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author | Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org> | 2024-04-27 10:05:51 +0000 |
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committer | Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org> | 2024-04-27 10:05:51 +0000 |
commit | 5d1646d90e1f2cceb9f0828f4b28318cd0ec7744 (patch) | |
tree | a94efe259b9009378be6d90eb30d2b019d95c194 /tools/perf/scripts/python/export-to-postgresql.py | |
parent | Initial commit. (diff) | |
download | linux-upstream.tar.xz linux-upstream.zip |
Adding upstream version 5.10.209.upstream/5.10.209upstream
Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>
Diffstat (limited to 'tools/perf/scripts/python/export-to-postgresql.py')
-rw-r--r-- | tools/perf/scripts/python/export-to-postgresql.py | 1111 |
1 files changed, 1111 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/tools/perf/scripts/python/export-to-postgresql.py b/tools/perf/scripts/python/export-to-postgresql.py new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d187e46c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/tools/perf/scripts/python/export-to-postgresql.py @@ -0,0 +1,1111 @@ +# export-to-postgresql.py: export perf data to a postgresql database +# Copyright (c) 2014, Intel Corporation. +# +# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it +# under the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public License, +# version 2, as published by the Free Software Foundation. +# +# This program is distributed in the hope it will be useful, but WITHOUT +# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or +# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for +# more details. + +from __future__ import print_function + +import os +import sys +import struct +import datetime + +# To use this script you will need to have installed package python-pyside which +# provides LGPL-licensed Python bindings for Qt. You will also need the package +# libqt4-sql-psql for Qt postgresql support. +# +# The script assumes postgresql is running on the local machine and that the +# user has postgresql permissions to create databases. Examples of installing +# postgresql and adding such a user are: +# +# fedora: +# +# $ sudo yum install postgresql postgresql-server qt-postgresql +# $ sudo su - postgres -c initdb +# $ sudo service postgresql start +# $ sudo su - postgres +# $ createuser -s <your user id here> # Older versions may not support -s, in which case answer the prompt below: +# Shall the new role be a superuser? (y/n) y +# $ sudo yum install python-pyside +# +# Alternately, to use Python3 and/or pyside 2, one of the following: +# $ sudo yum install python3-pyside +# $ pip install --user PySide2 +# $ pip3 install --user PySide2 +# +# ubuntu: +# +# $ sudo apt-get install postgresql +# $ sudo su - postgres +# $ createuser -s <your user id here> +# $ sudo apt-get install python-pyside.qtsql libqt4-sql-psql +# +# Alternately, to use Python3 and/or pyside 2, one of the following: +# +# $ sudo apt-get install python3-pyside.qtsql libqt4-sql-psql +# $ sudo apt-get install python-pyside2.qtsql libqt5sql5-psql +# $ sudo apt-get install python3-pyside2.qtsql libqt5sql5-psql +# +# An example of using this script with Intel PT: +# +# $ perf record -e intel_pt//u ls +# $ perf script -s ~/libexec/perf-core/scripts/python/export-to-postgresql.py pt_example branches calls +# 2015-05-29 12:49:23.464364 Creating database... +# 2015-05-29 12:49:26.281717 Writing to intermediate files... +# 2015-05-29 12:49:27.190383 Copying to database... +# 2015-05-29 12:49:28.140451 Removing intermediate files... +# 2015-05-29 12:49:28.147451 Adding primary keys +# 2015-05-29 12:49:28.655683 Adding foreign keys +# 2015-05-29 12:49:29.365350 Done +# +# To browse the database, psql can be used e.g. +# +# $ psql pt_example +# pt_example=# select * from samples_view where id < 100; +# pt_example=# \d+ +# pt_example=# \d+ samples_view +# pt_example=# \q +# +# An example of using the database is provided by the script +# exported-sql-viewer.py. Refer to that script for details. +# +# Tables: +# +# The tables largely correspond to perf tools' data structures. They are largely self-explanatory. +# +# samples +# +# 'samples' is the main table. It represents what instruction was executing at a point in time +# when something (a selected event) happened. The memory address is the instruction pointer or 'ip'. +# +# calls +# +# 'calls' represents function calls and is related to 'samples' by 'call_id' and 'return_id'. +# 'calls' is only created when the 'calls' option to this script is specified. +# +# call_paths +# +# 'call_paths' represents all the call stacks. Each 'call' has an associated record in 'call_paths'. +# 'calls_paths' is only created when the 'calls' option to this script is specified. +# +# branch_types +# +# 'branch_types' provides descriptions for each type of branch. +# +# comm_threads +# +# 'comm_threads' shows how 'comms' relates to 'threads'. +# +# comms +# +# 'comms' contains a record for each 'comm' - the name given to the executable that is running. +# +# dsos +# +# 'dsos' contains a record for each executable file or library. +# +# machines +# +# 'machines' can be used to distinguish virtual machines if virtualization is supported. +# +# selected_events +# +# 'selected_events' contains a record for each kind of event that has been sampled. +# +# symbols +# +# 'symbols' contains a record for each symbol. Only symbols that have samples are present. +# +# threads +# +# 'threads' contains a record for each thread. +# +# Views: +# +# Most of the tables have views for more friendly display. The views are: +# +# calls_view +# call_paths_view +# comm_threads_view +# dsos_view +# machines_view +# samples_view +# symbols_view +# threads_view +# +# More examples of browsing the database with psql: +# Note that some of the examples are not the most optimal SQL query. +# Note that call information is only available if the script's 'calls' option has been used. +# +# Top 10 function calls (not aggregated by symbol): +# +# SELECT * FROM calls_view ORDER BY elapsed_time DESC LIMIT 10; +# +# Top 10 function calls (aggregated by symbol): +# +# SELECT symbol_id,(SELECT name FROM symbols WHERE id = symbol_id) AS symbol, +# SUM(elapsed_time) AS tot_elapsed_time,SUM(branch_count) AS tot_branch_count +# FROM calls_view GROUP BY symbol_id ORDER BY tot_elapsed_time DESC LIMIT 10; +# +# Note that the branch count gives a rough estimation of cpu usage, so functions +# that took a long time but have a relatively low branch count must have spent time +# waiting. +# +# Find symbols by pattern matching on part of the name (e.g. names containing 'alloc'): +# +# SELECT * FROM symbols_view WHERE name LIKE '%alloc%'; +# +# Top 10 function calls for a specific symbol (e.g. whose symbol_id is 187): +# +# SELECT * FROM calls_view WHERE symbol_id = 187 ORDER BY elapsed_time DESC LIMIT 10; +# +# Show function calls made by function in the same context (i.e. same call path) (e.g. one with call_path_id 254): +# +# SELECT * FROM calls_view WHERE parent_call_path_id = 254; +# +# Show branches made during a function call (e.g. where call_id is 29357 and return_id is 29370 and tid is 29670) +# +# SELECT * FROM samples_view WHERE id >= 29357 AND id <= 29370 AND tid = 29670 AND event LIKE 'branches%'; +# +# Show transactions: +# +# SELECT * FROM samples_view WHERE event = 'transactions'; +# +# Note transaction start has 'in_tx' true whereas, transaction end has 'in_tx' false. +# Transaction aborts have branch_type_name 'transaction abort' +# +# Show transaction aborts: +# +# SELECT * FROM samples_view WHERE event = 'transactions' AND branch_type_name = 'transaction abort'; +# +# To print a call stack requires walking the call_paths table. For example this python script: +# #!/usr/bin/python2 +# +# import sys +# from PySide.QtSql import * +# +# if __name__ == '__main__': +# if (len(sys.argv) < 3): +# print >> sys.stderr, "Usage is: printcallstack.py <database name> <call_path_id>" +# raise Exception("Too few arguments") +# dbname = sys.argv[1] +# call_path_id = sys.argv[2] +# db = QSqlDatabase.addDatabase('QPSQL') +# db.setDatabaseName(dbname) +# if not db.open(): +# raise Exception("Failed to open database " + dbname + " error: " + db.lastError().text()) +# query = QSqlQuery(db) +# print " id ip symbol_id symbol dso_id dso_short_name" +# while call_path_id != 0 and call_path_id != 1: +# ret = query.exec_('SELECT * FROM call_paths_view WHERE id = ' + str(call_path_id)) +# if not ret: +# raise Exception("Query failed: " + query.lastError().text()) +# if not query.next(): +# raise Exception("Query failed") +# print "{0:>6} {1:>10} {2:>9} {3:<30} {4:>6} {5:<30}".format(query.value(0), query.value(1), query.value(2), query.value(3), query.value(4), query.value(5)) +# call_path_id = query.value(6) + +pyside_version_1 = True +if not "pyside-version-1" in sys.argv: + try: + from PySide2.QtSql import * + pyside_version_1 = False + except: + pass + +if pyside_version_1: + from PySide.QtSql import * + +if sys.version_info < (3, 0): + def toserverstr(str): + return str + def toclientstr(str): + return str +else: + # Assume UTF-8 server_encoding and client_encoding + def toserverstr(str): + return bytes(str, "UTF_8") + def toclientstr(str): + return bytes(str, "UTF_8") + +# Need to access PostgreSQL C library directly to use COPY FROM STDIN +from ctypes import * +libpq = CDLL("libpq.so.5") +PQconnectdb = libpq.PQconnectdb +PQconnectdb.restype = c_void_p +PQconnectdb.argtypes = [ c_char_p ] +PQfinish = libpq.PQfinish +PQfinish.argtypes = [ c_void_p ] +PQstatus = libpq.PQstatus +PQstatus.restype = c_int +PQstatus.argtypes = [ c_void_p ] +PQexec = libpq.PQexec +PQexec.restype = c_void_p +PQexec.argtypes = [ c_void_p, c_char_p ] +PQresultStatus = libpq.PQresultStatus +PQresultStatus.restype = c_int +PQresultStatus.argtypes = [ c_void_p ] +PQputCopyData = libpq.PQputCopyData +PQputCopyData.restype = c_int +PQputCopyData.argtypes = [ c_void_p, c_void_p, c_int ] +PQputCopyEnd = libpq.PQputCopyEnd +PQputCopyEnd.restype = c_int +PQputCopyEnd.argtypes = [ c_void_p, c_void_p ] + +sys.path.append(os.environ['PERF_EXEC_PATH'] + \ + '/scripts/python/Perf-Trace-Util/lib/Perf/Trace') + +# These perf imports are not used at present +#from perf_trace_context import * +#from Core import * + +perf_db_export_mode = True +perf_db_export_calls = False +perf_db_export_callchains = False + +def printerr(*args, **kw_args): + print(*args, file=sys.stderr, **kw_args) + +def printdate(*args, **kw_args): + print(datetime.datetime.today(), *args, sep=' ', **kw_args) + +def usage(): + printerr("Usage is: export-to-postgresql.py <database name> [<columns>] [<calls>] [<callchains>] [<pyside-version-1>]"); + printerr("where: columns 'all' or 'branches'"); + printerr(" calls 'calls' => create calls and call_paths table"); + printerr(" callchains 'callchains' => create call_paths table"); + printerr(" pyside-version-1 'pyside-version-1' => use pyside version 1"); + raise Exception("Too few or bad arguments") + +if (len(sys.argv) < 2): + usage() + +dbname = sys.argv[1] + +if (len(sys.argv) >= 3): + columns = sys.argv[2] +else: + columns = "all" + +if columns not in ("all", "branches"): + usage() + +branches = (columns == "branches") + +for i in range(3,len(sys.argv)): + if (sys.argv[i] == "calls"): + perf_db_export_calls = True + elif (sys.argv[i] == "callchains"): + perf_db_export_callchains = True + elif (sys.argv[i] == "pyside-version-1"): + pass + else: + usage() + +output_dir_name = os.getcwd() + "/" + dbname + "-perf-data" +os.mkdir(output_dir_name) + +def do_query(q, s): + if (q.exec_(s)): + return + raise Exception("Query failed: " + q.lastError().text()) + +printdate("Creating database...") + +db = QSqlDatabase.addDatabase('QPSQL') +query = QSqlQuery(db) +db.setDatabaseName('postgres') +db.open() +try: + do_query(query, 'CREATE DATABASE ' + dbname) +except: + os.rmdir(output_dir_name) + raise +query.finish() +query.clear() +db.close() + +db.setDatabaseName(dbname) +db.open() + +query = QSqlQuery(db) +do_query(query, 'SET client_min_messages TO WARNING') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE selected_events (' + 'id bigint NOT NULL,' + 'name varchar(80))') +do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE machines (' + 'id bigint NOT NULL,' + 'pid integer,' + 'root_dir varchar(4096))') +do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE threads (' + 'id bigint NOT NULL,' + 'machine_id bigint,' + 'process_id bigint,' + 'pid integer,' + 'tid integer)') +do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE comms (' + 'id bigint NOT NULL,' + 'comm varchar(16),' + 'c_thread_id bigint,' + 'c_time bigint,' + 'exec_flag boolean)') +do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE comm_threads (' + 'id bigint NOT NULL,' + 'comm_id bigint,' + 'thread_id bigint)') +do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE dsos (' + 'id bigint NOT NULL,' + 'machine_id bigint,' + 'short_name varchar(256),' + 'long_name varchar(4096),' + 'build_id varchar(64))') +do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE symbols (' + 'id bigint NOT NULL,' + 'dso_id bigint,' + 'sym_start bigint,' + 'sym_end bigint,' + 'binding integer,' + 'name varchar(2048))') +do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE branch_types (' + 'id integer NOT NULL,' + 'name varchar(80))') + +if branches: + do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE samples (' + 'id bigint NOT NULL,' + 'evsel_id bigint,' + 'machine_id bigint,' + 'thread_id bigint,' + 'comm_id bigint,' + 'dso_id bigint,' + 'symbol_id bigint,' + 'sym_offset bigint,' + 'ip bigint,' + 'time bigint,' + 'cpu integer,' + 'to_dso_id bigint,' + 'to_symbol_id bigint,' + 'to_sym_offset bigint,' + 'to_ip bigint,' + 'branch_type integer,' + 'in_tx boolean,' + 'call_path_id bigint,' + 'insn_count bigint,' + 'cyc_count bigint)') +else: + do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE samples (' + 'id bigint NOT NULL,' + 'evsel_id bigint,' + 'machine_id bigint,' + 'thread_id bigint,' + 'comm_id bigint,' + 'dso_id bigint,' + 'symbol_id bigint,' + 'sym_offset bigint,' + 'ip bigint,' + 'time bigint,' + 'cpu integer,' + 'to_dso_id bigint,' + 'to_symbol_id bigint,' + 'to_sym_offset bigint,' + 'to_ip bigint,' + 'period bigint,' + 'weight bigint,' + 'transaction bigint,' + 'data_src bigint,' + 'branch_type integer,' + 'in_tx boolean,' + 'call_path_id bigint,' + 'insn_count bigint,' + 'cyc_count bigint)') + +if perf_db_export_calls or perf_db_export_callchains: + do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE call_paths (' + 'id bigint NOT NULL,' + 'parent_id bigint,' + 'symbol_id bigint,' + 'ip bigint)') +if perf_db_export_calls: + do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE calls (' + 'id bigint NOT NULL,' + 'thread_id bigint,' + 'comm_id bigint,' + 'call_path_id bigint,' + 'call_time bigint,' + 'return_time bigint,' + 'branch_count bigint,' + 'call_id bigint,' + 'return_id bigint,' + 'parent_call_path_id bigint,' + 'flags integer,' + 'parent_id bigint,' + 'insn_count bigint,' + 'cyc_count bigint)') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE ptwrite (' + 'id bigint NOT NULL,' + 'payload bigint,' + 'exact_ip boolean)') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE cbr (' + 'id bigint NOT NULL,' + 'cbr integer,' + 'mhz integer,' + 'percent integer)') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE mwait (' + 'id bigint NOT NULL,' + 'hints integer,' + 'extensions integer)') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE pwre (' + 'id bigint NOT NULL,' + 'cstate integer,' + 'subcstate integer,' + 'hw boolean)') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE exstop (' + 'id bigint NOT NULL,' + 'exact_ip boolean)') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE pwrx (' + 'id bigint NOT NULL,' + 'deepest_cstate integer,' + 'last_cstate integer,' + 'wake_reason integer)') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE TABLE context_switches (' + 'id bigint NOT NULL,' + 'machine_id bigint,' + 'time bigint,' + 'cpu integer,' + 'thread_out_id bigint,' + 'comm_out_id bigint,' + 'thread_in_id bigint,' + 'comm_in_id bigint,' + 'flags integer)') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW machines_view AS ' + 'SELECT ' + 'id,' + 'pid,' + 'root_dir,' + 'CASE WHEN id=0 THEN \'unknown\' WHEN pid=-1 THEN \'host\' ELSE \'guest\' END AS host_or_guest' + ' FROM machines') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW dsos_view AS ' + 'SELECT ' + 'id,' + 'machine_id,' + '(SELECT host_or_guest FROM machines_view WHERE id = machine_id) AS host_or_guest,' + 'short_name,' + 'long_name,' + 'build_id' + ' FROM dsos') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW symbols_view AS ' + 'SELECT ' + 'id,' + 'name,' + '(SELECT short_name FROM dsos WHERE id=dso_id) AS dso,' + 'dso_id,' + 'sym_start,' + 'sym_end,' + 'CASE WHEN binding=0 THEN \'local\' WHEN binding=1 THEN \'global\' ELSE \'weak\' END AS binding' + ' FROM symbols') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW threads_view AS ' + 'SELECT ' + 'id,' + 'machine_id,' + '(SELECT host_or_guest FROM machines_view WHERE id = machine_id) AS host_or_guest,' + 'process_id,' + 'pid,' + 'tid' + ' FROM threads') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW comm_threads_view AS ' + 'SELECT ' + 'comm_id,' + '(SELECT comm FROM comms WHERE id = comm_id) AS command,' + 'thread_id,' + '(SELECT pid FROM threads WHERE id = thread_id) AS pid,' + '(SELECT tid FROM threads WHERE id = thread_id) AS tid' + ' FROM comm_threads') + +if perf_db_export_calls or perf_db_export_callchains: + do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW call_paths_view AS ' + 'SELECT ' + 'c.id,' + 'to_hex(c.ip) AS ip,' + 'c.symbol_id,' + '(SELECT name FROM symbols WHERE id = c.symbol_id) AS symbol,' + '(SELECT dso_id FROM symbols WHERE id = c.symbol_id) AS dso_id,' + '(SELECT dso FROM symbols_view WHERE id = c.symbol_id) AS dso_short_name,' + 'c.parent_id,' + 'to_hex(p.ip) AS parent_ip,' + 'p.symbol_id AS parent_symbol_id,' + '(SELECT name FROM symbols WHERE id = p.symbol_id) AS parent_symbol,' + '(SELECT dso_id FROM symbols WHERE id = p.symbol_id) AS parent_dso_id,' + '(SELECT dso FROM symbols_view WHERE id = p.symbol_id) AS parent_dso_short_name' + ' FROM call_paths c INNER JOIN call_paths p ON p.id = c.parent_id') +if perf_db_export_calls: + do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW calls_view AS ' + 'SELECT ' + 'calls.id,' + 'thread_id,' + '(SELECT pid FROM threads WHERE id = thread_id) AS pid,' + '(SELECT tid FROM threads WHERE id = thread_id) AS tid,' + '(SELECT comm FROM comms WHERE id = comm_id) AS command,' + 'call_path_id,' + 'to_hex(ip) AS ip,' + 'symbol_id,' + '(SELECT name FROM symbols WHERE id = symbol_id) AS symbol,' + 'call_time,' + 'return_time,' + 'return_time - call_time AS elapsed_time,' + 'branch_count,' + 'insn_count,' + 'cyc_count,' + 'CASE WHEN cyc_count=0 THEN CAST(0 AS NUMERIC(20, 2)) ELSE CAST((CAST(insn_count AS FLOAT) / cyc_count) AS NUMERIC(20, 2)) END AS IPC,' + 'call_id,' + 'return_id,' + 'CASE WHEN flags=0 THEN \'\' WHEN flags=1 THEN \'no call\' WHEN flags=2 THEN \'no return\' WHEN flags=3 THEN \'no call/return\' WHEN flags=6 THEN \'jump\' ELSE CAST ( flags AS VARCHAR(6) ) END AS flags,' + 'parent_call_path_id,' + 'calls.parent_id' + ' FROM calls INNER JOIN call_paths ON call_paths.id = call_path_id') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW samples_view AS ' + 'SELECT ' + 'id,' + 'time,' + 'cpu,' + '(SELECT pid FROM threads WHERE id = thread_id) AS pid,' + '(SELECT tid FROM threads WHERE id = thread_id) AS tid,' + '(SELECT comm FROM comms WHERE id = comm_id) AS command,' + '(SELECT name FROM selected_events WHERE id = evsel_id) AS event,' + 'to_hex(ip) AS ip_hex,' + '(SELECT name FROM symbols WHERE id = symbol_id) AS symbol,' + 'sym_offset,' + '(SELECT short_name FROM dsos WHERE id = dso_id) AS dso_short_name,' + 'to_hex(to_ip) AS to_ip_hex,' + '(SELECT name FROM symbols WHERE id = to_symbol_id) AS to_symbol,' + 'to_sym_offset,' + '(SELECT short_name FROM dsos WHERE id = to_dso_id) AS to_dso_short_name,' + '(SELECT name FROM branch_types WHERE id = branch_type) AS branch_type_name,' + 'in_tx,' + 'insn_count,' + 'cyc_count,' + 'CASE WHEN cyc_count=0 THEN CAST(0 AS NUMERIC(20, 2)) ELSE CAST((CAST(insn_count AS FLOAT) / cyc_count) AS NUMERIC(20, 2)) END AS IPC' + ' FROM samples') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW ptwrite_view AS ' + 'SELECT ' + 'ptwrite.id,' + 'time,' + 'cpu,' + 'to_hex(payload) AS payload_hex,' + 'CASE WHEN exact_ip=FALSE THEN \'False\' ELSE \'True\' END AS exact_ip' + ' FROM ptwrite' + ' INNER JOIN samples ON samples.id = ptwrite.id') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW cbr_view AS ' + 'SELECT ' + 'cbr.id,' + 'time,' + 'cpu,' + 'cbr,' + 'mhz,' + 'percent' + ' FROM cbr' + ' INNER JOIN samples ON samples.id = cbr.id') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW mwait_view AS ' + 'SELECT ' + 'mwait.id,' + 'time,' + 'cpu,' + 'to_hex(hints) AS hints_hex,' + 'to_hex(extensions) AS extensions_hex' + ' FROM mwait' + ' INNER JOIN samples ON samples.id = mwait.id') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW pwre_view AS ' + 'SELECT ' + 'pwre.id,' + 'time,' + 'cpu,' + 'cstate,' + 'subcstate,' + 'CASE WHEN hw=FALSE THEN \'False\' ELSE \'True\' END AS hw' + ' FROM pwre' + ' INNER JOIN samples ON samples.id = pwre.id') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW exstop_view AS ' + 'SELECT ' + 'exstop.id,' + 'time,' + 'cpu,' + 'CASE WHEN exact_ip=FALSE THEN \'False\' ELSE \'True\' END AS exact_ip' + ' FROM exstop' + ' INNER JOIN samples ON samples.id = exstop.id') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW pwrx_view AS ' + 'SELECT ' + 'pwrx.id,' + 'time,' + 'cpu,' + 'deepest_cstate,' + 'last_cstate,' + 'CASE WHEN wake_reason=1 THEN \'Interrupt\'' + ' WHEN wake_reason=2 THEN \'Timer Deadline\'' + ' WHEN wake_reason=4 THEN \'Monitored Address\'' + ' WHEN wake_reason=8 THEN \'HW\'' + ' ELSE CAST ( wake_reason AS VARCHAR(2) )' + 'END AS wake_reason' + ' FROM pwrx' + ' INNER JOIN samples ON samples.id = pwrx.id') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW power_events_view AS ' + 'SELECT ' + 'samples.id,' + 'samples.time,' + 'samples.cpu,' + 'selected_events.name AS event,' + 'FORMAT(\'%6s\', cbr.cbr) AS cbr,' + 'FORMAT(\'%6s\', cbr.mhz) AS MHz,' + 'FORMAT(\'%5s\', cbr.percent) AS percent,' + 'to_hex(mwait.hints) AS hints_hex,' + 'to_hex(mwait.extensions) AS extensions_hex,' + 'FORMAT(\'%3s\', pwre.cstate) AS cstate,' + 'FORMAT(\'%3s\', pwre.subcstate) AS subcstate,' + 'CASE WHEN pwre.hw=FALSE THEN \'False\' WHEN pwre.hw=TRUE THEN \'True\' ELSE NULL END AS hw,' + 'CASE WHEN exstop.exact_ip=FALSE THEN \'False\' WHEN exstop.exact_ip=TRUE THEN \'True\' ELSE NULL END AS exact_ip,' + 'FORMAT(\'%3s\', pwrx.deepest_cstate) AS deepest_cstate,' + 'FORMAT(\'%3s\', pwrx.last_cstate) AS last_cstate,' + 'CASE WHEN pwrx.wake_reason=1 THEN \'Interrupt\'' + ' WHEN pwrx.wake_reason=2 THEN \'Timer Deadline\'' + ' WHEN pwrx.wake_reason=4 THEN \'Monitored Address\'' + ' WHEN pwrx.wake_reason=8 THEN \'HW\'' + ' ELSE FORMAT(\'%2s\', pwrx.wake_reason)' + 'END AS wake_reason' + ' FROM cbr' + ' FULL JOIN mwait ON mwait.id = cbr.id' + ' FULL JOIN pwre ON pwre.id = cbr.id' + ' FULL JOIN exstop ON exstop.id = cbr.id' + ' FULL JOIN pwrx ON pwrx.id = cbr.id' + ' INNER JOIN samples ON samples.id = coalesce(cbr.id, mwait.id, pwre.id, exstop.id, pwrx.id)' + ' INNER JOIN selected_events ON selected_events.id = samples.evsel_id' + ' ORDER BY samples.id') + +do_query(query, 'CREATE VIEW context_switches_view AS ' + 'SELECT ' + 'context_switches.id,' + 'context_switches.machine_id,' + 'context_switches.time,' + 'context_switches.cpu,' + 'th_out.pid AS pid_out,' + 'th_out.tid AS tid_out,' + 'comm_out.comm AS comm_out,' + 'th_in.pid AS pid_in,' + 'th_in.tid AS tid_in,' + 'comm_in.comm AS comm_in,' + 'CASE WHEN context_switches.flags = 0 THEN \'in\'' + ' WHEN context_switches.flags = 1 THEN \'out\'' + ' WHEN context_switches.flags = 3 THEN \'out preempt\'' + ' ELSE CAST ( context_switches.flags AS VARCHAR(11) )' + 'END AS flags' + ' FROM context_switches' + ' INNER JOIN threads AS th_out ON th_out.id = context_switches.thread_out_id' + ' INNER JOIN threads AS th_in ON th_in.id = context_switches.thread_in_id' + ' INNER JOIN comms AS comm_out ON comm_out.id = context_switches.comm_out_id' + ' INNER JOIN comms AS comm_in ON comm_in.id = context_switches.comm_in_id') + +file_header = struct.pack("!11sii", b"PGCOPY\n\377\r\n\0", 0, 0) +file_trailer = b"\377\377" + +def open_output_file(file_name): + path_name = output_dir_name + "/" + file_name + file = open(path_name, "wb+") + file.write(file_header) + return file + +def close_output_file(file): + file.write(file_trailer) + file.close() + +def copy_output_file_direct(file, table_name): + close_output_file(file) + sql = "COPY " + table_name + " FROM '" + file.name + "' (FORMAT 'binary')" + do_query(query, sql) + +# Use COPY FROM STDIN because security may prevent postgres from accessing the files directly +def copy_output_file(file, table_name): + conn = PQconnectdb(toclientstr("dbname = " + dbname)) + if (PQstatus(conn)): + raise Exception("COPY FROM STDIN PQconnectdb failed") + file.write(file_trailer) + file.seek(0) + sql = "COPY " + table_name + " FROM STDIN (FORMAT 'binary')" + res = PQexec(conn, toclientstr(sql)) + if (PQresultStatus(res) != 4): + raise Exception("COPY FROM STDIN PQexec failed") + data = file.read(65536) + while (len(data)): + ret = PQputCopyData(conn, data, len(data)) + if (ret != 1): + raise Exception("COPY FROM STDIN PQputCopyData failed, error " + str(ret)) + data = file.read(65536) + ret = PQputCopyEnd(conn, None) + if (ret != 1): + raise Exception("COPY FROM STDIN PQputCopyEnd failed, error " + str(ret)) + PQfinish(conn) + +def remove_output_file(file): + name = file.name + file.close() + os.unlink(name) + +evsel_file = open_output_file("evsel_table.bin") +machine_file = open_output_file("machine_table.bin") +thread_file = open_output_file("thread_table.bin") +comm_file = open_output_file("comm_table.bin") +comm_thread_file = open_output_file("comm_thread_table.bin") +dso_file = open_output_file("dso_table.bin") +symbol_file = open_output_file("symbol_table.bin") +branch_type_file = open_output_file("branch_type_table.bin") +sample_file = open_output_file("sample_table.bin") +if perf_db_export_calls or perf_db_export_callchains: + call_path_file = open_output_file("call_path_table.bin") +if perf_db_export_calls: + call_file = open_output_file("call_table.bin") +ptwrite_file = open_output_file("ptwrite_table.bin") +cbr_file = open_output_file("cbr_table.bin") +mwait_file = open_output_file("mwait_table.bin") +pwre_file = open_output_file("pwre_table.bin") +exstop_file = open_output_file("exstop_table.bin") +pwrx_file = open_output_file("pwrx_table.bin") +context_switches_file = open_output_file("context_switches_table.bin") + +def trace_begin(): + printdate("Writing to intermediate files...") + # id == 0 means unknown. It is easier to create records for them than replace the zeroes with NULLs + evsel_table(0, "unknown") + machine_table(0, 0, "unknown") + thread_table(0, 0, 0, -1, -1) + comm_table(0, "unknown", 0, 0, 0) + dso_table(0, 0, "unknown", "unknown", "") + symbol_table(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, "unknown") + sample_table(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) + if perf_db_export_calls or perf_db_export_callchains: + call_path_table(0, 0, 0, 0) + call_return_table(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) + +unhandled_count = 0 + +def is_table_empty(table_name): + do_query(query, 'SELECT * FROM ' + table_name + ' LIMIT 1'); + if query.next(): + return False + return True + +def drop(table_name): + do_query(query, 'DROP VIEW ' + table_name + '_view'); + do_query(query, 'DROP TABLE ' + table_name); + +def trace_end(): + printdate("Copying to database...") + copy_output_file(evsel_file, "selected_events") + copy_output_file(machine_file, "machines") + copy_output_file(thread_file, "threads") + copy_output_file(comm_file, "comms") + copy_output_file(comm_thread_file, "comm_threads") + copy_output_file(dso_file, "dsos") + copy_output_file(symbol_file, "symbols") + copy_output_file(branch_type_file, "branch_types") + copy_output_file(sample_file, "samples") + if perf_db_export_calls or perf_db_export_callchains: + copy_output_file(call_path_file, "call_paths") + if perf_db_export_calls: + copy_output_file(call_file, "calls") + copy_output_file(ptwrite_file, "ptwrite") + copy_output_file(cbr_file, "cbr") + copy_output_file(mwait_file, "mwait") + copy_output_file(pwre_file, "pwre") + copy_output_file(exstop_file, "exstop") + copy_output_file(pwrx_file, "pwrx") + copy_output_file(context_switches_file, "context_switches") + + printdate("Removing intermediate files...") + remove_output_file(evsel_file) + remove_output_file(machine_file) + remove_output_file(thread_file) + remove_output_file(comm_file) + remove_output_file(comm_thread_file) + remove_output_file(dso_file) + remove_output_file(symbol_file) + remove_output_file(branch_type_file) + remove_output_file(sample_file) + if perf_db_export_calls or perf_db_export_callchains: + remove_output_file(call_path_file) + if perf_db_export_calls: + remove_output_file(call_file) + remove_output_file(ptwrite_file) + remove_output_file(cbr_file) + remove_output_file(mwait_file) + remove_output_file(pwre_file) + remove_output_file(exstop_file) + remove_output_file(pwrx_file) + remove_output_file(context_switches_file) + os.rmdir(output_dir_name) + printdate("Adding primary keys") + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE selected_events ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE machines ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE threads ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE comms ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE comm_threads ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE dsos ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE symbols ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE branch_types ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE samples ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)') + if perf_db_export_calls or perf_db_export_callchains: + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE call_paths ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)') + if perf_db_export_calls: + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE calls ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE ptwrite ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE cbr ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE mwait ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE pwre ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE exstop ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE pwrx ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE context_switches ADD PRIMARY KEY (id)') + + printdate("Adding foreign keys") + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE threads ' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT machinefk FOREIGN KEY (machine_id) REFERENCES machines (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT processfk FOREIGN KEY (process_id) REFERENCES threads (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE comms ' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT threadfk FOREIGN KEY (c_thread_id) REFERENCES threads (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE comm_threads ' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT commfk FOREIGN KEY (comm_id) REFERENCES comms (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT threadfk FOREIGN KEY (thread_id) REFERENCES threads (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE dsos ' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT machinefk FOREIGN KEY (machine_id) REFERENCES machines (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE symbols ' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT dsofk FOREIGN KEY (dso_id) REFERENCES dsos (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE samples ' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT evselfk FOREIGN KEY (evsel_id) REFERENCES selected_events (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT machinefk FOREIGN KEY (machine_id) REFERENCES machines (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT threadfk FOREIGN KEY (thread_id) REFERENCES threads (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT commfk FOREIGN KEY (comm_id) REFERENCES comms (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT dsofk FOREIGN KEY (dso_id) REFERENCES dsos (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT symbolfk FOREIGN KEY (symbol_id) REFERENCES symbols (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT todsofk FOREIGN KEY (to_dso_id) REFERENCES dsos (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT tosymbolfk FOREIGN KEY (to_symbol_id) REFERENCES symbols (id)') + if perf_db_export_calls or perf_db_export_callchains: + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE call_paths ' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT parentfk FOREIGN KEY (parent_id) REFERENCES call_paths (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT symbolfk FOREIGN KEY (symbol_id) REFERENCES symbols (id)') + if perf_db_export_calls: + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE calls ' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT threadfk FOREIGN KEY (thread_id) REFERENCES threads (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT commfk FOREIGN KEY (comm_id) REFERENCES comms (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT call_pathfk FOREIGN KEY (call_path_id) REFERENCES call_paths (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT callfk FOREIGN KEY (call_id) REFERENCES samples (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT returnfk FOREIGN KEY (return_id) REFERENCES samples (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT parent_call_pathfk FOREIGN KEY (parent_call_path_id) REFERENCES call_paths (id)') + do_query(query, 'CREATE INDEX pcpid_idx ON calls (parent_call_path_id)') + do_query(query, 'CREATE INDEX pid_idx ON calls (parent_id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE comms ADD has_calls boolean') + do_query(query, 'UPDATE comms SET has_calls = TRUE WHERE comms.id IN (SELECT DISTINCT comm_id FROM calls)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE ptwrite ' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT idfk FOREIGN KEY (id) REFERENCES samples (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE cbr ' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT idfk FOREIGN KEY (id) REFERENCES samples (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE mwait ' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT idfk FOREIGN KEY (id) REFERENCES samples (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE pwre ' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT idfk FOREIGN KEY (id) REFERENCES samples (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE exstop ' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT idfk FOREIGN KEY (id) REFERENCES samples (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE pwrx ' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT idfk FOREIGN KEY (id) REFERENCES samples (id)') + do_query(query, 'ALTER TABLE context_switches ' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT machinefk FOREIGN KEY (machine_id) REFERENCES machines (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT toutfk FOREIGN KEY (thread_out_id) REFERENCES threads (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT tinfk FOREIGN KEY (thread_in_id) REFERENCES threads (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT coutfk FOREIGN KEY (comm_out_id) REFERENCES comms (id),' + 'ADD CONSTRAINT cinfk FOREIGN KEY (comm_in_id) REFERENCES comms (id)') + + printdate("Dropping unused tables") + if is_table_empty("ptwrite"): + drop("ptwrite") + if is_table_empty("mwait") and is_table_empty("pwre") and is_table_empty("exstop") and is_table_empty("pwrx"): + do_query(query, 'DROP VIEW power_events_view'); + drop("mwait") + drop("pwre") + drop("exstop") + drop("pwrx") + if is_table_empty("cbr"): + drop("cbr") + if is_table_empty("context_switches"): + drop("context_switches") + + if (unhandled_count): + printdate("Warning: ", unhandled_count, " unhandled events") + printdate("Done") + +def trace_unhandled(event_name, context, event_fields_dict): + global unhandled_count + unhandled_count += 1 + +def sched__sched_switch(*x): + pass + +def evsel_table(evsel_id, evsel_name, *x): + evsel_name = toserverstr(evsel_name) + n = len(evsel_name) + fmt = "!hiqi" + str(n) + "s" + value = struct.pack(fmt, 2, 8, evsel_id, n, evsel_name) + evsel_file.write(value) + +def machine_table(machine_id, pid, root_dir, *x): + root_dir = toserverstr(root_dir) + n = len(root_dir) + fmt = "!hiqiii" + str(n) + "s" + value = struct.pack(fmt, 3, 8, machine_id, 4, pid, n, root_dir) + machine_file.write(value) + +def thread_table(thread_id, machine_id, process_id, pid, tid, *x): + value = struct.pack("!hiqiqiqiiii", 5, 8, thread_id, 8, machine_id, 8, process_id, 4, pid, 4, tid) + thread_file.write(value) + +def comm_table(comm_id, comm_str, thread_id, time, exec_flag, *x): + comm_str = toserverstr(comm_str) + n = len(comm_str) + fmt = "!hiqi" + str(n) + "s" + "iqiqiB" + value = struct.pack(fmt, 5, 8, comm_id, n, comm_str, 8, thread_id, 8, time, 1, exec_flag) + comm_file.write(value) + +def comm_thread_table(comm_thread_id, comm_id, thread_id, *x): + fmt = "!hiqiqiq" + value = struct.pack(fmt, 3, 8, comm_thread_id, 8, comm_id, 8, thread_id) + comm_thread_file.write(value) + +def dso_table(dso_id, machine_id, short_name, long_name, build_id, *x): + short_name = toserverstr(short_name) + long_name = toserverstr(long_name) + build_id = toserverstr(build_id) + n1 = len(short_name) + n2 = len(long_name) + n3 = len(build_id) + fmt = "!hiqiqi" + str(n1) + "si" + str(n2) + "si" + str(n3) + "s" + value = struct.pack(fmt, 5, 8, dso_id, 8, machine_id, n1, short_name, n2, long_name, n3, build_id) + dso_file.write(value) + +def symbol_table(symbol_id, dso_id, sym_start, sym_end, binding, symbol_name, *x): + symbol_name = toserverstr(symbol_name) + n = len(symbol_name) + fmt = "!hiqiqiqiqiii" + str(n) + "s" + value = struct.pack(fmt, 6, 8, symbol_id, 8, dso_id, 8, sym_start, 8, sym_end, 4, binding, n, symbol_name) + symbol_file.write(value) + +def branch_type_table(branch_type, name, *x): + name = toserverstr(name) + n = len(name) + fmt = "!hiii" + str(n) + "s" + value = struct.pack(fmt, 2, 4, branch_type, n, name) + branch_type_file.write(value) + +def sample_table(sample_id, evsel_id, machine_id, thread_id, comm_id, dso_id, symbol_id, sym_offset, ip, time, cpu, to_dso_id, to_symbol_id, to_sym_offset, to_ip, period, weight, transaction, data_src, branch_type, in_tx, call_path_id, insn_cnt, cyc_cnt, *x): + if branches: + value = struct.pack("!hiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiiiqiqiqiqiiiBiqiqiq", 20, 8, sample_id, 8, evsel_id, 8, machine_id, 8, thread_id, 8, comm_id, 8, dso_id, 8, symbol_id, 8, sym_offset, 8, ip, 8, time, 4, cpu, 8, to_dso_id, 8, to_symbol_id, 8, to_sym_offset, 8, to_ip, 4, branch_type, 1, in_tx, 8, call_path_id, 8, insn_cnt, 8, cyc_cnt) + else: + value = struct.pack("!hiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiiiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiiiBiqiqiq", 24, 8, sample_id, 8, evsel_id, 8, machine_id, 8, thread_id, 8, comm_id, 8, dso_id, 8, symbol_id, 8, sym_offset, 8, ip, 8, time, 4, cpu, 8, to_dso_id, 8, to_symbol_id, 8, to_sym_offset, 8, to_ip, 8, period, 8, weight, 8, transaction, 8, data_src, 4, branch_type, 1, in_tx, 8, call_path_id, 8, insn_cnt, 8, cyc_cnt) + sample_file.write(value) + +def call_path_table(cp_id, parent_id, symbol_id, ip, *x): + fmt = "!hiqiqiqiq" + value = struct.pack(fmt, 4, 8, cp_id, 8, parent_id, 8, symbol_id, 8, ip) + call_path_file.write(value) + +def call_return_table(cr_id, thread_id, comm_id, call_path_id, call_time, return_time, branch_count, call_id, return_id, parent_call_path_id, flags, parent_id, insn_cnt, cyc_cnt, *x): + fmt = "!hiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiqiiiqiqiq" + value = struct.pack(fmt, 14, 8, cr_id, 8, thread_id, 8, comm_id, 8, call_path_id, 8, call_time, 8, return_time, 8, branch_count, 8, call_id, 8, return_id, 8, parent_call_path_id, 4, flags, 8, parent_id, 8, insn_cnt, 8, cyc_cnt) + call_file.write(value) + +def ptwrite(id, raw_buf): + data = struct.unpack_from("<IQ", raw_buf) + flags = data[0] + payload = data[1] + exact_ip = flags & 1 + value = struct.pack("!hiqiqiB", 3, 8, id, 8, payload, 1, exact_ip) + ptwrite_file.write(value) + +def cbr(id, raw_buf): + data = struct.unpack_from("<BBBBII", raw_buf) + cbr = data[0] + MHz = (data[4] + 500) / 1000 + percent = ((cbr * 1000 / data[2]) + 5) / 10 + value = struct.pack("!hiqiiiiii", 4, 8, id, 4, cbr, 4, int(MHz), 4, int(percent)) + cbr_file.write(value) + +def mwait(id, raw_buf): + data = struct.unpack_from("<IQ", raw_buf) + payload = data[1] + hints = payload & 0xff + extensions = (payload >> 32) & 0x3 + value = struct.pack("!hiqiiii", 3, 8, id, 4, hints, 4, extensions) + mwait_file.write(value) + +def pwre(id, raw_buf): + data = struct.unpack_from("<IQ", raw_buf) + payload = data[1] + hw = (payload >> 7) & 1 + cstate = (payload >> 12) & 0xf + subcstate = (payload >> 8) & 0xf + value = struct.pack("!hiqiiiiiB", 4, 8, id, 4, cstate, 4, subcstate, 1, hw) + pwre_file.write(value) + +def exstop(id, raw_buf): + data = struct.unpack_from("<I", raw_buf) + flags = data[0] + exact_ip = flags & 1 + value = struct.pack("!hiqiB", 2, 8, id, 1, exact_ip) + exstop_file.write(value) + +def pwrx(id, raw_buf): + data = struct.unpack_from("<IQ", raw_buf) + payload = data[1] + deepest_cstate = payload & 0xf + last_cstate = (payload >> 4) & 0xf + wake_reason = (payload >> 8) & 0xf + value = struct.pack("!hiqiiiiii", 4, 8, id, 4, deepest_cstate, 4, last_cstate, 4, wake_reason) + pwrx_file.write(value) + +def synth_data(id, config, raw_buf, *x): + if config == 0: + ptwrite(id, raw_buf) + elif config == 1: + mwait(id, raw_buf) + elif config == 2: + pwre(id, raw_buf) + elif config == 3: + exstop(id, raw_buf) + elif config == 4: + pwrx(id, raw_buf) + elif config == 5: + cbr(id, raw_buf) + +def context_switch_table(id, machine_id, time, cpu, thread_out_id, comm_out_id, thread_in_id, comm_in_id, flags, *x): + fmt = "!hiqiqiqiiiqiqiqiqii" + value = struct.pack(fmt, 9, 8, id, 8, machine_id, 8, time, 4, cpu, 8, thread_out_id, 8, comm_out_id, 8, thread_in_id, 8, comm_in_id, 4, flags) + context_switches_file.write(value) |