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diff --git a/www/faq.html b/www/faq.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05936e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/www/faq.html @@ -0,0 +1,648 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html><head> +<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> +<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> +<link href="sqlite.css" rel="stylesheet"> +<title>SQLite Frequently Asked Questions</title> +<!-- path= --> +</head> +<body> +<div class=nosearch> +<a href="index.html"> +<img class="logo" src="images/sqlite370_banner.gif" alt="SQLite" border="0"> +</a> +<div><!-- IE hack to prevent disappearing logo --></div> +<div class="tagline desktoponly"> +Small. Fast. 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Is this a bug?</a></li><li value='13'><a href="#q13">Can I use SQLite in my commercial product without paying royalties?</a></li><li value='14'><a href="#q14">How do I use a string literal that contains an embedded single-quote (') + character?</a></li><li value='15'><a href="#q15">What is an SQLITE_SCHEMA error, and why am I getting one?</a></li><li value='17'><a href="#q17">I get some compiler warnings when I compile SQLite. + Isn't this a problem? Doesn't it indicate poor code quality?</a></li><li value='18'><a href="#q18">Case-insensitive matching of Unicode characters does not work.</a></li><li value='19'><a href="#q19">INSERT is really slow - I can only do few dozen INSERTs per second</a></li><li value='20'><a href="#q20">I accidentally deleted some important information from my SQLite database. + How can I recover it?</a></li><li value='21'><a href="#q21">What is an SQLITE_CORRUPT error? What does it mean for the database + to be "malformed"? Why am I getting this error?</a></li><li value='22'><a href="#q22">Does SQLite support foreign keys?</a></li><li value='23'><a href="#q23">I get a compiler error if I use the SQLITE_OMIT_... + compile-time options when building SQLite.</a></li><li value='24'><a href="#q24">My WHERE clause expression <tt>column1="column1"</tt> does not work. + It causes every row of the table to be returned, not just the rows + where column1 has the value "column1".</a></li><li value='25'><a href="#q25">How are the syntax diagrams (a.k.a. "railroad" diagrams) for + SQLite generated?</a></li><li value='26'><a href="#q26">The SQL standard requires that a UNIQUE constraint be enforced even if + one or more of the columns in the constraint are NULL, but SQLite does + not do this. Isn't that a bug?</a></li><li value='27'><a href="#q27">What is the Export Control Classification Number (ECCN) for SQLite?</a></li><li value='28'><a href="#q28">My query does not return the column name that I expect. Is this a bug?</a></li></ol><a name="q1"></a> +<p><b>(1) How do I create an AUTOINCREMENT field?</b></p> +<blockquote><p>Short answer: A column declared <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a> will + autoincrement.</p> + + <p>Longer answer: + If you declare a column of a table to be <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a>, then + whenever you insert a NULL + into that column of the table, the NULL is automatically converted + into an integer which is one greater than the largest value of that + column over all other rows in the table, or 1 if the table is empty. + Or, if the largest existing integer key 9223372036854775807 is in use then an + unused key value is chosen at random. + For example, suppose you have a table like this: +<blockquote><pre> +CREATE TABLE t1( + a INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, + b INTEGER +); +</pre></blockquote> + <p>With this table, the statement</p> +<blockquote><pre> +INSERT INTO t1 VALUES(NULL,123); +</pre></blockquote> + <p>is logically equivalent to saying:</p> +<blockquote><pre> +INSERT INTO t1 VALUES((SELECT max(a) FROM t1)+1,123); +</pre></blockquote> + + <p>There is a function named + <a href="c3ref/last_insert_rowid.html">sqlite3_last_insert_rowid()</a> which will return the integer key + for the most recent insert operation.</p> + + <p>Note that the integer key is one greater than the largest + key that was in the table just prior to the insert. The new key + will be unique over all keys currently in the table, but it might + overlap with keys that have been previously deleted from the + table. To create keys that are unique over the lifetime of the + table, add the <a href="autoinc.html">AUTOINCREMENT</a> keyword to the <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a> + declaration. Then the key chosen will be one more than the + largest key that has ever existed in that table. If the largest + possible key has previously existed in that table, then the <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> + will fail with an <a href="rescode.html#full">SQLITE_FULL</a> error code.</p></blockquote></li> +<a name="q2"></a> +<p><b>(2) What datatypes does SQLite support?</b></p> +<blockquote>SQLite uses <a href="datatype3.html">dynamic typing</a>. Content can be stored as INTEGER, + REAL, TEXT, BLOB, or as NULL.</blockquote></li> +<a name="q3"></a> +<p><b>(3) SQLite lets me insert a string into a database column of type integer!</b></p> +<blockquote><p>This is a feature, not a bug. SQLite uses <a href="datatype3.html">dynamic typing</a>. + It does not enforce data type constraints. Data of any type can + (usually) be inserted into any column. You can put arbitrary length + strings into integer columns, floating point numbers in boolean columns, + or dates in character columns. The <a href="datatype3.html">datatype</a> you assign to a column in the + CREATE TABLE command does not restrict what data can be put into + that column. Every column is able to hold + an arbitrary length string. (There is one exception: Columns of + type <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a> may only hold a 64-bit signed integer. + An error will result + if you try to put anything other than an integer into an + <a href="lang_createtable.html#rowid">INTEGER PRIMARY KEY</a> column.)</p> + + <p>But SQLite does use the declared type of a column as a hint + that you prefer values in that format. So, for example, if a + column is of type INTEGER and you try to insert a string into + that column, SQLite will attempt to convert the string into an + integer. If it can, it inserts the integer instead. If not, + it inserts the string. This feature is called <a href="datatype3.html#affinity">type affinity</a>. + </p></blockquote></li> +<a name="q4"></a> +<p><b>(4) Why doesn't SQLite allow me to use '0' and '0.0' as the primary + key on two different rows of the same table?</b></p> +<blockquote><p>This problem occurs when your primary key is a numeric type. Change the + <a href="datatype3.html">datatype</a> of your primary key to TEXT and it should work.</p> + + <p>Every row must have a unique primary key. For a column with a + numeric type, SQLite thinks that <b>'0'</b> and <b>'0.0'</b> are the + same value because they compare equal to one another numerically. + (See the previous question.) Hence the values are not unique.</p></blockquote></li> +<a name="q5"></a> +<p><b>(5) Can multiple applications or multiple instances of the same + application access a single database file at the same time?</b></p> +<blockquote><p>Multiple processes can have the same database open at the same + time. Multiple processes can be doing a SELECT + at the same time. But only one process can be making changes to + the database at any moment in time, however.</p> + + <p>SQLite uses reader/writer locks to control access to the database. + (Under Win95/98/ME which lacks support for reader/writer locks, a + probabilistic simulation is used instead.) + But use caution: this locking mechanism might + not work correctly if the database file is kept on an NFS filesystem. + This is because fcntl() file locking is broken on many NFS implementations. + You should avoid putting SQLite database files on NFS if multiple + processes might try to access the file at the same time. On Windows, + Microsoft's documentation says that locking may not work under FAT + filesystems if you are not running the Share.exe daemon. People who + have a lot of experience with Windows tell me that file locking of + network files is very buggy and is not dependable. If what they + say is true, sharing an SQLite database between two or more Windows + machines might cause unexpected problems.</p> + + <p>We are aware of no other <i>embedded</i> SQL database engine that + supports as much concurrency as SQLite. SQLite allows multiple processes + to have the database file open at once, and for multiple processes to + read the database at once. When any process wants to write, it must + lock the entire database file for the duration of its update. But that + normally only takes a few milliseconds. Other processes just wait on + the writer to finish then continue about their business. Other embedded + SQL database engines typically only allow a single process to connect to + the database at once.</p> + + <p>However, client/server database engines (such as PostgreSQL, MySQL, + or Oracle) usually support a higher level of concurrency and allow + multiple processes to be writing to the same database at the same time. + This is possible in a client/server database because there is always a + single well-controlled server process available to coordinate access. + If your application has a need for a lot of concurrency, then you should + consider using a client/server database. But experience suggests that + most applications need much less concurrency than their designers imagine. + </p> + + <p>When SQLite tries to access a file that is locked by another + process, the default behavior is to return SQLITE_BUSY. You can + adjust this behavior from C code using the + <a href="c3ref/busy_handler.html">sqlite3_busy_handler()</a> or <a href="c3ref/busy_timeout.html">sqlite3_busy_timeout()</a> + API functions.</p></blockquote></li> +<a name="q6"></a> +<p><b>(6) Is SQLite threadsafe?</b></p> +<blockquote><p><a href="http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2006/EECS-2006-1.pdf">Threads are evil</a>. + Avoid them. + + <p>SQLite is threadsafe. We make this concession since many users choose + to ignore the advice given in the previous paragraph. + But in order to be thread-safe, SQLite must be compiled + with the SQLITE_THREADSAFE preprocessor macro set to 1. Both the Windows + and Linux precompiled binaries in the distribution are compiled this way. + If you are unsure if the SQLite library you are linking against is compiled + to be threadsafe you can call the <a href="c3ref/threadsafe.html">sqlite3_threadsafe()</a> + interface to find out. + </p> + + <p>SQLite is threadsafe because it uses mutexes to serialize + access to common data structures. However, the work of acquiring and + releasing these mutexes will slow SQLite down slightly. Hence, if you + do not need SQLite to be threadsafe, you should disable the mutexes + for maximum performance. See the <a href="threadsafe.html">threading mode</a> documentation for + additional information.</p> + + <p>Under Unix, you should not carry an open SQLite database across + a fork() system call into the child process.</p></blockquote></li> +<a name="q7"></a> +<p><b>(7) How do I list all tables/indices contained in an SQLite database</b></p> +<blockquote><p>If you are running the <b>sqlite3</b> command-line access program + you can type "<b>.tables</b>" to get a list of all tables. Or you + can type "<b>.schema</b>" to see the complete database schema including + all tables and indices. Either of these commands can be followed by + a LIKE pattern that will restrict the tables that are displayed.</p> + + <p>From within a C/C++ program (or a script using Tcl/Ruby/Perl/Python + bindings) you can get access to table and index names by doing a SELECT + on a special table named "<b>SQLITE_SCHEMA</b>". Every SQLite database + has an SQLITE_SCHEMA table that defines the schema for the database. + The SQLITE_SCHEMA table looks like this:</p> +<blockquote><pre> +CREATE TABLE sqlite_schema ( + type TEXT, + name TEXT, + tbl_name TEXT, + rootpage INTEGER, + sql TEXT +); +</pre></blockquote> + <p>For tables, the <b>type</b> field will always be <b>'table'</b> and the + <b>name</b> field will be the name of the table. So to get a list of + all tables in the database, use the following SELECT command:</p> +<blockquote><pre> +SELECT name FROM sqlite_schema +WHERE type='table' +ORDER BY name; +</pre></blockquote> + <p>For indices, <b>type</b> is equal to <b>'index'</b>, <b>name</b> is the + name of the index and <b>tbl_name</b> is the name of the table to which + the index belongs. For both tables and indices, the <b>sql</b> field is + the text of the original CREATE TABLE or CREATE INDEX statement that + created the table or index. For automatically created indices (used + to implement the PRIMARY KEY or UNIQUE constraints) the <b>sql</b> field + is NULL.</p> + + <p>The SQLITE_SCHEMA table cannot be modified using UPDATE, INSERT, + or DELETE (except under + <a href="pragma.html#pragma_writable_schema">extraordinary conditions</a>). + The SQLITE_SCHEMA table is automatically updated by commands like + CREATE TABLE, CREATE INDEX, DROP TABLE, and DROP INDEX.</p> + + <p>Temporary tables do not appear in the SQLITE_SCHEMA table. Temporary + tables and their indices and triggers occur in another special table + named SQLITE_TEMP_SCHEMA. SQLITE_TEMP_SCHEMA works just like SQLITE_SCHEMA + except that it is only visible to the application that created the + temporary tables. To get a list of all tables, both permanent and + temporary, one can use a command similar to the following: +<blockquote><pre> +SELECT name FROM + (SELECT * FROM sqlite_schema UNION ALL + SELECT * FROM sqlite_temp_schema) +WHERE type='table' +ORDER BY name +</pre></blockquote></blockquote></li> +<a name="q8"></a> +<p><b>(8) Are there any known size limits to SQLite databases?</b></p> +<blockquote><p>See <a href="limits.html">limits.html</a> for a full discussion of + the limits of SQLite.</p></blockquote></li> +<a name="q9"></a> +<p><b>(9) What is the maximum size of a VARCHAR in SQLite?</b></p> +<blockquote><p>SQLite does not enforce the length of a VARCHAR. You can declare + a VARCHAR(10) and SQLite will be happy to store a 500-million character + string there. And it will keep all 500-million characters intact. + Your content is never truncated. SQLite understands the column type + of "VARCHAR(<i>N</i>)" to be the same as "TEXT", regardless of the value + of <i>N</i>. + </p></blockquote></li> +<a name="q10"></a> +<p><b>(10) Does SQLite support a BLOB type?</b></p> +<blockquote><p>SQLite allows you to store BLOB data in any + column, even columns that are declared to hold some other type. + BLOBs can even be used as PRIMARY KEYs.</p></blockquote></li> +<a name="q11"></a> +<p><b>(11) How do I add, delete or rename columns from an existing table in SQLite?</b></p> +<blockquote><p>SQLite has limited ALTER TABLE support that you can use to + add, rename or drop columns or to change the name of a table + as detailed at <a href="lang_altertable.html">ALTER TABLE</a>.</p> + + <p>If you want to make more complex changes in the structure or + constraints of a table or its columns, you will have to recreate it. + You can save existing data to a temporary table, drop the + old table, create the new table, then copy the data back in from + the temporary table. See <a href="lang_altertable.html#otheralter"> + Making Other Kinds Of Table Schema Changes</a> for procedure.</p></blockquote></li> +<a name="q12"></a> +<p><b>(12) I deleted a lot of data but the database file did not get any + smaller. Is this a bug?</b></p> +<blockquote><p>No. When you delete information from an SQLite database, the + unused disk space is added to an internal "free-list" and is reused + the next time you insert data. The disk space is not lost. But + neither is it returned to the operating system.</p> + + <p>If you delete a lot of data and want to shrink the database file, + run the <a href="lang_vacuum.html">VACUUM</a> command. + VACUUM will reconstruct + the database from scratch. This will leave the database with an empty + free-list and a file that is minimal in size. Note, however, that the + VACUUM can take some time to run and it can use up to twice + as much temporary disk space as the original file while it is running. + </p> + + <p>An alternative to using the VACUUM command + is auto-vacuum mode, enabled using the + <a href="pragma.html#pragma_auto_vacuum">auto_vacuum pragma</a>.</p></blockquote></li> +<a name="q13"></a> +<p><b>(13) Can I use SQLite in my commercial product without paying royalties?</b></p> +<blockquote><p>Yes. SQLite is in the + <a href="copyright.html">public domain</a>. No claim of ownership is made + to any part of the code. You can do anything you want with it.</p></blockquote></li> +<a name="q14"></a> +<p><b>(14) How do I use a string literal that contains an embedded single-quote (') + character?</b></p> +<blockquote><p>The SQL standard specifies that single-quotes in strings are escaped + by putting two single quotes in a row. SQL works like the Pascal programming + language in this regard. Example: + </p> + + <blockquote><pre> + INSERT INTO xyz VALUES('5 O''clock'); + </pre></blockquote></blockquote></li> +<a name="q15"></a> +<p><b>(15) What is an SQLITE_SCHEMA error, and why am I getting one?</b></p> +<blockquote><p>An <a href="rescode.html#schema">SQLITE_SCHEMA</a> error is returned when a + prepared SQL statement is no longer valid and cannot be executed. + When this occurs, the statement must be recompiled from SQL using + the <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a> API. + An SQLITE_SCHEMA error can only occur when using the <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a>, + and <a href="c3ref/step.html">sqlite3_step()</a> interfaces to run SQL. + You will never receive an <a href="rescode.html#schema">SQLITE_SCHEMA</a> error from + <a href="c3ref/exec.html">sqlite3_exec()</a>. Nor will you receive an error if you + prepare statements using <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a> instead of + <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a>.</p> + + <p>The <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a> interface creates a + <a href="c3ref/stmt.html">prepared statement</a> that will automatically recompile itself if + the schema changes. The easiest way to deal with + <a href="rescode.html#schema">SQLITE_SCHEMA</a> errors is to always use <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare_v2()</a> + instead of <a href="c3ref/prepare.html">sqlite3_prepare()</a>.</blockquote></li> +<a name="q17"></a> +<p><b>(17) I get some compiler warnings when I compile SQLite. + Isn't this a problem? Doesn't it indicate poor code quality?</b></p> +<blockquote><p>Quality assurance in SQLite is done using + <a href="testing.html#coverage">full-coverage testing</a>, + not by compiler warnings or other static code analysis tools. + In other words, we verify that SQLite actually gets the + correct answer, not that it merely satisfies stylistic constraints. + Most of the SQLite code base is devoted purely to testing. + The SQLite test suite runs tens of thousands of separate test cases and + many of those test cases are parameterized so that hundreds of millions + of tests involving billions of SQL statements are run and evaluated + for correctness prior to every release. The developers use code + coverage tools to verify that all paths through the code are tested. + Whenever a bug is found in SQLite, new test cases are written to + exhibit the bug so that the bug cannot recur undetected in the future.</p> + + <p>During testing, the SQLite library is compiled with special + instrumentation that allows the test scripts to simulate a wide + variety of failures in order to verify that SQLite recovers + correctly. Memory allocation is carefully tracked and no memory + leaks occur, even following memory allocation failures. A custom + VFS layer is used to simulate operating system crashes and power + failures in order to ensure that transactions are atomic across + these events. A mechanism for deliberately injecting I/O errors + shows that SQLite is resilient to such malfunctions. (As an + experiment, try inducing these kinds of errors on other SQL database + engines and see what happens!)</p> + + <p>We also run SQLite using <a href="http://valgrind.org">Valgrind</a> + on Linux and verify that it detects no problems.</p> + + <p>Some people say that we should eliminate all warnings because + benign warnings mask real warnings that might arise in future changes. + This is true enough. But in reply, the developers observe that all + warnings have already been fixed in the builds + used for SQLite development (various versions of GCC, MSVC, + and clang). + Compiler warnings usually only arise from compilers or compile-time + options that the SQLite developers do not use themselves.</p></blockquote></li> +<a name="q18"></a> +<p><b>(18) Case-insensitive matching of Unicode characters does not work.</b></p> +<blockquote>The default configuration of SQLite only supports case-insensitive + comparisons of ASCII characters. The reason for this is that doing + full Unicode case-insensitive comparisons and case conversions + requires tables and logic that would nearly double the size of + the SQLite library. The + SQLite developers reason that any application that needs full + Unicode case support probably already has the necessary tables and + functions and so SQLite should not take up space to + duplicate this ability.</p> + + <p>Instead of providing full Unicode case support by default, + SQLite provides the ability to link against external + Unicode comparison and conversion routines. + The application can overload the built-in <a href="datatype3.html#collation">NOCASE</a> collating + sequence (using <a href="c3ref/create_collation.html">sqlite3_create_collation()</a>) and the built-in + <a href="lang_corefunc.html#like">like()</a>, <a href="lang_corefunc.html#upper">upper()</a>, and <a href="lang_corefunc.html#lower">lower()</a> functions + (using <a href="c3ref/create_function.html">sqlite3_create_function()</a>). + The SQLite source code includes an "ICU" extension that does + these overloads. Or, developers can write their own overloads + based on their own Unicode-aware comparison routines already + contained within their project.</blockquote></li> +<a name="q19"></a> +<p><b>(19) INSERT is really slow - I can only do few dozen INSERTs per second</b></p> +<blockquote>Actually, SQLite will easily do 50,000 or more <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> statements per second + on an average desktop computer. But it will only do a few dozen transactions + per second. Transaction speed is limited by the rotational speed of + your disk drive. A transaction normally requires two complete rotations + of the disk platter, which on a 7200RPM disk drive limits you to about + 60 transactions per second. + + <p>Transaction speed is limited by disk drive speed because (by default) + SQLite actually waits until the data really is safely stored on the disk + surface before the transaction is complete. That way, if you suddenly lose + power or if your OS crashes, your data is still safe. For details, + read about <a href="atomiccommit.html">atomic commit in SQLite.</a>. + + <p>By default, each INSERT statement is its own transaction. But if you + surround multiple INSERT statements with <a href="lang_transaction.html">BEGIN</a>...<a href="lang_transaction.html">COMMIT</a> then all the + inserts are grouped into a single transaction. The time needed to commit + the transaction is amortized over all the enclosed insert statements and + so the time per insert statement is greatly reduced. + + <p>Another option is to run <a href="pragma.html#pragma_synchronous">PRAGMA synchronous=OFF</a>. This command will + cause SQLite to not wait on data to reach the disk surface, which will make + write operations appear to be much faster. But if you lose power in the + middle of a transaction, your database file might go corrupt.</blockquote></li> +<a name="q20"></a> +<p><b>(20) I accidentally deleted some important information from my SQLite database. + How can I recover it?</b></p> +<blockquote>If you have a backup copy of your database file, recover the information + from your backup. + + <p>If you do not have a backup, recovery is very difficult. You might + be able to find partial string data in a binary dump of the raw database + file. Recovering numeric data might also be possible given special tools, + though to our knowledge no such tools exist. SQLite is sometimes compiled + with the <a href="compile.html#secure_delete">SQLITE_SECURE_DELETE</a> option which overwrites all deleted content + with zeros. If that is the case then recovery is clearly impossible. + Recovery is also impossible if you have run <a href="lang_vacuum.html">VACUUM</a> since the data was + deleted. If SQLITE_SECURE_DELETE is not used and VACUUM has not been run, + then some of the deleted content might still be in the database file, in + areas marked for reuse. But, again, there exist no procedures or tools + that we know of to help you recover that data.</blockquote></li> +<a name="q21"></a> +<p><b>(21) What is an SQLITE_CORRUPT error? What does it mean for the database + to be "malformed"? Why am I getting this error?</b></p> +<blockquote><p>An <a href="rescode.html#corrupt">SQLITE_CORRUPT</a> error is returned when SQLite detects an error + in the structure, format, or other control elements of the + database file.</p> + + <p>SQLite does not corrupt database files without external help. + If your application crashes in the middle of an + update, your data is safe. The database is safe even if your OS + crashes or takes a power loss. The crash-resistance of SQLite has + been extensively studied and tested and is attested by years of real-world + experience by billions of users.</p> + + <p>That said, there are a number of things that external programs or bugs + in your hardware or OS can do to corrupt a database file. See + <a href="howtocorrupt.html">How To Corrupt An SQLite Database File</a> for + further information. + + <p>You can use <a href="pragma.html#pragma_integrity_check">PRAGMA integrity_check</a> + to do a thorough but time intensive test of the database integrity.</p> + + <p>You can use <a href="pragma.html#pragma_quick_check">PRAGMA quick_check</a> to do a faster + but less thorough test of the database integrity.</p> + + <p>Depending how badly your database is corrupted, you may be able to + recover some of the data by using the CLI to dump the schema and contents + to a file and then recreate. Unfortunately, once humpty-dumpty falls off + the wall, it is generally not possible to put him back together again.</p></blockquote></li> +<a name="q22"></a> +<p><b>(22) Does SQLite support foreign keys?</b></p> +<blockquote><p> + As of <a href="releaselog/3_6_19.html">version 3.6.19</a> (2009-10-14), + SQLite supports <a href="foreignkeys.html">foreign key constraints</a>. But enforcement + of foreign key constraints is turned off by default (for backwards compatibility). + To enable foreign key constraint enforcement, run + <a href="pragma.html#pragma_foreign_keys">PRAGMA foreign_keys=ON</a> or compile with + <a href="compile.html#default_foreign_keys">-DSQLITE_DEFAULT_FOREIGN_KEYS=1</a>.</blockquote></li> +<a name="q23"></a> +<p><b>(23) I get a compiler error if I use the SQLITE_OMIT_... + compile-time options when building SQLite.</b></p> +<blockquote>The <a href="compile.html#omitfeatures">SQLITE_OMIT_...</a> compile-time options only work + when building from canonical source files. They do <u>not</u> work + when you build from the SQLite <a href="amalgamation.html">amalgamation</a> or from the pre-processed + source files. + + <p>It is possible to build a special <a href="amalgamation.html">amalgamation</a> that will work with + a predetermined set of SQLITE_OMIT_... options. Instructions for doing + so can be found with the <a href="compile.html#omitfeatures">SQLITE_OMIT_... documentation</a>.</blockquote></li> +<a name="q24"></a> +<p><b>(24) My WHERE clause expression <tt>column1="column1"</tt> does not work. + It causes every row of the table to be returned, not just the rows + where column1 has the value "column1".</b></p> +<blockquote>Use single-quotes, not double-quotes, around string literals in SQL. + This is what the SQL standard requires. Your WHERE clause expression + should read: <tt>column1='column1'</tt> + + <p>SQL uses double-quotes around identifiers (column or table names) that + contains special characters or which are keywords. So double-quotes are + a way of escaping identifier names. Hence, when you say + <tt>column1="column1"</tt> that is equivalent to + <tt>column1=column1</tt> which is obviously always true.</blockquote></li> +<a name="q25"></a> +<p><b>(25) How are the syntax diagrams (a.k.a. "railroad" diagrams) for + SQLite generated?</b></p> +<blockquote>Each diagram is hand-written using the <a href="https://pikchr.org/">Pikchr</a> + diagramming language. These hand-written specifications are converted into + SVG and inserted inline in the HTML files as part of the documentation build process. + <p> + Many historical versions of the SQLite documentation used a different process for + generating the syntax diagrams. The historical process was based on Tcl/Tk and is + described at <a href="http://wiki.tcl-lang.org/21708">http://wiki.tcl-lang.org/21708</a>. The newer Pikchr-based syntax diagrams + first landed on trunk on 2020-09-26.</blockquote></li> +<a name="q26"></a> +<p><b>(26) The SQL standard requires that a UNIQUE constraint be enforced even if + one or more of the columns in the constraint are NULL, but SQLite does + not do this. Isn't that a bug?</b></p> +<blockquote>Perhaps you are referring to the following statement from SQL92: + + <blockquote> + A unique constraint is satisfied if and only if no two rows in a + table have the same non-null values in the unique columns. + </blockquote> + + That statement is ambiguous, having at least two possible interpretations: + + <ol> + <li>A unique constraint is satisfied if and only if no two rows in a + table have the same values and have non-null values in the unique columns. + <li>A unique constraint is satisfied if and only if no two rows in a + table have the same values in the subset of unique columns that are not null. + </ol> + + SQLite follows interpretation (1), as does PostgreSQL, MySQL, Oracle, + and Firebird. It is true that Informix and Microsoft SQL Server use + interpretation (2), however we the SQLite developers hold that + interpretation (1) is the most natural reading + of the requirement and we also want to maximize compatibility with other + SQL database engines, and most other database engines also go with (1), + so that is what SQLite does.</blockquote></li> +<a name="q27"></a> +<p><b>(27) What is the Export Control Classification Number (ECCN) for SQLite?</b></p> +<blockquote>After careful review of the Commerce Control List (CCL), we are convinced + that the core public-domain SQLite source code is not described by any ECCN, + hence the ECCN should be reported as <b>EAR99</b>. + + <p>The above is true for the core public-domain SQLite. If you extend + SQLite by adding new code, or if you statically link SQLite with your + application, that might change the ECCN in your particular case.</blockquote></li> +<a name="q28"></a> +<p><b>(28) My query does not return the column name that I expect. Is this a bug?</b></p> +<blockquote>If the columns of your result set are named by AS clauses, then SQLite + is guaranteed to use the identifier to the right of the AS keyword as the + column name. If the result set does not use an AS clause, then SQLite + is free to name the column anything it wants. + See the <a href="c3ref/column_name.html">sqlite3_column_name()</a> documentation for further information.</blockquote></li> +</ol> +<p align="center"><small><i>This page last modified on <a href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/honeypot" id="mtimelink" data-href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/finfo/pages/faq.in?m=bd6b58b596cda2d3d">2021-07-27 23:51:29</a> UTC </small></i></p> + |