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authorDaniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>2024-05-04 12:17:33 +0000
committerDaniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>2024-05-04 12:17:33 +0000
commit5e45211a64149b3c659b90ff2de6fa982a5a93ed (patch)
tree739caf8c461053357daa9f162bef34516c7bf452 /doc/src/sgml/html/sql.html
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downloadpostgresql-15-5e45211a64149b3c659b90ff2de6fa982a5a93ed.tar.xz
postgresql-15-5e45211a64149b3c659b90ff2de6fa982a5a93ed.zip
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part II. The SQL Language</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="tutorial-conclusion.html" title="3.7. Conclusion" /><link rel="next" href="sql-syntax.html" title="Chapter 4. SQL Syntax" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">Part II. The SQL Language</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="tutorial-conclusion.html" title="3.7. Conclusion">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.5 Documentation">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">PostgreSQL 15.5 Documentation</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.5 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-syntax.html" title="Chapter 4. SQL Syntax">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" id="SQL"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title">Part II. The SQL Language</h1></div></div></div><div class="partintro" id="id-1.5.2"><div></div><p>
+ This part describes the use of the <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> language
+ in <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>. We start with
+ describing the general syntax of <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym>, then
+ explain how to create the structures to hold data, how to populate
+ the database, and how to query it. The middle part lists the
+ available data types and functions for use in
+ <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> commands. The rest treats several
+ aspects that are important for tuning a database for optimal
+ performance.
+ </p><p>
+ The information in this part is arranged so that a novice user can
+ follow it start to end to gain a full understanding of the topics
+ without having to refer forward too many times. The chapters are
+ intended to be self-contained, so that advanced users can read the
+ chapters individually as they choose. The information in this
+ part is presented in a narrative fashion in topical units.
+ Readers looking for a complete description of a particular command
+ should see <a class="xref" href="reference.html" title="Part VI. Reference">Part VI</a>.
+ </p><p>
+ Readers of this part should know how to connect to a
+ <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> database and issue
+ <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> commands. Readers that are unfamiliar with
+ these issues are encouraged to read <a class="xref" href="tutorial.html" title="Part I. Tutorial">Part I</a>
+ first. <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> commands are typically entered
+ using the <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> interactive terminal
+ <span class="application">psql</span>, but other programs that have
+ similar functionality can be used as well.
+ </p><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="sql-syntax.html">4. SQL Syntax</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="sql-syntax-lexical.html">4.1. Lexical Structure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="sql-expressions.html">4.2. Value Expressions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="sql-syntax-calling-funcs.html">4.3. Calling Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="ddl.html">5. Data Definition</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ddl-basics.html">5.1. Table Basics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ddl-default.html">5.2. Default Values</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ddl-generated-columns.html">5.3. Generated Columns</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ddl-constraints.html">5.4. Constraints</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ddl-system-columns.html">5.5. System Columns</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ddl-alter.html">5.6. Modifying Tables</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ddl-priv.html">5.7. Privileges</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ddl-rowsecurity.html">5.8. Row Security Policies</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ddl-schemas.html">5.9. Schemas</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ddl-inherit.html">5.10. Inheritance</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ddl-partitioning.html">5.11. Table Partitioning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ddl-foreign-data.html">5.12. Foreign Data</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ddl-others.html">5.13. Other Database Objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ddl-depend.html">5.14. Dependency Tracking</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="dml.html">6. Data Manipulation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="dml-insert.html">6.1. Inserting Data</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="dml-update.html">6.2. Updating Data</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="dml-delete.html">6.3. Deleting Data</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="dml-returning.html">6.4. Returning Data from Modified Rows</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="queries.html">7. Queries</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="queries-overview.html">7.1. Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="queries-table-expressions.html">7.2. Table Expressions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="queries-select-lists.html">7.3. Select Lists</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="queries-union.html">7.4. Combining Queries (<code class="literal">UNION</code>, <code class="literal">INTERSECT</code>, <code class="literal">EXCEPT</code>)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="queries-order.html">7.5. Sorting Rows (<code class="literal">ORDER BY</code>)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="queries-limit.html">7.6. <code class="literal">LIMIT</code> and <code class="literal">OFFSET</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="queries-values.html">7.7. <code class="literal">VALUES</code> Lists</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="queries-with.html">7.8. <code class="literal">WITH</code> Queries (Common Table Expressions)</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="datatype.html">8. Data Types</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="datatype-numeric.html">8.1. Numeric Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="datatype-money.html">8.2. Monetary Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="datatype-character.html">8.3. Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="datatype-binary.html">8.4. Binary Data Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="datatype-datetime.html">8.5. Date/Time Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="datatype-boolean.html">8.6. Boolean Type</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="datatype-enum.html">8.7. Enumerated Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="datatype-geometric.html">8.8. Geometric Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="datatype-net-types.html">8.9. Network Address Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="datatype-bit.html">8.10. Bit String Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="datatype-textsearch.html">8.11. Text Search Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="datatype-uuid.html">8.12. <acronym class="acronym">UUID</acronym> Type</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="datatype-xml.html">8.13. <acronym class="acronym">XML</acronym> Type</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="datatype-json.html">8.14. <acronym class="acronym">JSON</acronym> Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="arrays.html">8.15. Arrays</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="rowtypes.html">8.16. Composite Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="rangetypes.html">8.17. Range Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="domains.html">8.18. Domain Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="datatype-oid.html">8.19. Object Identifier Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="datatype-pg-lsn.html">8.20. <code class="type">pg_lsn</code> Type</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="datatype-pseudo.html">8.21. Pseudo-Types</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="functions.html">9. Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-logical.html">9.1. Logical Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-comparison.html">9.2. Comparison Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-math.html">9.3. Mathematical Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-string.html">9.4. String Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-binarystring.html">9.5. Binary String Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-bitstring.html">9.6. Bit String Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-matching.html">9.7. Pattern Matching</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-formatting.html">9.8. Data Type Formatting Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-datetime.html">9.9. Date/Time Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-enum.html">9.10. Enum Support Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-geometry.html">9.11. Geometric Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-net.html">9.12. Network Address Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-textsearch.html">9.13. Text Search Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-uuid.html">9.14. UUID Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-xml.html">9.15. XML Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-json.html">9.16. JSON Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-sequence.html">9.17. Sequence Manipulation Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-conditional.html">9.18. Conditional Expressions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-array.html">9.19. Array Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-range.html">9.20. Range/Multirange Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-aggregate.html">9.21. Aggregate Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-window.html">9.22. Window Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-subquery.html">9.23. Subquery Expressions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-comparisons.html">9.24. Row and Array Comparisons</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-srf.html">9.25. Set Returning Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-info.html">9.26. System Information Functions and Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-admin.html">9.27. System Administration Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-trigger.html">9.28. Trigger Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-event-triggers.html">9.29. Event Trigger Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="functions-statistics.html">9.30. Statistics Information Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="typeconv.html">10. Type Conversion</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="typeconv-overview.html">10.1. Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="typeconv-oper.html">10.2. Operators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="typeconv-func.html">10.3. Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="typeconv-query.html">10.4. Value Storage</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="typeconv-union-case.html">10.5. <code class="literal">UNION</code>, <code class="literal">CASE</code>, and Related Constructs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="typeconv-select.html">10.6. <code class="literal">SELECT</code> Output Columns</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="indexes.html">11. Indexes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="indexes-intro.html">11.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="indexes-types.html">11.2. Index Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="indexes-multicolumn.html">11.3. Multicolumn Indexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="indexes-ordering.html">11.4. Indexes and <code class="literal">ORDER BY</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="indexes-bitmap-scans.html">11.5. Combining Multiple Indexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="indexes-unique.html">11.6. Unique Indexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="indexes-expressional.html">11.7. Indexes on Expressions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="indexes-partial.html">11.8. Partial Indexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="indexes-index-only-scans.html">11.9. Index-Only Scans and Covering Indexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="indexes-opclass.html">11.10. Operator Classes and Operator Families</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="indexes-collations.html">11.11. Indexes and Collations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="indexes-examine.html">11.12. Examining Index Usage</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="textsearch.html">12. Full Text Search</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="textsearch-intro.html">12.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="textsearch-tables.html">12.2. Tables and Indexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="textsearch-controls.html">12.3. Controlling Text Search</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="textsearch-features.html">12.4. Additional Features</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="textsearch-parsers.html">12.5. Parsers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="textsearch-dictionaries.html">12.6. Dictionaries</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="textsearch-configuration.html">12.7. Configuration Example</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="textsearch-debugging.html">12.8. Testing and Debugging Text Search</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="textsearch-indexes.html">12.9. Preferred Index Types for Text Search</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="textsearch-psql.html">12.10. <span class="application">psql</span> Support</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="textsearch-limitations.html">12.11. Limitations</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="mvcc.html">13. Concurrency Control</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="mvcc-intro.html">13.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="transaction-iso.html">13.2. Transaction Isolation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="explicit-locking.html">13.3. Explicit Locking</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="applevel-consistency.html">13.4. Data Consistency Checks at the Application Level</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="mvcc-serialization-failure-handling.html">13.5. Serialization Failure Handling</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="mvcc-caveats.html">13.6. Caveats</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="locking-indexes.html">13.7. Locking and Indexes</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="performance-tips.html">14. Performance Tips</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="using-explain.html">14.1. Using <code class="command">EXPLAIN</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="planner-stats.html">14.2. Statistics Used by the Planner</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="explicit-joins.html">14.3. Controlling the Planner with Explicit <code class="literal">JOIN</code> Clauses</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="populate.html">14.4. Populating a Database</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="non-durability.html">14.5. Non-Durable Settings</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="parallel-query.html">15. Parallel Query</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="how-parallel-query-works.html">15.1. How Parallel Query Works</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="when-can-parallel-query-be-used.html">15.2. When Can Parallel Query Be Used?</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="parallel-plans.html">15.3. Parallel Plans</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="parallel-safety.html">15.4. Parallel Safety</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="tutorial-conclusion.html" title="3.7. Conclusion">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.5 Documentation">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sql-syntax.html" title="Chapter 4. SQL Syntax">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">3.7. Conclusion </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.5 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 4. SQL Syntax</td></tr></table></div></body></html> \ No newline at end of file
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