Adding upstream version 14.2.upstream/14.2upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 3637 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/pulsecore/core-util.c b/src/pulsecore/core-util.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..601b1d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/pulsecore/core-util.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3637 @@
+/***
+  This file is part of PulseAudio.
+
+  Copyright 2004-2006 Lennart Poettering
+  Copyright 2004 Joe Marcus Clarke
+  Copyright 2006-2007 Pierre Ossman <ossman@cendio.se> for Cendio AB
+
+  PulseAudio is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+  it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
+  published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the
+  License, or (at your option) any later version.
+
+  PulseAudio is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
+  Lesser General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
+  License along with PulseAudio; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+***/
+
+#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
+#include <config.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+
+#ifdef HAVE_LANGINFO_H
+#include <langinfo.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_UNAME
+#include <sys/utsname.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(HAVE_REGEX_H)
+#include <regex.h>
+#elif defined(HAVE_PCREPOSIX_H)
+#include <pcreposix.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRTOD_L
+#ifdef HAVE_LOCALE_H
+#include <locale.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_XLOCALE_H
+#include <xlocale.h>
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_RESOURCE_H
+#include <sys/resource.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_CAPABILITY_H
+#include <sys/capability.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_MMAN_H
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD
+#include <pthread.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_NETDB_H
+#include <netdb.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_WINDOWS_H
+#include <windows.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef ENOTSUP
+#define ENOTSUP   135
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PWD_H
+#include <pwd.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_GRP_H
+#include <grp.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_LIBSAMPLERATE
+#include <samplerate.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_DBUS
+#include <pulsecore/rtkit.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__linux__) && !defined(__ANDROID__)
+#include <sys/personality.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_CPUID_H
+#include <cpuid.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <pulse/xmalloc.h>
+#include <pulse/util.h>
+#include <pulse/utf8.h>
+
+#include <pulsecore/core-error.h>
+#include <pulsecore/socket.h>
+#include <pulsecore/log.h>
+#include <pulsecore/macro.h>
+#include <pulsecore/thread.h>
+#include <pulsecore/strbuf.h>
+#include <pulsecore/usergroup.h>
+#include <pulsecore/strlist.h>
+#include <pulsecore/pipe.h>
+#include <pulsecore/once.h>
+
+#include "core-util.h"
+
+/* Not all platforms have this */
+#ifndef MSG_NOSIGNAL
+#define MSG_NOSIGNAL 0
+#endif
+
+#define NEWLINE "\r\n"
+#define WHITESPACE "\n\r \t"
+
+static pa_strlist *recorded_env = NULL;
+
+#ifdef OS_IS_WIN32
+static fd_set nonblocking_fds;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef OS_IS_WIN32
+
+/* Returns the directory of the current DLL, with '/bin/' removed if it is the last component */
+char *pa_win32_get_toplevel(HANDLE handle) {
+    static char *toplevel = NULL;
+
+    if (!toplevel) {
+        char library_path[MAX_PATH];
+        char *p;
+
+        if (!GetModuleFileName(handle, library_path, MAX_PATH))
+            return NULL;
+
+        toplevel = pa_xstrdup(library_path);
+
+        p = strrchr(toplevel, PA_PATH_SEP_CHAR);
+        if (p)
+            *p = '\0';
+
+        p = strrchr(toplevel, PA_PATH_SEP_CHAR);
+        if (p && pa_streq(p + 1, "bin"))
+            *p = '\0';
+    }
+
+    return toplevel;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+static void set_nonblock(int fd, bool nonblock) {
+
+#ifdef O_NONBLOCK
+    int v, nv;
+    pa_assert(fd >= 0);
+
+    pa_assert_se((v = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL)) >= 0);
+
+    if (nonblock)
+        nv = v | O_NONBLOCK;
+    else
+        nv = v & ~O_NONBLOCK;
+
+    if (v != nv)
+        pa_assert_se(fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, nv) >= 0);
+
+#elif defined(OS_IS_WIN32)
+    u_long arg;
+
+    if (nonblock)
+        arg = 1;
+    else
+        arg = 0;
+
+    if (ioctlsocket(fd, FIONBIO, &arg) < 0) {
+        pa_assert_se(WSAGetLastError() == WSAENOTSOCK);
+        pa_log_warn("Only sockets can be made non-blocking!");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    /* There is no method to query status, so we remember all fds */
+    if (nonblock)
+        FD_SET(fd, &nonblocking_fds);
+    else
+        FD_CLR(fd, &nonblocking_fds);
+#else
+    pa_log_warn("Non-blocking I/O not supported.!");
+#endif
+
+}
+
+/** Make a file descriptor nonblock. Doesn't do any error checking */
+void pa_make_fd_nonblock(int fd) {
+    set_nonblock(fd, true);
+}
+
+/** Make a file descriptor blocking. Doesn't do any error checking */
+void pa_make_fd_block(int fd) {
+    set_nonblock(fd, false);
+}
+
+/** Query if a file descriptor is non-blocking */
+bool pa_is_fd_nonblock(int fd) {
+
+#ifdef O_NONBLOCK
+    int v;
+    pa_assert(fd >= 0);
+
+    pa_assert_se((v = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL)) >= 0);
+
+    return !!(v & O_NONBLOCK);
+
+#elif defined(OS_IS_WIN32)
+    return !!FD_ISSET(fd, &nonblocking_fds);
+#else
+    return false;
+#endif
+
+}
+
+/* Set the FD_CLOEXEC flag for a fd */
+void pa_make_fd_cloexec(int fd) {
+
+#ifdef FD_CLOEXEC
+    int v;
+    pa_assert(fd >= 0);
+
+    pa_assert_se((v = fcntl(fd, F_GETFD, 0)) >= 0);
+
+    if (!(v & FD_CLOEXEC))
+        pa_assert_se(fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, v|FD_CLOEXEC) >= 0);
+#endif
+
+}
+
+/** Creates a directory securely. Will create parent directories recursively if
+ * required. This will not update permissions on parent directories if they
+ * already exist, however. */
+int pa_make_secure_dir(const char* dir, mode_t m, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, bool update_perms) {
+    struct stat st;
+    int r, saved_errno;
+    bool retry = true;
+
+    pa_assert(dir);
+
+again:
+#ifdef OS_IS_WIN32
+    r = mkdir(dir);
+#else
+{
+    mode_t u;
+    u = umask((~m) & 0777);
+    r = mkdir(dir, m);
+    umask(u);
+}
+#endif
+
+    if (r < 0 && errno == ENOENT && retry) {
+        /* If a parent directory in the path doesn't exist, try to create that
+         * first, then try again. */
+        pa_make_secure_parent_dir(dir, m, uid, gid, false);
+        retry = false;
+        goto again;
+    }
+
+    if (r < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
+        return -1;
+
+#if defined(HAVE_FSTAT) && !defined(OS_IS_WIN32)
+{
+    int fd;
+    if ((fd = open(dir,
+#ifdef O_CLOEXEC
+                   O_CLOEXEC|
+#endif
+#ifdef O_NOCTTY
+                   O_NOCTTY|
+#endif
+#ifdef O_NOFOLLOW
+                   O_NOFOLLOW|
+#endif
+                   O_RDONLY)) < 0)
+        goto fail;
+
+    if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0) {
+        pa_assert_se(pa_close(fd) >= 0);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
+        pa_assert_se(pa_close(fd) >= 0);
+        errno = EEXIST;
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    if (!update_perms) {
+        pa_assert_se(pa_close(fd) >= 0);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+#ifdef HAVE_FCHOWN
+    if (uid == (uid_t) -1)
+        uid = getuid();
+    if (gid == (gid_t) -1)
+        gid = getgid();
+    if (((st.st_uid != uid) || (st.st_gid != gid)) && fchown(fd, uid, gid) < 0) {
+        pa_assert_se(pa_close(fd) >= 0);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_FCHMOD
+    if ((st.st_mode & 07777) != m && fchmod(fd, m) < 0) {
+        pa_assert_se(pa_close(fd) >= 0);
+        goto fail;
+    };
+#endif
+
+    pa_assert_se(pa_close(fd) >= 0);
+}
+#else
+    pa_log_warn("Secure directory creation not supported on this platform.");
+#endif
+
+    return 0;
+
+fail:
+    saved_errno = errno;
+    rmdir(dir);
+    errno = saved_errno;
+
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* Return a newly allocated sting containing the parent directory of the specified file */
+char *pa_parent_dir(const char *fn) {
+    char *slash, *dir = pa_xstrdup(fn);
+
+    if ((slash = (char*) pa_path_get_filename(dir)) == dir) {
+        pa_xfree(dir);
+        errno = ENOENT;
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    *(slash-1) = 0;
+    return dir;
+}
+
+/* Creates a the parent directory of the specified path securely */
+int pa_make_secure_parent_dir(const char *fn, mode_t m, uid_t uid, gid_t gid, bool update_perms) {
+    int ret = -1;
+    char *dir;
+
+    if (!(dir = pa_parent_dir(fn)))
+        goto finish;
+
+    if (pa_make_secure_dir(dir, m, uid, gid, update_perms) < 0)
+        goto finish;
+
+    ret = 0;
+
+finish:
+    pa_xfree(dir);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/** Platform independent read function. Necessary since not all
+ * systems treat all file descriptors equal. If type is
+ * non-NULL it is used to cache the type of the fd. This is
+ * useful for making sure that only a single syscall is executed per
+ * function call. The variable pointed to should be initialized to 0
+ * by the caller. */
+ssize_t pa_read(int fd, void *buf, size_t count, int *type) {
+
+#ifdef OS_IS_WIN32
+
+    if (!type || *type == 0) {
+        ssize_t r;
+
+        if ((r = recv(fd, buf, count, 0)) >= 0)
+            return r;
+
+        if (WSAGetLastError() != WSAENOTSOCK) {
+            errno = WSAGetLastError();
+            return r;
+        }
+
+        if (type)
+            *type = 1;
+    }
+
+#endif
+
+    for (;;) {
+        ssize_t r;
+
+        if ((r = read(fd, buf, count)) < 0)
+            if (errno == EINTR)
+                continue;
+
+        return r;
+    }
+}
+
+/** Similar to pa_read(), but handles writes */
+ssize_t pa_write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count, int *type) {
+
+    if (!type || *type == 0) {
+        ssize_t r;
+
+        for (;;) {
+            if ((r = send(fd, buf, count, MSG_NOSIGNAL)) < 0) {
+
+                if (errno == EINTR)
+                    continue;
+
+                break;
+            }
+
+            return r;
+        }
+
+#ifdef OS_IS_WIN32
+        if (WSAGetLastError() != WSAENOTSOCK) {
+            errno = WSAGetLastError();
+            return r;
+        }
+#else
+        if (errno != ENOTSOCK)
+            return r;
+#endif
+
+        if (type)
+            *type = 1;
+    }
+
+    for (;;) {
+        ssize_t r;
+
+        if ((r = write(fd, buf, count)) < 0)
+            if (errno == EINTR)
+                continue;
+
+        return r;
+    }
+}
+
+/** Calls read() in a loop. Makes sure that as much as 'size' bytes,
+ * unless EOF is reached or an error occurred */
+ssize_t pa_loop_read(int fd, void*data, size_t size, int *type) {
+    ssize_t ret = 0;
+    int _type;
+
+    pa_assert(fd >= 0);
+    pa_assert(data);
+    pa_assert(size);
+
+    if (!type) {
+        _type = 0;
+        type = &_type;
+    }
+
+    while (size > 0) {
+        ssize_t r;
+
+        if ((r = pa_read(fd, data, size, type)) < 0)
+            return r;
+
+        if (r == 0)
+            break;
+
+        ret += r;
+        data = (uint8_t*) data + r;
+        size -= (size_t) r;
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/** Similar to pa_loop_read(), but wraps write() */
+ssize_t pa_loop_write(int fd, const void*data, size_t size, int *type) {
+    ssize_t ret = 0;
+    int _type;
+
+    pa_assert(fd >= 0);
+    pa_assert(data);
+    pa_assert(size);
+
+    if (!type) {
+        _type = 0;
+        type = &_type;
+    }
+
+    while (size > 0) {
+        ssize_t r;
+
+        if ((r = pa_write(fd, data, size, type)) < 0)
+            return r;
+
+        if (r == 0)
+            break;
+
+        ret += r;
+        data = (const uint8_t*) data + r;
+        size -= (size_t) r;
+    }
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/** Platform independent close function. Necessary since not all
+ * systems treat all file descriptors equal. */
+int pa_close(int fd) {
+
+#ifdef OS_IS_WIN32
+    int ret;
+
+    FD_CLR(fd, &nonblocking_fds);
+
+    if ((ret = closesocket(fd)) == 0)
+        return 0;
+
+    if (WSAGetLastError() != WSAENOTSOCK) {
+        errno = WSAGetLastError();
+        return ret;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    for (;;) {
+        int r;
+
+        if ((r = close(fd)) < 0)
+            if (errno == EINTR)
+                continue;
+
+        return r;
+    }
+}
+
+/* Print a warning messages in case that the given signal is not
+ * blocked or trapped */
+void pa_check_signal_is_blocked(int sig) {
+#ifdef HAVE_SIGACTION
+    struct sigaction sa;
+    sigset_t set;
+
+    /* If POSIX threads are supported use thread-aware
+     * pthread_sigmask() function, to check if the signal is
+     * blocked. Otherwise fall back to sigprocmask() */
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD
+    if (pthread_sigmask(SIG_SETMASK, NULL, &set) < 0) {
+#endif
+        if (sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, NULL, &set) < 0) {
+            pa_log("sigprocmask(): %s", pa_cstrerror(errno));
+            return;
+        }
+#ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD
+    }
+#endif
+
+    if (sigismember(&set, sig))
+        return;
+
+    /* Check whether the signal is trapped */
+
+    if (sigaction(sig, NULL, &sa) < 0) {
+        pa_log("sigaction(): %s", pa_cstrerror(errno));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    if (sa.sa_handler != SIG_DFL)
+        return;
+
+    pa_log_warn("%s is not trapped. This might cause malfunction!", pa_sig2str(sig));
+#else /* HAVE_SIGACTION */
+    pa_log_warn("%s might not be trapped. This might cause malfunction!", pa_sig2str(sig));
+#endif
+}
+
+/* The following function is based on an example from the GNU libc
+ * documentation. This function is similar to GNU's asprintf(). */
+char *pa_sprintf_malloc(const char *format, ...) {
+    size_t size = 100;
+    char *c = NULL;
+
+    pa_assert(format);
+
+    for(;;) {
+        int r;
+        va_list ap;
+
+        c = pa_xrealloc(c, size);
+
+        va_start(ap, format);
+        r = vsnprintf(c, size, format, ap);
+        va_end(ap);
+
+        c[size-1] = 0;
+
+        if (r > -1 && (size_t) r < size)
+            return c;
+
+        if (r > -1)    /* glibc 2.1 */
+            size = (size_t) r+1;
+        else           /* glibc 2.0 */
+            size *= 2;
+    }
+}
+
+/* Same as the previous function, but use a va_list instead of an
+ * ellipsis */
+char *pa_vsprintf_malloc(const char *format, va_list ap) {
+    size_t size = 100;
+    char *c = NULL;
+
+    pa_assert(format);
+
+    for(;;) {
+        int r;
+        va_list aq;
+
+        c = pa_xrealloc(c, size);
+
+        va_copy(aq, ap);
+        r = vsnprintf(c, size, format, aq);
+        va_end(aq);
+
+        c[size-1] = 0;
+
+        if (r > -1 && (size_t) r < size)
+            return c;
+
+        if (r > -1)    /* glibc 2.1 */
+            size = (size_t) r+1;
+        else           /* glibc 2.0 */
+            size *= 2;
+    }
+}
+
+/* Similar to OpenBSD's strlcpy() function */
+char *pa_strlcpy(char *b, const char *s, size_t l) {
+    size_t k;
+
+    pa_assert(b);
+    pa_assert(s);
+    pa_assert(l > 0);
+
+    k = strlen(s);
+
+    if (k > l-1)
+        k = l-1;
+
+    memcpy(b, s, k);
+    b[k] = 0;
+
+    return b;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_RESOURCE_H
+static int set_nice(int nice_level) {
+#ifdef HAVE_DBUS
+    DBusError error;
+    DBusConnection *bus;
+    int r;
+
+    dbus_error_init(&error);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_RESOURCE_H
+    if (setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, nice_level) >= 0) {
+        pa_log_debug("setpriority() worked.");
+        return 0;
+    }
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_DBUS
+    /* Try to talk to RealtimeKit */
+
+    if (!(bus = dbus_bus_get_private(DBUS_BUS_SYSTEM, &error))) {
+        pa_log("Failed to connect to system bus: %s", error.message);
+        dbus_error_free(&error);
+        errno = -EIO;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* We need to disable exit on disconnect because otherwise
+     * dbus_shutdown will kill us. See
+     * https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=16924 */
+    dbus_connection_set_exit_on_disconnect(bus, FALSE);
+
+    r = rtkit_make_high_priority(bus, 0, nice_level);
+    dbus_connection_close(bus);
+    dbus_connection_unref(bus);
+
+    if (r >= 0) {
+        pa_log_debug("RealtimeKit worked.");
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    errno = -r;
+#endif
+
+    return -1;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Raise the priority of the current process as much as possible that
+ * is <= the specified nice level..*/
+int pa_raise_priority(int nice_level) {
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_RESOURCE_H
+    int n;
+
+    if (set_nice(nice_level) >= 0) {
+        pa_log_info("Successfully gained nice level %i.", nice_level);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    for (n = nice_level+1; n < 0; n++)
+        if (set_nice(n) >= 0) {
+            pa_log_info("Successfully acquired nice level %i, which is lower than the requested %i.", n, nice_level);
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+    pa_log_info("Failed to acquire high-priority scheduling: %s", pa_cstrerror(errno));
+    return -1;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef OS_IS_WIN32
+    if (nice_level < 0) {
+        if (!SetPriorityClass(GetCurrentProcess(), HIGH_PRIORITY_CLASS)) {
+            pa_log_warn("SetPriorityClass() failed: 0x%08X", GetLastError());
+            errno = EPERM;
+            return -1;
+        }
+
+        pa_log_info("Successfully gained high priority class.");
+    }
+#endif
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Reset the priority to normal, inverting the changes made by
+ * pa_raise_priority() and pa_thread_make_realtime()*/
+void pa_reset_priority(void) {
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_RESOURCE_H
+    struct sched_param sp;
+
+    setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, 0);
+
+    pa_zero(sp);
+    pthread_setschedparam(pthread_self(), SCHED_OTHER, &sp);
+#endif
+
+#ifdef OS_IS_WIN32
+    SetPriorityClass(GetCurrentProcess(), NORMAL_PRIORITY_CLASS);
+#endif
+}
+
+/* Check whenever any substring in v matches the provided regex. */
+int pa_match(const char *expr, const char *v) {
+#if defined(HAVE_REGEX_H) || defined(HAVE_PCREPOSIX_H)
+    int k;
+    regex_t re;
+    int r;
+
+    pa_assert(expr);
+    pa_assert(v);
+
+    if (regcomp(&re, expr, REG_NOSUB|REG_EXTENDED) != 0) {
+        errno = EINVAL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if ((k = regexec(&re, v, 0, NULL, 0)) == 0)
+        r = 1;
+    else if (k == REG_NOMATCH)
+        r = 0;
+    else
+        r = -1;
+
+    regfree(&re);
+
+    if (r < 0)
+        errno = EINVAL;
+
+    return r;
+#else
+    errno = ENOSYS;
+    return -1;
+#endif
+}
+
+/* Check whenever the provided regex pattern is valid. */
+bool pa_is_regex_valid(const char *expr) {
+#if defined(HAVE_REGEX_H) || defined(HAVE_PCREPOSIX_H)
+    regex_t re;
+
+    if (expr == NULL || regcomp(&re, expr, REG_NOSUB|REG_EXTENDED) != 0) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    regfree(&re);
+    return true;
+#else
+    return false;
+#endif
+}
+
+/* Try to parse a boolean string value.*/
+int pa_parse_boolean(const char *v) {
+    pa_assert(v);
+
+    /* First we check language independent */
+    if (pa_streq(v, "1") || !strcasecmp(v, "y") || !strcasecmp(v, "t")
+            || !strcasecmp(v, "yes") || !strcasecmp(v, "true") || !strcasecmp(v, "on"))
+        return 1;
+    else if (pa_streq(v, "0") || !strcasecmp(v, "n") || !strcasecmp(v, "f")
+                 || !strcasecmp(v, "no") || !strcasecmp(v, "false") || !strcasecmp(v, "off"))
+        return 0;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_LANGINFO_H
+{
+    const char *expr;
+    /* And then we check language dependent */
+    if ((expr = nl_langinfo(YESEXPR)))
+        if (expr[0])
+            if (pa_match(expr, v) > 0)
+                return 1;
+
+    if ((expr = nl_langinfo(NOEXPR)))
+        if (expr[0])
+            if (pa_match(expr, v) > 0)
+                return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+    errno = EINVAL;
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* Try to parse a volume string to pa_volume_t. The allowed formats are:
+ * db, % and unsigned integer */
+int pa_parse_volume(const char *v, pa_volume_t *volume) {
+    int len;
+    uint32_t i;
+    double d;
+    char str[64];
+
+    pa_assert(v);
+    pa_assert(volume);
+
+    len = strlen(v);
+
+    if (len <= 0 || len >= 64)
+        return -1;
+
+    memcpy(str, v, len + 1);
+
+    if (str[len - 1] == '%') {
+        str[len - 1] = '\0';
+        if (pa_atod(str, &d) < 0)
+            return -1;
+
+        d = d / 100 * PA_VOLUME_NORM;
+
+        if (d < 0 || d > PA_VOLUME_MAX)
+            return -1;
+
+        *volume = d;
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (len > 2 && (str[len - 1] == 'b' || str[len - 1] == 'B') &&
+               (str[len - 2] == 'd' || str[len - 2] == 'D')) {
+        str[len - 2] = '\0';
+        if (pa_atod(str, &d) < 0)
+            return -1;
+
+        if (d > pa_sw_volume_to_dB(PA_VOLUME_MAX))
+            return -1;
+
+        *volume = pa_sw_volume_from_dB(d);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (pa_atou(v, &i) < 0 || !PA_VOLUME_IS_VALID(i))
+        return -1;
+
+    *volume = i;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Split the specified string wherever one of the characters in delimiter
+ * occurs. Each time it is called returns a newly allocated string
+ * with pa_xmalloc(). The variable state points to, should be
+ * initialized to NULL before the first call. */
+char *pa_split(const char *c, const char *delimiter, const char**state) {
+    const char *current = *state ? *state : c;
+    size_t l;
+
+    if (!*current)
+        return NULL;
+
+    l = strcspn(current, delimiter);
+    *state = current+l;
+
+    if (**state)
+        (*state)++;
+
+    return pa_xstrndup(current, l);
+}
+
+/* Split the specified string wherever one of the characters in delimiter
+ * occurs. Each time it is called returns a pointer to the substring within the
+ * string and the length in 'n'. Note that the resultant string cannot be used
+ * as-is without the length parameter, since it is merely pointing to a point
+ * within the original string. The variable state points to, should be
+ * initialized to NULL before the first call. */
+const char *pa_split_in_place(const char *c, const char *delimiter, size_t *n, const char**state) {
+    const char *current = *state ? *state : c;
+    size_t l;
+
+    if (!*current)
+        return NULL;
+
+    l = strcspn(current, delimiter);
+    *state = current+l;
+
+    if (**state)
+        (*state)++;
+
+    *n = l;
+    return current;
+}
+
+/* Split a string into words. Otherwise similar to pa_split(). */
+char *pa_split_spaces(const char *c, const char **state) {
+    const char *current = *state ? *state : c;
+    size_t l;
+
+    if (!*current || *c == 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    current += strspn(current, WHITESPACE);
+    l = strcspn(current, WHITESPACE);
+
+    *state = current+l;
+
+    return pa_xstrndup(current, l);
+}
+
+/* Similar to pa_split_spaces, except this returns a string in-place.
+   Returned string is generally not NULL-terminated.
+   See pa_split_in_place(). */
+const char *pa_split_spaces_in_place(const char *c, size_t *n, const char **state) {
+    const char *current = *state ? *state : c;
+    size_t l;
+
+    if (!*current || *c == 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    current += strspn(current, WHITESPACE);
+    l = strcspn(current, WHITESPACE);
+
+    *state = current+l;
+
+    *n = l;
+    return current;
+}
+
+PA_STATIC_TLS_DECLARE(signame, pa_xfree);
+
+/* Return the name of an UNIX signal. Similar to Solaris sig2str() */
+const char *pa_sig2str(int sig) {
+    char *t;
+
+    if (sig <= 0)
+        goto fail;
+
+#ifdef NSIG
+    if (sig >= NSIG)
+        goto fail;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SIG2STR
+    {
+        char buf[SIG2STR_MAX];
+
+        if (sig2str(sig, buf) == 0) {
+            pa_xfree(PA_STATIC_TLS_GET(signame));
+            t = pa_sprintf_malloc("SIG%s", buf);
+            PA_STATIC_TLS_SET(signame, t);
+            return t;
+        }
+    }
+#else
+
+    switch (sig) {
+#ifdef SIGHUP
+        case SIGHUP:    return "SIGHUP";
+#endif
+        case SIGINT:    return "SIGINT";
+#ifdef SIGQUIT
+        case SIGQUIT:   return "SIGQUIT";
+#endif
+        case SIGILL:    return "SIGULL";
+#ifdef SIGTRAP
+        case SIGTRAP:   return "SIGTRAP";
+#endif
+        case SIGABRT:   return "SIGABRT";
+#ifdef SIGBUS
+        case SIGBUS:    return "SIGBUS";
+#endif
+        case SIGFPE:    return "SIGFPE";
+#ifdef SIGKILL
+        case SIGKILL:   return "SIGKILL";
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGUSR1
+        case SIGUSR1:   return "SIGUSR1";
+#endif
+        case SIGSEGV:   return "SIGSEGV";
+#ifdef SIGUSR2
+        case SIGUSR2:   return "SIGUSR2";
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGPIPE
+        case SIGPIPE:   return "SIGPIPE";
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGALRM
+        case SIGALRM:   return "SIGALRM";
+#endif
+        case SIGTERM:   return "SIGTERM";
+#ifdef SIGSTKFLT
+        case SIGSTKFLT: return "SIGSTKFLT";
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGCHLD
+        case SIGCHLD:   return "SIGCHLD";
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGCONT
+        case SIGCONT:   return "SIGCONT";
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGSTOP
+        case SIGSTOP:   return "SIGSTOP";
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGTSTP
+        case SIGTSTP:   return "SIGTSTP";
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGTTIN
+        case SIGTTIN:   return "SIGTTIN";
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGTTOU
+        case SIGTTOU:   return "SIGTTOU";
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGURG
+        case SIGURG:    return "SIGURG";
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGXCPU
+        case SIGXCPU:   return "SIGXCPU";
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGXFSZ
+        case SIGXFSZ:   return "SIGXFSZ";
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGVTALRM
+        case SIGVTALRM: return "SIGVTALRM";
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGPROF
+        case SIGPROF:   return "SIGPROF";
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGWINCH
+        case SIGWINCH:  return "SIGWINCH";
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGIO
+        case SIGIO:     return "SIGIO";
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGPWR
+        case SIGPWR:    return "SIGPWR";
+#endif
+#ifdef SIGSYS
+        case SIGSYS:    return "SIGSYS";
+#endif
+    }
+
+#ifdef SIGRTMIN
+    if (sig >= SIGRTMIN && sig <= SIGRTMAX) {
+        pa_xfree(PA_STATIC_TLS_GET(signame));
+        t = pa_sprintf_malloc("SIGRTMIN+%i", sig - SIGRTMIN);
+        PA_STATIC_TLS_SET(signame, t);
+        return t;
+    }
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+fail:
+
+    pa_xfree(PA_STATIC_TLS_GET(signame));
+    t = pa_sprintf_malloc("SIG%i", sig);
+    PA_STATIC_TLS_SET(signame, t);
+    return t;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_GRP_H
+
+/* Check whether the specified GID and the group name match */
+static int is_group(gid_t gid, const char *name) {
+    struct group *group = NULL;
+    int r = -1;
+
+    errno = 0;
+    if (!(group = pa_getgrgid_malloc(gid))) {
+        if (!errno)
+            errno = ENOENT;
+
+        pa_log("pa_getgrgid_malloc(%u): %s", gid, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+
+        goto finish;
+    }
+
+    r = pa_streq(name, group->gr_name);
+
+finish:
+    pa_getgrgid_free(group);
+
+    return r;
+}
+
+/* Check the current user is member of the specified group */
+int pa_own_uid_in_group(const char *name, gid_t *gid) {
+    GETGROUPS_T *gids, tgid;
+    long n = sysconf(_SC_NGROUPS_MAX);
+    int r = -1, i, k;
+
+    pa_assert(n > 0);
+
+    gids = pa_xmalloc(sizeof(GETGROUPS_T) * (size_t) n);
+
+    if ((n = getgroups((int) n, gids)) < 0) {
+        pa_log("getgroups(): %s", pa_cstrerror(errno));
+        goto finish;
+    }
+
+    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+
+        if ((k = is_group(gids[i], name)) < 0)
+            goto finish;
+        else if (k > 0) {
+            *gid = gids[i];
+            r = 1;
+            goto finish;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if ((k = is_group(tgid = getgid(), name)) < 0)
+        goto finish;
+    else if (k > 0) {
+        *gid = tgid;
+        r = 1;
+        goto finish;
+    }
+
+    r = 0;
+
+finish:
+
+    pa_xfree(gids);
+    return r;
+}
+
+/* Check whether the specific user id is a member of the specified group */
+int pa_uid_in_group(uid_t uid, const char *name) {
+    struct group *group = NULL;
+    char **i;
+    int r = -1;
+
+    errno = 0;
+    if (!(group = pa_getgrnam_malloc(name))) {
+        if (!errno)
+            errno = ENOENT;
+        goto finish;
+    }
+
+    r = 0;
+    for (i = group->gr_mem; *i; i++) {
+        struct passwd *pw = NULL;
+
+        errno = 0;
+        if (!(pw = pa_getpwnam_malloc(*i)))
+            continue;
+
+        if (pw->pw_uid == uid)
+            r = 1;
+
+        pa_getpwnam_free(pw);
+
+        if (r == 1)
+            break;
+    }
+
+finish:
+    pa_getgrnam_free(group);
+
+    return r;
+}
+
+/* Get the GID of a given group, return (gid_t) -1 on failure. */
+gid_t pa_get_gid_of_group(const char *name) {
+    gid_t ret = (gid_t) -1;
+    struct group *gr = NULL;
+
+    errno = 0;
+    if (!(gr = pa_getgrnam_malloc(name))) {
+        if (!errno)
+            errno = ENOENT;
+        goto finish;
+    }
+
+    ret = gr->gr_gid;
+
+finish:
+    pa_getgrnam_free(gr);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+int pa_check_in_group(gid_t g) {
+    gid_t gids[NGROUPS_MAX];
+    int r;
+
+    if ((r = getgroups(NGROUPS_MAX, gids)) < 0)
+        return -1;
+
+    for (; r > 0; r--)
+        if (gids[r-1] == g)
+            return 1;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#else /* HAVE_GRP_H */
+
+int pa_own_uid_in_group(const char *name, gid_t *gid) {
+    errno = ENOTSUP;
+    return -1;
+
+}
+
+int pa_uid_in_group(uid_t uid, const char *name) {
+    errno = ENOTSUP;
+    return -1;
+}
+
+gid_t pa_get_gid_of_group(const char *name) {
+    errno = ENOTSUP;
+    return (gid_t) -1;
+}
+
+int pa_check_in_group(gid_t g) {
+    errno = ENOTSUP;
+    return -1;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/* Lock or unlock a file entirely.
+  (advisory on UNIX, mandatory on Windows) */
+int pa_lock_fd(int fd, int b) {
+#ifdef F_SETLKW
+    struct flock f_lock;
+
+    /* Try a R/W lock first */
+
+    f_lock.l_type = (short) (b ? F_WRLCK : F_UNLCK);
+    f_lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+    f_lock.l_start = 0;
+    f_lock.l_len = 0;
+
+    if (fcntl(fd, F_SETLKW, &f_lock) >= 0)
+        return 0;
+
+    /* Perhaps the file descriptor was opened for read only, than try again with a read lock. */
+    if (b && errno == EBADF) {
+        f_lock.l_type = F_RDLCK;
+        if (fcntl(fd, F_SETLKW, &f_lock) >= 0)
+            return 0;
+    }
+
+    pa_log("%slock: %s", !b ? "un" : "", pa_cstrerror(errno));
+#endif
+
+#ifdef OS_IS_WIN32
+    HANDLE h = (HANDLE) _get_osfhandle(fd);
+
+    if (b && LockFile(h, 0, 0, 0xFFFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFF))
+        return 0;
+    if (!b && UnlockFile(h, 0, 0, 0xFFFFFFFF, 0xFFFFFFFF))
+        return 0;
+
+    pa_log("%slock failed: 0x%08X", !b ? "un" : "", GetLastError());
+
+    /* FIXME: Needs to set errno! */
+#endif
+
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* Remove trailing newlines from a string */
+char* pa_strip_nl(char *s) {
+    pa_assert(s);
+
+    s[strcspn(s, NEWLINE)] = 0;
+    return s;
+}
+
+char *pa_strip(char *s) {
+    char *e, *l = NULL;
+
+    /* Drops trailing whitespace. Modifies the string in
+     * place. Returns pointer to first non-space character */
+
+    s += strspn(s, WHITESPACE);
+
+    for (e = s; *e; e++)
+        if (!strchr(WHITESPACE, *e))
+            l = e;
+
+    if (l)
+        *(l+1) = 0;
+    else
+        *s = 0;
+
+    return s;
+}
+
+/* Create a temporary lock file and lock it. */
+int pa_lock_lockfile(const char *fn) {
+    int fd;
+    pa_assert(fn);
+
+    for (;;) {
+        struct stat st;
+
+        if ((fd = pa_open_cloexec(fn, O_CREAT|O_RDWR
+#ifdef O_NOFOLLOW
+                       |O_NOFOLLOW
+#endif
+                       , S_IRUSR|S_IWUSR)) < 0) {
+            pa_log_warn("Failed to create lock file '%s': %s", fn, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+            goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (pa_lock_fd(fd, 1) < 0) {
+            pa_log_warn("Failed to lock file '%s'.", fn);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0) {
+            pa_log_warn("Failed to fstat() file '%s': %s", fn, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+            goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* Check whether the file has been removed meanwhile. When yes,
+         * restart this loop, otherwise, we're done */
+        if (st.st_nlink >= 1)
+            break;
+
+        if (pa_lock_fd(fd, 0) < 0) {
+            pa_log_warn("Failed to unlock file '%s'.", fn);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+
+        if (pa_close(fd) < 0) {
+            pa_log_warn("Failed to close file '%s': %s", fn, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+            fd = -1;
+            goto fail;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return fd;
+
+fail:
+
+    if (fd >= 0) {
+        int saved_errno = errno;
+        pa_close(fd);
+        errno = saved_errno;
+    }
+
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* Unlock a temporary lock file */
+int pa_unlock_lockfile(const char *fn, int fd) {
+    int r = 0;
+    pa_assert(fd >= 0);
+
+    if (fn) {
+        if (unlink(fn) < 0) {
+            pa_log_warn("Unable to remove lock file '%s': %s", fn, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+            r = -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (pa_lock_fd(fd, 0) < 0) {
+        pa_log_warn("Failed to unlock file '%s'.", fn);
+        r = -1;
+    }
+
+    if (pa_close(fd) < 0) {
+        pa_log_warn("Failed to close '%s': %s", fn, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+        r = -1;
+    }
+
+    return r;
+}
+
+static int check_ours(const char *p) {
+    struct stat st;
+
+    pa_assert(p);
+
+    if (stat(p, &st) < 0)
+        return -errno;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_GETUID
+    if (st.st_uid != getuid() && st.st_uid != 0)
+        return -EACCES;
+#endif
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static char *get_pulse_home(void) {
+    char *h, *ret;
+    int t;
+
+    h = pa_get_home_dir_malloc();
+    if (!h) {
+        pa_log_error("Failed to get home directory.");
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    t = check_ours(h);
+    if (t < 0 && t != -ENOENT) {
+        pa_log_error("Home directory not accessible: %s", pa_cstrerror(-t));
+        pa_xfree(h);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    /* If the old directory exists, use it. */
+    ret = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP ".pulse", h);
+    pa_xfree(h);
+    if (access(ret, F_OK) >= 0)
+        return ret;
+    free(ret);
+
+    /* Otherwise go for the XDG compliant directory. */
+    if (pa_get_config_home_dir(&ret) < 0)
+        return NULL;
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+char *pa_get_state_dir(void) {
+    char *d;
+
+    /* The state directory shall contain dynamic data that should be
+     * kept across reboots, and is private to this user */
+
+    if (!(d = pa_xstrdup(getenv("PULSE_STATE_PATH"))))
+        if (!(d = get_pulse_home()))
+            return NULL;
+
+    /* If PULSE_STATE_PATH and PULSE_RUNTIME_PATH point to the same
+     * dir then this will break. */
+
+    if (pa_make_secure_dir(d, 0700U, (uid_t) -1, (gid_t) -1, true) < 0) {
+        pa_log_error("Failed to create secure directory (%s): %s", d, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+        pa_xfree(d);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return d;
+}
+
+char *pa_get_home_dir_malloc(void) {
+    char *homedir;
+    size_t allocated = 128;
+
+    for (;;) {
+        homedir = pa_xmalloc(allocated);
+
+        if (!pa_get_home_dir(homedir, allocated)) {
+            pa_xfree(homedir);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (strlen(homedir) < allocated - 1)
+            break;
+
+        pa_xfree(homedir);
+        allocated *= 2;
+    }
+
+    return homedir;
+}
+
+int pa_append_to_home_dir(const char *path, char **_r) {
+    char *home_dir;
+
+    pa_assert(path);
+    pa_assert(_r);
+
+    home_dir = pa_get_home_dir_malloc();
+    if (!home_dir) {
+        pa_log("Failed to get home directory.");
+        return -PA_ERR_NOENTITY;
+    }
+
+    *_r = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP "%s", home_dir, path);
+    pa_xfree(home_dir);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int pa_get_config_home_dir(char **_r) {
+    const char *e;
+    char *home_dir;
+
+    pa_assert(_r);
+
+    e = getenv("XDG_CONFIG_HOME");
+    if (e && *e) {
+        *_r = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP "pulse", e);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    home_dir = pa_get_home_dir_malloc();
+    if (!home_dir)
+        return -PA_ERR_NOENTITY;
+
+    *_r = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP ".config" PA_PATH_SEP "pulse", home_dir);
+    pa_xfree(home_dir);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int pa_append_to_config_home_dir(const char *path, char **_r) {
+    int r;
+    char *config_home_dir;
+
+    pa_assert(path);
+    pa_assert(_r);
+
+    r = pa_get_config_home_dir(&config_home_dir);
+    if (r < 0)
+        return r;
+
+    *_r = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP "%s", config_home_dir, path);
+    pa_xfree(config_home_dir);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+char *pa_get_binary_name_malloc(void) {
+    char *t;
+    size_t allocated = 128;
+
+    for (;;) {
+        t = pa_xmalloc(allocated);
+
+        if (!pa_get_binary_name(t, allocated)) {
+            pa_xfree(t);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        if (strlen(t) < allocated - 1)
+            break;
+
+        pa_xfree(t);
+        allocated *= 2;
+    }
+
+    return t;
+}
+
+static char* make_random_dir(mode_t m) {
+    static const char table[] =
+        "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
+        "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
+        "0123456789";
+
+    char *fn;
+    size_t pathlen;
+
+    fn = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP "pulse-XXXXXXXXXXXX", pa_get_temp_dir());
+    pathlen = strlen(fn);
+
+    for (;;) {
+        size_t i;
+        int r;
+        mode_t u;
+        int saved_errno;
+
+        for (i = pathlen - 12; i < pathlen; i++)
+            fn[i] = table[rand() % (sizeof(table)-1)];
+
+        u = umask((~m) & 0777);
+#ifndef OS_IS_WIN32
+        r = mkdir(fn, m);
+#else
+        r = mkdir(fn);
+#endif
+
+        saved_errno = errno;
+        umask(u);
+        errno = saved_errno;
+
+        if (r >= 0)
+            return fn;
+
+        if (errno != EEXIST) {
+            pa_log_error("Failed to create random directory %s: %s", fn, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+            pa_xfree(fn);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static int make_random_dir_and_link(mode_t m, const char *k) {
+    char *p;
+
+    if (!(p = make_random_dir(m)))
+        return -1;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYMLINK
+    if (symlink(p, k) < 0) {
+        int saved_errno = errno;
+
+        if (errno != EEXIST)
+            pa_log_error("Failed to symlink %s to %s: %s", k, p, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+
+        rmdir(p);
+        pa_xfree(p);
+
+        errno = saved_errno;
+        return -1;
+    }
+#else
+    pa_xfree(p);
+    return -1;
+#endif
+
+    pa_xfree(p);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+char *pa_get_runtime_dir(void) {
+    char *d, *k = NULL, *p = NULL, *t = NULL, *mid;
+    mode_t m;
+
+    /* The runtime directory shall contain dynamic data that needs NOT
+     * to be kept across reboots and is usually private to the user,
+     * except in system mode, where it might be accessible by other
+     * users, too. Since we need POSIX locking and UNIX sockets in
+     * this directory, we try XDG_RUNTIME_DIR first, and if that isn't
+     * set create a directory in $HOME and link it to a random subdir
+     * in /tmp, if it was not explicitly configured. */
+
+    m = pa_in_system_mode() ? 0755U : 0700U;
+
+    /* Use the explicitly configured value if it is set */
+    d = getenv("PULSE_RUNTIME_PATH");
+    if (d) {
+
+        if (pa_make_secure_dir(d, m, (uid_t) -1, (gid_t) -1, true) < 0) {
+            pa_log_error("Failed to create secure directory (%s): %s", d, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+            goto fail;
+        }
+
+        return pa_xstrdup(d);
+    }
+
+    /* Use the XDG standard for the runtime directory. */
+    d = getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR");
+    if (d) {
+#ifdef HAVE_GETUID
+        struct stat st;
+        if (stat(d, &st) == 0 && st.st_uid != getuid()) {
+            pa_log(_("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR (%s) is not owned by us (uid %d), but by uid %d! "
+                   "(This could e.g. happen if you try to connect to a non-root PulseAudio as a root user, over the native protocol. Don't do that.)"),
+                   d, getuid(), st.st_uid);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+#endif
+
+        k = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP "pulse", d);
+
+        if (pa_make_secure_dir(k, m, (uid_t) -1, (gid_t) -1, true) < 0) {
+            pa_log_error("Failed to create secure directory (%s): %s", k, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+            goto fail;
+        }
+
+        return k;
+    }
+
+    /* XDG_RUNTIME_DIR wasn't set, use the old legacy fallback */
+    d = get_pulse_home();
+    if (!d)
+        goto fail;
+
+    if (pa_make_secure_dir(d, m, (uid_t) -1, (gid_t) -1, true) < 0) {
+        pa_log_error("Failed to create secure directory (%s): %s", d, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+        pa_xfree(d);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    mid = pa_machine_id();
+    if (!mid) {
+        pa_xfree(d);
+        goto fail;
+    }
+
+    k = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP "%s-runtime", d, mid);
+    pa_xfree(d);
+    pa_xfree(mid);
+
+    for (;;) {
+        /* OK, first let's check if the "runtime" symlink already exists */
+
+        p = pa_readlink(k);
+        if (!p) {
+
+            if (errno != ENOENT) {
+                pa_log_error("Failed to stat runtime directory %s: %s", k, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+                goto fail;
+            }
+
+#ifdef HAVE_SYMLINK
+            /* Hmm, so the runtime directory didn't exist yet, so let's
+             * create one in /tmp and symlink that to it */
+
+            if (make_random_dir_and_link(0700, k) < 0) {
+
+                /* Mhmm, maybe another process was quicker than us,
+                 * let's check if that was valid */
+                if (errno == EEXIST)
+                    continue;
+
+                goto fail;
+            }
+#else
+            /* No symlink possible, so let's just create the runtime directly
+             * Do not check again if it exists since it cannot be a symlink */
+            if (mkdir(k) < 0 && errno != EEXIST)
+                goto fail;
+#endif
+
+            return k;
+        }
+
+        /* Make sure that this actually makes sense */
+        if (!pa_is_path_absolute(p)) {
+            pa_log_error("Path %s in link %s is not absolute.", p, k);
+            errno = ENOENT;
+            goto fail;
+        }
+
+        /* Hmm, so this symlink is still around, make sure nobody fools us */
+#ifdef HAVE_LSTAT
+{
+        struct stat st;
+        if (lstat(p, &st) < 0) {
+
+            if (errno != ENOENT) {
+                pa_log_error("Failed to stat runtime directory %s: %s", p, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+                goto fail;
+            }
+
+        } else {
+
+            if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) &&
+                (st.st_uid == getuid()) &&
+                ((st.st_mode & 0777) == 0700)) {
+
+                pa_xfree(p);
+                return k;
+            }
+
+            pa_log_info("Hmm, runtime path exists, but points to an invalid directory. Changing runtime directory.");
+        }
+}
+#endif
+
+        pa_xfree(p);
+        p = NULL;
+
+        /* Hmm, so the link points to some nonexisting or invalid
+         * dir. Let's replace it by a new link. We first create a
+         * temporary link and then rename that to allow concurrent
+         * execution of this function. */
+
+        t = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s.tmp", k);
+
+        if (make_random_dir_and_link(0700, t) < 0) {
+
+            if (errno != EEXIST) {
+                pa_log_error("Failed to symlink %s: %s", t, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+                goto fail;
+            }
+
+            pa_xfree(t);
+            t = NULL;
+
+            /* Hmm, someone else was quicker then us. Let's give
+             * him some time to finish, and retry. */
+            pa_msleep(10);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        /* OK, we succeeded in creating the temporary symlink, so
+         * let's rename it */
+        if (rename(t, k) < 0) {
+            pa_log_error("Failed to rename %s to %s: %s", t, k, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+            goto fail;
+        }
+
+        pa_xfree(t);
+        return k;
+    }
+
+fail:
+    pa_xfree(p);
+    pa_xfree(k);
+    pa_xfree(t);
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Try to open a configuration file. If "env" is specified, open the
+ * value of the specified environment variable. Otherwise look for a
+ * file "local" in the home directory or a file "global" in global
+ * file system. If "result" is non-NULL, a pointer to a newly
+ * allocated buffer containing the used configuration file is
+ * stored there.*/
+FILE *pa_open_config_file(const char *global, const char *local, const char *env, char **result) {
+    const char *fn;
+    FILE *f;
+
+    if (env && (fn = getenv(env))) {
+        if ((f = pa_fopen_cloexec(fn, "r"))) {
+            if (result)
+                *result = pa_xstrdup(fn);
+
+            return f;
+        }
+
+        pa_log_warn("Failed to open configuration file '%s': %s", fn, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (local) {
+        const char *e;
+        char *lfn;
+        char *h;
+
+        if ((e = getenv("PULSE_CONFIG_PATH"))) {
+            fn = lfn = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP "%s", e, local);
+            f = pa_fopen_cloexec(fn, "r");
+        } else if ((h = pa_get_home_dir_malloc())) {
+            fn = lfn = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP ".pulse" PA_PATH_SEP "%s", h, local);
+            f = pa_fopen_cloexec(fn, "r");
+            if (!f) {
+                free(lfn);
+                fn = lfn = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP ".config/pulse" PA_PATH_SEP "%s", h, local);
+                f = pa_fopen_cloexec(fn, "r");
+            }
+            pa_xfree(h);
+        } else
+            return NULL;
+
+        if (f) {
+            if (result)
+                *result = pa_xstrdup(fn);
+
+            pa_xfree(lfn);
+            return f;
+        }
+
+        if (errno != ENOENT) {
+            pa_log_warn("Failed to open configuration file '%s': %s", fn, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+            pa_xfree(lfn);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        pa_xfree(lfn);
+    }
+
+    if (global) {
+        char *gfn;
+
+#ifdef OS_IS_WIN32
+        if (strncmp(global, PA_DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR, strlen(PA_DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR)) == 0)
+            gfn = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP "etc" PA_PATH_SEP "pulse%s",
+                                    pa_win32_get_toplevel(NULL),
+                                    global + strlen(PA_DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR));
+        else
+#endif
+        gfn = pa_xstrdup(global);
+
+        if ((f = pa_fopen_cloexec(gfn, "r"))) {
+            if (result)
+                *result = gfn;
+            else
+                pa_xfree(gfn);
+
+            return f;
+        }
+        pa_xfree(gfn);
+    }
+
+    errno = ENOENT;
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+char *pa_find_config_file(const char *global, const char *local, const char *env) {
+    const char *fn;
+
+    if (env && (fn = getenv(env))) {
+        if (access(fn, R_OK) == 0)
+            return pa_xstrdup(fn);
+
+        pa_log_warn("Failed to access configuration file '%s': %s", fn, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (local) {
+        const char *e;
+        char *lfn;
+        char *h;
+
+        if ((e = getenv("PULSE_CONFIG_PATH")))
+            fn = lfn = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP "%s", e, local);
+        else if ((h = pa_get_home_dir_malloc())) {
+            fn = lfn = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP ".pulse" PA_PATH_SEP "%s", h, local);
+            pa_xfree(h);
+        } else
+            return NULL;
+
+        if (access(fn, R_OK) == 0) {
+            char *r = pa_xstrdup(fn);
+            pa_xfree(lfn);
+            return r;
+        }
+
+        if (errno != ENOENT) {
+            pa_log_warn("Failed to access configuration file '%s': %s", fn, pa_cstrerror(errno));
+            pa_xfree(lfn);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        pa_xfree(lfn);
+    }
+
+    if (global) {
+        char *gfn;
+
+#ifdef OS_IS_WIN32
+        if (strncmp(global, PA_DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR, strlen(PA_DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR)) == 0)
+            gfn = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP "etc" PA_PATH_SEP "pulse%s",
+                                    pa_win32_get_toplevel(NULL),
+                                    global + strlen(PA_DEFAULT_CONFIG_DIR));
+        else
+#endif
+        gfn = pa_xstrdup(global);
+
+        if (access(gfn, R_OK) == 0)
+            return gfn;
+        pa_xfree(gfn);
+    }
+
+    errno = ENOENT;
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/* Format the specified data as a hexademical string */
+char *pa_hexstr(const uint8_t* d, size_t dlength, char *s, size_t slength) {
+    size_t i = 0, j = 0;
+    const char hex[] = "0123456789abcdef";
+
+    pa_assert(d);
+    pa_assert(s);
+    pa_assert(slength > 0);
+
+    while (j+2 < slength && i < dlength) {
+        s[j++] = hex[*d >> 4];
+        s[j++] = hex[*d & 0xF];
+
+        d++;
+        i++;
+    }
+
+    s[j < slength ? j : slength] = 0;
+    return s;
+}
+
+/* Convert a hexadecimal digit to a number or -1 if invalid */
+static int hexc(char c) {
+    if (c >= '0' && c <= '9')
+        return c - '0';
+
+    if (c >= 'A' && c <= 'F')
+        return c - 'A' + 10;
+
+    if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'f')
+        return c - 'a' + 10;
+
+    errno = EINVAL;
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/* Parse a hexadecimal string as created by pa_hexstr() to a BLOB */
+size_t pa_parsehex(const char *p, uint8_t *d, size_t dlength) {
+    size_t j = 0;
+
+    pa_assert(p);
+    pa_assert(d);
+
+    while (j < dlength && *p) {
+        int b;
+
+        if ((b = hexc(*(p++))) < 0)
+            return (size_t) -1;
+
+        d[j] = (uint8_t) (b << 4);
+
+        if (!*p)
+            return (size_t) -1;
+
+        if ((b = hexc(*(p++))) < 0)
+            return (size_t) -1;
+
+        d[j] |= (uint8_t) b;
+        j++;
+    }
+
+    return j;
+}
+
+/* Returns nonzero when *s starts with *pfx */
+bool pa_startswith(const char *s, const char *pfx) {
+    size_t l;
+
+    pa_assert(s);
+    pa_assert(pfx);
+
+    l = strlen(pfx);
+
+    return strlen(s) >= l && strncmp(s, pfx, l) == 0;
+}
+
+/* Returns nonzero when *s ends with *sfx */
+bool pa_endswith(const char *s, const char *sfx) {
+    size_t l1, l2;
+
+    pa_assert(s);
+    pa_assert(sfx);
+
+    l1 = strlen(s);
+    l2 = strlen(sfx);
+
+    return l1 >= l2 && pa_streq(s + l1 - l2, sfx);
+}
+
+bool pa_is_path_absolute(const char *fn) {
+    pa_assert(fn);
+
+#ifndef OS_IS_WIN32
+    return *fn == '/';
+#else
+    return strlen(fn) >= 3 && isalpha(fn[0]) && fn[1] == ':' && fn[2] == '\\';
+#endif
+}
+
+char *pa_make_path_absolute(const char *p) {
+    char *r;
+    char *cwd;
+
+    pa_assert(p);
+
+    if (pa_is_path_absolute(p))
+        return pa_xstrdup(p);
+
+    if (!(cwd = pa_getcwd()))
+        return pa_xstrdup(p);
+
+    r = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP "%s", cwd, p);
+    pa_xfree(cwd);
+    return r;
+}
+
+/* If fn is NULL, return the PulseAudio runtime or state dir (depending on the
+ * rt parameter). If fn is non-NULL and starts with /, return fn. Otherwise,
+ * append fn to the runtime/state dir and return it. */
+static char *get_path(const char *fn, bool prependmid, bool rt) {
+    char *rtp;
+
+    rtp = rt ? pa_get_runtime_dir() : pa_get_state_dir();
+
+    if (fn) {
+        char *r, *canonical_rtp;
+
+        if (pa_is_path_absolute(fn)) {
+            pa_xfree(rtp);
+            return pa_xstrdup(fn);
+        }
+
+        if (!rtp)
+            return NULL;
+
+        /* Hopefully make the path smaller to avoid 108 char limit (fdo#44680) */
+        if ((canonical_rtp = pa_realpath(rtp))) {
+            if (strlen(rtp) >= strlen(canonical_rtp))
+                pa_xfree(rtp);
+            else {
+                pa_xfree(canonical_rtp);
+                canonical_rtp = rtp;
+            }
+        } else
+            canonical_rtp = rtp;
+
+        if (prependmid) {
+            char *mid;
+
+            if (!(mid = pa_machine_id())) {
+                pa_xfree(canonical_rtp);
+                return NULL;
+            }
+
+            r = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP "%s-%s", canonical_rtp, mid, fn);
+            pa_xfree(mid);
+        } else
+            r = pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP "%s", canonical_rtp, fn);
+
+        pa_xfree(canonical_rtp);
+        return r;
+    } else
+        return rtp;
+}
+
+char *pa_runtime_path(const char *fn) {
+    return get_path(fn, false, true);
+}
+
+char *pa_state_path(const char *fn, bool appendmid) {
+    return get_path(fn, appendmid, false);
+}
+
+/* Convert the string s to a signed integer in *ret_i */
+int pa_atoi(const char *s, int32_t *ret_i) {
+    long l;
+
+    pa_assert(s);
+    pa_assert(ret_i);
+
+    if (pa_atol(s, &l) < 0)
+        return -1;
+
+    if ((int32_t) l != l) {
+        errno = ERANGE;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    *ret_i = (int32_t) l;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Convert the string s to an unsigned integer in *ret_u */
+int pa_atou(const char *s, uint32_t *ret_u) {
+    char *x = NULL;
+    unsigned long l;
+
+    pa_assert(s);
+    pa_assert(ret_u);
+
+    /* strtoul() ignores leading spaces. We don't. */
+    if (isspace((unsigned char)*s)) {
+        errno = EINVAL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* strtoul() accepts strings that start with a minus sign. In that case the
+     * original negative number gets negated, and strtoul() returns the negated
+     * result. We don't want that kind of behaviour. strtoul() also allows a
+     * leading plus sign, which is also a thing that we don't want. */
+    if (*s == '-' || *s == '+') {
+        errno = EINVAL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    errno = 0;
+    l = strtoul(s, &x, 0);
+
+    /* If x doesn't point to the end of s, there was some trailing garbage in
+     * the string. If x points to s, no conversion was done (empty string). */
+    if (!x || *x || x == s || errno) {
+        if (!errno)
+            errno = EINVAL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if ((uint32_t) l != l) {
+        errno = ERANGE;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    *ret_u = (uint32_t) l;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Convert the string s to a signed long integer in *ret_l. */
+int pa_atol(const char *s, long *ret_l) {
+    char *x = NULL;
+    long l;
+
+    pa_assert(s);
+    pa_assert(ret_l);
+
+    /* strtol() ignores leading spaces. We don't. */
+    if (isspace((unsigned char)*s)) {
+        errno = EINVAL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* strtol() accepts leading plus signs, but that's ugly, so we don't allow
+     * that. */
+    if (*s == '+') {
+        errno = EINVAL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    errno = 0;
+    l = strtol(s, &x, 0);
+
+    /* If x doesn't point to the end of s, there was some trailing garbage in
+     * the string. If x points to s, no conversion was done (at least an empty
+     * string can trigger this). */
+    if (!x || *x || x == s || errno) {
+        if (!errno)
+            errno = EINVAL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    *ret_l = l;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRTOD_L
+static locale_t c_locale = NULL;
+
+static void c_locale_destroy(void) {
+    freelocale(c_locale);
+}
+#endif
+
+int pa_atod(const char *s, double *ret_d) {
+    char *x = NULL;
+    double f;
+
+    pa_assert(s);
+    pa_assert(ret_d);
+
+    /* strtod() ignores leading spaces. We don't. */
+    if (isspace((unsigned char)*s)) {
+        errno = EINVAL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* strtod() accepts leading plus signs, but that's ugly, so we don't allow
+     * that. */
+    if (*s == '+') {
+        errno = EINVAL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    /* This should be locale independent */
+
+#ifdef HAVE_STRTOD_L
+
+    PA_ONCE_BEGIN {
+
+        if ((c_locale = newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, "C", NULL)))
+            atexit(c_locale_destroy);
+
+    } PA_ONCE_END;
+
+    if (c_locale) {
+        errno = 0;
+        f = strtod_l(s, &x, c_locale);
+    } else
+#endif
+    {
+        errno = 0;
+        f = strtod(s, &x);
+    }
+
+    /* If x doesn't point to the end of s, there was some trailing garbage in
+     * the string. If x points to s, no conversion was done (at least an empty
+     * string can trigger this). */
+    if (!x || *x || x == s || errno) {
+        if (!errno)
+            errno = EINVAL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (isnan(f)) {
+        errno = EINVAL;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    *ret_d = f;
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/* Same as snprintf, but guarantees NUL-termination on every platform */
+size_t pa_snprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, ...) {
+    size_t ret;
+    va_list ap;
+
+    pa_assert(str);
+    pa_assert(size > 0);
+    pa_assert(format);
+
+    va_start(ap, format);
+    ret = pa_vsnprintf(str, size, format, ap);
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/* Same as vsnprintf, but guarantees NUL-termination on every platform */
+size_t pa_vsnprintf(char *str, size_t size, const char *format, va_list ap) {
+    int ret;
+
+    pa_assert(str);
+    pa_assert(size > 0);
+    pa_assert(format);
+
+    ret = vsnprintf(str, size, format, ap);
+
+    str[size-1] = 0;
+
+    if (ret < 0)
+        return strlen(str);
+
+    if ((size_t) ret > size-1)
+        return size-1;
+
+    return (size_t) ret;
+}
+
+/* Truncate the specified string, but guarantee that the string
+ * returned still validates as UTF8 */
+char *pa_truncate_utf8(char *c, size_t l) {
+    pa_assert(c);
+    pa_assert(pa_utf8_valid(c));
+
+    if (strlen(c) <= l)
+        return c;
+
+    c[l] = 0;
+
+    while (l > 0 && !pa_utf8_valid(c))
+        c[--l] = 0;
+
+    return c;
+}
+
+char *pa_getcwd(void) {
+    size_t l = 128;
+
+    for (;;) {
+        char *p = pa_xmalloc(l);
+        if (getcwd(p, l))
+            return p;
+
+        if (errno != ERANGE) {
+            pa_xfree(p);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        pa_xfree(p);
+        l *= 2;
+    }
+}
+
+void *pa_will_need(const void *p, size_t l) {
+#ifdef RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
+    struct rlimit rlim;
+#endif
+    const void *a;
+    size_t size;
+    int r = ENOTSUP;
+    size_t bs;
+    const size_t page_size = pa_page_size();
+
+    pa_assert(p);
+    pa_assert(l > 0);
+
+    a = PA_PAGE_ALIGN_PTR(p);
+    size = (size_t) ((const uint8_t*) p + l - (const uint8_t*) a);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_POSIX_MADVISE
+    if ((r = posix_madvise((void*) a, size, POSIX_MADV_WILLNEED)) == 0) {
+        pa_log_debug("posix_madvise() worked fine!");
+        return (void*) p;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    /* Most likely the memory was not mmap()ed from a file and thus
+     * madvise() didn't work, so let's misuse mlock() do page this
+     * stuff back into RAM. Yeah, let's fuck with the MM!  It's so
+     * inviting, the man page of mlock() tells us: "All pages that
+     * contain a part of the specified address range are guaranteed to
+     * be resident in RAM when the call returns successfully." */
+
+#ifdef RLIMIT_MEMLOCK
+    pa_assert_se(getrlimit(RLIMIT_MEMLOCK, &rlim) == 0);
+
+    if (rlim.rlim_cur < page_size) {
+        pa_log_debug("posix_madvise() failed (or doesn't exist), resource limits don't allow mlock(), can't page in data: %s", pa_cstrerror(r));
+        errno = EPERM;
+        return (void*) p;
+    }
+
+    bs = PA_PAGE_ALIGN((size_t) rlim.rlim_cur);
+#else
+    bs = page_size*4;
+#endif
+
+    pa_log_debug("posix_madvise() failed (or doesn't exist), trying mlock(): %s", pa_cstrerror(r));
+
+#ifdef HAVE_MLOCK
+    while (size > 0 && bs > 0) {
+
+        if (bs > size)
+            bs = size;
+
+        if (mlock(a, bs) < 0) {
+            bs = PA_PAGE_ALIGN(bs / 2);
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        pa_assert_se(munlock(a, bs) == 0);
+
+        a = (const uint8_t*) a + bs;
+        size -= bs;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    if (bs <= 0)
+        pa_log_debug("mlock() failed too (or doesn't exist), giving up: %s", pa_cstrerror(errno));
+    else
+        pa_log_debug("mlock() worked fine!");
+
+    return (void*) p;
+}
+
+void pa_close_pipe(int fds[2]) {
+    pa_assert(fds);
+
+    if (fds[0] >= 0)
+        pa_assert_se(pa_close(fds[0]) == 0);
+
+    if (fds[1] >= 0)
+        pa_assert_se(pa_close(fds[1]) == 0);
+
+    fds[0] = fds[1] = -1;
+}
+
+char *pa_readlink(const char *p) {
+#ifdef HAVE_READLINK
+    size_t l = 100;
+
+    for (;;) {
+        char *c;
+        ssize_t n;
+
+        c = pa_xmalloc(l);
+
+        if ((n = readlink(p, c, l-1)) < 0) {
+            pa_xfree(c);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        if ((size_t) n < l-1) {
+            c[n] = 0;
+            return c;
+        }
+
+        pa_xfree(c);
+        l *= 2;
+    }
+#else
+    return NULL;
+#endif
+}
+
+int pa_close_all(int except_fd, ...) {
+    va_list ap;
+    unsigned n = 0, i;
+    int r, *p;
+
+    va_start(ap, except_fd);
+
+    if (except_fd >= 0)
+        for (n = 1; va_arg(ap, int) >= 0; n++)
+            ;
+
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    p = pa_xnew(int, n+1);
+
+    va_start(ap, except_fd);
+
+    i = 0;
+    if (except_fd >= 0) {
+        int fd;
+        p[i++] = except_fd;
+
+        while ((fd = va_arg(ap, int)) >= 0)
+            p[i++] = fd;
+    }
+    p[i] = -1;
+
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    r = pa_close_allv(p);
+    pa_xfree(p);
+
+    return r;
+}
+
+int pa_close_allv(const int except_fds[]) {
+#ifndef OS_IS_WIN32
+    struct rlimit rl;
+    int maxfd, fd;
+
+#if defined(__linux__) || defined(__sun)
+    int saved_errno;
+    DIR *d;
+
+    if ((d = opendir("/proc/self/fd"))) {
+
+        struct dirent *de;
+
+        while ((de = readdir(d))) {
+            bool found;
+            long l;
+            char *e = NULL;
+            int i;
+
+            if (de->d_name[0] == '.')
+                continue;
+
+            errno = 0;
+            l = strtol(de->d_name, &e, 10);
+            if (errno != 0 || !e || *e) {
+                closedir(d);
+                errno = EINVAL;
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            fd = (int) l;
+
+            if ((long) fd != l) {
+                closedir(d);
+                errno = EINVAL;
+                return -1;
+            }
+
+            if (fd < 3)
+                continue;
+
+            if (fd == dirfd(d))
+                continue;
+
+            found = false;
+            for (i = 0; except_fds[i] >= 0; i++)
+                if (except_fds[i] == fd) {
+                    found = true;
+                    break;
+                }
+
+            if (found)
+                continue;
+
+            if (pa_close(fd) < 0) {
+                saved_errno = errno;
+                closedir(d);
+                errno = saved_errno;
+
+                return -1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        closedir(d);
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+#endif
+
+    if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rl) >= 0)
+        maxfd = (int) rl.rlim_max;
+    else
+        maxfd = sysconf(_SC_OPEN_MAX);
+
+    for (fd = 3; fd < maxfd; fd++) {
+        int i;
+        bool found;
+
+        found = false;
+        for (i = 0; except_fds[i] >= 0; i++)
+            if (except_fds[i] == fd) {
+                found = true;
+                break;
+            }
+
+        if (found)
+            continue;
+
+        if (pa_close(fd) < 0 && errno != EBADF)
+            return -1;
+    }
+#endif  /* !OS_IS_WIN32 */
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int pa_unblock_sigs(int except, ...) {
+    va_list ap;
+    unsigned n = 0, i;
+    int r, *p;
+
+    va_start(ap, except);
+
+    if (except >= 1)
+        for (n = 1; va_arg(ap, int) >= 0; n++)
+            ;
+
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    p = pa_xnew(int, n+1);
+
+    va_start(ap, except);
+
+    i = 0;
+    if (except >= 1) {
+        int sig;
+        p[i++] = except;
+
+        while ((sig = va_arg(ap, int)) >= 0)
+            p[i++] = sig;
+    }
+    p[i] = -1;
+
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    r = pa_unblock_sigsv(p);
+    pa_xfree(p);
+
+    return r;
+}
+
+int pa_unblock_sigsv(const int except[]) {
+#ifndef OS_IS_WIN32
+    int i;
+    sigset_t ss;
+
+    if (sigemptyset(&ss) < 0)
+        return -1;
+
+    for (i = 0; except[i] > 0; i++)
+        if (sigaddset(&ss, except[i]) < 0)
+            return -1;
+
+    return sigprocmask(SIG_SETMASK, &ss, NULL);
+#else
+    return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+int pa_reset_sigs(int except, ...) {
+    va_list ap;
+    unsigned n = 0, i;
+    int *p, r;
+
+    va_start(ap, except);
+
+    if (except >= 1)
+        for (n = 1; va_arg(ap, int) >= 0; n++)
+            ;
+
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    p = pa_xnew(int, n+1);
+
+    va_start(ap, except);
+
+    i = 0;
+    if (except >= 1) {
+        int sig;
+        p[i++] = except;
+
+        while ((sig = va_arg(ap, int)) >= 0)
+            p[i++] = sig;
+    }
+    p[i] = -1;
+
+    va_end(ap);
+
+    r = pa_reset_sigsv(p);
+    pa_xfree(p);
+
+    return r;
+}
+
+int pa_reset_sigsv(const int except[]) {
+#ifndef OS_IS_WIN32
+    int sig;
+
+    for (sig = 1; sig < NSIG; sig++) {
+        bool reset = true;
+
+        switch (sig) {
+            case SIGKILL:
+            case SIGSTOP:
+                reset = false;
+                break;
+
+            default: {
+                int i;
+
+                for (i = 0; except[i] > 0; i++) {
+                    if (sig == except[i]) {
+                        reset = false;
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (reset) {
+            struct sigaction sa;
+
+            memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(sa));
+            sa.sa_handler = SIG_DFL;
+
+            /* On Linux the first two RT signals are reserved by
+             * glibc, and sigaction() will return EINVAL for them. */
+            if ((sigaction(sig, &sa, NULL) < 0))
+                if (errno != EINVAL)
+                    return -1;
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+void pa_set_env(const char *key, const char *value) {
+    pa_assert(key);
+    pa_assert(value);
+
+    /* This is not thread-safe */
+
+#ifdef OS_IS_WIN32
+    SetEnvironmentVariable(key, value);
+#else
+    setenv(key, value, 1);
+#endif
+}
+
+void pa_unset_env(const char *key) {
+    pa_assert(key);
+
+    /* This is not thread-safe */
+
+#ifdef OS_IS_WIN32
+    SetEnvironmentVariable(key, NULL);
+#else
+    unsetenv(key);
+#endif
+}
+
+void pa_set_env_and_record(const char *key, const char *value) {
+    pa_assert(key);
+    pa_assert(value);
+
+    /* This is not thread-safe */
+
+    pa_set_env(key, value);
+    recorded_env = pa_strlist_prepend(recorded_env, key);
+}
+
+void pa_unset_env_recorded(void) {
+
+    /* This is not thread-safe */
+
+    for (;;) {
+        char *s;
+
+        recorded_env = pa_strlist_pop(recorded_env, &s);
+
+        if (!s)
+            break;
+
+        pa_unset_env(s);
+        pa_xfree(s);
+    }
+}
+
+bool pa_in_system_mode(void) {
+    const char *e;
+
+    if (!(e = getenv("PULSE_SYSTEM")))
+        return false;
+
+    return !!atoi(e);
+}
+
+/* Checks a delimiters-separated list of words in haystack for needle */
+bool pa_str_in_list(const char *haystack, const char *delimiters, const char *needle) {
+    char *s;
+    const char *state = NULL;
+
+    if (!haystack || !needle)
+        return false;
+
+    while ((s = pa_split(haystack, delimiters, &state))) {
+        if (pa_streq(needle, s)) {
+            pa_xfree(s);
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        pa_xfree(s);
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+/* Checks a whitespace-separated list of words in haystack for needle */
+bool pa_str_in_list_spaces(const char *haystack, const char *needle) {
+    const char *s;
+    size_t n;
+    const char *state = NULL;
+
+    if (!haystack || !needle)
+        return false;
+
+    while ((s = pa_split_spaces_in_place(haystack, &n, &state))) {
+        if (pa_strneq(needle, s, n))
+            return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+char* pa_str_strip_suffix(const char *str, const char *suffix) {
+    size_t str_l, suf_l, prefix;
+    char *ret;
+
+    pa_assert(str);
+    pa_assert(suffix);
+
+    str_l = strlen(str);
+    suf_l = strlen(suffix);
+
+    if (str_l < suf_l)
+        return NULL;
+
+    prefix = str_l - suf_l;
+
+    if (!pa_streq(&str[prefix], suffix))
+        return NULL;
+
+    ret = pa_xmalloc(prefix + 1);
+
+    strncpy(ret, str, prefix);
+    ret[prefix] = '\0';
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+char *pa_get_user_name_malloc(void) {
+    ssize_t k;
+    char *u;
+
+#ifdef _SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX
+    k = (ssize_t) sysconf(_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX);
+
+    if (k <= 0)
+#endif
+        k = 32;
+
+    u = pa_xnew(char, k+1);
+
+    if (!(pa_get_user_name(u, k))) {
+        pa_xfree(u);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return u;
+}
+
+char *pa_get_host_name_malloc(void) {
+    size_t l;
+
+    l = 100;
+    for (;;) {
+        char *c;
+
+        c = pa_xmalloc(l);
+
+        if (!pa_get_host_name(c, l)) {
+
+            if (errno != EINVAL && errno != ENAMETOOLONG)
+                break;
+
+        } else if (strlen(c) < l-1) {
+            char *u;
+
+            if (*c == 0) {
+                pa_xfree(c);
+                break;
+            }
+
+            u = pa_utf8_filter(c);
+            pa_xfree(c);
+            return u;
+        }
+
+        /* Hmm, the hostname is as long the space we offered the
+         * function, we cannot know if it fully fit in, so let's play
+         * safe and retry. */
+
+        pa_xfree(c);
+        l *= 2;
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+char *pa_machine_id(void) {
+    FILE *f;
+    char *h;
+
+    /* The returned value is supposed be some kind of ascii identifier
+     * that is unique and stable across reboots. First we try if the machine-id
+     * file is available. If it's available, that's great, since it provides an
+     * identifier that suits our needs perfectly. If it's not, we fall back to
+     * the hostname, which is not as good, since it can change over time. */
+
+    /* We search for the machine-id file from four locations. The first two are
+     * relative to the configured installation prefix, but if we're installed
+     * under /usr/local, for example, it's likely that the machine-id won't be
+     * found there, so we also try the hardcoded paths.
+     *
+     * PA_MACHINE_ID or PA_MACHINE_ID_FALLBACK might exist on a Windows system,
+     * but the last two hardcoded paths certainly don't, hence we don't try
+     * them on Windows. */
+    if ((f = pa_fopen_cloexec(PA_MACHINE_ID, "r")) ||
+        (f = pa_fopen_cloexec(PA_MACHINE_ID_FALLBACK, "r")) ||
+#if !defined(OS_IS_WIN32)
+        (f = pa_fopen_cloexec("/etc/machine-id", "r")) ||
+        (f = pa_fopen_cloexec("/var/lib/dbus/machine-id", "r"))
+#else
+        false
+#endif
+        ) {
+        char ln[34] = "", *r;
+
+        r = fgets(ln, sizeof(ln)-1, f);
+        fclose(f);
+
+        pa_strip_nl(ln);
+
+        if (r && ln[0])
+            return pa_utf8_filter(ln);
+    }
+
+    if ((h = pa_get_host_name_malloc()))
+        return h;
+
+#if !defined(OS_IS_WIN32) && !defined(__ANDROID__)
+    /* If no hostname was set we use the POSIX hostid. It's usually
+     * the IPv4 address.  Might not be that stable. */
+    return pa_sprintf_malloc("%08lx", (unsigned long) gethostid());
+#else
+    return NULL;
+#endif
+}
+
+char *pa_session_id(void) {
+    const char *e;
+
+    e = getenv("XDG_SESSION_ID");
+    if (!e)
+        return NULL;
+
+    return pa_utf8_filter(e);
+}
+
+char *pa_uname_string(void) {
+#ifdef HAVE_UNAME
+    struct utsname u;
+
+    pa_assert_se(uname(&u) >= 0);
+
+    return pa_sprintf_malloc("%s %s %s %s", u.sysname, u.machine, u.release, u.version);
+#endif
+#ifdef OS_IS_WIN32
+    OSVERSIONINFO i;
+
+    pa_zero(i);
+    i.dwOSVersionInfoSize = sizeof(OSVERSIONINFO);
+    pa_assert_se(GetVersionEx(&i));
+
+    return pa_sprintf_malloc("Windows %d.%d (%d) %s", i.dwMajorVersion, i.dwMinorVersion, i.dwBuildNumber, i.szCSDVersion);
+#endif
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_VALGRIND_MEMCHECK_H
+bool pa_in_valgrind(void) {
+    static int b = 0;
+
+    /* To make heisenbugs a bit simpler to find we check for $VALGRIND
+     * here instead of really checking whether we run in valgrind or
+     * not. */
+
+    if (b < 1)
+        b = getenv("VALGRIND") ? 2 : 1;
+
+    return b > 1;
+}
+#endif
+
+unsigned pa_gcd(unsigned a, unsigned b) {
+
+    while (b > 0) {
+        unsigned t = b;
+        b = a % b;
+        a = t;
+    }
+
+    return a;
+}
+
+void pa_reduce(unsigned *num, unsigned *den) {
+
+    unsigned gcd = pa_gcd(*num, *den);
+
+    if (gcd <= 0)
+        return;
+
+    *num /= gcd;
+    *den /= gcd;
+
+    pa_assert(pa_gcd(*num, *den) == 1);
+}
+
+unsigned pa_ncpus(void) {
+    long ncpus;
+
+#ifdef _SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN
+    ncpus = sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN);
+#else
+    ncpus = 1;
+#endif
+
+    return ncpus <= 0 ? 1 : (unsigned) ncpus;
+}
+
+char *pa_replace(const char*s, const char*a, const char *b) {
+    pa_strbuf *sb;
+    size_t an;
+
+    pa_assert(s);
+    pa_assert(a);
+    pa_assert(*a);
+    pa_assert(b);
+
+    an = strlen(a);
+    sb = pa_strbuf_new();
+
+    for (;;) {
+        const char *p;
+
+        if (!(p = strstr(s, a)))
+            break;
+
+        pa_strbuf_putsn(sb, s, p-s);
+        pa_strbuf_puts(sb, b);
+        s = p + an;
+    }
+
+    pa_strbuf_puts(sb, s);
+
+    return pa_strbuf_to_string_free(sb);
+}
+
+char *pa_escape(const char *p, const char *chars) {
+    const char *s;
+    const char *c;
+    char *out_string, *output;
+    int char_count = strlen(p);
+
+    /* Maximum number of characters in output string
+     * including trailing 0. */
+    char_count = 2 * char_count + 1;
+
+    /* allocate output string */
+    out_string = pa_xmalloc(char_count);
+    output = out_string;
+
+    /* write output string */
+    for (s = p; *s; ++s) {
+        if (*s == '\\')
+            *output++ = '\\';
+        else if (chars) {
+            for (c = chars; *c; ++c) {
+                if (*s == *c) {
+                    *output++ = '\\';
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        *output++ = *s;
+    }
+
+    *output = 0;
+
+    /* Remove trailing garbage */
+    output = pa_xstrdup(out_string);
+
+    pa_xfree(out_string);
+    return output;
+}
+
+char *pa_unescape(char *p) {
+    char *s, *d;
+    bool escaped = false;
+
+    for (s = p, d = p; *s; s++) {
+        if (!escaped && *s == '\\') {
+            escaped = true;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        *(d++) = *s;
+        escaped = false;
+    }
+
+    *d = 0;
+
+    return p;
+}
+
+char *pa_realpath(const char *path) {
+    char *t;
+    pa_assert(path);
+
+    /* We want only absolute paths */
+    if (path[0] != '/') {
+        errno = EINVAL;
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+#if defined(__GLIBC__)
+    {
+        char *r;
+
+        if (!(r = realpath(path, NULL)))
+            return NULL;
+
+        /* We copy this here in case our pa_xmalloc() is not
+         * implemented on top of libc malloc() */
+        t = pa_xstrdup(r);
+        pa_xfree(r);
+    }
+#elif defined(PATH_MAX)
+    {
+        char *path_buf;
+        path_buf = pa_xmalloc(PATH_MAX);
+
+#if defined(OS_IS_WIN32)
+        if (!(t = _fullpath(path_buf, path, _MAX_PATH))) {
+            pa_xfree(path_buf);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+#else
+        if (!(t = realpath(path, path_buf))) {
+            pa_xfree(path_buf);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+#endif
+    }
+#else
+#error "It's not clear whether this system supports realpath(..., NULL) like GNU libc does. If it doesn't we need a private version of realpath() here."
+#endif
+
+    return t;
+}
+
+void pa_disable_sigpipe(void) {
+
+#ifdef SIGPIPE
+    struct sigaction sa;
+
+    pa_zero(sa);
+
+    if (sigaction(SIGPIPE, NULL, &sa) < 0) {
+        pa_log("sigaction(): %s", pa_cstrerror(errno));
+        return;
+    }
+
+    sa.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
+
+    if (sigaction(SIGPIPE, &sa, NULL) < 0) {
+        pa_log("sigaction(): %s", pa_cstrerror(errno));
+        return;
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+void pa_xfreev(void**a) {
+    void **p;
+
+    if (!a)
+        return;
+
+    for (p = a; *p; p++)
+        pa_xfree(*p);
+
+    pa_xfree(a);
+}
+
+char **pa_split_spaces_strv(const char *s) {
+    char **t, *e;
+    unsigned i = 0, n = 8;
+    const char *state = NULL;
+
+    t = pa_xnew(char*, n);
+    while ((e = pa_split_spaces(s, &state))) {
+        t[i++] = e;
+
+        if (i >= n) {
+            n *= 2;
+            t = pa_xrenew(char*, t, n);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (i <= 0) {
+        pa_xfree(t);
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    t[i] = NULL;
+    return t;
+}
+
+char* pa_maybe_prefix_path(const char *path, const char *prefix) {
+    pa_assert(path);
+
+    if (pa_is_path_absolute(path))
+        return pa_xstrdup(path);
+
+    return pa_sprintf_malloc("%s" PA_PATH_SEP "%s", prefix, path);
+}
+
+size_t pa_pipe_buf(int fd) {
+
+#ifdef _PC_PIPE_BUF
+    long n;
+
+    if ((n = fpathconf(fd, _PC_PIPE_BUF)) >= 0)
+        return (size_t) n;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef PIPE_BUF
+    return PIPE_BUF;
+#else
+    return 4096;
+#endif
+}
+
+void pa_reset_personality(void) {
+
+#if defined(__linux__) && !defined(__ANDROID__)
+    if (personality(PER_LINUX) < 0)
+        pa_log_warn("Uh, personality() failed: %s", pa_cstrerror(errno));
+#endif
+
+}
+
+bool pa_run_from_build_tree(void) {
+    static bool b = false;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_RUNNING_FROM_BUILD_TREE
+    char *rp;
+    PA_ONCE_BEGIN {
+        if ((rp = pa_readlink("/proc/self/exe"))) {
+            b = pa_startswith(rp, PA_BUILDDIR);
+            pa_xfree(rp);
+        }
+    } PA_ONCE_END;
+#endif
+
+    return b;
+}
+
+const char *pa_get_temp_dir(void) {
+    const char *t;
+
+    if ((t = getenv("TMPDIR")) &&
+        pa_is_path_absolute(t))
+        return t;
+
+    if ((t = getenv("TMP")) &&
+        pa_is_path_absolute(t))
+        return t;
+
+    if ((t = getenv("TEMP")) &&
+        pa_is_path_absolute(t))
+        return t;
+
+    if ((t = getenv("TEMPDIR")) &&
+        pa_is_path_absolute(t))
+        return t;
+
+    return "/tmp";
+}
+
+int pa_open_cloexec(const char *fn, int flags, mode_t mode) {
+    int fd;
+
+#ifdef O_NOCTTY
+    flags |= O_NOCTTY;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef O_CLOEXEC
+    if ((fd = open(fn, flags|O_CLOEXEC, mode)) >= 0)
+        goto finish;
+
+    if (errno != EINVAL)
+        return fd;
+#endif
+
+    if ((fd = open(fn, flags, mode)) >= 0)
+        goto finish;
+
+    /* return error */
+    return fd;
+
+finish:
+    /* Some implementations might simply ignore O_CLOEXEC if it is not
+     * understood, make sure FD_CLOEXEC is enabled anyway */
+
+    pa_make_fd_cloexec(fd);
+    return fd;
+}
+
+int pa_socket_cloexec(int domain, int type, int protocol) {
+    int fd;
+
+#ifdef SOCK_CLOEXEC
+    if ((fd = socket(domain, type | SOCK_CLOEXEC, protocol)) >= 0)
+        goto finish;
+
+    if (errno != EINVAL)
+        return fd;
+#endif
+
+    if ((fd = socket(domain, type, protocol)) >= 0)
+        goto finish;
+
+    /* return error */
+    return fd;
+
+finish:
+    /* Some implementations might simply ignore SOCK_CLOEXEC if it is
+     * not understood, make sure FD_CLOEXEC is enabled anyway */
+
+    pa_make_fd_cloexec(fd);
+    return fd;
+}
+
+int pa_pipe_cloexec(int pipefd[2]) {
+    int r;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PIPE2
+    if ((r = pipe2(pipefd, O_CLOEXEC)) >= 0)
+        goto finish;
+
+    if (errno == EMFILE) {
+        pa_log_error("The per-process limit on the number of open file descriptors has been reached.");
+        return r;
+    }
+
+    if (errno == ENFILE) {
+        pa_log_error("The system-wide limit on the total number of open files has been reached.");
+        return r;
+    }
+
+    if (errno != EINVAL && errno != ENOSYS)
+        return r;
+
+#endif
+
+    if ((r = pipe(pipefd)) >= 0)
+        goto finish;
+
+    if (errno == EMFILE) {
+        pa_log_error("The per-process limit on the number of open file descriptors has been reached.");
+        return r;
+    }
+
+    if (errno == ENFILE) {
+        pa_log_error("The system-wide limit on the total number of open files has been reached.");
+        return r;
+    }
+
+    /* return error */
+    return r;
+
+finish:
+    pa_make_fd_cloexec(pipefd[0]);
+    pa_make_fd_cloexec(pipefd[1]);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int pa_accept_cloexec(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t *addrlen) {
+    int fd;
+
+    errno = 0;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ACCEPT4
+    if ((fd = accept4(sockfd, addr, addrlen, SOCK_CLOEXEC)) >= 0)
+        goto finish;
+
+    if (errno != EINVAL && errno != ENOSYS)
+        return fd;
+
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PACCEPT
+    if ((fd = paccept(sockfd, addr, addrlen, NULL, SOCK_CLOEXEC)) >= 0)
+        goto finish;
+#endif
+
+    if ((fd = accept(sockfd, addr, addrlen)) >= 0)
+        goto finish;
+
+    /* return error */
+    return fd;
+
+finish:
+    pa_make_fd_cloexec(fd);
+    return fd;
+}
+
+FILE* pa_fopen_cloexec(const char *path, const char *mode) {
+    FILE *f;
+    char *m;
+
+    m = pa_sprintf_malloc("%se", mode);
+
+    errno = 0;
+    if ((f = fopen(path, m))) {
+        pa_xfree(m);
+        goto finish;
+    }
+
+    pa_xfree(m);
+
+    if (errno != EINVAL)
+        return NULL;
+
+    if (!(f = fopen(path, mode)))
+        return NULL;
+
+finish:
+    pa_make_fd_cloexec(fileno(f));
+    return f;
+}
+
+void pa_nullify_stdfds(void) {
+
+#ifndef OS_IS_WIN32
+        pa_close(STDIN_FILENO);
+        pa_close(STDOUT_FILENO);
+        pa_close(STDERR_FILENO);
+
+        pa_assert_se(open("/dev/null", O_RDONLY) == STDIN_FILENO);
+        pa_assert_se(open("/dev/null", O_WRONLY) == STDOUT_FILENO);
+        pa_assert_se(open("/dev/null", O_WRONLY) == STDERR_FILENO);
+#else
+        FreeConsole();
+#endif
+
+}
+
+char *pa_read_line_from_file(const char *fn) {
+    FILE *f;
+    char ln[256] = "", *r;
+
+    if (!(f = pa_fopen_cloexec(fn, "r")))
+        return NULL;
+
+    r = fgets(ln, sizeof(ln)-1, f);
+    fclose(f);
+
+    if (!r) {
+        errno = EIO;
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    pa_strip_nl(ln);
+    return pa_xstrdup(ln);
+}
+
+bool pa_running_in_vm(void) {
+
+#if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
+
+    /* Both CPUID and DMI are x86 specific interfaces... */
+
+#ifdef HAVE_CPUID_H
+    unsigned int eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __linux__
+    const char *const dmi_vendors[] = {
+        "/sys/class/dmi/id/sys_vendor",
+        "/sys/class/dmi/id/board_vendor",
+        "/sys/class/dmi/id/bios_vendor"
+    };
+
+    unsigned i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < PA_ELEMENTSOF(dmi_vendors); i++) {
+        char *s;
+
+        if ((s = pa_read_line_from_file(dmi_vendors[i]))) {
+
+            if (pa_startswith(s, "QEMU") ||
+                /* http://kb.vmware.com/selfservice/microsites/search.do?language=en_US&cmd=displayKC&externalId=1009458 */
+                pa_startswith(s, "VMware") ||
+                pa_startswith(s, "VMW") ||
+                pa_startswith(s, "Microsoft Corporation") ||
+                pa_startswith(s, "innotek GmbH") ||
+                pa_startswith(s, "Xen")) {
+
+                pa_xfree(s);
+                return true;
+            }
+
+            pa_xfree(s);
+        }
+    }
+
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_CPUID_H
+
+    /* Hypervisors provide presence on 0x1 cpuid leaf.
+     * http://lwn.net/Articles/301888/ */
+    if (__get_cpuid(1, &eax, &ebx, &ecx, &edx) == 0)
+        return false;
+
+    if (ecx & 0x80000000)
+        return true;
+
+#endif /* HAVE_CPUID_H */
+
+#endif /* defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__) */
+
+    return false;
+}
+
+size_t pa_page_size(void) {
+#if defined(PAGE_SIZE)
+    return PAGE_SIZE;
+#elif defined(PAGESIZE)
+    return PAGESIZE;
+#elif defined(HAVE_SYSCONF)
+    static size_t page_size = 4096; /* Let's hope it's like x86. */
+
+    PA_ONCE_BEGIN {
+        long ret = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
+        if (ret > 0)
+            page_size = ret;
+    } PA_ONCE_END;
+
+    return page_size;
+#else
+    return 4096;
+#endif
+}