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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Appendix M. Glossary</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="acronyms.html" title="Appendix L. Acronyms" /><link rel="next" href="color.html" title="Appendix N. Color Support" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">Appendix M. Glossary</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="acronyms.html" title="Appendix L. Acronyms">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="appendixes.html" title="Part VIII. Appendixes">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VIII. Appendixes</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.6 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="color.html" title="Appendix N. Color Support">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" id="GLOSSARY"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title">Appendix M. Glossary</h2></div></div></div><p>
This is a list of terms and their meaning in the context of
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> and relational database
systems in general.
</p><div class="glosslist"><dl><dt id="GLOSSARY-ACID"><span class="glossterm">ACID</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATOMICITY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATOMICITY" title="Atomicity">Atomicity</a></em></a>,
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONSISTENCY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONSISTENCY" title="Consistency">Consistency</a></em></a>,
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ISOLATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ISOLATION" title="Isolation">Isolation</a></em></a>, and
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DURABILITY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DURABILITY" title="Durability">Durability</a></em></a>.
This set of properties of database transactions is intended to
guarantee validity in concurrent operation and even in event of
errors, power failures, etc.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-AGGREGATE"><span class="glossterm">Aggregate function (routine)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FUNCTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FUNCTION" title="Function (routine)">function</a></em></a> that
combines (<em class="firstterm">aggregates</em>) multiple input values,
for example by counting, averaging or adding,
yielding a single output value.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="functions-aggregate.html" title="9.21. Aggregate Functions">Section 9.21</a>.
</p><p>See Also <a class="glossseealso" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WINDOW-FUNCTION">Window function (routine)</a>.</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">Analytic function</span></dt><dd><p>See <a class="glosssee" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WINDOW-FUNCTION">Window function (routine)</a>.</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-ANALYZE"><span class="glossterm">Analyze (operation)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The act of collecting statistics from data in
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">tables</a></em></a>
and other <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relations</a></em></a>
to help the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PLANNER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PLANNER" title="Query planner">query planner</a></em></a>
to make decisions about how to execute
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-QUERY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-QUERY" title="Query">queries</a></em></a>.
</p><p>
(Don't confuse this term with the <code class="literal">ANALYZE</code> option
to the <a class="xref" href="sql-explain.html" title="EXPLAIN"><span class="refentrytitle">EXPLAIN</span></a> command.)
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-analyze.html" title="ANALYZE"><span class="refentrytitle">ANALYZE</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-ATOMIC"><span class="glossterm">Atomic</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
In reference to a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATUM"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATUM" title="Datum">datum</a></em></a>:
the fact that its value cannot be broken down into smaller
components.
</p></dd><dd class="glossdef"><p>
In reference to a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION" title="Transaction">database transaction</a></em></a>:
see <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATOMICITY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATOMICITY" title="Atomicity">atomicity</a></em></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-ATOMICITY"><span class="glossterm">Atomicity</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The property of a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION" title="Transaction">transaction</a></em></a>
that either all its operations complete as a single unit or none do.
In addition, if a system failure occurs during the execution of a
transaction, no partial results are visible after recovery.
This is one of the <acronym class="acronym">ACID</acronym> properties.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-ATTRIBUTE"><span class="glossterm">Attribute</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
An element with a certain name and data type found within a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE" title="Tuple">tuple</a></em></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-AUTOVACUUM"><span class="glossterm">Autovacuum (process)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A set of background processes that routinely perform
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-VACUUM"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-VACUUM" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a></em></a>
and <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ANALYZE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ANALYZE" title="Analyze (operation)">analyze</a></em></a> operations.
The <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC" title="Auxiliary process">auxiliary process</a></em></a>
that coordinates the work and is always present (unless autovacuum
is disabled) is known as the <em class="firstterm">autovacuum launcher</em>,
and the processes that carry out the tasks are known as the
<em class="firstterm">autovacuum workers</em>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="routine-vacuuming.html#AUTOVACUUM" title="25.1.6. The Autovacuum Daemon">Section 25.1.6</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC"><span class="glossterm">Auxiliary process</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A process within an <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE" title="Instance">instance</a></em></a>
that is in charge of some specific background task for the instance.
The auxiliary processes consist of
the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUTOVACUUM"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUTOVACUUM" title="Autovacuum (process)">autovacuum launcher</a></em></a>
(but not the autovacuum workers),
the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKGROUND-WRITER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKGROUND-WRITER" title="Background writer (process)">background writer</a></em></a>,
the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CHECKPOINTER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CHECKPOINTER" title="Checkpointer (process)">checkpointer</a></em></a>,
the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-LOGGER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-LOGGER" title="Logger (process)">logger</a></em></a>,
the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-STARTUP-PROCESS"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-STARTUP-PROCESS" title="Startup process">startup process</a></em></a>,
the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-ARCHIVER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-ARCHIVER" title="WAL archiver (process)">WAL archiver</a></em></a>,
the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-RECEIVER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-RECEIVER" title="WAL receiver (process)">WAL receiver</a></em></a>
(but not the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-SENDER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-SENDER" title="WAL sender (process)">WAL senders</a></em></a>),
and the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-WRITER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-WRITER" title="WAL writer (process)">WAL writer</a></em></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-BACKEND"><span class="glossterm">Backend (process)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
Process of an <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE" title="Instance">instance</a></em></a>
which acts on behalf of a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SESSION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SESSION" title="Session">client session</a></em></a>
and handles its requests.
</p><p>
(Don't confuse this term with the similar terms
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKGROUND-WORKER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKGROUND-WORKER" title="Background worker (process)">Background Worker</a></em></a> or
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKGROUND-WRITER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKGROUND-WRITER" title="Background writer (process)">Background Writer</a></em></a>).
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-BACKGROUND-WORKER"><span class="glossterm">Background worker (process)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
Process within an <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE" title="Instance">instance</a></em></a>,
which runs system- or user-supplied code.
Serves as infrastructure for several features in
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>, such as
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-REPLICATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-REPLICATION" title="Replication">logical replication</a></em></a>
and <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PARALLEL-QUERY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PARALLEL-QUERY" title="Parallel query">parallel queries</a></em></a>.
In addition, <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-EXTENSION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-EXTENSION" title="Extension">Extensions</a></em></a> can add
custom background worker processes.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="bgworker.html" title="Chapter 48. Background Worker Processes">Chapter 48</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-BACKGROUND-WRITER"><span class="glossterm">Background writer (process)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
An <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC" title="Auxiliary process">auxiliary process</a></em></a>
that writes dirty
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATA-PAGE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATA-PAGE" title="Data page">data pages</a></em></a> from
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SHARED-MEMORY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SHARED-MEMORY" title="Shared memory">shared memory</a></em></a> to
the file system. It wakes up periodically, but works only for a short
period in order to distribute its expensive <acronym class="acronym">I/O</acronym>
activity over time to avoid generating larger
<acronym class="acronym">I/O</acronym> peaks which could block other processes.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#RUNTIME-CONFIG-RESOURCE-BACKGROUND-WRITER" title="20.4.5. Background Writer">Section 20.4.5</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-BASEBACKUP"><span class="glossterm">Base Backup</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A binary copy of all
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DB-CLUSTER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DB-CLUSTER" title="Database cluster">database cluster</a></em></a>
files. It is generated by the tool <a class="xref" href="app-pgbasebackup.html" title="pg_basebackup"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_basebackup</span></span></a>.
In combination with WAL files it can be used as the starting point
for recovery, log shipping, or streaming replication.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-BLOAT"><span class="glossterm">Bloat</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
Space in data pages which does not contain current row versions,
such as unused (free) space or outdated row versions.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-CAST"><span class="glossterm">Cast</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A conversion of a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATUM"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATUM" title="Datum">datum</a></em></a>
from its current data type to another data type.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-createcast.html" title="CREATE CAST"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE CAST</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-CATALOG"><span class="glossterm">Catalog</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> standard uses this term to
indicate what is called a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE" title="Database">database</a></em></a> in
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>'s terminology.
</p><p>
(Don't confuse this term with
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SYSTEM-CATALOG"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SYSTEM-CATALOG" title="System catalog">system catalog</a></em></a>).
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="manage-ag-overview.html" title="23.1. Overview">Section 23.1</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-CHECK-CONSTRAINT"><span class="glossterm">Check constraint</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A type of <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONSTRAINT"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONSTRAINT" title="Constraint">constraint</a></em></a>
defined on a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a>
which restricts the values allowed in one or more
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATTRIBUTE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATTRIBUTE" title="Attribute">attributes</a></em></a>. The
check constraint can make reference to any attribute of the same row in
the relation, but cannot reference other rows of the same relation or
other relations.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="ddl-constraints.html" title="5.4. Constraints">Section 5.4</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-CHECKPOINT"><span class="glossterm">Checkpoint</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A point in the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL" title="Write-ahead log">WAL</a></em></a> sequence
at which it is guaranteed that the heap and index data files have been
updated with all information from
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SHARED-MEMORY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SHARED-MEMORY" title="Shared memory">shared memory</a></em></a>
modified before that checkpoint;
a <em class="firstterm">checkpoint record</em> is written and flushed to WAL
to mark that point.
</p><p>
A checkpoint is also the act of carrying out all the actions that
are necessary to reach a checkpoint as defined above.
This process is initiated when predefined conditions are met,
such as a specified amount of time has passed, or a certain volume
of records has been written; or it can be invoked by the user
with the command <code class="command">CHECKPOINT</code>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="wal-configuration.html" title="30.5. WAL Configuration">Section 30.5</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-CHECKPOINTER"><span class="glossterm">Checkpointer (process)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
An <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC" title="Auxiliary process">auxiliary process</a></em></a>
that is responsible for executing
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CHECKPOINT"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CHECKPOINT" title="Checkpoint">checkpoints</a></em></a>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">Class (archaic)</span></dt><dd><p>See <a class="glosssee" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION">Relation</a>.</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-CLIENT"><span class="glossterm">Client (process)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
Any process, possibly remote, that establishes a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SESSION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SESSION" title="Session">session</a></em></a>
by <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONNECTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONNECTION" title="Connection">connecting</a></em></a> to an
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE" title="Instance">instance</a></em></a>
to interact with a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE" title="Database">database</a></em></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-COLUMN"><span class="glossterm">Column</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
An <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATTRIBUTE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATTRIBUTE" title="Attribute">attribute</a></em></a> found in
a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">table</a></em></a> or
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-VIEW"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-VIEW" title="View">view</a></em></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-COMMIT"><span class="glossterm">Commit</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The act of finalizing a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION" title="Transaction">transaction</a></em></a> within
the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE" title="Database">database</a></em></a>, which
makes it visible to other transactions and assures its
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DURABILITY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DURABILITY" title="Durability">durability</a></em></a>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-commit.html" title="COMMIT"><span class="refentrytitle">COMMIT</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-CONCURRENCY"><span class="glossterm">Concurrency</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The concept that multiple independent operations happen within the
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE" title="Database">database</a></em></a> at the same time.
In <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>, concurrency is controlled by
the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-MVCC"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-MVCC" title="Multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)">multiversion concurrency control</a></em></a>
mechanism.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-CONNECTION"><span class="glossterm">Connection</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
An established line of communication between a client process and a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKEND"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKEND" title="Backend (process)">backend</a></em></a> process,
usually over a network, supporting a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SESSION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SESSION" title="Session">session</a></em></a>. This term is
sometimes used as a synonym for session.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="runtime-config-connection.html" title="20.3. Connections and Authentication">Section 20.3</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-CONSISTENCY"><span class="glossterm">Consistency</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The property that the data in the
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE" title="Database">database</a></em></a>
is always in compliance with
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONSTRAINT"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONSTRAINT" title="Constraint">integrity constraints</a></em></a>.
Transactions may be allowed to violate some of the constraints
transiently before it commits, but if such violations are not resolved
by the time it commits, such a transaction is automatically
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ROLLBACK"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ROLLBACK" title="Rollback">rolled back</a></em></a>.
This is one of the <acronym class="acronym">ACID</acronym> properties.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-CONSTRAINT"><span class="glossterm">Constraint</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A restriction on the values of data allowed within a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">table</a></em></a>,
or in attributes of a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DOMAIN"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DOMAIN" title="Domain">domain</a></em></a>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="ddl-constraints.html" title="5.4. Constraints">Section 5.4</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-CUMULATIVE-STATISTICS"><span class="glossterm">Cumulative Statistics System</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A system which, if enabled, accumulates statistical information
about the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE" title="Instance">instance</a></em></a>'s
activities.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="monitoring-stats.html" title="28.2. The Cumulative Statistics System">Section 28.2</a>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">Data area</span></dt><dd><p>See <a class="glosssee" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATA-DIRECTORY">Data directory</a>.</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><span class="glossterm">Database</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A named collection of
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SQL-OBJECT"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SQL-OBJECT" title="SQL object">local SQL objects</a></em></a>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="manage-ag-overview.html" title="23.1. Overview">Section 23.1</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-DB-CLUSTER"><span class="glossterm">Database cluster</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A collection of databases and global SQL objects,
and their common static and dynamic metadata.
Sometimes referred to as a
<em class="firstterm">cluster</em>.
</p><p>
In <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>, the term
<em class="firstterm">cluster</em> is also sometimes used to refer to an instance.
(Don't confuse this term with the SQL command <code class="command">CLUSTER</code>.)
</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">Database server</span></dt><dd><p>See <a class="glosssee" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE">Instance</a>.</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-DATA-DIRECTORY"><span class="glossterm">Data directory</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The base directory on the file system of a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SERVER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SERVER" title="Server">server</a></em></a> that contains all
data files and subdirectories associated with a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DB-CLUSTER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DB-CLUSTER" title="Database cluster">database cluster</a></em></a>
(with the exception of
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLESPACE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLESPACE" title="Tablespace">tablespaces</a></em></a>,
and optionally <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL" title="Write-ahead log">WAL</a></em></a>).
The environment variable <code class="literal">PGDATA</code> is commonly used to
refer to the data directory.
</p><p>
A <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DB-CLUSTER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DB-CLUSTER" title="Database cluster">cluster</a></em></a>'s storage
space comprises the data directory plus any additional tablespaces.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="storage-file-layout.html" title="73.1. Database File Layout">Section 73.1</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-DATA-PAGE"><span class="glossterm">Data page</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The basic structure used to store relation data.
All pages are of the same size.
Data pages are typically stored on disk, each in a specific file,
and can be read to <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SHARED-MEMORY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SHARED-MEMORY" title="Shared memory">shared buffers</a></em></a>
where they can be modified, becoming
<em class="firstterm">dirty</em>. They become clean when written
to disk. New pages, which initially exist in memory only, are also
dirty until written.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-DATUM"><span class="glossterm">Datum</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The internal representation of one value of an <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym>
data type.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-DELETE"><span class="glossterm">Delete</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
An <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> command which removes
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE" title="Tuple">rows</a></em></a> from a given
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">table</a></em></a>
or <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-delete.html" title="DELETE"><span class="refentrytitle">DELETE</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-DOMAIN"><span class="glossterm">Domain</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A user-defined data type that is based on another underlying data type.
It acts the same as the underlying type except for possibly restricting
the set of allowed values.
</p><p>
For more information, see <a class="xref" href="domains.html" title="8.18. Domain Types">Section 8.18</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-DURABILITY"><span class="glossterm">Durability</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The assurance that once a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION" title="Transaction">transaction</a></em></a> has
been <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-COMMIT"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-COMMIT" title="Commit">committed</a></em></a>, the
changes remain even after a system failure or crash.
This is one of the <acronym class="acronym">ACID</acronym> properties.
</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">Epoch</span></dt><dd><p>See <a class="glosssee" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-XID">Transaction ID</a>.</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-EXTENSION"><span class="glossterm">Extension</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A software add-on package that can be installed on an
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE" title="Instance">instance</a></em></a> to
get extra features.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="extend-extensions.html" title="38.17. Packaging Related Objects into an Extension">Section 38.17</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-FILE-SEGMENT"><span class="glossterm">File segment</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A physical file which stores data for a given
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a>.
File segments are limited in size by a configuration value
(typically 1 gigabyte),
so if a relation exceeds that size, it is split into multiple segments.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="storage-file-layout.html" title="73.1. Database File Layout">Section 73.1</a>.
</p><p>
(Don't confuse this term with the similar term
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-FILE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-FILE" title="WAL file">WAL segment</a></em></a>).
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-DATA-WRAPPER"><span class="glossterm">Foreign data wrapper</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A means of representing data that is not contained in the local
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE" title="Database">database</a></em></a> so that it appears as if were in local
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">table(s)</a></em></a>. With a foreign data wrapper it is
possible to define a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-SERVER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-SERVER" title="Foreign server">foreign server</a></em></a> and
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-TABLE" title="Foreign table (relation)">foreign tables</a></em></a>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-createforeigndatawrapper.html" title="CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-KEY"><span class="glossterm">Foreign key</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A type of <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONSTRAINT"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONSTRAINT" title="Constraint">constraint</a></em></a>
defined on one or more <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-COLUMN"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-COLUMN" title="Column">columns</a></em></a>
in a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">table</a></em></a> which
requires the value(s) in those <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-COLUMN"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-COLUMN" title="Column">columns</a></em></a> to
identify zero or one <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE" title="Tuple">row</a></em></a>
in another (or, infrequently, the same)
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">table</a></em></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-SERVER"><span class="glossterm">Foreign server</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A named collection of
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-TABLE" title="Foreign table (relation)">foreign tables</a></em></a> which
all use the same
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-DATA-WRAPPER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-DATA-WRAPPER" title="Foreign data wrapper">foreign data wrapper</a></em></a>
and have other configuration values in common.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-createserver.html" title="CREATE SERVER"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE SERVER</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-TABLE"><span class="glossterm">Foreign table (relation)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a> which appears to have
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE" title="Tuple">rows</a></em></a> and
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-COLUMN"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-COLUMN" title="Column">columns</a></em></a> similar to a
regular <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">table</a></em></a>, but will forward
requests for data through its
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-DATA-WRAPPER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-DATA-WRAPPER" title="Foreign data wrapper">foreign data wrapper</a></em></a>,
which will return <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RESULT-SET"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RESULT-SET" title="Result set">result sets</a></em></a>
structured according to the definition of the
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-TABLE" title="Foreign table (relation)">foreign table</a></em></a>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-createforeigntable.html" title="CREATE FOREIGN TABLE"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE FOREIGN TABLE</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-FORK"><span class="glossterm">Fork</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
Each of the separate segmented file sets in which a relation is stored.
The <em class="firstterm">main fork</em> is where the actual data resides.
There also exist two secondary forks for metadata:
the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FSM"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FSM" title="Free space map (fork)">free space map</a></em></a>
and the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-VM"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-VM" title="Visibility map (fork)">visibility map</a></em></a>.
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-UNLOGGED"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-UNLOGGED" title="Unlogged">Unlogged relations</a></em></a>
also have an <em class="firstterm">init fork</em>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-FSM"><span class="glossterm">Free space map (fork)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A storage structure that keeps metadata about each data page of a table's
main fork. The free space map entry for each page stores the
amount of free space that's available for future tuples, and is structured
to be efficiently searched for available space for a new tuple of a given
size.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="storage-fsm.html" title="73.3. Free Space Map">Section 73.3</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-FUNCTION"><span class="glossterm">Function (routine)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A type of routine that receives zero or more arguments, returns zero or more
output values, and is constrained to run within one transaction.
Functions are invoked as part of a query, for example via
<code class="command">SELECT</code>.
Certain functions can return
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RESULT-SET"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RESULT-SET" title="Result set">sets</a></em></a>; those are
called <em class="firstterm">set-returning functions</em>.
</p><p>
Functions can also be used for
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRIGGER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRIGGER" title="Trigger">triggers</a></em></a> to invoke.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-createfunction.html" title="CREATE FUNCTION"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE FUNCTION</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-GRANT"><span class="glossterm">Grant</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
An <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> command that is used to allow a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-USER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-USER" title="User">user</a></em></a> or
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ROLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ROLE" title="Role">role</a></em></a> to access
specific objects within the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE" title="Database">database</a></em></a>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-grant.html" title="GRANT"><span class="refentrytitle">GRANT</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-HEAP"><span class="glossterm">Heap</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
Contains the values of <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE" title="Tuple">row</a></em></a>
attributes (i.e., the data) for a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a>.
The heap is realized within one or more
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FILE-SEGMENT"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FILE-SEGMENT" title="File segment">file segments</a></em></a>
in the relation's <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FORK"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FORK" title="Fork">main fork</a></em></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-HOST"><span class="glossterm">Host</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A computer that communicates with other computers over a network.
This is sometimes used as a synonym for
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SERVER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SERVER" title="Server">server</a></em></a>.
It is also used to refer to a computer where
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CLIENT"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CLIENT" title="Client (process)">client processes</a></em></a> run.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-INDEX"><span class="glossterm">Index (relation)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a> that contains
data derived from a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">table</a></em></a>
or <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-MATERIALIZED-VIEW"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-MATERIALIZED-VIEW" title="Materialized view (relation)">materialized view</a></em></a>.
Its internal structure supports fast retrieval of and access to the original
data.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-createindex.html" title="CREATE INDEX"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE INDEX</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-INSERT"><span class="glossterm">Insert</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
An <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> command used to add new data into a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">table</a></em></a>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-insert.html" title="INSERT"><span class="refentrytitle">INSERT</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-INSTANCE"><span class="glossterm">Instance</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A group of <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKEND"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKEND" title="Backend (process)">backend</a></em></a> and
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC" title="Auxiliary process">auxiliary processes</a></em></a>
that communicate using a common shared memory area. One
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-POSTMASTER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-POSTMASTER" title="Postmaster (process)">postmaster process</a></em></a>
manages the instance; one instance manages exactly one
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DB-CLUSTER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DB-CLUSTER" title="Database cluster">database cluster</a></em></a>
with all its databases. Many instances can run on the same
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SERVER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SERVER" title="Server">server</a></em></a>
as long as their <acronym class="acronym">TCP</acronym> ports do not conflict.
</p><p>
The instance handles all key features of a <acronym class="acronym">DBMS</acronym>:
read and write access to files and shared memory,
assurance of the <acronym class="acronym">ACID</acronym> properties,
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONNECTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONNECTION" title="Connection">connections</a></em></a> to
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CLIENT"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CLIENT" title="Client (process)">client processes</a></em></a>,
privilege verification, crash recovery, replication, etc.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-ISOLATION"><span class="glossterm">Isolation</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The property that the effects of a transaction are not visible to
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONCURRENCY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONCURRENCY" title="Concurrency">concurrent transactions</a></em></a>
before it commits.
This is one of the <acronym class="acronym">ACID</acronym> properties.
</p><p>
For more information, see <a class="xref" href="transaction-iso.html" title="13.2. Transaction Isolation">Section 13.2</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-JOIN"><span class="glossterm">Join</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
An operation and <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> keyword used in
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-QUERY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-QUERY" title="Query">queries</a></em></a>
for combining data from multiple
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relations</a></em></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-KEY"><span class="glossterm">Key</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A means of identifying a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE" title="Tuple">row</a></em></a> within a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">table</a></em></a> or
other <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a> by
values contained within one or more
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATTRIBUTE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATTRIBUTE" title="Attribute">attributes</a></em></a>
in that relation.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-LOCK"><span class="glossterm">Lock</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A mechanism that allows a process to limit or prevent simultaneous
access to a resource.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-LOG-FILE"><span class="glossterm">Log file</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
Log files contain human-readable text lines about events.
Examples include login failures, long-running queries, etc.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="logfile-maintenance.html" title="25.3. Log File Maintenance">Section 25.3</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-LOGGED"><span class="glossterm">Logged</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">table</a></em></a> is considered
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-LOGGED"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-LOGGED" title="Logged">logged</a></em></a> if changes to it are sent to the
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL" title="Write-ahead log">WAL</a></em></a>. By default, all regular
tables are logged. A table can be specified as
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-UNLOGGED"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-UNLOGGED" title="Unlogged">unlogged</a></em></a> either at
creation time or via the <code class="command">ALTER TABLE</code> command.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-LOGGER"><span class="glossterm">Logger (process)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
An <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC" title="Auxiliary process">auxiliary process</a></em></a>
which, if enabled, writes information about database events into the current
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-LOG-FILE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-LOG-FILE" title="Log file">log file</a></em></a>.
When reaching certain time- or
volume-dependent criteria, a new log file is created.
Also called <em class="firstterm">syslogger</em>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="runtime-config-logging.html" title="20.8. Error Reporting and Logging">Section 20.8</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-LOG-RECORD"><span class="glossterm">Log record</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
Archaic term for a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-RECORD"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-RECORD" title="WAL record">WAL record</a></em></a>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">Master (server)</span></dt><dd><p>See <a class="glosssee" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PRIMARY-SERVER">Primary (server)</a>.</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-MATERIALIZED"><span class="glossterm">Materialized</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The property that some information has been pre-computed and stored
for later use, rather than computing it on-the-fly.
</p><p>
This term is used in
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-MATERIALIZED-VIEW"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-MATERIALIZED-VIEW" title="Materialized view (relation)">materialized view</a></em></a>,
to mean that the data derived from the view's query is stored on
disk separately from the sources of that data.
</p><p>
This term is also used to refer to some multi-step queries to mean that
the data resulting from executing a given step is stored in memory
(with the possibility of spilling to disk), so that it can be read multiple
times by another step.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-MATERIALIZED-VIEW"><span class="glossterm">Materialized view (relation)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a> that is
defined by a <code class="command">SELECT</code> statement
(just like a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-VIEW"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-VIEW" title="View">view</a></em></a>),
but stores data in the same way that a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">table</a></em></a> does. It cannot be
modified via <code class="command">INSERT</code>, <code class="command">UPDATE</code>,
<code class="command">DELETE</code>, or <code class="command">MERGE</code> operations.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-creatematerializedview.html" title="CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-MERGE"><span class="glossterm">Merge</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
An <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> command used to conditionally add, modify,
or remove <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE" title="Tuple">rows</a></em></a>
in a given <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">table</a></em></a>,
using data from a source
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-merge.html" title="MERGE"><span class="refentrytitle">MERGE</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-MVCC"><span class="glossterm">Multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A mechanism designed to allow several
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION" title="Transaction">transactions</a></em></a> to be
reading and writing the same rows without one process causing other
processes to stall.
In <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>, MVCC is implemented by
creating copies (<em class="firstterm">versions</em>) of
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE" title="Tuple">tuples</a></em></a> as they are
modified; after transactions that can see the old versions terminate,
those old versions need to be removed.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-NULL"><span class="glossterm">Null</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A concept of non-existence that is a central tenet of relational
database theory. It represents the absence of a definite value.
</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">Optimizer</span></dt><dd><p>See <a class="glosssee" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PLANNER">Query planner</a>.</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-PARALLEL-QUERY"><span class="glossterm">Parallel query</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The ability to handle parts of executing a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-QUERY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-QUERY" title="Query">query</a></em></a> to take advantage
of parallel processes on servers with multiple <acronym class="acronym">CPU</acronym>s.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-PARTITION"><span class="glossterm">Partition</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
One of several disjoint (not overlapping) subsets of a larger set.
</p></dd><dd class="glossdef"><p>
In reference to a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PARTITIONED-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PARTITIONED-TABLE" title="Partitioned table (relation)">partitioned table</a></em></a>:
One of the tables that each contain part of the data of the partitioned table,
which is said to be the <em class="firstterm">parent</em>.
The partition is itself a table, so it can also be queried directly;
at the same time, a partition can sometimes be a partitioned table,
allowing hierarchies to be created.
</p></dd><dd class="glossdef"><p>
In reference to a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WINDOW-FUNCTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WINDOW-FUNCTION" title="Window function (routine)">window function</a></em></a>
in a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-QUERY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-QUERY" title="Query">query</a></em></a>,
a partition is a user-defined criterion that identifies which neighboring
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE" title="Tuple">rows</a></em></a>
of the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RESULT-SET"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RESULT-SET" title="Result set">query's result set</a></em></a>
can be considered by the function.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-PARTITIONED-TABLE"><span class="glossterm">Partitioned table (relation)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a> that is
in semantic terms the same as a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">table</a></em></a>,
but whose storage is distributed across several
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PARTITION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PARTITION" title="Partition">partitions</a></em></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-POSTMASTER"><span class="glossterm">Postmaster (process)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The very first process of an <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE" title="Instance">instance</a></em></a>.
It starts and manages the
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC" title="Auxiliary process">auxiliary processes</a></em></a>
and creates <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKEND"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKEND" title="Backend (process)">backend processes</a></em></a>
on demand.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="server-start.html" title="19.3. Starting the Database Server">Section 19.3</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-PRIMARY-KEY"><span class="glossterm">Primary key</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A special case of a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-UNIQUE-CONSTRAINT"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-UNIQUE-CONSTRAINT" title="Unique constraint">unique constraint</a></em></a>
defined on a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">table</a></em></a> or other
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a> that also
guarantees that all of the
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATTRIBUTE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATTRIBUTE" title="Attribute">attributes</a></em></a>
within the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PRIMARY-KEY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PRIMARY-KEY" title="Primary key">primary key</a></em></a>
do not have <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-NULL"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-NULL" title="Null">null</a></em></a> values.
As the name implies, there can be only one
primary key per table, though it is possible to have multiple unique
constraints that also have no null-capable attributes.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-PRIMARY-SERVER"><span class="glossterm">Primary (server)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
When two or more <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE" title="Database">databases</a></em></a>
are linked via <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-REPLICATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-REPLICATION" title="Replication">replication</a></em></a>,
the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SERVER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SERVER" title="Server">server</a></em></a>
that is considered the authoritative source of information is called
the <em class="firstterm">primary</em>,
also known as a <em class="firstterm">master</em>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-PROCEDURE"><span class="glossterm">Procedure (routine)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A type of routine.
Their distinctive qualities are that they do not return values,
and that they are allowed to make transactional statements such
as <code class="command">COMMIT</code> and <code class="command">ROLLBACK</code>.
They are invoked via the <code class="command">CALL</code> command.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-createprocedure.html" title="CREATE PROCEDURE"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE PROCEDURE</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-QUERY"><span class="glossterm">Query</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A request sent by a client to a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKEND"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKEND" title="Backend (process)">backend</a></em></a>,
usually to return results or to modify data on the database.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-PLANNER"><span class="glossterm">Query planner</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The part of <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> that is devoted to
determining (<em class="firstterm">planning</em>) the most efficient way to
execute <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-QUERY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-QUERY" title="Query">queries</a></em></a>.
Also known as <em class="firstterm">query optimizer</em>,
<em class="firstterm">optimizer</em>, or simply <em class="firstterm">planner</em>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">Record</span></dt><dd><p>See <a class="glosssee" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE">Tuple</a>.</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">Recycling</span></dt><dd><p>See <a class="glosssee" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-FILE">WAL file</a>.</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-REFERENTIAL-INTEGRITY"><span class="glossterm">Referential integrity</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A means of restricting data in one <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a>
by a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-KEY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-KEY" title="Foreign key">foreign key</a></em></a>
so that it must have matching data in another
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-RELATION"><span class="glossterm">Relation</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The generic term for all objects in a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE" title="Database">database</a></em></a>
that have a name and a list of
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATTRIBUTE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATTRIBUTE" title="Attribute">attributes</a></em></a>
defined in a specific order.
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">Tables</a></em></a>,
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SEQUENCE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SEQUENCE" title="Sequence (relation)">sequences</a></em></a>,
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-VIEW"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-VIEW" title="View">views</a></em></a>,
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-TABLE" title="Foreign table (relation)">foreign tables</a></em></a>,
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-MATERIALIZED-VIEW"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-MATERIALIZED-VIEW" title="Materialized view (relation)">materialized views</a></em></a>,
composite types, and
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INDEX"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INDEX" title="Index (relation)">indexes</a></em></a> are all relations.
</p><p>
More generically, a relation is a set of tuples; for example,
the result of a query is also a relation.
</p><p>
In <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>,
<em class="firstterm">Class</em> is an archaic synonym for
<em class="firstterm">relation</em>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-REPLICA"><span class="glossterm">Replica (server)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE" title="Database">database</a></em></a> that is paired
with a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PRIMARY-SERVER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PRIMARY-SERVER" title="Primary (server)">primary</a></em></a>
database and is maintaining a copy of some or all of the primary database's
data. The foremost reasons for doing this are to allow for greater access
to that data, and to maintain availability of the data in the event that
the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PRIMARY-SERVER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PRIMARY-SERVER" title="Primary (server)">primary</a></em></a>
becomes unavailable.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-REPLICATION"><span class="glossterm">Replication</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The act of reproducing data on one
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SERVER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SERVER" title="Server">server</a></em></a> onto another
server called a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-REPLICA"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-REPLICA" title="Replica (server)">replica</a></em></a>.
This can take the form of <em class="firstterm">physical replication</em>,
where all file changes from one server are copied verbatim,
or <em class="firstterm">logical replication</em> where a defined subset
of data changes are conveyed using a higher-level representation.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-RESULT-SET"><span class="glossterm">Result set</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a> transmitted
from a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKEND"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKEND" title="Backend (process)">backend process</a></em></a>
to a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CLIENT"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CLIENT" title="Client (process)">client</a></em></a> upon the
completion of an <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> command, usually a
<code class="command">SELECT</code> but it can be an
<code class="command">INSERT</code>, <code class="command">UPDATE</code>, or
<code class="command">DELETE</code> command if the <code class="literal">RETURNING</code>
clause is specified.
</p><p>
The fact that a result set is a relation means that a query can be used
in the definition of another query, becoming a
<em class="firstterm">subquery</em>.
</p></dd><dd class="glossdef"><p>
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-REVOKE"><span class="glossterm">Revoke</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A command to prevent access to a named set of
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE" title="Database">database</a></em></a> objects for a
named list of <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ROLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ROLE" title="Role">roles</a></em></a>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-revoke.html" title="REVOKE"><span class="refentrytitle">REVOKE</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-ROLE"><span class="glossterm">Role</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A collection of access privileges to the
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE" title="Database">instance</a></em></a>.
Roles are themselves a privilege that can be granted to other roles.
This is often done for convenience or to ensure completeness
when multiple <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-USER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-USER" title="User">users</a></em></a> need
the same privileges.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-createrole.html" title="CREATE ROLE"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE ROLE</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-ROLLBACK"><span class="glossterm">Rollback</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A command to undo all of the operations performed since the beginning
of a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION" title="Transaction">transaction</a></em></a>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-rollback.html" title="ROLLBACK"><span class="refentrytitle">ROLLBACK</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-ROUTINE"><span class="glossterm">Routine</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A defined set of instructions stored in the database system
that can be invoked for execution.
A routine can be written in a variety of programming
languages. Routines can be
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FUNCTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FUNCTION" title="Function (routine)">functions</a></em></a>
(including set-returning functions and
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRIGGER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRIGGER" title="Trigger">trigger functions</a></em></a>),
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AGGREGATE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AGGREGATE" title="Aggregate function (routine)">aggregate functions</a></em></a>,
and <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PROCEDURE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PROCEDURE" title="Procedure (routine)">procedures</a></em></a>.
</p><p>
Many routines are already defined within <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
itself, but user-defined ones can also be added.
</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">Row</span></dt><dd><p>See <a class="glosssee" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE">Tuple</a>.</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-SAVEPOINT"><span class="glossterm">Savepoint</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A special mark in the sequence of steps in a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION" title="Transaction">transaction</a></em></a>.
Data modifications after this point in time may be reverted
to the time of the savepoint.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-savepoint.html" title="SAVEPOINT"><span class="refentrytitle">SAVEPOINT</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-SCHEMA"><span class="glossterm">Schema</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A schema is a namespace for
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SQL-OBJECT"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SQL-OBJECT" title="SQL object">SQL objects</a></em></a>,
which all reside in the same
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE" title="Database">database</a></em></a>.
Each SQL object must reside in exactly one schema.
</p><p>
All system-defined SQL objects reside in schema <code class="literal">pg_catalog</code>.
</p></dd><dd class="glossdef"><p>
More generically, the term <em class="firstterm">schema</em> is used to mean
all data descriptions (<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">table</a></em></a> definitions,
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONSTRAINT"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONSTRAINT" title="Constraint">constraints</a></em></a>, comments, etc.)
for a given <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE" title="Database">database</a></em></a> or
subset thereof.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="ddl-schemas.html" title="5.9. Schemas">Section 5.9</a>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">Segment</span></dt><dd><p>See <a class="glosssee" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FILE-SEGMENT">File segment</a>.</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-SELECT"><span class="glossterm">Select</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> command used to request data from a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE" title="Database">database</a></em></a>.
Normally, <code class="command">SELECT</code> commands are not expected to modify the
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE" title="Database">database</a></em></a> in any way,
but it is possible that
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FUNCTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FUNCTION" title="Function (routine)">functions</a></em></a> invoked within
the query could have side effects that do modify data.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-select.html" title="SELECT"><span class="refentrytitle">SELECT</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-SEQUENCE"><span class="glossterm">Sequence (relation)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A type of relation that is used to generate values.
Typically the generated values are sequential non-repeating numbers.
They are commonly used to generate surrogate
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PRIMARY-KEY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PRIMARY-KEY" title="Primary key">primary key</a></em></a>
values.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-SERVER"><span class="glossterm">Server</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A computer on which <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE" title="Instance">instances</a></em></a> run.
The term <em class="firstterm">server</em> denotes real hardware, a
container, or a <em class="firstterm">virtual machine</em>.
</p><p>
This term is sometimes used to refer to an instance or to a host.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-SESSION"><span class="glossterm">Session</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A state that allows a client and a backend to interact,
communicating over a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONNECTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONNECTION" title="Connection">connection</a></em></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-SHARED-MEMORY"><span class="glossterm">Shared memory</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
<acronym class="acronym">RAM</acronym> which is used by the processes common to an
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-INSTANCE" title="Instance">instance</a></em></a>.
It mirrors parts of <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE" title="Database">database</a></em></a>
files, provides a transient area for
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-RECORD"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-RECORD" title="WAL record">WAL records</a></em></a>,
and stores additional common information.
Note that shared memory belongs to the complete instance, not to a single
database.
</p><p>
The largest part of shared memory is known as <em class="firstterm">shared buffers</em>
and is used to mirror part of data files, organized into pages.
When a page is modified, it is called a dirty page until it is
written back to the file system.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#RUNTIME-CONFIG-RESOURCE-MEMORY" title="20.4.1. Memory">Section 20.4.1</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-SQL-OBJECT"><span class="glossterm">SQL object</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
Any object that can be created with a <code class="command">CREATE</code>
command. Most objects are specific to one database, and are commonly
known as <em class="firstterm">local objects</em>.
</p><p>
Most local objects reside in a specific
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SCHEMA"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SCHEMA" title="Schema">schema</a></em></a> in their
containing database, such as
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relations</a></em></a> (all types),
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FUNCTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FUNCTION" title="Function (routine)">routines</a></em></a> (all types),
data types, etc.
The names of such objects of the same type in the same schema
are enforced to be unique.
</p><p>
There also exist local objects that do not reside in schemas; some examples are
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-EXTENSION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-EXTENSION" title="Extension">extensions</a></em></a>,
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CAST"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CAST" title="Cast">data type casts</a></em></a>, and
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-DATA-WRAPPER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-DATA-WRAPPER" title="Foreign data wrapper">foreign data wrappers</a></em></a>.
The names of such objects of the same type are enforced to be unique
within the database.
</p><p>
Other object types, such as
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ROLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ROLE" title="Role">roles</a></em></a>,
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLESPACE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLESPACE" title="Tablespace">tablespaces</a></em></a>,
replication origins, subscriptions for logical replication, and
databases themselves are not local SQL objects since they exist
entirely outside of any specific database;
they are called <em class="firstterm">global objects</em>.
The names of such objects are enforced to be unique within the whole
database cluster.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="manage-ag-overview.html" title="23.1. Overview">Section 23.1</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-SQL-STANDARD"><span class="glossterm">SQL standard</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A series of documents that define the <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> language.
</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">Standby (server)</span></dt><dd><p>See <a class="glosssee" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-REPLICA">Replica (server)</a>.</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-STARTUP-PROCESS"><span class="glossterm">Startup process</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
An <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC" title="Auxiliary process">auxiliary process</a></em></a>
that replays WAL during crash recovery and in a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-REPLICATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-REPLICATION" title="Replication">physical replica</a></em></a>.
</p><p>
(The name is historical: the startup process was named before
replication was implemented; the name refers to its task as it
relates to the server startup following a crash.)
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-SYSTEM-CATALOG"><span class="glossterm">System catalog</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A collection of <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">tables</a></em></a>
which describe the structure of all
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SQL-OBJECT"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SQL-OBJECT" title="SQL object">SQL objects</a></em></a>
of the instance.
The system catalog resides in the schema <code class="literal">pg_catalog</code>.
These tables contain data in internal representation and are
not typically considered useful for user examination;
a number of user-friendlier <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-VIEW"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-VIEW" title="View">views</a></em></a>,
also in schema <code class="literal">pg_catalog</code>, offer more convenient access to
some of that information, while additional tables and views
exist in schema <code class="literal">information_schema</code>
(see <a class="xref" href="information-schema.html" title="Chapter 37. The Information Schema">Chapter 37</a>) that expose some
of the same and additional information as mandated by the
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SQL-STANDARD"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SQL-STANDARD" title="SQL standard">SQL standard</a></em></a>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="ddl-schemas.html" title="5.9. Schemas">Section 5.9</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-TABLE"><span class="glossterm">Table</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A collection of <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE" title="Tuple">tuples</a></em></a> having
a common data structure (the same number of
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATTRIBUTE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATTRIBUTE" title="Attribute">attributes</a></em></a>, in the same
order, having the same name and type per position).
A table is the most common form of
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a> in
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-createtable.html" title="CREATE TABLE"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE TABLE</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-TABLESPACE"><span class="glossterm">Tablespace</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A named location on the server file system.
All <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SQL-OBJECT"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SQL-OBJECT" title="SQL object">SQL objects</a></em></a>
which require storage beyond their definition in the
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SYSTEM-CATALOG"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SYSTEM-CATALOG" title="System catalog">system catalog</a></em></a>
must belong to a single tablespace.
Initially, a database cluster contains a single usable tablespace which is
used as the default for all SQL objects, called <code class="literal">pg_default</code>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="manage-ag-tablespaces.html" title="23.6. Tablespaces">Section 23.6</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-TEMPORARY-TABLE"><span class="glossterm">Temporary table</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">Tables</a></em></a> that exist either
for the lifetime of a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SESSION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SESSION" title="Session">session</a></em></a> or a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION" title="Transaction">transaction</a></em></a>, as
specified at the time of creation.
The data in them is not visible to other sessions, and is not
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-LOGGED"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-LOGGED" title="Logged">logged</a></em></a>.
Temporary tables are often used to store intermediate data for a
multi-step operation.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-createtable.html" title="CREATE TABLE"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE TABLE</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-TOAST"><span class="glossterm">TOAST</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A mechanism by which large attributes of table rows are split and
stored in a secondary table, called the <em class="firstterm">TOAST table</em>.
Each relation with large attributes has its own TOAST table.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="storage-toast.html" title="73.2. TOAST">Section 73.2</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION"><span class="glossterm">Transaction</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A combination of commands that must act as a single
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATOMIC"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATOMIC" title="Atomic">atomic</a></em></a> command: they all
succeed or all fail as a single unit, and their effects are not visible to
other <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SESSION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SESSION" title="Session">sessions</a></em></a> until
the transaction is complete, and possibly even later, depending on the
isolation level.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="transaction-iso.html" title="13.2. Transaction Isolation">Section 13.2</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-XID"><span class="glossterm">Transaction ID</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The numerical, unique, sequentially-assigned identifier that each
transaction receives when it first causes a database modification.
Frequently abbreviated as <em class="firstterm">xid</em>.
When stored on disk, xids are only 32-bits wide, so only
approximately four billion write transaction IDs can be generated;
to permit the system to run for longer than that,
<em class="firstterm">epochs</em> are used, also 32 bits wide.
When the counter reaches the maximum xid value, it starts over at
<code class="literal">3</code> (values under that are reserved) and the
epoch value is incremented by one.
In some contexts, the epoch and xid values are
considered together as a single 64-bit value.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="datatype-oid.html" title="8.19. Object Identifier Types">Section 8.19</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-TPS"><span class="glossterm">Transactions per second (TPS)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
Average number of transactions that are executed per second,
totaled across all sessions active for a measured run.
This is used as a measure of the performance characteristics of
an instance.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-TRIGGER"><span class="glossterm">Trigger</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FUNCTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FUNCTION" title="Function (routine)">function</a></em></a> which can
be defined to execute whenever a certain operation (<code class="command">INSERT</code>,
<code class="command">UPDATE</code>, <code class="command">DELETE</code>,
<code class="command">TRUNCATE</code>) is applied to a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a>.
A trigger executes within the same
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TRANSACTION" title="Transaction">transaction</a></em></a> as the
statement which invoked it, and if the function fails, then the invoking
statement also fails.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-createtrigger.html" title="CREATE TRIGGER"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE TRIGGER</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-TUPLE"><span class="glossterm">Tuple</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A collection of <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATTRIBUTE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ATTRIBUTE" title="Attribute">attributes</a></em></a>
in a fixed order.
That order may be defined by the <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">table</a></em></a>
(or other <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a>)
where the tuple is contained, in which case the tuple is often called a
<em class="firstterm">row</em>. It may also be defined by the structure of a
result set, in which case it is sometimes called a <em class="firstterm">record</em>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-UNIQUE-CONSTRAINT"><span class="glossterm">Unique constraint</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A type of <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONSTRAINT"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CONSTRAINT" title="Constraint">constraint</a></em></a>
defined on a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a>
which restricts the values allowed in one or a combination of columns
so that each value or combination of values can only appear once in the
relation — that is, no other row in the relation contains values
that are equal to those.
</p><p>
Because <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-NULL"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-NULL" title="Null">null values</a></em></a> are
not considered equal to each other, multiple rows with null values are
allowed to exist without violating the unique constraint.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-UNLOGGED"><span class="glossterm">Unlogged</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The property of certain <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relations</a></em></a>
that the changes to them are not reflected in the
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL" title="Write-ahead log">WAL</a></em></a>.
This disables replication and crash recovery for these relations.
</p><p>
The primary use of unlogged tables is for storing
transient work data that must be shared across processes.
</p><p>
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TEMPORARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TEMPORARY-TABLE" title="Temporary table">Temporary tables</a></em></a>
are always unlogged.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-UPDATE"><span class="glossterm">Update</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
An <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> command used to modify
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE" title="Tuple">rows</a></em></a>
that may already exist in a specified <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TABLE" title="Table">table</a></em></a>.
It cannot create or remove rows.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-update.html" title="UPDATE"><span class="refentrytitle">UPDATE</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-USER"><span class="glossterm">User</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ROLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-ROLE" title="Role">role</a></em></a> that has the
<code class="literal">LOGIN</code> privilege.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-USER-MAPPING"><span class="glossterm">User mapping</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The translation of login credentials in the local
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DATABASE" title="Database">database</a></em></a> to credentials
in a remote data system defined by a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-DATA-WRAPPER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FOREIGN-DATA-WRAPPER" title="Foreign data wrapper">foreign data wrapper</a></em></a>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-createusermapping.html" title="CREATE USER MAPPING"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE USER MAPPING</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-VACUUM"><span class="glossterm">Vacuum</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The process of removing outdated
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE" title="Tuple">tuple versions</a></em></a>
from tables or materialized views, and other closely related
processing required by <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>'s
implementation of <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-MVCC"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-MVCC" title="Multi-version concurrency control (MVCC)">MVCC</a></em></a>.
This can be initiated through the use of
the <code class="command">VACUUM</code> command, but can also be handled automatically
via <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUTOVACUUM"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUTOVACUUM" title="Autovacuum (process)">autovacuum</a></em></a> processes.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="routine-vacuuming.html" title="25.1. Routine Vacuuming">Section 25.1</a> .
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-VIEW"><span class="glossterm">View</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RELATION" title="Relation">relation</a></em></a> that is defined by a
<code class="command">SELECT</code> statement, but has no storage of its own.
Any time a query references a view, the definition of the view is
substituted into the query as if the user had typed it as a subquery
instead of the name of the view.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="sql-createview.html" title="CREATE VIEW"><span class="refentrytitle">CREATE VIEW</span></a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-VM"><span class="glossterm">Visibility map (fork)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A storage structure that keeps metadata about each data page
of a table's main fork. The visibility map entry for
each page stores two bits: the first one
(<code class="literal">all-visible</code>) indicates that all tuples
in the page are visible to all transactions. The second one
(<code class="literal">all-frozen</code>) indicates that all tuples
in the page are marked frozen.
</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">WAL</span></dt><dd><p>See <a class="glosssee" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL">Write-ahead log</a>.</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-WAL-ARCHIVER"><span class="glossterm">WAL archiver (process)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
An <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC" title="Auxiliary process">auxiliary process</a></em></a>
which, if enabled, saves copies of
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-FILE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-FILE" title="WAL file">WAL files</a></em></a>
for the purpose of creating backups or keeping
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-REPLICA"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-REPLICA" title="Replica (server)">replicas</a></em></a> current.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="continuous-archiving.html" title="26.3. Continuous Archiving and Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)">Section 26.3</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-WAL-FILE"><span class="glossterm">WAL file</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
Also known as <em class="firstterm">WAL segment</em> or
<em class="firstterm">WAL segment file</em>.
Each of the sequentially-numbered files that provide storage space for
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL" title="Write-ahead log">WAL</a></em></a>.
The files are all of the same predefined size
and are written in sequential order, interspersing changes
as they occur in multiple simultaneous sessions.
If the system crashes, the files are read in order, and each of the
changes is replayed to restore the system to the state it was in
before the crash.
</p><p>
Each WAL file can be released after a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CHECKPOINT"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-CHECKPOINT" title="Checkpoint">checkpoint</a></em></a>
writes all the changes in it to the corresponding data files.
Releasing the file can be done either by deleting it, or by changing its
name so that it will be used in the future, which is called
<em class="firstterm">recycling</em>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="wal-internals.html" title="30.6. WAL Internals">Section 30.6</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-WAL-RECORD"><span class="glossterm">WAL record</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A low-level description of an individual data change.
It contains sufficient information for the data change to be
re-executed (<em class="firstterm">replayed</em>) in case a system failure
causes the change to be lost.
WAL records use a non-printable binary format.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="wal-internals.html" title="30.6. WAL Internals">Section 30.6</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-WAL-RECEIVER"><span class="glossterm">WAL receiver (process)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
An <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AUXILIARY-PROC" title="Auxiliary process">auxiliary process</a></em></a>
that runs on a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-REPLICA"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-REPLICA" title="Replica (server)">replica</a></em></a>
to receive WAL from the
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PRIMARY-SERVER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PRIMARY-SERVER" title="Primary (server)">primary server</a></em></a>
for replay by the
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-STARTUP-PROCESS"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-STARTUP-PROCESS" title="Startup process">startup process</a></em></a>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="warm-standby.html" title="27.2. Log-Shipping Standby Servers">Section 27.2</a>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="glossterm">WAL segment</span></dt><dd><p>See <a class="glosssee" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-FILE">WAL file</a>.</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-WAL-SENDER"><span class="glossterm">WAL sender (process)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A special <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKEND"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-BACKEND" title="Backend (process)">backend process</a></em></a>
that streams WAL over a network. The receiving end can be a
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-RECEIVER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-RECEIVER" title="WAL receiver (process)">WAL receiver</a></em></a>
in a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-REPLICA"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-REPLICA" title="Replica (server)">replica</a></em></a>,
<a class="xref" href="app-pgreceivewal.html" title="pg_receivewal"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_receivewal</span></span></a>, or any other client program
that speaks the replication protocol.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-WAL-WRITER"><span class="glossterm">WAL writer (process)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A process that writes <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-RECORD"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-RECORD" title="WAL record">WAL records</a></em></a>
from <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SHARED-MEMORY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-SHARED-MEMORY" title="Shared memory">shared memory</a></em></a> to
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-FILE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-FILE" title="WAL file">WAL files</a></em></a>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="runtime-config-wal.html" title="20.5. Write Ahead Log">Section 20.5</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-WINDOW-FUNCTION"><span class="glossterm">Window function (routine)</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
A type of <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FUNCTION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-FUNCTION" title="Function (routine)">function</a></em></a>
used in a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-QUERY"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-QUERY" title="Query">query</a></em></a>
that applies to a <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PARTITION"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-PARTITION" title="Partition">partition</a></em></a>
of the query's <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RESULT-SET"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-RESULT-SET" title="Result set">result set</a></em></a>;
the function's result is based on values found in
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-TUPLE" title="Tuple">rows</a></em></a> of the same partition or frame.
</p><p>
All <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AGGREGATE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-AGGREGATE" title="Aggregate function (routine)">aggregate functions</a></em></a>
can be used as window functions, but window functions can also be
used to, for example, give ranks to each of the rows in the partition.
Also known as <em class="firstterm">analytic functions</em>.
</p><p>
For more information, see
<a class="xref" href="tutorial-window.html" title="3.5. Window Functions">Section 3.5</a>.
</p></dd><dt id="GLOSSARY-WAL"><span class="glossterm">Write-ahead log</span></dt><dd class="glossdef"><p>
The journal that keeps track of the changes in the
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DB-CLUSTER"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-DB-CLUSTER" title="Database cluster">database cluster</a></em></a>
as user- and system-invoked operations take place.
It comprises many individual
<a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-RECORD"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-RECORD" title="WAL record">WAL records</a></em></a> written
sequentially to <a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-FILE"><em class="glossterm"><a class="glossterm" href="glossary.html#GLOSSARY-WAL-FILE" title="WAL file">WAL files</a></em></a>.
</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="acronyms.html" title="Appendix L. Acronyms">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="appendixes.html" title="Part VIII. Appendixes">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="color.html" title="Appendix N. Color Support">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Appendix L. Acronyms </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.6 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Appendix N. Color Support</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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