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diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/html/plpython-database.html b/doc/src/sgml/html/plpython-database.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..baa9dbf --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/src/sgml/html/plpython-database.html @@ -0,0 +1,238 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>46.6. Database Access</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="plpython-trigger.html" title="46.5. Trigger Functions" /><link rel="next" href="plpython-subtransaction.html" title="46.7. Explicit Subtransactions" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">46.6. Database Access</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="plpython-trigger.html" title="46.5. Trigger Functions">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="plpython.html" title="Chapter 46. PL/Python — Python Procedural Language">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 46. PL/Python — Python Procedural Language</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.5 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="plpython-subtransaction.html" title="46.7. Explicit Subtransactions">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="PLPYTHON-DATABASE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">46.6. Database Access</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="plpython-database.html#id-1.8.11.14.3">46.6.1. Database Access Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="plpython-database.html#PLPYTHON-TRAPPING">46.6.2. Trapping Errors</a></span></dt></dl></div><p> + The PL/Python language module automatically imports a Python module + called <code class="literal">plpy</code>. The functions and constants in + this module are available to you in the Python code as + <code class="literal">plpy.<em class="replaceable"><code>foo</code></em></code>. + </p><div class="sect2" id="id-1.8.11.14.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">46.6.1. Database Access Functions</h3></div></div></div><p> + The <code class="literal">plpy</code> module provides several functions to execute + database commands: + </p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">plpy.<code class="function">execute</code>(<em class="replaceable"><code>query</code></em> [, <em class="replaceable"><code>limit</code></em>])</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Calling <code class="function">plpy.execute</code> with a query string and an + optional row limit argument causes that query to be run and the result to + be returned in a result object. + </p><p> + If <em class="replaceable"><code>limit</code></em> is specified and is greater than + zero, then <code class="function">plpy.execute</code> retrieves at + most <em class="replaceable"><code>limit</code></em> rows, much as if the query + included a <code class="literal">LIMIT</code> + clause. Omitting <em class="replaceable"><code>limit</code></em> or specifying it as + zero results in no row limit. + </p><p> + The result object emulates a list or dictionary object. The result + object can be accessed by row number and column name. For example: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +rv = plpy.execute("SELECT * FROM my_table", 5) +</pre><p> + returns up to 5 rows from <code class="literal">my_table</code>. If + <code class="literal">my_table</code> has a column + <code class="literal">my_column</code>, it would be accessed as: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +foo = rv[i]["my_column"] +</pre><p> + The number of rows returned can be obtained using the built-in + <code class="function">len</code> function. + </p><p> + The result object has these additional methods: + </p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><code class="function">nrows</code>()</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Returns the number of rows processed by the command. Note that this + is not necessarily the same as the number of rows returned. For + example, an <code class="command">UPDATE</code> command will set this value but + won't return any rows (unless <code class="literal">RETURNING</code> is used). + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><code class="function">status</code>()</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The <code class="function">SPI_execute()</code> return value. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><code class="function">colnames</code>()</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal"><code class="function">coltypes</code>()</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal"><code class="function">coltypmods</code>()</code></span></dt><dd><p> + Return a list of column names, list of column type OIDs, and list of + type-specific type modifiers for the columns, respectively. + </p><p> + These methods raise an exception when called on a result object from + a command that did not produce a result set, e.g., + <code class="command">UPDATE</code> without <code class="literal">RETURNING</code>, or + <code class="command">DROP TABLE</code>. But it is OK to use these methods on + a result set containing zero rows. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><code class="function">__str__</code>()</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The standard <code class="literal">__str__</code> method is defined so that it + is possible for example to debug query execution results + using <code class="literal">plpy.debug(rv)</code>. + </p></dd></dl></div><p> + </p><p> + The result object can be modified. + </p><p> + Note that calling <code class="literal">plpy.execute</code> will cause the entire + result set to be read into memory. Only use that function when you are + sure that the result set will be relatively small. If you don't want to + risk excessive memory usage when fetching large results, + use <code class="literal">plpy.cursor</code> rather + than <code class="literal">plpy.execute</code>. + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">plpy.<code class="function">prepare</code>(<em class="replaceable"><code>query</code></em> [, <em class="replaceable"><code>argtypes</code></em>])</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">plpy.<code class="function">execute</code>(<em class="replaceable"><code>plan</code></em> [, <em class="replaceable"><code>arguments</code></em> [, <em class="replaceable"><code>limit</code></em>]])</code></span></dt><dd><p> + <a id="id-1.8.11.14.3.3.2.3.1.1" class="indexterm"></a> + <code class="function">plpy.prepare</code> prepares the execution plan for a + query. It is called with a query string and a list of parameter types, + if you have parameter references in the query. For example: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +plan = plpy.prepare("SELECT last_name FROM my_users WHERE first_name = $1", ["text"]) +</pre><p> + <code class="literal">text</code> is the type of the variable you will be passing + for <code class="literal">$1</code>. The second argument is optional if you don't + want to pass any parameters to the query. + </p><p> + After preparing a statement, you use a variant of the + function <code class="function">plpy.execute</code> to run it: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +rv = plpy.execute(plan, ["name"], 5) +</pre><p> + Pass the plan as the first argument (instead of the query string), and a + list of values to substitute into the query as the second argument. The + second argument is optional if the query does not expect any parameters. + The third argument is the optional row limit as before. + </p><p> + Alternatively, you can call the <code class="function">execute</code> method on + the plan object: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +rv = plan.execute(["name"], 5) +</pre><p> + </p><p> + Query parameters and result row fields are converted between PostgreSQL + and Python data types as described in <a class="xref" href="plpython-data.html" title="46.2. Data Values">Section 46.2</a>. + </p><p> + When you prepare a plan using the PL/Python module it is automatically + saved. Read the SPI documentation (<a class="xref" href="spi.html" title="Chapter 47. Server Programming Interface">Chapter 47</a>) for a + description of what this means. In order to make effective use of this + across function calls one needs to use one of the persistent storage + dictionaries <code class="literal">SD</code> or <code class="literal">GD</code> (see + <a class="xref" href="plpython-sharing.html" title="46.3. Sharing Data">Section 46.3</a>). For example: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +CREATE FUNCTION usesavedplan() RETURNS trigger AS $$ + if "plan" in SD: + plan = SD["plan"] + else: + plan = plpy.prepare("SELECT 1") + SD["plan"] = plan + # rest of function +$$ LANGUAGE plpython3u; +</pre><p> + </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal">plpy.<code class="function">cursor</code>(<em class="replaceable"><code>query</code></em>)</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="literal">plpy.<code class="function">cursor</code>(<em class="replaceable"><code>plan</code></em> [, <em class="replaceable"><code>arguments</code></em>])</code></span></dt><dd><p> + The <code class="literal">plpy.cursor</code> function accepts the same arguments + as <code class="literal">plpy.execute</code> (except for the row limit) and returns + a cursor object, which allows you to process large result sets in smaller + chunks. As with <code class="literal">plpy.execute</code>, either a query string + or a plan object along with a list of arguments can be used, or + the <code class="function">cursor</code> function can be called as a method of + the plan object. + </p><p> + The cursor object provides a <code class="literal">fetch</code> method that accepts + an integer parameter and returns a result object. Each time you + call <code class="literal">fetch</code>, the returned object will contain the next + batch of rows, never larger than the parameter value. Once all rows are + exhausted, <code class="literal">fetch</code> starts returning an empty result + object. Cursor objects also provide an + <a class="ulink" href="https://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#iterator-types" target="_top">iterator + interface</a>, yielding one row at a time until all rows are + exhausted. Data fetched that way is not returned as result objects, but + rather as dictionaries, each dictionary corresponding to a single result + row. + </p><p> + An example of two ways of processing data from a large table is: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +CREATE FUNCTION count_odd_iterator() RETURNS integer AS $$ +odd = 0 +for row in plpy.cursor("select num from largetable"): + if row['num'] % 2: + odd += 1 +return odd +$$ LANGUAGE plpython3u; + +CREATE FUNCTION count_odd_fetch(batch_size integer) RETURNS integer AS $$ +odd = 0 +cursor = plpy.cursor("select num from largetable") +while True: + rows = cursor.fetch(batch_size) + if not rows: + break + for row in rows: + if row['num'] % 2: + odd += 1 +return odd +$$ LANGUAGE plpython3u; + +CREATE FUNCTION count_odd_prepared() RETURNS integer AS $$ +odd = 0 +plan = plpy.prepare("select num from largetable where num % $1 <> 0", ["integer"]) +rows = list(plpy.cursor(plan, [2])) # or: = list(plan.cursor([2])) + +return len(rows) +$$ LANGUAGE plpython3u; +</pre><p> + </p><p> + Cursors are automatically disposed of. But if you want to explicitly + release all resources held by a cursor, use the <code class="literal">close</code> + method. Once closed, a cursor cannot be fetched from anymore. + </p><div class="tip"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p> + Do not confuse objects created by <code class="literal">plpy.cursor</code> with + DB-API cursors as defined by + the <a class="ulink" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/" target="_top">Python + Database API specification</a>. They don't have anything in common + except for the name. + </p></div></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect2" id="PLPYTHON-TRAPPING"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">46.6.2. Trapping Errors</h3></div></div></div><p> + Functions accessing the database might encounter errors, which + will cause them to abort and raise an exception. Both + <code class="function">plpy.execute</code> and + <code class="function">plpy.prepare</code> can raise an instance of a subclass of + <code class="literal">plpy.SPIError</code>, which by default will terminate + the function. This error can be handled just like any other + Python exception, by using the <code class="literal">try/except</code> + construct. For example: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +CREATE FUNCTION try_adding_joe() RETURNS text AS $$ + try: + plpy.execute("INSERT INTO users(username) VALUES ('joe')") + except plpy.SPIError: + return "something went wrong" + else: + return "Joe added" +$$ LANGUAGE plpython3u; +</pre><p> + </p><p> + The actual class of the exception being raised corresponds to the + specific condition that caused the error. Refer + to <a class="xref" href="errcodes-appendix.html#ERRCODES-TABLE" title="Table A.1. PostgreSQL Error Codes">Table A.1</a> for a list of possible + conditions. The module + <code class="literal">plpy.spiexceptions</code> defines an exception class + for each <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> condition, deriving + their names from the condition name. For + instance, <code class="literal">division_by_zero</code> + becomes <code class="literal">DivisionByZero</code>, <code class="literal">unique_violation</code> + becomes <code class="literal">UniqueViolation</code>, <code class="literal">fdw_error</code> + becomes <code class="literal">FdwError</code>, and so on. Each of these + exception classes inherits from <code class="literal">SPIError</code>. This + separation makes it easier to handle specific errors, for + instance: +</p><pre class="programlisting"> +CREATE FUNCTION insert_fraction(numerator int, denominator int) RETURNS text AS $$ +from plpy import spiexceptions +try: + plan = plpy.prepare("INSERT INTO fractions (frac) VALUES ($1 / $2)", ["int", "int"]) + plpy.execute(plan, [numerator, denominator]) +except spiexceptions.DivisionByZero: + return "denominator cannot equal zero" +except spiexceptions.UniqueViolation: + return "already have that fraction" +except plpy.SPIError as e: + return "other error, SQLSTATE %s" % e.sqlstate +else: + return "fraction inserted" +$$ LANGUAGE plpython3u; +</pre><p> + Note that because all exceptions from + the <code class="literal">plpy.spiexceptions</code> module inherit + from <code class="literal">SPIError</code>, an <code class="literal">except</code> + clause handling it will catch any database access error. + </p><p> + As an alternative way of handling different error conditions, you + can catch the <code class="literal">SPIError</code> exception and determine + the specific error condition inside the <code class="literal">except</code> + block by looking at the <code class="literal">sqlstate</code> attribute of + the exception object. This attribute is a string value containing + the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">SQLSTATE</span>”</span> error code. This approach provides + approximately the same functionality + </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="plpython-trigger.html" title="46.5. Trigger Functions">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="plpython.html" title="Chapter 46. PL/Python — Python Procedural Language">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="plpython-subtransaction.html" title="46.7. Explicit Subtransactions">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">46.5. Trigger Functions </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.5 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 46.7. Explicit Subtransactions</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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