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diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/html/runtime-config-resource.html b/doc/src/sgml/html/runtime-config-resource.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f184318 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/src/sgml/html/runtime-config-resource.html @@ -0,0 +1,714 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>20.4. Resource Consumption</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="runtime-config-connection.html" title="20.3. Connections and Authentication" /><link rel="next" href="runtime-config-wal.html" title="20.5. Write Ahead Log" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">20.4. Resource Consumption</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="runtime-config-connection.html" title="20.3. Connections and Authentication">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="runtime-config.html" title="Chapter 20. Server Configuration">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 20. Server Configuration</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.5 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="runtime-config-wal.html" title="20.5. Write Ahead Log">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="RUNTIME-CONFIG-RESOURCE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">20.4. Resource Consumption</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="runtime-config-resource.html#RUNTIME-CONFIG-RESOURCE-MEMORY">20.4.1. Memory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="runtime-config-resource.html#RUNTIME-CONFIG-RESOURCE-DISK">20.4.2. Disk</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="runtime-config-resource.html#RUNTIME-CONFIG-RESOURCE-KERNEL">20.4.3. Kernel Resource Usage</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="runtime-config-resource.html#RUNTIME-CONFIG-RESOURCE-VACUUM-COST">20.4.4. Cost-based Vacuum Delay</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="runtime-config-resource.html#RUNTIME-CONFIG-RESOURCE-BACKGROUND-WRITER">20.4.5. Background Writer</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="runtime-config-resource.html#RUNTIME-CONFIG-RESOURCE-ASYNC-BEHAVIOR">20.4.6. Asynchronous Behavior</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect2" id="RUNTIME-CONFIG-RESOURCE-MEMORY"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">20.4.1. Memory</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt id="GUC-SHARED-BUFFERS"><span class="term"><code class="varname">shared_buffers</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.2.2.1.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the amount of memory the database server uses for shared + memory buffers. The default is typically 128 megabytes + (<code class="literal">128MB</code>), but might be less if your kernel settings will + not support it (as determined during <span class="application">initdb</span>). + This setting must be at least 128 kilobytes. However, + settings significantly higher than the minimum are usually needed + for good performance. + If this value is specified without units, it is taken as blocks, + that is <code class="symbol">BLCKSZ</code> bytes, typically 8kB. + (Non-default values of <code class="symbol">BLCKSZ</code> change the minimum + value.) + This parameter can only be set at server start. + </p><p> + If you have a dedicated database server with 1GB or more of RAM, a + reasonable starting value for <code class="varname">shared_buffers</code> is 25% + of the memory in your system. There are some workloads where even + larger settings for <code class="varname">shared_buffers</code> are effective, but + because <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> also relies on the + operating system cache, it is unlikely that an allocation of more than + 40% of RAM to <code class="varname">shared_buffers</code> will work better than a + smaller amount. Larger settings for <code class="varname">shared_buffers</code> + usually require a corresponding increase in + <code class="varname">max_wal_size</code>, in order to spread out the + process of writing large quantities of new or changed data over a + longer period of time. + </p><p> + On systems with less than 1GB of RAM, a smaller percentage of RAM is + appropriate, so as to leave adequate space for the operating system. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-HUGE-PAGES"><span class="term"><code class="varname">huge_pages</code> (<code class="type">enum</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.2.2.2.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Controls whether huge pages are requested for the main shared memory + area. Valid values are <code class="literal">try</code> (the default), + <code class="literal">on</code>, and <code class="literal">off</code>. With + <code class="varname">huge_pages</code> set to <code class="literal">try</code>, the + server will try to request huge pages, but fall back to the default if + that fails. With <code class="literal">on</code>, failure to request huge pages + will prevent the server from starting up. With <code class="literal">off</code>, + huge pages will not be requested. + </p><p> + At present, this setting is supported only on Linux and Windows. The + setting is ignored on other systems when set to + <code class="literal">try</code>. On Linux, it is only supported when + <code class="varname">shared_memory_type</code> is set to <code class="literal">mmap</code> + (the default). + </p><p> + The use of huge pages results in smaller page tables and less CPU time + spent on memory management, increasing performance. For more details about + using huge pages on Linux, see <a class="xref" href="kernel-resources.html#LINUX-HUGE-PAGES" title="19.4.5. Linux Huge Pages">Section 19.4.5</a>. + </p><p> + Huge pages are known as large pages on Windows. To use them, you need to + assign the user right <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Lock pages in memory</span>”</span> to the Windows user account + that runs <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>. + You can use Windows Group Policy tool (gpedit.msc) to assign the user right + <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Lock pages in memory</span>”</span>. + To start the database server on the command prompt as a standalone process, + not as a Windows service, the command prompt must be run as an administrator or + User Access Control (UAC) must be disabled. When the UAC is enabled, the normal + command prompt revokes the user right <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Lock pages in memory</span>”</span> when started. + </p><p> + Note that this setting only affects the main shared memory area. + Operating systems such as Linux, FreeBSD, and Illumos can also use + huge pages (also known as <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">super</span>”</span> pages or + <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">large</span>”</span> pages) automatically for normal memory + allocation, without an explicit request from + <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>. On Linux, this is called + <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">transparent huge pages</span>”</span><a id="id-1.6.7.7.2.2.2.2.5.5" class="indexterm"></a> (THP). That feature has been known to + cause performance degradation with + <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> for some users on some Linux + versions, so its use is currently discouraged (unlike explicit use of + <code class="varname">huge_pages</code>). + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-HUGE-PAGE-SIZE"><span class="term"><code class="varname">huge_page_size</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.2.2.3.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Controls the size of huge pages, when they are enabled with + <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-HUGE-PAGES">huge_pages</a>. + The default is zero (<code class="literal">0</code>). + When set to <code class="literal">0</code>, the default huge page size on the + system will be used. This parameter can only be set at server start. + </p><p> + Some commonly available page sizes on modern 64 bit server architectures include: + <code class="literal">2MB</code> and <code class="literal">1GB</code> (Intel and AMD), <code class="literal">16MB</code> and + <code class="literal">16GB</code> (IBM POWER), and <code class="literal">64kB</code>, <code class="literal">2MB</code>, + <code class="literal">32MB</code> and <code class="literal">1GB</code> (ARM). For more information + about usage and support, see <a class="xref" href="kernel-resources.html#LINUX-HUGE-PAGES" title="19.4.5. Linux Huge Pages">Section 19.4.5</a>. + </p><p> + Non-default settings are currently supported only on Linux. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-TEMP-BUFFERS"><span class="term"><code class="varname">temp_buffers</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.2.2.4.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the maximum amount of memory used for temporary buffers within + each database session. These are session-local buffers used only + for access to temporary tables. + If this value is specified without units, it is taken as blocks, + that is <code class="symbol">BLCKSZ</code> bytes, typically 8kB. + The default is eight megabytes (<code class="literal">8MB</code>). + (If <code class="symbol">BLCKSZ</code> is not 8kB, the default value scales + proportionally to it.) + This setting can be changed within individual + sessions, but only before the first use of temporary tables + within the session; subsequent attempts to change the value will + have no effect on that session. + </p><p> + A session will allocate temporary buffers as needed up to the limit + given by <code class="varname">temp_buffers</code>. The cost of setting a large + value in sessions that do not actually need many temporary + buffers is only a buffer descriptor, or about 64 bytes, per + increment in <code class="varname">temp_buffers</code>. However if a buffer is + actually used an additional 8192 bytes will be consumed for it + (or in general, <code class="symbol">BLCKSZ</code> bytes). + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-MAX-PREPARED-TRANSACTIONS"><span class="term"><code class="varname">max_prepared_transactions</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.2.2.5.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the maximum number of transactions that can be in the + <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">prepared</span>”</span> state simultaneously (see <a class="xref" href="sql-prepare-transaction.html" title="PREPARE TRANSACTION"><span class="refentrytitle">PREPARE TRANSACTION</span></a>). + Setting this parameter to zero (which is the default) + disables the prepared-transaction feature. + This parameter can only be set at server start. + </p><p> + If you are not planning to use prepared transactions, this parameter + should be set to zero to prevent accidental creation of prepared + transactions. If you are using prepared transactions, you will + probably want <code class="varname">max_prepared_transactions</code> to be at + least as large as <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-connection.html#GUC-MAX-CONNECTIONS">max_connections</a>, so that every + session can have a prepared transaction pending. + </p><p> + When running a standby server, you must set this parameter to the + same or higher value than on the primary server. Otherwise, queries + will not be allowed in the standby server. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-WORK-MEM"><span class="term"><code class="varname">work_mem</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.2.2.6.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the base maximum amount of memory to be used by a query operation + (such as a sort or hash table) before writing to temporary disk files. + If this value is specified without units, it is taken as kilobytes. + The default value is four megabytes (<code class="literal">4MB</code>). + Note that a complex query might perform several sort and hash + operations at the same time, with each operation generally being + allowed to use as much memory as this value specifies before + it starts + to write data into temporary files. Also, several running + sessions could be doing such operations concurrently. + Therefore, the total memory used could be many times the value + of <code class="varname">work_mem</code>; it is necessary to keep this + fact in mind when choosing the value. Sort operations are used + for <code class="literal">ORDER BY</code>, <code class="literal">DISTINCT</code>, + and merge joins. + Hash tables are used in hash joins, hash-based aggregation, memoize + nodes and hash-based processing of <code class="literal">IN</code> subqueries. + </p><p> + Hash-based operations are generally more sensitive to memory + availability than equivalent sort-based operations. The + memory limit for a hash table is computed by multiplying + <code class="varname">work_mem</code> by + <code class="varname">hash_mem_multiplier</code>. This makes it + possible for hash-based operations to use an amount of memory + that exceeds the usual <code class="varname">work_mem</code> base + amount. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-HASH-MEM-MULTIPLIER"><span class="term"><code class="varname">hash_mem_multiplier</code> (<code class="type">floating point</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.2.2.7.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Used to compute the maximum amount of memory that hash-based + operations can use. The final limit is determined by + multiplying <code class="varname">work_mem</code> by + <code class="varname">hash_mem_multiplier</code>. The default value is + 2.0, which makes hash-based operations use twice the usual + <code class="varname">work_mem</code> base amount. + </p><p> + Consider increasing <code class="varname">hash_mem_multiplier</code> in + environments where spilling by query operations is a regular + occurrence, especially when simply increasing + <code class="varname">work_mem</code> results in memory pressure (memory + pressure typically takes the form of intermittent out of + memory errors). The default setting of 2.0 is often effective with + mixed workloads. Higher settings in the range of 2.0 - 8.0 or + more may be effective in environments where + <code class="varname">work_mem</code> has already been increased to 40MB + or more. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-MAINTENANCE-WORK-MEM"><span class="term"><code class="varname">maintenance_work_mem</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.2.2.8.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies the maximum amount of memory to be used by maintenance + operations, such as <code class="command">VACUUM</code>, <code class="command">CREATE + INDEX</code>, and <code class="command">ALTER TABLE ADD FOREIGN KEY</code>. + If this value is specified without units, it is taken as kilobytes. + It defaults + to 64 megabytes (<code class="literal">64MB</code>). Since only one of these + operations can be executed at a time by a database session, and + an installation normally doesn't have many of them running + concurrently, it's safe to set this value significantly larger + than <code class="varname">work_mem</code>. Larger settings might improve + performance for vacuuming and for restoring database dumps. + </p><p> + Note that when autovacuum runs, up to + <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-autovacuum.html#GUC-AUTOVACUUM-MAX-WORKERS">autovacuum_max_workers</a> times this memory + may be allocated, so be careful not to set the default value + too high. It may be useful to control for this by separately + setting <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-AUTOVACUUM-WORK-MEM">autovacuum_work_mem</a>. + </p><p> + Note that for the collection of dead tuple identifiers, + <code class="command">VACUUM</code> is only able to utilize up to a maximum of + <code class="literal">1GB</code> of memory. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-AUTOVACUUM-WORK-MEM"><span class="term"><code class="varname">autovacuum_work_mem</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.2.2.9.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies the maximum amount of memory to be used by each + autovacuum worker process. + If this value is specified without units, it is taken as kilobytes. + It defaults to -1, indicating that + the value of <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-MAINTENANCE-WORK-MEM">maintenance_work_mem</a> should + be used instead. The setting has no effect on the behavior of + <code class="command">VACUUM</code> when run in other contexts. + This parameter can only be set in the + <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code> file or on the server command + line. + </p><p> + For the collection of dead tuple identifiers, autovacuum is only able + to utilize up to a maximum of <code class="literal">1GB</code> of memory, so + setting <code class="varname">autovacuum_work_mem</code> to a value higher than + that has no effect on the number of dead tuples that autovacuum can + collect while scanning a table. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-LOGICAL-DECODING-WORK-MEM"><span class="term"><code class="varname">logical_decoding_work_mem</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.2.2.10.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies the maximum amount of memory to be used by logical decoding, + before some of the decoded changes are written to local disk. This + limits the amount of memory used by logical streaming replication + connections. It defaults to 64 megabytes (<code class="literal">64MB</code>). + Since each replication connection only uses a single buffer of this size, + and an installation normally doesn't have many such connections + concurrently (as limited by <code class="varname">max_wal_senders</code>), it's + safe to set this value significantly higher than <code class="varname">work_mem</code>, + reducing the amount of decoded changes written to disk. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-MAX-STACK-DEPTH"><span class="term"><code class="varname">max_stack_depth</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.2.2.11.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies the maximum safe depth of the server's execution stack. + The ideal setting for this parameter is the actual stack size limit + enforced by the kernel (as set by <code class="literal">ulimit -s</code> or local + equivalent), less a safety margin of a megabyte or so. The safety + margin is needed because the stack depth is not checked in every + routine in the server, but only in key potentially-recursive routines. + If this value is specified without units, it is taken as kilobytes. + The default setting is two megabytes (<code class="literal">2MB</code>), which + is conservatively small and unlikely to risk crashes. However, + it might be too small to allow execution of complex functions. + Only superusers and users with the appropriate <code class="literal">SET</code> + privilege can change this setting. + </p><p> + Setting <code class="varname">max_stack_depth</code> higher than + the actual kernel limit will mean that a runaway recursive function + can crash an individual backend process. On platforms where + <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> can determine the kernel limit, + the server will not allow this variable to be set to an unsafe + value. However, not all platforms provide the information, + so caution is recommended in selecting a value. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-SHARED-MEMORY-TYPE"><span class="term"><code class="varname">shared_memory_type</code> (<code class="type">enum</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.2.2.12.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies the shared memory implementation that the server + should use for the main shared memory region that holds + <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>'s shared buffers and other + shared data. Possible values are <code class="literal">mmap</code> (for + anonymous shared memory allocated using <code class="function">mmap</code>), + <code class="literal">sysv</code> (for System V shared memory allocated via + <code class="function">shmget</code>) and <code class="literal">windows</code> (for Windows + shared memory). Not all values are supported on all platforms; the + first supported option is the default for that platform. The use of + the <code class="literal">sysv</code> option, which is not the default on any + platform, is generally discouraged because it typically requires + non-default kernel settings to allow for large allocations (see <a class="xref" href="kernel-resources.html#SYSVIPC" title="19.4.1. Shared Memory and Semaphores">Section 19.4.1</a>). + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-DYNAMIC-SHARED-MEMORY-TYPE"><span class="term"><code class="varname">dynamic_shared_memory_type</code> (<code class="type">enum</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.2.2.13.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies the dynamic shared memory implementation that the server + should use. Possible values are <code class="literal">posix</code> (for POSIX shared + memory allocated using <code class="literal">shm_open</code>), <code class="literal">sysv</code> + (for System V shared memory allocated via <code class="literal">shmget</code>), + <code class="literal">windows</code> (for Windows shared memory), + and <code class="literal">mmap</code> (to simulate shared memory using + memory-mapped files stored in the data directory). + Not all values are supported on all platforms; the first supported + option is usually the default for that platform. The use of the + <code class="literal">mmap</code> option, which is not the default on any platform, + is generally discouraged because the operating system may write + modified pages back to disk repeatedly, increasing system I/O load; + however, it may be useful for debugging, when the + <code class="literal">pg_dynshmem</code> directory is stored on a RAM disk, or when + other shared memory facilities are not available. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-MIN-DYNAMIC-SHARED-MEMORY"><span class="term"><code class="varname">min_dynamic_shared_memory</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.2.2.14.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies the amount of memory that should be allocated at server + startup for use by parallel queries. When this memory region is + insufficient or exhausted by concurrent queries, new parallel queries + try to allocate extra shared memory temporarily from the operating + system using the method configured with + <code class="varname">dynamic_shared_memory_type</code>, which may be slower due + to memory management overheads. Memory that is allocated at startup + with <code class="varname">min_dynamic_shared_memory</code> is affected by + the <code class="varname">huge_pages</code> setting on operating systems where + that is supported, and may be more likely to benefit from larger pages + on operating systems where that is managed automatically. + The default value is <code class="literal">0</code> (none). This parameter can + only be set at server start. + </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect2" id="RUNTIME-CONFIG-RESOURCE-DISK"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">20.4.2. Disk</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt id="GUC-TEMP-FILE-LIMIT"><span class="term"><code class="varname">temp_file_limit</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.3.2.1.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies the maximum amount of disk space that a process can use + for temporary files, such as sort and hash temporary files, or the + storage file for a held cursor. A transaction attempting to exceed + this limit will be canceled. + If this value is specified without units, it is taken as kilobytes. + <code class="literal">-1</code> (the default) means no limit. + Only superusers and users with the appropriate <code class="literal">SET</code> + privilege can change this setting. + </p><p> + This setting constrains the total space used at any instant by all + temporary files used by a given <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> process. + It should be noted that disk space used for explicit temporary + tables, as opposed to temporary files used behind-the-scenes in query + execution, does <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> count against this limit. + </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect2" id="RUNTIME-CONFIG-RESOURCE-KERNEL"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">20.4.3. Kernel Resource Usage</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt id="GUC-MAX-FILES-PER-PROCESS"><span class="term"><code class="varname">max_files_per_process</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.4.2.1.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the maximum number of simultaneously open files allowed to each + server subprocess. The default is one thousand files. If the kernel is enforcing + a safe per-process limit, you don't need to worry about this setting. + But on some platforms (notably, most BSD systems), the kernel will + allow individual processes to open many more files than the system + can actually support if many processes all try to open + that many files. If you find yourself seeing <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Too many open + files</span>”</span> failures, try reducing this setting. + This parameter can only be set at server start. + </p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect2" id="RUNTIME-CONFIG-RESOURCE-VACUUM-COST"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">20.4.4. Cost-based Vacuum Delay</h3></div></div></div><p> + During the execution of <a class="xref" href="sql-vacuum.html" title="VACUUM"><span class="refentrytitle">VACUUM</span></a> + and <a class="xref" href="sql-analyze.html" title="ANALYZE"><span class="refentrytitle">ANALYZE</span></a> + commands, the system maintains an + internal counter that keeps track of the estimated cost of the + various I/O operations that are performed. When the accumulated + cost reaches a limit (specified by + <code class="varname">vacuum_cost_limit</code>), the process performing + the operation will sleep for a short period of time, as specified by + <code class="varname">vacuum_cost_delay</code>. Then it will reset the + counter and continue execution. + </p><p> + The intent of this feature is to allow administrators to reduce + the I/O impact of these commands on concurrent database + activity. There are many situations where it is not + important that maintenance commands like + <code class="command">VACUUM</code> and <code class="command">ANALYZE</code> finish + quickly; however, it is usually very important that these + commands do not significantly interfere with the ability of the + system to perform other database operations. Cost-based vacuum + delay provides a way for administrators to achieve this. + </p><p> + This feature is disabled by default for manually issued + <code class="command">VACUUM</code> commands. To enable it, set the + <code class="varname">vacuum_cost_delay</code> variable to a nonzero + value. + </p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt id="GUC-VACUUM-COST-DELAY"><span class="term"><code class="varname">vacuum_cost_delay</code> (<code class="type">floating point</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.5.5.1.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + The amount of time that the process will sleep + when the cost limit has been exceeded. + If this value is specified without units, it is taken as milliseconds. + The default value is zero, which disables the cost-based vacuum + delay feature. Positive values enable cost-based vacuuming. + </p><p> + When using cost-based vacuuming, appropriate values for + <code class="varname">vacuum_cost_delay</code> are usually quite small, perhaps + less than 1 millisecond. While <code class="varname">vacuum_cost_delay</code> + can be set to fractional-millisecond values, such delays may not be + measured accurately on older platforms. On such platforms, + increasing <code class="command">VACUUM</code>'s throttled resource consumption + above what you get at 1ms will require changing the other vacuum cost + parameters. You should, nonetheless, + keep <code class="varname">vacuum_cost_delay</code> as small as your platform + will consistently measure; large delays are not helpful. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-VACUUM-COST-PAGE-HIT"><span class="term"><code class="varname">vacuum_cost_page_hit</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.5.5.2.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + The estimated cost for vacuuming a buffer found in the shared buffer + cache. It represents the cost to lock the buffer pool, lookup + the shared hash table and scan the content of the page. The + default value is one. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-VACUUM-COST-PAGE-MISS"><span class="term"><code class="varname">vacuum_cost_page_miss</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.5.5.3.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + The estimated cost for vacuuming a buffer that has to be read from + disk. This represents the effort to lock the buffer pool, + lookup the shared hash table, read the desired block in from + the disk and scan its content. The default value is 2. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-VACUUM-COST-PAGE-DIRTY"><span class="term"><code class="varname">vacuum_cost_page_dirty</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.5.5.4.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + The estimated cost charged when vacuum modifies a block that was + previously clean. It represents the extra I/O required to + flush the dirty block out to disk again. The default value is + 20. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-VACUUM-COST-LIMIT"><span class="term"><code class="varname">vacuum_cost_limit</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.5.5.5.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + The accumulated cost that will cause the vacuuming process to sleep. + The default value is 200. + </p></dd></dl></div><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p> + There are certain operations that hold critical locks and should + therefore complete as quickly as possible. Cost-based vacuum + delays do not occur during such operations. Therefore it is + possible that the cost accumulates far higher than the specified + limit. To avoid uselessly long delays in such cases, the actual + delay is calculated as <code class="varname">vacuum_cost_delay</code> * + <code class="varname">accumulated_balance</code> / + <code class="varname">vacuum_cost_limit</code> with a maximum of + <code class="varname">vacuum_cost_delay</code> * 4. + </p></div></div><div class="sect2" id="RUNTIME-CONFIG-RESOURCE-BACKGROUND-WRITER"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">20.4.5. Background Writer</h3></div></div></div><p> + There is a separate server + process called the <em class="firstterm">background writer</em>, whose function + is to issue writes of <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">dirty</span>”</span> (new or modified) shared + buffers. When the number of clean shared buffers appears to be + insufficient, the background writer writes some dirty buffers to the + file system and marks them as clean. This reduces the likelihood + that server processes handling user queries will be unable to find + clean buffers and have to write dirty buffers themselves. + However, the background writer does cause a net overall + increase in I/O load, because while a repeatedly-dirtied page might + otherwise be written only once per checkpoint interval, the + background writer might write it several times as it is dirtied + in the same interval. The parameters discussed in this subsection + can be used to tune the behavior for local needs. + </p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt id="GUC-BGWRITER-DELAY"><span class="term"><code class="varname">bgwriter_delay</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.6.3.1.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Specifies the delay between activity rounds for the + background writer. In each round the writer issues writes + for some number of dirty buffers (controllable by the + following parameters). It then sleeps for + the length of <code class="varname">bgwriter_delay</code>, and repeats. + When there are no dirty buffers in the + buffer pool, though, it goes into a longer sleep regardless of + <code class="varname">bgwriter_delay</code>. + If this value is specified without units, it is taken as milliseconds. + The default value is 200 + milliseconds (<code class="literal">200ms</code>). Note that on many systems, the + effective resolution of sleep delays is 10 milliseconds; setting + <code class="varname">bgwriter_delay</code> to a value that is not a multiple of 10 + might have the same results as setting it to the next higher multiple + of 10. This parameter can only be set in the + <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code> file or on the server command line. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-BGWRITER-LRU-MAXPAGES"><span class="term"><code class="varname">bgwriter_lru_maxpages</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.6.3.2.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + In each round, no more than this many buffers will be written + by the background writer. Setting this to zero disables + background writing. (Note that checkpoints, which are managed by + a separate, dedicated auxiliary process, are unaffected.) + The default value is 100 buffers. + This parameter can only be set in the <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code> + file or on the server command line. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-BGWRITER-LRU-MULTIPLIER"><span class="term"><code class="varname">bgwriter_lru_multiplier</code> (<code class="type">floating point</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.6.3.3.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + The number of dirty buffers written in each round is based on the + number of new buffers that have been needed by server processes + during recent rounds. The average recent need is multiplied by + <code class="varname">bgwriter_lru_multiplier</code> to arrive at an estimate of the + number of buffers that will be needed during the next round. Dirty + buffers are written until there are that many clean, reusable buffers + available. (However, no more than <code class="varname">bgwriter_lru_maxpages</code> + buffers will be written per round.) + Thus, a setting of 1.0 represents a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">just in time</span>”</span> policy + of writing exactly the number of buffers predicted to be needed. + Larger values provide some cushion against spikes in demand, + while smaller values intentionally leave writes to be done by + server processes. + The default is 2.0. + This parameter can only be set in the <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code> + file or on the server command line. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-BGWRITER-FLUSH-AFTER"><span class="term"><code class="varname">bgwriter_flush_after</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.6.3.4.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Whenever more than this amount of data has + been written by the background writer, attempt to force the OS to issue these + writes to the underlying storage. Doing so will limit the amount of + dirty data in the kernel's page cache, reducing the likelihood of + stalls when an <code class="function">fsync</code> is issued at the end of a checkpoint, or when + the OS writes data back in larger batches in the background. Often + that will result in greatly reduced transaction latency, but there + also are some cases, especially with workloads that are bigger than + <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-SHARED-BUFFERS">shared_buffers</a>, but smaller than the OS's page + cache, where performance might degrade. This setting may have no + effect on some platforms. + If this value is specified without units, it is taken as blocks, + that is <code class="symbol">BLCKSZ</code> bytes, typically 8kB. + The valid range is between + <code class="literal">0</code>, which disables forced writeback, and + <code class="literal">2MB</code>. The default is <code class="literal">512kB</code> on Linux, + <code class="literal">0</code> elsewhere. (If <code class="symbol">BLCKSZ</code> is not 8kB, + the default and maximum values scale proportionally to it.) + This parameter can only be set in the <code class="filename">postgresql.conf</code> + file or on the server command line. + </p></dd></dl></div><p> + Smaller values of <code class="varname">bgwriter_lru_maxpages</code> and + <code class="varname">bgwriter_lru_multiplier</code> reduce the extra I/O load + caused by the background writer, but make it more likely that server + processes will have to issue writes for themselves, delaying interactive + queries. + </p></div><div class="sect2" id="RUNTIME-CONFIG-RESOURCE-ASYNC-BEHAVIOR"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">20.4.6. Asynchronous Behavior</h3></div></div></div><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt id="GUC-BACKEND-FLUSH-AFTER"><span class="term"><code class="varname">backend_flush_after</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.7.2.1.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Whenever more than this amount of data has + been written by a single backend, attempt to force the OS to issue + these writes to the underlying storage. Doing so will limit the + amount of dirty data in the kernel's page cache, reducing the + likelihood of stalls when an <code class="function">fsync</code> is issued at the end of a + checkpoint, or when the OS writes data back in larger batches in the + background. Often that will result in greatly reduced transaction + latency, but there also are some cases, especially with workloads + that are bigger than <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-SHARED-BUFFERS">shared_buffers</a>, but smaller + than the OS's page cache, where performance might degrade. This + setting may have no effect on some platforms. + If this value is specified without units, it is taken as blocks, + that is <code class="symbol">BLCKSZ</code> bytes, typically 8kB. + The valid range is + between <code class="literal">0</code>, which disables forced writeback, + and <code class="literal">2MB</code>. The default is <code class="literal">0</code>, i.e., no + forced writeback. (If <code class="symbol">BLCKSZ</code> is not 8kB, + the maximum value scales proportionally to it.) + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-EFFECTIVE-IO-CONCURRENCY"><span class="term"><code class="varname">effective_io_concurrency</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.7.2.2.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the number of concurrent disk I/O operations that + <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> expects can be executed + simultaneously. Raising this value will increase the number of I/O + operations that any individual <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> session + attempts to initiate in parallel. The allowed range is 1 to 1000, + or zero to disable issuance of asynchronous I/O requests. Currently, + this setting only affects bitmap heap scans. + </p><p> + For magnetic drives, a good starting point for this setting is the + number of separate + drives comprising a RAID 0 stripe or RAID 1 mirror being used for the + database. (For RAID 5 the parity drive should not be counted.) + However, if the database is often busy with multiple queries issued in + concurrent sessions, lower values may be sufficient to keep the disk + array busy. A value higher than needed to keep the disks busy will + only result in extra CPU overhead. + SSDs and other memory-based storage can often process many + concurrent requests, so the best value might be in the hundreds. + </p><p> + Asynchronous I/O depends on an effective <code class="function">posix_fadvise</code> + function, which some operating systems lack. If the function is not + present then setting this parameter to anything but zero will result + in an error. On some operating systems (e.g., Solaris), the function + is present but does not actually do anything. + </p><p> + The default is 1 on supported systems, otherwise 0. This value can + be overridden for tables in a particular tablespace by setting the + tablespace parameter of the same name (see + <a class="xref" href="sql-altertablespace.html" title="ALTER TABLESPACE"><span class="refentrytitle">ALTER TABLESPACE</span></a>). + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-MAINTENANCE-IO-CONCURRENCY"><span class="term"><code class="varname">maintenance_io_concurrency</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.7.2.3.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Similar to <code class="varname">effective_io_concurrency</code>, but used + for maintenance work that is done on behalf of many client sessions. + </p><p> + The default is 10 on supported systems, otherwise 0. This value can + be overridden for tables in a particular tablespace by setting the + tablespace parameter of the same name (see + <a class="xref" href="sql-altertablespace.html" title="ALTER TABLESPACE"><span class="refentrytitle">ALTER TABLESPACE</span></a>). + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-MAX-WORKER-PROCESSES"><span class="term"><code class="varname">max_worker_processes</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.7.2.4.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the maximum number of background processes that the system + can support. This parameter can only be set at server start. The + default is 8. + </p><p> + When running a standby server, you must set this parameter to the + same or higher value than on the primary server. Otherwise, queries + will not be allowed in the standby server. + </p><p> + When changing this value, consider also adjusting + <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-MAX-PARALLEL-WORKERS">max_parallel_workers</a>, + <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-MAX-PARALLEL-MAINTENANCE-WORKERS">max_parallel_maintenance_workers</a>, and + <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-MAX-PARALLEL-WORKERS-PER-GATHER">max_parallel_workers_per_gather</a>. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-MAX-PARALLEL-WORKERS-PER-GATHER"><span class="term"><code class="varname">max_parallel_workers_per_gather</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.7.2.5.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the maximum number of workers that can be started by a single + <code class="literal">Gather</code> or <code class="literal">Gather Merge</code> node. + Parallel workers are taken from the pool of processes established by + <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-MAX-WORKER-PROCESSES">max_worker_processes</a>, limited by + <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-MAX-PARALLEL-WORKERS">max_parallel_workers</a>. Note that the requested + number of workers may not actually be available at run time. If this + occurs, the plan will run with fewer workers than expected, which may + be inefficient. The default value is 2. Setting this value to 0 + disables parallel query execution. + </p><p> + Note that parallel queries may consume very substantially more + resources than non-parallel queries, because each worker process is + a completely separate process which has roughly the same impact on the + system as an additional user session. This should be taken into + account when choosing a value for this setting, as well as when + configuring other settings that control resource utilization, such + as <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-WORK-MEM">work_mem</a>. Resource limits such as + <code class="varname">work_mem</code> are applied individually to each worker, + which means the total utilization may be much higher across all + processes than it would normally be for any single process. + For example, a parallel query using 4 workers may use up to 5 times + as much CPU time, memory, I/O bandwidth, and so forth as a query which + uses no workers at all. + </p><p> + For more information on parallel query, see + <a class="xref" href="parallel-query.html" title="Chapter 15. Parallel Query">Chapter 15</a>. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-MAX-PARALLEL-MAINTENANCE-WORKERS"><span class="term"><code class="varname">max_parallel_maintenance_workers</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.7.2.6.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the maximum number of parallel workers that can be + started by a single utility command. Currently, the parallel + utility commands that support the use of parallel workers are + <code class="command">CREATE INDEX</code> only when building a B-tree index, + and <code class="command">VACUUM</code> without <code class="literal">FULL</code> + option. Parallel workers are taken from the pool of processes + established by <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-MAX-WORKER-PROCESSES">max_worker_processes</a>, limited + by <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-MAX-PARALLEL-WORKERS">max_parallel_workers</a>. Note that the requested + number of workers may not actually be available at run time. + If this occurs, the utility operation will run with fewer + workers than expected. The default value is 2. Setting this + value to 0 disables the use of parallel workers by utility + commands. + </p><p> + Note that parallel utility commands should not consume + substantially more memory than equivalent non-parallel + operations. This strategy differs from that of parallel + query, where resource limits generally apply per worker + process. Parallel utility commands treat the resource limit + <code class="varname">maintenance_work_mem</code> as a limit to be applied to + the entire utility command, regardless of the number of + parallel worker processes. However, parallel utility + commands may still consume substantially more CPU resources + and I/O bandwidth. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-MAX-PARALLEL-WORKERS"><span class="term"><code class="varname">max_parallel_workers</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.7.2.7.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the maximum number of workers that the system can support for + parallel operations. The default value is 8. When increasing or + decreasing this value, consider also adjusting + <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-MAX-PARALLEL-MAINTENANCE-WORKERS">max_parallel_maintenance_workers</a> and + <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-MAX-PARALLEL-WORKERS-PER-GATHER">max_parallel_workers_per_gather</a>. + Also, note that a setting for this value which is higher than + <a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-MAX-WORKER-PROCESSES">max_worker_processes</a> will have no effect, + since parallel workers are taken from the pool of worker processes + established by that setting. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-PARALLEL-LEADER-PARTICIPATION"><span class="term"> + <code class="varname">parallel_leader_participation</code> (<code class="type">boolean</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.7.2.8.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Allows the leader process to execute the query plan under + <code class="literal">Gather</code> and <code class="literal">Gather Merge</code> nodes + instead of waiting for worker processes. The default is + <code class="literal">on</code>. Setting this value to <code class="literal">off</code> + reduces the likelihood that workers will become blocked because the + leader is not reading tuples fast enough, but requires the leader + process to wait for worker processes to start up before the first + tuples can be produced. The degree to which the leader can help or + hinder performance depends on the plan type, number of workers and + query duration. + </p></dd><dt id="GUC-OLD-SNAPSHOT-THRESHOLD"><span class="term"><code class="varname">old_snapshot_threshold</code> (<code class="type">integer</code>) + <a id="id-1.6.7.7.7.2.9.1.3" class="indexterm"></a> + </span></dt><dd><p> + Sets the minimum amount of time that a query snapshot can be used + without risk of a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">snapshot too old</span>”</span> error occurring + when using the snapshot. Data that has been dead for longer than + this threshold is allowed to be vacuumed away. This can help + prevent bloat in the face of snapshots which remain in use for a + long time. To prevent incorrect results due to cleanup of data which + would otherwise be visible to the snapshot, an error is generated + when the snapshot is older than this threshold and the snapshot is + used to read a page which has been modified since the snapshot was + built. + </p><p> + If this value is specified without units, it is taken as minutes. + A value of <code class="literal">-1</code> (the default) disables this feature, + effectively setting the snapshot age limit to infinity. + This parameter can only be set at server start. + </p><p> + Useful values for production work probably range from a small number + of hours to a few days. Small values (such as <code class="literal">0</code> or + <code class="literal">1min</code>) are only allowed because they may sometimes be + useful for testing. While a setting as high as <code class="literal">60d</code> is + allowed, please note that in many workloads extreme bloat or + transaction ID wraparound may occur in much shorter time frames. + </p><p> + When this feature is enabled, freed space at the end of a relation + cannot be released to the operating system, since that could remove + information needed to detect the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">snapshot too old</span>”</span> + condition. All space allocated to a relation remains associated with + that relation for reuse only within that relation unless explicitly + freed (for example, with <code class="command">VACUUM FULL</code>). + </p><p> + This setting does not attempt to guarantee that an error will be + generated under any particular circumstances. In fact, if the + correct results can be generated from (for example) a cursor which + has materialized a result set, no error will be generated even if the + underlying rows in the referenced table have been vacuumed away. + Some tables cannot safely be vacuumed early, and so will not be + affected by this setting, such as system catalogs. For such tables + this setting will neither reduce bloat nor create a possibility + of a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">snapshot too old</span>”</span> error on scanning. + </p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="runtime-config-connection.html" title="20.3. Connections and Authentication">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="runtime-config.html" title="Chapter 20. 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