Adding upstream version 15.5.upstream/15.5

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 3191 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c b/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..429844f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3191 @@
+/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ *
+ * initdb --- initialize a PostgreSQL installation
+ *
+ * initdb creates (initializes) a PostgreSQL database cluster (site,
+ * instance, installation, whatever).  A database cluster is a
+ * collection of PostgreSQL databases all managed by the same server.
+ *
+ * To create the database cluster, we create the directory that contains
+ * all its data, create the files that hold the global tables, create
+ * a few other control files for it, and create three databases: the
+ * template databases "template0" and "template1", and a default user
+ * database "postgres".
+ *
+ * The template databases are ordinary PostgreSQL databases.  template0
+ * is never supposed to change after initdb, whereas template1 can be
+ * changed to add site-local standard data.  Either one can be copied
+ * to produce a new database.
+ *
+ * For largely-historical reasons, the template1 database is the one built
+ * by the basic bootstrap process.  After it is complete, template0 and
+ * the default database, postgres, are made just by copying template1.
+ *
+ * To create template1, we run the postgres (backend) program in bootstrap
+ * mode and feed it data from the postgres.bki library file.  After this
+ * initial bootstrap phase, some additional stuff is created by normal
+ * SQL commands fed to a standalone backend.  Some of those commands are
+ * just embedded into this program (yeah, it's ugly), but larger chunks
+ * are taken from script files.
+ *
+ *
+ * Note:
+ *	 The program has some memory leakage - it isn't worth cleaning it up.
+ *
+ * This is a C implementation of the previous shell script for setting up a
+ * PostgreSQL cluster location, and should be highly compatible with it.
+ * author of C translation: Andrew Dunstan	   mailto:andrew@dunslane.net
+ *
+ * This code is released under the terms of the PostgreSQL License.
+ *
+ * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2022, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
+ * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
+ *
+ * src/bin/initdb/initdb.c
+ *
+ *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
+ */
+
+#include "postgres_fe.h"
+
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SHM_OPEN
+#include "sys/mman.h"
+#endif
+
+#include "access/xlog_internal.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_authid_d.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_class_d.h" /* pgrminclude ignore */
+#include "catalog/pg_collation_d.h"
+#include "catalog/pg_database_d.h"	/* pgrminclude ignore */
+#include "common/file_perm.h"
+#include "common/file_utils.h"
+#include "common/logging.h"
+#include "common/pg_prng.h"
+#include "common/restricted_token.h"
+#include "common/string.h"
+#include "common/username.h"
+#include "fe_utils/string_utils.h"
+#include "getaddrinfo.h"
+#include "getopt_long.h"
+#include "mb/pg_wchar.h"
+#include "miscadmin.h"
+
+
+/* Ideally this would be in a .h file, but it hardly seems worth the trouble */
+extern const char *select_default_timezone(const char *share_path);
+
+static const char *const auth_methods_host[] = {
+	"trust", "reject", "scram-sha-256", "md5", "password", "ident", "radius",
+#ifdef ENABLE_GSS
+	"gss",
+#endif
+#ifdef ENABLE_SSPI
+	"sspi",
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_PAM
+	"pam", "pam ",
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_BSD_AUTH
+	"bsd",
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_LDAP
+	"ldap",
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_SSL
+	"cert",
+#endif
+	NULL
+};
+static const char *const auth_methods_local[] = {
+	"trust", "reject", "scram-sha-256", "md5", "password", "peer", "radius",
+#ifdef USE_PAM
+	"pam", "pam ",
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_BSD_AUTH
+	"bsd",
+#endif
+#ifdef USE_LDAP
+	"ldap",
+#endif
+	NULL
+};
+
+/*
+ * these values are passed in by makefile defines
+ */
+static char *share_path = NULL;
+
+/* values to be obtained from arguments */
+static char *pg_data = NULL;
+static char *encoding = NULL;
+static char *locale = NULL;
+static char *lc_collate = NULL;
+static char *lc_ctype = NULL;
+static char *lc_monetary = NULL;
+static char *lc_numeric = NULL;
+static char *lc_time = NULL;
+static char *lc_messages = NULL;
+static char locale_provider = COLLPROVIDER_LIBC;
+static char *icu_locale = NULL;
+static const char *default_text_search_config = NULL;
+static char *username = NULL;
+static bool pwprompt = false;
+static char *pwfilename = NULL;
+static char *superuser_password = NULL;
+static const char *authmethodhost = NULL;
+static const char *authmethodlocal = NULL;
+static bool debug = false;
+static bool noclean = false;
+static bool noinstructions = false;
+static bool do_sync = true;
+static bool sync_only = false;
+static bool show_setting = false;
+static bool data_checksums = false;
+static char *xlog_dir = NULL;
+static char *str_wal_segment_size_mb = NULL;
+static int	wal_segment_size_mb;
+
+
+/* internal vars */
+static const char *progname;
+static int	encodingid;
+static char *bki_file;
+static char *hba_file;
+static char *ident_file;
+static char *conf_file;
+static char *dictionary_file;
+static char *info_schema_file;
+static char *features_file;
+static char *system_constraints_file;
+static char *system_functions_file;
+static char *system_views_file;
+static bool success = false;
+static bool made_new_pgdata = false;
+static bool found_existing_pgdata = false;
+static bool made_new_xlogdir = false;
+static bool found_existing_xlogdir = false;
+static char infoversion[100];
+static bool caught_signal = false;
+static bool output_failed = false;
+static int	output_errno = 0;
+static char *pgdata_native;
+
+/* defaults */
+static int	n_connections = 10;
+static int	n_buffers = 50;
+static const char *dynamic_shared_memory_type = NULL;
+static const char *default_timezone = NULL;
+
+/*
+ * Warning messages for authentication methods
+ */
+#define AUTHTRUST_WARNING \
+"# CAUTION: Configuring the system for local \"trust\" authentication\n" \
+"# allows any local user to connect as any PostgreSQL user, including\n" \
+"# the database superuser.  If you do not trust all your local users,\n" \
+"# use another authentication method.\n"
+static bool authwarning = false;
+
+/*
+ * Centralized knowledge of switches to pass to backend
+ *
+ * Note: we run the backend with -F (fsync disabled) and then do a single
+ * pass of fsync'ing at the end.  This is faster than fsync'ing each step.
+ *
+ * Note: in the shell-script version, we also passed PGDATA as a -D switch,
+ * but here it is more convenient to pass it as an environment variable
+ * (no quoting to worry about).
+ */
+static const char *boot_options = "-F -c log_checkpoints=false";
+static const char *backend_options = "--single -F -O -j -c search_path=pg_catalog -c exit_on_error=true -c log_checkpoints=false";
+
+/* Additional switches to pass to backend (either boot or standalone) */
+static char *extra_options = "";
+
+static const char *const subdirs[] = {
+	"global",
+	"pg_wal/archive_status",
+	"pg_commit_ts",
+	"pg_dynshmem",
+	"pg_notify",
+	"pg_serial",
+	"pg_snapshots",
+	"pg_subtrans",
+	"pg_twophase",
+	"pg_multixact",
+	"pg_multixact/members",
+	"pg_multixact/offsets",
+	"base",
+	"base/1",
+	"pg_replslot",
+	"pg_tblspc",
+	"pg_stat",
+	"pg_stat_tmp",
+	"pg_xact",
+	"pg_logical",
+	"pg_logical/snapshots",
+	"pg_logical/mappings"
+};
+
+
+/* path to 'initdb' binary directory */
+static char bin_path[MAXPGPATH];
+static char backend_exec[MAXPGPATH];
+
+static char **replace_token(char **lines,
+							const char *token, const char *replacement);
+
+#ifndef HAVE_UNIX_SOCKETS
+static char **filter_lines_with_token(char **lines, const char *token);
+#endif
+static char **readfile(const char *path);
+static void writefile(char *path, char **lines);
+static FILE *popen_check(const char *command, const char *mode);
+static char *get_id(void);
+static int	get_encoding_id(const char *encoding_name);
+static void set_input(char **dest, const char *filename);
+static void check_input(char *path);
+static void write_version_file(const char *extrapath);
+static void set_null_conf(void);
+static void test_config_settings(void);
+static void setup_config(void);
+static void bootstrap_template1(void);
+static void setup_auth(FILE *cmdfd);
+static void get_su_pwd(void);
+static void setup_depend(FILE *cmdfd);
+static void setup_run_file(FILE *cmdfd, const char *filename);
+static void setup_description(FILE *cmdfd);
+static void setup_collation(FILE *cmdfd);
+static void setup_privileges(FILE *cmdfd);
+static void set_info_version(void);
+static void setup_schema(FILE *cmdfd);
+static void load_plpgsql(FILE *cmdfd);
+static void vacuum_db(FILE *cmdfd);
+static void make_template0(FILE *cmdfd);
+static void make_postgres(FILE *cmdfd);
+static void trapsig(int signum);
+static void check_ok(void);
+static char *escape_quotes(const char *src);
+static char *escape_quotes_bki(const char *src);
+static int	locale_date_order(const char *locale);
+static void check_locale_name(int category, const char *locale,
+							  char **canonname);
+static bool check_locale_encoding(const char *locale, int encoding);
+static void setlocales(void);
+static void usage(const char *progname);
+void		setup_pgdata(void);
+void		setup_bin_paths(const char *argv0);
+void		setup_data_file_paths(void);
+void		setup_locale_encoding(void);
+void		setup_signals(void);
+void		setup_text_search(void);
+void		create_data_directory(void);
+void		create_xlog_or_symlink(void);
+void		warn_on_mount_point(int error);
+void		initialize_data_directory(void);
+
+/*
+ * macros for running pipes to postgres
+ */
+#define PG_CMD_DECL		char cmd[MAXPGPATH]; FILE *cmdfd
+
+#define PG_CMD_OPEN \
+do { \
+	cmdfd = popen_check(cmd, "w"); \
+	if (cmdfd == NULL) \
+		exit(1); /* message already printed by popen_check */ \
+} while (0)
+
+#define PG_CMD_CLOSE \
+do { \
+	if (pclose_check(cmdfd)) \
+		exit(1); /* message already printed by pclose_check */ \
+} while (0)
+
+#define PG_CMD_PUTS(line) \
+do { \
+	if (fputs(line, cmdfd) < 0 || fflush(cmdfd) < 0) \
+		output_failed = true, output_errno = errno; \
+} while (0)
+
+#define PG_CMD_PRINTF(fmt, ...) \
+do { \
+	if (fprintf(cmdfd, fmt, __VA_ARGS__) < 0 || fflush(cmdfd) < 0) \
+		output_failed = true, output_errno = errno; \
+} while (0)
+
+/*
+ * Escape single quotes and backslashes, suitably for insertions into
+ * configuration files or SQL E'' strings.
+ */
+static char *
+escape_quotes(const char *src)
+{
+	char	   *result = escape_single_quotes_ascii(src);
+
+	if (!result)
+		pg_fatal("out of memory");
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Escape a field value to be inserted into the BKI data.
+ * Run the value through escape_quotes (which will be inverted
+ * by the backend's DeescapeQuotedString() function), then wrap
+ * the value in single quotes, even if that isn't strictly necessary.
+ */
+static char *
+escape_quotes_bki(const char *src)
+{
+	char	   *result;
+	char	   *data = escape_quotes(src);
+	char	   *resultp;
+	char	   *datap;
+
+	result = (char *) pg_malloc(strlen(data) + 3);
+	resultp = result;
+	*resultp++ = '\'';
+	for (datap = data; *datap; datap++)
+		*resultp++ = *datap;
+	*resultp++ = '\'';
+	*resultp = '\0';
+
+	free(data);
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make a copy of the array of lines, with token replaced by replacement
+ * the first time it occurs on each line.
+ *
+ * This does most of what sed was used for in the shell script, but
+ * doesn't need any regexp stuff.
+ */
+static char **
+replace_token(char **lines, const char *token, const char *replacement)
+{
+	int			numlines = 1;
+	int			i;
+	char	  **result;
+	int			toklen,
+				replen,
+				diff;
+
+	for (i = 0; lines[i]; i++)
+		numlines++;
+
+	result = (char **) pg_malloc(numlines * sizeof(char *));
+
+	toklen = strlen(token);
+	replen = strlen(replacement);
+	diff = replen - toklen;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < numlines; i++)
+	{
+		char	   *where;
+		char	   *newline;
+		int			pre;
+
+		/* just copy pointer if NULL or no change needed */
+		if (lines[i] == NULL || (where = strstr(lines[i], token)) == NULL)
+		{
+			result[i] = lines[i];
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		/* if we get here a change is needed - set up new line */
+
+		newline = (char *) pg_malloc(strlen(lines[i]) + diff + 1);
+
+		pre = where - lines[i];
+
+		memcpy(newline, lines[i], pre);
+
+		memcpy(newline + pre, replacement, replen);
+
+		strcpy(newline + pre + replen, lines[i] + pre + toklen);
+
+		result[i] = newline;
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * make a copy of lines without any that contain the token
+ *
+ * a sort of poor man's grep -v
+ */
+#ifndef HAVE_UNIX_SOCKETS
+static char **
+filter_lines_with_token(char **lines, const char *token)
+{
+	int			numlines = 1;
+	int			i,
+				src,
+				dst;
+	char	  **result;
+
+	for (i = 0; lines[i]; i++)
+		numlines++;
+
+	result = (char **) pg_malloc(numlines * sizeof(char *));
+
+	for (src = 0, dst = 0; src < numlines; src++)
+	{
+		if (lines[src] == NULL || strstr(lines[src], token) == NULL)
+			result[dst++] = lines[src];
+	}
+
+	return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * get the lines from a text file
+ */
+static char **
+readfile(const char *path)
+{
+	char	  **result;
+	FILE	   *infile;
+	StringInfoData line;
+	int			maxlines;
+	int			n;
+
+	if ((infile = fopen(path, "r")) == NULL)
+		pg_fatal("could not open file \"%s\" for reading: %m", path);
+
+	initStringInfo(&line);
+
+	maxlines = 1024;
+	result = (char **) pg_malloc(maxlines * sizeof(char *));
+
+	n = 0;
+	while (pg_get_line_buf(infile, &line))
+	{
+		/* make sure there will be room for a trailing NULL pointer */
+		if (n >= maxlines - 1)
+		{
+			maxlines *= 2;
+			result = (char **) pg_realloc(result, maxlines * sizeof(char *));
+		}
+
+		result[n++] = pg_strdup(line.data);
+	}
+	result[n] = NULL;
+
+	pfree(line.data);
+
+	fclose(infile);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * write an array of lines to a file
+ *
+ * This is only used to write text files.  Use fopen "w" not PG_BINARY_W
+ * so that the resulting configuration files are nicely editable on Windows.
+ */
+static void
+writefile(char *path, char **lines)
+{
+	FILE	   *out_file;
+	char	  **line;
+
+	if ((out_file = fopen(path, "w")) == NULL)
+		pg_fatal("could not open file \"%s\" for writing: %m", path);
+	for (line = lines; *line != NULL; line++)
+	{
+		if (fputs(*line, out_file) < 0)
+			pg_fatal("could not write file \"%s\": %m", path);
+		free(*line);
+	}
+	if (fclose(out_file))
+		pg_fatal("could not close file \"%s\": %m", path);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Open a subcommand with suitable error messaging
+ */
+static FILE *
+popen_check(const char *command, const char *mode)
+{
+	FILE	   *cmdfd;
+
+	fflush(stdout);
+	fflush(stderr);
+	errno = 0;
+	cmdfd = popen(command, mode);
+	if (cmdfd == NULL)
+		pg_log_error("could not execute command \"%s\": %m", command);
+	return cmdfd;
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean up any files we created on failure
+ * if we created the data directory remove it too
+ */
+static void
+cleanup_directories_atexit(void)
+{
+	if (success)
+		return;
+
+	if (!noclean)
+	{
+		if (made_new_pgdata)
+		{
+			pg_log_info("removing data directory \"%s\"", pg_data);
+			if (!rmtree(pg_data, true))
+				pg_log_error("failed to remove data directory");
+		}
+		else if (found_existing_pgdata)
+		{
+			pg_log_info("removing contents of data directory \"%s\"",
+						pg_data);
+			if (!rmtree(pg_data, false))
+				pg_log_error("failed to remove contents of data directory");
+		}
+
+		if (made_new_xlogdir)
+		{
+			pg_log_info("removing WAL directory \"%s\"", xlog_dir);
+			if (!rmtree(xlog_dir, true))
+				pg_log_error("failed to remove WAL directory");
+		}
+		else if (found_existing_xlogdir)
+		{
+			pg_log_info("removing contents of WAL directory \"%s\"", xlog_dir);
+			if (!rmtree(xlog_dir, false))
+				pg_log_error("failed to remove contents of WAL directory");
+		}
+		/* otherwise died during startup, do nothing! */
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		if (made_new_pgdata || found_existing_pgdata)
+			pg_log_info("data directory \"%s\" not removed at user's request",
+						pg_data);
+
+		if (made_new_xlogdir || found_existing_xlogdir)
+			pg_log_info("WAL directory \"%s\" not removed at user's request",
+						xlog_dir);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * find the current user
+ *
+ * on unix make sure it isn't root
+ */
+static char *
+get_id(void)
+{
+	const char *username;
+
+#ifndef WIN32
+	if (geteuid() == 0)			/* 0 is root's uid */
+	{
+		pg_log_error("cannot be run as root");
+		pg_log_error_hint("Please log in (using, e.g., \"su\") as the (unprivileged) user that will own the server process.");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+#endif
+
+	username = get_user_name_or_exit(progname);
+
+	return pg_strdup(username);
+}
+
+static char *
+encodingid_to_string(int enc)
+{
+	char		result[20];
+
+	sprintf(result, "%d", enc);
+	return pg_strdup(result);
+}
+
+/*
+ * get the encoding id for a given encoding name
+ */
+static int
+get_encoding_id(const char *encoding_name)
+{
+	int			enc;
+
+	if (encoding_name && *encoding_name)
+	{
+		if ((enc = pg_valid_server_encoding(encoding_name)) >= 0)
+			return enc;
+	}
+	pg_fatal("\"%s\" is not a valid server encoding name",
+			 encoding_name ? encoding_name : "(null)");
+}
+
+/*
+ * Support for determining the best default text search configuration.
+ * We key this off the first part of LC_CTYPE (ie, the language name).
+ */
+struct tsearch_config_match
+{
+	const char *tsconfname;
+	const char *langname;
+};
+
+static const struct tsearch_config_match tsearch_config_languages[] =
+{
+	{"arabic", "ar"},
+	{"arabic", "Arabic"},
+	{"armenian", "hy"},
+	{"armenian", "Armenian"},
+	{"basque", "eu"},
+	{"basque", "Basque"},
+	{"catalan", "ca"},
+	{"catalan", "Catalan"},
+	{"danish", "da"},
+	{"danish", "Danish"},
+	{"dutch", "nl"},
+	{"dutch", "Dutch"},
+	{"english", "C"},
+	{"english", "POSIX"},
+	{"english", "en"},
+	{"english", "English"},
+	{"finnish", "fi"},
+	{"finnish", "Finnish"},
+	{"french", "fr"},
+	{"french", "French"},
+	{"german", "de"},
+	{"german", "German"},
+	{"greek", "el"},
+	{"greek", "Greek"},
+	{"hindi", "hi"},
+	{"hindi", "Hindi"},
+	{"hungarian", "hu"},
+	{"hungarian", "Hungarian"},
+	{"indonesian", "id"},
+	{"indonesian", "Indonesian"},
+	{"irish", "ga"},
+	{"irish", "Irish"},
+	{"italian", "it"},
+	{"italian", "Italian"},
+	{"lithuanian", "lt"},
+	{"lithuanian", "Lithuanian"},
+	{"nepali", "ne"},
+	{"nepali", "Nepali"},
+	{"norwegian", "no"},
+	{"norwegian", "Norwegian"},
+	{"portuguese", "pt"},
+	{"portuguese", "Portuguese"},
+	{"romanian", "ro"},
+	{"russian", "ru"},
+	{"russian", "Russian"},
+	{"serbian", "sr"},
+	{"serbian", "Serbian"},
+	{"spanish", "es"},
+	{"spanish", "Spanish"},
+	{"swedish", "sv"},
+	{"swedish", "Swedish"},
+	{"tamil", "ta"},
+	{"tamil", "Tamil"},
+	{"turkish", "tr"},
+	{"turkish", "Turkish"},
+	{"yiddish", "yi"},
+	{"yiddish", "Yiddish"},
+	{NULL, NULL}				/* end marker */
+};
+
+/*
+ * Look for a text search configuration matching lc_ctype, and return its
+ * name; return NULL if no match.
+ */
+static const char *
+find_matching_ts_config(const char *lc_type)
+{
+	int			i;
+	char	   *langname,
+			   *ptr;
+
+	/*
+	 * Convert lc_ctype to a language name by stripping everything after an
+	 * underscore (usual case) or a hyphen (Windows "locale name"; see
+	 * comments at IsoLocaleName()).
+	 *
+	 * XXX Should ' ' be a stop character?	This would select "norwegian" for
+	 * the Windows locale "Norwegian (Nynorsk)_Norway.1252".  If we do so, we
+	 * should also accept the "nn" and "nb" Unix locales.
+	 *
+	 * Just for paranoia, we also stop at '.' or '@'.
+	 */
+	if (lc_type == NULL)
+		langname = pg_strdup("");
+	else
+	{
+		ptr = langname = pg_strdup(lc_type);
+		while (*ptr &&
+			   *ptr != '_' && *ptr != '-' && *ptr != '.' && *ptr != '@')
+			ptr++;
+		*ptr = '\0';
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0; tsearch_config_languages[i].tsconfname; i++)
+	{
+		if (pg_strcasecmp(tsearch_config_languages[i].langname, langname) == 0)
+		{
+			free(langname);
+			return tsearch_config_languages[i].tsconfname;
+		}
+	}
+
+	free(langname);
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * set name of given input file variable under data directory
+ */
+static void
+set_input(char **dest, const char *filename)
+{
+	*dest = psprintf("%s/%s", share_path, filename);
+}
+
+/*
+ * check that given input file exists
+ */
+static void
+check_input(char *path)
+{
+	struct stat statbuf;
+
+	if (stat(path, &statbuf) != 0)
+	{
+		if (errno == ENOENT)
+		{
+			pg_log_error("file \"%s\" does not exist", path);
+			pg_log_error_hint("This might mean you have a corrupted installation or identified the wrong directory with the invocation option -L.");
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			pg_log_error("could not access file \"%s\": %m", path);
+			pg_log_error_hint("This might mean you have a corrupted installation or identified the wrong directory with the invocation option -L.");
+		}
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	if (!S_ISREG(statbuf.st_mode))
+	{
+		pg_log_error("file \"%s\" is not a regular file", path);
+		pg_log_error_hint("This might mean you have a corrupted installation or identified the wrong directory with the invocation option -L.");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * write out the PG_VERSION file in the data dir, or its subdirectory
+ * if extrapath is not NULL
+ */
+static void
+write_version_file(const char *extrapath)
+{
+	FILE	   *version_file;
+	char	   *path;
+
+	if (extrapath == NULL)
+		path = psprintf("%s/PG_VERSION", pg_data);
+	else
+		path = psprintf("%s/%s/PG_VERSION", pg_data, extrapath);
+
+	if ((version_file = fopen(path, PG_BINARY_W)) == NULL)
+		pg_fatal("could not open file \"%s\" for writing: %m", path);
+	if (fprintf(version_file, "%s\n", PG_MAJORVERSION) < 0 ||
+		fclose(version_file))
+		pg_fatal("could not write file \"%s\": %m", path);
+	free(path);
+}
+
+/*
+ * set up an empty config file so we can check config settings by launching
+ * a test backend
+ */
+static void
+set_null_conf(void)
+{
+	FILE	   *conf_file;
+	char	   *path;
+
+	path = psprintf("%s/postgresql.conf", pg_data);
+	conf_file = fopen(path, PG_BINARY_W);
+	if (conf_file == NULL)
+		pg_fatal("could not open file \"%s\" for writing: %m", path);
+	if (fclose(conf_file))
+		pg_fatal("could not write file \"%s\": %m", path);
+	free(path);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Determine which dynamic shared memory implementation should be used on
+ * this platform.  POSIX shared memory is preferable because the default
+ * allocation limits are much higher than the limits for System V on most
+ * systems that support both, but the fact that a platform has shm_open
+ * doesn't guarantee that that call will succeed when attempted.  So, we
+ * attempt to reproduce what the postmaster will do when allocating a POSIX
+ * segment in dsm_impl.c; if it doesn't work, we assume it won't work for
+ * the postmaster either, and configure the cluster for System V shared
+ * memory instead.
+ *
+ * We avoid choosing Solaris's implementation of shm_open() by default.  It
+ * can sleep and fail spuriously under contention.
+ */
+static const char *
+choose_dsm_implementation(void)
+{
+#if defined(HAVE_SHM_OPEN) && !defined(__sun__)
+	int			ntries = 10;
+	pg_prng_state prng_state;
+
+	/* Initialize prng; this function is its only user in this program. */
+	pg_prng_seed(&prng_state, (uint64) (getpid() ^ time(NULL)));
+
+	while (ntries > 0)
+	{
+		uint32		handle;
+		char		name[64];
+		int			fd;
+
+		handle = pg_prng_uint32(&prng_state);
+		snprintf(name, 64, "/PostgreSQL.%u", handle);
+		if ((fd = shm_open(name, O_CREAT | O_RDWR | O_EXCL, 0600)) != -1)
+		{
+			close(fd);
+			shm_unlink(name);
+			return "posix";
+		}
+		if (errno != EEXIST)
+			break;
+		--ntries;
+	}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef WIN32
+	return "windows";
+#else
+	return "sysv";
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * Determine platform-specific config settings
+ *
+ * Use reasonable values if kernel will let us, else scale back.
+ */
+static void
+test_config_settings(void)
+{
+	/*
+	 * This macro defines the minimum shared_buffers we want for a given
+	 * max_connections value. The arrays show the settings to try.
+	 */
+#define MIN_BUFS_FOR_CONNS(nconns)	((nconns) * 10)
+
+	static const int trial_conns[] = {
+		100, 50, 40, 30, 20
+	};
+	static const int trial_bufs[] = {
+		16384, 8192, 4096, 3584, 3072, 2560, 2048, 1536,
+		1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500,
+		400, 300, 200, 100, 50
+	};
+
+	char		cmd[MAXPGPATH];
+	const int	connslen = sizeof(trial_conns) / sizeof(int);
+	const int	bufslen = sizeof(trial_bufs) / sizeof(int);
+	int			i,
+				status,
+				test_conns,
+				test_buffs,
+				ok_buffers = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * Need to determine working DSM implementation first so that subsequent
+	 * tests don't fail because DSM setting doesn't work.
+	 */
+	printf(_("selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... "));
+	fflush(stdout);
+	dynamic_shared_memory_type = choose_dsm_implementation();
+	printf("%s\n", dynamic_shared_memory_type);
+
+	/*
+	 * Probe for max_connections before shared_buffers, since it is subject to
+	 * more constraints than shared_buffers.
+	 */
+	printf(_("selecting default max_connections ... "));
+	fflush(stdout);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < connslen; i++)
+	{
+		test_conns = trial_conns[i];
+		test_buffs = MIN_BUFS_FOR_CONNS(test_conns);
+
+		snprintf(cmd, sizeof(cmd),
+				 "\"%s\" --check %s %s "
+				 "-c max_connections=%d "
+				 "-c shared_buffers=%d "
+				 "-c dynamic_shared_memory_type=%s "
+				 "< \"%s\" > \"%s\" 2>&1",
+				 backend_exec, boot_options, extra_options,
+				 test_conns, test_buffs,
+				 dynamic_shared_memory_type,
+				 DEVNULL, DEVNULL);
+		status = system(cmd);
+		if (status == 0)
+		{
+			ok_buffers = test_buffs;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (i >= connslen)
+		i = connslen - 1;
+	n_connections = trial_conns[i];
+
+	printf("%d\n", n_connections);
+
+	printf(_("selecting default shared_buffers ... "));
+	fflush(stdout);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < bufslen; i++)
+	{
+		/* Use same amount of memory, independent of BLCKSZ */
+		test_buffs = (trial_bufs[i] * 8192) / BLCKSZ;
+		if (test_buffs <= ok_buffers)
+		{
+			test_buffs = ok_buffers;
+			break;
+		}
+
+		snprintf(cmd, sizeof(cmd),
+				 "\"%s\" --check %s %s "
+				 "-c max_connections=%d "
+				 "-c shared_buffers=%d "
+				 "-c dynamic_shared_memory_type=%s "
+				 "< \"%s\" > \"%s\" 2>&1",
+				 backend_exec, boot_options, extra_options,
+				 n_connections, test_buffs,
+				 dynamic_shared_memory_type,
+				 DEVNULL, DEVNULL);
+		status = system(cmd);
+		if (status == 0)
+			break;
+	}
+	n_buffers = test_buffs;
+
+	if ((n_buffers * (BLCKSZ / 1024)) % 1024 == 0)
+		printf("%dMB\n", (n_buffers * (BLCKSZ / 1024)) / 1024);
+	else
+		printf("%dkB\n", n_buffers * (BLCKSZ / 1024));
+
+	printf(_("selecting default time zone ... "));
+	fflush(stdout);
+	default_timezone = select_default_timezone(share_path);
+	printf("%s\n", default_timezone ? default_timezone : "GMT");
+}
+
+/*
+ * Calculate the default wal_size with a "pretty" unit.
+ */
+static char *
+pretty_wal_size(int segment_count)
+{
+	int			sz = wal_segment_size_mb * segment_count;
+	char	   *result = pg_malloc(14);
+
+	if ((sz % 1024) == 0)
+		snprintf(result, 14, "%dGB", sz / 1024);
+	else
+		snprintf(result, 14, "%dMB", sz);
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * set up all the config files
+ */
+static void
+setup_config(void)
+{
+	char	  **conflines;
+	char		repltok[MAXPGPATH];
+	char		path[MAXPGPATH];
+	char	   *autoconflines[3];
+
+	fputs(_("creating configuration files ... "), stdout);
+	fflush(stdout);
+
+	/* postgresql.conf */
+
+	conflines = readfile(conf_file);
+
+	snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok), "max_connections = %d", n_connections);
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines, "#max_connections = 100", repltok);
+
+	if ((n_buffers * (BLCKSZ / 1024)) % 1024 == 0)
+		snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok), "shared_buffers = %dMB",
+				 (n_buffers * (BLCKSZ / 1024)) / 1024);
+	else
+		snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok), "shared_buffers = %dkB",
+				 n_buffers * (BLCKSZ / 1024));
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines, "#shared_buffers = 128MB", repltok);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_UNIX_SOCKETS
+	snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok), "#unix_socket_directories = '%s'",
+			 DEFAULT_PGSOCKET_DIR);
+#else
+	snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok), "#unix_socket_directories = ''");
+#endif
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines, "#unix_socket_directories = '/tmp'",
+							  repltok);
+
+#if DEF_PGPORT != 5432
+	snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok), "#port = %d", DEF_PGPORT);
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines, "#port = 5432", repltok);
+#endif
+
+	/* set default max_wal_size and min_wal_size */
+	snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok), "min_wal_size = %s",
+			 pretty_wal_size(DEFAULT_MIN_WAL_SEGS));
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines, "#min_wal_size = 80MB", repltok);
+
+	snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok), "max_wal_size = %s",
+			 pretty_wal_size(DEFAULT_MAX_WAL_SEGS));
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines, "#max_wal_size = 1GB", repltok);
+
+	snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok), "lc_messages = '%s'",
+			 escape_quotes(lc_messages));
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines, "#lc_messages = 'C'", repltok);
+
+	snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok), "lc_monetary = '%s'",
+			 escape_quotes(lc_monetary));
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines, "#lc_monetary = 'C'", repltok);
+
+	snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok), "lc_numeric = '%s'",
+			 escape_quotes(lc_numeric));
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines, "#lc_numeric = 'C'", repltok);
+
+	snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok), "lc_time = '%s'",
+			 escape_quotes(lc_time));
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines, "#lc_time = 'C'", repltok);
+
+	switch (locale_date_order(lc_time))
+	{
+		case DATEORDER_YMD:
+			strcpy(repltok, "datestyle = 'iso, ymd'");
+			break;
+		case DATEORDER_DMY:
+			strcpy(repltok, "datestyle = 'iso, dmy'");
+			break;
+		case DATEORDER_MDY:
+		default:
+			strcpy(repltok, "datestyle = 'iso, mdy'");
+			break;
+	}
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines, "#datestyle = 'iso, mdy'", repltok);
+
+	snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok),
+			 "default_text_search_config = 'pg_catalog.%s'",
+			 escape_quotes(default_text_search_config));
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines,
+							  "#default_text_search_config = 'pg_catalog.simple'",
+							  repltok);
+
+	if (default_timezone)
+	{
+		snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok), "timezone = '%s'",
+				 escape_quotes(default_timezone));
+		conflines = replace_token(conflines, "#timezone = 'GMT'", repltok);
+		snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok), "log_timezone = '%s'",
+				 escape_quotes(default_timezone));
+		conflines = replace_token(conflines, "#log_timezone = 'GMT'", repltok);
+	}
+
+	snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok), "dynamic_shared_memory_type = %s",
+			 dynamic_shared_memory_type);
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines, "#dynamic_shared_memory_type = posix",
+							  repltok);
+
+#if DEFAULT_BACKEND_FLUSH_AFTER > 0
+	snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok), "#backend_flush_after = %dkB",
+			 DEFAULT_BACKEND_FLUSH_AFTER * (BLCKSZ / 1024));
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines, "#backend_flush_after = 0",
+							  repltok);
+#endif
+
+#if DEFAULT_BGWRITER_FLUSH_AFTER > 0
+	snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok), "#bgwriter_flush_after = %dkB",
+			 DEFAULT_BGWRITER_FLUSH_AFTER * (BLCKSZ / 1024));
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines, "#bgwriter_flush_after = 0",
+							  repltok);
+#endif
+
+#if DEFAULT_CHECKPOINT_FLUSH_AFTER > 0
+	snprintf(repltok, sizeof(repltok), "#checkpoint_flush_after = %dkB",
+			 DEFAULT_CHECKPOINT_FLUSH_AFTER * (BLCKSZ / 1024));
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines, "#checkpoint_flush_after = 0",
+							  repltok);
+#endif
+
+#ifndef USE_PREFETCH
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines,
+							  "#effective_io_concurrency = 1",
+							  "#effective_io_concurrency = 0");
+#endif
+
+#ifdef WIN32
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines,
+							  "#update_process_title = on",
+							  "#update_process_title = off");
+#endif
+
+	/*
+	 * Change password_encryption setting to md5 if md5 was chosen as an
+	 * authentication method, unless scram-sha-256 was also chosen.
+	 */
+	if ((strcmp(authmethodlocal, "md5") == 0 &&
+		 strcmp(authmethodhost, "scram-sha-256") != 0) ||
+		(strcmp(authmethodhost, "md5") == 0 &&
+		 strcmp(authmethodlocal, "scram-sha-256") != 0))
+	{
+		conflines = replace_token(conflines,
+								  "#password_encryption = scram-sha-256",
+								  "password_encryption = md5");
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * If group access has been enabled for the cluster then it makes sense to
+	 * ensure that the log files also allow group access.  Otherwise a backup
+	 * from a user in the group would fail if the log files were not
+	 * relocated.
+	 */
+	if (pg_dir_create_mode == PG_DIR_MODE_GROUP)
+	{
+		conflines = replace_token(conflines,
+								  "#log_file_mode = 0600",
+								  "log_file_mode = 0640");
+	}
+
+	snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/postgresql.conf", pg_data);
+
+	writefile(path, conflines);
+	if (chmod(path, pg_file_create_mode) != 0)
+		pg_fatal("could not change permissions of \"%s\": %m", path);
+
+	/*
+	 * create the automatic configuration file to store the configuration
+	 * parameters set by ALTER SYSTEM command. The parameters present in this
+	 * file will override the value of parameters that exists before parse of
+	 * this file.
+	 */
+	autoconflines[0] = pg_strdup("# Do not edit this file manually!\n");
+	autoconflines[1] = pg_strdup("# It will be overwritten by the ALTER SYSTEM command.\n");
+	autoconflines[2] = NULL;
+
+	sprintf(path, "%s/postgresql.auto.conf", pg_data);
+
+	writefile(path, autoconflines);
+	if (chmod(path, pg_file_create_mode) != 0)
+		pg_fatal("could not change permissions of \"%s\": %m", path);
+
+	free(conflines);
+
+
+	/* pg_hba.conf */
+
+	conflines = readfile(hba_file);
+
+#ifndef HAVE_UNIX_SOCKETS
+	conflines = filter_lines_with_token(conflines, "@remove-line-for-nolocal@");
+#else
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines, "@remove-line-for-nolocal@", "");
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_IPV6
+
+	/*
+	 * Probe to see if there is really any platform support for IPv6, and
+	 * comment out the relevant pg_hba line if not.  This avoids runtime
+	 * warnings if getaddrinfo doesn't actually cope with IPv6.  Particularly
+	 * useful on Windows, where executables built on a machine with IPv6 may
+	 * have to run on a machine without.
+	 */
+	{
+		struct addrinfo *gai_result;
+		struct addrinfo hints;
+		int			err = 0;
+
+#ifdef WIN32
+		/* need to call WSAStartup before calling getaddrinfo */
+		WSADATA		wsaData;
+
+		err = WSAStartup(MAKEWORD(2, 2), &wsaData);
+#endif
+
+		/* for best results, this code should match parse_hba_line() */
+		hints.ai_flags = AI_NUMERICHOST;
+		hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
+		hints.ai_socktype = 0;
+		hints.ai_protocol = 0;
+		hints.ai_addrlen = 0;
+		hints.ai_canonname = NULL;
+		hints.ai_addr = NULL;
+		hints.ai_next = NULL;
+
+		if (err != 0 ||
+			getaddrinfo("::1", NULL, &hints, &gai_result) != 0)
+		{
+			conflines = replace_token(conflines,
+									  "host    all             all             ::1",
+									  "#host    all             all             ::1");
+			conflines = replace_token(conflines,
+									  "host    replication     all             ::1",
+									  "#host    replication     all             ::1");
+		}
+	}
+#else							/* !HAVE_IPV6 */
+	/* If we didn't compile IPV6 support at all, always comment it out */
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines,
+							  "host    all             all             ::1",
+							  "#host    all             all             ::1");
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines,
+							  "host    replication     all             ::1",
+							  "#host    replication     all             ::1");
+#endif							/* HAVE_IPV6 */
+
+	/* Replace default authentication methods */
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines,
+							  "@authmethodhost@",
+							  authmethodhost);
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines,
+							  "@authmethodlocal@",
+							  authmethodlocal);
+
+	conflines = replace_token(conflines,
+							  "@authcomment@",
+							  (strcmp(authmethodlocal, "trust") == 0 || strcmp(authmethodhost, "trust") == 0) ? AUTHTRUST_WARNING : "");
+
+	snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/pg_hba.conf", pg_data);
+
+	writefile(path, conflines);
+	if (chmod(path, pg_file_create_mode) != 0)
+		pg_fatal("could not change permissions of \"%s\": %m", path);
+
+	free(conflines);
+
+	/* pg_ident.conf */
+
+	conflines = readfile(ident_file);
+
+	snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "%s/pg_ident.conf", pg_data);
+
+	writefile(path, conflines);
+	if (chmod(path, pg_file_create_mode) != 0)
+		pg_fatal("could not change permissions of \"%s\": %m", path);
+
+	free(conflines);
+
+	check_ok();
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * run the BKI script in bootstrap mode to create template1
+ */
+static void
+bootstrap_template1(void)
+{
+	PG_CMD_DECL;
+	char	  **line;
+	char	  **bki_lines;
+	char		headerline[MAXPGPATH];
+	char		buf[64];
+
+	printf(_("running bootstrap script ... "));
+	fflush(stdout);
+
+	bki_lines = readfile(bki_file);
+
+	/* Check that bki file appears to be of the right version */
+
+	snprintf(headerline, sizeof(headerline), "# PostgreSQL %s\n",
+			 PG_MAJORVERSION);
+
+	if (strcmp(headerline, *bki_lines) != 0)
+	{
+		pg_log_error("input file \"%s\" does not belong to PostgreSQL %s",
+					 bki_file, PG_VERSION);
+		pg_log_error_hint("Specify the correct path using the option -L.");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	/* Substitute for various symbols used in the BKI file */
+
+	sprintf(buf, "%d", NAMEDATALEN);
+	bki_lines = replace_token(bki_lines, "NAMEDATALEN", buf);
+
+	sprintf(buf, "%d", (int) sizeof(Pointer));
+	bki_lines = replace_token(bki_lines, "SIZEOF_POINTER", buf);
+
+	bki_lines = replace_token(bki_lines, "ALIGNOF_POINTER",
+							  (sizeof(Pointer) == 4) ? "i" : "d");
+
+	bki_lines = replace_token(bki_lines, "FLOAT8PASSBYVAL",
+							  FLOAT8PASSBYVAL ? "true" : "false");
+
+	bki_lines = replace_token(bki_lines, "POSTGRES",
+							  escape_quotes_bki(username));
+
+	bki_lines = replace_token(bki_lines, "ENCODING",
+							  encodingid_to_string(encodingid));
+
+	bki_lines = replace_token(bki_lines, "LC_COLLATE",
+							  escape_quotes_bki(lc_collate));
+
+	bki_lines = replace_token(bki_lines, "LC_CTYPE",
+							  escape_quotes_bki(lc_ctype));
+
+	bki_lines = replace_token(bki_lines, "ICU_LOCALE",
+							  locale_provider == COLLPROVIDER_ICU ? escape_quotes_bki(icu_locale) : "_null_");
+
+	sprintf(buf, "%c", locale_provider);
+	bki_lines = replace_token(bki_lines, "LOCALE_PROVIDER", buf);
+
+	/* Also ensure backend isn't confused by this environment var: */
+	unsetenv("PGCLIENTENCODING");
+
+	snprintf(cmd, sizeof(cmd),
+			 "\"%s\" --boot -X %d %s %s %s %s",
+			 backend_exec,
+			 wal_segment_size_mb * (1024 * 1024),
+			 data_checksums ? "-k" : "",
+			 boot_options, extra_options,
+			 debug ? "-d 5" : "");
+
+
+	PG_CMD_OPEN;
+
+	for (line = bki_lines; *line != NULL; line++)
+	{
+		PG_CMD_PUTS(*line);
+		free(*line);
+	}
+
+	PG_CMD_CLOSE;
+
+	free(bki_lines);
+
+	check_ok();
+}
+
+/*
+ * set up the shadow password table
+ */
+static void
+setup_auth(FILE *cmdfd)
+{
+	const char *const *line;
+	static const char *const pg_authid_setup[] = {
+		/*
+		 * The authid table shouldn't be readable except through views, to
+		 * ensure passwords are not publicly visible.
+		 */
+		"REVOKE ALL ON pg_authid FROM public;\n\n",
+		NULL
+	};
+
+	for (line = pg_authid_setup; *line != NULL; line++)
+		PG_CMD_PUTS(*line);
+
+	if (superuser_password)
+		PG_CMD_PRINTF("ALTER USER \"%s\" WITH PASSWORD E'%s';\n\n",
+					  username, escape_quotes(superuser_password));
+}
+
+/*
+ * get the superuser password if required
+ */
+static void
+get_su_pwd(void)
+{
+	char	   *pwd1;
+
+	if (pwprompt)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Read password from terminal
+		 */
+		char	   *pwd2;
+
+		printf("\n");
+		fflush(stdout);
+		pwd1 = simple_prompt("Enter new superuser password: ", false);
+		pwd2 = simple_prompt("Enter it again: ", false);
+		if (strcmp(pwd1, pwd2) != 0)
+		{
+			fprintf(stderr, _("Passwords didn't match.\n"));
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		free(pwd2);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Read password from file
+		 *
+		 * Ideally this should insist that the file not be world-readable.
+		 * However, this option is mainly intended for use on Windows where
+		 * file permissions may not exist at all, so we'll skip the paranoia
+		 * for now.
+		 */
+		FILE	   *pwf = fopen(pwfilename, "r");
+
+		if (!pwf)
+			pg_fatal("could not open file \"%s\" for reading: %m",
+					 pwfilename);
+		pwd1 = pg_get_line(pwf, NULL);
+		if (!pwd1)
+		{
+			if (ferror(pwf))
+				pg_fatal("could not read password from file \"%s\": %m",
+						 pwfilename);
+			else
+				pg_fatal("password file \"%s\" is empty",
+						 pwfilename);
+		}
+		fclose(pwf);
+
+		(void) pg_strip_crlf(pwd1);
+	}
+
+	superuser_password = pwd1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * set up pg_depend
+ */
+static void
+setup_depend(FILE *cmdfd)
+{
+	const char *const *line;
+	static const char *const pg_depend_setup[] = {
+		/*
+		 * Advance the OID counter so that subsequently-created objects aren't
+		 * pinned.
+		 */
+		"SELECT pg_stop_making_pinned_objects();\n\n",
+		NULL
+	};
+
+	for (line = pg_depend_setup; *line != NULL; line++)
+		PG_CMD_PUTS(*line);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Run external file
+ */
+static void
+setup_run_file(FILE *cmdfd, const char *filename)
+{
+	char	  **lines;
+
+	lines = readfile(filename);
+
+	for (char **line = lines; *line != NULL; line++)
+	{
+		PG_CMD_PUTS(*line);
+		free(*line);
+	}
+
+	PG_CMD_PUTS("\n\n");
+
+	free(lines);
+}
+
+/*
+ * fill in extra description data
+ */
+static void
+setup_description(FILE *cmdfd)
+{
+	/* Create default descriptions for operator implementation functions */
+	PG_CMD_PUTS("WITH funcdescs AS ( "
+				"SELECT p.oid as p_oid, o.oid as o_oid, oprname "
+				"FROM pg_proc p JOIN pg_operator o ON oprcode = p.oid ) "
+				"INSERT INTO pg_description "
+				"  SELECT p_oid, 'pg_proc'::regclass, 0, "
+				"    'implementation of ' || oprname || ' operator' "
+				"  FROM funcdescs "
+				"  WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM pg_description "
+				"   WHERE objoid = p_oid AND classoid = 'pg_proc'::regclass) "
+				"  AND NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM pg_description "
+				"   WHERE objoid = o_oid AND classoid = 'pg_operator'::regclass"
+				"         AND description LIKE 'deprecated%');\n\n");
+}
+
+/*
+ * populate pg_collation
+ */
+static void
+setup_collation(FILE *cmdfd)
+{
+	/*
+	 * Add an SQL-standard name.  We don't want to pin this, so it doesn't go
+	 * in pg_collation.h.  But add it before reading system collations, so
+	 * that it wins if libc defines a locale named ucs_basic.
+	 */
+	PG_CMD_PRINTF("INSERT INTO pg_collation (oid, collname, collnamespace, collowner, collprovider, collisdeterministic, collencoding, collcollate, collctype)"
+				  "VALUES (pg_nextoid('pg_catalog.pg_collation', 'oid', 'pg_catalog.pg_collation_oid_index'), 'ucs_basic', 'pg_catalog'::regnamespace, %u, '%c', true, %d, 'C', 'C');\n\n",
+				  BOOTSTRAP_SUPERUSERID, COLLPROVIDER_LIBC, PG_UTF8);
+
+	/* Now import all collations we can find in the operating system */
+	PG_CMD_PUTS("SELECT pg_import_system_collations('pg_catalog');\n\n");
+}
+
+/*
+ * Set up privileges
+ *
+ * We mark most system catalogs as world-readable.  We don't currently have
+ * to touch functions, languages, or databases, because their default
+ * permissions are OK.
+ *
+ * Some objects may require different permissions by default, so we
+ * make sure we don't overwrite privilege sets that have already been
+ * set (NOT NULL).
+ *
+ * Also populate pg_init_privs to save what the privileges are at init
+ * time.  This is used by pg_dump to allow users to change privileges
+ * on catalog objects and to have those privilege changes preserved
+ * across dump/reload and pg_upgrade.
+ *
+ * Note that pg_init_privs is only for per-database objects and therefore
+ * we don't include databases or tablespaces.
+ */
+static void
+setup_privileges(FILE *cmdfd)
+{
+	char	  **line;
+	char	  **priv_lines;
+	static char *privileges_setup[] = {
+		"UPDATE pg_class "
+		"  SET relacl = (SELECT array_agg(a.acl) FROM "
+		" (SELECT E'=r/\"$POSTGRES_SUPERUSERNAME\"' as acl "
+		"  UNION SELECT unnest(pg_catalog.acldefault("
+		"    CASE WHEN relkind = " CppAsString2(RELKIND_SEQUENCE) " THEN 's' "
+		"         ELSE 'r' END::\"char\"," CppAsString2(BOOTSTRAP_SUPERUSERID) "::oid))"
+		" ) as a) "
+		"  WHERE relkind IN (" CppAsString2(RELKIND_RELATION) ", "
+		CppAsString2(RELKIND_VIEW) ", " CppAsString2(RELKIND_MATVIEW) ", "
+		CppAsString2(RELKIND_SEQUENCE) ")"
+		"  AND relacl IS NULL;\n\n",
+		"GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA pg_catalog, public TO PUBLIC;\n\n",
+		"REVOKE ALL ON pg_largeobject FROM PUBLIC;\n\n",
+		"INSERT INTO pg_init_privs "
+		"  (objoid, classoid, objsubid, initprivs, privtype)"
+		"    SELECT"
+		"        oid,"
+		"        (SELECT oid FROM pg_class WHERE relname = 'pg_class'),"
+		"        0,"
+		"        relacl,"
+		"        'i'"
+		"    FROM"
+		"        pg_class"
+		"    WHERE"
+		"        relacl IS NOT NULL"
+		"        AND relkind IN (" CppAsString2(RELKIND_RELATION) ", "
+		CppAsString2(RELKIND_VIEW) ", " CppAsString2(RELKIND_MATVIEW) ", "
+		CppAsString2(RELKIND_SEQUENCE) ");\n\n",
+		"INSERT INTO pg_init_privs "
+		"  (objoid, classoid, objsubid, initprivs, privtype)"
+		"    SELECT"
+		"        pg_class.oid,"
+		"        (SELECT oid FROM pg_class WHERE relname = 'pg_class'),"
+		"        pg_attribute.attnum,"
+		"        pg_attribute.attacl,"
+		"        'i'"
+		"    FROM"
+		"        pg_class"
+		"        JOIN pg_attribute ON (pg_class.oid = pg_attribute.attrelid)"
+		"    WHERE"
+		"        pg_attribute.attacl IS NOT NULL"
+		"        AND pg_class.relkind IN (" CppAsString2(RELKIND_RELATION) ", "
+		CppAsString2(RELKIND_VIEW) ", " CppAsString2(RELKIND_MATVIEW) ", "
+		CppAsString2(RELKIND_SEQUENCE) ");\n\n",
+		"INSERT INTO pg_init_privs "
+		"  (objoid, classoid, objsubid, initprivs, privtype)"
+		"    SELECT"
+		"        oid,"
+		"        (SELECT oid FROM pg_class WHERE relname = 'pg_proc'),"
+		"        0,"
+		"        proacl,"
+		"        'i'"
+		"    FROM"
+		"        pg_proc"
+		"    WHERE"
+		"        proacl IS NOT NULL;\n\n",
+		"INSERT INTO pg_init_privs "
+		"  (objoid, classoid, objsubid, initprivs, privtype)"
+		"    SELECT"
+		"        oid,"
+		"        (SELECT oid FROM pg_class WHERE relname = 'pg_type'),"
+		"        0,"
+		"        typacl,"
+		"        'i'"
+		"    FROM"
+		"        pg_type"
+		"    WHERE"
+		"        typacl IS NOT NULL;\n\n",
+		"INSERT INTO pg_init_privs "
+		"  (objoid, classoid, objsubid, initprivs, privtype)"
+		"    SELECT"
+		"        oid,"
+		"        (SELECT oid FROM pg_class WHERE relname = 'pg_language'),"
+		"        0,"
+		"        lanacl,"
+		"        'i'"
+		"    FROM"
+		"        pg_language"
+		"    WHERE"
+		"        lanacl IS NOT NULL;\n\n",
+		"INSERT INTO pg_init_privs "
+		"  (objoid, classoid, objsubid, initprivs, privtype)"
+		"    SELECT"
+		"        oid,"
+		"        (SELECT oid FROM pg_class WHERE "
+		"         relname = 'pg_largeobject_metadata'),"
+		"        0,"
+		"        lomacl,"
+		"        'i'"
+		"    FROM"
+		"        pg_largeobject_metadata"
+		"    WHERE"
+		"        lomacl IS NOT NULL;\n\n",
+		"INSERT INTO pg_init_privs "
+		"  (objoid, classoid, objsubid, initprivs, privtype)"
+		"    SELECT"
+		"        oid,"
+		"        (SELECT oid FROM pg_class WHERE relname = 'pg_namespace'),"
+		"        0,"
+		"        nspacl,"
+		"        'i'"
+		"    FROM"
+		"        pg_namespace"
+		"    WHERE"
+		"        nspacl IS NOT NULL;\n\n",
+		"INSERT INTO pg_init_privs "
+		"  (objoid, classoid, objsubid, initprivs, privtype)"
+		"    SELECT"
+		"        oid,"
+		"        (SELECT oid FROM pg_class WHERE "
+		"         relname = 'pg_foreign_data_wrapper'),"
+		"        0,"
+		"        fdwacl,"
+		"        'i'"
+		"    FROM"
+		"        pg_foreign_data_wrapper"
+		"    WHERE"
+		"        fdwacl IS NOT NULL;\n\n",
+		"INSERT INTO pg_init_privs "
+		"  (objoid, classoid, objsubid, initprivs, privtype)"
+		"    SELECT"
+		"        oid,"
+		"        (SELECT oid FROM pg_class "
+		"         WHERE relname = 'pg_foreign_server'),"
+		"        0,"
+		"        srvacl,"
+		"        'i'"
+		"    FROM"
+		"        pg_foreign_server"
+		"    WHERE"
+		"        srvacl IS NOT NULL;\n\n",
+		NULL
+	};
+
+	priv_lines = replace_token(privileges_setup, "$POSTGRES_SUPERUSERNAME",
+							   escape_quotes(username));
+	for (line = priv_lines; *line != NULL; line++)
+		PG_CMD_PUTS(*line);
+}
+
+/*
+ * extract the strange version of version required for information schema
+ * (09.08.0007abc)
+ */
+static void
+set_info_version(void)
+{
+	char	   *letterversion;
+	long		major = 0,
+				minor = 0,
+				micro = 0;
+	char	   *endptr;
+	char	   *vstr = pg_strdup(PG_VERSION);
+	char	   *ptr;
+
+	ptr = vstr + (strlen(vstr) - 1);
+	while (ptr != vstr && (*ptr < '0' || *ptr > '9'))
+		ptr--;
+	letterversion = ptr + 1;
+	major = strtol(vstr, &endptr, 10);
+	if (*endptr)
+		minor = strtol(endptr + 1, &endptr, 10);
+	if (*endptr)
+		micro = strtol(endptr + 1, &endptr, 10);
+	snprintf(infoversion, sizeof(infoversion), "%02ld.%02ld.%04ld%s",
+			 major, minor, micro, letterversion);
+}
+
+/*
+ * load info schema and populate from features file
+ */
+static void
+setup_schema(FILE *cmdfd)
+{
+	setup_run_file(cmdfd, info_schema_file);
+
+	PG_CMD_PRINTF("UPDATE information_schema.sql_implementation_info "
+				  "  SET character_value = '%s' "
+				  "  WHERE implementation_info_name = 'DBMS VERSION';\n\n",
+				  infoversion);
+
+	PG_CMD_PRINTF("COPY information_schema.sql_features "
+				  "  (feature_id, feature_name, sub_feature_id, "
+				  "  sub_feature_name, is_supported, comments) "
+				  " FROM E'%s';\n\n",
+				  escape_quotes(features_file));
+}
+
+/*
+ * load PL/pgSQL server-side language
+ */
+static void
+load_plpgsql(FILE *cmdfd)
+{
+	PG_CMD_PUTS("CREATE EXTENSION plpgsql;\n\n");
+}
+
+/*
+ * clean everything up in template1
+ */
+static void
+vacuum_db(FILE *cmdfd)
+{
+	/* Run analyze before VACUUM so the statistics are frozen. */
+	PG_CMD_PUTS("ANALYZE;\n\nVACUUM FREEZE;\n\n");
+}
+
+/*
+ * copy template1 to template0
+ */
+static void
+make_template0(FILE *cmdfd)
+{
+	const char *const *line;
+
+	/*
+	 * pg_upgrade tries to preserve database OIDs across upgrades. It's smart
+	 * enough to drop and recreate a conflicting database with the same name,
+	 * but if the same OID were used for one system-created database in the
+	 * old cluster and a different system-created database in the new cluster,
+	 * it would fail. To avoid that, assign a fixed OID to template0 rather
+	 * than letting the server choose one.
+	 *
+	 * (Note that, while the user could have dropped and recreated these
+	 * objects in the old cluster, the problem scenario only exists if the OID
+	 * that is in use in the old cluster is also used in the new cluster - and
+	 * the new cluster should be the result of a fresh initdb.)
+	 *
+	 * We use "STRATEGY = file_copy" here because checkpoints during initdb
+	 * are cheap. "STRATEGY = wal_log" would generate more WAL, which would be
+	 * a little bit slower and make the new cluster a little bit bigger.
+	 */
+	static const char *const template0_setup[] = {
+		"CREATE DATABASE template0 IS_TEMPLATE = true ALLOW_CONNECTIONS = false"
+		" OID = " CppAsString2(Template0DbOid)
+		" STRATEGY = file_copy;\n\n",
+
+		/*
+		 * template0 shouldn't have any collation-dependent objects, so unset
+		 * the collation version.  This disables collation version checks when
+		 * making a new database from it.
+		 */
+		"UPDATE pg_database SET datcollversion = NULL WHERE datname = 'template0';\n\n",
+
+		/*
+		 * While we are here, do set the collation version on template1.
+		 */
+		"UPDATE pg_database SET datcollversion = pg_database_collation_actual_version(oid) WHERE datname = 'template1';\n\n",
+
+		/*
+		 * Explicitly revoke public create-schema and create-temp-table
+		 * privileges in template1 and template0; else the latter would be on
+		 * by default
+		 */
+		"REVOKE CREATE,TEMPORARY ON DATABASE template1 FROM public;\n\n",
+		"REVOKE CREATE,TEMPORARY ON DATABASE template0 FROM public;\n\n",
+
+		"COMMENT ON DATABASE template0 IS 'unmodifiable empty database';\n\n",
+
+		/*
+		 * Finally vacuum to clean up dead rows in pg_database
+		 */
+		"VACUUM pg_database;\n\n",
+		NULL
+	};
+
+	for (line = template0_setup; *line; line++)
+		PG_CMD_PUTS(*line);
+}
+
+/*
+ * copy template1 to postgres
+ */
+static void
+make_postgres(FILE *cmdfd)
+{
+	const char *const *line;
+
+	/*
+	 * Just as we did for template0, and for the same reasons, assign a fixed
+	 * OID to postgres and select the file_copy strategy.
+	 */
+	static const char *const postgres_setup[] = {
+		"CREATE DATABASE postgres OID = " CppAsString2(PostgresDbOid)
+		" STRATEGY = file_copy;\n\n",
+		"COMMENT ON DATABASE postgres IS 'default administrative connection database';\n\n",
+		NULL
+	};
+
+	for (line = postgres_setup; *line; line++)
+		PG_CMD_PUTS(*line);
+}
+
+/*
+ * signal handler in case we are interrupted.
+ *
+ * The Windows runtime docs at
+ * https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/c-runtime-library/reference/signal
+ * specifically forbid a number of things being done from a signal handler,
+ * including IO, memory allocation and system calls, and only allow jmpbuf
+ * if you are handling SIGFPE.
+ *
+ * I avoided doing the forbidden things by setting a flag instead of calling
+ * exit() directly.
+ *
+ * Also note the behaviour of Windows with SIGINT, which says this:
+ *  SIGINT is not supported for any Win32 application. When a CTRL+C interrupt
+ *  occurs, Win32 operating systems generate a new thread to specifically
+ *  handle that interrupt. This can cause a single-thread application, such as
+ *  one in UNIX, to become multithreaded and cause unexpected behavior.
+ *
+ * I have no idea how to handle this. (Strange they call UNIX an application!)
+ * So this will need some testing on Windows.
+ */
+static void
+trapsig(int signum)
+{
+	/* handle systems that reset the handler, like Windows (grr) */
+	pqsignal(signum, trapsig);
+	caught_signal = true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call exit() if we got a signal, or else output "ok".
+ */
+static void
+check_ok(void)
+{
+	if (caught_signal)
+	{
+		printf(_("caught signal\n"));
+		fflush(stdout);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	else if (output_failed)
+	{
+		printf(_("could not write to child process: %s\n"),
+			   strerror(output_errno));
+		fflush(stdout);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* all seems well */
+		printf(_("ok\n"));
+		fflush(stdout);
+	}
+}
+
+/* Hack to suppress a warning about %x from some versions of gcc */
+static inline size_t
+my_strftime(char *s, size_t max, const char *fmt, const struct tm *tm)
+{
+	return strftime(s, max, fmt, tm);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Determine likely date order from locale
+ */
+static int
+locale_date_order(const char *locale)
+{
+	struct tm	testtime;
+	char		buf[128];
+	char	   *posD;
+	char	   *posM;
+	char	   *posY;
+	char	   *save;
+	size_t		res;
+	int			result;
+
+	result = DATEORDER_MDY;		/* default */
+
+	save = setlocale(LC_TIME, NULL);
+	if (!save)
+		return result;
+	save = pg_strdup(save);
+
+	setlocale(LC_TIME, locale);
+
+	memset(&testtime, 0, sizeof(testtime));
+	testtime.tm_mday = 22;
+	testtime.tm_mon = 10;		/* November, should come out as "11" */
+	testtime.tm_year = 133;		/* 2033 */
+
+	res = my_strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), "%x", &testtime);
+
+	setlocale(LC_TIME, save);
+	free(save);
+
+	if (res == 0)
+		return result;
+
+	posM = strstr(buf, "11");
+	posD = strstr(buf, "22");
+	posY = strstr(buf, "33");
+
+	if (!posM || !posD || !posY)
+		return result;
+
+	if (posY < posM && posM < posD)
+		result = DATEORDER_YMD;
+	else if (posD < posM)
+		result = DATEORDER_DMY;
+	else
+		result = DATEORDER_MDY;
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Verify that locale name is valid for the locale category.
+ *
+ * If successful, and canonname isn't NULL, a malloc'd copy of the locale's
+ * canonical name is stored there.  This is especially useful for figuring out
+ * what locale name "" means (ie, the environment value).  (Actually,
+ * it seems that on most implementations that's the only thing it's good for;
+ * we could wish that setlocale gave back a canonically spelled version of
+ * the locale name, but typically it doesn't.)
+ *
+ * this should match the backend's check_locale() function
+ */
+static void
+check_locale_name(int category, const char *locale, char **canonname)
+{
+	char	   *save;
+	char	   *res;
+
+	if (canonname)
+		*canonname = NULL;		/* in case of failure */
+
+	save = setlocale(category, NULL);
+	if (!save)
+		pg_fatal("setlocale() failed");
+
+	/* save may be pointing at a modifiable scratch variable, so copy it. */
+	save = pg_strdup(save);
+
+	/* for setlocale() call */
+	if (!locale)
+		locale = "";
+
+	/* set the locale with setlocale, to see if it accepts it. */
+	res = setlocale(category, locale);
+
+	/* save canonical name if requested. */
+	if (res && canonname)
+		*canonname = pg_strdup(res);
+
+	/* restore old value. */
+	if (!setlocale(category, save))
+		pg_fatal("failed to restore old locale \"%s\"", save);
+	free(save);
+
+	/* complain if locale wasn't valid */
+	if (res == NULL)
+	{
+		if (*locale)
+			pg_fatal("invalid locale name \"%s\"", locale);
+		else
+		{
+			/*
+			 * If no relevant switch was given on command line, locale is an
+			 * empty string, which is not too helpful to report.  Presumably
+			 * setlocale() found something it did not like in the environment.
+			 * Ideally we'd report the bad environment variable, but since
+			 * setlocale's behavior is implementation-specific, it's hard to
+			 * be sure what it didn't like.  Print a safe generic message.
+			 */
+			pg_fatal("invalid locale settings; check LANG and LC_* environment variables");
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * check if the chosen encoding matches the encoding required by the locale
+ *
+ * this should match the similar check in the backend createdb() function
+ */
+static bool
+check_locale_encoding(const char *locale, int user_enc)
+{
+	int			locale_enc;
+
+	locale_enc = pg_get_encoding_from_locale(locale, true);
+
+	/* See notes in createdb() to understand these tests */
+	if (!(locale_enc == user_enc ||
+		  locale_enc == PG_SQL_ASCII ||
+		  locale_enc == -1 ||
+#ifdef WIN32
+		  user_enc == PG_UTF8 ||
+#endif
+		  user_enc == PG_SQL_ASCII))
+	{
+		pg_log_error("encoding mismatch");
+		pg_log_error_detail("The encoding you selected (%s) and the encoding that the "
+							"selected locale uses (%s) do not match. This would lead to "
+							"misbehavior in various character string processing functions.",
+							pg_encoding_to_char(user_enc),
+							pg_encoding_to_char(locale_enc));
+		pg_log_error_hint("Rerun %s and either do not specify an encoding explicitly, "
+						  "or choose a matching combination.",
+						  progname);
+		return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * check if the chosen encoding matches is supported by ICU
+ *
+ * this should match the similar check in the backend createdb() function
+ */
+static bool
+check_icu_locale_encoding(int user_enc)
+{
+	if (!(is_encoding_supported_by_icu(user_enc)))
+	{
+		pg_log_error("encoding mismatch");
+		pg_log_error_detail("The encoding you selected (%s) is not supported with the ICU provider.",
+							pg_encoding_to_char(user_enc));
+		pg_log_error_hint("Rerun %s and either do not specify an encoding explicitly, "
+						  "or choose a matching combination.",
+						  progname);
+		return false;
+	}
+	return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * set up the locale variables
+ *
+ * assumes we have called setlocale(LC_ALL, "") -- see set_pglocale_pgservice
+ */
+static void
+setlocales(void)
+{
+	char	   *canonname;
+
+	/* set empty lc_* values to locale config if set */
+
+	if (locale)
+	{
+		if (!lc_ctype)
+			lc_ctype = locale;
+		if (!lc_collate)
+			lc_collate = locale;
+		if (!lc_numeric)
+			lc_numeric = locale;
+		if (!lc_time)
+			lc_time = locale;
+		if (!lc_monetary)
+			lc_monetary = locale;
+		if (!lc_messages)
+			lc_messages = locale;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * canonicalize locale names, and obtain any missing values from our
+	 * current environment
+	 */
+	check_locale_name(LC_CTYPE, lc_ctype, &canonname);
+	lc_ctype = canonname;
+	check_locale_name(LC_COLLATE, lc_collate, &canonname);
+	lc_collate = canonname;
+	check_locale_name(LC_NUMERIC, lc_numeric, &canonname);
+	lc_numeric = canonname;
+	check_locale_name(LC_TIME, lc_time, &canonname);
+	lc_time = canonname;
+	check_locale_name(LC_MONETARY, lc_monetary, &canonname);
+	lc_monetary = canonname;
+#if defined(LC_MESSAGES) && !defined(WIN32)
+	check_locale_name(LC_MESSAGES, lc_messages, &canonname);
+	lc_messages = canonname;
+#else
+	/* when LC_MESSAGES is not available, use the LC_CTYPE setting */
+	check_locale_name(LC_CTYPE, lc_messages, &canonname);
+	lc_messages = canonname;
+#endif
+
+	if (locale_provider == COLLPROVIDER_ICU)
+	{
+		if (!icu_locale)
+			pg_fatal("ICU locale must be specified");
+
+		/*
+		 * In supported builds, the ICU locale ID will be checked by the
+		 * backend during post-bootstrap initialization.
+		 */
+#ifndef USE_ICU
+		pg_fatal("ICU is not supported in this build");
+#endif
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * print help text
+ */
+static void
+usage(const char *progname)
+{
+	printf(_("%s initializes a PostgreSQL database cluster.\n\n"), progname);
+	printf(_("Usage:\n"));
+	printf(_("  %s [OPTION]... [DATADIR]\n"), progname);
+	printf(_("\nOptions:\n"));
+	printf(_("  -A, --auth=METHOD         default authentication method for local connections\n"));
+	printf(_("      --auth-host=METHOD    default authentication method for local TCP/IP connections\n"));
+	printf(_("      --auth-local=METHOD   default authentication method for local-socket connections\n"));
+	printf(_(" [-D, --pgdata=]DATADIR     location for this database cluster\n"));
+	printf(_("  -E, --encoding=ENCODING   set default encoding for new databases\n"));
+	printf(_("  -g, --allow-group-access  allow group read/execute on data directory\n"));
+	printf(_("      --icu-locale=LOCALE   set ICU locale ID for new databases\n"));
+	printf(_("  -k, --data-checksums      use data page checksums\n"));
+	printf(_("      --locale=LOCALE       set default locale for new databases\n"));
+	printf(_("      --lc-collate=, --lc-ctype=, --lc-messages=LOCALE\n"
+			 "      --lc-monetary=, --lc-numeric=, --lc-time=LOCALE\n"
+			 "                            set default locale in the respective category for\n"
+			 "                            new databases (default taken from environment)\n"));
+	printf(_("      --no-locale           equivalent to --locale=C\n"));
+	printf(_("      --locale-provider={libc|icu}\n"
+			 "                            set default locale provider for new databases\n"));
+	printf(_("      --pwfile=FILE         read password for the new superuser from file\n"));
+	printf(_("  -T, --text-search-config=CFG\n"
+			 "                            default text search configuration\n"));
+	printf(_("  -U, --username=NAME       database superuser name\n"));
+	printf(_("  -W, --pwprompt            prompt for a password for the new superuser\n"));
+	printf(_("  -X, --waldir=WALDIR       location for the write-ahead log directory\n"));
+	printf(_("      --wal-segsize=SIZE    size of WAL segments, in megabytes\n"));
+	printf(_("\nLess commonly used options:\n"));
+	printf(_("  -d, --debug               generate lots of debugging output\n"));
+	printf(_("      --discard-caches      set debug_discard_caches=1\n"));
+	printf(_("  -L DIRECTORY              where to find the input files\n"));
+	printf(_("  -n, --no-clean            do not clean up after errors\n"));
+	printf(_("  -N, --no-sync             do not wait for changes to be written safely to disk\n"));
+	printf(_("      --no-instructions     do not print instructions for next steps\n"));
+	printf(_("  -s, --show                show internal settings\n"));
+	printf(_("  -S, --sync-only           only sync database files to disk, then exit\n"));
+	printf(_("\nOther options:\n"));
+	printf(_("  -V, --version             output version information, then exit\n"));
+	printf(_("  -?, --help                show this help, then exit\n"));
+	printf(_("\nIf the data directory is not specified, the environment variable PGDATA\n"
+			 "is used.\n"));
+	printf(_("\nReport bugs to <%s>.\n"), PACKAGE_BUGREPORT);
+	printf(_("%s home page: <%s>\n"), PACKAGE_NAME, PACKAGE_URL);
+}
+
+static void
+check_authmethod_unspecified(const char **authmethod)
+{
+	if (*authmethod == NULL)
+	{
+		authwarning = true;
+		*authmethod = "trust";
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+check_authmethod_valid(const char *authmethod, const char *const *valid_methods, const char *conntype)
+{
+	const char *const *p;
+
+	for (p = valid_methods; *p; p++)
+	{
+		if (strcmp(authmethod, *p) == 0)
+			return;
+		/* with space = param */
+		if (strchr(authmethod, ' '))
+			if (strncmp(authmethod, *p, (authmethod - strchr(authmethod, ' '))) == 0)
+				return;
+	}
+
+	pg_fatal("invalid authentication method \"%s\" for \"%s\" connections",
+			 authmethod, conntype);
+}
+
+static void
+check_need_password(const char *authmethodlocal, const char *authmethodhost)
+{
+	if ((strcmp(authmethodlocal, "md5") == 0 ||
+		 strcmp(authmethodlocal, "password") == 0 ||
+		 strcmp(authmethodlocal, "scram-sha-256") == 0) &&
+		(strcmp(authmethodhost, "md5") == 0 ||
+		 strcmp(authmethodhost, "password") == 0 ||
+		 strcmp(authmethodhost, "scram-sha-256") == 0) &&
+		!(pwprompt || pwfilename))
+		pg_fatal("must specify a password for the superuser to enable password authentication");
+}
+
+
+void
+setup_pgdata(void)
+{
+	char	   *pgdata_get_env;
+
+	if (!pg_data)
+	{
+		pgdata_get_env = getenv("PGDATA");
+		if (pgdata_get_env && strlen(pgdata_get_env))
+		{
+			/* PGDATA found */
+			pg_data = pg_strdup(pgdata_get_env);
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			pg_log_error("no data directory specified");
+			pg_log_error_hint("You must identify the directory where the data for this database system "
+							  "will reside.  Do this with either the invocation option -D or the "
+							  "environment variable PGDATA.");
+			exit(1);
+		}
+	}
+
+	pgdata_native = pg_strdup(pg_data);
+	canonicalize_path(pg_data);
+
+	/*
+	 * we have to set PGDATA for postgres rather than pass it on the command
+	 * line to avoid dumb quoting problems on Windows, and we would especially
+	 * need quotes otherwise on Windows because paths there are most likely to
+	 * have embedded spaces.
+	 */
+	if (setenv("PGDATA", pg_data, 1) != 0)
+		pg_fatal("could not set environment");
+}
+
+
+void
+setup_bin_paths(const char *argv0)
+{
+	int			ret;
+
+	if ((ret = find_other_exec(argv0, "postgres", PG_BACKEND_VERSIONSTR,
+							   backend_exec)) < 0)
+	{
+		char		full_path[MAXPGPATH];
+
+		if (find_my_exec(argv0, full_path) < 0)
+			strlcpy(full_path, progname, sizeof(full_path));
+
+		if (ret == -1)
+			pg_fatal("program \"%s\" is needed by %s but was not found in the same directory as \"%s\"",
+					 "postgres", progname, full_path);
+		else
+			pg_fatal("program \"%s\" was found by \"%s\" but was not the same version as %s",
+					 "postgres", full_path, progname);
+	}
+
+	/* store binary directory */
+	strcpy(bin_path, backend_exec);
+	*last_dir_separator(bin_path) = '\0';
+	canonicalize_path(bin_path);
+
+	if (!share_path)
+	{
+		share_path = pg_malloc(MAXPGPATH);
+		get_share_path(backend_exec, share_path);
+	}
+	else if (!is_absolute_path(share_path))
+		pg_fatal("input file location must be an absolute path");
+
+	canonicalize_path(share_path);
+}
+
+void
+setup_locale_encoding(void)
+{
+	setlocales();
+
+	if (locale_provider == COLLPROVIDER_LIBC &&
+		strcmp(lc_ctype, lc_collate) == 0 &&
+		strcmp(lc_ctype, lc_time) == 0 &&
+		strcmp(lc_ctype, lc_numeric) == 0 &&
+		strcmp(lc_ctype, lc_monetary) == 0 &&
+		strcmp(lc_ctype, lc_messages) == 0 &&
+		(!icu_locale || strcmp(lc_ctype, icu_locale) == 0))
+		printf(_("The database cluster will be initialized with locale \"%s\".\n"), lc_ctype);
+	else
+	{
+		printf(_("The database cluster will be initialized with this locale configuration:\n"));
+		printf(_("  provider:    %s\n"), collprovider_name(locale_provider));
+		if (icu_locale)
+			printf(_("  ICU locale:  %s\n"), icu_locale);
+		printf(_("  LC_COLLATE:  %s\n"
+				 "  LC_CTYPE:    %s\n"
+				 "  LC_MESSAGES: %s\n"
+				 "  LC_MONETARY: %s\n"
+				 "  LC_NUMERIC:  %s\n"
+				 "  LC_TIME:     %s\n"),
+			   lc_collate,
+			   lc_ctype,
+			   lc_messages,
+			   lc_monetary,
+			   lc_numeric,
+			   lc_time);
+	}
+
+	if (!encoding && locale_provider == COLLPROVIDER_ICU)
+	{
+		encodingid = PG_UTF8;
+		printf(_("The default database encoding has been set to \"%s\".\n"),
+			   pg_encoding_to_char(encodingid));
+	}
+	else if (!encoding)
+	{
+		int			ctype_enc;
+
+		ctype_enc = pg_get_encoding_from_locale(lc_ctype, true);
+
+		if (ctype_enc == -1)
+		{
+			/* Couldn't recognize the locale's codeset */
+			pg_log_error("could not find suitable encoding for locale \"%s\"",
+						 lc_ctype);
+			pg_log_error_hint("Rerun %s with the -E option.", progname);
+			pg_log_error_hint("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.", progname);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		else if (!pg_valid_server_encoding_id(ctype_enc))
+		{
+			/*
+			 * We recognized it, but it's not a legal server encoding. On
+			 * Windows, UTF-8 works with any locale, so we can fall back to
+			 * UTF-8.
+			 */
+#ifdef WIN32
+			encodingid = PG_UTF8;
+			printf(_("Encoding \"%s\" implied by locale is not allowed as a server-side encoding.\n"
+					 "The default database encoding will be set to \"%s\" instead.\n"),
+				   pg_encoding_to_char(ctype_enc),
+				   pg_encoding_to_char(encodingid));
+#else
+			pg_log_error("locale \"%s\" requires unsupported encoding \"%s\"",
+						 lc_ctype, pg_encoding_to_char(ctype_enc));
+			pg_log_error_detail("Encoding \"%s\" is not allowed as a server-side encoding.",
+								pg_encoding_to_char(ctype_enc));
+			pg_log_error_hint("Rerun %s with a different locale selection.",
+							  progname);
+			exit(1);
+#endif
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			encodingid = ctype_enc;
+			printf(_("The default database encoding has accordingly been set to \"%s\".\n"),
+				   pg_encoding_to_char(encodingid));
+		}
+	}
+	else
+		encodingid = get_encoding_id(encoding);
+
+	if (!check_locale_encoding(lc_ctype, encodingid) ||
+		!check_locale_encoding(lc_collate, encodingid))
+		exit(1);				/* check_locale_encoding printed the error */
+
+	if (locale_provider == COLLPROVIDER_ICU &&
+		!check_icu_locale_encoding(encodingid))
+		exit(1);
+}
+
+
+void
+setup_data_file_paths(void)
+{
+	set_input(&bki_file, "postgres.bki");
+	set_input(&hba_file, "pg_hba.conf.sample");
+	set_input(&ident_file, "pg_ident.conf.sample");
+	set_input(&conf_file, "postgresql.conf.sample");
+	set_input(&dictionary_file, "snowball_create.sql");
+	set_input(&info_schema_file, "information_schema.sql");
+	set_input(&features_file, "sql_features.txt");
+	set_input(&system_constraints_file, "system_constraints.sql");
+	set_input(&system_functions_file, "system_functions.sql");
+	set_input(&system_views_file, "system_views.sql");
+
+	if (show_setting || debug)
+	{
+		fprintf(stderr,
+				"VERSION=%s\n"
+				"PGDATA=%s\nshare_path=%s\nPGPATH=%s\n"
+				"POSTGRES_SUPERUSERNAME=%s\nPOSTGRES_BKI=%s\n"
+				"POSTGRESQL_CONF_SAMPLE=%s\n"
+				"PG_HBA_SAMPLE=%s\nPG_IDENT_SAMPLE=%s\n",
+				PG_VERSION,
+				pg_data, share_path, bin_path,
+				username, bki_file,
+				conf_file,
+				hba_file, ident_file);
+		if (show_setting)
+			exit(0);
+	}
+
+	check_input(bki_file);
+	check_input(hba_file);
+	check_input(ident_file);
+	check_input(conf_file);
+	check_input(dictionary_file);
+	check_input(info_schema_file);
+	check_input(features_file);
+	check_input(system_constraints_file);
+	check_input(system_functions_file);
+	check_input(system_views_file);
+}
+
+
+void
+setup_text_search(void)
+{
+	if (!default_text_search_config)
+	{
+		default_text_search_config = find_matching_ts_config(lc_ctype);
+		if (!default_text_search_config)
+		{
+			pg_log_info("could not find suitable text search configuration for locale \"%s\"",
+						lc_ctype);
+			default_text_search_config = "simple";
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		const char *checkmatch = find_matching_ts_config(lc_ctype);
+
+		if (checkmatch == NULL)
+		{
+			pg_log_warning("suitable text search configuration for locale \"%s\" is unknown",
+						   lc_ctype);
+		}
+		else if (strcmp(checkmatch, default_text_search_config) != 0)
+		{
+			pg_log_warning("specified text search configuration \"%s\" might not match locale \"%s\"",
+						   default_text_search_config, lc_ctype);
+		}
+	}
+
+	printf(_("The default text search configuration will be set to \"%s\".\n"),
+		   default_text_search_config);
+}
+
+
+void
+setup_signals(void)
+{
+	/* some of these are not valid on Windows */
+#ifdef SIGHUP
+	pqsignal(SIGHUP, trapsig);
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGINT
+	pqsignal(SIGINT, trapsig);
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGQUIT
+	pqsignal(SIGQUIT, trapsig);
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGTERM
+	pqsignal(SIGTERM, trapsig);
+#endif
+
+	/* Ignore SIGPIPE when writing to backend, so we can clean up */
+#ifdef SIGPIPE
+	pqsignal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
+#endif
+
+	/* Prevent SIGSYS so we can probe for kernel calls that might not work */
+#ifdef SIGSYS
+	pqsignal(SIGSYS, SIG_IGN);
+#endif
+}
+
+
+void
+create_data_directory(void)
+{
+	int			ret;
+
+	switch ((ret = pg_check_dir(pg_data)))
+	{
+		case 0:
+			/* PGDATA not there, must create it */
+			printf(_("creating directory %s ... "),
+				   pg_data);
+			fflush(stdout);
+
+			if (pg_mkdir_p(pg_data, pg_dir_create_mode) != 0)
+				pg_fatal("could not create directory \"%s\": %m", pg_data);
+			else
+				check_ok();
+
+			made_new_pgdata = true;
+			break;
+
+		case 1:
+			/* Present but empty, fix permissions and use it */
+			printf(_("fixing permissions on existing directory %s ... "),
+				   pg_data);
+			fflush(stdout);
+
+			if (chmod(pg_data, pg_dir_create_mode) != 0)
+				pg_fatal("could not change permissions of directory \"%s\": %m",
+						 pg_data);
+			else
+				check_ok();
+
+			found_existing_pgdata = true;
+			break;
+
+		case 2:
+		case 3:
+		case 4:
+			/* Present and not empty */
+			pg_log_error("directory \"%s\" exists but is not empty", pg_data);
+			if (ret != 4)
+				warn_on_mount_point(ret);
+			else
+				pg_log_error_hint("If you want to create a new database system, either remove or empty "
+								  "the directory \"%s\" or run %s "
+								  "with an argument other than \"%s\".",
+								  pg_data, progname, pg_data);
+			exit(1);			/* no further message needed */
+
+		default:
+			/* Trouble accessing directory */
+			pg_fatal("could not access directory \"%s\": %m", pg_data);
+	}
+}
+
+
+/* Create WAL directory, and symlink if required */
+void
+create_xlog_or_symlink(void)
+{
+	char	   *subdirloc;
+
+	/* form name of the place for the subdirectory or symlink */
+	subdirloc = psprintf("%s/pg_wal", pg_data);
+
+	if (xlog_dir)
+	{
+		int			ret;
+
+		/* clean up xlog directory name, check it's absolute */
+		canonicalize_path(xlog_dir);
+		if (!is_absolute_path(xlog_dir))
+			pg_fatal("WAL directory location must be an absolute path");
+
+		/* check if the specified xlog directory exists/is empty */
+		switch ((ret = pg_check_dir(xlog_dir)))
+		{
+			case 0:
+				/* xlog directory not there, must create it */
+				printf(_("creating directory %s ... "),
+					   xlog_dir);
+				fflush(stdout);
+
+				if (pg_mkdir_p(xlog_dir, pg_dir_create_mode) != 0)
+					pg_fatal("could not create directory \"%s\": %m",
+							 xlog_dir);
+				else
+					check_ok();
+
+				made_new_xlogdir = true;
+				break;
+
+			case 1:
+				/* Present but empty, fix permissions and use it */
+				printf(_("fixing permissions on existing directory %s ... "),
+					   xlog_dir);
+				fflush(stdout);
+
+				if (chmod(xlog_dir, pg_dir_create_mode) != 0)
+					pg_fatal("could not change permissions of directory \"%s\": %m",
+							 xlog_dir);
+				else
+					check_ok();
+
+				found_existing_xlogdir = true;
+				break;
+
+			case 2:
+			case 3:
+			case 4:
+				/* Present and not empty */
+				pg_log_error("directory \"%s\" exists but is not empty", xlog_dir);
+				if (ret != 4)
+					warn_on_mount_point(ret);
+				else
+					pg_log_error_hint("If you want to store the WAL there, either remove or empty the directory \"%s\".",
+									  xlog_dir);
+				exit(1);
+
+			default:
+				/* Trouble accessing directory */
+				pg_fatal("could not access directory \"%s\": %m", xlog_dir);
+		}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYMLINK
+		if (symlink(xlog_dir, subdirloc) != 0)
+			pg_fatal("could not create symbolic link \"%s\": %m",
+					 subdirloc);
+#else
+		pg_fatal("symlinks are not supported on this platform");
+#endif
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		/* Without -X option, just make the subdirectory normally */
+		if (mkdir(subdirloc, pg_dir_create_mode) < 0)
+			pg_fatal("could not create directory \"%s\": %m",
+					 subdirloc);
+	}
+
+	free(subdirloc);
+}
+
+
+void
+warn_on_mount_point(int error)
+{
+	if (error == 2)
+		pg_log_error_detail("It contains a dot-prefixed/invisible file, perhaps due to it being a mount point.");
+	else if (error == 3)
+		pg_log_error_detail("It contains a lost+found directory, perhaps due to it being a mount point.");
+
+	pg_log_error_hint("Using a mount point directly as the data directory is not recommended.\n"
+					  "Create a subdirectory under the mount point.");
+}
+
+
+void
+initialize_data_directory(void)
+{
+	PG_CMD_DECL;
+	int			i;
+
+	setup_signals();
+
+	/*
+	 * Set mask based on requested PGDATA permissions.  pg_mode_mask, and
+	 * friends like pg_dir_create_mode, are set to owner-only by default and
+	 * then updated if -g is passed in by calling SetDataDirectoryCreatePerm()
+	 * when parsing our options (see above).
+	 */
+	umask(pg_mode_mask);
+
+	create_data_directory();
+
+	create_xlog_or_symlink();
+
+	/* Create required subdirectories (other than pg_wal) */
+	printf(_("creating subdirectories ... "));
+	fflush(stdout);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < lengthof(subdirs); i++)
+	{
+		char	   *path;
+
+		path = psprintf("%s/%s", pg_data, subdirs[i]);
+
+		/*
+		 * The parent directory already exists, so we only need mkdir() not
+		 * pg_mkdir_p() here, which avoids some failure modes; cf bug #13853.
+		 */
+		if (mkdir(path, pg_dir_create_mode) < 0)
+			pg_fatal("could not create directory \"%s\": %m", path);
+
+		free(path);
+	}
+
+	check_ok();
+
+	/* Top level PG_VERSION is checked by bootstrapper, so make it first */
+	write_version_file(NULL);
+
+	/* Select suitable configuration settings */
+	set_null_conf();
+	test_config_settings();
+
+	/* Now create all the text config files */
+	setup_config();
+
+	/* Bootstrap template1 */
+	bootstrap_template1();
+
+	/*
+	 * Make the per-database PG_VERSION for template1 only after init'ing it
+	 */
+	write_version_file("base/1");
+
+	/*
+	 * Create the stuff we don't need to use bootstrap mode for, using a
+	 * backend running in simple standalone mode.
+	 */
+	fputs(_("performing post-bootstrap initialization ... "), stdout);
+	fflush(stdout);
+
+	snprintf(cmd, sizeof(cmd),
+			 "\"%s\" %s %s template1 >%s",
+			 backend_exec, backend_options, extra_options,
+			 DEVNULL);
+
+	PG_CMD_OPEN;
+
+	setup_auth(cmdfd);
+
+	setup_run_file(cmdfd, system_constraints_file);
+
+	setup_run_file(cmdfd, system_functions_file);
+
+	setup_depend(cmdfd);
+
+	/*
+	 * Note that no objects created after setup_depend() will be "pinned".
+	 * They are all droppable at the whim of the DBA.
+	 */
+
+	setup_run_file(cmdfd, system_views_file);
+
+	setup_description(cmdfd);
+
+	setup_collation(cmdfd);
+
+	setup_run_file(cmdfd, dictionary_file);
+
+	setup_privileges(cmdfd);
+
+	setup_schema(cmdfd);
+
+	load_plpgsql(cmdfd);
+
+	vacuum_db(cmdfd);
+
+	make_template0(cmdfd);
+
+	make_postgres(cmdfd);
+
+	PG_CMD_CLOSE;
+
+	check_ok();
+}
+
+
+int
+main(int argc, char *argv[])
+{
+	static struct option long_options[] = {
+		{"pgdata", required_argument, NULL, 'D'},
+		{"encoding", required_argument, NULL, 'E'},
+		{"locale", required_argument, NULL, 1},
+		{"lc-collate", required_argument, NULL, 2},
+		{"lc-ctype", required_argument, NULL, 3},
+		{"lc-monetary", required_argument, NULL, 4},
+		{"lc-numeric", required_argument, NULL, 5},
+		{"lc-time", required_argument, NULL, 6},
+		{"lc-messages", required_argument, NULL, 7},
+		{"no-locale", no_argument, NULL, 8},
+		{"text-search-config", required_argument, NULL, 'T'},
+		{"auth", required_argument, NULL, 'A'},
+		{"auth-local", required_argument, NULL, 10},
+		{"auth-host", required_argument, NULL, 11},
+		{"pwprompt", no_argument, NULL, 'W'},
+		{"pwfile", required_argument, NULL, 9},
+		{"username", required_argument, NULL, 'U'},
+		{"help", no_argument, NULL, '?'},
+		{"version", no_argument, NULL, 'V'},
+		{"debug", no_argument, NULL, 'd'},
+		{"show", no_argument, NULL, 's'},
+		{"noclean", no_argument, NULL, 'n'},	/* for backwards compatibility */
+		{"no-clean", no_argument, NULL, 'n'},
+		{"nosync", no_argument, NULL, 'N'}, /* for backwards compatibility */
+		{"no-sync", no_argument, NULL, 'N'},
+		{"no-instructions", no_argument, NULL, 13},
+		{"sync-only", no_argument, NULL, 'S'},
+		{"waldir", required_argument, NULL, 'X'},
+		{"wal-segsize", required_argument, NULL, 12},
+		{"data-checksums", no_argument, NULL, 'k'},
+		{"allow-group-access", no_argument, NULL, 'g'},
+		{"discard-caches", no_argument, NULL, 14},
+		{"locale-provider", required_argument, NULL, 15},
+		{"icu-locale", required_argument, NULL, 16},
+		{NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
+	};
+
+	/*
+	 * options with no short version return a low integer, the rest return
+	 * their short version value
+	 */
+	int			c;
+	int			option_index;
+	char	   *effective_user;
+	PQExpBuffer start_db_cmd;
+	char		pg_ctl_path[MAXPGPATH];
+
+	/*
+	 * Ensure that buffering behavior of stdout matches what it is in
+	 * interactive usage (at least on most platforms).  This prevents
+	 * unexpected output ordering when, eg, output is redirected to a file.
+	 * POSIX says we must do this before any other usage of these files.
+	 */
+	setvbuf(stdout, NULL, PG_IOLBF, 0);
+
+	pg_logging_init(argv[0]);
+	progname = get_progname(argv[0]);
+	set_pglocale_pgservice(argv[0], PG_TEXTDOMAIN("initdb"));
+
+	if (argc > 1)
+	{
+		if (strcmp(argv[1], "--help") == 0 || strcmp(argv[1], "-?") == 0)
+		{
+			usage(progname);
+			exit(0);
+		}
+		if (strcmp(argv[1], "--version") == 0 || strcmp(argv[1], "-V") == 0)
+		{
+			puts("initdb (PostgreSQL) " PG_VERSION);
+			exit(0);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* process command-line options */
+
+	while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "A:dD:E:gkL:nNsST:U:WX:", long_options, &option_index)) != -1)
+	{
+		switch (c)
+		{
+			case 'A':
+				authmethodlocal = authmethodhost = pg_strdup(optarg);
+
+				/*
+				 * When ident is specified, use peer for local connections.
+				 * Mirrored, when peer is specified, use ident for TCP/IP
+				 * connections.
+				 */
+				if (strcmp(authmethodhost, "ident") == 0)
+					authmethodlocal = "peer";
+				else if (strcmp(authmethodlocal, "peer") == 0)
+					authmethodhost = "ident";
+				break;
+			case 10:
+				authmethodlocal = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				break;
+			case 11:
+				authmethodhost = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				break;
+			case 'D':
+				pg_data = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				break;
+			case 'E':
+				encoding = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				break;
+			case 'W':
+				pwprompt = true;
+				break;
+			case 'U':
+				username = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				break;
+			case 'd':
+				debug = true;
+				printf(_("Running in debug mode.\n"));
+				break;
+			case 'n':
+				noclean = true;
+				printf(_("Running in no-clean mode.  Mistakes will not be cleaned up.\n"));
+				break;
+			case 'N':
+				do_sync = false;
+				break;
+			case 'S':
+				sync_only = true;
+				break;
+			case 'k':
+				data_checksums = true;
+				break;
+			case 'L':
+				share_path = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				break;
+			case 1:
+				locale = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				break;
+			case 2:
+				lc_collate = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				break;
+			case 3:
+				lc_ctype = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				break;
+			case 4:
+				lc_monetary = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				break;
+			case 5:
+				lc_numeric = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				break;
+			case 6:
+				lc_time = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				break;
+			case 7:
+				lc_messages = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				break;
+			case 8:
+				locale = "C";
+				break;
+			case 9:
+				pwfilename = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				break;
+			case 's':
+				show_setting = true;
+				break;
+			case 'T':
+				default_text_search_config = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				break;
+			case 'X':
+				xlog_dir = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				break;
+			case 12:
+				str_wal_segment_size_mb = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				break;
+			case 13:
+				noinstructions = true;
+				break;
+			case 'g':
+				SetDataDirectoryCreatePerm(PG_DIR_MODE_GROUP);
+				break;
+			case 14:
+				extra_options = psprintf("%s %s",
+										 extra_options,
+										 "-c debug_discard_caches=1");
+				break;
+			case 15:
+				if (strcmp(optarg, "icu") == 0)
+					locale_provider = COLLPROVIDER_ICU;
+				else if (strcmp(optarg, "libc") == 0)
+					locale_provider = COLLPROVIDER_LIBC;
+				else
+					pg_fatal("unrecognized locale provider: %s", optarg);
+				break;
+			case 16:
+				icu_locale = pg_strdup(optarg);
+				break;
+			default:
+				/* getopt_long already emitted a complaint */
+				pg_log_error_hint("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.", progname);
+				exit(1);
+		}
+	}
+
+
+	/*
+	 * Non-option argument specifies data directory as long as it wasn't
+	 * already specified with -D / --pgdata
+	 */
+	if (optind < argc && !pg_data)
+	{
+		pg_data = pg_strdup(argv[optind]);
+		optind++;
+	}
+
+	if (optind < argc)
+	{
+		pg_log_error("too many command-line arguments (first is \"%s\")",
+					 argv[optind]);
+		pg_log_error_hint("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.", progname);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	if (icu_locale && locale_provider != COLLPROVIDER_ICU)
+		pg_fatal("%s cannot be specified unless locale provider \"%s\" is chosen",
+				 "--icu-locale", "icu");
+
+	atexit(cleanup_directories_atexit);
+
+	/* If we only need to fsync, just do it and exit */
+	if (sync_only)
+	{
+		setup_pgdata();
+
+		/* must check that directory is readable */
+		if (pg_check_dir(pg_data) <= 0)
+			pg_fatal("could not access directory \"%s\": %m", pg_data);
+
+		fputs(_("syncing data to disk ... "), stdout);
+		fflush(stdout);
+		fsync_pgdata(pg_data, PG_VERSION_NUM);
+		check_ok();
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if (pwprompt && pwfilename)
+		pg_fatal("password prompt and password file cannot be specified together");
+
+	check_authmethod_unspecified(&authmethodlocal);
+	check_authmethod_unspecified(&authmethodhost);
+
+	check_authmethod_valid(authmethodlocal, auth_methods_local, "local");
+	check_authmethod_valid(authmethodhost, auth_methods_host, "host");
+
+	check_need_password(authmethodlocal, authmethodhost);
+
+	/* set wal segment size */
+	if (str_wal_segment_size_mb == NULL)
+		wal_segment_size_mb = (DEFAULT_XLOG_SEG_SIZE) / (1024 * 1024);
+	else
+	{
+		char	   *endptr;
+
+		/* check that the argument is a number */
+		wal_segment_size_mb = strtol(str_wal_segment_size_mb, &endptr, 10);
+
+		/* verify that wal segment size is valid */
+		if (endptr == str_wal_segment_size_mb || *endptr != '\0')
+			pg_fatal("argument of --wal-segsize must be a number");
+		if (!IsValidWalSegSize(wal_segment_size_mb * 1024 * 1024))
+			pg_fatal("argument of --wal-segsize must be a power of 2 between 1 and 1024");
+	}
+
+	get_restricted_token();
+
+	setup_pgdata();
+
+	setup_bin_paths(argv[0]);
+
+	effective_user = get_id();
+	if (!username)
+		username = effective_user;
+
+	if (strncmp(username, "pg_", 3) == 0)
+		pg_fatal("superuser name \"%s\" is disallowed; role names cannot begin with \"pg_\"", username);
+
+	printf(_("The files belonging to this database system will be owned "
+			 "by user \"%s\".\n"
+			 "This user must also own the server process.\n\n"),
+		   effective_user);
+
+	set_info_version();
+
+	setup_data_file_paths();
+
+	setup_locale_encoding();
+
+	setup_text_search();
+
+	printf("\n");
+
+	if (data_checksums)
+		printf(_("Data page checksums are enabled.\n"));
+	else
+		printf(_("Data page checksums are disabled.\n"));
+
+	if (pwprompt || pwfilename)
+		get_su_pwd();
+
+	printf("\n");
+
+	initialize_data_directory();
+
+	if (do_sync)
+	{
+		fputs(_("syncing data to disk ... "), stdout);
+		fflush(stdout);
+		fsync_pgdata(pg_data, PG_VERSION_NUM);
+		check_ok();
+	}
+	else
+		printf(_("\nSync to disk skipped.\nThe data directory might become corrupt if the operating system crashes.\n"));
+
+	if (authwarning)
+	{
+		printf("\n");
+		pg_log_warning("enabling \"trust\" authentication for local connections");
+		pg_log_warning_hint("You can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or "
+							"--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.");
+	}
+
+	if (!noinstructions)
+	{
+		/*
+		 * Build up a shell command to tell the user how to start the server
+		 */
+		start_db_cmd = createPQExpBuffer();
+
+		/* Get directory specification used to start initdb ... */
+		strlcpy(pg_ctl_path, argv[0], sizeof(pg_ctl_path));
+		canonicalize_path(pg_ctl_path);
+		get_parent_directory(pg_ctl_path);
+		/* ... and tag on pg_ctl instead */
+		join_path_components(pg_ctl_path, pg_ctl_path, "pg_ctl");
+
+		/* Convert the path to use native separators */
+		make_native_path(pg_ctl_path);
+
+		/* path to pg_ctl, properly quoted */
+		appendShellString(start_db_cmd, pg_ctl_path);
+
+		/* add -D switch, with properly quoted data directory */
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(start_db_cmd, " -D ");
+		appendShellString(start_db_cmd, pgdata_native);
+
+		/* add suggested -l switch and "start" command */
+		/* translator: This is a placeholder in a shell command. */
+		appendPQExpBuffer(start_db_cmd, " -l %s start", _("logfile"));
+
+		printf(_("\nSuccess. You can now start the database server using:\n\n"
+				 "    %s\n\n"),
+			   start_db_cmd->data);
+
+		destroyPQExpBuffer(start_db_cmd);
+	}
+
+
+	success = true;
+	return 0;
+}