Adding upstream version 14.2.21.upstream/14.2.21upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

4 files changed, 1776 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/spdk/examples/nvme/perf/.gitignore b/src/spdk/examples/nvme/perf/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd14107d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spdk/examples/nvme/perf/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+perf
diff --git a/src/spdk/examples/nvme/perf/Makefile b/src/spdk/examples/nvme/perf/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..573f56a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spdk/examples/nvme/perf/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#
+#  BSD LICENSE
+#
+#  Copyright (c) Intel Corporation.
+#  All rights reserved.
+#
+#  Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+#  modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+#  are met:
+#
+#    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+#      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+#    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+#      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
+#      the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+#      distribution.
+#    * Neither the name of Intel Corporation nor the names of its
+#      contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+#      from this software without specific prior written permission.
+#
+#  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+#  "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+#  LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+#  A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+#  OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+#  SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+#  LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+#  DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+#  THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+#  (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+#  OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+#
+
+SPDK_ROOT_DIR := $(abspath $(CURDIR)/../../..)
+include $(SPDK_ROOT_DIR)/mk/spdk.common.mk
+
+APP = perf
+
+ifeq ($(OS),Linux)
+SYS_LIBS += -laio
+CFLAGS += -DHAVE_LIBAIO
+endif
+
+include $(SPDK_ROOT_DIR)/mk/nvme.libtest.mk
diff --git a/src/spdk/examples/nvme/perf/README.md b/src/spdk/examples/nvme/perf/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e5ec38d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spdk/examples/nvme/perf/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# Compiling perf on FreeBSD
+
+To use perf test on FreeBSD over NVMe-oF, explicitly link userspace library of HBA. For example, on a setup with Mellanox HBA,
+
+	LIBS += -lmlx5
diff --git a/src/spdk/examples/nvme/perf/perf.c b/src/spdk/examples/nvme/perf/perf.c
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8f4d75e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/spdk/examples/nvme/perf/perf.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1726 @@
+/*-
+ *   BSD LICENSE
+ *
+ *   Copyright (c) Intel Corporation.
+ *   All rights reserved.
+ *
+ *   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ *   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ *   are met:
+ *
+ *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
+ *       the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+ *       distribution.
+ *     * Neither the name of Intel Corporation nor the names of its
+ *       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+ *       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ *   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+ *   "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ *   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+ *   A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+ *   OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+ *   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+ *   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+ *   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+ *   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+ *   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+ *   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include "spdk/stdinc.h"
+
+#include "spdk/env.h"
+#include "spdk/fd.h"
+#include "spdk/nvme.h"
+#include "spdk/env.h"
+#include "spdk/queue.h"
+#include "spdk/string.h"
+#include "spdk/nvme_intel.h"
+#include "spdk/histogram_data.h"
+#include "spdk/endian.h"
+#include "spdk/crc16.h"
+
+#if HAVE_LIBAIO
+#include <libaio.h>
+#endif
+
+struct ctrlr_entry {
+	struct spdk_nvme_ctrlr			*ctrlr;
+	struct spdk_nvme_intel_rw_latency_page	*latency_page;
+	struct ctrlr_entry			*next;
+	char					name[1024];
+};
+
+enum entry_type {
+	ENTRY_TYPE_NVME_NS,
+	ENTRY_TYPE_AIO_FILE,
+};
+
+struct ns_entry {
+	enum entry_type		type;
+
+	union {
+		struct {
+			struct spdk_nvme_ctrlr	*ctrlr;
+			struct spdk_nvme_ns	*ns;
+		} nvme;
+#if HAVE_LIBAIO
+		struct {
+			int			fd;
+		} aio;
+#endif
+	} u;
+
+	struct ns_entry		*next;
+	uint32_t		io_size_blocks;
+	uint32_t		num_io_requests;
+	uint64_t		size_in_ios;
+	uint32_t		io_flags;
+	uint16_t		apptag_mask;
+	uint16_t		apptag;
+	char			name[1024];
+	const struct spdk_nvme_ns_data	*nsdata;
+};
+
+static const double g_latency_cutoffs[] = {
+	0.01,
+	0.10,
+	0.25,
+	0.50,
+	0.75,
+	0.90,
+	0.95,
+	0.98,
+	0.99,
+	0.995,
+	0.999,
+	0.9999,
+	0.99999,
+	0.999999,
+	0.9999999,
+	-1,
+};
+
+struct ns_worker_ctx {
+	struct ns_entry		*entry;
+	uint64_t		io_completed;
+	uint64_t		total_tsc;
+	uint64_t		min_tsc;
+	uint64_t		max_tsc;
+	uint64_t		current_queue_depth;
+	uint64_t		offset_in_ios;
+	bool			is_draining;
+
+	union {
+		struct {
+			struct spdk_nvme_qpair	*qpair;
+		} nvme;
+
+#if HAVE_LIBAIO
+		struct {
+			struct io_event		*events;
+			io_context_t		ctx;
+		} aio;
+#endif
+	} u;
+
+	struct ns_worker_ctx	*next;
+
+	struct spdk_histogram_data	*histogram;
+};
+
+struct perf_task {
+	struct ns_worker_ctx	*ns_ctx;
+	void			*buf;
+	uint64_t		submit_tsc;
+	uint16_t		appmask;
+	uint16_t		apptag;
+	uint64_t		lba;
+	bool			is_read;
+#if HAVE_LIBAIO
+	struct iocb		iocb;
+#endif
+};
+
+struct worker_thread {
+	struct ns_worker_ctx	*ns_ctx;
+	struct worker_thread	*next;
+	unsigned		lcore;
+};
+
+static int g_outstanding_commands;
+
+static bool g_latency_ssd_tracking_enable = false;
+static int g_latency_sw_tracking_level = 0;
+
+static struct ctrlr_entry *g_controllers = NULL;
+static int g_controllers_found = 0;
+static struct ns_entry *g_namespaces = NULL;
+static int g_num_namespaces = 0;
+static struct worker_thread *g_workers = NULL;
+static int g_num_workers = 0;
+
+static uint64_t g_tsc_rate;
+
+static uint32_t g_io_align = 0x200;
+static uint32_t g_io_size_bytes;
+static uint32_t g_max_io_md_size;
+static uint32_t g_max_io_size_blocks;
+static uint32_t g_metacfg_pract_flag;
+static uint32_t g_metacfg_prchk_flags;
+static int g_rw_percentage;
+static int g_is_random;
+static int g_queue_depth;
+static int g_time_in_sec;
+static uint32_t g_max_completions;
+static int g_dpdk_mem;
+static int g_shm_id = -1;
+static uint32_t g_disable_sq_cmb;
+static bool g_no_pci;
+static bool g_warn;
+
+static const char *g_core_mask;
+
+struct trid_entry {
+	struct spdk_nvme_transport_id	trid;
+	uint16_t			nsid;
+	TAILQ_ENTRY(trid_entry)		tailq;
+};
+
+static TAILQ_HEAD(, trid_entry) g_trid_list = TAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(g_trid_list);
+
+static int g_aio_optind; /* Index of first AIO filename in argv */
+
+static void
+task_complete(struct perf_task *task);
+
+static void
+register_ns(struct spdk_nvme_ctrlr *ctrlr, struct spdk_nvme_ns *ns)
+{
+	struct ns_entry *entry;
+	const struct spdk_nvme_ctrlr_data *cdata;
+	uint32_t max_xfer_size, entries;
+	struct spdk_nvme_io_qpair_opts opts;
+
+	cdata = spdk_nvme_ctrlr_get_data(ctrlr);
+
+	if (!spdk_nvme_ns_is_active(ns)) {
+		printf("Controller %-20.20s (%-20.20s): Skipping inactive NS %u\n",
+		       cdata->mn, cdata->sn,
+		       spdk_nvme_ns_get_id(ns));
+		g_warn = true;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (spdk_nvme_ns_get_size(ns) < g_io_size_bytes ||
+	    spdk_nvme_ns_get_sector_size(ns) > g_io_size_bytes) {
+		printf("WARNING: controller %-20.20s (%-20.20s) ns %u has invalid "
+		       "ns size %" PRIu64 " / block size %u for I/O size %u\n",
+		       cdata->mn, cdata->sn, spdk_nvme_ns_get_id(ns),
+		       spdk_nvme_ns_get_size(ns), spdk_nvme_ns_get_sector_size(ns), g_io_size_bytes);
+		g_warn = true;
+		return;
+	}
+
+	max_xfer_size = spdk_nvme_ns_get_max_io_xfer_size(ns);
+	spdk_nvme_ctrlr_get_default_io_qpair_opts(ctrlr, &opts, sizeof(opts));
+	/* NVMe driver may add additional entries based on
+	 * stripe size and maximum transfer size, we assume
+	 * 1 more entry be used for stripe.
+	 */
+	entries = (g_io_size_bytes - 1) / max_xfer_size + 2;
+	if ((g_queue_depth * entries) > opts.io_queue_size) {
+		printf("controller IO queue size %u less than required\n",
+		       opts.io_queue_size);
+		printf("Consider using lower queue depth or small IO size because "
+		       "IO requests may be queued at the NVMe driver.\n");
+		g_warn = true;
+	}
+
+	entry = calloc(1, sizeof(struct ns_entry));
+	if (entry == NULL) {
+		perror("ns_entry malloc");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	entry->type = ENTRY_TYPE_NVME_NS;
+	entry->u.nvme.ctrlr = ctrlr;
+	entry->u.nvme.ns = ns;
+	entry->num_io_requests = entries;
+
+	entry->size_in_ios = spdk_nvme_ns_get_size(ns) /
+			     g_io_size_bytes;
+	entry->io_size_blocks = g_io_size_bytes / spdk_nvme_ns_get_sector_size(ns);
+
+	if (spdk_nvme_ns_get_flags(ns) & SPDK_NVME_NS_DPS_PI_SUPPORTED) {
+		entry->io_flags = g_metacfg_pract_flag | g_metacfg_prchk_flags;
+	}
+
+	if (g_max_io_md_size < spdk_nvme_ns_get_md_size(ns)) {
+		g_max_io_md_size = spdk_nvme_ns_get_md_size(ns);
+	}
+
+	if (g_max_io_size_blocks < entry->io_size_blocks) {
+		g_max_io_size_blocks = entry->io_size_blocks;
+	}
+
+	entry->nsdata = spdk_nvme_ns_get_data(ns);
+
+	snprintf(entry->name, 44, "%-20.20s (%-20.20s)", cdata->mn, cdata->sn);
+
+	g_num_namespaces++;
+	entry->next = g_namespaces;
+	g_namespaces = entry;
+}
+
+static void
+unregister_namespaces(void)
+{
+	struct ns_entry *entry = g_namespaces;
+
+	while (entry) {
+		struct ns_entry *next = entry->next;
+		free(entry);
+		entry = next;
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+enable_latency_tracking_complete(void *cb_arg, const struct spdk_nvme_cpl *cpl)
+{
+	if (spdk_nvme_cpl_is_error(cpl)) {
+		printf("enable_latency_tracking_complete failed\n");
+	}
+	g_outstanding_commands--;
+}
+
+static void
+set_latency_tracking_feature(struct spdk_nvme_ctrlr *ctrlr, bool enable)
+{
+	int res;
+	union spdk_nvme_intel_feat_latency_tracking latency_tracking;
+
+	if (enable) {
+		latency_tracking.bits.enable = 0x01;
+	} else {
+		latency_tracking.bits.enable = 0x00;
+	}
+
+	res = spdk_nvme_ctrlr_cmd_set_feature(ctrlr, SPDK_NVME_INTEL_FEAT_LATENCY_TRACKING,
+					      latency_tracking.raw, 0, NULL, 0, enable_latency_tracking_complete, NULL);
+	if (res) {
+		printf("fail to allocate nvme request.\n");
+		return;
+	}
+	g_outstanding_commands++;
+
+	while (g_outstanding_commands) {
+		spdk_nvme_ctrlr_process_admin_completions(ctrlr);
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+register_ctrlr(struct spdk_nvme_ctrlr *ctrlr, struct trid_entry *trid_entry)
+{
+	struct spdk_nvme_ns *ns;
+	struct ctrlr_entry *entry = malloc(sizeof(struct ctrlr_entry));
+	const struct spdk_nvme_ctrlr_data *cdata = spdk_nvme_ctrlr_get_data(ctrlr);
+	uint32_t nsid;
+
+	if (entry == NULL) {
+		perror("ctrlr_entry malloc");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	entry->latency_page = spdk_dma_zmalloc(sizeof(struct spdk_nvme_intel_rw_latency_page),
+					       4096, NULL);
+	if (entry->latency_page == NULL) {
+		printf("Allocation error (latency page)\n");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	snprintf(entry->name, sizeof(entry->name), "%-20.20s (%-20.20s)", cdata->mn, cdata->sn);
+
+	entry->ctrlr = ctrlr;
+	entry->next = g_controllers;
+	g_controllers = entry;
+
+	if (g_latency_ssd_tracking_enable &&
+	    spdk_nvme_ctrlr_is_feature_supported(ctrlr, SPDK_NVME_INTEL_FEAT_LATENCY_TRACKING)) {
+		set_latency_tracking_feature(ctrlr, true);
+	}
+
+	if (trid_entry->nsid == 0) {
+		for (nsid = spdk_nvme_ctrlr_get_first_active_ns(ctrlr);
+		     nsid != 0; nsid = spdk_nvme_ctrlr_get_next_active_ns(ctrlr, nsid)) {
+			ns = spdk_nvme_ctrlr_get_ns(ctrlr, nsid);
+			if (ns == NULL) {
+				continue;
+			}
+			register_ns(ctrlr, ns);
+		}
+	} else {
+		ns = spdk_nvme_ctrlr_get_ns(ctrlr, trid_entry->nsid);
+		if (!ns) {
+			perror("Namespace does not exist.");
+			exit(1);
+		}
+
+		register_ns(ctrlr, ns);
+	}
+
+}
+
+#if HAVE_LIBAIO
+static int
+register_aio_file(const char *path)
+{
+	struct ns_entry *entry;
+
+	int flags, fd;
+	uint64_t size;
+	uint32_t blklen;
+
+	if (g_rw_percentage == 100) {
+		flags = O_RDONLY;
+	} else if (g_rw_percentage == 0) {
+		flags = O_WRONLY;
+	} else {
+		flags = O_RDWR;
+	}
+
+	flags |= O_DIRECT;
+
+	fd = open(path, flags);
+	if (fd < 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Could not open AIO device %s: %s\n", path, strerror(errno));
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	size = spdk_fd_get_size(fd);
+	if (size == 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Could not determine size of AIO device %s\n", path);
+		close(fd);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	blklen = spdk_fd_get_blocklen(fd);
+	if (blklen == 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Could not determine block size of AIO device %s\n", path);
+		close(fd);
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * TODO: This should really calculate the LCM of the current g_io_align and blklen.
+	 * For now, it's fairly safe to just assume all block sizes are powers of 2.
+	 */
+	if (g_io_align < blklen) {
+		g_io_align = blklen;
+	}
+
+	entry = malloc(sizeof(struct ns_entry));
+	if (entry == NULL) {
+		close(fd);
+		perror("aio ns_entry malloc");
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	entry->type = ENTRY_TYPE_AIO_FILE;
+	entry->u.aio.fd = fd;
+	entry->size_in_ios = size / g_io_size_bytes;
+	entry->io_size_blocks = g_io_size_bytes / blklen;
+
+	snprintf(entry->name, sizeof(entry->name), "%s", path);
+
+	g_num_namespaces++;
+	entry->next = g_namespaces;
+	g_namespaces = entry;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+aio_submit(io_context_t aio_ctx, struct iocb *iocb, int fd, enum io_iocb_cmd cmd, void *buf,
+	   unsigned long nbytes, uint64_t offset, void *cb_ctx)
+{
+	iocb->aio_fildes = fd;
+	iocb->aio_reqprio = 0;
+	iocb->aio_lio_opcode = cmd;
+	iocb->u.c.buf = buf;
+	iocb->u.c.nbytes = nbytes;
+	iocb->u.c.offset = offset;
+	iocb->data = cb_ctx;
+
+	if (io_submit(aio_ctx, 1, &iocb) < 0) {
+		printf("io_submit");
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+aio_check_io(struct ns_worker_ctx *ns_ctx)
+{
+	int count, i;
+	struct timespec timeout;
+
+	timeout.tv_sec = 0;
+	timeout.tv_nsec = 0;
+
+	count = io_getevents(ns_ctx->u.aio.ctx, 1, g_queue_depth, ns_ctx->u.aio.events, &timeout);
+	if (count < 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "io_getevents error\n");
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+		task_complete(ns_ctx->u.aio.events[i].data);
+	}
+}
+#endif /* HAVE_LIBAIO */
+
+static void
+task_extended_lba_setup_pi(struct ns_entry *entry, struct perf_task *task, uint64_t lba,
+			   uint32_t lba_count, bool is_write)
+{
+	struct spdk_nvme_protection_info *pi;
+	uint32_t i, md_size, sector_size, pi_offset;
+	uint16_t crc16;
+
+	task->appmask = 0;
+	task->apptag = 0;
+
+	if (!spdk_nvme_ns_supports_extended_lba(entry->u.nvme.ns)) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (spdk_nvme_ns_get_pi_type(entry->u.nvme.ns) ==
+	    SPDK_NVME_FMT_NVM_PROTECTION_DISABLE) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (entry->io_flags & SPDK_NVME_IO_FLAGS_PRACT) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* Type3 don't support REFTAG */
+	if (spdk_nvme_ns_get_pi_type(entry->u.nvme.ns) ==
+	    SPDK_NVME_FMT_NVM_PROTECTION_TYPE3) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	sector_size = spdk_nvme_ns_get_sector_size(entry->u.nvme.ns);
+	md_size = spdk_nvme_ns_get_md_size(entry->u.nvme.ns);
+
+	/* PI locates at the first 8 bytes of metadata,
+	 * doesn't support now
+	 */
+	if (entry->nsdata->dps.md_start) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	if (entry->io_flags & SPDK_NVME_IO_FLAGS_PRCHK_APPTAG) {
+		/* Let's use number of lbas for application tag */
+		task->appmask = 0xffff;
+		task->apptag = lba_count;
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0; i < lba_count; i++) {
+		pi_offset = ((sector_size + md_size) * (i + 1)) - 8;
+		pi = (struct spdk_nvme_protection_info *)(task->buf + pi_offset);
+		memset(pi, 0, sizeof(*pi));
+
+		if (is_write) {
+			if (entry->io_flags & SPDK_NVME_IO_FLAGS_PRCHK_GUARD) {
+				/* CRC buffer should not include PI */
+				crc16 = spdk_crc16_t10dif(task->buf + (sector_size + md_size) * i,
+							  sector_size + md_size - 8);
+				to_be16(&pi->guard, crc16);
+			}
+			if (entry->io_flags & SPDK_NVME_IO_FLAGS_PRCHK_APPTAG) {
+				/* Let's use number of lbas for application tag */
+				to_be16(&pi->app_tag, lba_count);
+			}
+			if (entry->io_flags & SPDK_NVME_IO_FLAGS_PRCHK_REFTAG) {
+				to_be32(&pi->ref_tag, (uint32_t)lba + i);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+task_extended_lba_pi_verify(struct ns_entry *entry, struct perf_task *task,
+			    uint64_t lba, uint32_t lba_count)
+{
+	struct spdk_nvme_protection_info *pi;
+	uint32_t i, md_size, sector_size, pi_offset, ref_tag;
+	uint16_t crc16, guard, app_tag;
+
+	if (spdk_nvme_ns_get_pi_type(entry->u.nvme.ns) ==
+	    SPDK_NVME_FMT_NVM_PROTECTION_DISABLE) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	sector_size = spdk_nvme_ns_get_sector_size(entry->u.nvme.ns);
+	md_size = spdk_nvme_ns_get_md_size(entry->u.nvme.ns);
+
+	/* PI locates at the first 8 bytes of metadata,
+	 * doesn't support now
+	 */
+	if (entry->nsdata->dps.md_start) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	for (i = 0; i < lba_count; i++) {
+		pi_offset = ((sector_size + md_size) * (i + 1)) - 8;
+		pi = (struct spdk_nvme_protection_info *)(task->buf + pi_offset);
+
+		if (entry->io_flags & SPDK_NVME_IO_FLAGS_PRCHK_GUARD) {
+			/* CRC buffer should not include last 8 bytes of PI */
+			crc16 = spdk_crc16_t10dif(task->buf + (sector_size + md_size) * i,
+						  sector_size + md_size - 8);
+			to_be16(&guard, crc16);
+			if (pi->guard != guard) {
+				fprintf(stdout, "Get Guard Error LBA 0x%16.16"PRIx64","
+					" Preferred 0x%04x but returned with 0x%04x,"
+					" may read the LBA without write it first\n",
+					lba + i, guard, pi->guard);
+			}
+
+		}
+		if (entry->io_flags & SPDK_NVME_IO_FLAGS_PRCHK_APPTAG) {
+			/* Previously we used the number of lbas as
+			 * application tag for writes
+			 */
+			to_be16(&app_tag, lba_count);
+			if (pi->app_tag != app_tag) {
+				fprintf(stdout, "Get Application Tag Error LBA 0x%16.16"PRIx64","
+					" Preferred 0x%04x but returned with 0x%04x,"
+					" may read the LBA without write it first\n",
+					lba + i, app_tag, pi->app_tag);
+			}
+		}
+		if (entry->io_flags & SPDK_NVME_IO_FLAGS_PRCHK_REFTAG) {
+			to_be32(&ref_tag, (uint32_t)lba + i);
+			if (pi->ref_tag != ref_tag) {
+				fprintf(stdout, "Get Reference Tag Error LBA 0x%16.16"PRIx64","
+					" Preferred 0x%08x but returned with 0x%08x,"
+					" may read the LBA without write it first\n",
+					lba + i, ref_tag, pi->ref_tag);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static void io_complete(void *ctx, const struct spdk_nvme_cpl *completion);
+
+static __thread unsigned int seed = 0;
+
+static void
+submit_single_io(struct perf_task *task)
+{
+	uint64_t		offset_in_ios;
+	int			rc;
+	struct ns_worker_ctx	*ns_ctx = task->ns_ctx;
+	struct ns_entry		*entry = ns_ctx->entry;
+
+	if (g_is_random) {
+		offset_in_ios = rand_r(&seed) % entry->size_in_ios;
+	} else {
+		offset_in_ios = ns_ctx->offset_in_ios++;
+		if (ns_ctx->offset_in_ios == entry->size_in_ios) {
+			ns_ctx->offset_in_ios = 0;
+		}
+	}
+
+	task->is_read = false;
+	task->submit_tsc = spdk_get_ticks();
+	task->lba = offset_in_ios * entry->io_size_blocks;
+
+	if ((g_rw_percentage == 100) ||
+	    (g_rw_percentage != 0 && ((rand_r(&seed) % 100) < g_rw_percentage))) {
+#if HAVE_LIBAIO
+		if (entry->type == ENTRY_TYPE_AIO_FILE) {
+			rc = aio_submit(ns_ctx->u.aio.ctx, &task->iocb, entry->u.aio.fd, IO_CMD_PREAD, task->buf,
+					g_io_size_bytes, offset_in_ios * g_io_size_bytes, task);
+		} else
+#endif
+		{
+			task_extended_lba_setup_pi(entry, task, task->lba,
+						   entry->io_size_blocks, false);
+			task->is_read = true;
+
+			rc = spdk_nvme_ns_cmd_read_with_md(entry->u.nvme.ns, ns_ctx->u.nvme.qpair,
+							   task->buf, NULL,
+							   task->lba,
+							   entry->io_size_blocks, io_complete,
+							   task, entry->io_flags,
+							   task->appmask, task->apptag);
+		}
+	} else {
+#if HAVE_LIBAIO
+		if (entry->type == ENTRY_TYPE_AIO_FILE) {
+			rc = aio_submit(ns_ctx->u.aio.ctx, &task->iocb, entry->u.aio.fd, IO_CMD_PWRITE, task->buf,
+					g_io_size_bytes, offset_in_ios * g_io_size_bytes, task);
+		} else
+#endif
+		{
+			task_extended_lba_setup_pi(entry, task, task->lba,
+						   entry->io_size_blocks, true);
+
+			rc = spdk_nvme_ns_cmd_write_with_md(entry->u.nvme.ns, ns_ctx->u.nvme.qpair,
+							    task->buf, NULL,
+							    task->lba,
+							    entry->io_size_blocks, io_complete,
+							    task, entry->io_flags,
+							    task->appmask, task->apptag);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (rc != 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "starting I/O failed\n");
+	} else {
+		ns_ctx->current_queue_depth++;
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+task_complete(struct perf_task *task)
+{
+	struct ns_worker_ctx	*ns_ctx;
+	uint64_t		tsc_diff;
+	struct ns_entry		*entry;
+
+	ns_ctx = task->ns_ctx;
+	entry = ns_ctx->entry;
+	ns_ctx->current_queue_depth--;
+	ns_ctx->io_completed++;
+	tsc_diff = spdk_get_ticks() - task->submit_tsc;
+	ns_ctx->total_tsc += tsc_diff;
+	if (ns_ctx->min_tsc > tsc_diff) {
+		ns_ctx->min_tsc = tsc_diff;
+	}
+	if (ns_ctx->max_tsc < tsc_diff) {
+		ns_ctx->max_tsc = tsc_diff;
+	}
+	if (g_latency_sw_tracking_level > 0) {
+		spdk_histogram_data_tally(ns_ctx->histogram, tsc_diff);
+	}
+
+	/* add application level verification for end-to-end data protection */
+	if (entry->type == ENTRY_TYPE_NVME_NS) {
+		if (spdk_nvme_ns_supports_extended_lba(entry->u.nvme.ns) &&
+		    task->is_read && !g_metacfg_pract_flag) {
+			task_extended_lba_pi_verify(entry, task, task->lba,
+						    entry->io_size_blocks);
+		}
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * is_draining indicates when time has expired for the test run
+	 * and we are just waiting for the previously submitted I/O
+	 * to complete.  In this case, do not submit a new I/O to replace
+	 * the one just completed.
+	 */
+	if (ns_ctx->is_draining) {
+		spdk_dma_free(task->buf);
+		free(task);
+	} else {
+		submit_single_io(task);
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+io_complete(void *ctx, const struct spdk_nvme_cpl *completion)
+{
+	task_complete((struct perf_task *)ctx);
+}
+
+static void
+check_io(struct ns_worker_ctx *ns_ctx)
+{
+#if HAVE_LIBAIO
+	if (ns_ctx->entry->type == ENTRY_TYPE_AIO_FILE) {
+		aio_check_io(ns_ctx);
+	} else
+#endif
+	{
+		spdk_nvme_qpair_process_completions(ns_ctx->u.nvme.qpair, g_max_completions);
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+submit_io(struct ns_worker_ctx *ns_ctx, int queue_depth)
+{
+	struct perf_task *task;
+	uint32_t max_io_size_bytes;
+
+	while (queue_depth-- > 0) {
+		task = calloc(1, sizeof(*task));
+		if (task == NULL) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Out of memory allocating tasks\n");
+			exit(1);
+		}
+
+		/* maximum extended lba format size from all active
+		 * namespace, it's same with g_io_size_bytes for
+		 * namespace without metadata
+		 */
+		max_io_size_bytes = g_io_size_bytes + g_max_io_md_size * g_max_io_size_blocks;
+		task->buf = spdk_dma_zmalloc(max_io_size_bytes, g_io_align, NULL);
+		if (task->buf == NULL) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "task->buf spdk_dma_zmalloc failed\n");
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		memset(task->buf, queue_depth % 8 + 1, max_io_size_bytes);
+
+		task->ns_ctx = ns_ctx;
+
+		submit_single_io(task);
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+drain_io(struct ns_worker_ctx *ns_ctx)
+{
+	ns_ctx->is_draining = true;
+	while (ns_ctx->current_queue_depth > 0) {
+		check_io(ns_ctx);
+	}
+}
+
+static int
+init_ns_worker_ctx(struct ns_worker_ctx *ns_ctx)
+{
+	if (ns_ctx->entry->type == ENTRY_TYPE_AIO_FILE) {
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBAIO
+		ns_ctx->u.aio.events = calloc(g_queue_depth, sizeof(struct io_event));
+		if (!ns_ctx->u.aio.events) {
+			return -1;
+		}
+		ns_ctx->u.aio.ctx = 0;
+		if (io_setup(g_queue_depth, &ns_ctx->u.aio.ctx) < 0) {
+			free(ns_ctx->u.aio.events);
+			perror("io_setup");
+			return -1;
+		}
+#endif
+	} else {
+		/*
+		 * TODO: If a controller has multiple namespaces, they could all use the same queue.
+		 *  For now, give each namespace/thread combination its own queue.
+		 */
+		struct spdk_nvme_io_qpair_opts opts;
+
+		spdk_nvme_ctrlr_get_default_io_qpair_opts(ns_ctx->entry->u.nvme.ctrlr, &opts, sizeof(opts));
+		if (opts.io_queue_requests < ns_ctx->entry->num_io_requests) {
+			opts.io_queue_requests = ns_ctx->entry->num_io_requests;
+		}
+
+		ns_ctx->u.nvme.qpair = spdk_nvme_ctrlr_alloc_io_qpair(ns_ctx->entry->u.nvme.ctrlr, &opts,
+				       sizeof(opts));
+		if (!ns_ctx->u.nvme.qpair) {
+			printf("ERROR: spdk_nvme_ctrlr_alloc_io_qpair failed\n");
+			return -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+cleanup_ns_worker_ctx(struct ns_worker_ctx *ns_ctx)
+{
+	if (ns_ctx->entry->type == ENTRY_TYPE_AIO_FILE) {
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBAIO
+		io_destroy(ns_ctx->u.aio.ctx);
+		free(ns_ctx->u.aio.events);
+#endif
+	} else {
+		spdk_nvme_ctrlr_free_io_qpair(ns_ctx->u.nvme.qpair);
+	}
+}
+
+static int
+work_fn(void *arg)
+{
+	uint64_t tsc_end;
+	struct worker_thread *worker = (struct worker_thread *)arg;
+	struct ns_worker_ctx *ns_ctx = NULL;
+
+	printf("Starting thread on core %u\n", worker->lcore);
+
+	/* Allocate a queue pair for each namespace. */
+	ns_ctx = worker->ns_ctx;
+	while (ns_ctx != NULL) {
+		if (init_ns_worker_ctx(ns_ctx) != 0) {
+			printf("ERROR: init_ns_worker_ctx() failed\n");
+			return 1;
+		}
+		ns_ctx = ns_ctx->next;
+	}
+
+	tsc_end = spdk_get_ticks() + g_time_in_sec * g_tsc_rate;
+
+	/* Submit initial I/O for each namespace. */
+	ns_ctx = worker->ns_ctx;
+	while (ns_ctx != NULL) {
+		submit_io(ns_ctx, g_queue_depth);
+		ns_ctx = ns_ctx->next;
+	}
+
+	while (1) {
+		/*
+		 * Check for completed I/O for each controller. A new
+		 * I/O will be submitted in the io_complete callback
+		 * to replace each I/O that is completed.
+		 */
+		ns_ctx = worker->ns_ctx;
+		while (ns_ctx != NULL) {
+			check_io(ns_ctx);
+			ns_ctx = ns_ctx->next;
+		}
+
+		if (spdk_get_ticks() > tsc_end) {
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+	ns_ctx = worker->ns_ctx;
+	while (ns_ctx != NULL) {
+		drain_io(ns_ctx);
+		cleanup_ns_worker_ctx(ns_ctx);
+		ns_ctx = ns_ctx->next;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void usage(char *program_name)
+{
+	printf("%s options", program_name);
+#if HAVE_LIBAIO
+	printf(" [AIO device(s)]...");
+#endif
+	printf("\n");
+	printf("\t[-q io depth]\n");
+	printf("\t[-o io size in bytes]\n");
+	printf("\t[-w io pattern type, must be one of\n");
+	printf("\t\t(read, write, randread, randwrite, rw, randrw)]\n");
+	printf("\t[-M rwmixread (100 for reads, 0 for writes)]\n");
+	printf("\t[-L enable latency tracking via sw, default: disabled]\n");
+	printf("\t\t-L for latency summary, -LL for detailed histogram\n");
+	printf("\t[-l enable latency tracking via ssd (if supported), default: disabled]\n");
+	printf("\t[-t time in seconds]\n");
+	printf("\t[-c core mask for I/O submission/completion.]\n");
+	printf("\t\t(default: 1)]\n");
+	printf("\t[-D disable submission queue in controller memory buffer, default: enabled]\n");
+	printf("\t[-r Transport ID for local PCIe NVMe or NVMeoF]\n");
+	printf("\t Format: 'key:value [key:value] ...'\n");
+	printf("\t Keys:\n");
+	printf("\t  trtype      Transport type (e.g. PCIe, RDMA)\n");
+	printf("\t  adrfam      Address family (e.g. IPv4, IPv6)\n");
+	printf("\t  traddr      Transport address (e.g. 0000:04:00.0 for PCIe or 192.168.100.8 for RDMA)\n");
+	printf("\t  trsvcid     Transport service identifier (e.g. 4420)\n");
+	printf("\t  subnqn      Subsystem NQN (default: %s)\n", SPDK_NVMF_DISCOVERY_NQN);
+	printf("\t Example: -r 'trtype:PCIe traddr:0000:04:00.0' for PCIe or\n");
+	printf("\t          -r 'trtype:RDMA adrfam:IPv4 traddr:192.168.100.8 trsvcid:4420' for NVMeoF\n");
+	printf("\t[-e metadata configuration]\n");
+	printf("\t Keys:\n");
+	printf("\t  PRACT      Protection Information Action bit (PRACT=1 or PRACT=0)\n");
+	printf("\t  PRCHK      Control of Protection Information Checking (PRCHK=GUARD|REFTAG|APPTAG)\n");
+	printf("\t Example: -e 'PRACT=0,PRCHK=GUARD|REFTAG|APPTAG'\n");
+	printf("\t          -e 'PRACT=1,PRCHK=GUARD'\n");
+	printf("\t[-s DPDK huge memory size in MB.]\n");
+	printf("\t[-m max completions per poll]\n");
+	printf("\t\t(default: 0 - unlimited)\n");
+	printf("\t[-i shared memory group ID]\n");
+}
+
+static void
+check_cutoff(void *ctx, uint64_t start, uint64_t end, uint64_t count,
+	     uint64_t total, uint64_t so_far)
+{
+	double so_far_pct;
+	double **cutoff = ctx;
+
+	if (count == 0) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	so_far_pct = (double)so_far / total;
+	while (so_far_pct >= **cutoff && **cutoff > 0) {
+		printf("%9.5f%% : %9.3fus\n", **cutoff * 100, (double)end * 1000 * 1000 / g_tsc_rate);
+		(*cutoff)++;
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+print_bucket(void *ctx, uint64_t start, uint64_t end, uint64_t count,
+	     uint64_t total, uint64_t so_far)
+{
+	double so_far_pct;
+
+	if (count == 0) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	so_far_pct = (double)so_far * 100 / total;
+	printf("%9.3f - %9.3f: %9.4f%%  (%9ju)\n",
+	       (double)start * 1000 * 1000 / g_tsc_rate,
+	       (double)end * 1000 * 1000 / g_tsc_rate,
+	       so_far_pct, count);
+}
+
+static void
+print_performance(void)
+{
+	uint64_t total_io_completed, total_io_tsc;
+	double io_per_second, mb_per_second, average_latency, min_latency, max_latency;
+	double sum_ave_latency, min_latency_so_far, max_latency_so_far;
+	double total_io_per_second, total_mb_per_second;
+	int ns_count;
+	struct worker_thread	*worker;
+	struct ns_worker_ctx	*ns_ctx;
+
+	total_io_per_second = 0;
+	total_mb_per_second = 0;
+	total_io_completed = 0;
+	total_io_tsc = 0;
+	min_latency_so_far = (double)UINT64_MAX;
+	max_latency_so_far = 0;
+	ns_count = 0;
+
+	printf("========================================================\n");
+	printf("%103s\n", "Latency(us)");
+	printf("%-55s: %10s %10s %10s %10s %10s\n",
+	       "Device Information", "IOPS", "MB/s", "Average", "min", "max");
+
+	worker = g_workers;
+	while (worker) {
+		ns_ctx = worker->ns_ctx;
+		while (ns_ctx) {
+			if (ns_ctx->io_completed != 0) {
+				io_per_second = (double)ns_ctx->io_completed / g_time_in_sec;
+				mb_per_second = io_per_second * g_io_size_bytes / (1024 * 1024);
+				average_latency = ((double)ns_ctx->total_tsc / ns_ctx->io_completed) * 1000 * 1000 / g_tsc_rate;
+				min_latency = (double)ns_ctx->min_tsc * 1000 * 1000 / g_tsc_rate;
+				if (min_latency < min_latency_so_far) {
+					min_latency_so_far = min_latency;
+				}
+
+				max_latency = (double)ns_ctx->max_tsc * 1000 * 1000 / g_tsc_rate;
+				if (max_latency > max_latency_so_far) {
+					max_latency_so_far = max_latency;
+				}
+
+				printf("%-43.43s from core %u: %10.2f %10.2f %10.2f %10.2f %10.2f\n",
+				       ns_ctx->entry->name, worker->lcore,
+				       io_per_second, mb_per_second,
+				       average_latency, min_latency, max_latency);
+				total_io_per_second += io_per_second;
+				total_mb_per_second += mb_per_second;
+				total_io_completed += ns_ctx->io_completed;
+				total_io_tsc += ns_ctx->total_tsc;
+				ns_count++;
+			}
+			ns_ctx = ns_ctx->next;
+		}
+		worker = worker->next;
+	}
+
+	if (ns_count != 0 && total_io_completed) {
+		sum_ave_latency = ((double)total_io_tsc / total_io_completed) * 1000 * 1000 / g_tsc_rate;
+		printf("========================================================\n");
+		printf("%-55s: %10.2f %10.2f %10.2f %10.2f %10.2f\n",
+		       "Total", total_io_per_second, total_mb_per_second,
+		       sum_ave_latency, min_latency_so_far, max_latency_so_far);
+		printf("\n");
+	}
+
+	if (g_latency_sw_tracking_level == 0 || total_io_completed == 0) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	worker = g_workers;
+	while (worker) {
+		ns_ctx = worker->ns_ctx;
+		while (ns_ctx) {
+			const double *cutoff = g_latency_cutoffs;
+
+			printf("Summary latency data for %-43.43s from core %u:\n", ns_ctx->entry->name, worker->lcore);
+			printf("=================================================================================\n");
+
+			spdk_histogram_data_iterate(ns_ctx->histogram, check_cutoff, &cutoff);
+
+			printf("\n");
+			ns_ctx = ns_ctx->next;
+		}
+		worker = worker->next;
+	}
+
+	if (g_latency_sw_tracking_level == 1) {
+		return;
+	}
+
+	worker = g_workers;
+	while (worker) {
+		ns_ctx = worker->ns_ctx;
+		while (ns_ctx) {
+			printf("Latency histogram for %-43.43s from core %u:\n", ns_ctx->entry->name, worker->lcore);
+			printf("==============================================================================\n");
+			printf("       Range in us     Cumulative    IO count\n");
+
+			spdk_histogram_data_iterate(ns_ctx->histogram, print_bucket, NULL);
+			printf("\n");
+			ns_ctx = ns_ctx->next;
+		}
+		worker = worker->next;
+	}
+
+}
+
+static void
+print_latency_page(struct ctrlr_entry *entry)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	printf("\n");
+	printf("%s\n", entry->name);
+	printf("--------------------------------------------------------\n");
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
+		if (entry->latency_page->buckets_32us[i]) {
+			printf("Bucket %dus - %dus: %d\n", i * 32, (i + 1) * 32, entry->latency_page->buckets_32us[i]);
+		}
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < 31; i++) {
+		if (entry->latency_page->buckets_1ms[i]) {
+			printf("Bucket %dms - %dms: %d\n", i + 1, i + 2, entry->latency_page->buckets_1ms[i]);
+		}
+	}
+	for (i = 0; i < 31; i++) {
+		if (entry->latency_page->buckets_32ms[i])
+			printf("Bucket %dms - %dms: %d\n", (i + 1) * 32, (i + 2) * 32,
+			       entry->latency_page->buckets_32ms[i]);
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+print_latency_statistics(const char *op_name, enum spdk_nvme_intel_log_page log_page)
+{
+	struct ctrlr_entry	*ctrlr;
+
+	printf("%s Latency Statistics:\n", op_name);
+	printf("========================================================\n");
+	ctrlr = g_controllers;
+	while (ctrlr) {
+		if (spdk_nvme_ctrlr_is_log_page_supported(ctrlr->ctrlr, log_page)) {
+			if (spdk_nvme_ctrlr_cmd_get_log_page(ctrlr->ctrlr, log_page, SPDK_NVME_GLOBAL_NS_TAG,
+							     ctrlr->latency_page, sizeof(struct spdk_nvme_intel_rw_latency_page), 0,
+							     enable_latency_tracking_complete,
+							     NULL)) {
+				printf("nvme_ctrlr_cmd_get_log_page() failed\n");
+				exit(1);
+			}
+
+			g_outstanding_commands++;
+		} else {
+			printf("Controller %s: %s latency statistics not supported\n", ctrlr->name, op_name);
+		}
+		ctrlr = ctrlr->next;
+	}
+
+	while (g_outstanding_commands) {
+		ctrlr = g_controllers;
+		while (ctrlr) {
+			spdk_nvme_ctrlr_process_admin_completions(ctrlr->ctrlr);
+			ctrlr = ctrlr->next;
+		}
+	}
+
+	ctrlr = g_controllers;
+	while (ctrlr) {
+		if (spdk_nvme_ctrlr_is_log_page_supported(ctrlr->ctrlr, log_page)) {
+			print_latency_page(ctrlr);
+		}
+		ctrlr = ctrlr->next;
+	}
+	printf("\n");
+}
+
+static void
+print_stats(void)
+{
+	print_performance();
+	if (g_latency_ssd_tracking_enable) {
+		if (g_rw_percentage != 0) {
+			print_latency_statistics("Read", SPDK_NVME_INTEL_LOG_READ_CMD_LATENCY);
+		}
+		if (g_rw_percentage != 100) {
+			print_latency_statistics("Write", SPDK_NVME_INTEL_LOG_WRITE_CMD_LATENCY);
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+static void
+unregister_trids(void)
+{
+	struct trid_entry *trid_entry, *tmp;
+
+	TAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(trid_entry, &g_trid_list, tailq, tmp) {
+		free(trid_entry);
+	}
+}
+
+static int
+add_trid(const char *trid_str)
+{
+	struct trid_entry *trid_entry;
+	struct spdk_nvme_transport_id *trid;
+	char *ns;
+
+	trid_entry = calloc(1, sizeof(*trid_entry));
+	if (trid_entry == NULL) {
+		return -1;
+	}
+
+	trid = &trid_entry->trid;
+	memset(trid, 0, sizeof(*trid));
+	trid->trtype = SPDK_NVME_TRANSPORT_PCIE;
+	snprintf(trid->subnqn, sizeof(trid->subnqn), "%s", SPDK_NVMF_DISCOVERY_NQN);
+
+	if (spdk_nvme_transport_id_parse(trid, trid_str) != 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Invalid transport ID format '%s'\n", trid_str);
+		free(trid_entry);
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	ns = strcasestr(trid_str, "ns:");
+	if (ns) {
+		char nsid_str[6]; /* 5 digits maximum in an nsid */
+		int len;
+		int nsid;
+
+		ns += 3;
+
+		len = strcspn(ns, " \t\n");
+		if (len > 5) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "NVMe namespace IDs must be 5 digits or less\n");
+			free(trid_entry);
+			return 1;
+		}
+
+		memcpy(nsid_str, ns, len);
+		nsid_str[len] = '\0';
+
+		nsid = atoi(nsid_str);
+		if (nsid <= 0 || nsid > 65535) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "NVMe namespace IDs must be less than 65536 and greater than 0\n");
+			free(trid_entry);
+			return 1;
+		}
+
+		trid_entry->nsid = (uint16_t)nsid;
+	}
+
+	TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&g_trid_list, trid_entry, tailq);
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+parse_metadata(const char *metacfg_str)
+{
+	const char *sep;
+
+	if (strstr(metacfg_str, "PRACT=1") != NULL) {
+		g_metacfg_pract_flag = SPDK_NVME_IO_FLAGS_PRACT;
+	}
+
+	sep = strchr(metacfg_str, ',');
+	if (!sep) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if (strstr(sep, "PRCHK=") != NULL) {
+		if (strstr(sep, "GUARD") != NULL) {
+			g_metacfg_prchk_flags = SPDK_NVME_IO_FLAGS_PRCHK_GUARD;
+		}
+		if (strstr(sep, "REFTAG") != NULL) {
+			g_metacfg_prchk_flags |= SPDK_NVME_IO_FLAGS_PRCHK_REFTAG;
+		}
+		if (strstr(sep, "APPTAG") != NULL) {
+			g_metacfg_prchk_flags |= SPDK_NVME_IO_FLAGS_PRCHK_APPTAG;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+parse_args(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	const char *workload_type;
+	int op;
+	bool mix_specified = false;
+
+	/* default value */
+	g_queue_depth = 0;
+	g_io_size_bytes = 0;
+	workload_type = NULL;
+	g_time_in_sec = 0;
+	g_rw_percentage = -1;
+	g_core_mask = NULL;
+	g_max_completions = 0;
+
+	while ((op = getopt(argc, argv, "c:e:i:lm:o:q:r:s:t:w:DLM:")) != -1) {
+		switch (op) {
+		case 'c':
+			g_core_mask = optarg;
+			break;
+		case 'e':
+			if (parse_metadata(optarg)) {
+				usage(argv[0]);
+				return 1;
+			}
+			break;
+		case 'i':
+			g_shm_id = atoi(optarg);
+			break;
+		case 'l':
+			g_latency_ssd_tracking_enable = true;
+			break;
+		case 'm':
+			g_max_completions = atoi(optarg);
+			break;
+		case 'o':
+			g_io_size_bytes = atoi(optarg);
+			break;
+		case 'q':
+			g_queue_depth = atoi(optarg);
+			break;
+		case 'r':
+			if (add_trid(optarg)) {
+				usage(argv[0]);
+				return 1;
+			}
+			break;
+		case 's':
+			g_dpdk_mem = atoi(optarg);
+			break;
+		case 't':
+			g_time_in_sec = atoi(optarg);
+			break;
+		case 'w':
+			workload_type = optarg;
+			break;
+		case 'D':
+			g_disable_sq_cmb = 1;
+			break;
+		case 'L':
+			g_latency_sw_tracking_level++;
+			break;
+		case 'M':
+			g_rw_percentage = atoi(optarg);
+			mix_specified = true;
+			break;
+		default:
+			usage(argv[0]);
+			return 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!g_queue_depth) {
+		usage(argv[0]);
+		return 1;
+	}
+	if (!g_io_size_bytes) {
+		usage(argv[0]);
+		return 1;
+	}
+	if (!workload_type) {
+		usage(argv[0]);
+		return 1;
+	}
+	if (!g_time_in_sec) {
+		usage(argv[0]);
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	if (strcmp(workload_type, "read") &&
+	    strcmp(workload_type, "write") &&
+	    strcmp(workload_type, "randread") &&
+	    strcmp(workload_type, "randwrite") &&
+	    strcmp(workload_type, "rw") &&
+	    strcmp(workload_type, "randrw")) {
+		fprintf(stderr,
+			"io pattern type must be one of\n"
+			"(read, write, randread, randwrite, rw, randrw)\n");
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	if (!strcmp(workload_type, "read") ||
+	    !strcmp(workload_type, "randread")) {
+		g_rw_percentage = 100;
+	}
+
+	if (!strcmp(workload_type, "write") ||
+	    !strcmp(workload_type, "randwrite")) {
+		g_rw_percentage = 0;
+	}
+
+	if (!strcmp(workload_type, "read") ||
+	    !strcmp(workload_type, "randread") ||
+	    !strcmp(workload_type, "write") ||
+	    !strcmp(workload_type, "randwrite")) {
+		if (mix_specified) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Ignoring -M option... Please use -M option"
+				" only when using rw or randrw.\n");
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!strcmp(workload_type, "rw") ||
+	    !strcmp(workload_type, "randrw")) {
+		if (g_rw_percentage < 0 || g_rw_percentage > 100) {
+			fprintf(stderr,
+				"-M must be specified to value from 0 to 100 "
+				"for rw or randrw.\n");
+			return 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!strcmp(workload_type, "read") ||
+	    !strcmp(workload_type, "write") ||
+	    !strcmp(workload_type, "rw")) {
+		g_is_random = 0;
+	} else {
+		g_is_random = 1;
+	}
+
+	if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&g_trid_list)) {
+		/* If no transport IDs specified, default to enumerating all local PCIe devices */
+		add_trid("trtype:PCIe");
+	} else {
+		struct trid_entry *trid_entry, *trid_entry_tmp;
+
+		g_no_pci = true;
+		/* check whether there is local PCIe type */
+		TAILQ_FOREACH_SAFE(trid_entry, &g_trid_list, tailq, trid_entry_tmp) {
+			if (trid_entry->trid.trtype == SPDK_NVME_TRANSPORT_PCIE) {
+				g_no_pci = false;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	g_aio_optind = optind;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+register_workers(void)
+{
+	uint32_t i;
+	struct worker_thread *worker;
+
+	g_workers = NULL;
+	g_num_workers = 0;
+
+	SPDK_ENV_FOREACH_CORE(i) {
+		worker = calloc(1, sizeof(*worker));
+		if (worker == NULL) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "Unable to allocate worker\n");
+			return -1;
+		}
+
+		worker->lcore = i;
+		worker->next = g_workers;
+		g_workers = worker;
+		g_num_workers++;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+unregister_workers(void)
+{
+	struct worker_thread *worker = g_workers;
+
+	/* Free namespace context and worker thread */
+	while (worker) {
+		struct worker_thread *next_worker = worker->next;
+		struct ns_worker_ctx *ns_ctx = worker->ns_ctx;
+
+		while (ns_ctx) {
+			struct ns_worker_ctx *next_ns_ctx = ns_ctx->next;
+			spdk_histogram_data_free(ns_ctx->histogram);
+			free(ns_ctx);
+			ns_ctx = next_ns_ctx;
+		}
+
+		free(worker);
+		worker = next_worker;
+	}
+}
+
+static bool
+probe_cb(void *cb_ctx, const struct spdk_nvme_transport_id *trid,
+	 struct spdk_nvme_ctrlr_opts *opts)
+{
+	if (trid->trtype != SPDK_NVME_TRANSPORT_PCIE) {
+		printf("Attaching to NVMe over Fabrics controller at %s:%s: %s\n",
+		       trid->traddr, trid->trsvcid,
+		       trid->subnqn);
+	} else {
+		if (g_disable_sq_cmb) {
+			opts->use_cmb_sqs = false;
+		}
+
+		printf("Attaching to NVMe Controller at %s\n",
+		       trid->traddr);
+	}
+
+	/* Set io_queue_size to UINT16_MAX, NVMe driver
+	 * will then reduce this to MQES to maximize
+	 * the io_queue_size as much as possible.
+	 */
+	opts->io_queue_size = UINT16_MAX;
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static void
+attach_cb(void *cb_ctx, const struct spdk_nvme_transport_id *trid,
+	  struct spdk_nvme_ctrlr *ctrlr, const struct spdk_nvme_ctrlr_opts *opts)
+{
+	struct trid_entry	*trid_entry = cb_ctx;
+	struct spdk_pci_addr	pci_addr;
+	struct spdk_pci_device	*pci_dev;
+	struct spdk_pci_id	pci_id;
+
+	g_controllers_found++;
+	if (trid->trtype != SPDK_NVME_TRANSPORT_PCIE) {
+		printf("Attached to NVMe over Fabrics controller at %s:%s: %s\n",
+		       trid->traddr, trid->trsvcid,
+		       trid->subnqn);
+	} else {
+		if (spdk_pci_addr_parse(&pci_addr, trid->traddr)) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		pci_dev = spdk_nvme_ctrlr_get_pci_device(ctrlr);
+		if (!pci_dev) {
+			return;
+		}
+
+		pci_id = spdk_pci_device_get_id(pci_dev);
+
+		printf("Attached to NVMe Controller at %s [%04x:%04x]\n",
+		       trid->traddr,
+		       pci_id.vendor_id, pci_id.device_id);
+	}
+
+	register_ctrlr(ctrlr, trid_entry);
+}
+
+static int
+register_controllers(void)
+{
+	struct trid_entry *trid_entry;
+
+	printf("Initializing NVMe Controllers\n");
+
+	TAILQ_FOREACH(trid_entry, &g_trid_list, tailq) {
+		if (spdk_nvme_probe(&trid_entry->trid, trid_entry, probe_cb, attach_cb, NULL) != 0) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "spdk_nvme_probe() failed for transport address '%s'\n",
+				trid_entry->trid.traddr);
+			return -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static void
+unregister_controllers(void)
+{
+	struct ctrlr_entry *entry = g_controllers;
+
+	while (entry) {
+		struct ctrlr_entry *next = entry->next;
+		spdk_dma_free(entry->latency_page);
+		if (g_latency_ssd_tracking_enable &&
+		    spdk_nvme_ctrlr_is_feature_supported(entry->ctrlr, SPDK_NVME_INTEL_FEAT_LATENCY_TRACKING)) {
+			set_latency_tracking_feature(entry->ctrlr, false);
+		}
+		spdk_nvme_detach(entry->ctrlr);
+		free(entry);
+		entry = next;
+	}
+}
+
+static int
+register_aio_files(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+#if HAVE_LIBAIO
+	int i;
+
+	/* Treat everything after the options as files for AIO */
+	for (i = g_aio_optind; i < argc; i++) {
+		if (register_aio_file(argv[i]) != 0) {
+			return 1;
+		}
+	}
+#endif /* HAVE_LIBAIO */
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int
+associate_workers_with_ns(void)
+{
+	struct ns_entry		*entry = g_namespaces;
+	struct worker_thread	*worker = g_workers;
+	struct ns_worker_ctx	*ns_ctx;
+	int			i, count;
+
+	count = g_num_namespaces > g_num_workers ? g_num_namespaces : g_num_workers;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+		if (entry == NULL) {
+			break;
+		}
+
+		ns_ctx = malloc(sizeof(struct ns_worker_ctx));
+		if (!ns_ctx) {
+			return -1;
+		}
+		memset(ns_ctx, 0, sizeof(*ns_ctx));
+
+		printf("Associating %s with lcore %d\n", entry->name, worker->lcore);
+		ns_ctx->min_tsc = UINT64_MAX;
+		ns_ctx->entry = entry;
+		ns_ctx->next = worker->ns_ctx;
+		ns_ctx->histogram = spdk_histogram_data_alloc();
+		worker->ns_ctx = ns_ctx;
+
+		worker = worker->next;
+		if (worker == NULL) {
+			worker = g_workers;
+		}
+
+		entry = entry->next;
+		if (entry == NULL) {
+			entry = g_namespaces;
+		}
+
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	int rc;
+	struct worker_thread *worker, *master_worker;
+	unsigned master_core;
+	struct spdk_env_opts opts;
+
+	rc = parse_args(argc, argv);
+	if (rc != 0) {
+		return rc;
+	}
+
+	spdk_env_opts_init(&opts);
+	opts.name = "perf";
+	opts.shm_id = g_shm_id;
+	if (g_core_mask) {
+		opts.core_mask = g_core_mask;
+	}
+
+	if (g_dpdk_mem) {
+		opts.mem_size = g_dpdk_mem;
+	}
+	if (g_no_pci) {
+		opts.no_pci = g_no_pci;
+	}
+	if (spdk_env_init(&opts) < 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Unable to initialize SPDK env\n");
+		rc = -1;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	g_tsc_rate = spdk_get_ticks_hz();
+
+	if (register_workers() != 0) {
+		rc = -1;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	if (register_aio_files(argc, argv) != 0) {
+		rc = -1;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	if (register_controllers() != 0) {
+		rc = -1;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	if (g_warn) {
+		printf("WARNING: Some requested NVMe devices were skipped\n");
+	}
+
+	if (g_num_namespaces == 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "No valid NVMe controllers or AIO devices found\n");
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	if (associate_workers_with_ns() != 0) {
+		rc = -1;
+		goto cleanup;
+	}
+
+	printf("Initialization complete. Launching workers.\n");
+
+	/* Launch all of the slave workers */
+	master_core = spdk_env_get_current_core();
+	master_worker = NULL;
+	worker = g_workers;
+	while (worker != NULL) {
+		if (worker->lcore != master_core) {
+			spdk_env_thread_launch_pinned(worker->lcore, work_fn, worker);
+		} else {
+			assert(master_worker == NULL);
+			master_worker = worker;
+		}
+		worker = worker->next;
+	}
+
+	assert(master_worker != NULL);
+	rc = work_fn(master_worker);
+
+	spdk_env_thread_wait_all();
+
+	print_stats();
+
+cleanup:
+	unregister_trids();
+	unregister_namespaces();
+	unregister_controllers();
+	unregister_workers();
+
+	if (rc != 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s: errors occured\n", argv[0]);
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}