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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>9.24. Row and Array Comparisons</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="functions-subquery.html" title="9.23. Subquery Expressions" /><link rel="next" href="functions-srf.html" title="9.25. Set Returning Functions" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">9.24. Row and Array Comparisons</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="functions-subquery.html" title="9.23. Subquery Expressions">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="functions.html" title="Chapter 9. Functions and Operators">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 9. Functions and Operators</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.5 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="functions-srf.html" title="9.25. Set Returning Functions">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="FUNCTIONS-COMPARISONS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">9.24. Row and Array Comparisons</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-comparisons.html#FUNCTIONS-COMPARISONS-IN-SCALAR">9.24.1. <code class="literal">IN</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-comparisons.html#id-1.5.8.30.15">9.24.2. <code class="literal">NOT IN</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-comparisons.html#id-1.5.8.30.16">9.24.3. <code class="literal">ANY</code>/<code class="literal">SOME</code> (array)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-comparisons.html#id-1.5.8.30.17">9.24.4. <code class="literal">ALL</code> (array)</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-comparisons.html#ROW-WISE-COMPARISON">9.24.5. Row Constructor Comparison</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="functions-comparisons.html#COMPOSITE-TYPE-COMPARISON">9.24.6. Composite Type Comparison</a></span></dt></dl></div><a id="id-1.5.8.30.2" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.8.30.3" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.8.30.4" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.8.30.5" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.8.30.6" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.8.30.7" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.8.30.8" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.8.30.9" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.8.30.10" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.8.30.11" class="indexterm"></a><a id="id-1.5.8.30.12" class="indexterm"></a><p>
This section describes several specialized constructs for making
multiple comparisons between groups of values. These forms are
syntactically related to the subquery forms of the previous section,
but do not involve subqueries.
The forms involving array subexpressions are
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> extensions; the rest are
<acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym>-compliant.
All of the expression forms documented in this section return
Boolean (true/false) results.
</p><div class="sect2" id="FUNCTIONS-COMPARISONS-IN-SCALAR"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">9.24.1. <code class="literal">IN</code></h3></div></div></div><pre class="synopsis">
<em class="replaceable"><code>expression</code></em> IN (<em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> [<span class="optional">, ...</span>])
</pre><p>
The right-hand side is a parenthesized list
of expressions. The result is <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">true</span>”</span> if the left-hand expression's
result is equal to any of the right-hand expressions. This is a shorthand
notation for
</p><pre class="synopsis">
<em class="replaceable"><code>expression</code></em> = <em class="replaceable"><code>value1</code></em>
OR
<em class="replaceable"><code>expression</code></em> = <em class="replaceable"><code>value2</code></em>
OR
...
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Note that if the left-hand expression yields null, or if there are
no equal right-hand values and at least one right-hand expression yields
null, the result of the <code class="token">IN</code> construct will be null, not false.
This is in accordance with SQL's normal rules for Boolean combinations
of null values.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="id-1.5.8.30.15"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">9.24.2. <code class="literal">NOT IN</code></h3></div></div></div><pre class="synopsis">
<em class="replaceable"><code>expression</code></em> NOT IN (<em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> [<span class="optional">, ...</span>])
</pre><p>
The right-hand side is a parenthesized list
of expressions. The result is <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">true</span>”</span> if the left-hand expression's
result is unequal to all of the right-hand expressions. This is a shorthand
notation for
</p><pre class="synopsis">
<em class="replaceable"><code>expression</code></em> <> <em class="replaceable"><code>value1</code></em>
AND
<em class="replaceable"><code>expression</code></em> <> <em class="replaceable"><code>value2</code></em>
AND
...
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Note that if the left-hand expression yields null, or if there are
no equal right-hand values and at least one right-hand expression yields
null, the result of the <code class="token">NOT IN</code> construct will be null, not true
as one might naively expect.
This is in accordance with SQL's normal rules for Boolean combinations
of null values.
</p><div class="tip"><h3 class="title">Tip</h3><p>
<code class="literal">x NOT IN y</code> is equivalent to <code class="literal">NOT (x IN y)</code> in all
cases. However, null values are much more likely to trip up the novice when
working with <code class="token">NOT IN</code> than when working with <code class="token">IN</code>.
It is best to express your condition positively if possible.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" id="id-1.5.8.30.16"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">9.24.3. <code class="literal">ANY</code>/<code class="literal">SOME</code> (array)</h3></div></div></div><pre class="synopsis">
<em class="replaceable"><code>expression</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>operator</code></em> ANY (<em class="replaceable"><code>array expression</code></em>)
<em class="replaceable"><code>expression</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>operator</code></em> SOME (<em class="replaceable"><code>array expression</code></em>)
</pre><p>
The right-hand side is a parenthesized expression, which must yield an
array value.
The left-hand expression
is evaluated and compared to each element of the array using the
given <em class="replaceable"><code>operator</code></em>, which must yield a Boolean
result.
The result of <code class="token">ANY</code> is <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">true</span>”</span> if any true result is obtained.
The result is <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">false</span>”</span> if no true result is found (including the
case where the array has zero elements).
</p><p>
If the array expression yields a null array, the result of
<code class="token">ANY</code> will be null. If the left-hand expression yields null,
the result of <code class="token">ANY</code> is ordinarily null (though a non-strict
comparison operator could possibly yield a different result).
Also, if the right-hand array contains any null elements and no true
comparison result is obtained, the result of <code class="token">ANY</code>
will be null, not false (again, assuming a strict comparison operator).
This is in accordance with SQL's normal rules for Boolean combinations
of null values.
</p><p>
<code class="token">SOME</code> is a synonym for <code class="token">ANY</code>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="id-1.5.8.30.17"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">9.24.4. <code class="literal">ALL</code> (array)</h3></div></div></div><pre class="synopsis">
<em class="replaceable"><code>expression</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>operator</code></em> ALL (<em class="replaceable"><code>array expression</code></em>)
</pre><p>
The right-hand side is a parenthesized expression, which must yield an
array value.
The left-hand expression
is evaluated and compared to each element of the array using the
given <em class="replaceable"><code>operator</code></em>, which must yield a Boolean
result.
The result of <code class="token">ALL</code> is <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">true</span>”</span> if all comparisons yield true
(including the case where the array has zero elements).
The result is <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">false</span>”</span> if any false result is found.
</p><p>
If the array expression yields a null array, the result of
<code class="token">ALL</code> will be null. If the left-hand expression yields null,
the result of <code class="token">ALL</code> is ordinarily null (though a non-strict
comparison operator could possibly yield a different result).
Also, if the right-hand array contains any null elements and no false
comparison result is obtained, the result of <code class="token">ALL</code>
will be null, not true (again, assuming a strict comparison operator).
This is in accordance with SQL's normal rules for Boolean combinations
of null values.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="ROW-WISE-COMPARISON"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">9.24.5. Row Constructor Comparison</h3></div></div></div><pre class="synopsis">
<em class="replaceable"><code>row_constructor</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>operator</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>row_constructor</code></em>
</pre><p>
Each side is a row constructor,
as described in <a class="xref" href="sql-expressions.html#SQL-SYNTAX-ROW-CONSTRUCTORS" title="4.2.13. Row Constructors">Section 4.2.13</a>.
The two row constructors must have the same number of fields.
The given <em class="replaceable"><code>operator</code></em> is applied to each pair
of corresponding fields. (Since the fields could be of different
types, this means that a different specific operator could be selected
for each pair.)
All the selected operators must be members of some B-tree operator
class, or be the negator of an <code class="literal">=</code> member of a B-tree
operator class, meaning that row constructor comparison is only
possible when the <em class="replaceable"><code>operator</code></em> is
<code class="literal">=</code>,
<code class="literal"><></code>,
<code class="literal"><</code>,
<code class="literal"><=</code>,
<code class="literal">></code>, or
<code class="literal">>=</code>,
or has semantics similar to one of these.
</p><p>
The <code class="literal">=</code> and <code class="literal"><></code> cases work slightly differently
from the others. Two rows are considered
equal if all their corresponding members are non-null and equal; the rows
are unequal if any corresponding members are non-null and unequal;
otherwise the result of the row comparison is unknown (null).
</p><p>
For the <code class="literal"><</code>, <code class="literal"><=</code>, <code class="literal">></code> and
<code class="literal">>=</code> cases, the row elements are compared left-to-right,
stopping as soon as an unequal or null pair of elements is found.
If either of this pair of elements is null, the result of the
row comparison is unknown (null); otherwise comparison of this pair
of elements determines the result. For example,
<code class="literal">ROW(1,2,NULL) < ROW(1,3,0)</code>
yields true, not null, because the third pair of elements are not
considered.
</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
Prior to <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> 8.2, the
<code class="literal"><</code>, <code class="literal"><=</code>, <code class="literal">></code> and <code class="literal">>=</code>
cases were not handled per SQL specification. A comparison like
<code class="literal">ROW(a,b) < ROW(c,d)</code>
was implemented as
<code class="literal">a < c AND b < d</code>
whereas the correct behavior is equivalent to
<code class="literal">a < c OR (a = c AND b < d)</code>.
</p></div><pre class="synopsis">
<em class="replaceable"><code>row_constructor</code></em> IS DISTINCT FROM <em class="replaceable"><code>row_constructor</code></em>
</pre><p>
This construct is similar to a <code class="literal"><></code> row comparison,
but it does not yield null for null inputs. Instead, any null value is
considered unequal to (distinct from) any non-null value, and any two
nulls are considered equal (not distinct). Thus the result will
either be true or false, never null.
</p><pre class="synopsis">
<em class="replaceable"><code>row_constructor</code></em> IS NOT DISTINCT FROM <em class="replaceable"><code>row_constructor</code></em>
</pre><p>
This construct is similar to a <code class="literal">=</code> row comparison,
but it does not yield null for null inputs. Instead, any null value is
considered unequal to (distinct from) any non-null value, and any two
nulls are considered equal (not distinct). Thus the result will always
be either true or false, never null.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="COMPOSITE-TYPE-COMPARISON"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">9.24.6. Composite Type Comparison</h3></div></div></div><pre class="synopsis">
<em class="replaceable"><code>record</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>operator</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>record</code></em>
</pre><p>
The SQL specification requires row-wise comparison to return NULL if the
result depends on comparing two NULL values or a NULL and a non-NULL.
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> does this only when comparing the
results of two row constructors (as in
<a class="xref" href="functions-comparisons.html#ROW-WISE-COMPARISON" title="9.24.5. Row Constructor Comparison">Section 9.24.5</a>) or comparing a row constructor
to the output of a subquery (as in <a class="xref" href="functions-subquery.html" title="9.23. Subquery Expressions">Section 9.23</a>).
In other contexts where two composite-type values are compared, two
NULL field values are considered equal, and a NULL is considered larger
than a non-NULL. This is necessary in order to have consistent sorting
and indexing behavior for composite types.
</p><p>
Each side is evaluated and they are compared row-wise. Composite type
comparisons are allowed when the <em class="replaceable"><code>operator</code></em> is
<code class="literal">=</code>,
<code class="literal"><></code>,
<code class="literal"><</code>,
<code class="literal"><=</code>,
<code class="literal">></code> or
<code class="literal">>=</code>,
or has semantics similar to one of these. (To be specific, an operator
can be a row comparison operator if it is a member of a B-tree operator
class, or is the negator of the <code class="literal">=</code> member of a B-tree operator
class.) The default behavior of the above operators is the same as for
<code class="literal">IS [ NOT ] DISTINCT FROM</code> for row constructors (see
<a class="xref" href="functions-comparisons.html#ROW-WISE-COMPARISON" title="9.24.5. Row Constructor Comparison">Section 9.24.5</a>).
</p><p>
To support matching of rows which include elements without a default
B-tree operator class, the following operators are defined for composite
type comparison:
<code class="literal">*=</code>,
<code class="literal">*<></code>,
<code class="literal">*<</code>,
<code class="literal">*<=</code>,
<code class="literal">*></code>, and
<code class="literal">*>=</code>.
These operators compare the internal binary representation of the two
rows. Two rows might have a different binary representation even
though comparisons of the two rows with the equality operator is true.
The ordering of rows under these comparison operators is deterministic
but not otherwise meaningful. These operators are used internally
for materialized views and might be useful for other specialized
purposes such as replication and B-Tree deduplication (see <a class="xref" href="btree-implementation.html#BTREE-DEDUPLICATION" title="67.4.3. Deduplication">Section 67.4.3</a>). They are not intended to be
generally useful for writing queries, though.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="functions-subquery.html" title="9.23. Subquery Expressions">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="functions.html" title="Chapter 9. Functions and Operators">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="functions-srf.html" title="9.25. Set Returning Functions">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">9.23. Subquery Expressions </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.5 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 9.25. Set Returning Functions</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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