Adding upstream version 3.40.1.upstream/3.40.1 upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>
author: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org> 2024-05-05 17:28:19 +0000
committer: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org> 2024-05-05 17:28:19 +0000
commit: 18657a960e125336f704ea058e25c27bd3900dcb (patch)
tree: 17b438b680ed45a996d7b59951e6aa34023783f2 /www/lang_altertable.html
parent: Initial commit. (diff)
download: sqlite3-upstream.tar.xz
sqlite3-upstream.zip
1 files changed, 3330 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/www/lang_altertable.html b/www/lang_altertable.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a0fc5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/www/lang_altertable.html
@@ -0,0 +1,3330 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html><head>
+<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet">
+<title>ALTER TABLE</title>
+<!-- path= -->
+</head>
+<body>
+<div class=nosearch>
+<a href="index.html">
+<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0">
+</a>
+<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo --></div>
+<div class="tagline desktoponly">
+Small. Fast. Reliable.<br>Choose any three.
+</div>
+<div class="menu mainmenu">
+<ul>
+<li><a href="index.html">Home</a>
+<li class='mobileonly'><a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick='toggle_div("submenu")'>Menu</a>
+<li class='wideonly'><a href='about.html'>About</a>
+<li class='desktoponly'><a href="docs.html">Documentation</a>
+<li class='desktoponly'><a href="download.html">Download</a>
+<li class='wideonly'><a href='copyright.html'>License</a>
+<li class='desktoponly'><a href="support.html">Support</a>
+<li class='desktoponly'><a href="prosupport.html">Purchase</a>
+<li class='search' id='search_menubutton'>
+<a href="javascript:void(0)" onclick='toggle_search()'>Search</a>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="menu submenu" id="submenu">
+<ul>
+<li><a href='about.html'>About</a>
+<li><a href='docs.html'>Documentation</a>
+<li><a href='download.html'>Download</a>
+<li><a href='support.html'>Support</a>
+<li><a href='prosupport.html'>Purchase</a>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="searchmenu" id="searchmenu">
+<form method="GET" action="search">
+<select name="s" id="searchtype">
+<option value="d">Search Documentation</option>
+<option value="c">Search Changelog</option>
+</select>
+<input type="text" name="q" id="searchbox" value="">
+<input type="submit" value="Go">
+</form>
+</div>
+</div>
+<script>
+function toggle_div(nm) {
+var w = document.getElementById(nm);
+if( w.style.display=="block" ){
+w.style.display = "none";
+}else{
+w.style.display = "block";
+}
+}
+function toggle_search() {
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+if( w.style.display=="block" ){
+w.style.display = "none";
+} else {
+w.style.display = "block";
+setTimeout(function(){
+document.getElementById("searchbox").focus()
+}, 30);
+}
+}
+function div_off(nm){document.getElementById(nm).style.display="none";}
+window.onbeforeunload = function(e){div_off("submenu");}
+/* Disable the Search feature if we are not operating from CGI, since */
+/* Search is accomplished using CGI and will not work without it. */
+if( !location.origin || !location.origin.match || !location.origin.match(/http/) ){
+document.getElementById("search_menubutton").style.display = "none";
+}
+/* Used by the Hide/Show button beside syntax diagrams, to toggle the */
+function hideorshow(btn,obj){
+var x = document.getElementById(obj);
+var b = document.getElementById(btn);
+if( x.style.display!='none' ){
+x.style.display = 'none';
+b.innerHTML='show';
+}else{
+x.style.display = '';
+b.innerHTML='hide';
+}
+return false;
+}
+var antiRobot = 0;
+function antiRobotGo(){
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+var j = document.getElementById("mtimelink");
+if(j && j.hasAttribute("data-href")) j.href=j.getAttribute("data-href");
+}
+function antiRobotDefense(){
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+antiRobotGo();
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+document.body.onmousemove=function(){
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+setTimeout(function(){
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+antiRobotGo();
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+antiRobotDefense();
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+<div class=fancy>
+<div class=nosearch>
+<div class="fancy_title">
+ALTER TABLE
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+<h1 id="overview"><span>1. </span>Overview</h1>
+
+<p><b><a href="syntax/alter-table-stmt.html">alter-table-stmt:</a></b>
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
+<button id='x1297' onclick='hideorshow("x1297","x1298")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1298' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:798px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 798.451 99.576">
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+<path d="M670,17L780,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
+<button id='x1299' onclick='hideorshow("x1299","x1300")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1300' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:627px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 627.302 147.96">
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+<path d="M66,150L395,150"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="348,6 336,10 336,2" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M160,29 L 168,29 Q 175,29 175,17 Q 175,6 190,6 L 327,6 L 342,6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M348,6 L 473,6 Q 488,6 488,17 Q 488,29 495,29 L 503,29"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
+<button id='x1305' onclick='hideorshow("x1305","x1306")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1306' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:293px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 293.842 147.96">
+<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M83,32L127,32A15 15 0 0 0 142 17A15 15 0 0 0 127 2L83,2A15 15 0 0 0 68 17A15 15 0 0 0 83 32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M180,70L195,70A15 15 0 0 0 210 55L210,55A15 15 0 0 0 195 39L180,39A15 15 0 0 0 165 55L165,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 70Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M233,55 L 240,55 Q 248,55 248,40 L 248,32 Q 248,17 263,17 L 263,17 L 278,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M142,17L276,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="68,92 56,97 56,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
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+<path d="M233,92 L 240,92 Q 248,92 248,77 L 248,54 L 248,39"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M47,77 L 47,115 Q 47,130 55,130 L 62,130"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M233,130 L 240,130 Q 248,130 248,115 L 248,92 L 248,77"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
+<button id='x1307' onclick='hideorshow("x1307","x1308")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1308' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:793px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 793.282 84.24">
+<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M32,32L193,32L193,2L32,2Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M193,17 L 200,17 Q 208,17 208,32 L 208,32 Q 208,47 223,47 L 238,47 L 253,47"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M403,62L564,62L564,32L403,32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="483" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-or-subquery</text>
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+<path d="M587,62L721,62L721,32L587,32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+<path d="M483,17L776,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
+<button id='x1309' onclick='hideorshow("x1309","x1310")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1310' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:483px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 483.336 126.576">
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+<path d="M158,70A15 15 0 0 0 173 55L173,55A15 15 0 0 0 158 39A15 15 0 0 0 143 55L143,55A15 15 0 0 0 158 70Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
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+ <div id='x1312' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
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+ <div id='x1314' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+</div>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
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+ <div id='x1316' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
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+<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
+<button id='x1327' onclick='hideorshow("x1327","x1328")'>show</button></p>
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+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
+<button id='x1329' onclick='hideorshow("x1329","x1330")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1330' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:661px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 661.008 110.16">
+<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="45,17 33,21 33,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M9,17L39,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M60,32L87,32A15 15 0 0 0 102 17A15 15 0 0 0 87 2L60,2A15 15 0 0 0 45 17A15 15 0 0 0 60 32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="74" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">name</text>
+<polygon points="165,92 153,97 153,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M102,17 L 123,17 Q 138,17 138,32 L 138,77 Q 138,92 149,92 L 159,92"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M180,108A15 15 0 0 0 195 92A15 15 0 0 0 180 77A15 15 0 0 0 165 92A15 15 0 0 0 180 108Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="180" y="92" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text>
+<polygon points="212,92 201,97 201,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M195,92L207,92"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M212,108L350,108L350,77L212,77Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="281" y="92" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">signed-number</text>
+<polygon points="367,92 356,97 356,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M350,92L362,92"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M382,108A15 15 0 0 0 398 92A15 15 0 0 0 382 77A15 15 0 0 0 367 92A15 15 0 0 0 382 108Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="382" y="92" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text>
+<polygon points="415,92 403,97 403,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M398,92L409,92"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M415,108L553,108L553,77L415,77Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="484" y="92" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">signed-number</text>
+<polygon points="570,92 558,97 558,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M553,92L564,92"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M585,108A15 15 0 0 0 600 92A15 15 0 0 0 585 77A15 15 0 0 0 570 92A15 15 0 0 0 585 108Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="585" y="92" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text>
+<polygon points="651,17 640,21 640,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M600,92 L 608,92 Q 615,92 615,77 L 615,32 Q 615,17 630,17 L 630,17 L 645,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<circle cx="655" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="165,55 153,59 153,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M102,17 L 123,17 Q 138,17 138,32 L 138,40 Q 138,55 149,55 L 159,55"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M180,70A15 15 0 0 0 195 55L195,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 39A15 15 0 0 0 165 55L165,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 70Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="180" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text>
+<polygon points="212,55 201,59 201,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M195,55L207,55"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M212,70L350,70L350,39L212,39Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="281" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">signed-number</text>
+<polygon points="367,55 356,59 356,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M350,55L362,55"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M382,70A15 15 0 0 0 398 55L398,55A15 15 0 0 0 382 39A15 15 0 0 0 367 55L367,55A15 15 0 0 0 382 70Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="382" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text>
+<polygon points="600,55 589,59 589,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M398,55L594,55"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M600,55 L 608,55 Q 615,55 615,47 L 615,40"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="74,47 85,43 85,51" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M102,17 L 110,17 Q 117,17 117,32 L 117,32 Q 117,47 102,47 L 94,47 L 79,47"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M74,47 L 33,47 Q 18,47 18,32 L 18,32 Q 18,17 26,17 L 33,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="382,17 371,21 371,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M102,17L377,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M382,17L630,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
+<button id='x1331' onclick='hideorshow("x1331","x1332")'>show</button></p>
+ <div id='x1332' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
+ <div style="max-width:292px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 292.013 99.576">
+<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="50,44 39,48 39,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,30 Q 24,44 34,44 L 45,44"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M66,59A15 15 0 0 0 81 44L81,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 29A15 15 0 0 0 50 44L50,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 59Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="66" y="44" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">+</text>
+<polygon points="122,17 111,21 111,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M81,44 L 88,44 Q 96,44 96,30 Q 96,17 106,17 L 116,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M137,32L244,32A15 15 0 0 0 259 17A15 15 0 0 0 244 2L137,2A15 15 0 0 0 122 17A15 15 0 0 0 137 32Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="191" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">numeric-literal</text>
+<polygon points="282,17 271,21 271,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M259,17L276,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<circle cx="286" cy="17" r="3.6"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="50,82 39,86 39,77" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,32 L 24,67 Q 24,82 34,82 L 45,82"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M66,97A15 15 0 0 0 81 82L81,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 67A15 15 0 0 0 50 82L50,82A15 15 0 0 0 66 97Z"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<text x="66" y="82" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">-</text>
+<path d="M81,82 L 88,82 Q 96,82 96,67 L 96,44 L 96,29"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<polygon points="66,17 54,21 54,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
+<path d="M9,17L60,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+<path d="M66,17L111,17"  style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
+</svg>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<p>SQLite supports a limited subset of ALTER TABLE.
+The ALTER TABLE command in SQLite allows
+these alterations of an existing table:
+it can be renamed;
+a column can be renamed;
+a column can be added to it;
+or
+a column can be dropped from it.
+
+<a name="altertabrename"></a>
+
+</p><h1 id="alter_table_rename"><span>2. </span>ALTER TABLE RENAME</h1>
+
+<p> The RENAME TO syntax changes the name of <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span>
+to <span class='yyterm'>new-table-name</span>.
+This command 
+cannot be used to move a table between attached databases, only to rename 
+a table within the same database.
+If the table being renamed has triggers or indices, then these remain
+attached to the table after it has been renamed.
+
+</p><blockquote style="background-color: #ffd0d0;">
+<b>Compatibility Note:</b>
+The behavior of ALTER TABLE when renaming a table was enhanced
+in versions 3.25.0 (2018-09-15) and 3.26.0 (2018-12-01)
+in order to carry the rename operation forward into triggers and
+views that reference the renamed table.  This is considered an
+improvement. Applications that depend on the older (and
+arguably buggy) behavior can use the
+<a href="pragma.html#pragma_legacy_alter_table">PRAGMA legacy_alter_table=ON</a> statement or the
+<a href="c3ref/c_dbconfig_defensive.html#sqlitedbconfiglegacyaltertable">SQLITE_DBCONFIG_LEGACY_ALTER_TABLE</a> configuration parameter
+on <a href="c3ref/db_config.html">sqlite3_db_config()</a> interface to make ALTER TABLE RENAME
+behave as it did prior to version 3.25.0.
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+Beginning with release 3.25.0 (2018-09-15), references to the table
+within trigger bodies and view definitions are also renamed.
+</p>
+
+<p> Prior to version 3.26.0 (2018-12-01), FOREIGN KEY references
+to a table that is renamed were only edited if the
+<a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON</a>, or in other words if
+<a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraints</a> were being enforced.  With
+<a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF</a>, FOREIGN KEY constraints would not be changed
+when the table that the foreign key referred to (the "<a href="foreignkeys.html#parentchild">parent table</a>")
+was renamed.  Beginning with version 3.26.0, FOREIGN KEY constraints
+are always converted when a table is renamed, unless the
+<a href="pragma.html#pragma_legacy_alter_table">PRAGMA legacy_alter_table=ON</a> setting is engaged.  The following
+table summarizes the difference:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
+<tr>
+<th>PRAGMA foreign_keys
+</th><th>PRAGMA legacy_alter_table
+</th><th><a href="foreignkeys.html#parentchild">Parent Table</a>
+references are updated
+</th><th>SQLite version
+</th></tr><tr><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">No</td><td align="center">&lt; 3.26.0
+</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">&gt;= 3.26.0
+</td></tr><tr><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">all
+</td></tr><tr><td align="center">Off</td><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">No</td><td align="center">all
+</td></tr><tr><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">On</td><td align="center">Yes</td><td align="center">all
+</td></tr></table>
+</blockquote>
+
+<a name="altertabmvcol"></a>
+
+<h1 id="alter_table_rename_column"><span>3. </span>ALTER TABLE RENAME COLUMN</h1>
+
+<p> The RENAME COLUMN TO syntax changes the
+<span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> of table <span class='yyterm'>table-name</span>
+into <span class='yyterm'>new-column-name</span>.  The column name is changed both
+within the table definition itself and also within all indexes, triggers,
+and views that reference the column.  If the column name change would
+result in a semantic ambiguity in a trigger or view, then the RENAME
+COLUMN fails with an error and no changes are applied.
+
+<a name="altertabaddcol"></a>
+
+</p><h1 id="alter_table_add_column"><span>4. </span>ALTER TABLE ADD COLUMN</h1>
+
+<p> The ADD COLUMN syntax
+is used to add a new column to an existing table.
+The new column is always appended to the end of the list of existing columns.
+The <a href="syntax/column-def.html">column-def</a> rule defines the characteristics of the new column.
+The new column may take any of the forms permissible in a <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a>
+statement, with the following restrictions:
+</p><ul>
+<li>The column may not have a PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraint.</li>
+<li>The column may not have a default value of CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_DATE, 
+    CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, or an expression in parentheses.</li>
+<li>If a NOT NULL constraint is specified, then the column must have a
+    default value other than NULL.
+</li><li>If <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraints</a> are <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">enabled</a> and
+    a column with a <a href="syntax/foreign-key-clause.html">REFERENCES clause</a>
+    is added, the column must have a default value of NULL.
+</li><li>The column may not be <a href="gencol.html">GENERATED ALWAYS ... STORED</a>,
+though VIRTUAL columns are allowed.
+</li></ul>
+
+<p>When adding a column with a <a href="lang_createtable.html#ckconst">CHECK constraint</a>, or a NOT NULL constraint
+on a <a href="gencol.html">generated column</a>, the added constraints are tested against all 
+preexisting rows in the table and the ADD COLUMN fails
+if any constraint fails.  The testing of added constraints
+against preexisting rows is a new enhancement as of SQLite version
+3.37.0 (2021-11-27).</p>
+
+<p>The ALTER TABLE command works by modifying the SQL text of the schema
+stored in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema table</a>.
+No changes are made to table content for renames or column addition without
+constraints.
+Because of this,
+the execution time of such ALTER TABLE commands is independent of
+the amount of data in the table and such commands will 
+run as quickly on a table with 10 million rows as on a table with 1 row.
+When adding new columns that have CHECK constraints, or adding generated
+columns with NOT NULL constraints, or when deleting columns, then all
+existing data in the table must be either read (to test new constraints
+against existing rows) or written (to remove deleted columns).  In those
+cases, the ALTER TABLE command takes time that is proportional to the
+amount of content in the table being altered.
+</p>
+
+<p>After ADD COLUMN has been run on a database, that database will not
+be readable by SQLite version 3.1.3 (2005-02-20) and earlier.</p>
+
+<a name="altertabdropcol"></a>
+
+<h1 id="alter_table_drop_column"><span>5. </span>ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN</h1>
+
+<p> The DROP COLUMN syntax
+is used to remove an existing column from a table.
+The DROP COLUMN command removes the named column from the table,
+and rewrites its content to purge the data associated
+with that column.
+The DROP COLUMN command only works if the column is not referenced
+by any other parts of the schema and is not a PRIMARY KEY and
+does not have a UNIQUE constraint.
+Possible reasons why the DROP COLUMN command can fail include:
+</p><ul>
+<li>The column is a PRIMARY KEY or part of one.
+</li><li>The column has a UNIQUE constraint.
+</li><li>The column is indexed.
+</li><li>The column is named in the WHERE clause of a <a href="partialindex.html">partial index</a>.
+</li><li>The column is named in a table or column <a href="lang_createtable.html#ckconst">CHECK constraint</a>
+not associated with the column being dropped.
+</li><li>The column is used in a <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraint</a>.
+</li><li>The column is used in the expression of a <a href="gencol.html">generated column</a>.
+</li><li>The column appears in a trigger or view.
+</li></ul>
+
+<h2 id="how_it_works"><span>5.1. </span>How It Works</h2>
+
+<p>SQLite stores the schema as plain text in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema table</a>.
+The DROP COLUMN command (and all of the other variations of ALTER TABLE
+as well) modify that text and then attempt to reparse the entire schema.
+The command is only successful if the schema is still valid after the
+text has been modified.  In the case of the DROP COLUMN command, the
+only text modified is that the column definition is removed from the
+CREATE TABLE statement.  The DROP COLUMN command will fail if there
+are any traces of the column in other parts of the schema that will
+prevent the schema from parsing after the CREATE TABLE statement has
+been modified.
+
+</p><h1 id="disable_error_checking_using_pragma_writable_schema_on"><span>6. </span>Disable Error Checking Using PRAGMA writable_schema=ON</h1>
+
+<p>ALTER TABLE will normally fail and make no changes if it encounters
+any entries in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema table</a> that do not parse.  For
+example, if there is a malformed VIEW or TRIGGER associated with
+table named "tbl1", then an attempt to rename "tbl1" to "tbl1neo" will
+fail because the associated views and triggers could not be parsed.
+
+</p><p>Beginning with SQLite 3.38.0 (2022-02-22), this error checking
+can be disabled by setting "<a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">PRAGMA writable_schema=ON;</a>".  When
+the schema is writable, ALTER TABLE silently ignores any rows of the
+sqlite_schema table that do not parse.
+
+<a name="otheralter"></a>
+
+</p><h1 id="making_other_kinds_of_table_schema_changes"><span>7. </span>Making Other Kinds Of Table Schema Changes</h1>
+
+<p> The only schema altering commands directly supported by SQLite are the
+"<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabrename">rename table</a>", "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabmvcol">rename column</a>", "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabaddcol">add column</a>", "<a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabdropcol">drop column</a>"
+commands shown above.  However, applications
+can make other arbitrary changes to the format of a table using a simple
+sequence of operations.
+The steps to make arbitrary changes to the schema design of some table X
+are as follows:
+
+</p><ol>
+<li><p>
+If foreign key constraints are enabled, disable them using <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">PRAGMA foreign_keys=OFF</a>.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+Start a transaction.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+Remember the format of all indexes, triggers, and views associated with table X.
+This information will be needed in step 8 below.  One way to do this is
+to run a query like the following:
+SELECT type, sql FROM sqlite_schema WHERE tbl_name='X'.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+Use <a href="lang_createtable.html">CREATE TABLE</a> to construct a new table "new_X" that is in the desired
+revised format of table X.  Make sure that the name "new_X" does not collide
+with any existing table name, of course.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+Transfer content from X into new_X using a statement
+like: INSERT INTO new_X SELECT ... FROM X.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+Drop the old table X:  <a href="lang_droptable.html">DROP TABLE X</a>.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+Change the name of new_X to X using: ALTER TABLE new_X RENAME TO X.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+Use <a href="lang_createindex.html">CREATE INDEX</a>, <a href="lang_createtrigger.html">CREATE TRIGGER</a>, and <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a>
+to reconstruct indexes, triggers, and views
+associated with table X.  Perhaps use the old format of the triggers,
+indexes, and views saved from step 3 above as a guide, making changes
+as appropriate for the alteration.
+
+</p></li><li><p>If any views refer to table X in a way that is affected by the
+schema change, then drop those views using <a href="lang_dropview.html">DROP VIEW</a> and recreate them
+with whatever changes are necessary to accommodate the schema change
+using <a href="lang_createview.html">CREATE VIEW</a>.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+If foreign key constraints were originally enabled
+then run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_key_check">PRAGMA foreign_key_check</a> to verify that the schema
+change did not break any foreign key constraints.
+
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+Commit the transaction started in step 2.
+
+</p></li><li><p>
+If foreign keys constraints were originally enabled, reenable them now.
+</p></li></ol>
+
+<a name="caution"></a>
+
+<p>
+<b>Caution:</b>
+Take care to follow the procedure above precisely.  The boxes below
+summarize two procedures for modifying a table definition.  At first
+glance, they both appear to accomplish the same thing.  However, the
+procedure on the right does not always work, especially with the
+enhanced <a href="lang_altertable.html#altertabrename">rename table</a> capabilities added by versions 3.25.0 and
+3.26.0.  In the procedure on the right, the initial rename of the
+table to a temporary name might corrupt references to that table in
+triggers, views, and foreign key constraints.  The safe procedure on
+the left constructs the revised table definition using a new temporary
+name, then renames the table into its final name, which does not break
+links.
+
+</p><center>
+<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0">
+<tr>
+<td valign="top">
+<ol>
+<li>Create new table
+</li><li>Copy data
+</li><li>Drop old table
+</li><li>Rename new into old
+</li></ol>
+</td><td valign="top">
+<ol>
+<li>Rename old table
+</li><li>Create new table
+</li><li>Copy data
+</li><li>Drop old table
+</li></ol>
+</td></tr><tr>
+<th>&uarr;<br>Correct
+</th><th>&uarr;<br>Incorrect
+</th></tr></table>
+</center>
+
+<p>The 12-step <a href="lang_altertable.html#otheralter">generalized ALTER TABLE procedure</a>
+above will work even if the
+schema change causes the information stored in the table to change.
+So the full 12-step procedure above is appropriate for dropping a column,
+changing the order of columns, adding or removing a UNIQUE constraint
+or PRIMARY KEY, adding CHECK or FOREIGN KEY or NOT NULL constraints,
+or changing the datatype for a column, for example.  However, a simpler
+and faster procedure can optionally be used for
+some changes that do no affect the on-disk content in any way.
+The following simpler procedure is appropriate for removing
+CHECK or FOREIGN KEY or NOT NULL constraints,
+or adding, removing, or changing default values on
+a column.
+
+</p><ol>
+<li><p> Start a transaction.
+
+</p></li><li><p> Run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_schema_version">PRAGMA schema_version</a> to determine the current schema
+version number.  This number will be needed for step 6 below.
+
+</p></li><li><p> Activate schema editing using 
+<a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">PRAGMA writable_schema=ON</a>.
+
+</p></li><li><p> Run an <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statement to change the definition of table X
+in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema table</a>: 
+UPDATE sqlite_schema SET sql=... WHERE type='table' AND name='X';
+</p><p><em>Caution:</em>  Making a change to the sqlite_schema table like this will
+render the database corrupt and unreadable if the change contains
+a syntax error.  It is suggested that careful testing of the UPDATE
+statement be done on a separate blank database prior to using it on
+a database containing important data.
+
+</p></li><li><p> If the change to table X also affects other tables or indexes or
+triggers are views within schema, then run <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statements to modify
+those other tables indexes and views too.  For example, if the name of
+a column changes, all FOREIGN KEY constraints, triggers, indexes, and
+views that refer to that column must be modified.
+</p><p><em>Caution:</em>  Once again, making changes to the sqlite_schema 
+table like this will render the database corrupt and unreadable if the 
+change contains an error.  Carefully test this entire procedure
+on a separate test database prior to using it on
+a database containing important data and/or make backup copies of
+important databases prior to running this procedure.
+
+</p></li><li><p> Increment the schema version number using
+<a href="pragma.html#pragma_schema_version">PRAGMA schema_version=X</a> where X is one
+more than the old schema version number found in step 2 above.
+
+</p></li><li><p> Disable schema editing using 
+<a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">PRAGMA writable_schema=OFF</a>.
+
+</p></li><li><p> (Optional) Run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_integrity_check">PRAGMA integrity_check</a> to verify that the
+schema changes did not damage the database.
+
+</p></li><li><p> Commit the transaction started on step 1 above.
+</p></li></ol>
+
+<p>If some future version of SQLite adds new ALTER TABLE capabilities, 
+those capabilities will very likely use one of the two procedures
+outlined above.
+
+<a name="altertableishard"></a>
+
+</p><h1 id="why_alter_table_is_such_a_problem_for_sqlite"><span>8. </span>Why ALTER TABLE is such a problem for SQLite</h1>
+
+<p>Most SQL database engines store the schema already parsed into
+various system tables.  On those database engines, ALTER TABLE merely 
+has to make modifications to the corresponding system tables.
+
+</p><p>SQLite is different in that it stores the schema
+in the <a href="schematab.html">sqlite_schema</a> table as the original text of the CREATE
+statements that define the schema.  Hence ALTER TABLE needs
+to revise the text of the CREATE statement.  Doing
+so can be tricky for certain "creative" schema designs.
+
+</p><p>The SQLite approach of storing the schema as text has advantages
+for an embedded relational database.  For one, it means that the
+schema takes up less space in the database file.  This is important
+since a common SQLite usage pattern is to have many small,
+separate database files instead of putting everything in one
+big global database file, which is the usual approach for client/server
+database engines.
+Since the schema is duplicated in each separate database file, it is
+important to keep the schema representation compact.
+
+</p><p>Storing the schema as text rather than as parsed tables also
+give flexibility to the implementation.  Since the internal parse
+of the schema is regenerated each time the database is opened, the
+internal representation of the schema can change from one release
+to the next.  This is important, as sometimes new features require
+enhancements to the internal schema representation.  Changing the
+internal schema representation would be much more difficult if the
+schema representation was exposed in the database file.  So, in other
+words, storing the schema as text helps maintain backwards 
+compatibility, and helps ensure that older database files can be
+read and written by newer versions of SQLite.
+
+</p><p>Storing the schema as text also makes the 
+<a href="fileformat2.html">SQLite database file format</a> easier to define, document, and 
+understand. This helps make SQLite database files a
+<a href="locrsf.html">recommended storage format</a> for long-term archiving of data.
+
+</p><p>The downside of storing schema a text is that it can make
+the schema tricky to modify.  And for that reason, the ALTER TABLE
+support in SQLite has traditionally lagged behind other SQL
+database engines that store their schemas as parsed system tables
+that are easier to modify.
+
+
+
+
+</p><p align="center"><small><i>This page last modified on  <a href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/honeypot" id="mtimelink"  data-href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/finfo/pages/lang_altertable.in?m=7d2205713ab27ab4c">2022-08-10 18:45:48</a> UTC </small></i></p>
+
author	Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>	2024-05-05 17:28:19 +0000
committer	Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>	2024-05-05 17:28:19 +0000
commit	18657a960e125336f704ea058e25c27bd3900dcb (patch)
tree	17b438b680ed45a996d7b59951e6aa34023783f2 /www/lang_altertable.html
parent	Initial commit. (diff)
download	sqlite3-upstream.tar.xz sqlite3-upstream.zip