path: root/src/backend/parser/analyze.c

/*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *
 * analyze.c
 *	  transform the raw parse tree into a query tree
 *
 * For optimizable statements, we are careful to obtain a suitable lock on
 * each referenced table, and other modules of the backend preserve or
 * re-obtain these locks before depending on the results.  It is therefore
 * okay to do significant semantic analysis of these statements.  For
 * utility commands, no locks are obtained here (and if they were, we could
 * not be sure we'd still have them at execution).  Hence the general rule
 * for utility commands is to just dump them into a Query node untransformed.
 * DECLARE CURSOR, EXPLAIN, and CREATE TABLE AS are exceptions because they
 * contain optimizable statements, which we should transform.
 *
 *
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2022, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
 * Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
 *
 *	src/backend/parser/analyze.c
 *
 *-------------------------------------------------------------------------
 */

#include "postgres.h"

#include "access/sysattr.h"
#include "catalog/pg_proc.h"
#include "catalog/pg_type.h"
#include "miscadmin.h"
#include "nodes/makefuncs.h"
#include "nodes/nodeFuncs.h"
#include "optimizer/optimizer.h"
#include "parser/analyze.h"
#include "parser/parse_agg.h"
#include "parser/parse_clause.h"
#include "parser/parse_coerce.h"
#include "parser/parse_collate.h"
#include "parser/parse_cte.h"
#include "parser/parse_expr.h"
#include "parser/parse_func.h"
#include "parser/parse_merge.h"
#include "parser/parse_oper.h"
#include "parser/parse_param.h"
#include "parser/parse_relation.h"
#include "parser/parse_target.h"
#include "parser/parse_type.h"
#include "parser/parsetree.h"
#include "rewrite/rewriteManip.h"
#include "utils/backend_status.h"
#include "utils/builtins.h"
#include "utils/guc.h"
#include "utils/queryjumble.h"
#include "utils/rel.h"
#include "utils/syscache.h"


/* Hook for plugins to get control at end of parse analysis */
post_parse_analyze_hook_type post_parse_analyze_hook = NULL;

static Query *transformOptionalSelectInto(ParseState *pstate, Node *parseTree);
static Query *transformDeleteStmt(ParseState *pstate, DeleteStmt *stmt);
static Query *transformInsertStmt(ParseState *pstate, InsertStmt *stmt);
static OnConflictExpr *transformOnConflictClause(ParseState *pstate,
												 OnConflictClause *onConflictClause);
static int	count_rowexpr_columns(ParseState *pstate, Node *expr);
static Query *transformSelectStmt(ParseState *pstate, SelectStmt *stmt);
static Query *transformValuesClause(ParseState *pstate, SelectStmt *stmt);
static Query *transformSetOperationStmt(ParseState *pstate, SelectStmt *stmt);
static Node *transformSetOperationTree(ParseState *pstate, SelectStmt *stmt,
									   bool isTopLevel, List **targetlist);
static void determineRecursiveColTypes(ParseState *pstate,
									   Node *larg, List *nrtargetlist);
static Query *transformReturnStmt(ParseState *pstate, ReturnStmt *stmt);
static Query *transformUpdateStmt(ParseState *pstate, UpdateStmt *stmt);
static List *transformReturningList(ParseState *pstate, List *returningList);
static Query *transformPLAssignStmt(ParseState *pstate,
									PLAssignStmt *stmt);
static Query *transformDeclareCursorStmt(ParseState *pstate,
										 DeclareCursorStmt *stmt);
static Query *transformExplainStmt(ParseState *pstate,
								   ExplainStmt *stmt);
static Query *transformCreateTableAsStmt(ParseState *pstate,
										 CreateTableAsStmt *stmt);
static Query *transformCallStmt(ParseState *pstate,
								CallStmt *stmt);
static void transformLockingClause(ParseState *pstate, Query *qry,
								   LockingClause *lc, bool pushedDown);
#ifdef RAW_EXPRESSION_COVERAGE_TEST
static bool test_raw_expression_coverage(Node *node, void *context);
#endif


/*
 * parse_analyze_fixedparams
 *		Analyze a raw parse tree and transform it to Query form.
 *
 * Optionally, information about $n parameter types can be supplied.
 * References to $n indexes not defined by paramTypes[] are disallowed.
 *
 * The result is a Query node.  Optimizable statements require considerable
 * transformation, while utility-type statements are simply hung off
 * a dummy CMD_UTILITY Query node.
 */
Query *
parse_analyze_fixedparams(RawStmt *parseTree, const char *sourceText,
						  const Oid *paramTypes, int numParams,
						  QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
{
	ParseState *pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
	Query	   *query;
	JumbleState *jstate = NULL;

	Assert(sourceText != NULL); /* required as of 8.4 */

	pstate->p_sourcetext = sourceText;

	if (numParams > 0)
		setup_parse_fixed_parameters(pstate, paramTypes, numParams);

	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;

	query = transformTopLevelStmt(pstate, parseTree);

	if (IsQueryIdEnabled())
		jstate = JumbleQuery(query, sourceText);

	if (post_parse_analyze_hook)
		(*post_parse_analyze_hook) (pstate, query, jstate);

	free_parsestate(pstate);

	pgstat_report_query_id(query->queryId, false);

	return query;
}

/*
 * parse_analyze_varparams
 *
 * This variant is used when it's okay to deduce information about $n
 * symbol datatypes from context.  The passed-in paramTypes[] array can
 * be modified or enlarged (via repalloc).
 */
Query *
parse_analyze_varparams(RawStmt *parseTree, const char *sourceText,
						Oid **paramTypes, int *numParams,
						QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
{
	ParseState *pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
	Query	   *query;
	JumbleState *jstate = NULL;

	Assert(sourceText != NULL); /* required as of 8.4 */

	pstate->p_sourcetext = sourceText;

	setup_parse_variable_parameters(pstate, paramTypes, numParams);

	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;

	query = transformTopLevelStmt(pstate, parseTree);

	/* make sure all is well with parameter types */
	check_variable_parameters(pstate, query);

	if (IsQueryIdEnabled())
		jstate = JumbleQuery(query, sourceText);

	if (post_parse_analyze_hook)
		(*post_parse_analyze_hook) (pstate, query, jstate);

	free_parsestate(pstate);

	pgstat_report_query_id(query->queryId, false);

	return query;
}

/*
 * parse_analyze_withcb
 *
 * This variant is used when the caller supplies their own parser callback to
 * resolve parameters and possibly other things.
 */
Query *
parse_analyze_withcb(RawStmt *parseTree, const char *sourceText,
					 ParserSetupHook parserSetup,
					 void *parserSetupArg,
					 QueryEnvironment *queryEnv)
{
	ParseState *pstate = make_parsestate(NULL);
	Query	   *query;
	JumbleState *jstate = NULL;

	Assert(sourceText != NULL); /* required as of 8.4 */

	pstate->p_sourcetext = sourceText;
	pstate->p_queryEnv = queryEnv;
	(*parserSetup) (pstate, parserSetupArg);

	query = transformTopLevelStmt(pstate, parseTree);

	if (IsQueryIdEnabled())
		jstate = JumbleQuery(query, sourceText);

	if (post_parse_analyze_hook)
		(*post_parse_analyze_hook) (pstate, query, jstate);

	free_parsestate(pstate);

	pgstat_report_query_id(query->queryId, false);

	return query;
}


/*
 * parse_sub_analyze
 *		Entry point for recursively analyzing a sub-statement.
 */
Query *
parse_sub_analyze(Node *parseTree, ParseState *parentParseState,
				  CommonTableExpr *parentCTE,
				  bool locked_from_parent,
				  bool resolve_unknowns)
{
	ParseState *pstate = make_parsestate(parentParseState);
	Query	   *query;

	pstate->p_parent_cte = parentCTE;
	pstate->p_locked_from_parent = locked_from_parent;
	pstate->p_resolve_unknowns = resolve_unknowns;

	query = transformStmt(pstate, parseTree);

	free_parsestate(pstate);

	return query;
}

/*
 * transformTopLevelStmt -
 *	  transform a Parse tree into a Query tree.
 *
 * This function is just responsible for transferring statement location data
 * from the RawStmt into the finished Query.
 */
Query *
transformTopLevelStmt(ParseState *pstate, RawStmt *parseTree)
{
	Query	   *result;

	/* We're at top level, so allow SELECT INTO */
	result = transformOptionalSelectInto(pstate, parseTree->stmt);

	result->stmt_location = parseTree->stmt_location;
	result->stmt_len = parseTree->stmt_len;

	return result;
}

/*
 * transformOptionalSelectInto -
 *	  If SELECT has INTO, convert it to CREATE TABLE AS.
 *
 * The only thing we do here that we don't do in transformStmt() is to
 * convert SELECT ... INTO into CREATE TABLE AS.  Since utility statements
 * aren't allowed within larger statements, this is only allowed at the top
 * of the parse tree, and so we only try it before entering the recursive
 * transformStmt() processing.
 */
static Query *
transformOptionalSelectInto(ParseState *pstate, Node *parseTree)
{
	if (IsA(parseTree, SelectStmt))
	{
		SelectStmt *stmt = (SelectStmt *) parseTree;

		/* If it's a set-operation tree, drill down to leftmost SelectStmt */
		while (stmt && stmt->op != SETOP_NONE)
			stmt = stmt->larg;
		Assert(stmt && IsA(stmt, SelectStmt) && stmt->larg == NULL);

		if (stmt->intoClause)
		{
			CreateTableAsStmt *ctas = makeNode(CreateTableAsStmt);

			ctas->query = parseTree;
			ctas->into = stmt->intoClause;
			ctas->objtype = OBJECT_TABLE;
			ctas->is_select_into = true;

			/*
			 * Remove the intoClause from the SelectStmt.  This makes it safe
			 * for transformSelectStmt to complain if it finds intoClause set
			 * (implying that the INTO appeared in a disallowed place).
			 */
			stmt->intoClause = NULL;

			parseTree = (Node *) ctas;
		}
	}

	return transformStmt(pstate, parseTree);
}

/*
 * transformStmt -
 *	  recursively transform a Parse tree into a Query tree.
 */
Query *
transformStmt(ParseState *pstate, Node *parseTree)
{
	Query	   *result;

	/*
	 * We apply RAW_EXPRESSION_COVERAGE_TEST testing to basic DML statements;
	 * we can't just run it on everything because raw_expression_tree_walker()
	 * doesn't claim to handle utility statements.
	 */
#ifdef RAW_EXPRESSION_COVERAGE_TEST
	switch (nodeTag(parseTree))
	{
		case T_SelectStmt:
		case T_InsertStmt:
		case T_UpdateStmt:
		case T_DeleteStmt:
		case T_MergeStmt:
			(void) test_raw_expression_coverage(parseTree, NULL);
			break;
		default:
			break;
	}
#endif							/* RAW_EXPRESSION_COVERAGE_TEST */

	/*
	 * Caution: when changing the set of statement types that have non-default
	 * processing here, see also stmt_requires_parse_analysis() and
	 * analyze_requires_snapshot().
	 */
	switch (nodeTag(parseTree))
	{
			/*
			 * Optimizable statements
			 */
		case T_InsertStmt:
			result = transformInsertStmt(pstate, (InsertStmt *) parseTree);
			break;

		case T_DeleteStmt:
			result = transformDeleteStmt(pstate, (DeleteStmt *) parseTree);
			break;

		case T_UpdateStmt:
			result = transformUpdateStmt(pstate, (UpdateStmt *) parseTree);
			break;

		case T_MergeStmt:
			result = transformMergeStmt(pstate, (MergeStmt *) parseTree);
			break;

		case T_SelectStmt:
			{
				SelectStmt *n = (SelectStmt *) parseTree;

				if (n->valuesLists)
					result = transformValuesClause(pstate, n);
				else if (n->op == SETOP_NONE)
					result = transformSelectStmt(pstate, n);
				else
					result = transformSetOperationStmt(pstate, n);
			}
			break;

		case T_ReturnStmt:
			result = transformReturnStmt(pstate, (ReturnStmt *) parseTree);
			break;

		case T_PLAssignStmt:
			result = transformPLAssignStmt(pstate,
										   (PLAssignStmt *) parseTree);
			break;

			/*
			 * Special cases
			 */
		case T_DeclareCursorStmt:
			result = transformDeclareCursorStmt(pstate,
												(DeclareCursorStmt *) parseTree);
			break;

		case T_ExplainStmt:
			result = transformExplainStmt(pstate,
										  (ExplainStmt *) parseTree);
			break;

		case T_CreateTableAsStmt:
			result = transformCreateTableAsStmt(pstate,
												(CreateTableAsStmt *) parseTree);
			break;

		case T_CallStmt:
			result = transformCallStmt(pstate,
									   (CallStmt *) parseTree);
			break;

		default:

			/*
			 * other statements don't require any transformation; just return
			 * the original parsetree with a Query node plastered on top.
			 */
			result = makeNode(Query);
			result->commandType = CMD_UTILITY;
			result->utilityStmt = (Node *) parseTree;
			break;
	}

	/* Mark as original query until we learn differently */
	result->querySource = QSRC_ORIGINAL;
	result->canSetTag = true;

	return result;
}

/*
 * stmt_requires_parse_analysis
 *		Returns true if parse analysis will do anything non-trivial
 *		with the given raw parse tree.
 *
 * Generally, this should return true for any statement type for which
 * transformStmt() does more than wrap a CMD_UTILITY Query around it.
 * When it returns false, the caller can assume that there is no situation
 * in which parse analysis of the raw statement could need to be re-done.
 *
 * Currently, since the rewriter and planner do nothing for CMD_UTILITY
 * Queries, a false result means that the entire parse analysis/rewrite/plan
 * pipeline will never need to be re-done.  If that ever changes, callers
 * will likely need adjustment.
 */
bool
stmt_requires_parse_analysis(RawStmt *parseTree)
{
	bool		result;

	switch (nodeTag(parseTree->stmt))
	{
			/*
			 * Optimizable statements
			 */
		case T_InsertStmt:
		case T_DeleteStmt:
		case T_UpdateStmt:
		case T_MergeStmt:
		case T_SelectStmt:
		case T_ReturnStmt:
		case T_PLAssignStmt:
			result = true;
			break;

			/*
			 * Special cases
			 */
		case T_DeclareCursorStmt:
		case T_ExplainStmt:
		case T_CreateTableAsStmt:
		case T_CallStmt:
			result = true;
			break;

		default:
			/* all other statements just get wrapped in a CMD_UTILITY Query */
			result = false;
			break;
	}

	return result;
}

/*
 * analyze_requires_snapshot
 *		Returns true if a snapshot must be set before doing parse analysis
 *		on the given raw parse tree.
 */
bool
analyze_requires_snapshot(RawStmt *parseTree)
{
	/*
	 * Currently, this should return true in exactly the same cases that
	 * stmt_requires_parse_analysis() does, so we just invoke that function
	 * rather than duplicating it.  We keep the two entry points separate for
	 * clarity of callers, since from the callers' standpoint these are
	 * different conditions.
	 *
	 * While there may someday be a statement type for which transformStmt()
	 * does something nontrivial and yet no snapshot is needed for that
	 * processing, it seems likely that making such a choice would be fragile.
	 * If you want to install an exception, document the reasoning for it in a
	 * comment.
	 */
	return stmt_requires_parse_analysis(parseTree);
}

/*
 * transformDeleteStmt -
 *	  transforms a Delete Statement
 */
static Query *
transformDeleteStmt(ParseState *pstate, DeleteStmt *stmt)
{
	Query	   *qry = makeNode(Query);
	ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
	Node	   *qual;

	qry->commandType = CMD_DELETE;

	/* process the WITH clause independently of all else */
	if (stmt->withClause)
	{
		qry->hasRecursive = stmt->withClause->recursive;
		qry->cteList = transformWithClause(pstate, stmt->withClause);
		qry->hasModifyingCTE = pstate->p_hasModifyingCTE;
	}

	/* set up range table with just the result rel */
	qry->resultRelation = setTargetTable(pstate, stmt->relation,
										 stmt->relation->inh,
										 true,
										 ACL_DELETE);
	nsitem = pstate->p_target_nsitem;

	/* there's no DISTINCT in DELETE */
	qry->distinctClause = NIL;

	/* subqueries in USING cannot access the result relation */
	nsitem->p_lateral_only = true;
	nsitem->p_lateral_ok = false;

	/*
	 * The USING clause is non-standard SQL syntax, and is equivalent in
	 * functionality to the FROM list that can be specified for UPDATE. The
	 * USING keyword is used rather than FROM because FROM is already a
	 * keyword in the DELETE syntax.
	 */
	transformFromClause(pstate, stmt->usingClause);

	/* remaining clauses can reference the result relation normally */
	nsitem->p_lateral_only = false;
	nsitem->p_lateral_ok = true;

	qual = transformWhereClause(pstate, stmt->whereClause,
								EXPR_KIND_WHERE, "WHERE");

	qry->returningList = transformReturningList(pstate, stmt->returningList);

	/* done building the range table and jointree */
	qry->rtable = pstate->p_rtable;
	qry->jointree = makeFromExpr(pstate->p_joinlist, qual);

	qry->hasSubLinks = pstate->p_hasSubLinks;
	qry->hasWindowFuncs = pstate->p_hasWindowFuncs;
	qry->hasTargetSRFs = pstate->p_hasTargetSRFs;
	qry->hasAggs = pstate->p_hasAggs;

	assign_query_collations(pstate, qry);

	/* this must be done after collations, for reliable comparison of exprs */
	if (pstate->p_hasAggs)
		parseCheckAggregates(pstate, qry);

	return qry;
}

/*
 * transformInsertStmt -
 *	  transform an Insert Statement
 */
static Query *
transformInsertStmt(ParseState *pstate, InsertStmt *stmt)
{
	Query	   *qry = makeNode(Query);
	SelectStmt *selectStmt = (SelectStmt *) stmt->selectStmt;
	List	   *exprList = NIL;
	bool		isGeneralSelect;
	List	   *sub_rtable;
	List	   *sub_namespace;
	List	   *icolumns;
	List	   *attrnos;
	ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
	RangeTblEntry *rte;
	ListCell   *icols;
	ListCell   *attnos;
	ListCell   *lc;
	bool		isOnConflictUpdate;
	AclMode		targetPerms;

	/* There can't be any outer WITH to worry about */
	Assert(pstate->p_ctenamespace == NIL);

	qry->commandType = CMD_INSERT;
	pstate->p_is_insert = true;

	/* process the WITH clause independently of all else */
	if (stmt->withClause)
	{
		qry->hasRecursive = stmt->withClause->recursive;
		qry->cteList = transformWithClause(pstate, stmt->withClause);
		qry->hasModifyingCTE = pstate->p_hasModifyingCTE;
	}

	qry->override = stmt->override;

	isOnConflictUpdate = (stmt->onConflictClause &&
						  stmt->onConflictClause->action == ONCONFLICT_UPDATE);

	/*
	 * We have three cases to deal with: DEFAULT VALUES (selectStmt == NULL),
	 * VALUES list, or general SELECT input.  We special-case VALUES, both for
	 * efficiency and so we can handle DEFAULT specifications.
	 *
	 * The grammar allows attaching ORDER BY, LIMIT, FOR UPDATE, or WITH to a
	 * VALUES clause.  If we have any of those, treat it as a general SELECT;
	 * so it will work, but you can't use DEFAULT items together with those.
	 */
	isGeneralSelect = (selectStmt && (selectStmt->valuesLists == NIL ||
									  selectStmt->sortClause != NIL ||
									  selectStmt->limitOffset != NULL ||
									  selectStmt->limitCount != NULL ||
									  selectStmt->lockingClause != NIL ||
									  selectStmt->withClause != NULL));

	/*
	 * If a non-nil rangetable/namespace was passed in, and we are doing
	 * INSERT/SELECT, arrange to pass the rangetable/namespace down to the
	 * SELECT.  This can only happen if we are inside a CREATE RULE, and in
	 * that case we want the rule's OLD and NEW rtable entries to appear as
	 * part of the SELECT's rtable, not as outer references for it.  (Kluge!)
	 * The SELECT's joinlist is not affected however.  We must do this before
	 * adding the target table to the INSERT's rtable.
	 */
	if (isGeneralSelect)
	{
		sub_rtable = pstate->p_rtable;
		pstate->p_rtable = NIL;
		sub_namespace = pstate->p_namespace;
		pstate->p_namespace = NIL;
	}
	else
	{
		sub_rtable = NIL;		/* not used, but keep compiler quiet */
		sub_namespace = NIL;
	}

	/*
	 * Must get write lock on INSERT target table before scanning SELECT, else
	 * we will grab the wrong kind of initial lock if the target table is also
	 * mentioned in the SELECT part.  Note that the target table is not added
	 * to the joinlist or namespace.
	 */
	targetPerms = ACL_INSERT;
	if (isOnConflictUpdate)
		targetPerms |= ACL_UPDATE;
	qry->resultRelation = setTargetTable(pstate, stmt->relation,
										 false, false, targetPerms);

	/* Validate stmt->cols list, or build default list if no list given */
	icolumns = checkInsertTargets(pstate, stmt->cols, &attrnos);
	Assert(list_length(icolumns) == list_length(attrnos));

	/*
	 * Determine which variant of INSERT we have.
	 */
	if (selectStmt == NULL)
	{
		/*
		 * We have INSERT ... DEFAULT VALUES.  We can handle this case by
		 * emitting an empty targetlist --- all columns will be defaulted when
		 * the planner expands the targetlist.
		 */
		exprList = NIL;
	}
	else if (isGeneralSelect)
	{
		/*
		 * We make the sub-pstate a child of the outer pstate so that it can
		 * see any Param definitions supplied from above.  Since the outer
		 * pstate's rtable and namespace are presently empty, there are no
		 * side-effects of exposing names the sub-SELECT shouldn't be able to
		 * see.
		 */
		ParseState *sub_pstate = make_parsestate(pstate);
		Query	   *selectQuery;

		/*
		 * Process the source SELECT.
		 *
		 * It is important that this be handled just like a standalone SELECT;
		 * otherwise the behavior of SELECT within INSERT might be different
		 * from a stand-alone SELECT. (Indeed, Postgres up through 6.5 had
		 * bugs of just that nature...)
		 *
		 * The sole exception is that we prevent resolving unknown-type
		 * outputs as TEXT.  This does not change the semantics since if the
		 * column type matters semantically, it would have been resolved to
		 * something else anyway.  Doing this lets us resolve such outputs as
		 * the target column's type, which we handle below.
		 */
		sub_pstate->p_rtable = sub_rtable;
		sub_pstate->p_joinexprs = NIL;	/* sub_rtable has no joins */
		sub_pstate->p_namespace = sub_namespace;
		sub_pstate->p_resolve_unknowns = false;

		selectQuery = transformStmt(sub_pstate, stmt->selectStmt);

		free_parsestate(sub_pstate);

		/* The grammar should have produced a SELECT */
		if (!IsA(selectQuery, Query) ||
			selectQuery->commandType != CMD_SELECT)
			elog(ERROR, "unexpected non-SELECT command in INSERT ... SELECT");

		/*
		 * Make the source be a subquery in the INSERT's rangetable, and add
		 * it to the INSERT's joinlist (but not the namespace).
		 */
		nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForSubquery(pstate,
											   selectQuery,
											   makeAlias("*SELECT*", NIL),
											   false,
											   false);
		addNSItemToQuery(pstate, nsitem, true, false, false);

		/*----------
		 * Generate an expression list for the INSERT that selects all the
		 * non-resjunk columns from the subquery.  (INSERT's tlist must be
		 * separate from the subquery's tlist because we may add columns,
		 * insert datatype coercions, etc.)
		 *
		 * HACK: unknown-type constants and params in the SELECT's targetlist
		 * are copied up as-is rather than being referenced as subquery
		 * outputs.  This is to ensure that when we try to coerce them to
		 * the target column's datatype, the right things happen (see
		 * special cases in coerce_type).  Otherwise, this fails:
		 *		INSERT INTO foo SELECT 'bar', ... FROM baz
		 *----------
		 */
		exprList = NIL;
		foreach(lc, selectQuery->targetList)
		{
			TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(lc);
			Expr	   *expr;

			if (tle->resjunk)
				continue;
			if (tle->expr &&
				(IsA(tle->expr, Const) || IsA(tle->expr, Param)) &&
				exprType((Node *) tle->expr) == UNKNOWNOID)
				expr = tle->expr;
			else
			{
				Var		   *var = makeVarFromTargetEntry(nsitem->p_rtindex, tle);

				var->location = exprLocation((Node *) tle->expr);
				expr = (Expr *) var;
			}
			exprList = lappend(exprList, expr);
		}

		/* Prepare row for assignment to target table */
		exprList = transformInsertRow(pstate, exprList,
									  stmt->cols,
									  icolumns, attrnos,
									  false);
	}
	else if (list_length(selectStmt->valuesLists) > 1)
	{
		/*
		 * Process INSERT ... VALUES with multiple VALUES sublists. We
		 * generate a VALUES RTE holding the transformed expression lists, and
		 * build up a targetlist containing Vars that reference the VALUES
		 * RTE.
		 */
		List	   *exprsLists = NIL;
		List	   *coltypes = NIL;
		List	   *coltypmods = NIL;
		List	   *colcollations = NIL;
		int			sublist_length = -1;
		bool		lateral = false;

		Assert(selectStmt->intoClause == NULL);

		foreach(lc, selectStmt->valuesLists)
		{
			List	   *sublist = (List *) lfirst(lc);

			/*
			 * Do basic expression transformation (same as a ROW() expr, but
			 * allow SetToDefault at top level)
			 */
			sublist = transformExpressionList(pstate, sublist,
											  EXPR_KIND_VALUES, true);

			/*
			 * All the sublists must be the same length, *after*
			 * transformation (which might expand '*' into multiple items).
			 * The VALUES RTE can't handle anything different.
			 */
			if (sublist_length < 0)
			{
				/* Remember post-transformation length of first sublist */
				sublist_length = list_length(sublist);
			}
			else if (sublist_length != list_length(sublist))
			{
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
						 errmsg("VALUES lists must all be the same length"),
						 parser_errposition(pstate,
											exprLocation((Node *) sublist))));
			}

			/*
			 * Prepare row for assignment to target table.  We process any
			 * indirection on the target column specs normally but then strip
			 * off the resulting field/array assignment nodes, since we don't
			 * want the parsed statement to contain copies of those in each
			 * VALUES row.  (It's annoying to have to transform the
			 * indirection specs over and over like this, but avoiding it
			 * would take some really messy refactoring of
			 * transformAssignmentIndirection.)
			 */
			sublist = transformInsertRow(pstate, sublist,
										 stmt->cols,
										 icolumns, attrnos,
										 true);

			/*
			 * We must assign collations now because assign_query_collations
			 * doesn't process rangetable entries.  We just assign all the
			 * collations independently in each row, and don't worry about
			 * whether they are consistent vertically.  The outer INSERT query
			 * isn't going to care about the collations of the VALUES columns,
			 * so it's not worth the effort to identify a common collation for
			 * each one here.  (But note this does have one user-visible
			 * consequence: INSERT ... VALUES won't complain about conflicting
			 * explicit COLLATEs in a column, whereas the same VALUES
			 * construct in another context would complain.)
			 */
			assign_list_collations(pstate, sublist);

			exprsLists = lappend(exprsLists, sublist);
		}

		/*
		 * Construct column type/typmod/collation lists for the VALUES RTE.
		 * Every expression in each column has been coerced to the type/typmod
		 * of the corresponding target column or subfield, so it's sufficient
		 * to look at the exprType/exprTypmod of the first row.  We don't care
		 * about the collation labeling, so just fill in InvalidOid for that.
		 */
		foreach(lc, (List *) linitial(exprsLists))
		{
			Node	   *val = (Node *) lfirst(lc);

			coltypes = lappend_oid(coltypes, exprType(val));
			coltypmods = lappend_int(coltypmods, exprTypmod(val));
			colcollations = lappend_oid(colcollations, InvalidOid);
		}

		/*
		 * Ordinarily there can't be any current-level Vars in the expression
		 * lists, because the namespace was empty ... but if we're inside
		 * CREATE RULE, then NEW/OLD references might appear.  In that case we
		 * have to mark the VALUES RTE as LATERAL.
		 */
		if (list_length(pstate->p_rtable) != 1 &&
			contain_vars_of_level((Node *) exprsLists, 0))
			lateral = true;

		/*
		 * Generate the VALUES RTE
		 */
		nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForValues(pstate, exprsLists,
											 coltypes, coltypmods, colcollations,
											 NULL, lateral, true);
		addNSItemToQuery(pstate, nsitem, true, false, false);

		/*
		 * Generate list of Vars referencing the RTE
		 */
		exprList = expandNSItemVars(nsitem, 0, -1, NULL);

		/*
		 * Re-apply any indirection on the target column specs to the Vars
		 */
		exprList = transformInsertRow(pstate, exprList,
									  stmt->cols,
									  icolumns, attrnos,
									  false);
	}
	else
	{
		/*
		 * Process INSERT ... VALUES with a single VALUES sublist.  We treat
		 * this case separately for efficiency.  The sublist is just computed
		 * directly as the Query's targetlist, with no VALUES RTE.  So it
		 * works just like a SELECT without any FROM.
		 */
		List	   *valuesLists = selectStmt->valuesLists;

		Assert(list_length(valuesLists) == 1);
		Assert(selectStmt->intoClause == NULL);

		/*
		 * Do basic expression transformation (same as a ROW() expr, but allow
		 * SetToDefault at top level)
		 */
		exprList = transformExpressionList(pstate,
										   (List *) linitial(valuesLists),
										   EXPR_KIND_VALUES_SINGLE,
										   true);

		/* Prepare row for assignment to target table */
		exprList = transformInsertRow(pstate, exprList,
									  stmt->cols,
									  icolumns, attrnos,
									  false);
	}

	/*
	 * Generate query's target list using the computed list of expressions.
	 * Also, mark all the target columns as needing insert permissions.
	 */
	rte = pstate->p_target_nsitem->p_rte;
	qry->targetList = NIL;
	Assert(list_length(exprList) <= list_length(icolumns));
	forthree(lc, exprList, icols, icolumns, attnos, attrnos)
	{
		Expr	   *expr = (Expr *) lfirst(lc);
		ResTarget  *col = lfirst_node(ResTarget, icols);
		AttrNumber	attr_num = (AttrNumber) lfirst_int(attnos);
		TargetEntry *tle;

		tle = makeTargetEntry(expr,
							  attr_num,
							  col->name,
							  false);
		qry->targetList = lappend(qry->targetList, tle);

		rte->insertedCols = bms_add_member(rte->insertedCols,
										   attr_num - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);
	}

	/*
	 * If we have any clauses yet to process, set the query namespace to
	 * contain only the target relation, removing any entries added in a
	 * sub-SELECT or VALUES list.
	 */
	if (stmt->onConflictClause || stmt->returningList)
	{
		pstate->p_namespace = NIL;
		addNSItemToQuery(pstate, pstate->p_target_nsitem,
						 false, true, true);
	}

	/* Process ON CONFLICT, if any. */
	if (stmt->onConflictClause)
		qry->onConflict = transformOnConflictClause(pstate,
													stmt->onConflictClause);

	/* Process RETURNING, if any. */
	if (stmt->returningList)
		qry->returningList = transformReturningList(pstate,
													stmt->returningList);

	/* done building the range table and jointree */
	qry->rtable = pstate->p_rtable;
	qry->jointree = makeFromExpr(pstate->p_joinlist, NULL);

	qry->hasTargetSRFs = pstate->p_hasTargetSRFs;
	qry->hasSubLinks = pstate->p_hasSubLinks;

	assign_query_collations(pstate, qry);

	return qry;
}

/*
 * Prepare an INSERT row for assignment to the target table.
 *
 * exprlist: transformed expressions for source values; these might come from
 * a VALUES row, or be Vars referencing a sub-SELECT or VALUES RTE output.
 * stmtcols: original target-columns spec for INSERT (we just test for NIL)
 * icolumns: effective target-columns spec (list of ResTarget)
 * attrnos: integer column numbers (must be same length as icolumns)
 * strip_indirection: if true, remove any field/array assignment nodes
 */
List *
transformInsertRow(ParseState *pstate, List *exprlist,
				   List *stmtcols, List *icolumns, List *attrnos,
				   bool strip_indirection)
{
	List	   *result;
	ListCell   *lc;
	ListCell   *icols;
	ListCell   *attnos;

	/*
	 * Check length of expr list.  It must not have more expressions than
	 * there are target columns.  We allow fewer, but only if no explicit
	 * columns list was given (the remaining columns are implicitly
	 * defaulted).  Note we must check this *after* transformation because
	 * that could expand '*' into multiple items.
	 */
	if (list_length(exprlist) > list_length(icolumns))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
				 errmsg("INSERT has more expressions than target columns"),
				 parser_errposition(pstate,
									exprLocation(list_nth(exprlist,
														  list_length(icolumns))))));
	if (stmtcols != NIL &&
		list_length(exprlist) < list_length(icolumns))
	{
		/*
		 * We can get here for cases like INSERT ... SELECT (a,b,c) FROM ...
		 * where the user accidentally created a RowExpr instead of separate
		 * columns.  Add a suitable hint if that seems to be the problem,
		 * because the main error message is quite misleading for this case.
		 * (If there's no stmtcols, you'll get something about data type
		 * mismatch, which is less misleading so we don't worry about giving a
		 * hint in that case.)
		 */
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
				 errmsg("INSERT has more target columns than expressions"),
				 ((list_length(exprlist) == 1 &&
				   count_rowexpr_columns(pstate, linitial(exprlist)) ==
				   list_length(icolumns)) ?
				  errhint("The insertion source is a row expression containing the same number of columns expected by the INSERT. Did you accidentally use extra parentheses?") : 0),
				 parser_errposition(pstate,
									exprLocation(list_nth(icolumns,
														  list_length(exprlist))))));
	}

	/*
	 * Prepare columns for assignment to target table.
	 */
	result = NIL;
	forthree(lc, exprlist, icols, icolumns, attnos, attrnos)
	{
		Expr	   *expr = (Expr *) lfirst(lc);
		ResTarget  *col = lfirst_node(ResTarget, icols);
		int			attno = lfirst_int(attnos);

		expr = transformAssignedExpr(pstate, expr,
									 EXPR_KIND_INSERT_TARGET,
									 col->name,
									 attno,
									 col->indirection,
									 col->location);

		if (strip_indirection)
		{
			while (expr)
			{
				if (IsA(expr, FieldStore))
				{
					FieldStore *fstore = (FieldStore *) expr;

					expr = (Expr *) linitial(fstore->newvals);
				}
				else if (IsA(expr, SubscriptingRef))
				{
					SubscriptingRef *sbsref = (SubscriptingRef *) expr;

					if (sbsref->refassgnexpr == NULL)
						break;

					expr = sbsref->refassgnexpr;
				}
				else
					break;
			}
		}

		result = lappend(result, expr);
	}

	return result;
}

/*
 * transformOnConflictClause -
 *	  transforms an OnConflictClause in an INSERT
 */
static OnConflictExpr *
transformOnConflictClause(ParseState *pstate,
						  OnConflictClause *onConflictClause)
{
	ParseNamespaceItem *exclNSItem = NULL;
	List	   *arbiterElems;
	Node	   *arbiterWhere;
	Oid			arbiterConstraint;
	List	   *onConflictSet = NIL;
	Node	   *onConflictWhere = NULL;
	int			exclRelIndex = 0;
	List	   *exclRelTlist = NIL;
	OnConflictExpr *result;

	/*
	 * If this is ON CONFLICT ... UPDATE, first create the range table entry
	 * for the EXCLUDED pseudo relation, so that that will be present while
	 * processing arbiter expressions.  (You can't actually reference it from
	 * there, but this provides a useful error message if you try.)
	 */
	if (onConflictClause->action == ONCONFLICT_UPDATE)
	{
		Relation	targetrel = pstate->p_target_relation;
		RangeTblEntry *exclRte;

		exclNSItem = addRangeTableEntryForRelation(pstate,
												   targetrel,
												   RowExclusiveLock,
												   makeAlias("excluded", NIL),
												   false, false);
		exclRte = exclNSItem->p_rte;
		exclRelIndex = exclNSItem->p_rtindex;

		/*
		 * relkind is set to composite to signal that we're not dealing with
		 * an actual relation, and no permission checks are required on it.
		 * (We'll check the actual target relation, instead.)
		 */
		exclRte->relkind = RELKIND_COMPOSITE_TYPE;
		exclRte->requiredPerms = 0;
		/* other permissions fields in exclRte are already empty */

		/* Create EXCLUDED rel's targetlist for use by EXPLAIN */
		exclRelTlist = BuildOnConflictExcludedTargetlist(targetrel,
														 exclRelIndex);
	}

	/* Process the arbiter clause, ON CONFLICT ON (...) */
	transformOnConflictArbiter(pstate, onConflictClause, &arbiterElems,
							   &arbiterWhere, &arbiterConstraint);

	/* Process DO UPDATE */
	if (onConflictClause->action == ONCONFLICT_UPDATE)
	{
		/*
		 * Expressions in the UPDATE targetlist need to be handled like UPDATE
		 * not INSERT.  We don't need to save/restore this because all INSERT
		 * expressions have been parsed already.
		 */
		pstate->p_is_insert = false;

		/*
		 * Add the EXCLUDED pseudo relation to the query namespace, making it
		 * available in the UPDATE subexpressions.
		 */
		addNSItemToQuery(pstate, exclNSItem, false, true, true);

		/*
		 * Now transform the UPDATE subexpressions.
		 */
		onConflictSet =
			transformUpdateTargetList(pstate, onConflictClause->targetList);

		onConflictWhere = transformWhereClause(pstate,
											   onConflictClause->whereClause,
											   EXPR_KIND_WHERE, "WHERE");

		/*
		 * Remove the EXCLUDED pseudo relation from the query namespace, since
		 * it's not supposed to be available in RETURNING.  (Maybe someday we
		 * could allow that, and drop this step.)
		 */
		Assert((ParseNamespaceItem *) llast(pstate->p_namespace) == exclNSItem);
		pstate->p_namespace = list_delete_last(pstate->p_namespace);
	}

	/* Finally, build ON CONFLICT DO [NOTHING | UPDATE] expression */
	result = makeNode(OnConflictExpr);

	result->action = onConflictClause->action;
	result->arbiterElems = arbiterElems;
	result->arbiterWhere = arbiterWhere;
	result->constraint = arbiterConstraint;
	result->onConflictSet = onConflictSet;
	result->onConflictWhere = onConflictWhere;
	result->exclRelIndex = exclRelIndex;
	result->exclRelTlist = exclRelTlist;

	return result;
}


/*
 * BuildOnConflictExcludedTargetlist
 *		Create target list for the EXCLUDED pseudo-relation of ON CONFLICT,
 *		representing the columns of targetrel with varno exclRelIndex.
 *
 * Note: Exported for use in the rewriter.
 */
List *
BuildOnConflictExcludedTargetlist(Relation targetrel,
								  Index exclRelIndex)
{
	List	   *result = NIL;
	int			attno;
	Var		   *var;
	TargetEntry *te;

	/*
	 * Note that resnos of the tlist must correspond to attnos of the
	 * underlying relation, hence we need entries for dropped columns too.
	 */
	for (attno = 0; attno < RelationGetNumberOfAttributes(targetrel); attno++)
	{
		Form_pg_attribute attr = TupleDescAttr(targetrel->rd_att, attno);
		char	   *name;

		if (attr->attisdropped)
		{
			/*
			 * can't use atttypid here, but it doesn't really matter what type
			 * the Const claims to be.
			 */
			var = (Var *) makeNullConst(INT4OID, -1, InvalidOid);
			name = NULL;
		}
		else
		{
			var = makeVar(exclRelIndex, attno + 1,
						  attr->atttypid, attr->atttypmod,
						  attr->attcollation,
						  0);
			name = pstrdup(NameStr(attr->attname));
		}

		te = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) var,
							 attno + 1,
							 name,
							 false);

		result = lappend(result, te);
	}

	/*
	 * Add a whole-row-Var entry to support references to "EXCLUDED.*".  Like
	 * the other entries in the EXCLUDED tlist, its resno must match the Var's
	 * varattno, else the wrong things happen while resolving references in
	 * setrefs.c.  This is against normal conventions for targetlists, but
	 * it's okay since we don't use this as a real tlist.
	 */
	var = makeVar(exclRelIndex, InvalidAttrNumber,
				  targetrel->rd_rel->reltype,
				  -1, InvalidOid, 0);
	te = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) var, InvalidAttrNumber, NULL, true);
	result = lappend(result, te);

	return result;
}


/*
 * count_rowexpr_columns -
 *	  get number of columns contained in a ROW() expression;
 *	  return -1 if expression isn't a RowExpr or a Var referencing one.
 *
 * This is currently used only for hint purposes, so we aren't terribly
 * tense about recognizing all possible cases.  The Var case is interesting
 * because that's what we'll get in the INSERT ... SELECT (...) case.
 */
static int
count_rowexpr_columns(ParseState *pstate, Node *expr)
{
	if (expr == NULL)
		return -1;
	if (IsA(expr, RowExpr))
		return list_length(((RowExpr *) expr)->args);
	if (IsA(expr, Var))
	{
		Var		   *var = (Var *) expr;
		AttrNumber	attnum = var->varattno;

		if (attnum > 0 && var->vartype == RECORDOID)
		{
			RangeTblEntry *rte;

			rte = GetRTEByRangeTablePosn(pstate, var->varno, var->varlevelsup);
			if (rte->rtekind == RTE_SUBQUERY)
			{
				/* Subselect-in-FROM: examine sub-select's output expr */
				TargetEntry *ste = get_tle_by_resno(rte->subquery->targetList,
													attnum);

				if (ste == NULL || ste->resjunk)
					return -1;
				expr = (Node *) ste->expr;
				if (IsA(expr, RowExpr))
					return list_length(((RowExpr *) expr)->args);
			}
		}
	}
	return -1;
}


/*
 * transformSelectStmt -
 *	  transforms a Select Statement
 *
 * Note: this covers only cases with no set operations and no VALUES lists;
 * see below for the other cases.
 */
static Query *
transformSelectStmt(ParseState *pstate, SelectStmt *stmt)
{
	Query	   *qry = makeNode(Query);
	Node	   *qual;
	ListCell   *l;

	qry->commandType = CMD_SELECT;

	/* process the WITH clause independently of all else */
	if (stmt->withClause)
	{
		qry->hasRecursive = stmt->withClause->recursive;
		qry->cteList = transformWithClause(pstate, stmt->withClause);
		qry->hasModifyingCTE = pstate->p_hasModifyingCTE;
	}

	/* Complain if we get called from someplace where INTO is not allowed */
	if (stmt->intoClause)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
				 errmsg("SELECT ... INTO is not allowed here"),
				 parser_errposition(pstate,
									exprLocation((Node *) stmt->intoClause))));

	/* make FOR UPDATE/FOR SHARE info available to addRangeTableEntry */
	pstate->p_locking_clause = stmt->lockingClause;

	/* make WINDOW info available for window functions, too */
	pstate->p_windowdefs = stmt->windowClause;

	/* process the FROM clause */
	transformFromClause(pstate, stmt->fromClause);

	/* transform targetlist */
	qry->targetList = transformTargetList(pstate, stmt->targetList,
										  EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET);

	/* mark column origins */
	markTargetListOrigins(pstate, qry->targetList);

	/* transform WHERE */
	qual = transformWhereClause(pstate, stmt->whereClause,
								EXPR_KIND_WHERE, "WHERE");

	/* initial processing of HAVING clause is much like WHERE clause */
	qry->havingQual = transformWhereClause(pstate, stmt->havingClause,
										   EXPR_KIND_HAVING, "HAVING");

	/*
	 * Transform sorting/grouping stuff.  Do ORDER BY first because both
	 * transformGroupClause and transformDistinctClause need the results. Note
	 * that these functions can also change the targetList, so it's passed to
	 * them by reference.
	 */
	qry->sortClause = transformSortClause(pstate,
										  stmt->sortClause,
										  &qry->targetList,
										  EXPR_KIND_ORDER_BY,
										  false /* allow SQL92 rules */ );

	qry->groupClause = transformGroupClause(pstate,
											stmt->groupClause,
											&qry->groupingSets,
											&qry->targetList,
											qry->sortClause,
											EXPR_KIND_GROUP_BY,
											false /* allow SQL92 rules */ );
	qry->groupDistinct = stmt->groupDistinct;

	if (stmt->distinctClause == NIL)
	{
		qry->distinctClause = NIL;
		qry->hasDistinctOn = false;
	}
	else if (linitial(stmt->distinctClause) == NULL)
	{
		/* We had SELECT DISTINCT */
		qry->distinctClause = transformDistinctClause(pstate,
													  &qry->targetList,
													  qry->sortClause,
													  false);
		qry->hasDistinctOn = false;
	}
	else
	{
		/* We had SELECT DISTINCT ON */
		qry->distinctClause = transformDistinctOnClause(pstate,
														stmt->distinctClause,
														&qry->targetList,
														qry->sortClause);
		qry->hasDistinctOn = true;
	}

	/* transform LIMIT */
	qry->limitOffset = transformLimitClause(pstate, stmt->limitOffset,
											EXPR_KIND_OFFSET, "OFFSET",
											stmt->limitOption);
	qry->limitCount = transformLimitClause(pstate, stmt->limitCount,
										   EXPR_KIND_LIMIT, "LIMIT",
										   stmt->limitOption);
	qry->limitOption = stmt->limitOption;

	/* transform window clauses after we have seen all window functions */
	qry->windowClause = transformWindowDefinitions(pstate,
												   pstate->p_windowdefs,
												   &qry->targetList);

	/* resolve any still-unresolved output columns as being type text */
	if (pstate->p_resolve_unknowns)
		resolveTargetListUnknowns(pstate, qry->targetList);

	qry->rtable = pstate->p_rtable;
	qry->jointree = makeFromExpr(pstate->p_joinlist, qual);

	qry->hasSubLinks = pstate->p_hasSubLinks;
	qry->hasWindowFuncs = pstate->p_hasWindowFuncs;
	qry->hasTargetSRFs = pstate->p_hasTargetSRFs;
	qry->hasAggs = pstate->p_hasAggs;

	foreach(l, stmt->lockingClause)
	{
		transformLockingClause(pstate, qry,
							   (LockingClause *) lfirst(l), false);
	}

	assign_query_collations(pstate, qry);

	/* this must be done after collations, for reliable comparison of exprs */
	if (pstate->p_hasAggs || qry->groupClause || qry->groupingSets || qry->havingQual)
		parseCheckAggregates(pstate, qry);

	return qry;
}

/*
 * transformValuesClause -
 *	  transforms a VALUES clause that's being used as a standalone SELECT
 *
 * We build a Query containing a VALUES RTE, rather as if one had written
 *			SELECT * FROM (VALUES ...) AS "*VALUES*"
 */
static Query *
transformValuesClause(ParseState *pstate, SelectStmt *stmt)
{
	Query	   *qry = makeNode(Query);
	List	   *exprsLists = NIL;
	List	   *coltypes = NIL;
	List	   *coltypmods = NIL;
	List	   *colcollations = NIL;
	List	  **colexprs = NULL;
	int			sublist_length = -1;
	bool		lateral = false;
	ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
	ListCell   *lc;
	ListCell   *lc2;
	int			i;

	qry->commandType = CMD_SELECT;

	/* Most SELECT stuff doesn't apply in a VALUES clause */
	Assert(stmt->distinctClause == NIL);
	Assert(stmt->intoClause == NULL);
	Assert(stmt->targetList == NIL);
	Assert(stmt->fromClause == NIL);
	Assert(stmt->whereClause == NULL);
	Assert(stmt->groupClause == NIL);
	Assert(stmt->havingClause == NULL);
	Assert(stmt->windowClause == NIL);
	Assert(stmt->op == SETOP_NONE);

	/* process the WITH clause independently of all else */
	if (stmt->withClause)
	{
		qry->hasRecursive = stmt->withClause->recursive;
		qry->cteList = transformWithClause(pstate, stmt->withClause);
		qry->hasModifyingCTE = pstate->p_hasModifyingCTE;
	}

	/*
	 * For each row of VALUES, transform the raw expressions.
	 *
	 * Note that the intermediate representation we build is column-organized
	 * not row-organized.  That simplifies the type and collation processing
	 * below.
	 */
	foreach(lc, stmt->valuesLists)
	{
		List	   *sublist = (List *) lfirst(lc);

		/*
		 * Do basic expression transformation (same as a ROW() expr, but here
		 * we disallow SetToDefault)
		 */
		sublist = transformExpressionList(pstate, sublist,
										  EXPR_KIND_VALUES, false);

		/*
		 * All the sublists must be the same length, *after* transformation
		 * (which might expand '*' into multiple items).  The VALUES RTE can't
		 * handle anything different.
		 */
		if (sublist_length < 0)
		{
			/* Remember post-transformation length of first sublist */
			sublist_length = list_length(sublist);
			/* and allocate array for per-column lists */
			colexprs = (List **) palloc0(sublist_length * sizeof(List *));
		}
		else if (sublist_length != list_length(sublist))
		{
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
					 errmsg("VALUES lists must all be the same length"),
					 parser_errposition(pstate,
										exprLocation((Node *) sublist))));
		}

		/* Build per-column expression lists */
		i = 0;
		foreach(lc2, sublist)
		{
			Node	   *col = (Node *) lfirst(lc2);

			colexprs[i] = lappend(colexprs[i], col);
			i++;
		}

		/* Release sub-list's cells to save memory */
		list_free(sublist);

		/* Prepare an exprsLists element for this row */
		exprsLists = lappend(exprsLists, NIL);
	}

	/*
	 * Now resolve the common types of the columns, and coerce everything to
	 * those types.  Then identify the common typmod and common collation, if
	 * any, of each column.
	 *
	 * We must do collation processing now because (1) assign_query_collations
	 * doesn't process rangetable entries, and (2) we need to label the VALUES
	 * RTE with column collations for use in the outer query.  We don't
	 * consider conflict of implicit collations to be an error here; instead
	 * the column will just show InvalidOid as its collation, and you'll get a
	 * failure later if that results in failure to resolve a collation.
	 *
	 * Note we modify the per-column expression lists in-place.
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < sublist_length; i++)
	{
		Oid			coltype;
		int32		coltypmod;
		Oid			colcoll;

		coltype = select_common_type(pstate, colexprs[i], "VALUES", NULL);

		foreach(lc, colexprs[i])
		{
			Node	   *col = (Node *) lfirst(lc);

			col = coerce_to_common_type(pstate, col, coltype, "VALUES");
			lfirst(lc) = (void *) col;
		}

		coltypmod = select_common_typmod(pstate, colexprs[i], coltype);
		colcoll = select_common_collation(pstate, colexprs[i], true);

		coltypes = lappend_oid(coltypes, coltype);
		coltypmods = lappend_int(coltypmods, coltypmod);
		colcollations = lappend_oid(colcollations, colcoll);
	}

	/*
	 * Finally, rearrange the coerced expressions into row-organized lists.
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < sublist_length; i++)
	{
		forboth(lc, colexprs[i], lc2, exprsLists)
		{
			Node	   *col = (Node *) lfirst(lc);
			List	   *sublist = lfirst(lc2);

			sublist = lappend(sublist, col);
			lfirst(lc2) = sublist;
		}
		list_free(colexprs[i]);
	}

	/*
	 * Ordinarily there can't be any current-level Vars in the expression
	 * lists, because the namespace was empty ... but if we're inside CREATE
	 * RULE, then NEW/OLD references might appear.  In that case we have to
	 * mark the VALUES RTE as LATERAL.
	 */
	if (pstate->p_rtable != NIL &&
		contain_vars_of_level((Node *) exprsLists, 0))
		lateral = true;

	/*
	 * Generate the VALUES RTE
	 */
	nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForValues(pstate, exprsLists,
										 coltypes, coltypmods, colcollations,
										 NULL, lateral, true);
	addNSItemToQuery(pstate, nsitem, true, true, true);

	/*
	 * Generate a targetlist as though expanding "*"
	 */
	Assert(pstate->p_next_resno == 1);
	qry->targetList = expandNSItemAttrs(pstate, nsitem, 0, true, -1);

	/*
	 * The grammar allows attaching ORDER BY, LIMIT, and FOR UPDATE to a
	 * VALUES, so cope.
	 */
	qry->sortClause = transformSortClause(pstate,
										  stmt->sortClause,
										  &qry->targetList,
										  EXPR_KIND_ORDER_BY,
										  false /* allow SQL92 rules */ );

	qry->limitOffset = transformLimitClause(pstate, stmt->limitOffset,
											EXPR_KIND_OFFSET, "OFFSET",
											stmt->limitOption);
	qry->limitCount = transformLimitClause(pstate, stmt->limitCount,
										   EXPR_KIND_LIMIT, "LIMIT",
										   stmt->limitOption);
	qry->limitOption = stmt->limitOption;

	if (stmt->lockingClause)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
		/*------
		  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
				 errmsg("%s cannot be applied to VALUES",
						LCS_asString(((LockingClause *)
									  linitial(stmt->lockingClause))->strength))));

	qry->rtable = pstate->p_rtable;
	qry->jointree = makeFromExpr(pstate->p_joinlist, NULL);

	qry->hasSubLinks = pstate->p_hasSubLinks;

	assign_query_collations(pstate, qry);

	return qry;
}

/*
 * transformSetOperationStmt -
 *	  transforms a set-operations tree
 *
 * A set-operation tree is just a SELECT, but with UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT
 * structure to it.  We must transform each leaf SELECT and build up a top-
 * level Query that contains the leaf SELECTs as subqueries in its rangetable.
 * The tree of set operations is converted into the setOperations field of
 * the top-level Query.
 */
static Query *
transformSetOperationStmt(ParseState *pstate, SelectStmt *stmt)
{
	Query	   *qry = makeNode(Query);
	SelectStmt *leftmostSelect;
	int			leftmostRTI;
	Query	   *leftmostQuery;
	SetOperationStmt *sostmt;
	List	   *sortClause;
	Node	   *limitOffset;
	Node	   *limitCount;
	List	   *lockingClause;
	WithClause *withClause;
	Node	   *node;
	ListCell   *left_tlist,
			   *lct,
			   *lcm,
			   *lcc,
			   *l;
	List	   *targetvars,
			   *targetnames,
			   *sv_namespace;
	int			sv_rtable_length;
	ParseNamespaceItem *jnsitem;
	ParseNamespaceColumn *sortnscolumns;
	int			sortcolindex;
	int			tllen;

	qry->commandType = CMD_SELECT;

	/*
	 * Find leftmost leaf SelectStmt.  We currently only need to do this in
	 * order to deliver a suitable error message if there's an INTO clause
	 * there, implying the set-op tree is in a context that doesn't allow
	 * INTO.  (transformSetOperationTree would throw error anyway, but it
	 * seems worth the trouble to throw a different error for non-leftmost
	 * INTO, so we produce that error in transformSetOperationTree.)
	 */
	leftmostSelect = stmt->larg;
	while (leftmostSelect && leftmostSelect->op != SETOP_NONE)
		leftmostSelect = leftmostSelect->larg;
	Assert(leftmostSelect && IsA(leftmostSelect, SelectStmt) &&
		   leftmostSelect->larg == NULL);
	if (leftmostSelect->intoClause)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
				 errmsg("SELECT ... INTO is not allowed here"),
				 parser_errposition(pstate,
									exprLocation((Node *) leftmostSelect->intoClause))));

	/*
	 * We need to extract ORDER BY and other top-level clauses here and not
	 * let transformSetOperationTree() see them --- else it'll just recurse
	 * right back here!
	 */
	sortClause = stmt->sortClause;
	limitOffset = stmt->limitOffset;
	limitCount = stmt->limitCount;
	lockingClause = stmt->lockingClause;
	withClause = stmt->withClause;

	stmt->sortClause = NIL;
	stmt->limitOffset = NULL;
	stmt->limitCount = NULL;
	stmt->lockingClause = NIL;
	stmt->withClause = NULL;

	/* We don't support FOR UPDATE/SHARE with set ops at the moment. */
	if (lockingClause)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
		/*------
		  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
				 errmsg("%s is not allowed with UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT",
						LCS_asString(((LockingClause *)
									  linitial(lockingClause))->strength))));

	/* Process the WITH clause independently of all else */
	if (withClause)
	{
		qry->hasRecursive = withClause->recursive;
		qry->cteList = transformWithClause(pstate, withClause);
		qry->hasModifyingCTE = pstate->p_hasModifyingCTE;
	}

	/*
	 * Recursively transform the components of the tree.
	 */
	sostmt = castNode(SetOperationStmt,
					  transformSetOperationTree(pstate, stmt, true, NULL));
	Assert(sostmt);
	qry->setOperations = (Node *) sostmt;

	/*
	 * Re-find leftmost SELECT (now it's a sub-query in rangetable)
	 */
	node = sostmt->larg;
	while (node && IsA(node, SetOperationStmt))
		node = ((SetOperationStmt *) node)->larg;
	Assert(node && IsA(node, RangeTblRef));
	leftmostRTI = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
	leftmostQuery = rt_fetch(leftmostRTI, pstate->p_rtable)->subquery;
	Assert(leftmostQuery != NULL);

	/*
	 * Generate dummy targetlist for outer query using column names of
	 * leftmost select and common datatypes/collations of topmost set
	 * operation.  Also make lists of the dummy vars and their names for use
	 * in parsing ORDER BY.
	 *
	 * Note: we use leftmostRTI as the varno of the dummy variables. It
	 * shouldn't matter too much which RT index they have, as long as they
	 * have one that corresponds to a real RT entry; else funny things may
	 * happen when the tree is mashed by rule rewriting.
	 */
	qry->targetList = NIL;
	targetvars = NIL;
	targetnames = NIL;
	sortnscolumns = (ParseNamespaceColumn *)
		palloc0(list_length(sostmt->colTypes) * sizeof(ParseNamespaceColumn));
	sortcolindex = 0;

	forfour(lct, sostmt->colTypes,
			lcm, sostmt->colTypmods,
			lcc, sostmt->colCollations,
			left_tlist, leftmostQuery->targetList)
	{
		Oid			colType = lfirst_oid(lct);
		int32		colTypmod = lfirst_int(lcm);
		Oid			colCollation = lfirst_oid(lcc);
		TargetEntry *lefttle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(left_tlist);
		char	   *colName;
		TargetEntry *tle;
		Var		   *var;

		Assert(!lefttle->resjunk);
		colName = pstrdup(lefttle->resname);
		var = makeVar(leftmostRTI,
					  lefttle->resno,
					  colType,
					  colTypmod,
					  colCollation,
					  0);
		var->location = exprLocation((Node *) lefttle->expr);
		tle = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) var,
							  (AttrNumber) pstate->p_next_resno++,
							  colName,
							  false);
		qry->targetList = lappend(qry->targetList, tle);
		targetvars = lappend(targetvars, var);
		targetnames = lappend(targetnames, makeString(colName));
		sortnscolumns[sortcolindex].p_varno = leftmostRTI;
		sortnscolumns[sortcolindex].p_varattno = lefttle->resno;
		sortnscolumns[sortcolindex].p_vartype = colType;
		sortnscolumns[sortcolindex].p_vartypmod = colTypmod;
		sortnscolumns[sortcolindex].p_varcollid = colCollation;
		sortnscolumns[sortcolindex].p_varnosyn = leftmostRTI;
		sortnscolumns[sortcolindex].p_varattnosyn = lefttle->resno;
		sortcolindex++;
	}

	/*
	 * As a first step towards supporting sort clauses that are expressions
	 * using the output columns, generate a namespace entry that makes the
	 * output columns visible.  A Join RTE node is handy for this, since we
	 * can easily control the Vars generated upon matches.
	 *
	 * Note: we don't yet do anything useful with such cases, but at least
	 * "ORDER BY upper(foo)" will draw the right error message rather than
	 * "foo not found".
	 */
	sv_rtable_length = list_length(pstate->p_rtable);

	jnsitem = addRangeTableEntryForJoin(pstate,
										targetnames,
										sortnscolumns,
										JOIN_INNER,
										0,
										targetvars,
										NIL,
										NIL,
										NULL,
										NULL,
										false);

	sv_namespace = pstate->p_namespace;
	pstate->p_namespace = NIL;

	/* add jnsitem to column namespace only */
	addNSItemToQuery(pstate, jnsitem, false, false, true);

	/*
	 * For now, we don't support resjunk sort clauses on the output of a
	 * setOperation tree --- you can only use the SQL92-spec options of
	 * selecting an output column by name or number.  Enforce by checking that
	 * transformSortClause doesn't add any items to tlist.
	 */
	tllen = list_length(qry->targetList);

	qry->sortClause = transformSortClause(pstate,
										  sortClause,
										  &qry->targetList,
										  EXPR_KIND_ORDER_BY,
										  false /* allow SQL92 rules */ );

	/* restore namespace, remove join RTE from rtable */
	pstate->p_namespace = sv_namespace;
	pstate->p_rtable = list_truncate(pstate->p_rtable, sv_rtable_length);

	if (tllen != list_length(qry->targetList))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
				 errmsg("invalid UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT ORDER BY clause"),
				 errdetail("Only result column names can be used, not expressions or functions."),
				 errhint("Add the expression/function to every SELECT, or move the UNION into a FROM clause."),
				 parser_errposition(pstate,
									exprLocation(list_nth(qry->targetList, tllen)))));

	qry->limitOffset = transformLimitClause(pstate, limitOffset,
											EXPR_KIND_OFFSET, "OFFSET",
											stmt->limitOption);
	qry->limitCount = transformLimitClause(pstate, limitCount,
										   EXPR_KIND_LIMIT, "LIMIT",
										   stmt->limitOption);
	qry->limitOption = stmt->limitOption;

	qry->rtable = pstate->p_rtable;
	qry->jointree = makeFromExpr(pstate->p_joinlist, NULL);

	qry->hasSubLinks = pstate->p_hasSubLinks;
	qry->hasWindowFuncs = pstate->p_hasWindowFuncs;
	qry->hasTargetSRFs = pstate->p_hasTargetSRFs;
	qry->hasAggs = pstate->p_hasAggs;

	foreach(l, lockingClause)
	{
		transformLockingClause(pstate, qry,
							   (LockingClause *) lfirst(l), false);
	}

	assign_query_collations(pstate, qry);

	/* this must be done after collations, for reliable comparison of exprs */
	if (pstate->p_hasAggs || qry->groupClause || qry->groupingSets || qry->havingQual)
		parseCheckAggregates(pstate, qry);

	return qry;
}

/*
 * Make a SortGroupClause node for a SetOperationStmt's groupClauses
 *
 * If require_hash is true, the caller is indicating that they need hash
 * support or they will fail.  So look extra hard for hash support.
 */
SortGroupClause *
makeSortGroupClauseForSetOp(Oid rescoltype, bool require_hash)
{
	SortGroupClause *grpcl = makeNode(SortGroupClause);
	Oid			sortop;
	Oid			eqop;
	bool		hashable;

	/* determine the eqop and optional sortop */
	get_sort_group_operators(rescoltype,
							 false, true, false,
							 &sortop, &eqop, NULL,
							 &hashable);

	/*
	 * The type cache doesn't believe that record is hashable (see
	 * cache_record_field_properties()), but if the caller really needs hash
	 * support, we can assume it does.  Worst case, if any components of the
	 * record don't support hashing, we will fail at execution.
	 */
	if (require_hash && (rescoltype == RECORDOID || rescoltype == RECORDARRAYOID))
		hashable = true;

	/* we don't have a tlist yet, so can't assign sortgrouprefs */
	grpcl->tleSortGroupRef = 0;
	grpcl->eqop = eqop;
	grpcl->sortop = sortop;
	grpcl->nulls_first = false; /* OK with or without sortop */
	grpcl->hashable = hashable;

	return grpcl;
}

/*
 * transformSetOperationTree
 *		Recursively transform leaves and internal nodes of a set-op tree
 *
 * In addition to returning the transformed node, if targetlist isn't NULL
 * then we return a list of its non-resjunk TargetEntry nodes.  For a leaf
 * set-op node these are the actual targetlist entries; otherwise they are
 * dummy entries created to carry the type, typmod, collation, and location
 * (for error messages) of each output column of the set-op node.  This info
 * is needed only during the internal recursion of this function, so outside
 * callers pass NULL for targetlist.  Note: the reason for passing the
 * actual targetlist entries of a leaf node is so that upper levels can
 * replace UNKNOWN Consts with properly-coerced constants.
 */
static Node *
transformSetOperationTree(ParseState *pstate, SelectStmt *stmt,
						  bool isTopLevel, List **targetlist)
{
	bool		isLeaf;

	Assert(stmt && IsA(stmt, SelectStmt));

	/* Guard against stack overflow due to overly complex set-expressions */
	check_stack_depth();

	/*
	 * Validity-check both leaf and internal SELECTs for disallowed ops.
	 */
	if (stmt->intoClause)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
				 errmsg("INTO is only allowed on first SELECT of UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT"),
				 parser_errposition(pstate,
									exprLocation((Node *) stmt->intoClause))));

	/* We don't support FOR UPDATE/SHARE with set ops at the moment. */
	if (stmt->lockingClause)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
		/*------
		  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
				 errmsg("%s is not allowed with UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT",
						LCS_asString(((LockingClause *)
									  linitial(stmt->lockingClause))->strength))));

	/*
	 * If an internal node of a set-op tree has ORDER BY, LIMIT, FOR UPDATE,
	 * or WITH clauses attached, we need to treat it like a leaf node to
	 * generate an independent sub-Query tree.  Otherwise, it can be
	 * represented by a SetOperationStmt node underneath the parent Query.
	 */
	if (stmt->op == SETOP_NONE)
	{
		Assert(stmt->larg == NULL && stmt->rarg == NULL);
		isLeaf = true;
	}
	else
	{
		Assert(stmt->larg != NULL && stmt->rarg != NULL);
		if (stmt->sortClause || stmt->limitOffset || stmt->limitCount ||
			stmt->lockingClause || stmt->withClause)
			isLeaf = true;
		else
			isLeaf = false;
	}

	if (isLeaf)
	{
		/* Process leaf SELECT */
		Query	   *selectQuery;
		char		selectName[32];
		ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
		RangeTblRef *rtr;
		ListCell   *tl;

		/*
		 * Transform SelectStmt into a Query.
		 *
		 * This works the same as SELECT transformation normally would, except
		 * that we prevent resolving unknown-type outputs as TEXT.  This does
		 * not change the subquery's semantics since if the column type
		 * matters semantically, it would have been resolved to something else
		 * anyway.  Doing this lets us resolve such outputs using
		 * select_common_type(), below.
		 *
		 * Note: previously transformed sub-queries don't affect the parsing
		 * of this sub-query, because they are not in the toplevel pstate's
		 * namespace list.
		 */
		selectQuery = parse_sub_analyze((Node *) stmt, pstate,
										NULL, false, false);

		/*
		 * Check for bogus references to Vars on the current query level (but
		 * upper-level references are okay). Normally this can't happen
		 * because the namespace will be empty, but it could happen if we are
		 * inside a rule.
		 */
		if (pstate->p_namespace)
		{
			if (contain_vars_of_level((Node *) selectQuery, 1))
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_COLUMN_REFERENCE),
						 errmsg("UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT member statement cannot refer to other relations of same query level"),
						 parser_errposition(pstate,
											locate_var_of_level((Node *) selectQuery, 1))));
		}

		/*
		 * Extract a list of the non-junk TLEs for upper-level processing.
		 */
		if (targetlist)
		{
			*targetlist = NIL;
			foreach(tl, selectQuery->targetList)
			{
				TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(tl);

				if (!tle->resjunk)
					*targetlist = lappend(*targetlist, tle);
			}
		}

		/*
		 * Make the leaf query be a subquery in the top-level rangetable.
		 */
		snprintf(selectName, sizeof(selectName), "*SELECT* %d",
				 list_length(pstate->p_rtable) + 1);
		nsitem = addRangeTableEntryForSubquery(pstate,
											   selectQuery,
											   makeAlias(selectName, NIL),
											   false,
											   false);

		/*
		 * Return a RangeTblRef to replace the SelectStmt in the set-op tree.
		 */
		rtr = makeNode(RangeTblRef);
		rtr->rtindex = nsitem->p_rtindex;
		return (Node *) rtr;
	}
	else
	{
		/* Process an internal node (set operation node) */
		SetOperationStmt *op = makeNode(SetOperationStmt);
		List	   *ltargetlist;
		List	   *rtargetlist;
		ListCell   *ltl;
		ListCell   *rtl;
		const char *context;
		bool		recursive = (pstate->p_parent_cte &&
								 pstate->p_parent_cte->cterecursive);

		context = (stmt->op == SETOP_UNION ? "UNION" :
				   (stmt->op == SETOP_INTERSECT ? "INTERSECT" :
					"EXCEPT"));

		op->op = stmt->op;
		op->all = stmt->all;

		/*
		 * Recursively transform the left child node.
		 */
		op->larg = transformSetOperationTree(pstate, stmt->larg,
											 false,
											 &ltargetlist);

		/*
		 * If we are processing a recursive union query, now is the time to
		 * examine the non-recursive term's output columns and mark the
		 * containing CTE as having those result columns.  We should do this
		 * only at the topmost setop of the CTE, of course.
		 */
		if (isTopLevel && recursive)
			determineRecursiveColTypes(pstate, op->larg, ltargetlist);

		/*
		 * Recursively transform the right child node.
		 */
		op->rarg = transformSetOperationTree(pstate, stmt->rarg,
											 false,
											 &rtargetlist);

		/*
		 * Verify that the two children have the same number of non-junk
		 * columns, and determine the types of the merged output columns.
		 */
		if (list_length(ltargetlist) != list_length(rtargetlist))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
					 errmsg("each %s query must have the same number of columns",
							context),
					 parser_errposition(pstate,
										exprLocation((Node *) rtargetlist))));

		if (targetlist)
			*targetlist = NIL;
		op->colTypes = NIL;
		op->colTypmods = NIL;
		op->colCollations = NIL;
		op->groupClauses = NIL;
		forboth(ltl, ltargetlist, rtl, rtargetlist)
		{
			TargetEntry *ltle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(ltl);
			TargetEntry *rtle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(rtl);
			Node	   *lcolnode = (Node *) ltle->expr;
			Node	   *rcolnode = (Node *) rtle->expr;
			Oid			lcoltype = exprType(lcolnode);
			Oid			rcoltype = exprType(rcolnode);
			Node	   *bestexpr;
			int			bestlocation;
			Oid			rescoltype;
			int32		rescoltypmod;
			Oid			rescolcoll;

			/* select common type, same as CASE et al */
			rescoltype = select_common_type(pstate,
											list_make2(lcolnode, rcolnode),
											context,
											&bestexpr);
			bestlocation = exprLocation(bestexpr);

			/*
			 * Verify the coercions are actually possible.  If not, we'd fail
			 * later anyway, but we want to fail now while we have sufficient
			 * context to produce an error cursor position.
			 *
			 * For all non-UNKNOWN-type cases, we verify coercibility but we
			 * don't modify the child's expression, for fear of changing the
			 * child query's semantics.
			 *
			 * If a child expression is an UNKNOWN-type Const or Param, we
			 * want to replace it with the coerced expression.  This can only
			 * happen when the child is a leaf set-op node.  It's safe to
			 * replace the expression because if the child query's semantics
			 * depended on the type of this output column, it'd have already
			 * coerced the UNKNOWN to something else.  We want to do this
			 * because (a) we want to verify that a Const is valid for the
			 * target type, or resolve the actual type of an UNKNOWN Param,
			 * and (b) we want to avoid unnecessary discrepancies between the
			 * output type of the child query and the resolved target type.
			 * Such a discrepancy would disable optimization in the planner.
			 *
			 * If it's some other UNKNOWN-type node, eg a Var, we do nothing
			 * (knowing that coerce_to_common_type would fail).  The planner
			 * is sometimes able to fold an UNKNOWN Var to a constant before
			 * it has to coerce the type, so failing now would just break
			 * cases that might work.
			 */
			if (lcoltype != UNKNOWNOID)
				lcolnode = coerce_to_common_type(pstate, lcolnode,
												 rescoltype, context);
			else if (IsA(lcolnode, Const) ||
					 IsA(lcolnode, Param))
			{
				lcolnode = coerce_to_common_type(pstate, lcolnode,
												 rescoltype, context);
				ltle->expr = (Expr *) lcolnode;
			}

			if (rcoltype != UNKNOWNOID)
				rcolnode = coerce_to_common_type(pstate, rcolnode,
												 rescoltype, context);
			else if (IsA(rcolnode, Const) ||
					 IsA(rcolnode, Param))
			{
				rcolnode = coerce_to_common_type(pstate, rcolnode,
												 rescoltype, context);
				rtle->expr = (Expr *) rcolnode;
			}

			rescoltypmod = select_common_typmod(pstate,
												list_make2(lcolnode, rcolnode),
												rescoltype);

			/*
			 * Select common collation.  A common collation is required for
			 * all set operators except UNION ALL; see SQL:2008 7.13 <query
			 * expression> Syntax Rule 15c.  (If we fail to identify a common
			 * collation for a UNION ALL column, the colCollations element
			 * will be set to InvalidOid, which may result in a runtime error
			 * if something at a higher query level wants to use the column's
			 * collation.)
			 */
			rescolcoll = select_common_collation(pstate,
												 list_make2(lcolnode, rcolnode),
												 (op->op == SETOP_UNION && op->all));

			/* emit results */
			op->colTypes = lappend_oid(op->colTypes, rescoltype);
			op->colTypmods = lappend_int(op->colTypmods, rescoltypmod);
			op->colCollations = lappend_oid(op->colCollations, rescolcoll);

			/*
			 * For all cases except UNION ALL, identify the grouping operators
			 * (and, if available, sorting operators) that will be used to
			 * eliminate duplicates.
			 */
			if (op->op != SETOP_UNION || !op->all)
			{
				ParseCallbackState pcbstate;

				setup_parser_errposition_callback(&pcbstate, pstate,
												  bestlocation);

				/*
				 * If it's a recursive union, we need to require hashing
				 * support.
				 */
				op->groupClauses = lappend(op->groupClauses,
										   makeSortGroupClauseForSetOp(rescoltype, recursive));

				cancel_parser_errposition_callback(&pcbstate);
			}

			/*
			 * Construct a dummy tlist entry to return.  We use a SetToDefault
			 * node for the expression, since it carries exactly the fields
			 * needed, but any other expression node type would do as well.
			 */
			if (targetlist)
			{
				SetToDefault *rescolnode = makeNode(SetToDefault);
				TargetEntry *restle;

				rescolnode->typeId = rescoltype;
				rescolnode->typeMod = rescoltypmod;
				rescolnode->collation = rescolcoll;
				rescolnode->location = bestlocation;
				restle = makeTargetEntry((Expr *) rescolnode,
										 0, /* no need to set resno */
										 NULL,
										 false);
				*targetlist = lappend(*targetlist, restle);
			}
		}

		return (Node *) op;
	}
}

/*
 * Process the outputs of the non-recursive term of a recursive union
 * to set up the parent CTE's columns
 */
static void
determineRecursiveColTypes(ParseState *pstate, Node *larg, List *nrtargetlist)
{
	Node	   *node;
	int			leftmostRTI;
	Query	   *leftmostQuery;
	List	   *targetList;
	ListCell   *left_tlist;
	ListCell   *nrtl;
	int			next_resno;

	/*
	 * Find leftmost leaf SELECT
	 */
	node = larg;
	while (node && IsA(node, SetOperationStmt))
		node = ((SetOperationStmt *) node)->larg;
	Assert(node && IsA(node, RangeTblRef));
	leftmostRTI = ((RangeTblRef *) node)->rtindex;
	leftmostQuery = rt_fetch(leftmostRTI, pstate->p_rtable)->subquery;
	Assert(leftmostQuery != NULL);

	/*
	 * Generate dummy targetlist using column names of leftmost select and
	 * dummy result expressions of the non-recursive term.
	 */
	targetList = NIL;
	next_resno = 1;

	forboth(nrtl, nrtargetlist, left_tlist, leftmostQuery->targetList)
	{
		TargetEntry *nrtle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(nrtl);
		TargetEntry *lefttle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(left_tlist);
		char	   *colName;
		TargetEntry *tle;

		Assert(!lefttle->resjunk);
		colName = pstrdup(lefttle->resname);
		tle = makeTargetEntry(nrtle->expr,
							  next_resno++,
							  colName,
							  false);
		targetList = lappend(targetList, tle);
	}

	/* Now build CTE's output column info using dummy targetlist */
	analyzeCTETargetList(pstate, pstate->p_parent_cte, targetList);
}


/*
 * transformReturnStmt -
 *	  transforms a return statement
 */
static Query *
transformReturnStmt(ParseState *pstate, ReturnStmt *stmt)
{
	Query	   *qry = makeNode(Query);

	qry->commandType = CMD_SELECT;
	qry->isReturn = true;

	qry->targetList = list_make1(makeTargetEntry((Expr *) transformExpr(pstate, stmt->returnval, EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET),
												 1, NULL, false));

	if (pstate->p_resolve_unknowns)
		resolveTargetListUnknowns(pstate, qry->targetList);
	qry->rtable = pstate->p_rtable;
	qry->jointree = makeFromExpr(pstate->p_joinlist, NULL);
	qry->hasSubLinks = pstate->p_hasSubLinks;
	qry->hasWindowFuncs = pstate->p_hasWindowFuncs;
	qry->hasTargetSRFs = pstate->p_hasTargetSRFs;
	qry->hasAggs = pstate->p_hasAggs;

	assign_query_collations(pstate, qry);

	return qry;
}


/*
 * transformUpdateStmt -
 *	  transforms an update statement
 */
static Query *
transformUpdateStmt(ParseState *pstate, UpdateStmt *stmt)
{
	Query	   *qry = makeNode(Query);
	ParseNamespaceItem *nsitem;
	Node	   *qual;

	qry->commandType = CMD_UPDATE;
	pstate->p_is_insert = false;

	/* process the WITH clause independently of all else */
	if (stmt->withClause)
	{
		qry->hasRecursive = stmt->withClause->recursive;
		qry->cteList = transformWithClause(pstate, stmt->withClause);
		qry->hasModifyingCTE = pstate->p_hasModifyingCTE;
	}

	qry->resultRelation = setTargetTable(pstate, stmt->relation,
										 stmt->relation->inh,
										 true,
										 ACL_UPDATE);
	nsitem = pstate->p_target_nsitem;

	/* subqueries in FROM cannot access the result relation */
	nsitem->p_lateral_only = true;
	nsitem->p_lateral_ok = false;

	/*
	 * the FROM clause is non-standard SQL syntax. We used to be able to do
	 * this with REPLACE in POSTQUEL so we keep the feature.
	 */
	transformFromClause(pstate, stmt->fromClause);

	/* remaining clauses can reference the result relation normally */
	nsitem->p_lateral_only = false;
	nsitem->p_lateral_ok = true;

	qual = transformWhereClause(pstate, stmt->whereClause,
								EXPR_KIND_WHERE, "WHERE");

	qry->returningList = transformReturningList(pstate, stmt->returningList);

	/*
	 * Now we are done with SELECT-like processing, and can get on with
	 * transforming the target list to match the UPDATE target columns.
	 */
	qry->targetList = transformUpdateTargetList(pstate, stmt->targetList);

	qry->rtable = pstate->p_rtable;
	qry->jointree = makeFromExpr(pstate->p_joinlist, qual);

	qry->hasTargetSRFs = pstate->p_hasTargetSRFs;
	qry->hasSubLinks = pstate->p_hasSubLinks;

	assign_query_collations(pstate, qry);

	return qry;
}

/*
 * transformUpdateTargetList -
 *	handle SET clause in UPDATE/MERGE/INSERT ... ON CONFLICT UPDATE
 */
List *
transformUpdateTargetList(ParseState *pstate, List *origTlist)
{
	List	   *tlist = NIL;
	RangeTblEntry *target_rte;
	ListCell   *orig_tl;
	ListCell   *tl;

	tlist = transformTargetList(pstate, origTlist,
								EXPR_KIND_UPDATE_SOURCE);

	/* Prepare to assign non-conflicting resnos to resjunk attributes */
	if (pstate->p_next_resno <= RelationGetNumberOfAttributes(pstate->p_target_relation))
		pstate->p_next_resno = RelationGetNumberOfAttributes(pstate->p_target_relation) + 1;

	/* Prepare non-junk columns for assignment to target table */
	target_rte = pstate->p_target_nsitem->p_rte;
	orig_tl = list_head(origTlist);

	foreach(tl, tlist)
	{
		TargetEntry *tle = (TargetEntry *) lfirst(tl);
		ResTarget  *origTarget;
		int			attrno;

		if (tle->resjunk)
		{
			/*
			 * Resjunk nodes need no additional processing, but be sure they
			 * have resnos that do not match any target columns; else rewriter
			 * or planner might get confused.  They don't need a resname
			 * either.
			 */
			tle->resno = (AttrNumber) pstate->p_next_resno++;
			tle->resname = NULL;
			continue;
		}
		if (orig_tl == NULL)
			elog(ERROR, "UPDATE target count mismatch --- internal error");
		origTarget = lfirst_node(ResTarget, orig_tl);

		attrno = attnameAttNum(pstate->p_target_relation,
							   origTarget->name, true);
		if (attrno == InvalidAttrNumber)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_COLUMN),
					 errmsg("column \"%s\" of relation \"%s\" does not exist",
							origTarget->name,
							RelationGetRelationName(pstate->p_target_relation)),
					 parser_errposition(pstate, origTarget->location)));

		updateTargetListEntry(pstate, tle, origTarget->name,
							  attrno,
							  origTarget->indirection,
							  origTarget->location);

		/* Mark the target column as requiring update permissions */
		target_rte->updatedCols = bms_add_member(target_rte->updatedCols,
												 attrno - FirstLowInvalidHeapAttributeNumber);

		orig_tl = lnext(origTlist, orig_tl);
	}
	if (orig_tl != NULL)
		elog(ERROR, "UPDATE target count mismatch --- internal error");

	return tlist;
}

/*
 * transformReturningList -
 *	handle a RETURNING clause in INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE
 */
static List *
transformReturningList(ParseState *pstate, List *returningList)
{
	List	   *rlist;
	int			save_next_resno;

	if (returningList == NIL)
		return NIL;				/* nothing to do */

	/*
	 * We need to assign resnos starting at one in the RETURNING list. Save
	 * and restore the main tlist's value of p_next_resno, just in case
	 * someone looks at it later (probably won't happen).
	 */
	save_next_resno = pstate->p_next_resno;
	pstate->p_next_resno = 1;

	/* transform RETURNING identically to a SELECT targetlist */
	rlist = transformTargetList(pstate, returningList, EXPR_KIND_RETURNING);

	/*
	 * Complain if the nonempty tlist expanded to nothing (which is possible
	 * if it contains only a star-expansion of a zero-column table).  If we
	 * allow this, the parsed Query will look like it didn't have RETURNING,
	 * with results that would probably surprise the user.
	 */
	if (rlist == NIL)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
				 errmsg("RETURNING must have at least one column"),
				 parser_errposition(pstate,
									exprLocation(linitial(returningList)))));

	/* mark column origins */
	markTargetListOrigins(pstate, rlist);

	/* resolve any still-unresolved output columns as being type text */
	if (pstate->p_resolve_unknowns)
		resolveTargetListUnknowns(pstate, rlist);

	/* restore state */
	pstate->p_next_resno = save_next_resno;

	return rlist;
}


/*
 * transformPLAssignStmt -
 *	  transform a PL/pgSQL assignment statement
 *
 * If there is no opt_indirection, the transformed statement looks like
 * "SELECT a_expr ...", except the expression has been cast to the type of
 * the target.  With indirection, it's still a SELECT, but the expression will
 * incorporate FieldStore and/or assignment SubscriptingRef nodes to compute a
 * new value for a container-type variable represented by the target.  The
 * expression references the target as the container source.
 */
static Query *
transformPLAssignStmt(ParseState *pstate, PLAssignStmt *stmt)
{
	Query	   *qry = makeNode(Query);
	ColumnRef  *cref = makeNode(ColumnRef);
	List	   *indirection = stmt->indirection;
	int			nnames = stmt->nnames;
	SelectStmt *sstmt = stmt->val;
	Node	   *target;
	Oid			targettype;
	int32		targettypmod;
	Oid			targetcollation;
	List	   *tlist;
	TargetEntry *tle;
	Oid			type_id;
	Node	   *qual;
	ListCell   *l;

	/*
	 * First, construct a ColumnRef for the target variable.  If the target
	 * has more than one dotted name, we have to pull the extra names out of
	 * the indirection list.
	 */
	cref->fields = list_make1(makeString(stmt->name));
	cref->location = stmt->location;
	if (nnames > 1)
	{
		/* avoid munging the raw parsetree */
		indirection = list_copy(indirection);
		while (--nnames > 0 && indirection != NIL)
		{
			Node	   *ind = (Node *) linitial(indirection);

			if (!IsA(ind, String))
				elog(ERROR, "invalid name count in PLAssignStmt");
			cref->fields = lappend(cref->fields, ind);
			indirection = list_delete_first(indirection);
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Transform the target reference.  Typically we will get back a Param
	 * node, but there's no reason to be too picky about its type.
	 */
	target = transformExpr(pstate, (Node *) cref,
						   EXPR_KIND_UPDATE_TARGET);
	targettype = exprType(target);
	targettypmod = exprTypmod(target);
	targetcollation = exprCollation(target);

	/*
	 * The rest mostly matches transformSelectStmt, except that we needn't
	 * consider WITH or INTO, and we build a targetlist our own way.
	 */
	qry->commandType = CMD_SELECT;
	pstate->p_is_insert = false;

	/* make FOR UPDATE/FOR SHARE info available to addRangeTableEntry */
	pstate->p_locking_clause = sstmt->lockingClause;

	/* make WINDOW info available for window functions, too */
	pstate->p_windowdefs = sstmt->windowClause;

	/* process the FROM clause */
	transformFromClause(pstate, sstmt->fromClause);

	/* initially transform the targetlist as if in SELECT */
	tlist = transformTargetList(pstate, sstmt->targetList,
								EXPR_KIND_SELECT_TARGET);

	/* we should have exactly one targetlist item */
	if (list_length(tlist) != 1)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
				 errmsg_plural("assignment source returned %d column",
							   "assignment source returned %d columns",
							   list_length(tlist),
							   list_length(tlist))));

	tle = linitial_node(TargetEntry, tlist);

	/*
	 * This next bit is similar to transformAssignedExpr; the key difference
	 * is we use COERCION_PLPGSQL not COERCION_ASSIGNMENT.
	 */
	type_id = exprType((Node *) tle->expr);

	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_UPDATE_TARGET;

	if (indirection)
	{
		tle->expr = (Expr *)
			transformAssignmentIndirection(pstate,
										   target,
										   stmt->name,
										   false,
										   targettype,
										   targettypmod,
										   targetcollation,
										   indirection,
										   list_head(indirection),
										   (Node *) tle->expr,
										   COERCION_PLPGSQL,
										   exprLocation(target));
	}
	else if (targettype != type_id &&
			 (targettype == RECORDOID || ISCOMPLEX(targettype)) &&
			 (type_id == RECORDOID || ISCOMPLEX(type_id)))
	{
		/*
		 * Hack: do not let coerce_to_target_type() deal with inconsistent
		 * composite types.  Just pass the expression result through as-is,
		 * and let the PL/pgSQL executor do the conversion its way.  This is
		 * rather bogus, but it's needed for backwards compatibility.
		 */
	}
	else
	{
		/*
		 * For normal non-qualified target column, do type checking and
		 * coercion.
		 */
		Node	   *orig_expr = (Node *) tle->expr;

		tle->expr = (Expr *)
			coerce_to_target_type(pstate,
								  orig_expr, type_id,
								  targettype, targettypmod,
								  COERCION_PLPGSQL,
								  COERCE_IMPLICIT_CAST,
								  -1);
		/* With COERCION_PLPGSQL, this error is probably unreachable */
		if (tle->expr == NULL)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_DATATYPE_MISMATCH),
					 errmsg("variable \"%s\" is of type %s"
							" but expression is of type %s",
							stmt->name,
							format_type_be(targettype),
							format_type_be(type_id)),
					 errhint("You will need to rewrite or cast the expression."),
					 parser_errposition(pstate, exprLocation(orig_expr))));
	}

	pstate->p_expr_kind = EXPR_KIND_NONE;

	qry->targetList = list_make1(tle);

	/* transform WHERE */
	qual = transformWhereClause(pstate, sstmt->whereClause,
								EXPR_KIND_WHERE, "WHERE");

	/* initial processing of HAVING clause is much like WHERE clause */
	qry->havingQual = transformWhereClause(pstate, sstmt->havingClause,
										   EXPR_KIND_HAVING, "HAVING");

	/*
	 * Transform sorting/grouping stuff.  Do ORDER BY first because both
	 * transformGroupClause and transformDistinctClause need the results. Note
	 * that these functions can also change the targetList, so it's passed to
	 * them by reference.
	 */
	qry->sortClause = transformSortClause(pstate,
										  sstmt->sortClause,
										  &qry->targetList,
										  EXPR_KIND_ORDER_BY,
										  false /* allow SQL92 rules */ );

	qry->groupClause = transformGroupClause(pstate,
											sstmt->groupClause,
											&qry->groupingSets,
											&qry->targetList,
											qry->sortClause,
											EXPR_KIND_GROUP_BY,
											false /* allow SQL92 rules */ );

	if (sstmt->distinctClause == NIL)
	{
		qry->distinctClause = NIL;
		qry->hasDistinctOn = false;
	}
	else if (linitial(sstmt->distinctClause) == NULL)
	{
		/* We had SELECT DISTINCT */
		qry->distinctClause = transformDistinctClause(pstate,
													  &qry->targetList,
													  qry->sortClause,
													  false);
		qry->hasDistinctOn = false;
	}
	else
	{
		/* We had SELECT DISTINCT ON */
		qry->distinctClause = transformDistinctOnClause(pstate,
														sstmt->distinctClause,
														&qry->targetList,
														qry->sortClause);
		qry->hasDistinctOn = true;
	}

	/* transform LIMIT */
	qry->limitOffset = transformLimitClause(pstate, sstmt->limitOffset,
											EXPR_KIND_OFFSET, "OFFSET",
											sstmt->limitOption);
	qry->limitCount = transformLimitClause(pstate, sstmt->limitCount,
										   EXPR_KIND_LIMIT, "LIMIT",
										   sstmt->limitOption);
	qry->limitOption = sstmt->limitOption;

	/* transform window clauses after we have seen all window functions */
	qry->windowClause = transformWindowDefinitions(pstate,
												   pstate->p_windowdefs,
												   &qry->targetList);

	qry->rtable = pstate->p_rtable;
	qry->jointree = makeFromExpr(pstate->p_joinlist, qual);

	qry->hasSubLinks = pstate->p_hasSubLinks;
	qry->hasWindowFuncs = pstate->p_hasWindowFuncs;
	qry->hasTargetSRFs = pstate->p_hasTargetSRFs;
	qry->hasAggs = pstate->p_hasAggs;

	foreach(l, sstmt->lockingClause)
	{
		transformLockingClause(pstate, qry,
							   (LockingClause *) lfirst(l), false);
	}

	assign_query_collations(pstate, qry);

	/* this must be done after collations, for reliable comparison of exprs */
	if (pstate->p_hasAggs || qry->groupClause || qry->groupingSets || qry->havingQual)
		parseCheckAggregates(pstate, qry);

	return qry;
}


/*
 * transformDeclareCursorStmt -
 *	transform a DECLARE CURSOR Statement
 *
 * DECLARE CURSOR is like other utility statements in that we emit it as a
 * CMD_UTILITY Query node; however, we must first transform the contained
 * query.  We used to postpone that until execution, but it's really necessary
 * to do it during the normal parse analysis phase to ensure that side effects
 * of parser hooks happen at the expected time.
 */
static Query *
transformDeclareCursorStmt(ParseState *pstate, DeclareCursorStmt *stmt)
{
	Query	   *result;
	Query	   *query;

	if ((stmt->options & CURSOR_OPT_SCROLL) &&
		(stmt->options & CURSOR_OPT_NO_SCROLL))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_CURSOR_DEFINITION),
		/* translator: %s is a SQL keyword */
				 errmsg("cannot specify both %s and %s",
						"SCROLL", "NO SCROLL")));

	if ((stmt->options & CURSOR_OPT_ASENSITIVE) &&
		(stmt->options & CURSOR_OPT_INSENSITIVE))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_CURSOR_DEFINITION),
		/* translator: %s is a SQL keyword */
				 errmsg("cannot specify both %s and %s",
						"ASENSITIVE", "INSENSITIVE")));

	/* Transform contained query, not allowing SELECT INTO */
	query = transformStmt(pstate, stmt->query);
	stmt->query = (Node *) query;

	/* Grammar should not have allowed anything but SELECT */
	if (!IsA(query, Query) ||
		query->commandType != CMD_SELECT)
		elog(ERROR, "unexpected non-SELECT command in DECLARE CURSOR");

	/*
	 * We also disallow data-modifying WITH in a cursor.  (This could be
	 * allowed, but the semantics of when the updates occur might be
	 * surprising.)
	 */
	if (query->hasModifyingCTE)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
				 errmsg("DECLARE CURSOR must not contain data-modifying statements in WITH")));

	/* FOR UPDATE and WITH HOLD are not compatible */
	if (query->rowMarks != NIL && (stmt->options & CURSOR_OPT_HOLD))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
		/*------
		  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
				 errmsg("DECLARE CURSOR WITH HOLD ... %s is not supported",
						LCS_asString(((RowMarkClause *)
									  linitial(query->rowMarks))->strength)),
				 errdetail("Holdable cursors must be READ ONLY.")));

	/* FOR UPDATE and SCROLL are not compatible */
	if (query->rowMarks != NIL && (stmt->options & CURSOR_OPT_SCROLL))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
		/*------
		  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
				 errmsg("DECLARE SCROLL CURSOR ... %s is not supported",
						LCS_asString(((RowMarkClause *)
									  linitial(query->rowMarks))->strength)),
				 errdetail("Scrollable cursors must be READ ONLY.")));

	/* FOR UPDATE and INSENSITIVE are not compatible */
	if (query->rowMarks != NIL && (stmt->options & CURSOR_OPT_INSENSITIVE))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_CURSOR_DEFINITION),
		/*------
		  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
				 errmsg("DECLARE INSENSITIVE CURSOR ... %s is not valid",
						LCS_asString(((RowMarkClause *)
									  linitial(query->rowMarks))->strength)),
				 errdetail("Insensitive cursors must be READ ONLY.")));

	/* represent the command as a utility Query */
	result = makeNode(Query);
	result->commandType = CMD_UTILITY;
	result->utilityStmt = (Node *) stmt;

	return result;
}


/*
 * transformExplainStmt -
 *	transform an EXPLAIN Statement
 *
 * EXPLAIN is like other utility statements in that we emit it as a
 * CMD_UTILITY Query node; however, we must first transform the contained
 * query.  We used to postpone that until execution, but it's really necessary
 * to do it during the normal parse analysis phase to ensure that side effects
 * of parser hooks happen at the expected time.
 */
static Query *
transformExplainStmt(ParseState *pstate, ExplainStmt *stmt)
{
	Query	   *result;

	/* transform contained query, allowing SELECT INTO */
	stmt->query = (Node *) transformOptionalSelectInto(pstate, stmt->query);

	/* represent the command as a utility Query */
	result = makeNode(Query);
	result->commandType = CMD_UTILITY;
	result->utilityStmt = (Node *) stmt;

	return result;
}


/*
 * transformCreateTableAsStmt -
 *	transform a CREATE TABLE AS, SELECT ... INTO, or CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW
 *	Statement
 *
 * As with DECLARE CURSOR and EXPLAIN, transform the contained statement now.
 */
static Query *
transformCreateTableAsStmt(ParseState *pstate, CreateTableAsStmt *stmt)
{
	Query	   *result;
	Query	   *query;

	/* transform contained query, not allowing SELECT INTO */
	query = transformStmt(pstate, stmt->query);
	stmt->query = (Node *) query;

	/* additional work needed for CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW */
	if (stmt->objtype == OBJECT_MATVIEW)
	{
		/*
		 * Prohibit a data-modifying CTE in the query used to create a
		 * materialized view. It's not sufficiently clear what the user would
		 * want to happen if the MV is refreshed or incrementally maintained.
		 */
		if (query->hasModifyingCTE)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("materialized views must not use data-modifying statements in WITH")));

		/*
		 * Check whether any temporary database objects are used in the
		 * creation query. It would be hard to refresh data or incrementally
		 * maintain it if a source disappeared.
		 */
		if (isQueryUsingTempRelation(query))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("materialized views must not use temporary tables or views")));

		/*
		 * A materialized view would either need to save parameters for use in
		 * maintaining/loading the data or prohibit them entirely.  The latter
		 * seems safer and more sane.
		 */
		if (query_contains_extern_params(query))
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("materialized views may not be defined using bound parameters")));

		/*
		 * For now, we disallow unlogged materialized views, because it seems
		 * like a bad idea for them to just go to empty after a crash. (If we
		 * could mark them as unpopulated, that would be better, but that
		 * requires catalog changes which crash recovery can't presently
		 * handle.)
		 */
		if (stmt->into->rel->relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_UNLOGGED)
			ereport(ERROR,
					(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
					 errmsg("materialized views cannot be unlogged")));

		/*
		 * At runtime, we'll need a copy of the parsed-but-not-rewritten Query
		 * for purposes of creating the view's ON SELECT rule.  We stash that
		 * in the IntoClause because that's where intorel_startup() can
		 * conveniently get it from.
		 */
		stmt->into->viewQuery = (Node *) copyObject(query);
	}

	/* represent the command as a utility Query */
	result = makeNode(Query);
	result->commandType = CMD_UTILITY;
	result->utilityStmt = (Node *) stmt;

	return result;
}

/*
 * transform a CallStmt
 */
static Query *
transformCallStmt(ParseState *pstate, CallStmt *stmt)
{
	List	   *targs;
	ListCell   *lc;
	Node	   *node;
	FuncExpr   *fexpr;
	HeapTuple	proctup;
	Datum		proargmodes;
	bool		isNull;
	List	   *outargs = NIL;
	Query	   *result;

	/*
	 * First, do standard parse analysis on the procedure call and its
	 * arguments, allowing us to identify the called procedure.
	 */
	targs = NIL;
	foreach(lc, stmt->funccall->args)
	{
		targs = lappend(targs, transformExpr(pstate,
											 (Node *) lfirst(lc),
											 EXPR_KIND_CALL_ARGUMENT));
	}

	node = ParseFuncOrColumn(pstate,
							 stmt->funccall->funcname,
							 targs,
							 pstate->p_last_srf,
							 stmt->funccall,
							 true,
							 stmt->funccall->location);

	assign_expr_collations(pstate, node);

	fexpr = castNode(FuncExpr, node);

	proctup = SearchSysCache1(PROCOID, ObjectIdGetDatum(fexpr->funcid));
	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(proctup))
		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for function %u", fexpr->funcid);

	/*
	 * Expand the argument list to deal with named-argument notation and
	 * default arguments.  For ordinary FuncExprs this'd be done during
	 * planning, but a CallStmt doesn't go through planning, and there seems
	 * no good reason not to do it here.
	 */
	fexpr->args = expand_function_arguments(fexpr->args,
											true,
											fexpr->funcresulttype,
											proctup);

	/* Fetch proargmodes; if it's null, there are no output args */
	proargmodes = SysCacheGetAttr(PROCOID, proctup,
								  Anum_pg_proc_proargmodes,
								  &isNull);
	if (!isNull)
	{
		/*
		 * Split the list into input arguments in fexpr->args and output
		 * arguments in stmt->outargs.  INOUT arguments appear in both lists.
		 */
		ArrayType  *arr;
		int			numargs;
		char	   *argmodes;
		List	   *inargs;
		int			i;

		arr = DatumGetArrayTypeP(proargmodes);	/* ensure not toasted */
		numargs = list_length(fexpr->args);
		if (ARR_NDIM(arr) != 1 ||
			ARR_DIMS(arr)[0] != numargs ||
			ARR_HASNULL(arr) ||
			ARR_ELEMTYPE(arr) != CHAROID)
			elog(ERROR, "proargmodes is not a 1-D char array of length %d or it contains nulls",
				 numargs);
		argmodes = (char *) ARR_DATA_PTR(arr);

		inargs = NIL;
		i = 0;
		foreach(lc, fexpr->args)
		{
			Node	   *n = lfirst(lc);

			switch (argmodes[i])
			{
				case PROARGMODE_IN:
				case PROARGMODE_VARIADIC:
					inargs = lappend(inargs, n);
					break;
				case PROARGMODE_OUT:
					outargs = lappend(outargs, n);
					break;
				case PROARGMODE_INOUT:
					inargs = lappend(inargs, n);
					outargs = lappend(outargs, copyObject(n));
					break;
				default:
					/* note we don't support PROARGMODE_TABLE */
					elog(ERROR, "invalid argmode %c for procedure",
						 argmodes[i]);
					break;
			}
			i++;
		}
		fexpr->args = inargs;
	}

	stmt->funcexpr = fexpr;
	stmt->outargs = outargs;

	ReleaseSysCache(proctup);

	/* represent the command as a utility Query */
	result = makeNode(Query);
	result->commandType = CMD_UTILITY;
	result->utilityStmt = (Node *) stmt;

	return result;
}

/*
 * Produce a string representation of a LockClauseStrength value.
 * This should only be applied to valid values (not LCS_NONE).
 */
const char *
LCS_asString(LockClauseStrength strength)
{
	switch (strength)
	{
		case LCS_NONE:
			Assert(false);
			break;
		case LCS_FORKEYSHARE:
			return "FOR KEY SHARE";
		case LCS_FORSHARE:
			return "FOR SHARE";
		case LCS_FORNOKEYUPDATE:
			return "FOR NO KEY UPDATE";
		case LCS_FORUPDATE:
			return "FOR UPDATE";
	}
	return "FOR some";			/* shouldn't happen */
}

/*
 * Check for features that are not supported with FOR [KEY] UPDATE/SHARE.
 *
 * exported so planner can check again after rewriting, query pullup, etc
 */
void
CheckSelectLocking(Query *qry, LockClauseStrength strength)
{
	Assert(strength != LCS_NONE);	/* else caller error */

	if (qry->setOperations)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
		/*------
		  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
				 errmsg("%s is not allowed with UNION/INTERSECT/EXCEPT",
						LCS_asString(strength))));
	if (qry->distinctClause != NIL)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
		/*------
		  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
				 errmsg("%s is not allowed with DISTINCT clause",
						LCS_asString(strength))));
	if (qry->groupClause != NIL || qry->groupingSets != NIL)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
		/*------
		  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
				 errmsg("%s is not allowed with GROUP BY clause",
						LCS_asString(strength))));
	if (qry->havingQual != NULL)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
		/*------
		  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
				 errmsg("%s is not allowed with HAVING clause",
						LCS_asString(strength))));
	if (qry->hasAggs)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
		/*------
		  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
				 errmsg("%s is not allowed with aggregate functions",
						LCS_asString(strength))));
	if (qry->hasWindowFuncs)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
		/*------
		  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
				 errmsg("%s is not allowed with window functions",
						LCS_asString(strength))));
	if (qry->hasTargetSRFs)
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
		/*------
		  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
				 errmsg("%s is not allowed with set-returning functions in the target list",
						LCS_asString(strength))));
}

/*
 * Transform a FOR [KEY] UPDATE/SHARE clause
 *
 * This basically involves replacing names by integer relids.
 *
 * NB: if you need to change this, see also markQueryForLocking()
 * in rewriteHandler.c, and isLockedRefname() in parse_relation.c.
 */
static void
transformLockingClause(ParseState *pstate, Query *qry, LockingClause *lc,
					   bool pushedDown)
{
	List	   *lockedRels = lc->lockedRels;
	ListCell   *l;
	ListCell   *rt;
	Index		i;
	LockingClause *allrels;

	CheckSelectLocking(qry, lc->strength);

	/* make a clause we can pass down to subqueries to select all rels */
	allrels = makeNode(LockingClause);
	allrels->lockedRels = NIL;	/* indicates all rels */
	allrels->strength = lc->strength;
	allrels->waitPolicy = lc->waitPolicy;

	if (lockedRels == NIL)
	{
		/*
		 * Lock all regular tables used in query and its subqueries.  We
		 * examine inFromCl to exclude auto-added RTEs, particularly NEW/OLD
		 * in rules.  This is a bit of an abuse of a mostly-obsolete flag, but
		 * it's convenient.  We can't rely on the namespace mechanism that has
		 * largely replaced inFromCl, since for example we need to lock
		 * base-relation RTEs even if they are masked by upper joins.
		 */
		i = 0;
		foreach(rt, qry->rtable)
		{
			RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(rt);

			++i;
			if (!rte->inFromCl)
				continue;
			switch (rte->rtekind)
			{
				case RTE_RELATION:
					applyLockingClause(qry, i, lc->strength, lc->waitPolicy,
									   pushedDown);
					rte->requiredPerms |= ACL_SELECT_FOR_UPDATE;
					break;
				case RTE_SUBQUERY:
					applyLockingClause(qry, i, lc->strength, lc->waitPolicy,
									   pushedDown);

					/*
					 * FOR UPDATE/SHARE of subquery is propagated to all of
					 * subquery's rels, too.  We could do this later (based on
					 * the marking of the subquery RTE) but it is convenient
					 * to have local knowledge in each query level about which
					 * rels need to be opened with RowShareLock.
					 */
					transformLockingClause(pstate, rte->subquery,
										   allrels, true);
					break;
				default:
					/* ignore JOIN, SPECIAL, FUNCTION, VALUES, CTE RTEs */
					break;
			}
		}
	}
	else
	{
		/*
		 * Lock just the named tables.  As above, we allow locking any base
		 * relation regardless of alias-visibility rules, so we need to
		 * examine inFromCl to exclude OLD/NEW.
		 */
		foreach(l, lockedRels)
		{
			RangeVar   *thisrel = (RangeVar *) lfirst(l);

			/* For simplicity we insist on unqualified alias names here */
			if (thisrel->catalogname || thisrel->schemaname)
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
				/*------
				  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
						 errmsg("%s must specify unqualified relation names",
								LCS_asString(lc->strength)),
						 parser_errposition(pstate, thisrel->location)));

			i = 0;
			foreach(rt, qry->rtable)
			{
				RangeTblEntry *rte = (RangeTblEntry *) lfirst(rt);
				char	   *rtename;

				++i;
				if (!rte->inFromCl)
					continue;

				/*
				 * A join RTE without an alias is not visible as a relation
				 * name and needs to be skipped (otherwise it might hide a
				 * base relation with the same name), except if it has a USING
				 * alias, which *is* visible.
				 */
				if (rte->rtekind == RTE_JOIN && rte->alias == NULL)
				{
					if (rte->join_using_alias == NULL)
						continue;
					rtename = rte->join_using_alias->aliasname;
				}
				else
					rtename = rte->eref->aliasname;

				if (strcmp(rtename, thisrel->relname) == 0)
				{
					switch (rte->rtekind)
					{
						case RTE_RELATION:
							applyLockingClause(qry, i, lc->strength,
											   lc->waitPolicy, pushedDown);
							rte->requiredPerms |= ACL_SELECT_FOR_UPDATE;
							break;
						case RTE_SUBQUERY:
							applyLockingClause(qry, i, lc->strength,
											   lc->waitPolicy, pushedDown);
							/* see comment above */
							transformLockingClause(pstate, rte->subquery,
												   allrels, true);
							break;
						case RTE_JOIN:
							ereport(ERROR,
									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
							/*------
							  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
									 errmsg("%s cannot be applied to a join",
											LCS_asString(lc->strength)),
									 parser_errposition(pstate, thisrel->location)));
							break;
						case RTE_FUNCTION:
							ereport(ERROR,
									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
							/*------
							  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
									 errmsg("%s cannot be applied to a function",
											LCS_asString(lc->strength)),
									 parser_errposition(pstate, thisrel->location)));
							break;
						case RTE_TABLEFUNC:
							ereport(ERROR,
									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
							/*------
							  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
									 errmsg("%s cannot be applied to a table function",
											LCS_asString(lc->strength)),
									 parser_errposition(pstate, thisrel->location)));
							break;
						case RTE_VALUES:
							ereport(ERROR,
									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
							/*------
							  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
									 errmsg("%s cannot be applied to VALUES",
											LCS_asString(lc->strength)),
									 parser_errposition(pstate, thisrel->location)));
							break;
						case RTE_CTE:
							ereport(ERROR,
									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
							/*------
							  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
									 errmsg("%s cannot be applied to a WITH query",
											LCS_asString(lc->strength)),
									 parser_errposition(pstate, thisrel->location)));
							break;
						case RTE_NAMEDTUPLESTORE:
							ereport(ERROR,
									(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
							/*------
							  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
									 errmsg("%s cannot be applied to a named tuplestore",
											LCS_asString(lc->strength)),
									 parser_errposition(pstate, thisrel->location)));
							break;

							/* Shouldn't be possible to see RTE_RESULT here */

						default:
							elog(ERROR, "unrecognized RTE type: %d",
								 (int) rte->rtekind);
							break;
					}
					break;		/* out of foreach loop */
				}
			}
			if (rt == NULL)
				ereport(ERROR,
						(errcode(ERRCODE_UNDEFINED_TABLE),
				/*------
				  translator: %s is a SQL row locking clause such as FOR UPDATE */
						 errmsg("relation \"%s\" in %s clause not found in FROM clause",
								thisrel->relname,
								LCS_asString(lc->strength)),
						 parser_errposition(pstate, thisrel->location)));
		}
	}
}

/*
 * Record locking info for a single rangetable item
 */
void
applyLockingClause(Query *qry, Index rtindex,
				   LockClauseStrength strength, LockWaitPolicy waitPolicy,
				   bool pushedDown)
{
	RowMarkClause *rc;

	Assert(strength != LCS_NONE);	/* else caller error */

	/* If it's an explicit clause, make sure hasForUpdate gets set */
	if (!pushedDown)
		qry->hasForUpdate = true;

	/* Check for pre-existing entry for same rtindex */
	if ((rc = get_parse_rowmark(qry, rtindex)) != NULL)
	{
		/*
		 * If the same RTE is specified with more than one locking strength,
		 * use the strongest.  (Reasonable, since you can't take both a shared
		 * and exclusive lock at the same time; it'll end up being exclusive
		 * anyway.)
		 *
		 * Similarly, if the same RTE is specified with more than one lock
		 * wait policy, consider that NOWAIT wins over SKIP LOCKED, which in
		 * turn wins over waiting for the lock (the default).  This is a bit
		 * more debatable but raising an error doesn't seem helpful. (Consider
		 * for instance SELECT FOR UPDATE NOWAIT from a view that internally
		 * contains a plain FOR UPDATE spec.)  Having NOWAIT win over SKIP
		 * LOCKED is reasonable since the former throws an error in case of
		 * coming across a locked tuple, which may be undesirable in some
		 * cases but it seems better than silently returning inconsistent
		 * results.
		 *
		 * And of course pushedDown becomes false if any clause is explicit.
		 */
		rc->strength = Max(rc->strength, strength);
		rc->waitPolicy = Max(rc->waitPolicy, waitPolicy);
		rc->pushedDown &= pushedDown;
		return;
	}

	/* Make a new RowMarkClause */
	rc = makeNode(RowMarkClause);
	rc->rti = rtindex;
	rc->strength = strength;
	rc->waitPolicy = waitPolicy;
	rc->pushedDown = pushedDown;
	qry->rowMarks = lappend(qry->rowMarks, rc);
}

/*
 * Coverage testing for raw_expression_tree_walker().
 *
 * When enabled, we run raw_expression_tree_walker() over every DML statement
 * submitted to parse analysis.  Without this provision, that function is only
 * applied in limited cases involving CTEs, and we don't really want to have
 * to test everything inside as well as outside a CTE.
 */
#ifdef RAW_EXPRESSION_COVERAGE_TEST

static bool
test_raw_expression_coverage(Node *node, void *context)
{
	if (node == NULL)
		return false;
	return raw_expression_tree_walker(node,
									  test_raw_expression_coverage,
									  context);
}

#endif							/* RAW_EXPRESSION_COVERAGE_TEST */