summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/drivers/vfio/platform/vfio_platform_common.c
diff options
context:
space:
mode:
Diffstat (limited to 'drivers/vfio/platform/vfio_platform_common.c')
-rw-r--r--drivers/vfio/platform/vfio_platform_common.c749
1 files changed, 749 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/drivers/vfio/platform/vfio_platform_common.c b/drivers/vfio/platform/vfio_platform_common.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e15ef1a94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/drivers/vfio/platform/vfio_platform_common.c
@@ -0,0 +1,749 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 - Virtual Open Systems
+ * Author: Antonios Motakis <a.motakis@virtualopensystems.com>
+ */
+
+#define dev_fmt(fmt) "VFIO: " fmt
+
+#include <linux/device.h>
+#include <linux/acpi.h>
+#include <linux/iommu.h>
+#include <linux/module.h>
+#include <linux/mutex.h>
+#include <linux/pm_runtime.h>
+#include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/types.h>
+#include <linux/uaccess.h>
+#include <linux/vfio.h>
+
+#include "vfio_platform_private.h"
+
+#define DRIVER_VERSION "0.10"
+#define DRIVER_AUTHOR "Antonios Motakis <a.motakis@virtualopensystems.com>"
+#define DRIVER_DESC "VFIO platform base module"
+
+#define VFIO_PLATFORM_IS_ACPI(vdev) ((vdev)->acpihid != NULL)
+
+static LIST_HEAD(reset_list);
+static DEFINE_MUTEX(driver_lock);
+
+static vfio_platform_reset_fn_t vfio_platform_lookup_reset(const char *compat,
+ struct module **module)
+{
+ struct vfio_platform_reset_node *iter;
+ vfio_platform_reset_fn_t reset_fn = NULL;
+
+ mutex_lock(&driver_lock);
+ list_for_each_entry(iter, &reset_list, link) {
+ if (!strcmp(iter->compat, compat) &&
+ try_module_get(iter->owner)) {
+ *module = iter->owner;
+ reset_fn = iter->of_reset;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ mutex_unlock(&driver_lock);
+ return reset_fn;
+}
+
+static int vfio_platform_acpi_probe(struct vfio_platform_device *vdev,
+ struct device *dev)
+{
+ struct acpi_device *adev;
+
+ if (acpi_disabled)
+ return -ENOENT;
+
+ adev = ACPI_COMPANION(dev);
+ if (!adev) {
+ dev_err(dev, "ACPI companion device not found for %s\n",
+ vdev->name);
+ return -ENODEV;
+ }
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_ACPI
+ vdev->acpihid = acpi_device_hid(adev);
+#endif
+ return WARN_ON(!vdev->acpihid) ? -EINVAL : 0;
+}
+
+static int vfio_platform_acpi_call_reset(struct vfio_platform_device *vdev,
+ const char **extra_dbg)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_ACPI
+ struct device *dev = vdev->device;
+ acpi_handle handle = ACPI_HANDLE(dev);
+ acpi_status acpi_ret;
+
+ acpi_ret = acpi_evaluate_object(handle, "_RST", NULL, NULL);
+ if (ACPI_FAILURE(acpi_ret)) {
+ if (extra_dbg)
+ *extra_dbg = acpi_format_exception(acpi_ret);
+ return -EINVAL;
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+#else
+ return -ENOENT;
+#endif
+}
+
+static bool vfio_platform_acpi_has_reset(struct vfio_platform_device *vdev)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_ACPI
+ struct device *dev = vdev->device;
+ acpi_handle handle = ACPI_HANDLE(dev);
+
+ return acpi_has_method(handle, "_RST");
+#else
+ return false;
+#endif
+}
+
+static bool vfio_platform_has_reset(struct vfio_platform_device *vdev)
+{
+ if (VFIO_PLATFORM_IS_ACPI(vdev))
+ return vfio_platform_acpi_has_reset(vdev);
+
+ return vdev->of_reset ? true : false;
+}
+
+static int vfio_platform_get_reset(struct vfio_platform_device *vdev)
+{
+ if (VFIO_PLATFORM_IS_ACPI(vdev))
+ return vfio_platform_acpi_has_reset(vdev) ? 0 : -ENOENT;
+
+ vdev->of_reset = vfio_platform_lookup_reset(vdev->compat,
+ &vdev->reset_module);
+ if (!vdev->of_reset) {
+ request_module("vfio-reset:%s", vdev->compat);
+ vdev->of_reset = vfio_platform_lookup_reset(vdev->compat,
+ &vdev->reset_module);
+ }
+
+ return vdev->of_reset ? 0 : -ENOENT;
+}
+
+static void vfio_platform_put_reset(struct vfio_platform_device *vdev)
+{
+ if (VFIO_PLATFORM_IS_ACPI(vdev))
+ return;
+
+ if (vdev->of_reset)
+ module_put(vdev->reset_module);
+}
+
+static int vfio_platform_regions_init(struct vfio_platform_device *vdev)
+{
+ int cnt = 0, i;
+
+ while (vdev->get_resource(vdev, cnt))
+ cnt++;
+
+ vdev->regions = kcalloc(cnt, sizeof(struct vfio_platform_region),
+ GFP_KERNEL);
+ if (!vdev->regions)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+
+ for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
+ struct resource *res =
+ vdev->get_resource(vdev, i);
+
+ if (!res)
+ goto err;
+
+ vdev->regions[i].addr = res->start;
+ vdev->regions[i].size = resource_size(res);
+ vdev->regions[i].flags = 0;
+
+ switch (resource_type(res)) {
+ case IORESOURCE_MEM:
+ vdev->regions[i].type = VFIO_PLATFORM_REGION_TYPE_MMIO;
+ vdev->regions[i].flags |= VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_READ;
+ if (!(res->flags & IORESOURCE_READONLY))
+ vdev->regions[i].flags |=
+ VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_WRITE;
+
+ /*
+ * Only regions addressed with PAGE granularity may be
+ * MMAPed securely.
+ */
+ if (!(vdev->regions[i].addr & ~PAGE_MASK) &&
+ !(vdev->regions[i].size & ~PAGE_MASK))
+ vdev->regions[i].flags |=
+ VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_MMAP;
+
+ break;
+ case IORESOURCE_IO:
+ vdev->regions[i].type = VFIO_PLATFORM_REGION_TYPE_PIO;
+ break;
+ default:
+ goto err;
+ }
+ }
+
+ vdev->num_regions = cnt;
+
+ return 0;
+err:
+ kfree(vdev->regions);
+ return -EINVAL;
+}
+
+static void vfio_platform_regions_cleanup(struct vfio_platform_device *vdev)
+{
+ int i;
+
+ for (i = 0; i < vdev->num_regions; i++)
+ iounmap(vdev->regions[i].ioaddr);
+
+ vdev->num_regions = 0;
+ kfree(vdev->regions);
+}
+
+static int vfio_platform_call_reset(struct vfio_platform_device *vdev,
+ const char **extra_dbg)
+{
+ if (VFIO_PLATFORM_IS_ACPI(vdev)) {
+ dev_info(vdev->device, "reset\n");
+ return vfio_platform_acpi_call_reset(vdev, extra_dbg);
+ } else if (vdev->of_reset) {
+ dev_info(vdev->device, "reset\n");
+ return vdev->of_reset(vdev);
+ }
+
+ dev_warn(vdev->device, "no reset function found!\n");
+ return -EINVAL;
+}
+
+static void vfio_platform_release(void *device_data)
+{
+ struct vfio_platform_device *vdev = device_data;
+
+ mutex_lock(&driver_lock);
+
+ if (!(--vdev->refcnt)) {
+ const char *extra_dbg = NULL;
+ int ret;
+
+ ret = vfio_platform_call_reset(vdev, &extra_dbg);
+ if (ret && vdev->reset_required) {
+ dev_warn(vdev->device, "reset driver is required and reset call failed in release (%d) %s\n",
+ ret, extra_dbg ? extra_dbg : "");
+ WARN_ON(1);
+ }
+ pm_runtime_put(vdev->device);
+ vfio_platform_regions_cleanup(vdev);
+ vfio_platform_irq_cleanup(vdev);
+ }
+
+ mutex_unlock(&driver_lock);
+
+ module_put(vdev->parent_module);
+}
+
+static int vfio_platform_open(void *device_data)
+{
+ struct vfio_platform_device *vdev = device_data;
+ int ret;
+
+ if (!try_module_get(vdev->parent_module))
+ return -ENODEV;
+
+ mutex_lock(&driver_lock);
+
+ if (!vdev->refcnt) {
+ const char *extra_dbg = NULL;
+
+ ret = vfio_platform_regions_init(vdev);
+ if (ret)
+ goto err_reg;
+
+ ret = vfio_platform_irq_init(vdev);
+ if (ret)
+ goto err_irq;
+
+ ret = pm_runtime_get_sync(vdev->device);
+ if (ret < 0)
+ goto err_rst;
+
+ ret = vfio_platform_call_reset(vdev, &extra_dbg);
+ if (ret && vdev->reset_required) {
+ dev_warn(vdev->device, "reset driver is required and reset call failed in open (%d) %s\n",
+ ret, extra_dbg ? extra_dbg : "");
+ goto err_rst;
+ }
+ }
+
+ vdev->refcnt++;
+
+ mutex_unlock(&driver_lock);
+ return 0;
+
+err_rst:
+ pm_runtime_put(vdev->device);
+ vfio_platform_irq_cleanup(vdev);
+err_irq:
+ vfio_platform_regions_cleanup(vdev);
+err_reg:
+ mutex_unlock(&driver_lock);
+ module_put(vdev->parent_module);
+ return ret;
+}
+
+static long vfio_platform_ioctl(void *device_data,
+ unsigned int cmd, unsigned long arg)
+{
+ struct vfio_platform_device *vdev = device_data;
+ unsigned long minsz;
+
+ if (cmd == VFIO_DEVICE_GET_INFO) {
+ struct vfio_device_info info;
+
+ minsz = offsetofend(struct vfio_device_info, num_irqs);
+
+ if (copy_from_user(&info, (void __user *)arg, minsz))
+ return -EFAULT;
+
+ if (info.argsz < minsz)
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ if (vfio_platform_has_reset(vdev))
+ vdev->flags |= VFIO_DEVICE_FLAGS_RESET;
+ info.flags = vdev->flags;
+ info.num_regions = vdev->num_regions;
+ info.num_irqs = vdev->num_irqs;
+
+ return copy_to_user((void __user *)arg, &info, minsz) ?
+ -EFAULT : 0;
+
+ } else if (cmd == VFIO_DEVICE_GET_REGION_INFO) {
+ struct vfio_region_info info;
+
+ minsz = offsetofend(struct vfio_region_info, offset);
+
+ if (copy_from_user(&info, (void __user *)arg, minsz))
+ return -EFAULT;
+
+ if (info.argsz < minsz)
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ if (info.index >= vdev->num_regions)
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ /* map offset to the physical address */
+ info.offset = VFIO_PLATFORM_INDEX_TO_OFFSET(info.index);
+ info.size = vdev->regions[info.index].size;
+ info.flags = vdev->regions[info.index].flags;
+
+ return copy_to_user((void __user *)arg, &info, minsz) ?
+ -EFAULT : 0;
+
+ } else if (cmd == VFIO_DEVICE_GET_IRQ_INFO) {
+ struct vfio_irq_info info;
+
+ minsz = offsetofend(struct vfio_irq_info, count);
+
+ if (copy_from_user(&info, (void __user *)arg, minsz))
+ return -EFAULT;
+
+ if (info.argsz < minsz)
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ if (info.index >= vdev->num_irqs)
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ info.flags = vdev->irqs[info.index].flags;
+ info.count = vdev->irqs[info.index].count;
+
+ return copy_to_user((void __user *)arg, &info, minsz) ?
+ -EFAULT : 0;
+
+ } else if (cmd == VFIO_DEVICE_SET_IRQS) {
+ struct vfio_irq_set hdr;
+ u8 *data = NULL;
+ int ret = 0;
+ size_t data_size = 0;
+
+ minsz = offsetofend(struct vfio_irq_set, count);
+
+ if (copy_from_user(&hdr, (void __user *)arg, minsz))
+ return -EFAULT;
+
+ ret = vfio_set_irqs_validate_and_prepare(&hdr, vdev->num_irqs,
+ vdev->num_irqs, &data_size);
+ if (ret)
+ return ret;
+
+ if (data_size) {
+ data = memdup_user((void __user *)(arg + minsz),
+ data_size);
+ if (IS_ERR(data))
+ return PTR_ERR(data);
+ }
+
+ mutex_lock(&vdev->igate);
+
+ ret = vfio_platform_set_irqs_ioctl(vdev, hdr.flags, hdr.index,
+ hdr.start, hdr.count, data);
+ mutex_unlock(&vdev->igate);
+ kfree(data);
+
+ return ret;
+
+ } else if (cmd == VFIO_DEVICE_RESET) {
+ return vfio_platform_call_reset(vdev, NULL);
+ }
+
+ return -ENOTTY;
+}
+
+static ssize_t vfio_platform_read_mmio(struct vfio_platform_region *reg,
+ char __user *buf, size_t count,
+ loff_t off)
+{
+ unsigned int done = 0;
+
+ if (!reg->ioaddr) {
+ reg->ioaddr =
+ ioremap(reg->addr, reg->size);
+
+ if (!reg->ioaddr)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+ }
+
+ while (count) {
+ size_t filled;
+
+ if (count >= 4 && !(off % 4)) {
+ u32 val;
+
+ val = ioread32(reg->ioaddr + off);
+ if (copy_to_user(buf, &val, 4))
+ goto err;
+
+ filled = 4;
+ } else if (count >= 2 && !(off % 2)) {
+ u16 val;
+
+ val = ioread16(reg->ioaddr + off);
+ if (copy_to_user(buf, &val, 2))
+ goto err;
+
+ filled = 2;
+ } else {
+ u8 val;
+
+ val = ioread8(reg->ioaddr + off);
+ if (copy_to_user(buf, &val, 1))
+ goto err;
+
+ filled = 1;
+ }
+
+
+ count -= filled;
+ done += filled;
+ off += filled;
+ buf += filled;
+ }
+
+ return done;
+err:
+ return -EFAULT;
+}
+
+static ssize_t vfio_platform_read(void *device_data, char __user *buf,
+ size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
+{
+ struct vfio_platform_device *vdev = device_data;
+ unsigned int index = VFIO_PLATFORM_OFFSET_TO_INDEX(*ppos);
+ loff_t off = *ppos & VFIO_PLATFORM_OFFSET_MASK;
+
+ if (index >= vdev->num_regions)
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ if (!(vdev->regions[index].flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_READ))
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ if (vdev->regions[index].type & VFIO_PLATFORM_REGION_TYPE_MMIO)
+ return vfio_platform_read_mmio(&vdev->regions[index],
+ buf, count, off);
+ else if (vdev->regions[index].type & VFIO_PLATFORM_REGION_TYPE_PIO)
+ return -EINVAL; /* not implemented */
+
+ return -EINVAL;
+}
+
+static ssize_t vfio_platform_write_mmio(struct vfio_platform_region *reg,
+ const char __user *buf, size_t count,
+ loff_t off)
+{
+ unsigned int done = 0;
+
+ if (!reg->ioaddr) {
+ reg->ioaddr =
+ ioremap(reg->addr, reg->size);
+
+ if (!reg->ioaddr)
+ return -ENOMEM;
+ }
+
+ while (count) {
+ size_t filled;
+
+ if (count >= 4 && !(off % 4)) {
+ u32 val;
+
+ if (copy_from_user(&val, buf, 4))
+ goto err;
+ iowrite32(val, reg->ioaddr + off);
+
+ filled = 4;
+ } else if (count >= 2 && !(off % 2)) {
+ u16 val;
+
+ if (copy_from_user(&val, buf, 2))
+ goto err;
+ iowrite16(val, reg->ioaddr + off);
+
+ filled = 2;
+ } else {
+ u8 val;
+
+ if (copy_from_user(&val, buf, 1))
+ goto err;
+ iowrite8(val, reg->ioaddr + off);
+
+ filled = 1;
+ }
+
+ count -= filled;
+ done += filled;
+ off += filled;
+ buf += filled;
+ }
+
+ return done;
+err:
+ return -EFAULT;
+}
+
+static ssize_t vfio_platform_write(void *device_data, const char __user *buf,
+ size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
+{
+ struct vfio_platform_device *vdev = device_data;
+ unsigned int index = VFIO_PLATFORM_OFFSET_TO_INDEX(*ppos);
+ loff_t off = *ppos & VFIO_PLATFORM_OFFSET_MASK;
+
+ if (index >= vdev->num_regions)
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ if (!(vdev->regions[index].flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_WRITE))
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ if (vdev->regions[index].type & VFIO_PLATFORM_REGION_TYPE_MMIO)
+ return vfio_platform_write_mmio(&vdev->regions[index],
+ buf, count, off);
+ else if (vdev->regions[index].type & VFIO_PLATFORM_REGION_TYPE_PIO)
+ return -EINVAL; /* not implemented */
+
+ return -EINVAL;
+}
+
+static int vfio_platform_mmap_mmio(struct vfio_platform_region region,
+ struct vm_area_struct *vma)
+{
+ u64 req_len, pgoff, req_start;
+
+ req_len = vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start;
+ pgoff = vma->vm_pgoff &
+ ((1U << (VFIO_PLATFORM_OFFSET_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT)) - 1);
+ req_start = pgoff << PAGE_SHIFT;
+
+ if (region.size < PAGE_SIZE || req_start + req_len > region.size)
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ vma->vm_page_prot = pgprot_noncached(vma->vm_page_prot);
+ vma->vm_pgoff = (region.addr >> PAGE_SHIFT) + pgoff;
+
+ return remap_pfn_range(vma, vma->vm_start, vma->vm_pgoff,
+ req_len, vma->vm_page_prot);
+}
+
+static int vfio_platform_mmap(void *device_data, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
+{
+ struct vfio_platform_device *vdev = device_data;
+ unsigned int index;
+
+ index = vma->vm_pgoff >> (VFIO_PLATFORM_OFFSET_SHIFT - PAGE_SHIFT);
+
+ if (vma->vm_end < vma->vm_start)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED))
+ return -EINVAL;
+ if (index >= vdev->num_regions)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ if (vma->vm_start & ~PAGE_MASK)
+ return -EINVAL;
+ if (vma->vm_end & ~PAGE_MASK)
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ if (!(vdev->regions[index].flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_MMAP))
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ if (!(vdev->regions[index].flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_READ)
+ && (vma->vm_flags & VM_READ))
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ if (!(vdev->regions[index].flags & VFIO_REGION_INFO_FLAG_WRITE)
+ && (vma->vm_flags & VM_WRITE))
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ vma->vm_private_data = vdev;
+
+ if (vdev->regions[index].type & VFIO_PLATFORM_REGION_TYPE_MMIO)
+ return vfio_platform_mmap_mmio(vdev->regions[index], vma);
+
+ else if (vdev->regions[index].type & VFIO_PLATFORM_REGION_TYPE_PIO)
+ return -EINVAL; /* not implemented */
+
+ return -EINVAL;
+}
+
+static const struct vfio_device_ops vfio_platform_ops = {
+ .name = "vfio-platform",
+ .open = vfio_platform_open,
+ .release = vfio_platform_release,
+ .ioctl = vfio_platform_ioctl,
+ .read = vfio_platform_read,
+ .write = vfio_platform_write,
+ .mmap = vfio_platform_mmap,
+};
+
+static int vfio_platform_of_probe(struct vfio_platform_device *vdev,
+ struct device *dev)
+{
+ int ret;
+
+ ret = device_property_read_string(dev, "compatible",
+ &vdev->compat);
+ if (ret)
+ dev_err(dev, "Cannot retrieve compat for %s\n", vdev->name);
+
+ return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * There can be two kernel build combinations. One build where
+ * ACPI is not selected in Kconfig and another one with the ACPI Kconfig.
+ *
+ * In the first case, vfio_platform_acpi_probe will return since
+ * acpi_disabled is 1. DT user will not see any kind of messages from
+ * ACPI.
+ *
+ * In the second case, both DT and ACPI is compiled in but the system is
+ * booting with any of these combinations.
+ *
+ * If the firmware is DT type, then acpi_disabled is 1. The ACPI probe routine
+ * terminates immediately without any messages.
+ *
+ * If the firmware is ACPI type, then acpi_disabled is 0. All other checks are
+ * valid checks. We cannot claim that this system is DT.
+ */
+int vfio_platform_probe_common(struct vfio_platform_device *vdev,
+ struct device *dev)
+{
+ struct iommu_group *group;
+ int ret;
+
+ if (!vdev)
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ ret = vfio_platform_acpi_probe(vdev, dev);
+ if (ret)
+ ret = vfio_platform_of_probe(vdev, dev);
+
+ if (ret)
+ return ret;
+
+ vdev->device = dev;
+
+ ret = vfio_platform_get_reset(vdev);
+ if (ret && vdev->reset_required) {
+ dev_err(dev, "No reset function found for device %s\n",
+ vdev->name);
+ return ret;
+ }
+
+ group = vfio_iommu_group_get(dev);
+ if (!group) {
+ dev_err(dev, "No IOMMU group for device %s\n", vdev->name);
+ ret = -EINVAL;
+ goto put_reset;
+ }
+
+ ret = vfio_add_group_dev(dev, &vfio_platform_ops, vdev);
+ if (ret)
+ goto put_iommu;
+
+ mutex_init(&vdev->igate);
+
+ pm_runtime_enable(vdev->device);
+ return 0;
+
+put_iommu:
+ vfio_iommu_group_put(group, dev);
+put_reset:
+ vfio_platform_put_reset(vdev);
+ return ret;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_platform_probe_common);
+
+struct vfio_platform_device *vfio_platform_remove_common(struct device *dev)
+{
+ struct vfio_platform_device *vdev;
+
+ vdev = vfio_del_group_dev(dev);
+
+ if (vdev) {
+ pm_runtime_disable(vdev->device);
+ vfio_platform_put_reset(vdev);
+ vfio_iommu_group_put(dev->iommu_group, dev);
+ }
+
+ return vdev;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_platform_remove_common);
+
+void __vfio_platform_register_reset(struct vfio_platform_reset_node *node)
+{
+ mutex_lock(&driver_lock);
+ list_add(&node->link, &reset_list);
+ mutex_unlock(&driver_lock);
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__vfio_platform_register_reset);
+
+void vfio_platform_unregister_reset(const char *compat,
+ vfio_platform_reset_fn_t fn)
+{
+ struct vfio_platform_reset_node *iter, *temp;
+
+ mutex_lock(&driver_lock);
+ list_for_each_entry_safe(iter, temp, &reset_list, link) {
+ if (!strcmp(iter->compat, compat) && (iter->of_reset == fn)) {
+ list_del(&iter->link);
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+
+ mutex_unlock(&driver_lock);
+
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(vfio_platform_unregister_reset);
+
+MODULE_VERSION(DRIVER_VERSION);
+MODULE_LICENSE("GPL v2");
+MODULE_AUTHOR(DRIVER_AUTHOR);
+MODULE_DESCRIPTION(DRIVER_DESC);