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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>19.3. Starting the Database Server</title><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /><link rev="made" href="pgsql-docs@lists.postgresql.org" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><link rel="prev" href="creating-cluster.html" title="19.2. Creating a Database Cluster" /><link rel="next" href="kernel-resources.html" title="19.4. Managing Kernel Resources" /></head><body id="docContent" class="container-fluid col-10"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="5" align="center">19.3. Starting the Database Server</th></tr><tr><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="creating-cluster.html" title="19.2. Creating a Database Cluster">Prev</a> </td><td width="10%" align="left"><a accesskey="u" href="runtime.html" title="Chapter 19. Server Setup and Operation">Up</a></td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 19. Server Setup and Operation</th><td width="10%" align="right"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.7 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="10%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="kernel-resources.html" title="19.4. Managing Kernel Resources">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" id="SERVER-START"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both">19.3. Starting the Database Server</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="server-start.html#SERVER-START-FAILURES">19.3.1. Server Start-up Failures</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="server-start.html#CLIENT-CONNECTION-PROBLEMS">19.3.2. Client Connection Problems</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
Before anyone can access the database, you must start the database
server. The database server program is called
<code class="command">postgres</code>.<a id="id-1.6.6.6.2.2" class="indexterm"></a>
</p><p>
If you are using a pre-packaged version
of <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>, it almost certainly includes
provisions for running the server as a background task according to the
conventions of your operating system. Using the package's
infrastructure to start the server will be much less work than figuring
out how to do this yourself. Consult the package-level documentation
for details.
</p><p>
The bare-bones way to start the server manually is just to invoke
<code class="command">postgres</code> directly, specifying the location of the
data directory with the <code class="option">-D</code> option, for example:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>postgres -D /usr/local/pgsql/data</code></strong>
</pre><p>
which will leave the server running in the foreground. This must be
done while logged into the <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> user
account. Without <code class="option">-D</code>, the server will try to use
the data directory named by the environment variable <code class="envar">PGDATA</code>.
If that variable is not provided either, it will fail.
</p><p>
Normally it is better to start <code class="command">postgres</code> in the
background. For this, use the usual Unix shell syntax:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>postgres -D /usr/local/pgsql/data >logfile 2>&1 &</code></strong>
</pre><p>
It is important to store the server's <span class="systemitem">stdout</span> and
<span class="systemitem">stderr</span> output somewhere, as shown above. It will help
for auditing purposes and to diagnose problems. (See <a class="xref" href="logfile-maintenance.html" title="25.3. Log File Maintenance">Section 25.3</a> for a more thorough discussion of log
file handling.)
</p><p>
The <code class="command">postgres</code> program also takes a number of other
command-line options. For more information, see the
<a class="xref" href="app-postgres.html" title="postgres"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">postgres</span></span></a> reference page
and <a class="xref" href="runtime-config.html" title="Chapter 20. Server Configuration">Chapter 20</a> below.
</p><p>
This shell syntax can get tedious quickly. Therefore the wrapper
program
<a class="xref" href="app-pg-ctl.html" title="pg_ctl"><span class="refentrytitle"><span class="application">pg_ctl</span></span></a><a id="id-1.6.6.6.7.2" class="indexterm"></a>
is provided to simplify some tasks. For example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
pg_ctl start -l logfile
</pre><p>
will start the server in the background and put the output into the
named log file. The <code class="option">-D</code> option has the same meaning
here as for <code class="command">postgres</code>. <code class="command">pg_ctl</code>
is also capable of stopping the server.
</p><p>
Normally, you will want to start the database server when the
computer boots.<a id="id-1.6.6.6.8.1" class="indexterm"></a>
Autostart scripts are operating-system-specific.
There are a few example scripts distributed with
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> in the
<code class="filename">contrib/start-scripts</code> directory. Installing one will require
root privileges.
</p><p>
Different systems have different conventions for starting up daemons
at boot time. Many systems have a file
<code class="filename">/etc/rc.local</code> or
<code class="filename">/etc/rc.d/rc.local</code>. Others use <code class="filename">init.d</code> or
<code class="filename">rc.d</code> directories. Whatever you do, the server must be
run by the <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> user account
<span class="emphasis"><em>and not by root</em></span> or any other user. Therefore you
probably should form your commands using
<code class="literal">su postgres -c '...'</code>. For example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
su postgres -c 'pg_ctl start -D /usr/local/pgsql/data -l serverlog'
</pre><p>
</p><p>
Here are a few more operating-system-specific suggestions. (In each
case be sure to use the proper installation directory and user
name where we show generic values.)
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
For <span class="productname">FreeBSD</span>, look at the file
<code class="filename">contrib/start-scripts/freebsd</code> in the
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> source distribution.
<a id="id-1.6.6.6.10.1.1.1.4" class="indexterm"></a>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
On <span class="productname">OpenBSD</span>, add the following lines
to the file <code class="filename">/etc/rc.local</code>:
<a id="id-1.6.6.6.10.1.2.1.3" class="indexterm"></a>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
if [ -x /usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl -a -x /usr/local/pgsql/bin/postgres ]; then
su -l postgres -c '/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl start -s -l /var/postgresql/log -D /usr/local/pgsql/data'
echo -n ' postgresql'
fi
</pre><p>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
On <span class="productname">Linux</span> systems either add
<a id="id-1.6.6.6.10.1.3.1.2" class="indexterm"></a>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl start -l logfile -D /usr/local/pgsql/data
</pre><p>
to <code class="filename">/etc/rc.d/rc.local</code>
or <code class="filename">/etc/rc.local</code> or look at the file
<code class="filename">contrib/start-scripts/linux</code> in the
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> source distribution.
</p><p>
When using <span class="application">systemd</span>, you can use the following
service unit file (e.g.,
at <code class="filename">/etc/systemd/system/postgresql.service</code>):<a id="id-1.6.6.6.10.1.3.2.3" class="indexterm"></a>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
[Unit]
Description=PostgreSQL database server
Documentation=man:postgres(1)
After=network-online.target
Wants=network-online.target
[Service]
Type=notify
User=postgres
ExecStart=/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postgres -D /usr/local/pgsql/data
ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID
KillMode=mixed
KillSignal=SIGINT
TimeoutSec=infinity
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
</pre><p>
Using <code class="literal">Type=notify</code> requires that the server binary was
built with <code class="literal">configure --with-systemd</code>.
</p><p>
Consider carefully the timeout
setting. <span class="application">systemd</span> has a default timeout of 90
seconds as of this writing and will kill a process that does not report
readiness within that time. But a <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
server that might have to perform crash recovery at startup could take
much longer to become ready. The suggested value
of <code class="literal">infinity</code> disables the timeout logic.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
On <span class="productname">NetBSD</span>, use either the
<span class="productname">FreeBSD</span> or
<span class="productname">Linux</span> start scripts, depending on
preference.
<a id="id-1.6.6.6.10.1.4.1.4" class="indexterm"></a>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
On <span class="productname">Solaris</span>, create a file called
<code class="filename">/etc/init.d/postgresql</code> that contains
the following line:
<a id="id-1.6.6.6.10.1.5.1.3" class="indexterm"></a>
</p><pre class="programlisting">
su - postgres -c "/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl start -l logfile -D /usr/local/pgsql/data"
</pre><p>
Then, create a symbolic link to it in <code class="filename">/etc/rc3.d</code> as
<code class="filename">S99postgresql</code>.
</p></li></ul></div><p>
</p><p>
While the server is running, its
<acronym class="acronym">PID</acronym> is stored in the file
<code class="filename">postmaster.pid</code> in the data directory. This is
used to prevent multiple server instances from
running in the same data directory and can also be used for
shutting down the server.
</p><div class="sect2" id="SERVER-START-FAILURES"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">19.3.1. Server Start-up Failures</h3></div></div></div><p>
There are several common reasons the server might fail to
start. Check the server's log file, or start it by hand (without
redirecting standard output or standard error) and see what error
messages appear. Below we explain some of the most common error
messages in more detail.
</p><p>
</p><pre class="screen">
LOG: could not bind IPv4 address "127.0.0.1": Address already in use
HINT: Is another postmaster already running on port 5432? If not, wait a few seconds and retry.
FATAL: could not create any TCP/IP sockets
</pre><p>
This usually means just what it suggests: you tried to start
another server on the same port where one is already running.
However, if the kernel error message is not <code class="computeroutput">Address
already in use</code> or some variant of that, there might
be a different problem. For example, trying to start a server
on a reserved port number might draw something like:
</p><pre class="screen">
$ <strong class="userinput"><code>postgres -p 666</code></strong>
LOG: could not bind IPv4 address "127.0.0.1": Permission denied
HINT: Is another postmaster already running on port 666? If not, wait a few seconds and retry.
FATAL: could not create any TCP/IP sockets
</pre><p>
</p><p>
A message like:
</p><pre class="screen">
FATAL: could not create shared memory segment: Invalid argument
DETAIL: Failed system call was shmget(key=5440001, size=4011376640, 03600).
</pre><p>
probably means your kernel's limit on the size of shared memory is
smaller than the work area <span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span>
is trying to create (4011376640 bytes in this example).
This is only likely to happen if you have set <code class="literal">shared_memory_type</code>
to <code class="literal">sysv</code>. In that case, you
can try starting the server with a smaller-than-normal number of
buffers (<a class="xref" href="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-SHARED-BUFFERS">shared_buffers</a>), or
reconfigure your kernel to increase the allowed shared memory
size. You might also see this message when trying to start multiple
servers on the same machine, if their total space requested
exceeds the kernel limit.
</p><p>
An error like:
</p><pre class="screen">
FATAL: could not create semaphores: No space left on device
DETAIL: Failed system call was semget(5440126, 17, 03600).
</pre><p>
does <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> mean you've run out of disk
space. It means your kernel's limit on the number of <span class="systemitem">System V</span> semaphores is smaller than the number
<span class="productname">PostgreSQL</span> wants to create. As above,
you might be able to work around the problem by starting the
server with a reduced number of allowed connections
(<a class="xref" href="runtime-config-connection.html#GUC-MAX-CONNECTIONS">max_connections</a>), but you'll eventually want to
increase the kernel limit.
</p><p>
Details about configuring <span class="systemitem">System V</span>
<acronym class="acronym">IPC</acronym> facilities are given in <a class="xref" href="kernel-resources.html#SYSVIPC" title="19.4.1. Shared Memory and Semaphores">Section 19.4.1</a>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" id="CLIENT-CONNECTION-PROBLEMS"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title">19.3.2. Client Connection Problems</h3></div></div></div><p>
Although the error conditions possible on the client side are quite
varied and application-dependent, a few of them might be directly
related to how the server was started. Conditions other than
those shown below should be documented with the respective client
application.
</p><p>
</p><pre class="screen">
psql: error: connection to server at "server.joe.com" (123.123.123.123), port 5432 failed: Connection refused
Is the server running on that host and accepting TCP/IP connections?
</pre><p>
This is the generic <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">I couldn't find a server to talk
to</span>”</span> failure. It looks like the above when TCP/IP
communication is attempted. A common mistake is to forget to
configure the server to allow TCP/IP connections.
</p><p>
Alternatively, you might get this when attempting Unix-domain socket
communication to a local server:
</p><pre class="screen">
psql: error: connection to server on socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432" failed: No such file or directory
Is the server running locally and accepting connections on that socket?
</pre><p>
If the server is indeed running, check that the client's idea of the
socket path (here <code class="literal">/tmp</code>) agrees with the server's
<a class="xref" href="runtime-config-connection.html#GUC-UNIX-SOCKET-DIRECTORIES">unix_socket_directories</a> setting.
</p><p>
A connection failure message always shows the server address or socket
path name, which is useful in verifying that the client is trying to
connect to the right place. If there is in fact no server
listening there, the kernel error message will typically be either
<code class="computeroutput">Connection refused</code> or
<code class="computeroutput">No such file or directory</code>, as
illustrated. (It is important to realize that
<code class="computeroutput">Connection refused</code> in this context
does <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> mean that the server got your
connection request and rejected it. That case will produce a
different message, as shown in <a class="xref" href="client-authentication-problems.html" title="21.15. Authentication Problems">Section 21.15</a>.) Other error messages
such as <code class="computeroutput">Connection timed out</code> might
indicate more fundamental problems, like lack of network
connectivity, or a firewall blocking the connection.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="creating-cluster.html" title="19.2. Creating a Database Cluster">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="runtime.html" title="Chapter 19. Server Setup and Operation">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="kernel-resources.html" title="19.4. Managing Kernel Resources">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">19.2. Creating a Database Cluster </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html" title="PostgreSQL 15.7 Documentation">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> 19.4. Managing Kernel Resources</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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