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CREATE TRIGGER
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Table Of Contents
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<div id="toc_sub"><div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#syntax">1. Syntax</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#description">2. Description</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc2"><a href="#syntax_restrictions_on_update_delete_and_insert_statements_within_triggers">2.1. Syntax Restrictions On UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT Statements Within
Triggers</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#instead_of_triggers">3. INSTEAD OF triggers</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#some_example_triggers">4. Some Example Triggers</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#cautions_on_the_use_of_before_triggers">5. Cautions On The Use Of BEFORE triggers</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#the_raise_function">6. The RAISE() function</a></div>
<div class="fancy-toc1"><a href="#temp_triggers_on_non_temp_tables">7. TEMP Triggers on Non-TEMP Tables</a></div>
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<h1 id="syntax"><span>1. </span>Syntax</h1>
<p><b><a href="syntax/create-trigger-stmt.html">create-trigger-stmt:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/delete-stmt.html">delete-stmt:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1527' onclick='hideorshow("x1527","x1528")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1528' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/returning-clause.html">returning-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1529' onclick='hideorshow("x1529","x1530")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1530' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:628px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 628.709 140.4">
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</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/expr.html">expr:</a></b>
<button id='x1531' onclick='hideorshow("x1531","x1532")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1532' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/filter-clause.html">filter-clause:</a></b>
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<div id='x1534' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/literal-value.html">literal-value:</a></b>
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<div id='x1536' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/over-clause.html">over-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1537' onclick='hideorshow("x1537","x1538")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1538' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1539' onclick='hideorshow("x1539","x1540")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1540' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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<path d="M419,455 L 419,463 Q 419,470 430,470 L 440,470" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1541' onclick='hideorshow("x1541","x1542")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1542' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:798px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 798.451 99.576">
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M32,32L81,32L81,2L32,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="56" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">expr</text>
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<path d="M81,17 L 89,17 Q 96,17 96,30 Q 96,44 101,44 L 105,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M126,59L190,59A15 15 0 0 0 205 44L205,44A15 15 0 0 0 190 29L126,29A15 15 0 0 0 111 44L111,44A15 15 0 0 0 126 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="158" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">COLLATE</text>
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<path d="M205,44L223,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M244,59L349,59A15 15 0 0 0 364 44L364,44A15 15 0 0 0 349 29L244,29A15 15 0 0 0 228 44L228,44A15 15 0 0 0 244 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="296" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">collation-name</text>
<polygon points="406,17 394,21 394,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M364,44 L 372,44 Q 379,44 379,30 Q 379,17 389,17 L 400,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="243,17 232,21 232,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M81,17L238,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M243,17L394,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="447,82 436,86 436,77" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M406,17 L 413,17 Q 421,17 421,32 L 421,67 Q 421,82 431,82 L 441,82" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M462,97L492,97A15 15 0 0 0 508 82A15 15 0 0 0 492 67L462,67A15 15 0 0 0 447 82A15 15 0 0 0 462 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="477" y="82" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">DESC</text>
<polygon points="549,17 538,21 538,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M508,82 L 515,82 Q 523,82 523,67 L 523,32 Q 523,17 533,17 L 543,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M462,59L479,59A15 15 0 0 0 494 44L494,44A15 15 0 0 0 479 29L462,29A15 15 0 0 0 447 44L447,44A15 15 0 0 0 462 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="471" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ASC</text>
<polygon points="447,44 436,48 436,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M421,29 L 421,36 Q 421,44 431,44 L 441,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M494,44 L 508,44 Q 523,44 523,36 L 523,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="477,17 466,21 466,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M406,17L472,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M477,17L538,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="591,44 579,48 579,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M549,17 L 557,17 Q 564,17 564,30 Q 564,44 574,44 L 585,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M606,59L648,59A15 15 0 0 0 663 44L663,44A15 15 0 0 0 648 29L606,29A15 15 0 0 0 591 44L591,44A15 15 0 0 0 606 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="627" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">NULLS</text>
<polygon points="686,44 674,48 674,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M663,44L680,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M701,59L735,59A15 15 0 0 0 750 44L750,44A15 15 0 0 0 735 29L701,29A15 15 0 0 0 686 44L686,44A15 15 0 0 0 701 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="718" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">FIRST</text>
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<path d="M750,44 L 757,44 Q 765,44 765,30 Q 765,17 775,17 L 786,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M606,97L648,97A15 15 0 0 0 663 82A15 15 0 0 0 648 67L606,67A15 15 0 0 0 591 82A15 15 0 0 0 606 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="627" y="82" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">NULLS</text>
<polygon points="686,82 674,86 674,77" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M663,82L680,82" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M701,97L727,97A15 15 0 0 0 742 82A15 15 0 0 0 727 67L701,67A15 15 0 0 0 686 82A15 15 0 0 0 701 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="714" y="82" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">LAST</text>
<polygon points="591,82 579,86 579,77" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M564,29 L 564,67 Q 564,82 574,82 L 585,82" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M742,82 L 754,82 Q 765,82 765,67 L 765,44 L 765,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="670,17 659,21 659,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M549,17L665,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M670,17L780,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b>
<button id='x1543' onclick='hideorshow("x1543","x1544")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1544' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:627px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 627.302 147.96">
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M47,32L82,32A15 15 0 0 0 97 17A15 15 0 0 0 82 2L47,2A15 15 0 0 0 32 17A15 15 0 0 0 47 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="65" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">RAISE</text>
<polygon points="120,17 109,21 109,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M97,17L114,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M135,32L135,32A15 15 0 0 0 150 17A15 15 0 0 0 135 2L135,2A15 15 0 0 0 120 17A15 15 0 0 0 135 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="135" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text>
<polygon points="192,55 180,59 180,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M150,17 L 158,17 Q 165,17 165,32 L 165,40 Q 165,55 176,55 L 186,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M207,70L285,70A15 15 0 0 0 300 55L300,55A15 15 0 0 0 285 39L207,39A15 15 0 0 0 192 55L192,55A15 15 0 0 0 207 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="246" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ROLLBACK</text>
<polygon points="336,55 324,59 324,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M300,55L330,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M351,70A15 15 0 0 0 366 55L366,55A15 15 0 0 0 351 39A15 15 0 0 0 336 55L336,55A15 15 0 0 0 351 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="351" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text>
<polygon points="389,55 378,59 378,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M366,55L383,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M404,70L508,70A15 15 0 0 0 523 55L523,55A15 15 0 0 0 508 39L404,39A15 15 0 0 0 389 55L389,55A15 15 0 0 0 404 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="456" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">error-message</text>
<polygon points="564,17 553,21 553,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M523,55 L 530,55 Q 538,55 538,40 L 538,32 Q 538,17 548,17 L 558,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M579,32A15 15 0 0 0 594 17A15 15 0 0 0 579 2A15 15 0 0 0 564 17A15 15 0 0 0 579 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="579" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text>
<polygon points="617,17 606,21 606,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M594,17L612,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<circle cx="621" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="192,17 180,21 180,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M150,17L186,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M207,32L259,32A15 15 0 0 0 274 17A15 15 0 0 0 259 2L207,2A15 15 0 0 0 192 17A15 15 0 0 0 207 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="233" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">IGNORE</text>
<polygon points="456,17 444,21 444,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M274,17L450,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M456,17L553,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M207,108L249,108A15 15 0 0 0 264 92A15 15 0 0 0 249 77L207,77A15 15 0 0 0 192 92A15 15 0 0 0 207 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="228" y="92" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ABORT</text>
<polygon points="300,92 288,97 288,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M264,92L294,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M300,92 L 307,92 Q 315,92 315,77 L 315,70 Q 315,55 322,55 L 330,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M207,145L229,145A15 15 0 0 0 244 130A15 15 0 0 0 229 115L207,115A15 15 0 0 0 192 130A15 15 0 0 0 207 145Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="218" y="130" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">FAIL</text>
<polygon points="300,130 288,135 288,126" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M244,130L294,130" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M300,130 L 307,130 Q 315,130 315,115 L 315,92 L 315,77" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="192,130 180,135 180,126" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M165,39 L 165,115 Q 165,130 176,130 L 186,130" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="192,92 180,97 180,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M165,77 L 165,85 Q 165,92 176,92 L 186,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/type-name.html">type-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1545' onclick='hideorshow("x1545","x1546")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1546' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:661px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 661.008 110.16">
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="45,17 33,21 33,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M9,17L39,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M60,32L87,32A15 15 0 0 0 102 17A15 15 0 0 0 87 2L60,2A15 15 0 0 0 45 17A15 15 0 0 0 60 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="74" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">name</text>
<polygon points="165,92 153,97 153,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M102,17 L 123,17 Q 138,17 138,32 L 138,77 Q 138,92 149,92 L 159,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M180,108A15 15 0 0 0 195 92A15 15 0 0 0 180 77A15 15 0 0 0 165 92A15 15 0 0 0 180 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="180" y="92" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text>
<polygon points="212,92 201,97 201,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M195,92L207,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M212,108L350,108L350,77L212,77Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="281" y="92" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">signed-number</text>
<polygon points="367,92 356,97 356,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M350,92L362,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M382,108A15 15 0 0 0 398 92A15 15 0 0 0 382 77A15 15 0 0 0 367 92A15 15 0 0 0 382 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="382" y="92" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text>
<polygon points="415,92 403,97 403,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M398,92L409,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M415,108L553,108L553,77L415,77Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="484" y="92" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">signed-number</text>
<polygon points="570,92 558,97 558,88" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M553,92L564,92" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M585,108A15 15 0 0 0 600 92A15 15 0 0 0 585 77A15 15 0 0 0 570 92A15 15 0 0 0 585 108Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="585" y="92" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text>
<polygon points="651,17 640,21 640,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M600,92 L 608,92 Q 615,92 615,77 L 615,32 Q 615,17 630,17 L 630,17 L 645,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<circle cx="655" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="165,55 153,59 153,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M102,17 L 123,17 Q 138,17 138,32 L 138,40 Q 138,55 149,55 L 159,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M180,70A15 15 0 0 0 195 55L195,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 39A15 15 0 0 0 165 55L165,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="180" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text>
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<path d="M195,55L207,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M212,70L350,70L350,39L212,39Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="281" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">signed-number</text>
<polygon points="367,55 356,59 356,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M350,55L362,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M382,70A15 15 0 0 0 398 55L398,55A15 15 0 0 0 382 39A15 15 0 0 0 367 55L367,55A15 15 0 0 0 382 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="382" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text>
<polygon points="600,55 589,59 589,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M398,55L594,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M600,55 L 608,55 Q 615,55 615,47 L 615,40" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="74,47 85,43 85,51" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M102,17 L 110,17 Q 117,17 117,32 L 117,32 Q 117,47 102,47 L 94,47 L 79,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M74,47 L 33,47 Q 18,47 18,32 L 18,32 Q 18,17 26,17 L 33,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="382,17 371,21 371,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M102,17L377,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M382,17L630,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
</svg>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/signed-number.html">signed-number:</a></b>
<button id='x1547' onclick='hideorshow("x1547","x1548")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1548' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:292px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 292.013 99.576">
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="50,44 39,48 39,40" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M9,17 L 16,17 Q 24,17 24,30 Q 24,44 34,44 L 45,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M66,59A15 15 0 0 0 81 44L81,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 29A15 15 0 0 0 50 44L50,44A15 15 0 0 0 66 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="66" y="44" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">+</text>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/insert-stmt.html">insert-stmt:</a></b>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1551' onclick='hideorshow("x1551","x1552")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1552' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/returning-clause.html">returning-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1553' onclick='hideorshow("x1553","x1554")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1554' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:628px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 628.709 140.4">
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</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/upsert-clause.html">upsert-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1555' onclick='hideorshow("x1555","x1556")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1556' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:901px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 901.142 363.96">
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</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b>
<button id='x1557' onclick='hideorshow("x1557","x1558")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1558' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:353px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 353.621 72.36">
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<path d="M47,32A15 15 0 0 0 62 17A15 15 0 0 0 47 2A15 15 0 0 0 32 17A15 15 0 0 0 47 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="47" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text>
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<path d="M85,17L115,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M136,32L230,32A15 15 0 0 0 245 17A15 15 0 0 0 230 2L136,2A15 15 0 0 0 121 17A15 15 0 0 0 136 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/indexed-column.html">indexed-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1559' onclick='hideorshow("x1559","x1560")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1560' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:696px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 696.36 102.6">
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<path d="M9,17L45,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M50,70L100,70L100,39L50,39Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M597,17L675,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/select-stmt.html">select-stmt:</a></b>
<button id='x1561' onclick='hideorshow("x1561","x1562")'>show</button></p>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
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<div id='x1564' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/compound-operator.html">compound-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1565' onclick='hideorshow("x1565","x1566")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1566' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:293px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 293.842 147.96">
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<path d="M83,32L127,32A15 15 0 0 0 142 17A15 15 0 0 0 127 2L83,2A15 15 0 0 0 68 17A15 15 0 0 0 83 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="105" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">UNION</text>
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<text x="105" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">UNION</text>
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<text x="125" y="92" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">INTERSECT</text>
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<path d="M180,70L195,70A15 15 0 0 0 210 55L210,55A15 15 0 0 0 195 39L180,39A15 15 0 0 0 165 55L165,55A15 15 0 0 0 180 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="187" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ALL</text>
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</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1567' onclick='hideorshow("x1567","x1568")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1568' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:793px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 793.282 84.24">
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<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M32,32L193,32L193,2L32,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="112" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-or-subquery</text>
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<path d="M259,62L380,62L380,32L259,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M403,62L564,62L564,32L403,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M587,62L721,62L721,32L587,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="654" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">join-constraint</text>
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</svg>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1569' onclick='hideorshow("x1569","x1570")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1570' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:483px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 483.336 126.576">
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<text x="85" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">USING</text>
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<path d="M158,70A15 15 0 0 0 173 55L173,55A15 15 0 0 0 158 39A15 15 0 0 0 143 55L143,55A15 15 0 0 0 158 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M384,70A15 15 0 0 0 399 55L399,55A15 15 0 0 0 384 39A15 15 0 0 0 369 55L369,55A15 15 0 0 0 384 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<circle cx="477" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="271" y="92" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text>
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</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1571' onclick='hideorshow("x1571","x1572")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1572' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:620px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 620.333 255.312">
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</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/ordering-term.html">ordering-term:</a></b>
<button id='x1573' onclick='hideorshow("x1573","x1574")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1574' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:798px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 798.451 99.576">
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<path d="M32,32L81,32L81,2L32,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M244,59L349,59A15 15 0 0 0 364 44L364,44A15 15 0 0 0 349 29L244,29A15 15 0 0 0 228 44L228,44A15 15 0 0 0 244 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M462,97L492,97A15 15 0 0 0 508 82A15 15 0 0 0 492 67L462,67A15 15 0 0 0 447 82A15 15 0 0 0 462 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M701,59L735,59A15 15 0 0 0 750 44L750,44A15 15 0 0 0 735 29L701,29A15 15 0 0 0 686 44L686,44A15 15 0 0 0 701 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M606,97L648,97A15 15 0 0 0 663 82A15 15 0 0 0 648 67L606,67A15 15 0 0 0 591 82A15 15 0 0 0 606 97Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M742,82 L 754,82 Q 765,82 765,67 L 765,44 L 765,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M670,17L780,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/result-column.html">result-column:</a></b>
<button id='x1575' onclick='hideorshow("x1575","x1576")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1576' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:398px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 398.054 163.08">
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<path d="M9,17L39,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M45,32L94,32L94,2L45,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="69" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">expr</text>
<polygon points="136,55 124,59 124,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M94,17 L 102,17 Q 109,17 109,32 L 109,40 Q 109,55 119,55 L 130,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M151,70L155,70A15 15 0 0 0 170 55L170,55A15 15 0 0 0 155 39L151,39A15 15 0 0 0 136 55L136,55A15 15 0 0 0 151 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M170,55L200,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M221,70L309,70A15 15 0 0 0 324 55L324,55A15 15 0 0 0 309 39L221,39A15 15 0 0 0 206 55L206,55A15 15 0 0 0 221 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<circle cx="392" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M109,39 L 109,70 Q 109,85 124,85 L 132,85 L 147,85" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M153,85 L 170,85 Q 185,85 185,70 L 185,70 Q 185,55 192,55 L 200,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M241,17L377,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M66,123A15 15 0 0 0 81 108A15 15 0 0 0 66 92A15 15 0 0 0 50 108A15 15 0 0 0 66 123Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M81,108L341,108" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M66,160L141,160A15 15 0 0 0 156 145A15 15 0 0 0 141 130L66,130A15 15 0 0 0 50 145A15 15 0 0 0 66 160Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M194,160A15 15 0 0 0 209 145A15 15 0 0 0 194 130A15 15 0 0 0 179 145A15 15 0 0 0 194 160Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1577' onclick='hideorshow("x1577","x1578")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1578' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:720px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 720.778 457.704">
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<path d="M9,36 L 16,36 Q 24,36 24,51 L 24,59 Q 24,74 34,74 L 45,74" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M66,89L162,89A15 15 0 0 0 177 74L177,74A15 15 0 0 0 162 59L66,59A15 15 0 0 0 50 74L50,74A15 15 0 0 0 66 89Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<p><b><a href="syntax/window-defn.html">window-defn:</a></b>
<button id='x1579' onclick='hideorshow("x1579","x1580")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1580' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
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</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/frame-spec.html">frame-spec:</a></b>
<button id='x1581' onclick='hideorshow("x1581","x1582")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1582' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:1039px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 1039.65 522.72">
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<p><b><a href="syntax/update-stmt.html">update-stmt:</a></b>
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<path d="M153,692L202,692L202,662L153,662Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="178" y="677" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">expr</text>
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<path d="M24,586L24,662" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/column-name-list.html">column-name-list:</a></b>
<button id='x1585' onclick='hideorshow("x1585","x1586")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1586' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:353px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 353.621 72.36">
<circle cx="5" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="32,17 20,21 20,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M47,32A15 15 0 0 0 62 17A15 15 0 0 0 47 2A15 15 0 0 0 32 17A15 15 0 0 0 47 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="47" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text>
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<path d="M62,17L79,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="121,17 110,21 110,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M85,17L115,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M136,32L230,32A15 15 0 0 0 245 17A15 15 0 0 0 230 2L136,2A15 15 0 0 0 121 17A15 15 0 0 0 136 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<circle cx="347" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M183,70A15 15 0 0 0 198 55L198,55A15 15 0 0 0 183 39A15 15 0 0 0 168 55L168,55A15 15 0 0 0 183 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">common-table-expression:</a></b>
<button id='x1587' onclick='hideorshow("x1587","x1588")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1588' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:638px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 638.525 167.4">
<circle cx="5" cy="29" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="32,29 20,33 20,24" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M9,29L26,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M47,44L122,44A15 15 0 0 0 137 29A15 15 0 0 0 122 14L47,14A15 15 0 0 0 32 29A15 15 0 0 0 47 44Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="85" y="29" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-name</text>
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<path d="M160,29L191,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M211,44A15 15 0 0 0 227 29A15 15 0 0 0 211 14A15 15 0 0 0 196 29A15 15 0 0 0 211 44Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="49" y="150" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">AS</text>
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<path d="M348,82A15 15 0 0 0 363 66A15 15 0 0 0 348 51A15 15 0 0 0 333 66A15 15 0 0 0 348 82Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M348,6 L 473,6 Q 488,6 488,17 Q 488,29 495,29 L 503,29" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-clause.html">join-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1589' onclick='hideorshow("x1589","x1590")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1590' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:793px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 793.282 84.24">
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<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M32,32L193,32L193,2L32,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="112" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">table-or-subquery</text>
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<path d="M193,17 L 200,17 Q 208,17 208,32 L 208,32 Q 208,47 223,47 L 238,47 L 253,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M259,62L380,62L380,32L259,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="319" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">join-operator</text>
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<path d="M380,47L397,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M403,62L564,62L564,32L403,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M564,47L581,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M587,62L721,62L721,32L587,32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="654" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">join-constraint</text>
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<circle cx="787" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M193,17L478,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M483,17L776,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M483,77 L 247,77 Q 232,77 232,62 L 232,62 Q 232,47 246,47 L 259,47" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
</svg>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-constraint.html">join-constraint:</a></b>
<button id='x1591' onclick='hideorshow("x1591","x1592")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1592' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:483px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 483.336 126.576">
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<path d="M333,55L363,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M113,32L162,32L162,2L113,2Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/join-operator.html">join-operator:</a></b>
<button id='x1593' onclick='hideorshow("x1593","x1594")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1594' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:620px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 620.333 255.312">
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<path d="M66,86L133,86A15 15 0 0 0 148 71A15 15 0 0 0 133 56L66,56A15 15 0 0 0 50 71A15 15 0 0 0 66 86Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/qualified-table-name.html">qualified-table-name:</a></b>
<button id='x1595' onclick='hideorshow("x1595","x1596")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1596' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:599px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 599.746 182.736">
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<path d="M9,17L39,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M60,32L156,32A15 15 0 0 0 171 17A15 15 0 0 0 156 2L60,2A15 15 0 0 0 45 17A15 15 0 0 0 60 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M210,32A15 15 0 0 0 225 17A15 15 0 0 0 210 2A15 15 0 0 0 195 17A15 15 0 0 0 210 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="210" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">.</text>
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<path d="M276,32L351,32A15 15 0 0 0 366 17A15 15 0 0 0 351 2L276,2A15 15 0 0 0 261 17A15 15 0 0 0 276 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M423,59L427,59A15 15 0 0 0 442 44L442,44A15 15 0 0 0 427 29L423,29A15 15 0 0 0 408 44L408,44A15 15 0 0 0 423 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="425" y="44" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">AS</text>
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<path d="M442,44L459,44" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M480,59L501,59A15 15 0 0 0 516 44L516,44A15 15 0 0 0 501 29L480,29A15 15 0 0 0 465 44L465,44A15 15 0 0 0 480 59Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M539,44 L 546,44 Q 554,44 554,51 L 554,59" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M108,44 L 225,44 Q 240,44 240,30 Q 240,17 247,17 L 255,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M354,142L358,142A15 15 0 0 0 373 127A15 15 0 0 0 358 112L354,112A15 15 0 0 0 339 127A15 15 0 0 0 354 142Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M310,180L374,180A15 15 0 0 0 389 165A15 15 0 0 0 374 150L310,150A15 15 0 0 0 294 165A15 15 0 0 0 310 180Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<path d="M539,127 L 546,127 Q 554,127 554,135 L 554,142" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M389,165L578,165" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p><b><a href="syntax/returning-clause.html">returning-clause:</a></b>
<button id='x1597' onclick='hideorshow("x1597","x1598")'>show</button></p>
<div id='x1598' style='display:none;' class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:628px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 628.709 140.4">
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<path d="M42,62L132,62A15 15 0 0 0 147 47A15 15 0 0 0 132 32L42,32A15 15 0 0 0 27 47A15 15 0 0 0 42 62Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="87" y="47" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">RETURNING</text>
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<p><b><a href="syntax/table-or-subquery.html">table-or-subquery:</a></b>
<button id='x1599' onclick='hideorshow("x1599","x1600")'>show</button></p>
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<h1 id="description"><span>2. </span>Description</h1>
<p>The CREATE TRIGGER statement is used to add triggers to the
database schema. Triggers are database operations
that are automatically performed when a specified database event
occurs. </p>
<p>Each trigger must specify that it will fire for one of
the following operations: <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>, <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a>.
The trigger fires once for each row that is deleted, inserted,
or updated. If the "UPDATE OF <span class='yyterm'>column-name</span>"
syntax is used, then the trigger will only fire if
<span class='yyterm'>column-name</span> appears on the left-hand side of
one of the terms in the SET clause of the <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> statement.</p>
<p>Due to an historical oversight, columns named in the "UPDATE OF"
clause do not actually have to exist in the table being updated.
Unrecognized column names are silently ignored.
It would be more helpful if SQLite would fail the CREATE TRIGGER
statement if any of the names in the "UPDATE OF" clause are not
columns in the table. However, as this problem was discovered
many years after SQLite was widely deployed, we have resisted
fixing the problem for fear of breaking legacy applications.</p>
<p>At this time SQLite supports only FOR EACH ROW triggers, not FOR EACH
STATEMENT triggers. Hence explicitly specifying FOR EACH ROW is optional.
FOR EACH ROW implies that the SQL statements specified in the trigger
may be executed (depending on the WHEN clause) for each database row being
inserted, updated or deleted by the statement causing the trigger to fire.</p>
<p>Both the WHEN clause and the trigger actions may access elements of
the row being inserted, deleted or updated using references of the form
"NEW.<i>column-name</i>" and "OLD.<i>column-name</i>", where
<i>column-name</i> is the name of a column from the table that the trigger
is associated with. OLD and NEW references may only be used in triggers on
events for which they are relevant, as follows:</p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="10">
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><i>INSERT</i></td>
<td valign="top">NEW references are valid</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><i>UPDATE</i></td>
<td valign="top">NEW and OLD references are valid</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="top" align="right" width="120"><i>DELETE</i></td>
<td valign="top">OLD references are valid</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>If a WHEN clause is supplied, the SQL statements specified
are only executed if the WHEN clause is true.
If no WHEN clause is supplied, the SQL statements
are executed every time the trigger fires.</p>
<p>The BEFORE or AFTER keyword determines when the trigger actions
will be executed relative to the insertion, modification or removal of the
associated row. BEFORE is the default when neither keyword is present.</p>
<p>An <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> clause may be specified as part of an <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> or <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>
action within the body of the trigger.
However if an <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> clause is specified as part of
the statement causing the trigger to fire, then conflict handling
policy of the outer statement is used instead.</p>
<p>Triggers are automatically <a href="lang_droptrigger.html">dropped</a>
when the table that they are
associated with (the <i>table-name</i> table) is
<a href="lang_droptable.html">dropped</a>. However if the trigger actions reference
other tables, the trigger is not dropped or modified if those other
tables are <a href="lang_droptable.html">dropped</a> or <a href="lang_altertable.html">modified</a>.</p>
<p>Triggers are removed using the <a href="lang_droptrigger.html">DROP TRIGGER</a> statement.</p>
<h2 id="syntax_restrictions_on_update_delete_and_insert_statements_within_triggers"><span>2.1. </span>Syntax Restrictions On UPDATE, DELETE, and INSERT Statements Within
Triggers</h2>
<p>The <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a>, <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, and <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>
statements within triggers do not support
the full syntax for <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a>, <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, and <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> statements. The following
restrictions apply:</p>
<ul>
<li><p>
The name of the table to be modified in an <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a>, <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>, or <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a>
statement must be an unqualified table name. In other words, one must
use just "<i>tablename</i>" not "<i>database</i><b>.</b><i>tablename</i>"
when specifying the table. </p></li>
<li><p>
For non-TEMP triggers,
the table to be modified or queried must exist in the
same database as the table or view to which the trigger is attached.
TEMP triggers are not subject to the same-database rule. A TEMP
trigger is allowed to query or modify any table in any <a href="lang_attach.html">ATTACH</a>-ed database.
</p></li>
<li><p>
The "INSERT INTO <i>table</i> DEFAULT VALUES" form of the <a href="lang_insert.html">INSERT</a> statement
is not supported.
</p></li>
<li><p>
The INDEXED BY and NOT INDEXED clauses are not supported for <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> and
<a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a> statements.
</p></li>
<li><p>
The ORDER BY and LIMIT clauses on <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> and <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a> statements are not
supported. ORDER BY and LIMIT are not normally supported for <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> or
<a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a> in any context but can be enabled for top-level statements
using the <a href="compile.html#enable_update_delete_limit">SQLITE_ENABLE_UPDATE_DELETE_LIMIT</a> compile-time option. However,
that compile-time option only applies to top-level <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> and <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a>
statements, not <a href="lang_update.html">UPDATE</a> and <a href="lang_delete.html">DELETE</a> statements within triggers.
</p></li>
<li><p>
<a href="syntax/common-table-expression.html">Common table expression</a> are not supported for
statements inside of triggers.
</p></li>
</ul>
<a name="instead_of_trigger"></a>
<h1 id="instead_of_triggers"><span>3. </span>INSTEAD OF triggers</h1>
<p>BEFORE and AFTER triggers work only on ordinary tables.
INSTEAD OF triggers work only on views.
</p><p>If an INSTEAD OF INSERT trigger exists on a view, then it is
possible to execute an INSERT statement against that view. No actual
insert occurs. Instead, the statements contained within the trigger
are run. INSTEAD OF DELETE and
INSTEAD OF UPDATE triggers work the same way for DELETE and UPDATE statements
against views.</p>
<p>Note that the <a href="c3ref/changes.html">sqlite3_changes()</a> and <a href="c3ref/total_changes.html">sqlite3_total_changes()</a> interfaces
do not count INSTEAD OF trigger firings, but the
<a href="pragma.html#pragma_count_changes">count_changes pragma</a> does count INSTEAD OF trigger firing.</p>
<h1 id="some_example_triggers"><span>4. </span>Some Example Triggers</h1>
<p>Assuming that customer records are stored in the "customers" table, and
that order records are stored in the "orders" table, the following
UPDATE trigger
ensures that all associated orders are redirected when a customer changes
his or her address:</p>
<blockquote><pre>
CREATE TRIGGER update_customer_address UPDATE OF address ON customers
BEGIN
UPDATE orders SET address = new.address WHERE customer_name = old.name;
END;
</pre></blockquote>
<p>With this trigger installed, executing the statement:</p>
<blockquote><pre>
UPDATE customers SET address = '1 Main St.' WHERE name = 'Jack Jones';
</pre></blockquote>
<p>causes the following to be automatically executed:</p>
<blockquote><pre>
UPDATE orders SET address = '1 Main St.' WHERE customer_name = 'Jack Jones';
</pre></blockquote>
<p>For an example of an INSTEAD OF trigger, consider the following schema:
<blockquote><pre>
CREATE TABLE customer(
cust_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
cust_name TEXT,
cust_addr TEXT
);
CREATE VIEW customer_address AS
SELECT cust_id, cust_addr FROM customer;
CREATE TRIGGER cust_addr_chng
INSTEAD OF UPDATE OF cust_addr ON customer_address
BEGIN
UPDATE customer SET cust_addr=NEW.cust_addr
WHERE cust_id=NEW.cust_id;
END;
</pre></blockquote>
</p><p>With the schema above, a statement of the form:</p>
<blockquote><pre>
UPDATE customer_address SET cust_addr=$new_address WHERE cust_id=$cust_id;
</pre></blockquote>
<p>Causes the customer.cust_addr field to be updated for a specific
customer entry that has customer.cust_id equal to the $cust_id parameter.
Note how the values assigned to the view are made available as field
in the special "NEW" table within the trigger body.</p>
<a name="undef_before"></a>
<h1 id="cautions_on_the_use_of_before_triggers"><span>5. </span>Cautions On The Use Of BEFORE triggers</h1>
<p>If a BEFORE UPDATE or BEFORE DELETE trigger modifies or deletes a row
that was to have been updated or deleted, then the result of the subsequent
update or delete operation is undefined. Furthermore, if a BEFORE trigger
modifies or deletes a row, then it is undefined whether or not AFTER triggers
that would have otherwise run on those rows will in fact run.
</p>
<p>The value of NEW.rowid is undefined in a BEFORE INSERT trigger in which
the rowid is not explicitly set to an integer.</p>
<p>Because of the behaviors described above, programmers are encouraged to
prefer AFTER triggers over BEFORE triggers.</p>
<a name="raise"></a>
<h1 id="the_raise_function"><span>6. </span>The RAISE() function</h1>
<p>A special SQL function RAISE() may be used within a trigger-program,
with the following syntax</p>
<p><b><a href="syntax/raise-function.html">raise-function:</a></b></p><div class='imgcontainer'>
<div style="max-width:627px"><svg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' class="pikchr" viewBox="0 0 627.302 147.96">
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<path d="M9,17L26,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M47,32L82,32A15 15 0 0 0 97 17A15 15 0 0 0 82 2L47,2A15 15 0 0 0 32 17A15 15 0 0 0 47 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="65" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">RAISE</text>
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<path d="M135,32L135,32A15 15 0 0 0 150 17A15 15 0 0 0 135 2L135,2A15 15 0 0 0 120 17A15 15 0 0 0 135 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="135" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">(</text>
<polygon points="192,55 180,59 180,50" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M150,17 L 158,17 Q 165,17 165,32 L 165,40 Q 165,55 176,55 L 186,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M207,70L285,70A15 15 0 0 0 300 55L300,55A15 15 0 0 0 285 39L207,39A15 15 0 0 0 192 55L192,55A15 15 0 0 0 207 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="246" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ROLLBACK</text>
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<path d="M300,55L330,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M351,70A15 15 0 0 0 366 55L366,55A15 15 0 0 0 351 39A15 15 0 0 0 336 55L336,55A15 15 0 0 0 351 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="351" y="55" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">,</text>
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<path d="M366,55L383,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M404,70L508,70A15 15 0 0 0 523 55L523,55A15 15 0 0 0 508 39L404,39A15 15 0 0 0 389 55L389,55A15 15 0 0 0 404 70Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="456" y="55" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">error-message</text>
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<path d="M579,32A15 15 0 0 0 594 17A15 15 0 0 0 579 2A15 15 0 0 0 564 17A15 15 0 0 0 579 32Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="579" y="17" text-anchor="middle" font-weight="bold" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">)</text>
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<path d="M594,17L612,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<circle cx="621" cy="17" r="3.6" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<polygon points="192,17 180,21 180,12" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0)"/>
<path d="M150,17L186,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="233" y="17" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">IGNORE</text>
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<path d="M456,17L553,17" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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<text x="228" y="92" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">ABORT</text>
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<path d="M300,92 L 307,92 Q 315,92 315,77 L 315,70 Q 315,55 322,55 L 330,55" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<path d="M207,145L229,145A15 15 0 0 0 244 130A15 15 0 0 0 229 115L207,115A15 15 0 0 0 192 130A15 15 0 0 0 207 145Z" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
<text x="218" y="130" text-anchor="middle" fill="rgb(0,0,0)" dominant-baseline="central">FAIL</text>
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<path d="M244,130L294,130" style="fill:none;stroke-width:2.16;stroke:rgb(0,0,0);" />
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</svg>
</div>
</div>
<p>When one of RAISE(ROLLBACK,...), RAISE(ABORT,...) or RAISE(FAIL,...)
is called during trigger-program
execution, the specified <a href="lang_conflict.html">ON CONFLICT</a> processing is performed and
the current query terminates.
An error code of <a href="rescode.html#constraint">SQLITE_CONSTRAINT</a> is returned to the application,
along with the specified error message.</p>
<p>When RAISE(IGNORE) is called, the remainder of the current trigger program,
the statement that caused the trigger program to execute and any subsequent
trigger programs that would have been executed are abandoned. No database
changes are rolled back. If the statement that caused the trigger program
to execute is itself part of a trigger program, then that trigger program
resumes execution at the beginning of the next step.
</p>
<a name="temptrig"></a>
<h1 id="temp_triggers_on_non_temp_tables"><span>7. </span>TEMP Triggers on Non-TEMP Tables</h1>
<p>A trigger normally exists in the same database as the table named
after the "ON" keyword in the CREATE TRIGGER statement. Except, it is
possible to create a TEMP TRIGGER on a table in another database.
Such a trigger will only fire when changes
are made to the target table by the application that defined the trigger.
Other applications that modify the database will not be able to see the
TEMP trigger and hence cannot run the trigger.</p>
<p>When defining a TEMP trigger on a non-TEMP table, it is important to
specify the database holding the non-TEMP table. For example,
in the following statement, it is important to say "main.tab1" instead
of just "tab1":</p>
<blockquote><pre>
CREATE TEMP TRIGGER ex1 AFTER INSERT ON <b>main.</b>tab1 BEGIN ...
</pre></blockquote>
<p>Failure to specify the schema name on the target table could result
in the TEMP trigger being reattached to a table with the same name in
another database whenever any schema change occurs.</p>
<p align="center"><small><i>This page last modified on <a href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/honeypot" id="mtimelink" data-href="https://sqlite.org/docsrc/finfo/pages/lang_createtrigger.in?m=62382caed8a6d9933">2022-09-27 13:16:55</a> UTC </small></i></p>
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