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+--
+-- Test GiST indexes.
+--
+-- There are other tests to test different GiST opclasses. This is for
+-- testing GiST code itself. Vacuuming in particular.
+
+create table gist_point_tbl(id int4, p point);
+create index gist_pointidx on gist_point_tbl using gist(p);
+
+-- Verify the fillfactor and buffering options
+create index gist_pointidx2 on gist_point_tbl using gist(p) with (buffering = on, fillfactor=50);
+create index gist_pointidx3 on gist_point_tbl using gist(p) with (buffering = off);
+create index gist_pointidx4 on gist_point_tbl using gist(p) with (buffering = auto);
+drop index gist_pointidx2, gist_pointidx3, gist_pointidx4;
+
+-- Make sure bad values are refused
+create index gist_pointidx5 on gist_point_tbl using gist(p) with (buffering = invalid_value);
+create index gist_pointidx5 on gist_point_tbl using gist(p) with (fillfactor=9);
+create index gist_pointidx5 on gist_point_tbl using gist(p) with (fillfactor=101);
+
+-- Insert enough data to create a tree that's a couple of levels deep.
+insert into gist_point_tbl (id, p)
+select g,        point(g*10, g*10) from generate_series(1, 10000) g;
+
+insert into gist_point_tbl (id, p)
+select g+100000, point(g*10+1, g*10+1) from generate_series(1, 10000) g;
+
+-- To test vacuum, delete some entries from all over the index.
+delete from gist_point_tbl where id % 2 = 1;
+
+-- And also delete some concentration of values.
+delete from gist_point_tbl where id > 5000;
+
+vacuum analyze gist_point_tbl;
+
+-- rebuild the index with a different fillfactor
+alter index gist_pointidx SET (fillfactor = 40);
+reindex index gist_pointidx;
+
+--
+-- Test Index-only plans on GiST indexes
+--
+
+create table gist_tbl (b box, p point, c circle);
+
+insert into gist_tbl
+select box(point(0.05*i, 0.05*i), point(0.05*i, 0.05*i)),
+       point(0.05*i, 0.05*i),
+       circle(point(0.05*i, 0.05*i), 1.0)
+from generate_series(0,10000) as i;
+
+vacuum analyze gist_tbl;
+
+set enable_seqscan=off;
+set enable_bitmapscan=off;
+set enable_indexonlyscan=on;
+
+-- Test index-only scan with point opclass
+create index gist_tbl_point_index on gist_tbl using gist (p);
+
+-- check that the planner chooses an index-only scan
+explain (costs off)
+select p from gist_tbl where p <@ box(point(0,0), point(0.5, 0.5));
+
+-- execute the same
+select p from gist_tbl where p <@ box(point(0,0), point(0.5, 0.5));
+
+-- Also test an index-only knn-search
+explain (costs off)
+select p from gist_tbl where p <@ box(point(0,0), point(0.5, 0.5))
+order by p <-> point(0.201, 0.201);
+
+select p from gist_tbl where p <@ box(point(0,0), point(0.5, 0.5))
+order by p <-> point(0.201, 0.201);
+
+-- Check commuted case as well
+explain (costs off)
+select p from gist_tbl where p <@ box(point(0,0), point(0.5, 0.5))
+order by point(0.101, 0.101) <-> p;
+
+select p from gist_tbl where p <@ box(point(0,0), point(0.5, 0.5))
+order by point(0.101, 0.101) <-> p;
+
+-- Check case with multiple rescans (bug #14641)
+explain (costs off)
+select p from
+  (values (box(point(0,0), point(0.5,0.5))),
+          (box(point(0.5,0.5), point(0.75,0.75))),
+          (box(point(0.8,0.8), point(1.0,1.0)))) as v(bb)
+cross join lateral
+  (select p from gist_tbl where p <@ bb order by p <-> bb[0] limit 2) ss;
+
+select p from
+  (values (box(point(0,0), point(0.5,0.5))),
+          (box(point(0.5,0.5), point(0.75,0.75))),
+          (box(point(0.8,0.8), point(1.0,1.0)))) as v(bb)
+cross join lateral
+  (select p from gist_tbl where p <@ bb order by p <-> bb[0] limit 2) ss;
+
+drop index gist_tbl_point_index;
+
+-- Test index-only scan with box opclass
+create index gist_tbl_box_index on gist_tbl using gist (b);
+
+-- check that the planner chooses an index-only scan
+explain (costs off)
+select b from gist_tbl where b <@ box(point(5,5), point(6,6));
+
+-- execute the same
+select b from gist_tbl where b <@ box(point(5,5), point(6,6));
+
+-- Also test an index-only knn-search
+explain (costs off)
+select b from gist_tbl where b <@ box(point(5,5), point(6,6))
+order by b <-> point(5.2, 5.91);
+
+select b from gist_tbl where b <@ box(point(5,5), point(6,6))
+order by b <-> point(5.2, 5.91);
+
+-- Check commuted case as well
+explain (costs off)
+select b from gist_tbl where b <@ box(point(5,5), point(6,6))
+order by point(5.2, 5.91) <-> b;
+
+select b from gist_tbl where b <@ box(point(5,5), point(6,6))
+order by point(5.2, 5.91) <-> b;
+
+drop index gist_tbl_box_index;
+
+-- Test that an index-only scan is not chosen, when the query involves the
+-- circle column (the circle opclass does not support index-only scans).
+create index gist_tbl_multi_index on gist_tbl using gist (p, c);
+
+explain (costs off)
+select p, c from gist_tbl
+where p <@ box(point(5,5), point(6, 6));
+
+-- execute the same
+select b, p from gist_tbl
+where b <@ box(point(4.5, 4.5), point(5.5, 5.5))
+and p <@ box(point(5,5), point(6, 6));
+
+drop index gist_tbl_multi_index;
+
+-- Test that we don't try to return the value of a non-returnable
+-- column in an index-only scan.  (This isn't GIST-specific, but
+-- it only applies to index AMs that can return some columns and not
+-- others, so GIST with appropriate opclasses is a convenient test case.)
+create index gist_tbl_multi_index on gist_tbl using gist (circle(p,1), p);
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select circle(p,1) from gist_tbl
+where p <@ box(point(5, 5), point(5.3, 5.3));
+select circle(p,1) from gist_tbl
+where p <@ box(point(5, 5), point(5.3, 5.3));
+
+-- Similarly, test that index rechecks involving a non-returnable column
+-- are done correctly.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select p from gist_tbl where circle(p,1) @> circle(point(0,0),0.95);
+select p from gist_tbl where circle(p,1) @> circle(point(0,0),0.95);
+
+-- Also check that use_physical_tlist doesn't trigger in such cases.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select count(*) from gist_tbl;
+select count(*) from gist_tbl;
+
+-- This case isn't supported, but it should at least EXPLAIN correctly.
+explain (verbose, costs off)
+select p from gist_tbl order by circle(p,1) <-> point(0,0) limit 1;
+select p from gist_tbl order by circle(p,1) <-> point(0,0) limit 1;
+
+-- Clean up
+reset enable_seqscan;
+reset enable_bitmapscan;
+reset enable_indexonlyscan;
+
+drop table gist_tbl;
+
+-- test an unlogged table, mostly to get coverage of gistbuildempty
+create unlogged table gist_tbl (b box);
+create index gist_tbl_box_index on gist_tbl using gist (b);
+insert into gist_tbl
+  select box(point(0.05*i, 0.05*i)) from generate_series(0,10) as i;
+drop table gist_tbl;