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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>43.3. Declarations</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="plpgsql-structure.html" title="43.2. Structure of PL/pgSQL" /><link rel="next" href="plpgsql-expressions.html" title="43.4. Expressions" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">43.3. Declarations</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="plpgsql-structure.html" title="43.2. Structure of PL/pgSQL">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="plpgsql.html" title="Chapter 43. PL/pgSQL — SQL Procedural Language">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 43. <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> — <acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> Procedural Language</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.7 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="plpgsql-expressions.html" title="43.4. Expressions">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="PLPGSQL-DECLARATIONS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">43.3. Declarations</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="plpgsql-declarations.html#PLPGSQL-DECLARATION-PARAMETERS">43.3.1. Declaring Function Parameters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="plpgsql-declarations.html#PLPGSQL-DECLARATION-ALIAS">43.3.2. <code class="literal">ALIAS</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="plpgsql-declarations.html#PLPGSQL-DECLARATION-TYPE">43.3.3. Copying Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="plpgsql-declarations.html#PLPGSQL-DECLARATION-ROWTYPES">43.3.4. Row Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="plpgsql-declarations.html#PLPGSQL-DECLARATION-RECORDS">43.3.5. Record Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="plpgsql-declarations.html#PLPGSQL-DECLARATION-COLLATION">43.3.6. Collation of <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> Variables</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
All variables used in a block must be declared in the
declarations section of the block.
(The only exceptions are that the loop variable of a <code class="literal">FOR</code> loop
iterating over a range of integer values is automatically declared as an
integer variable, and likewise the loop variable of a <code class="literal">FOR</code> loop
iterating over a cursor's result is automatically declared as a
record variable.)
</p><p>
<span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> variables can have any SQL data type, such as
<code class="type">integer</code>, <code class="type">varchar</code>, and
<code class="type">char</code>.
</p><p>
Here are some examples of variable declarations:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
user_id integer;
quantity numeric(5);
url varchar;
myrow tablename%ROWTYPE;
myfield tablename.columnname%TYPE;
arow RECORD;
</pre><p>
</p><p>
The general syntax of a variable declaration is:
</p><pre class="synopsis">
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> [<span class="optional"> CONSTANT </span>] <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em> [<span class="optional"> COLLATE <em class="replaceable"><code>collation_name</code></em> </span>] [<span class="optional"> NOT NULL </span>] [<span class="optional"> { DEFAULT | := | = } <em class="replaceable"><code>expression</code></em> </span>];
</pre><p>
The <code class="literal">DEFAULT</code> clause, if given, specifies the initial value assigned
to the variable when the block is entered. If the <code class="literal">DEFAULT</code> clause
is not given then the variable is initialized to the
<acronym class="acronym">SQL</acronym> null value.
The <code class="literal">CONSTANT</code> option prevents the variable from being
assigned to after initialization, so that its value will remain constant
for the duration of the block.
The <code class="literal">COLLATE</code> option specifies a collation to use for the
variable (see <a class="xref" href="plpgsql-declarations.html#PLPGSQL-DECLARATION-COLLATION" title="43.3.6. Collation of PL/pgSQL Variables">Section 43.3.6</a>).
If <code class="literal">NOT NULL</code>
is specified, an assignment of a null value results in a run-time
error. All variables declared as <code class="literal">NOT NULL</code>
must have a nonnull default value specified.
Equal (<code class="literal">=</code>) can be used instead of PL/SQL-compliant
<code class="literal">:=</code>.
</p><p>
A variable's default value is evaluated and assigned to the variable
each time the block is entered (not just once per function call).
So, for example, assigning <code class="literal">now()</code> to a variable of type
<code class="type">timestamp</code> causes the variable to have the
time of the current function call, not the time when the function was
precompiled.
</p><p>
Examples:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
quantity integer DEFAULT 32;
url varchar := 'http://mysite.com';
transaction_time CONSTANT timestamp with time zone := now();
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Once declared, a variable's value can be used in later initialization
expressions in the same block, for example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
DECLARE
x integer := 1;
y integer := x + 1;
</pre><p>
</p><div class="sect2" id="PLPGSQL-DECLARATION-PARAMETERS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">43.3.1. Declaring Function Parameters</h3></div></div></div><p>
Parameters passed to functions are named with the identifiers
<code class="literal">$1</code>, <code class="literal">$2</code>,
etc. Optionally, aliases can be declared for
<code class="literal">$<em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em></code>
parameter names for increased readability. Either the alias or the
numeric identifier can then be used to refer to the parameter value.
</p><p>
There are two ways to create an alias. The preferred way is to give a
name to the parameter in the <code class="command">CREATE FUNCTION</code> command,
for example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE FUNCTION sales_tax(subtotal real) RETURNS real AS $$
BEGIN
RETURN subtotal * 0.06;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
</pre><p>
The other way is to explicitly declare an alias, using the
declaration syntax
</p><pre class="synopsis">
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> ALIAS FOR $<em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>;
</pre><p>
The same example in this style looks like:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE FUNCTION sales_tax(real) RETURNS real AS $$
DECLARE
subtotal ALIAS FOR $1;
BEGIN
RETURN subtotal * 0.06;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
</pre><p>
</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
These two examples are not perfectly equivalent. In the first case,
<code class="literal">subtotal</code> could be referenced as
<code class="literal">sales_tax.subtotal</code>, but in the second case it could not.
(Had we attached a label to the inner block, <code class="literal">subtotal</code> could
be qualified with that label, instead.)
</p></div><p>
Some more examples:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE FUNCTION instr(varchar, integer) RETURNS integer AS $$
DECLARE
v_string ALIAS FOR $1;
index ALIAS FOR $2;
BEGIN
-- some computations using v_string and index here
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
CREATE FUNCTION concat_selected_fields(in_t sometablename) RETURNS text AS $$
BEGIN
RETURN in_t.f1 || in_t.f3 || in_t.f5 || in_t.f7;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
</pre><p>
</p><p>
When a <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> function is declared
with output parameters, the output parameters are given
<code class="literal">$<em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em></code> names and optional
aliases in just the same way as the normal input parameters. An
output parameter is effectively a variable that starts out NULL;
it should be assigned to during the execution of the function.
The final value of the parameter is what is returned. For instance,
the sales-tax example could also be done this way:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE FUNCTION sales_tax(subtotal real, OUT tax real) AS $$
BEGIN
tax := subtotal * 0.06;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
</pre><p>
Notice that we omitted <code class="literal">RETURNS real</code> — we could have
included it, but it would be redundant.
</p><p>
To call a function with <code class="literal">OUT</code> parameters, omit the
output parameter(s) in the function call:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT sales_tax(100.00);
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Output parameters are most useful when returning multiple values.
A trivial example is:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE FUNCTION sum_n_product(x int, y int, OUT sum int, OUT prod int) AS $$
BEGIN
sum := x + y;
prod := x * y;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
SELECT * FROM sum_n_product(2, 4);
sum | prod
-----+------
6 | 8
</pre><p>
As discussed in <a class="xref" href="xfunc-sql.html#XFUNC-OUTPUT-PARAMETERS" title="38.5.4. SQL Functions with Output Parameters">Section 38.5.4</a>, this
effectively creates an anonymous record type for the function's
results. If a <code class="literal">RETURNS</code> clause is given, it must say
<code class="literal">RETURNS record</code>.
</p><p>
This also works with procedures, for example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE PROCEDURE sum_n_product(x int, y int, OUT sum int, OUT prod int) AS $$
BEGIN
sum := x + y;
prod := x * y;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
</pre><p>
In a call to a procedure, all the parameters must be specified. For
output parameters, <code class="literal">NULL</code> may be specified when
calling the procedure from plain SQL:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CALL sum_n_product(2, 4, NULL, NULL);
sum | prod
-----+------
6 | 8
</pre><p>
However, when calling a procedure
from <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span>, you should instead write a
variable for any output parameter; the variable will receive the result
of the call. See <a class="xref" href="plpgsql-control-structures.html#PLPGSQL-STATEMENTS-CALLING-PROCEDURE" title="43.6.3. Calling a Procedure">Section 43.6.3</a>
for details.
</p><p>
Another way to declare a <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> function
is with <code class="literal">RETURNS TABLE</code>, for example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE FUNCTION extended_sales(p_itemno int)
RETURNS TABLE(quantity int, total numeric) AS $$
BEGIN
RETURN QUERY SELECT s.quantity, s.quantity * s.price FROM sales AS s
WHERE s.itemno = p_itemno;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
</pre><p>
This is exactly equivalent to declaring one or more <code class="literal">OUT</code>
parameters and specifying <code class="literal">RETURNS SETOF
<em class="replaceable"><code>sometype</code></em></code>.
</p><p>
When the return type of a <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> function
is declared as a polymorphic type (see
<a class="xref" href="extend-type-system.html#EXTEND-TYPES-POLYMORPHIC" title="38.2.5. Polymorphic Types">Section 38.2.5</a>), a special
parameter <code class="literal">$0</code> is created. Its data type is the actual
return type of the function, as deduced from the actual input types.
This allows the function to access its actual return type
as shown in <a class="xref" href="plpgsql-declarations.html#PLPGSQL-DECLARATION-TYPE" title="43.3.3. Copying Types">Section 43.3.3</a>.
<code class="literal">$0</code> is initialized to null and can be modified by
the function, so it can be used to hold the return value if desired,
though that is not required. <code class="literal">$0</code> can also be
given an alias. For example, this function works on any data type
that has a <code class="literal">+</code> operator:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE FUNCTION add_three_values(v1 anyelement, v2 anyelement, v3 anyelement)
RETURNS anyelement AS $$
DECLARE
result ALIAS FOR $0;
BEGIN
result := v1 + v2 + v3;
RETURN result;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
</pre><p>
</p><p>
The same effect can be obtained by declaring one or more output parameters as
polymorphic types. In this case the
special <code class="literal">$0</code> parameter is not used; the output
parameters themselves serve the same purpose. For example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE FUNCTION add_three_values(v1 anyelement, v2 anyelement, v3 anyelement,
OUT sum anyelement)
AS $$
BEGIN
sum := v1 + v2 + v3;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
</pre><p>
</p><p>
In practice it might be more useful to declare a polymorphic function
using the <code class="type">anycompatible</code> family of types, so that automatic
promotion of the input arguments to a common type will occur.
For example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE FUNCTION add_three_values(v1 anycompatible, v2 anycompatible, v3 anycompatible)
RETURNS anycompatible AS $$
BEGIN
RETURN v1 + v2 + v3;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
</pre><p>
With this example, a call such as
</p><pre class="programlisting">
SELECT add_three_values(1, 2, 4.7);
</pre><p>
will work, automatically promoting the integer inputs to numeric.
The function using <code class="type">anyelement</code> would require you to
cast the three inputs to the same type manually.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="PLPGSQL-DECLARATION-ALIAS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">43.3.2. <code class="literal">ALIAS</code></h3></div></div></div><pre class="synopsis">
<em class="replaceable"><code>newname</code></em> ALIAS FOR <em class="replaceable"><code>oldname</code></em>;
</pre><p>
The <code class="literal">ALIAS</code> syntax is more general than is suggested in the
previous section: you can declare an alias for any variable, not just
function parameters. The main practical use for this is to assign
a different name for variables with predetermined names, such as
<code class="varname">NEW</code> or <code class="varname">OLD</code> within
a trigger function.
</p><p>
Examples:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
DECLARE
prior ALIAS FOR old;
updated ALIAS FOR new;
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Since <code class="literal">ALIAS</code> creates two different ways to name the same
object, unrestricted use can be confusing. It's best to use it only
for the purpose of overriding predetermined names.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="PLPGSQL-DECLARATION-TYPE"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">43.3.3. Copying Types</h3></div></div></div><pre class="synopsis">
<em class="replaceable"><code>variable</code></em>%TYPE
</pre><p>
<code class="literal">%TYPE</code> provides the data type of a variable or
table column. You can use this to declare variables that will hold
database values. For example, let's say you have a column named
<code class="literal">user_id</code> in your <code class="literal">users</code>
table. To declare a variable with the same data type as
<code class="literal">users.user_id</code> you write:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
user_id users.user_id%TYPE;
</pre><p>
</p><p>
By using <code class="literal">%TYPE</code> you don't need to know the data
type of the structure you are referencing, and most importantly,
if the data type of the referenced item changes in the future (for
instance: you change the type of <code class="literal">user_id</code>
from <code class="type">integer</code> to <code class="type">real</code>), you might not need
to change your function definition.
</p><p>
<code class="literal">%TYPE</code> is particularly valuable in polymorphic
functions, since the data types needed for internal variables can
change from one call to the next. Appropriate variables can be
created by applying <code class="literal">%TYPE</code> to the function's
arguments or result placeholders.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="PLPGSQL-DECLARATION-ROWTYPES"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">43.3.4. Row Types</h3></div></div></div><pre class="synopsis">
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>table_name</code></em><code class="literal">%ROWTYPE</code>;
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>composite_type_name</code></em>;
</pre><p>
A variable of a composite type is called a <em class="firstterm">row</em>
variable (or <em class="firstterm">row-type</em> variable). Such a variable
can hold a whole row of a <code class="command">SELECT</code> or <code class="command">FOR</code>
query result, so long as that query's column set matches the
declared type of the variable.
The individual fields of the row value
are accessed using the usual dot notation, for example
<code class="literal">rowvar.field</code>.
</p><p>
A row variable can be declared to have the same type as the rows of
an existing table or view, by using the
<em class="replaceable"><code>table_name</code></em><code class="literal">%ROWTYPE</code>
notation; or it can be declared by giving a composite type's name.
(Since every table has an associated composite type of the same name,
it actually does not matter in <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> whether you
write <code class="literal">%ROWTYPE</code> or not. But the form with
<code class="literal">%ROWTYPE</code> is more portable.)
</p><p>
Parameters to a function can be
composite types (complete table rows). In that case, the
corresponding identifier <code class="literal">$<em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em></code> will be a row variable, and fields can
be selected from it, for example <code class="literal">$1.user_id</code>.
</p><p>
Here is an example of using composite types. <code class="structname">table1</code>
and <code class="structname">table2</code> are existing tables having at least the
mentioned fields:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE FUNCTION merge_fields(t_row table1) RETURNS text AS $$
DECLARE
t2_row table2%ROWTYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT * INTO t2_row FROM table2 WHERE ... ;
RETURN t_row.f1 || t2_row.f3 || t_row.f5 || t2_row.f7;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
SELECT merge_fields(t.*) FROM table1 t WHERE ... ;
</pre><p>
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="PLPGSQL-DECLARATION-RECORDS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">43.3.5. Record Types</h3></div></div></div><pre class="synopsis">
<em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> RECORD;
</pre><p>
Record variables are similar to row-type variables, but they have no
predefined structure. They take on the actual row structure of the
row they are assigned during a <code class="command">SELECT</code> or <code class="command">FOR</code> command. The substructure
of a record variable can change each time it is assigned to.
A consequence of this is that until a record variable is first assigned
to, it has no substructure, and any attempt to access a
field in it will draw a run-time error.
</p><p>
Note that <code class="literal">RECORD</code> is not a true data type, only a placeholder.
One should also realize that when a <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span>
function is declared to return type <code class="type">record</code>, this is not quite the
same concept as a record variable, even though such a function might
use a record variable to hold its result. In both cases the actual row
structure is unknown when the function is written, but for a function
returning <code class="type">record</code> the actual structure is determined when the
calling query is parsed, whereas a record variable can change its row
structure on-the-fly.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="PLPGSQL-DECLARATION-COLLATION"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">43.3.6. Collation of <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> Variables</h3></div></div></div><a id="id-1.8.8.5.14.2" class="indexterm"></a><p>
When a <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> function has one or more
parameters of collatable data types, a collation is identified for each
function call depending on the collations assigned to the actual
arguments, as described in <a class="xref" href="collation.html" title="24.2. Collation Support">Section 24.2</a>. If a collation is
successfully identified (i.e., there are no conflicts of implicit
collations among the arguments) then all the collatable parameters are
treated as having that collation implicitly. This will affect the
behavior of collation-sensitive operations within the function.
For example, consider
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE FUNCTION less_than(a text, b text) RETURNS boolean AS $$
BEGIN
RETURN a < b;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
SELECT less_than(text_field_1, text_field_2) FROM table1;
SELECT less_than(text_field_1, text_field_2 COLLATE "C") FROM table1;
</pre><p>
The first use of <code class="function">less_than</code> will use the common collation
of <code class="structfield">text_field_1</code> and <code class="structfield">text_field_2</code> for
the comparison, while the second use will use <code class="literal">C</code> collation.
</p><p>
Furthermore, the identified collation is also assumed as the collation of
any local variables that are of collatable types. Thus this function
would not work any differently if it were written as
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE FUNCTION less_than(a text, b text) RETURNS boolean AS $$
DECLARE
local_a text := a;
local_b text := b;
BEGIN
RETURN local_a < local_b;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
</pre><p>
</p><p>
If there are no parameters of collatable data types, or no common
collation can be identified for them, then parameters and local variables
use the default collation of their data type (which is usually the
database's default collation, but could be different for variables of
domain types).
</p><p>
A local variable of a collatable data type can have a different collation
associated with it by including the <code class="literal">COLLATE</code> option in its
declaration, for example
</p><pre class="programlisting">
DECLARE
local_a text COLLATE "en_US";
</pre><p>
This option overrides the collation that would otherwise be
given to the variable according to the rules above.
</p><p>
Also, of course explicit <code class="literal">COLLATE</code> clauses can be written inside
a function if it is desired to force a particular collation to be used in
a particular operation. For example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
CREATE FUNCTION less_than_c(a text, b text) RETURNS boolean AS $$
BEGIN
RETURN a < b COLLATE "C";
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
</pre><p>
This overrides the collations associated with the table columns,
parameters, or local variables used in the expression, just as would
happen in a plain SQL command.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="plpgsql-structure.html" title="43.2. Structure of PL/pgSQL">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="plpgsql.html" title="Chapter 43. PL/pgSQL — SQL Procedural Language">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="plpgsql-expressions.html" title="43.4. Expressions">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">43.2. Structure of <span class="application">PL/pgSQL</span> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.7 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 43.4. Expressions</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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