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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>F.15. earthdistance</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="dict-xsyn.html" title="F.14. dict_xsyn" /><link rel="next" href="file-fdw.html" title="F.16. file_fdw" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">F.15. earthdistance</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="dict-xsyn.html" title="F.14. dict_xsyn">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="contrib.html" title="Appendix F. Additional Supplied Modules">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix F. Additional Supplied Modules</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.7 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="file-fdw.html" title="F.16. file_fdw">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="EARTHDISTANCE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">F.15. earthdistance</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="earthdistance.html#id-1.11.7.24.7">F.15.1. Cube-Based Earth Distances</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="earthdistance.html#id-1.11.7.24.8">F.15.2. Point-Based Earth Distances</a></span></dt></dl></div><a id="id-1.11.7.24.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
The <code class="filename">earthdistance</code> module provides two different approaches to
calculating great circle distances on the surface of the Earth. The one
described first depends on the <code class="filename">cube</code> module.
The second one is based on the built-in <code class="type">point</code> data type,
using longitude and latitude for the coordinates.
</p><p>
In this module, the Earth is assumed to be perfectly spherical.
(If that's too inaccurate for you, you might want to look at the
<span class="application"><a class="ulink" href="https://postgis.net/" target="_top">PostGIS</a></span>
project.)
</p><p>
The <code class="filename">cube</code> module must be installed
before <code class="filename">earthdistance</code> can be installed
(although you can use the <code class="literal">CASCADE</code> option
of <code class="command">CREATE EXTENSION</code> to install both in one command).
</p><div class="caution"><h3 class="title">Caution</h3><p>
It is strongly recommended that <code class="filename">earthdistance</code>
and <code class="filename">cube</code> be installed in the same schema, and that
that schema be one for which CREATE privilege has not been and will not
be granted to any untrusted users.
Otherwise there are installation-time security hazards
if <code class="filename">earthdistance</code>'s schema contains objects defined
by a hostile user.
Furthermore, when using <code class="filename">earthdistance</code>'s functions
after installation, the entire search path should contain only trusted
schemas.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="id-1.11.7.24.7"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">F.15.1. Cube-Based Earth Distances</h3></div></div></div><p>
Data is stored in cubes that are points (both corners are the same) using 3
coordinates representing the x, y, and z distance from the center of the
Earth. A <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DOMAIN"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DOMAIN" title="Domain">domain</a></em></a>
<code class="type">earth</code> over type <code class="type">cube</code> is provided, which
includes constraint checks that the value meets these restrictions and
is reasonably close to the actual surface of the Earth.
</p><p>
The radius of the Earth is obtained from the <code class="function">earth()</code>
function. It is given in meters. But by changing this one function you can
change the module to use some other units, or to use a different value of
the radius that you feel is more appropriate.
</p><p>
This package has applications to astronomical databases as well.
Astronomers will probably want to change <code class="function">earth()</code> to return a
radius of <code class="literal">180/pi()</code> so that distances are in degrees.
</p><p>
Functions are provided to support input in latitude and longitude (in
degrees), to support output of latitude and longitude, to calculate
the great circle distance between two points and to easily specify a
bounding box usable for index searches.
</p><p>
The provided functions are shown
in <a class="xref" href="earthdistance.html#EARTHDISTANCE-CUBE-FUNCTIONS" title="Table F.5. Cube-Based Earthdistance Functions">Table F.5</a>.
</p><div class="table" id="EARTHDISTANCE-CUBE-FUNCTIONS"><p class="title"><strong>Table F.5. Cube-Based Earthdistance Functions</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Cube-Based Earthdistance Functions" border="1"><colgroup><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
Function
</p>
<p>
Description
</p></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<a id="id-1.11.7.24.7.7.2.2.1.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="function">earth</code> ()
→ <code class="returnvalue">float8</code>
</p>
<p>
Returns the assumed radius of the Earth.
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<a id="id-1.11.7.24.7.7.2.2.2.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="function">sec_to_gc</code> ( <code class="type">float8</code> )
→ <code class="returnvalue">float8</code>
</p>
<p>
Converts the normal straight line
(secant) distance between two points on the surface of the Earth
to the great circle distance between them.
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<a id="id-1.11.7.24.7.7.2.2.3.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="function">gc_to_sec</code> ( <code class="type">float8</code> )
→ <code class="returnvalue">float8</code>
</p>
<p>
Converts the great circle distance between two points on the
surface of the Earth to the normal straight line (secant) distance
between them.
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<a id="id-1.11.7.24.7.7.2.2.4.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="function">ll_to_earth</code> ( <code class="type">float8</code>, <code class="type">float8</code> )
→ <code class="returnvalue">earth</code>
</p>
<p>
Returns the location of a point on the surface of the Earth given
its latitude (argument 1) and longitude (argument 2) in degrees.
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<a id="id-1.11.7.24.7.7.2.2.5.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="function">latitude</code> ( <code class="type">earth</code> )
→ <code class="returnvalue">float8</code>
</p>
<p>
Returns the latitude in degrees of a point on the surface of the
Earth.
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<a id="id-1.11.7.24.7.7.2.2.6.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="function">longitude</code> ( <code class="type">earth</code> )
→ <code class="returnvalue">float8</code>
</p>
<p>
Returns the longitude in degrees of a point on the surface of the
Earth.
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<a id="id-1.11.7.24.7.7.2.2.7.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="function">earth_distance</code> ( <code class="type">earth</code>, <code class="type">earth</code> )
→ <code class="returnvalue">float8</code>
</p>
<p>
Returns the great circle distance between two points on the
surface of the Earth.
</p></td></tr><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<a id="id-1.11.7.24.7.7.2.2.8.1.1.1" class="indexterm"></a>
<code class="function">earth_box</code> ( <code class="type">earth</code>, <code class="type">float8</code> )
→ <code class="returnvalue">cube</code>
</p>
<p>
Returns a box suitable for an indexed search using the <code class="type">cube</code>
<code class="literal">@></code>
operator for points within a given great circle distance of a location.
Some points in this box are further than the specified great circle
distance from the location, so a second check using
<code class="function">earth_distance</code> should be included in the query.
</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div><div class="sect2" id="id-1.11.7.24.8"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">F.15.2. Point-Based Earth Distances</h3></div></div></div><p>
The second part of the module relies on representing Earth locations as
values of type <code class="type">point</code>, in which the first component is taken to
represent longitude in degrees, and the second component is taken to
represent latitude in degrees. Points are taken as (longitude, latitude)
and not vice versa because longitude is closer to the intuitive idea of
x-axis and latitude to y-axis.
</p><p>
A single operator is provided, shown
in <a class="xref" href="earthdistance.html#EARTHDISTANCE-POINT-OPERATORS" title="Table F.6. Point-Based Earthdistance Operators">Table F.6</a>.
</p><div class="table" id="EARTHDISTANCE-POINT-OPERATORS"><p class="title"><strong>Table F.6. Point-Based Earthdistance Operators</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table class="table" summary="Point-Based Earthdistance Operators" border="1"><colgroup><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
Operator
</p>
<p>
Description
</p></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="func_table_entry"><p class="func_signature">
<code class="type">point</code> <code class="literal"><@></code> <code class="type">point</code>
→ <code class="returnvalue">float8</code>
</p>
<p>
Computes the distance in statute miles between
two points on the Earth's surface.
</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
Note that unlike the <code class="type">cube</code>-based part of the module, units
are hardwired here: changing the <code class="function">earth()</code> function will
not affect the results of this operator.
</p><p>
One disadvantage of the longitude/latitude representation is that
you need to be careful about the edge conditions near the poles
and near +/- 180 degrees of longitude. The <code class="type">cube</code>-based
representation avoids these discontinuities.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="dict-xsyn.html" title="F.14. dict_xsyn">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="contrib.html" title="Appendix F. Additional Supplied Modules">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="file-fdw.html" title="F.16. file_fdw">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">F.14. dict_xsyn </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.7 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> F.16. file_fdw</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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