellpadding</code> or + <code class="literal">bgcolor</code>. Note that you probably don't want + to specify <code class="literal">border</code> here, as that is already + taken care of by <code class="literal">\pset border</code>. + If no + <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> is given, + the table attributes are unset. + </p><p> + In <code class="literal">latex-longtable</code> format, this controls + the proportional width of each column containing a left-aligned + data type. It is specified as a whitespace-separated list of values, + e.g., <code class="literal">'0.2 0.2 0.6'</code>. Unspecified output columns + use the last specified value. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">title</code> (or <code class="literal">C</code>)</span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the table title for any subsequently printed tables. This + can be used to give your output descriptive tags. If no + <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> is given, + the title is unset. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">tuples_only</code> (or <code class="literal">t</code>)</span></dt><dd><p> + If <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> is specified + it must be either <code class="literal">on</code> or <code class="literal">off</code> + which will enable or disable tuples-only mode. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> is omitted the + command toggles between regular and tuples-only output. + Regular output includes extra information such + as column headers, titles, and various footers. In tuples-only + mode, only actual table data is shown. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">unicode_border_linestyle</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the border drawing style for the <code class="literal">unicode</code> + line style to one of <code class="literal">single</code> + or <code class="literal">double</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">unicode_column_linestyle</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the column drawing style for the <code class="literal">unicode</code> + line style to one of <code class="literal">single</code> + or <code class="literal">double</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">unicode_header_linestyle</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the header drawing style for the <code class="literal">unicode</code> + line style to one of <code class="literal">single</code> + or <code class="literal">double</code>. + </p></dd></dl></div><p> + </p><p> + Illustrations of how these different formats look can be seen in + <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-EXAMPLES" title="Examples">Examples</a>, below. + </p><div class="tip"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p> + There are various shortcut commands for <code class="command">\pset</code>. See + <code class="command">\a</code>, <code class="command">\C</code>, <code class="command">\f</code>, + <code class="command">\H</code>, <code class="command">\t</code>, <code class="command">\T</code>, + and <code class="command">\x</code>. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\q</code> or <code class="literal">\quit</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Quits the <span class="application">psql</span> program. + In a script file, only execution of that script is terminated. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\qecho <em class="replaceable"><code>text</code></em> [ ... ] </code></span></dt><dd><p> + This command is identical to <code class="command">\echo</code> except + that the output will be written to the query output channel, as + set by <code class="command">\o</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\r</code> or <code class="literal">\reset</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Resets (clears) the query buffer. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\s [ <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Print <span class="application">psql</span>'s command line history + to <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em>. + If <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> is omitted, + the history is written to the standard output (using the pager if + appropriate). This command is not available + if <span class="application">psql</span> was built + without <span class="application">Readline</span> support. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\set [ <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> [ ... ] ] ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the <span class="application">psql</span> variable <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> to <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em>, or if more than one value + is given, to the concatenation of all of them. If only one + argument is given, the variable is set to an empty-string value. To + unset a variable, use the <code class="command">\unset</code> command. + </p><p><code class="command">\set</code> without any arguments displays the names and values + of all currently-set <span class="application">psql</span> variables. + </p><p> + Valid variable names can contain letters, digits, and + underscores. See <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-VARIABLES" title="Variables">Variables</a> below for details. + Variable names are case-sensitive. + </p><p> + Certain variables are special, in that they + control <span class="application">psql</span>'s behavior or are + automatically set to reflect connection state. These variables are + documented in <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-VARIABLES" title="Variables">Variables</a>, below. + </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> + This command is unrelated to the <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> + command <a class="link" href="sql-set.html" title="SET"><code class="command">SET</code></a>. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\setenv <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> [ <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the environment variable <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> to <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em>, or if the + <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> is + not supplied, unsets the environment variable. Example: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\setenv PAGER less</code></strong> +testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\setenv LESS -imx4F</code></strong> +</pre></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\sf[+] <em class="replaceable"><code>function_description</code></em> </code></span></dt><dd><p> + This command fetches and shows the definition of the named function or procedure, + in the form of a <code class="command">CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION</code> or + <code class="command">CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE</code> command. + The definition is printed to the current query output channel, + as set by <code class="command">\o</code>. + </p><p> + The target function can be specified by name alone, or by name + and arguments, for example <code class="literal">foo(integer, text)</code>. + The argument types must be given if there is more + than one function of the same name. + </p><p> + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, then the + output lines are numbered, with the first line of the function body + being line 1. + </p><p> + Unlike most other meta-commands, the entire remainder of the line is + always taken to be the argument(s) of <code class="command">\sf</code>, and neither + variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are performed in the + arguments. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\sv[+] <em class="replaceable"><code>view_name</code></em> </code></span></dt><dd><p> + This command fetches and shows the definition of the named view, + in the form of a <code class="command">CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW</code> command. + The definition is printed to the current query output channel, + as set by <code class="command">\o</code>. + </p><p> + If <code class="literal">+</code> is appended to the command name, then the + output lines are numbered from 1. + </p><p> + Unlike most other meta-commands, the entire remainder of the line is + always taken to be the argument(s) of <code class="command">\sv</code>, and neither + variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are performed in the + arguments. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\t</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Toggles the display of output column name headings and row count + footer. This command is equivalent to <code class="literal">\pset + tuples_only</code> and is provided for convenience. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\T <em class="replaceable"><code>table_options</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies attributes to be placed within the + <code class="sgmltag-element">table</code> tag in <acronym class="acronym">HTML</acronym> + output format. This command is equivalent to <code class="literal">\pset + tableattr <em class="replaceable"><code>table_options</code></em></code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\timing [ <em class="replaceable"><code>on</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>off</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + With a parameter, turns displaying of how long each SQL statement + takes on or off. Without a parameter, toggles the display between + on and off. The display is in milliseconds; intervals longer than + 1 second are also shown in minutes:seconds format, with hours and + days fields added if needed. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\unset <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em></code></span></dt><dd><p> + Unsets (deletes) the <span class="application">psql</span> variable <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>. + </p><p> + Most variables that control <span class="application">psql</span>'s behavior + cannot be unset; instead, an <code class="literal">\unset</code> command is interpreted + as setting them to their default values. + See <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-VARIABLES" title="Variables">Variables</a> below. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\w</code> or <code class="literal">\write</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">\w</code> or <code class="literal">\write</code> <code class="literal">|</code><em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em></span></dt><dd><p> + Writes the current query buffer to the file <em class="replaceable"><code>filename</code></em> or pipes it to the shell + command <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em>. + If the current query buffer is empty, the most recently executed query + is written instead. + </p><p> + If the argument begins with <code class="literal">|</code>, then the entire remainder + of the line is taken to be + the <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> to execute, + and neither variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are + performed in it. The rest of the line is simply passed literally to + the shell. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\warn <em class="replaceable"><code>text</code></em> [ ... ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + This command is identical to <code class="command">\echo</code> except + that the output will be written to <span class="application">psql</span>'s + standard error channel, rather than standard output. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\watch [ <em class="replaceable"><code>seconds</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Repeatedly execute the current query buffer (as <code class="literal">\g</code> does) + until interrupted or the query fails. Wait the specified number of + seconds (default 2) between executions. Each query result is + displayed with a header that includes the <code class="literal">\pset title</code> + string (if any), the time as of query start, and the delay interval. + </p><p> + If the current query buffer is empty, the most recently sent query + is re-executed instead. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\x [ <em class="replaceable"><code>on</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>off</code></em> | <em class="replaceable"><code>auto</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Sets or toggles expanded table formatting mode. As such it is equivalent to + <code class="literal">\pset expanded</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\z [ <a class="link" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PATTERNS" title="Patterns"><em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em></a> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Lists tables, views and sequences with their + associated access privileges. + If a <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> is + specified, only tables, views and sequences whose names match the + pattern are listed. + </p><p> + This is an alias for <code class="command">\dp</code> (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">display + privileges</span>”</span>). + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\! [ <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + With no argument, escapes to a sub-shell; <span class="application">psql</span> + resumes when the sub-shell exits. With an argument, executes the + shell command <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em>. + </p><p> + Unlike most other meta-commands, the entire remainder of the line is + always taken to be the argument(s) of <code class="command">\!</code>, and neither + variable interpolation nor backquote expansion are performed in the + arguments. The rest of the line is simply passed literally to the + shell. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\? [ <em class="replaceable"><code>topic</code></em> ]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Shows help information. The optional + <em class="replaceable"><code>topic</code></em> parameter + (defaulting to <code class="literal">commands</code>) selects which part of <span class="application">psql</span> is + explained: <code class="literal">commands</code> describes <span class="application">psql</span>'s + backslash commands; <code class="literal">options</code> describes the command-line + options that can be passed to <span class="application">psql</span>; + and <code class="literal">variables</code> shows help about <span class="application">psql</span> configuration + variables. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">\;</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Backslash-semicolon is not a meta-command in the same way as the + preceding commands; rather, it simply causes a semicolon to be + added to the query buffer without any further processing. + </p><p> + Normally, <span class="application">psql</span> will dispatch an SQL command to the + server as soon as it reaches the command-ending semicolon, even if + more input remains on the current line. Thus for example entering +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +select 1; select 2; select 3; +</pre><p> + will result in the three SQL commands being individually sent to + the server, with each one's results being displayed before + continuing to the next command. However, a semicolon entered + as <code class="literal">\;</code> will not trigger command processing, so that the + command before it and the one after are effectively combined and + sent to the server in one request. So for example +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +select 1\; select 2\; select 3; +</pre><p> + results in sending the three SQL commands to the server in a single + request, when the non-backslashed semicolon is reached. + The server executes such a request as a single transaction, + unless there are explicit <code class="command">BEGIN</code>/<code class="command">COMMIT</code> + commands included in the string to divide it into multiple + transactions. (See <a class="xref" href="protocol-flow.html#PROTOCOL-FLOW-MULTI-STATEMENT" title="55.2.2.1. Multiple Statements in a Simple Query">Section 55.2.2.1</a> + for more details about how the server handles multi-query strings.) + </p></dd></dl></div><p> + </p><div class="refsect3" id="APP-PSQL-PATTERNS"><h4>Patterns</h4><a id="id-1.9.4.20.8.4.11.2" class="indexterm"></a><p> + The various <code class="literal">\d</code> commands accept a <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> parameter to specify the + object name(s) to be displayed. In the simplest case, a pattern + is just the exact name of the object. The characters within a + pattern are normally folded to lower case, just as in SQL names; + for example, <code class="literal">\dt FOO</code> will display the table named + <code class="literal">foo</code>. As in SQL names, placing double quotes around + a pattern stops folding to lower case. Should you need to include + an actual double quote character in a pattern, write it as a pair + of double quotes within a double-quote sequence; again this is in + accord with the rules for SQL quoted identifiers. For example, + <code class="literal">\dt "FOO""BAR"</code> will display the table named + <code class="literal">FOO"BAR</code> (not <code class="literal">foo"bar</code>). Unlike the normal + rules for SQL names, you can put double quotes around just part + of a pattern, for instance <code class="literal">\dt FOO"FOO"BAR</code> will display + the table named <code class="literal">fooFOObar</code>. + </p><p> + Whenever the <em class="replaceable"><code>pattern</code></em> parameter + is omitted completely, the <code class="literal">\d</code> commands display all objects + that are visible in the current schema search path — this is + equivalent to using <code class="literal">*</code> as the pattern. + (An object is said to be <em class="firstterm">visible</em> if its + containing schema is in the search path and no object of the same + kind and name appears earlier in the search path. This is equivalent to the + statement that the object can be referenced by name without explicit + schema qualification.) + To see all objects in the database regardless of visibility, + use <code class="literal">*.*</code> as the pattern. + </p><p> + Within a pattern, <code class="literal">*</code> matches any sequence of characters + (including no characters) and <code class="literal">?</code> matches any single character. + (This notation is comparable to Unix shell file name patterns.) + For example, <code class="literal">\dt int*</code> displays tables whose names + begin with <code class="literal">int</code>. But within double quotes, <code class="literal">*</code> + and <code class="literal">?</code> lose these special meanings and are just matched + literally. + </p><p> + A relation pattern that contains a dot (<code class="literal">.</code>) is interpreted as a schema + name pattern followed by an object name pattern. For example, + <code class="literal">\dt foo*.*bar*</code> displays all tables whose table name + includes <code class="literal">bar</code> that are in schemas whose schema name + starts with <code class="literal">foo</code>. When no dot appears, then the pattern + matches only objects that are visible in the current schema search path. + Again, a dot within double quotes loses its special meaning and is matched + literally. A relation pattern that contains two dots (<code class="literal">.</code>) + is interpreted as a database name followed by a schema name pattern followed + by an object name pattern. The database name portion will not be treated as + a pattern and must match the name of the currently connected database, else + an error will be raised. + </p><p> + A schema pattern that contains a dot (<code class="literal">.</code>) is interpreted + as a database name followed by a schema name pattern. For example, + <code class="literal">\dn mydb.*foo*</code> displays all schemas whose schema name + includes <code class="literal">foo</code>. The database name portion will not be + treated as a pattern and must match the name of the currently connected + database, else an error will be raised. + </p><p> + Advanced users can use regular-expression notations such as character + classes, for example <code class="literal">[0-9]</code> to match any digit. All regular + expression special characters work as specified in + <a class="xref" href="functions-matching.html#FUNCTIONS-POSIX-REGEXP" title="9.7.3. POSIX Regular Expressions">Section 9.7.3</a>, except for <code class="literal">.</code> which + is taken as a separator as mentioned above, <code class="literal">*</code> which is + translated to the regular-expression notation <code class="literal">.*</code>, + <code class="literal">?</code> which is translated to <code class="literal">.</code>, and + <code class="literal">$</code> which is matched literally. You can emulate + these pattern characters at need by writing + <code class="literal">?</code> for <code class="literal">.</code>, + <code class="literal">(<em class="replaceable"><code>R</code></em>+|)</code> for + <code class="literal"><em class="replaceable"><code>R</code></em>*</code>, or + <code class="literal">(<em class="replaceable"><code>R</code></em>|)</code> for + <code class="literal"><em class="replaceable"><code>R</code></em>?</code>. + <code class="literal">$</code> is not needed as a regular-expression character since + the pattern must match the whole name, unlike the usual + interpretation of regular expressions (in other words, <code class="literal">$</code> + is automatically appended to your pattern). Write <code class="literal">*</code> at the + beginning and/or end if you don't wish the pattern to be anchored. + Note that within double quotes, all regular expression special characters + lose their special meanings and are matched literally. Also, the regular + expression special characters are matched literally in operator name + patterns (i.e., the argument of <code class="literal">\do</code>). + </p></div></div><div class="refsect2" id="id-1.9.4.20.8.5"><h3>Advanced Features</h3><div class="refsect3" id="APP-PSQL-VARIABLES"><h4>Variables</h4><p> + <span class="application">psql</span> provides variable substitution + features similar to common Unix command shells. + Variables are simply name/value pairs, where the value + can be any string of any length. The name must consist of letters + (including non-Latin letters), digits, and underscores. + </p><p> + To set a variable, use the <span class="application">psql</span> meta-command + <code class="command">\set</code>. For example, +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\set foo bar</code></strong> +</pre><p> + sets the variable <code class="literal">foo</code> to the value + <code class="literal">bar</code>. To retrieve the content of the variable, precede + the name with a colon, for example: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\echo :foo</code></strong> +bar +</pre><p> + This works in both regular SQL commands and meta-commands; there is + more detail in <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-INTERPOLATION" title="SQL Interpolation">SQL Interpolation</a>, below. + </p><p> + If you call <code class="command">\set</code> without a second argument, the + variable is set to an empty-string value. To unset (i.e., delete) + a variable, use the command <code class="command">\unset</code>. To show the + values of all variables, call <code class="command">\set</code> without any argument. + </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> + The arguments of <code class="command">\set</code> are subject to the same + substitution rules as with other commands. Thus you can construct + interesting references such as <code class="literal">\set :foo + 'something'</code> and get <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">soft links</span>”</span> or + <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">variable variables</span>”</span> of <span class="productname">Perl</span> + or <span class="productname"><acronym class="acronym">PHP</acronym></span> fame, + respectively. Unfortunately (or fortunately?), there is no way to do + anything useful with these constructs. On the other hand, + <code class="literal">\set bar :foo</code> is a perfectly valid way to copy a + variable. + </p></div><p> + A number of these variables are treated specially + by <span class="application">psql</span>. They represent certain option + settings that can be changed at run time by altering the value of + the variable, or in some cases represent changeable state of + <span class="application">psql</span>. + By convention, all specially treated variables' names + consist of all upper-case ASCII letters (and possibly digits and + underscores). To ensure maximum compatibility in the future, avoid + using such variable names for your own purposes. + </p><p> + Variables that control <span class="application">psql</span>'s behavior + generally cannot be unset or set to invalid values. An <code class="literal">\unset</code> + command is allowed but is interpreted as setting the variable to its + default value. A <code class="literal">\set</code> command without a second argument is + interpreted as setting the variable to <code class="literal">on</code>, for control + variables that accept that value, and is rejected for others. Also, + control variables that accept the values <code class="literal">on</code> + and <code class="literal">off</code> will also accept other common spellings of Boolean + values, such as <code class="literal">true</code> and <code class="literal">false</code>. + </p><p> + The specially treated variables are: + </p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"> + <code class="varname">AUTOCOMMIT</code> + <a id="id-1.9.4.20.8.5.2.9.1.1.2" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + When <code class="literal">on</code> (the default), each SQL command is automatically + committed upon successful completion. To postpone commit in this + mode, you must enter a <code class="command">BEGIN</code> or <code class="command">START + TRANSACTION</code> SQL command. When <code class="literal">off</code> or unset, SQL + commands are not committed until you explicitly issue + <code class="command">COMMIT</code> or <code class="command">END</code>. The autocommit-off + mode works by issuing an implicit <code class="command">BEGIN</code> for you, just + before any command that is not already in a transaction block and + is not itself a <code class="command">BEGIN</code> or other transaction-control + command, nor a command that cannot be executed inside a transaction + block (such as <code class="command">VACUUM</code>). + </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> + In autocommit-off mode, you must explicitly abandon any failed + transaction by entering <code class="command">ABORT</code> or <code class="command">ROLLBACK</code>. + Also keep in mind that if you exit the session + without committing, your work will be lost. + </p></div><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> + The autocommit-on mode is <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>'s traditional + behavior, but autocommit-off is closer to the SQL spec. If you + prefer autocommit-off, you might wish to set it in the system-wide + <code class="filename">psqlrc</code> file or your + <code class="filename">~/.psqlrc</code> file. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">COMP_KEYWORD_CASE</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Determines which letter case to use when completing an SQL key word. + If set to <code class="literal">lower</code> or <code class="literal">upper</code>, the + completed word will be in lower or upper case, respectively. If set + to <code class="literal">preserve-lower</code> + or <code class="literal">preserve-upper</code> (the default), the completed word + will be in the case of the word already entered, but words being + completed without anything entered will be in lower or upper case, + respectively. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">DBNAME</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The name of the database you are currently connected to. This is + set every time you connect to a database (including program + start-up), but can be changed or unset. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">ECHO</code></span></dt><dd><p> + If set to <code class="literal">all</code>, all nonempty input lines are printed + to standard output as they are read. (This does not apply to lines + read interactively.) To select this behavior on program + start-up, use the switch <code class="option">-a</code>. If set to + <code class="literal">queries</code>, + <span class="application">psql</span> prints each query to standard output + as it is sent to the server. The switch to select this behavior is + <code class="option">-e</code>. If set to <code class="literal">errors</code>, then only + failed queries are displayed on standard error output. The switch + for this behavior is <code class="option">-b</code>. If set to + <code class="literal">none</code> (the default), then no queries are displayed. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">ECHO_HIDDEN</code></span></dt><dd><p> + When this variable is set to <code class="literal">on</code> and a backslash command + queries the database, the query is first shown. + This feature helps you to study + <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> internals and provide + similar functionality in your own programs. (To select this behavior + on program start-up, use the switch <code class="option">-E</code>.) If you set + this variable to the value <code class="literal">noexec</code>, the queries are + just shown but are not actually sent to the server and executed. + The default value is <code class="literal">off</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">ENCODING</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The current client character set encoding. + This is set every time you connect to a database (including + program start-up), and when you change the encoding + with <code class="literal">\encoding</code>, but it can be changed or unset. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">ERROR</code></span></dt><dd><p> + <code class="literal">true</code> if the last SQL query failed, <code class="literal">false</code> if + it succeeded. See also <code class="varname">SQLSTATE</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">FETCH_COUNT</code></span></dt><dd><p> + If this variable is set to an integer value greater than zero, + the results of <code class="command">SELECT</code> queries are fetched + and displayed in groups of that many rows, rather than the + default behavior of collecting the entire result set before + display. Therefore only a + limited amount of memory is used, regardless of the size of + the result set. Settings of 100 to 1000 are commonly used + when enabling this feature. + Keep in mind that when using this feature, a query might + fail after having already displayed some rows. + </p><div class="tip"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p> + Although you can use any output format with this feature, + the default <code class="literal">aligned</code> format tends to look bad + because each group of <code class="varname">FETCH_COUNT</code> rows + will be formatted separately, leading to varying column + widths across the row groups. The other output formats work better. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">HIDE_TABLEAM</code></span></dt><dd><p> + If this variable is set to <code class="literal">true</code>, a table's access + method details are not displayed. This is mainly useful for + regression tests. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">HIDE_TOAST_COMPRESSION</code></span></dt><dd><p> + If this variable is set to <code class="literal">true</code>, column + compression method details are not displayed. This is mainly + useful for regression tests. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">HISTCONTROL</code></span></dt><dd><p> + If this variable is set to <code class="literal">ignorespace</code>, + lines which begin with a space are not entered into the history + list. If set to a value of <code class="literal">ignoredups</code>, lines + matching the previous history line are not entered. A value of + <code class="literal">ignoreboth</code> combines the two options. If + set to <code class="literal">none</code> (the default), all lines + read in interactive mode are saved on the history list. + </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> + This feature was shamelessly plagiarized from + <span class="application">Bash</span>. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">HISTFILE</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The file name that will be used to store the history list. If unset, + the file name is taken from the <code class="envar">PSQL_HISTORY</code> + environment variable. If that is not set either, the default + is <code class="filename">~/.psql_history</code>, + or <code class="filename">%APPDATA%\postgresql\psql_history</code> on Windows. + For example, putting: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +\set HISTFILE ~/.psql_history-:DBNAME +</pre><p> + in <code class="filename">~/.psqlrc</code> will cause + <span class="application">psql</span> to maintain a separate history for + each database. + </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> + This feature was shamelessly plagiarized from + <span class="application">Bash</span>. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">HISTSIZE</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The maximum number of commands to store in the command history + (default 500). If set to a negative value, no limit is applied. + </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> + This feature was shamelessly plagiarized from + <span class="application">Bash</span>. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">HOST</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The database server host you are currently connected to. This is + set every time you connect to a database (including program + start-up), but can be changed or unset. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">IGNOREEOF</code></span></dt><dd><p> + If set to 1 or less, sending an <acronym class="acronym">EOF</acronym> character (usually + <span class="keycap"><strong>Control</strong></span>+<span class="keycap"><strong>D</strong></span>) + to an interactive session of <span class="application">psql</span> + will terminate the application. If set to a larger numeric value, + that many consecutive <acronym class="acronym">EOF</acronym> characters must be typed to + make an interactive session terminate. If the variable is set to a + non-numeric value, it is interpreted as 10. The default is 0. + </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> + This feature was shamelessly plagiarized from + <span class="application">Bash</span>. + </p></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">LASTOID</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The value of the last affected OID, as returned from an + <code class="command">INSERT</code> or <code class="command">\lo_import</code> + command. This variable is only guaranteed to be valid until + after the result of the next <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> command has + been displayed. + <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> servers since version 12 do not + support OID system columns anymore, thus LASTOID will always be 0 + following <code class="command">INSERT</code> when targeting such servers. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">LAST_ERROR_MESSAGE</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="varname">LAST_ERROR_SQLSTATE</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The primary error message and associated SQLSTATE code for the most + recent failed query in the current <span class="application">psql</span> session, or + an empty string and <code class="literal">00000</code> if no error has occurred in + the current session. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"> + <code class="varname">ON_ERROR_ROLLBACK</code> + <a id="id-1.9.4.20.8.5.2.9.18.1.2" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + When set to <code class="literal">on</code>, if a statement in a transaction block + generates an error, the error is ignored and the transaction + continues. When set to <code class="literal">interactive</code>, such errors are only + ignored in interactive sessions, and not when reading script + files. When set to <code class="literal">off</code> (the default), a statement in a + transaction block that generates an error aborts the entire + transaction. The error rollback mode works by issuing an + implicit <code class="command">SAVEPOINT</code> for you, just before each command + that is in a transaction block, and then rolling back to the + savepoint if the command fails. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">ON_ERROR_STOP</code></span></dt><dd><p> + By default, command processing continues after an error. When this + variable is set to <code class="literal">on</code>, processing will instead stop + immediately. In interactive mode, + <span class="application">psql</span> will return to the command prompt; + otherwise, <span class="application">psql</span> will exit, returning + error code 3 to distinguish this case from fatal error + conditions, which are reported using error code 1. In either case, + any currently running scripts (the top-level script, if any, and any + other scripts which it may have in invoked) will be terminated + immediately. If the top-level command string contained multiple SQL + commands, processing will stop with the current command. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">PORT</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The database server port to which you are currently connected. + This is set every time you connect to a database (including + program start-up), but can be changed or unset. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">PROMPT1</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="varname">PROMPT2</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="varname">PROMPT3</code></span></dt><dd><p> + These specify what the prompts <span class="application">psql</span> + issues should look like. See <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-PROMPTING" title="Prompting">Prompting</a> below. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">QUIET</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Setting this variable to <code class="literal">on</code> is equivalent to the command + line option <code class="option">-q</code>. It is probably not too useful in + interactive mode. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">ROW_COUNT</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The number of rows returned or affected by the last SQL query, or 0 + if the query failed or did not report a row count. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">SERVER_VERSION_NAME</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="varname">SERVER_VERSION_NUM</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The server's version number as a string, for + example <code class="literal">9.6.2</code>, <code class="literal">10.1</code> or <code class="literal">11beta1</code>, + and in numeric form, for + example <code class="literal">90602</code> or <code class="literal">100001</code>. + These are set every time you connect to a database + (including program start-up), but can be changed or unset. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">SHOW_ALL_RESULTS</code></span></dt><dd><p> + When this variable is set to <code class="literal">off</code>, only the last + result of a combined query (<code class="literal">\;</code>) is shown instead of + all of them. The default is <code class="literal">on</code>. The off behavior + is for compatibility with older versions of psql. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">SHOW_CONTEXT</code></span></dt><dd><p> + This variable can be set to the + values <code class="literal">never</code>, <code class="literal">errors</code>, or <code class="literal">always</code> + to control whether <code class="literal">CONTEXT</code> fields are displayed in + messages from the server. The default is <code class="literal">errors</code> (meaning + that context will be shown in error messages, but not in notice or + warning messages). This setting has no effect + when <code class="varname">VERBOSITY</code> is set to <code class="literal">terse</code> + or <code class="literal">sqlstate</code>. + (See also <code class="command">\errverbose</code>, for use when you want a verbose + version of the error you just got.) + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">SINGLELINE</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Setting this variable to <code class="literal">on</code> is equivalent to the command + line option <code class="option">-S</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">SINGLESTEP</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Setting this variable to <code class="literal">on</code> is equivalent to the command + line option <code class="option">-s</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">SQLSTATE</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The error code (see <a class="xref" href="errcodes-appendix.html" title="Appendix A. PostgreSQL Error Codes">Appendix A</a>) associated + with the last SQL query's failure, or <code class="literal">00000</code> if it + succeeded. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">USER</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The database user you are currently connected as. This is set + every time you connect to a database (including program + start-up), but can be changed or unset. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">VERBOSITY</code></span></dt><dd><p> + This variable can be set to the values <code class="literal">default</code>, + <code class="literal">verbose</code>, <code class="literal">terse</code>, + or <code class="literal">sqlstate</code> to control the verbosity of error + reports. + (See also <code class="command">\errverbose</code>, for use when you want a verbose + version of the error you just got.) + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="varname">VERSION</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="varname">VERSION_NAME</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="varname">VERSION_NUM</code></span></dt><dd><p> + These variables are set at program start-up to reflect + <span class="application">psql</span>'s version, respectively as a verbose string, + a short string (e.g., <code class="literal">9.6.2</code>, <code class="literal">10.1</code>, + or <code class="literal">11beta1</code>), and a number (e.g., <code class="literal">90602</code> + or <code class="literal">100001</code>). They can be changed or unset. + </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsect3" id="APP-PSQL-INTERPOLATION"><h4><acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> Interpolation</h4><p> + A key feature of <span class="application">psql</span> + variables is that you can substitute (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">interpolate</span>”</span>) + them into regular <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> statements, as well as the + arguments of meta-commands. Furthermore, + <span class="application">psql</span> provides facilities for + ensuring that variable values used as SQL literals and identifiers are + properly quoted. The syntax for interpolating a value without + any quoting is to prepend the variable name with a colon + (<code class="literal">:</code>). For example, +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\set foo 'my_table'</code></strong> +testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>SELECT * FROM :foo;</code></strong> +</pre><p> + would query the table <code class="literal">my_table</code>. Note that this + may be unsafe: the value of the variable is copied literally, so it can + contain unbalanced quotes, or even backslash commands. You must make sure + that it makes sense where you put it. + </p><p> + When a value is to be used as an SQL literal or identifier, it is + safest to arrange for it to be quoted. To quote the value of + a variable as an SQL literal, write a colon followed by the variable + name in single quotes. To quote the value as an SQL identifier, write + a colon followed by the variable name in double quotes. + These constructs deal correctly with quotes and other special + characters embedded within the variable value. + The previous example would be more safely written this way: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\set foo 'my_table'</code></strong> +testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>SELECT * FROM :"foo";</code></strong> +</pre><p> + </p><p> + Variable interpolation will not be performed within quoted + <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> literals and identifiers. Therefore, a + construction such as <code class="literal">':foo'</code> doesn't work to produce a quoted + literal from a variable's value (and it would be unsafe if it did work, + since it wouldn't correctly handle quotes embedded in the value). + </p><p> + One example use of this mechanism is to + copy the contents of a file into a table column. + First load the file into a variable and then interpolate the variable's + value as a quoted string: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\set content `cat my_file.txt`</code></strong> +testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>INSERT INTO my_table VALUES (:'content');</code></strong> +</pre><p> + (Note that this still won't work if <code class="filename">my_file.txt</code> contains NUL bytes. + <span class="application">psql</span> does not support embedded NUL bytes in variable values.) + </p><p> + Since colons can legally appear in SQL commands, an apparent attempt + at interpolation (that is, <code class="literal">:name</code>, + <code class="literal">:'name'</code>, or <code class="literal">:"name"</code>) is not + replaced unless the named variable is currently set. In any case, you + can escape a colon with a backslash to protect it from substitution. + </p><p> + The <code class="literal">:{?<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>}</code> special syntax returns TRUE + or FALSE depending on whether the variable exists or not, and is thus + always substituted, unless the colon is backslash-escaped. + </p><p> + The colon syntax for variables is standard <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> for + embedded query languages, such as <span class="application">ECPG</span>. + The colon syntaxes for array slices and type casts are + <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> extensions, which can sometimes + conflict with the standard usage. The colon-quote syntax for escaping a + variable's value as an SQL literal or identifier is a + <span class="application">psql</span> extension. + </p></div><div class="refsect3" id="APP-PSQL-PROMPTING"><h4>Prompting</h4><p> + The prompts <span class="application">psql</span> issues can be customized + to your preference. The three variables <code class="varname">PROMPT1</code>, + <code class="varname">PROMPT2</code>, and <code class="varname">PROMPT3</code> contain strings + and special escape sequences that describe the appearance of the + prompt. Prompt 1 is the normal prompt that is issued when + <span class="application">psql</span> requests a new command. Prompt 2 is + issued when more input is expected during command entry, for example + because the command was not terminated with a semicolon or a quote + was not closed. + Prompt 3 is issued when you are running an <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> + <code class="command">COPY FROM STDIN</code> command and you need to type in + a row value on the terminal. + </p><p> + The value of the selected prompt variable is printed literally, + except where a percent sign (<code class="literal">%</code>) is encountered. + Depending on the next character, certain other text is substituted + instead. Defined substitutions are: + + </p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">%M</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The full host name (with domain name) of the database server, + or <code class="literal">[local]</code> if the connection is over a Unix + domain socket, or + <code class="literal">[local:<em class="replaceable"><code>/dir/name</code></em>]</code>, + if the Unix domain socket is not at the compiled in default + location. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">%m</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The host name of the database server, truncated at the + first dot, or <code class="literal">[local]</code> if the connection is + over a Unix domain socket. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">%></code></span></dt><dd><p>The port number at which the database server is listening.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">%n</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The database session user name. (The expansion of this + value might change during a database session as the result + of the command <code class="command">SET SESSION + AUTHORIZATION</code>.) + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">%/</code></span></dt><dd><p>The name of the current database.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">%~</code></span></dt><dd><p>Like <code class="literal">%/</code>, but the output is <code class="literal">~</code> + (tilde) if the database is your default database.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">%#</code></span></dt><dd><p> + If the session user is a database superuser, then a + <code class="literal">#</code>, otherwise a <code class="literal">></code>. + (The expansion of this value might change during a database + session as the result of the command <code class="command">SET SESSION + AUTHORIZATION</code>.) + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">%p</code></span></dt><dd><p>The process ID of the backend currently connected to.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">%R</code></span></dt><dd><p> + In prompt 1 normally <code class="literal">=</code>, + but <code class="literal">@</code> if the session is in an inactive branch of a + conditional block, or <code class="literal">^</code> if in single-line mode, + or <code class="literal">!</code> if the session is disconnected from the + database (which can happen if <code class="command">\connect</code> fails). + In prompt 2 <code class="literal">%R</code> is replaced by a character that + depends on why <span class="application">psql</span> expects more input: + <code class="literal">-</code> if the command simply wasn't terminated yet, + but <code class="literal">*</code> if there is an unfinished + <code class="literal">/* ... */</code> comment, + a single quote if there is an unfinished quoted string, + a double quote if there is an unfinished quoted identifier, + a dollar sign if there is an unfinished dollar-quoted string, + or <code class="literal">(</code> if there is an unmatched left parenthesis. + In prompt 3 <code class="literal">%R</code> doesn't produce anything. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">%x</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Transaction status: an empty string when not in a transaction + block, or <code class="literal">*</code> when in a transaction block, or + <code class="literal">!</code> when in a failed transaction block, or <code class="literal">?</code> + when the transaction state is indeterminate (for example, because + there is no connection). + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">%l</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The line number inside the current statement, starting from <code class="literal">1</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">%</code><em class="replaceable"><code>digits</code></em></span></dt><dd><p> + The character with the indicated octal code is substituted. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">%:</code><em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em><code class="literal">:</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The value of the <span class="application">psql</span> variable + <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>. See + <a class="xref" href="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-VARIABLES" title="Variables">Variables</a>, above, for details. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">%`</code><em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em><code class="literal">`</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The output of <em class="replaceable"><code>command</code></em>, similar to ordinary + <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">back-tick</span>”</span> substitution. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">%[</code> ... <code class="literal">%]</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Prompts can contain terminal control characters which, for + example, change the color, background, or style of the prompt + text, or change the title of the terminal window. In order for + the line editing features of <span class="application">Readline</span> to work properly, these + non-printing control characters must be designated as invisible + by surrounding them with <code class="literal">%[</code> and + <code class="literal">%]</code>. Multiple pairs of these can occur within + the prompt. For example: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +testdb=> \set PROMPT1 '%[%033[1;33;40m%]%n@%/%R%[%033[0m%]%# ' +</pre><p> + results in a boldfaced (<code class="literal">1;</code>) yellow-on-black + (<code class="literal">33;40</code>) prompt on VT100-compatible, color-capable + terminals. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">%w</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Whitespace of the same width as the most recent output of + <code class="varname">PROMPT1</code>. This can be used as a + <code class="varname">PROMPT2</code> setting, so that multi-line statements are + aligned with the first line, but there is no visible secondary prompt. + </p></dd></dl></div><p> + + To insert a percent sign into your prompt, write + <code class="literal">%%</code>. The default prompts are + <code class="literal">'%/%R%x%# '</code> for prompts 1 and 2, and + <code class="literal">'>> '</code> for prompt 3. + </p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> + This feature was shamelessly plagiarized from + <span class="application">tcsh</span>. + </p></div></div><div class="refsect3" id="APP-PSQL-READLINE"><h4>Command-Line Editing</h4><a id="id-1.9.4.20.8.5.5.2" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.9.4.20.8.5.5.3" class="indexterm"></a><p> + <span class="application">psql</span> uses + the <span class="application">Readline</span> + or <span class="application">libedit</span> library, if available, for + convenient line editing and retrieval. The command history is + automatically saved when <span class="application">psql</span> exits and is + reloaded when <span class="application">psql</span> starts up. Type + up-arrow or control-P to retrieve previous lines. + </p><p> + You can also use tab completion to fill in partially-typed keywords + and SQL object names in many (by no means all) contexts. For example, + at the start of a command, typing <code class="literal">ins</code> and pressing + TAB will fill in <code class="literal">insert into </code>. Then, typing a few + characters of a table or schema name and pressing <code class="literal">TAB</code> + will fill in the unfinished name, or offer a menu of possible completions + when there's more than one. (Depending on the library in use, you may need to + press <code class="literal">TAB</code> more than once to get a menu.) + </p><p> + Tab completion for SQL object names requires sending queries to the + server to find possible matches. In some contexts this can interfere + with other operations. For example, after <code class="command">BEGIN</code> + it will be too late to issue <code class="command">SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION + LEVEL</code> if a tab-completion query is issued in between. + If you do not want tab completion at all, you + can turn it off permanently by putting this in a file named + <code class="filename">.inputrc</code> in your home directory: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +$if psql +set disable-completion on +$endif +</pre><p> + (This is not a <span class="application">psql</span> but a + <span class="application">Readline</span> feature. Read its documentation + for further details.) + </p><p> + The <code class="option">-n</code> (<code class="option">--no-readline</code>) command line + option can also be useful to disable use + of <span class="application">Readline</span> for a single run + of <span class="application">psql</span>. This prevents tab completion, + use or recording of command line history, and editing of multi-line + commands. It is particularly useful when you need to copy-and-paste + text that contains <code class="literal">TAB</code> characters. + </p></div></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="APP-PSQL-ENVIRONMENT"><h2>Environment</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">COLUMNS</code></span></dt><dd><p> + If <code class="literal">\pset columns</code> is zero, controls the + width for the <code class="literal">wrapped</code> format and width for determining + if wide output requires the pager or should be switched to the + vertical format in expanded auto mode. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">PGDATABASE</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="envar">PGHOST</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="envar">PGPORT</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="envar">PGUSER</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Default connection parameters (see <a class="xref" href="libpq-envars.html" title="34.15. Environment Variables">Section 34.15</a>). + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">PG_COLOR</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies whether to use color in diagnostic messages. Possible values + are <code class="literal">always</code>, <code class="literal">auto</code> and + <code class="literal">never</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">PSQL_EDITOR</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="envar">EDITOR</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="envar">VISUAL</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Editor used by the <code class="command">\e</code>, <code class="command">\ef</code>, + and <code class="command">\ev</code> commands. + These variables are examined in the order listed; + the first that is set is used. + If none of them is set, the default is to use <code class="filename">vi</code> + on Unix systems or <code class="filename">notepad.exe</code> on Windows systems. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">PSQL_EDITOR_LINENUMBER_ARG</code></span></dt><dd><p> + When <code class="command">\e</code>, <code class="command">\ef</code>, or + <code class="command">\ev</code> is used + with a line number argument, this variable specifies the + command-line argument used to pass the starting line number to + the user's editor. For editors such as <span class="productname">Emacs</span> or + <span class="productname">vi</span>, this is a plus sign. Include a trailing + space in the value of the variable if there needs to be space + between the option name and the line number. Examples: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +PSQL_EDITOR_LINENUMBER_ARG='+' +PSQL_EDITOR_LINENUMBER_ARG='--line ' +</pre><p> + </p><p> + The default is <code class="literal">+</code> on Unix systems + (corresponding to the default editor <code class="filename">vi</code>, + and useful for many other common editors); but there is no + default on Windows systems. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">PSQL_HISTORY</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Alternative location for the command history file. Tilde (<code class="literal">~</code>) expansion is performed. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">PSQL_PAGER</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="envar">PAGER</code></span></dt><dd><p> + If a query's results do not fit on the screen, they are piped + through this command. Typical values are <code class="literal">more</code> + or <code class="literal">less</code>. + Use of the pager can be disabled by setting <code class="envar">PSQL_PAGER</code> + or <code class="envar">PAGER</code> to an empty string, or by adjusting the + pager-related options of the <code class="command">\pset</code> command. + These variables are examined in the order listed; + the first that is set is used. + If neither of them is set, the default is to use <code class="literal">more</code> on most + platforms, but <code class="literal">less</code> on Cygwin. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">PSQL_WATCH_PAGER</code></span></dt><dd><p> + When a query is executed repeatedly with the <code class="command">\watch</code> + command, a pager is not used by default. This behavior can be changed + by setting <code class="envar">PSQL_WATCH_PAGER</code> to a pager command, on Unix + systems. The <code class="literal">pspg</code> pager (not part of + <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> but available in many open source + software distributions) can display the output of + <code class="command">\watch</code> if started with the option + <code class="literal">--stream</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">PSQLRC</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Alternative location of the user's <code class="filename">.psqlrc</code> file. Tilde (<code class="literal">~</code>) expansion is performed. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">SHELL</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Command executed by the <code class="command">\!</code> command. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="envar">TMPDIR</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Directory for storing temporary files. The default is + <code class="filename">/tmp</code>. + </p></dd></dl></div><p> + This utility, like most other <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> utilities, + also uses the environment variables supported by <span class="application">libpq</span> + (see <a class="xref" href="libpq-envars.html" title="34.15. Environment Variables">Section 34.15</a>). + </p></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.4.20.10"><h2>Files</h2><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">psqlrc</code> and <code class="filename">~/.psqlrc</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Unless it is passed an <code class="option">-X</code> option, + <span class="application">psql</span> attempts to read and execute commands + from the system-wide startup file (<code class="filename">psqlrc</code>) and then + the user's personal startup file (<code class="filename">~/.psqlrc</code>), after + connecting to the database but before accepting normal commands. + These files can be used to set up the client and/or the server to taste, + typically with <code class="command">\set</code> and <code class="command">SET</code> + commands. + </p><p> + The system-wide startup file is named <code class="filename">psqlrc</code>. + By default it is + sought in the installation's <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">system configuration</span>”</span> directory, + which is most reliably identified by running <code class="literal">pg_config + --sysconfdir</code>. + Typically this directory will be <code class="filename">../etc/</code> + relative to the directory containing + the <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> executables. + The directory to look in can be set explicitly via + the <code class="envar">PGSYSCONFDIR</code> environment variable. + </p><p> + The user's personal startup file is named <code class="filename">.psqlrc</code> + and is sought in the invoking user's home directory. + On Windows the personal startup file is instead named + <code class="filename">%APPDATA%\postgresql\psqlrc.conf</code>. + In either case, this default file path can be overridden by setting + the <code class="envar">PSQLRC</code> environment variable. + </p><p> + Both the system-wide startup file and the user's personal startup file + can be made <span class="application">psql</span>-version-specific + by appending a dash and the <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> + major or minor release identifier to the file name, + for example <code class="filename">~/.psqlrc-15</code> or + <code class="filename">~/.psqlrc-15.5</code>. + The most specific version-matching file will be read in preference + to a non-version-specific file. + These version suffixes are added after determining the file path + as explained above. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">.psql_history</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The command-line history is stored in the file + <code class="filename">~/.psql_history</code>, or + <code class="filename">%APPDATA%\postgresql\psql_history</code> on Windows. + </p><p> + The location of the history file can be set explicitly via + the <code class="varname">HISTFILE</code> <span class="application">psql</span> variable or + the <code class="envar">PSQL_HISTORY</code> environment variable. + </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.4.20.11"><h2>Notes</h2><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><span class="application">psql</span> works best with servers of the same + or an older major version. Backslash commands are particularly likely + to fail if the server is of a newer version than <span class="application">psql</span> + itself. However, backslash commands of the <code class="literal">\d</code> family should + work with servers of versions back to 9.2, though not necessarily with + servers newer than <span class="application">psql</span> itself. The general + functionality of running SQL commands and displaying query results + should also work with servers of a newer major version, but this cannot + be guaranteed in all cases. + </p><p> + If you want to use <span class="application">psql</span> to connect to several + servers of different major versions, it is recommended that you use the + newest version of <span class="application">psql</span>. Alternatively, you + can keep around a copy of <span class="application">psql</span> from each + major version and be sure to use the version that matches the + respective server. But in practice, this additional complication should + not be necessary. + </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> + Before <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> 9.6, + the <code class="option">-c</code> option implied <code class="option">-X</code> + (<code class="option">--no-psqlrc</code>); this is no longer the case. + </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> + Before <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> 8.4, + <span class="application">psql</span> allowed the + first argument of a single-letter backslash command to start + directly after the command, without intervening whitespace. + Now, some whitespace is required. + </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="id-1.9.4.20.12"><h2>Notes for Windows Users</h2><p> + <span class="application">psql</span> is built as a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">console + application</span>”</span>. Since the Windows console windows use a different + encoding than the rest of the system, you must take special care + when using 8-bit characters within <span class="application">psql</span>. + If <span class="application">psql</span> detects a problematic + console code page, it will warn you at startup. To change the + console code page, two things are necessary: + + </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p> + Set the code page by entering <strong class="userinput"><code>cmd.exe /c chcp + 1252</code></strong>. (1252 is a code page that is appropriate for + German; replace it with your value.) If you are using Cygwin, + you can put this command in <code class="filename">/etc/profile</code>. + </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> + Set the console font to <code class="literal">Lucida Console</code>, because the + raster font does not work with the ANSI code page. + </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="refsect1" id="APP-PSQL-EXAMPLES"><h2>Examples</h2><p> + The first example shows how to spread a command over several lines of + input. Notice the changing prompt: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>CREATE TABLE my_table (</code></strong> +testdb(> <strong class="userinput"><code> first integer not null default 0,</code></strong> +testdb(> <strong class="userinput"><code> second text)</code></strong> +testdb-> <strong class="userinput"><code>;</code></strong> +CREATE TABLE +</pre><p> + Now look at the table definition again: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\d my_table</code></strong> + Table "public.my_table" + Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default +--------+---------+-----------+----------+--------- + first | integer | | not null | 0 + second | text | | | +</pre><p> + Now we change the prompt to something more interesting: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\set PROMPT1 '%n@%m %~%R%# '</code></strong> +peter@localhost testdb=> +</pre><p> + Let's assume you have filled the table with data and want to take a + look at it: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +peter@localhost testdb=> SELECT * FROM my_table; + first | second +-------+-------- + 1 | one + 2 | two + 3 | three + 4 | four +(4 rows) +</pre><p> + You can display tables in different ways by using the + <code class="command">\pset</code> command: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +peter@localhost testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\pset border 2</code></strong> +Border style is 2. +peter@localhost testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>SELECT * FROM my_table;</code></strong> ++-------+--------+ +| first | second | ++-------+--------+ +| 1 | one | +| 2 | two | +| 3 | three | +| 4 | four | ++-------+--------+ +(4 rows) + +peter@localhost testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\pset border 0</code></strong> +Border style is 0. +peter@localhost testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>SELECT * FROM my_table;</code></strong> +first second +----- ------ + 1 one + 2 two + 3 three + 4 four +(4 rows) + +peter@localhost testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\pset border 1</code></strong> +Border style is 1. +peter@localhost testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\pset format csv</code></strong> +Output format is csv. +peter@localhost testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\pset tuples_only</code></strong> +Tuples only is on. +peter@localhost testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>SELECT second, first FROM my_table;</code></strong> +one,1 +two,2 +three,3 +four,4 +peter@localhost testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\pset format unaligned</code></strong> +Output format is unaligned. +peter@localhost testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\pset fieldsep '\t'</code></strong> +Field separator is " ". +peter@localhost testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>SELECT second, first FROM my_table;</code></strong> +one 1 +two 2 +three 3 +four 4 +</pre><p> + Alternatively, use the short commands: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +peter@localhost testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\a \t \x</code></strong> +Output format is aligned. +Tuples only is off. +Expanded display is on. +peter@localhost testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>SELECT * FROM my_table;</code></strong> +-[ RECORD 1 ]- +first | 1 +second | one +-[ RECORD 2 ]- +first | 2 +second | two +-[ RECORD 3 ]- +first | 3 +second | three +-[ RECORD 4 ]- +first | 4 +second | four +</pre><p> + </p><p> + Also, these output format options can be set for just one query by using + <code class="literal">\g</code>: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +peter@localhost testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>SELECT * FROM my_table</code></strong> +peter@localhost testdb-> <strong class="userinput"><code>\g (format=aligned tuples_only=off expanded=on)</code></strong> +-[ RECORD 1 ]- +first | 1 +second | one +-[ RECORD 2 ]- +first | 2 +second | two +-[ RECORD 3 ]- +first | 3 +second | three +-[ RECORD 4 ]- +first | 4 +second | four +</pre><p> + </p><p> + Here is an example of using the <code class="command">\df</code> command to + find only functions with names matching <code class="literal">int*pl</code> + and whose second argument is of type <code class="type">bigint</code>: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\df int*pl * bigint</code></strong> + List of functions + Schema | Name | Result data type | Argument data types | Type +------------+---------+------------------+---------------------+------ + pg_catalog | int28pl | bigint | smallint, bigint | func + pg_catalog | int48pl | bigint | integer, bigint | func + pg_catalog | int8pl | bigint | bigint, bigint | func +(3 rows) +</pre><p> + </p><p> + When suitable, query results can be shown in a crosstab representation + with the <code class="command">\crosstabview</code> command: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>SELECT first, second, first > 2 AS gt2 FROM my_table;</code></strong> + first | second | gt2 +-------+--------+----- + 1 | one | f + 2 | two | f + 3 | three | t + 4 | four | t +(4 rows) + +testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>\crosstabview first second</code></strong> + first | one | two | three | four +-------+-----+-----+-------+------ + 1 | f | | | + 2 | | f | | + 3 | | | t | + 4 | | | | t +(4 rows) +</pre><p> + +This second example shows a multiplication table with rows sorted in reverse +numerical order and columns with an independent, ascending numerical order. +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +testdb=> <strong class="userinput"><code>SELECT t1.first as "A", t2.first+100 AS "B", t1.first*(t2.first+100) as "AxB",</code></strong> +testdb(> <strong class="userinput"><code>row_number() over(order by t2.first) AS ord</code></strong> +testdb(> <strong class="userinput"><code>FROM my_table t1 CROSS JOIN my_table t2 ORDER BY 1 DESC</code></strong> +testdb(> <strong class="userinput"><code>\crosstabview "A" "B" "AxB" ord</code></strong> + A | 101 | 102 | 103 | 104 +---+-----+-----+-----+----- + 4 | 404 | 408 | 412 | 416 + 3 | 303 | 306 | 309 | 312 + 2 | 202 | 204 | 206 | 208 + 1 | 101 | 102 | 103 | 104 +(4 rows) +</pre></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="app-pgverifybackup.html" title="pg_verifybackup">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="reference-client.html" title="PostgreSQL Client Applications">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="app-reindexdb.html" title="reindexdb">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top"><span class="application">pg_verifybackup</span> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.5 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> <span class="application">reindexdb</span></td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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