Adding upstream version 1:4.8.1.upstream/1%4.8.1upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

626 files changed, 192824 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/man/Makefile.am b/man/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b64feb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+
+# subdirectories for translated manual pages
+if USE_NLS
+SUBDIRS = po cs da de es fi fr hu id it ja ko pl pt_BR ru sv tr zh_CN zh_TW
+else
+SUBDIRS =
+endif
+
+man_MANS = \
+	man1/chage.1 \
+	man1/chfn.1 \
+	man8/chgpasswd.8 \
+	man8/chpasswd.8 \
+	man1/chsh.1 \
+	man1/expiry.1 \
+	man5/faillog.5 \
+	man8/faillog.8 \
+	man3/getspnam.3 \
+	man1/gpasswd.1 \
+	man8/groupadd.8 \
+	man8/groupdel.8 \
+	man8/groupmems.8 \
+	man8/groupmod.8 \
+	man1/groups.1 \
+	man8/grpck.8 \
+	man8/grpconv.8 \
+	man8/grpunconv.8 \
+	man5/gshadow.5 \
+	man8/lastlog.8 \
+	man1/login.1 \
+	man5/login.defs.5 \
+	man8/logoutd.8 \
+	man1/newgrp.1 \
+	man8/newusers.8 \
+	man8/nologin.8 \
+	man1/passwd.1 \
+	man5/passwd.5 \
+	man8/pwck.8 \
+	man8/pwconv.8 \
+	man8/pwunconv.8 \
+	man1/sg.1 \
+	man3/shadow.3 \
+	man5/shadow.5 \
+	man5/suauth.5 \
+	man8/useradd.8 \
+	man8/userdel.8 \
+	man8/usermod.8 \
+	man8/vigr.8 \
+	man8/vipw.8
+
+man_nopam = \
+	man5/limits.5 \
+	man5/login.access.5 \
+	man5/porttime.5
+
+if WITH_SU
+man_MANS += man1/su.1
+endif
+
+if !USE_PAM
+man_MANS += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+man_subids = \
+	man1/newgidmap.1 \
+	man1/newuidmap.1 \
+	man5/subgid.5 \
+	man5/subuid.5
+
+if ENABLE_SUBIDS
+man_MANS += $(man_subids)
+endif
+
+man_XMANS = \
+	chage.1.xml \
+	chfn.1.xml \
+	chgpasswd.8.xml \
+	chpasswd.8.xml \
+	chsh.1.xml \
+	expiry.1.xml \
+	faillog.5.xml \
+	faillog.8.xml \
+	gpasswd.1.xml \
+	groupadd.8.xml \
+	groupdel.8.xml \
+	groupmems.8.xml \
+	groupmod.8.xml \
+	groups.1.xml \
+	grpck.8.xml \
+	gshadow.5.xml \
+	lastlog.8.xml \
+	limits.5.xml \
+	login.1.xml \
+	login.access.5.xml \
+	login.defs.5.xml \
+	logoutd.8.xml \
+	newgidmap.1.xml \
+	newgrp.1.xml \
+	newuidmap.1.xml \
+	newusers.8.xml \
+	nologin.8.xml \
+	passwd.1.xml \
+	passwd.5.xml \
+	porttime.5.xml \
+	pwck.8.xml \
+	pwconv.8.xml \
+	shadow.3.xml \
+	shadow.5.xml \
+	sg.1.xml \
+	su.1.xml \
+	suauth.5.xml \
+	subgid.5.xml \
+	subuid.5.xml \
+	useradd.8.xml \
+	userdel.8.xml \
+	usermod.8.xml \
+	vipw.8.xml
+
+login_defs_v = \
+	CHFN_AUTH.xml \
+	CHFN_RESTRICT.xml \
+	CHSH_AUTH.xml \
+	CONSOLE.xml \
+	CONSOLE_GROUPS.xml \
+	CREATE_HOME.xml \
+	DEFAULT_HOME.xml \
+	ENCRYPT_METHOD.xml \
+	ENV_HZ.xml \
+	ENVIRON_FILE.xml \
+	ENV_PATH.xml \
+	ENV_SUPATH.xml \
+	ENV_TZ.xml \
+	ERASECHAR.xml \
+	FAIL_DELAY.xml \
+	FAILLOG_ENAB.xml \
+	FAKE_SHELL.xml \
+	FTMP_FILE.xml \
+	GID_MAX.xml \
+	HUSHLOGIN_FILE.xml \
+	ISSUE_FILE.xml \
+	KILLCHAR.xml \
+	LASTLOG_ENAB.xml \
+	LASTLOG_UID_MAX.xml \
+	LOGIN_RETRIES.xml \
+	LOGIN_STRING.xml \
+	LOGIN_TIMEOUT.xml \
+	LOG_OK_LOGINS.xml \
+	LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB.xml \
+	MAIL_CHECK_ENAB.xml \
+	MAIL_DIR.xml \
+	MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP.xml \
+	MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.xml \
+	MOTD_FILE.xml \
+	NOLOGINS_FILE.xml \
+	OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB.xml \
+	PASS_ALWAYS_WARN.xml \
+	PASS_CHANGE_TRIES.xml \
+	PASS_MAX_DAYS.xml \
+	PASS_MAX_LEN.xml \
+	PASS_MIN_DAYS.xml \
+	PASS_WARN_AGE.xml \
+	PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB.xml \
+	QUOTAS_ENAB.xml \
+	SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS.xml \
+	SULOG_FILE.xml \
+	SU_NAME.xml \
+	SU_WHEEL_ONLY.xml \
+	SYSLOG_SG_ENAB.xml \
+	SYSLOG_SU_ENAB.xml \
+	TCB_AUTH_GROUP.xml \
+	TCB_SYMLINKS.xml \
+	TTYGROUP.xml \
+	TTYTYPE_FILE.xml \
+	UID_MAX.xml \
+	ULIMIT.xml \
+	UMASK.xml \
+	USERDEL_CMD.xml \
+	USERGROUPS_ENAB.xml \
+	USE_TCB.xml \
+	SUB_GID_COUNT.xml \
+	SUB_UID_COUNT.xml \
+	SYS_GID_MAX.xml \
+	SYS_UID_MAX.xml
+
+EXTRA_DIST = \
+	$(man_MANS) \
+	$(man_XMANS) \
+	$(addprefix login.defs.d/,$(login_defs_v)) \
+	man1/id.1 \
+	id.1.xml \
+	man8/sulogin.8 \
+	sulogin.8.xml \
+	generate_mans.mak \
+	generate_translations.mak
+
+if USE_PAM
+EXTRA_DIST += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+if !ENABLE_SUBIDS
+EXTRA_DIST += $(man_subids)
+endif
+
+generate_mans.deps: *.xml
+	echo "# This file is generated" > $@
+	awk 'BEGIN{FS="\"";} /^<!ENTITY .* * SYSTEM ".*">$$/{ f=FILENAME; sub(/.xml/,"",f); print "man" substr(f, length (f)) "/" f ": " $$2 }' $(man_XMANS) >> $@
+
+if ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@include generate_mans.deps
+
+include generate_mans.mak
+
+CLEANFILES = $(man_MANS) man1/id.1 man8/sulogin.8
+
+else
+$(man_MANS):
+	@echo ""
+	@echo "Error: you need to run configure with '--enable-man'"
+	@echo "       in order to regenerate man pages."
+	@echo ""
+endif
diff --git a/man/Makefile.in b/man/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd886fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,1073 @@
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+oldincludedir = @oldincludedir@
+pdfdir = @pdfdir@
+prefix = @prefix@
+program_transform_name = @program_transform_name@
+psdir = @psdir@
+runstatedir = @runstatedir@
+sbindir = @sbindir@
+sharedstatedir = @sharedstatedir@
+srcdir = @srcdir@
+sysconfdir = @sysconfdir@
+target_alias = @target_alias@
+top_build_prefix = @top_build_prefix@
+top_builddir = @top_builddir@
+top_srcdir = @top_srcdir@
+@USE_NLS_FALSE@SUBDIRS = 
+
+# subdirectories for translated manual pages
+@USE_NLS_TRUE@SUBDIRS = po cs da de es fi fr hu id it ja ko pl pt_BR ru sv tr zh_CN zh_TW
+man_MANS = man1/chage.1 man1/chfn.1 man8/chgpasswd.8 man8/chpasswd.8 \
+	man1/chsh.1 man1/expiry.1 man5/faillog.5 man8/faillog.8 \
+	man3/getspnam.3 man1/gpasswd.1 man8/groupadd.8 man8/groupdel.8 \
+	man8/groupmems.8 man8/groupmod.8 man1/groups.1 man8/grpck.8 \
+	man8/grpconv.8 man8/grpunconv.8 man5/gshadow.5 man8/lastlog.8 \
+	man1/login.1 man5/login.defs.5 man8/logoutd.8 man1/newgrp.1 \
+	man8/newusers.8 man8/nologin.8 man1/passwd.1 man5/passwd.5 \
+	man8/pwck.8 man8/pwconv.8 man8/pwunconv.8 man1/sg.1 \
+	man3/shadow.3 man5/shadow.5 man5/suauth.5 man8/useradd.8 \
+	man8/userdel.8 man8/usermod.8 man8/vigr.8 man8/vipw.8 \
+	$(am__append_1) $(am__append_2) $(am__append_3)
+man_nopam = \
+	man5/limits.5 \
+	man5/login.access.5 \
+	man5/porttime.5
+
+man_subids = \
+	man1/newgidmap.1 \
+	man1/newuidmap.1 \
+	man5/subgid.5 \
+	man5/subuid.5
+
+man_XMANS = \
+	chage.1.xml \
+	chfn.1.xml \
+	chgpasswd.8.xml \
+	chpasswd.8.xml \
+	chsh.1.xml \
+	expiry.1.xml \
+	faillog.5.xml \
+	faillog.8.xml \
+	gpasswd.1.xml \
+	groupadd.8.xml \
+	groupdel.8.xml \
+	groupmems.8.xml \
+	groupmod.8.xml \
+	groups.1.xml \
+	grpck.8.xml \
+	gshadow.5.xml \
+	lastlog.8.xml \
+	limits.5.xml \
+	login.1.xml \
+	login.access.5.xml \
+	login.defs.5.xml \
+	logoutd.8.xml \
+	newgidmap.1.xml \
+	newgrp.1.xml \
+	newuidmap.1.xml \
+	newusers.8.xml \
+	nologin.8.xml \
+	passwd.1.xml \
+	passwd.5.xml \
+	porttime.5.xml \
+	pwck.8.xml \
+	pwconv.8.xml \
+	shadow.3.xml \
+	shadow.5.xml \
+	sg.1.xml \
+	su.1.xml \
+	suauth.5.xml \
+	subgid.5.xml \
+	subuid.5.xml \
+	useradd.8.xml \
+	userdel.8.xml \
+	usermod.8.xml \
+	vipw.8.xml
+
+login_defs_v = \
+	CHFN_AUTH.xml \
+	CHFN_RESTRICT.xml \
+	CHSH_AUTH.xml \
+	CONSOLE.xml \
+	CONSOLE_GROUPS.xml \
+	CREATE_HOME.xml \
+	DEFAULT_HOME.xml \
+	ENCRYPT_METHOD.xml \
+	ENV_HZ.xml \
+	ENVIRON_FILE.xml \
+	ENV_PATH.xml \
+	ENV_SUPATH.xml \
+	ENV_TZ.xml \
+	ERASECHAR.xml \
+	FAIL_DELAY.xml \
+	FAILLOG_ENAB.xml \
+	FAKE_SHELL.xml \
+	FTMP_FILE.xml \
+	GID_MAX.xml \
+	HUSHLOGIN_FILE.xml \
+	ISSUE_FILE.xml \
+	KILLCHAR.xml \
+	LASTLOG_ENAB.xml \
+	LASTLOG_UID_MAX.xml \
+	LOGIN_RETRIES.xml \
+	LOGIN_STRING.xml \
+	LOGIN_TIMEOUT.xml \
+	LOG_OK_LOGINS.xml \
+	LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB.xml \
+	MAIL_CHECK_ENAB.xml \
+	MAIL_DIR.xml \
+	MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP.xml \
+	MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.xml \
+	MOTD_FILE.xml \
+	NOLOGINS_FILE.xml \
+	OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB.xml \
+	PASS_ALWAYS_WARN.xml \
+	PASS_CHANGE_TRIES.xml \
+	PASS_MAX_DAYS.xml \
+	PASS_MAX_LEN.xml \
+	PASS_MIN_DAYS.xml \
+	PASS_WARN_AGE.xml \
+	PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB.xml \
+	QUOTAS_ENAB.xml \
+	SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS.xml \
+	SULOG_FILE.xml \
+	SU_NAME.xml \
+	SU_WHEEL_ONLY.xml \
+	SYSLOG_SG_ENAB.xml \
+	SYSLOG_SU_ENAB.xml \
+	TCB_AUTH_GROUP.xml \
+	TCB_SYMLINKS.xml \
+	TTYGROUP.xml \
+	TTYTYPE_FILE.xml \
+	UID_MAX.xml \
+	ULIMIT.xml \
+	UMASK.xml \
+	USERDEL_CMD.xml \
+	USERGROUPS_ENAB.xml \
+	USE_TCB.xml \
+	SUB_GID_COUNT.xml \
+	SUB_UID_COUNT.xml \
+	SYS_GID_MAX.xml \
+	SYS_UID_MAX.xml
+
+EXTRA_DIST = $(man_MANS) $(man_XMANS) $(addprefix \
+	login.defs.d/,$(login_defs_v)) man1/id.1 id.1.xml \
+	man8/sulogin.8 sulogin.8.xml generate_mans.mak \
+	generate_translations.mak $(am__append_4) $(am__append_5)
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@USE_PAM_FALSE@PAM_COND = no_pam
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@USE_PAM_TRUE@PAM_COND = pam
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@SHADOWGRP_FALSE@SHADOWGRP_COND = no_gshadow
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@SHADOWGRP_TRUE@SHADOWGRP_COND = gshadow
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@WITH_TCB_FALSE@TCB_COND = no_tcb
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@WITH_TCB_TRUE@TCB_COND = tcb
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@USE_SHA_CRYPT_FALSE@SHA_CRYPT_COND = no_sha_crypt
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@USE_SHA_CRYPT_TRUE@SHA_CRYPT_COND = sha_crypt
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@ENABLE_SUBIDS_FALSE@SUBIDS_COND = no_subids
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@ENABLE_SUBIDS_TRUE@SUBIDS_COND = subids
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@CLEANFILES = $(man_MANS) man1/id.1 man8/sulogin.8
+all: all-recursive
+
+.SUFFIXES:
+$(srcdir)/Makefile.in: @MAINTAINER_MODE_TRUE@ $(srcdir)/Makefile.am $(srcdir)/generate_mans.mak $(am__configure_deps)
+	@for dep in $?; do \
+	  case '$(am__configure_deps)' in \
+	    *$$dep*) \
+	      ( cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh ) \
+	        && { if test -f $@; then exit 0; else break; fi; }; \
+	      exit 1;; \
+	  esac; \
+	done; \
+	echo ' cd $(top_srcdir) && $(AUTOMAKE) --foreign man/Makefile'; \
+	$(am__cd) $(top_srcdir) && \
+	  $(AUTOMAKE) --foreign man/Makefile
+Makefile: $(srcdir)/Makefile.in $(top_builddir)/config.status
+	@case '$?' in \
+	  *config.status*) \
+	    cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh;; \
+	  *) \
+	    echo ' cd $(top_builddir) && $(SHELL) ./config.status $(subdir)/$@ $(am__maybe_remake_depfiles)'; \
+	    cd $(top_builddir) && $(SHELL) ./config.status $(subdir)/$@ $(am__maybe_remake_depfiles);; \
+	esac;
+$(srcdir)/generate_mans.mak $(am__empty):
+
+$(top_builddir)/config.status: $(top_srcdir)/configure $(CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES)
+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
+
+$(top_srcdir)/configure: @MAINTAINER_MODE_TRUE@ $(am__configure_deps)
+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
+$(ACLOCAL_M4): @MAINTAINER_MODE_TRUE@ $(am__aclocal_m4_deps)
+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
+$(am__aclocal_m4_deps):
+config.xml: $(top_builddir)/config.status $(srcdir)/config.xml.in
+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(SHELL) ./config.status $(subdir)/$@
+
+mostlyclean-libtool:
+	-rm -f *.lo
+
+clean-libtool:
+	-rm -rf .libs _libs
+install-man1: $(man_MANS)
+	@$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
+	@list1=''; \
+	list2='$(man_MANS)'; \
+	test -n "$(man1dir)" \
+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
+	  || exit 0; \
+	echo " $(MKDIR_P) '$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)'"; \
+	$(MKDIR_P) "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)" || exit 1; \
+	{ for i in $$list1; do echo "$$i"; done;  \
+	if test -n "$$list2"; then \
+	  for i in $$list2; do echo "$$i"; done \
+	    | sed -n '/\.1[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	fi; \
+	} | while read p; do \
+	  if test -f $$p; then d=; else d="$(srcdir)/"; fi; \
+	  echo "$$d$$p"; echo "$$p"; \
+	done | \
+	sed -e 'n;s,.*/,,;p;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^1][0-9a-z]*$$,1,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,' | \
+	sed 'N;N;s,\n, ,g' | { \
+	list=; while read file base inst; do \
+	  if test "$$base" = "$$inst"; then list="$$list $$file"; else \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) '$$file' '$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/$$inst'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) "$$file" "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/$$inst" || exit $$?; \
+	  fi; \
+	done; \
+	for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done | $(am__base_list) | \
+	while read files; do \
+	  test -z "$$files" || { \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files '$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)" || exit $$?; }; \
+	done; }
+
+uninstall-man1:
+	@$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL)
+	@list=''; test -n "$(man1dir)" || exit 0; \
+	files=`{ for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done; \
+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do echo "$$i"; done | \
+	  sed -n '/\.1[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^1][0-9a-z]*$$,1,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,'`; \
+	dir='$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)'; $(am__uninstall_files_from_dir)
+install-man3: $(man_MANS)
+	@$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
+	@list1=''; \
+	list2='$(man_MANS)'; \
+	test -n "$(man3dir)" \
+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
+	  || exit 0; \
+	echo " $(MKDIR_P) '$(DESTDIR)$(man3dir)'"; \
+	$(MKDIR_P) "$(DESTDIR)$(man3dir)" || exit 1; \
+	{ for i in $$list1; do echo "$$i"; done;  \
+	if test -n "$$list2"; then \
+	  for i in $$list2; do echo "$$i"; done \
+	    | sed -n '/\.3[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	fi; \
+	} | while read p; do \
+	  if test -f $$p; then d=; else d="$(srcdir)/"; fi; \
+	  echo "$$d$$p"; echo "$$p"; \
+	done | \
+	sed -e 'n;s,.*/,,;p;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^3][0-9a-z]*$$,3,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,' | \
+	sed 'N;N;s,\n, ,g' | { \
+	list=; while read file base inst; do \
+	  if test "$$base" = "$$inst"; then list="$$list $$file"; else \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) '$$file' '$(DESTDIR)$(man3dir)/$$inst'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) "$$file" "$(DESTDIR)$(man3dir)/$$inst" || exit $$?; \
+	  fi; \
+	done; \
+	for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done | $(am__base_list) | \
+	while read files; do \
+	  test -z "$$files" || { \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files '$(DESTDIR)$(man3dir)'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files "$(DESTDIR)$(man3dir)" || exit $$?; }; \
+	done; }
+
+uninstall-man3:
+	@$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL)
+	@list=''; test -n "$(man3dir)" || exit 0; \
+	files=`{ for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done; \
+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do echo "$$i"; done | \
+	  sed -n '/\.3[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^3][0-9a-z]*$$,3,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,'`; \
+	dir='$(DESTDIR)$(man3dir)'; $(am__uninstall_files_from_dir)
+install-man5: $(man_MANS)
+	@$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
+	@list1=''; \
+	list2='$(man_MANS)'; \
+	test -n "$(man5dir)" \
+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
+	  || exit 0; \
+	echo " $(MKDIR_P) '$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)'"; \
+	$(MKDIR_P) "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)" || exit 1; \
+	{ for i in $$list1; do echo "$$i"; done;  \
+	if test -n "$$list2"; then \
+	  for i in $$list2; do echo "$$i"; done \
+	    | sed -n '/\.5[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	fi; \
+	} | while read p; do \
+	  if test -f $$p; then d=; else d="$(srcdir)/"; fi; \
+	  echo "$$d$$p"; echo "$$p"; \
+	done | \
+	sed -e 'n;s,.*/,,;p;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^5][0-9a-z]*$$,5,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,' | \
+	sed 'N;N;s,\n, ,g' | { \
+	list=; while read file base inst; do \
+	  if test "$$base" = "$$inst"; then list="$$list $$file"; else \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) '$$file' '$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)/$$inst'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) "$$file" "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)/$$inst" || exit $$?; \
+	  fi; \
+	done; \
+	for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done | $(am__base_list) | \
+	while read files; do \
+	  test -z "$$files" || { \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files '$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)" || exit $$?; }; \
+	done; }
+
+uninstall-man5:
+	@$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL)
+	@list=''; test -n "$(man5dir)" || exit 0; \
+	files=`{ for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done; \
+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do echo "$$i"; done | \
+	  sed -n '/\.5[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^5][0-9a-z]*$$,5,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,'`; \
+	dir='$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)'; $(am__uninstall_files_from_dir)
+install-man8: $(man_MANS)
+	@$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
+	@list1=''; \
+	list2='$(man_MANS)'; \
+	test -n "$(man8dir)" \
+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
+	  || exit 0; \
+	echo " $(MKDIR_P) '$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)'"; \
+	$(MKDIR_P) "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)" || exit 1; \
+	{ for i in $$list1; do echo "$$i"; done;  \
+	if test -n "$$list2"; then \
+	  for i in $$list2; do echo "$$i"; done \
+	    | sed -n '/\.8[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	fi; \
+	} | while read p; do \
+	  if test -f $$p; then d=; else d="$(srcdir)/"; fi; \
+	  echo "$$d$$p"; echo "$$p"; \
+	done | \
+	sed -e 'n;s,.*/,,;p;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^8][0-9a-z]*$$,8,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,' | \
+	sed 'N;N;s,\n, ,g' | { \
+	list=; while read file base inst; do \
+	  if test "$$base" = "$$inst"; then list="$$list $$file"; else \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) '$$file' '$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)/$$inst'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) "$$file" "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)/$$inst" || exit $$?; \
+	  fi; \
+	done; \
+	for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done | $(am__base_list) | \
+	while read files; do \
+	  test -z "$$files" || { \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files '$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)" || exit $$?; }; \
+	done; }
+
+uninstall-man8:
+	@$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL)
+	@list=''; test -n "$(man8dir)" || exit 0; \
+	files=`{ for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done; \
+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do echo "$$i"; done | \
+	  sed -n '/\.8[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^8][0-9a-z]*$$,8,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,'`; \
+	dir='$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)'; $(am__uninstall_files_from_dir)
+
+# This directory's subdirectories are mostly independent; you can cd
+# into them and run 'make' without going through this Makefile.
+# To change the values of 'make' variables: instead of editing Makefiles,
+# (1) if the variable is set in 'config.status', edit 'config.status'
+#     (which will cause the Makefiles to be regenerated when you run 'make');
+# (2) otherwise, pass the desired values on the 'make' command line.
+$(am__recursive_targets):
+	@fail=; \
+	if $(am__make_keepgoing); then \
+	  failcom='fail=yes'; \
+	else \
+	  failcom='exit 1'; \
+	fi; \
+	dot_seen=no; \
+	target=`echo $@ | sed s/-recursive//`; \
+	case "$@" in \
+	  distclean-* | maintainer-clean-*) list='$(DIST_SUBDIRS)' ;; \
+	  *) list='$(SUBDIRS)' ;; \
+	esac; \
+	for subdir in $$list; do \
+	  echo "Making $$target in $$subdir"; \
+	  if test "$$subdir" = "."; then \
+	    dot_seen=yes; \
+	    local_target="$$target-am"; \
+	  else \
+	    local_target="$$target"; \
+	  fi; \
+	  ($(am__cd) $$subdir && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) $$local_target) \
+	  || eval $$failcom; \
+	done; \
+	if test "$$dot_seen" = "no"; then \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) "$$target-am" || exit 1; \
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+ID: $(am__tagged_files)
+	$(am__define_uniq_tagged_files); mkid -fID $$unique
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+	set x; \
+	here=`pwd`; \
+	if ($(ETAGS) --etags-include --version) >/dev/null 2>&1; then \
+	  include_option=--etags-include; \
+	  empty_fix=.; \
+	else \
+	  include_option=--include; \
+	  empty_fix=; \
+	fi; \
+	list='$(SUBDIRS)'; for subdir in $$list; do \
+	  if test "$$subdir" = .; then :; else \
+	    test ! -f $$subdir/TAGS || \
+	      set "$$@" "$$include_option=$$here/$$subdir/TAGS"; \
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+	done; \
+	$(am__define_uniq_tagged_files); \
+	shift; \
+	if test -z "$(ETAGS_ARGS)$$*$$unique"; then :; else \
+	  test -n "$$unique" || unique=$$empty_fix; \
+	  if test $$# -gt 0; then \
+	    $(ETAGS) $(ETAGSFLAGS) $(AM_ETAGSFLAGS) $(ETAGS_ARGS) \
+	      "$$@" $$unique; \
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+	    $(ETAGS) $(ETAGSFLAGS) $(AM_ETAGSFLAGS) $(ETAGS_ARGS) \
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+	fi
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+GTAGS:
+	here=`$(am__cd) $(top_builddir) && pwd` \
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+	list='$(am__tagged_files)'; \
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+	  [\\/]* | ?:[\\/]*) sdir="$(srcdir)" ;; \
+	  *) sdir=$(subdir)/$(srcdir) ;; \
+	esac; \
+	for i in $$list; do \
+	  if test -f "$$i"; then \
+	    echo "$(subdir)/$$i"; \
+	  else \
+	    echo "$$sdir/$$i"; \
+	  fi; \
+	done >> $(top_builddir)/cscope.files
+
+distclean-tags:
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+distdir: $(BUILT_SOURCES)
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+distdir-am: $(DISTFILES)
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+	  dist_files=`for file in $$list; do echo $$file; done | \
+	  sed -e "s|^$$srcdirstrip/||;t" \
+	      -e "s|^$$topsrcdirstrip/|$(top_builddir)/|;t"`; \
+	case $$dist_files in \
+	  */*) $(MKDIR_P) `echo "$$dist_files" | \
+			   sed '/\//!d;s|^|$(distdir)/|;s,/[^/]*$$,,' | \
+			   sort -u` ;; \
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+	    test -f "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || cp -p $$d/$$file "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || exit 1; \
+	  fi; \
+	done
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+	  if test "$$subdir" = .; then :; else \
+	    $(am__make_dryrun) \
+	      || test -d "$(distdir)/$$subdir" \
+	      || $(MKDIR_P) "$(distdir)/$$subdir" \
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+	    dir1=$$subdir; dir2="$(distdir)/$$subdir"; \
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+	    new_distdir=$$reldir; \
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+check-am: all-am
+check: check-recursive
+all-am: Makefile $(MANS)
+installdirs: installdirs-recursive
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+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
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+	fi
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+.PRECIOUS: Makefile
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+
+generate_mans.deps: *.xml
+	echo "# This file is generated" > $@
+	awk 'BEGIN{FS="\"";} /^<!ENTITY .* * SYSTEM ".*">$$/{ f=FILENAME; sub(/.xml/,"",f); print "man" substr(f, length (f)) "/" f ": " $$2 }' $(man_XMANS) >> $@
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@include generate_mans.deps
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@%.xml-config: %.xml
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	if grep -q SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE $<; then \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@		sed -e 's/^<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->/<!ENTITY % config SYSTEM "config.xml">%config;/' $< > $@; \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	else \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@		sed -e 's/^\(<!DOCTYPE .*docbookx.dtd"\)>/\1 [<!ENTITY % config SYSTEM "config.xml">%config;]>/' $< > $@; \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	fi
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man1/% man3/% man5/% man8/%: %.xml-config Makefile config.xml
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	$(XSLTPROC) --stringparam profile.condition "$(PAM_COND);$(SHADOWGRP_COND);$(TCB_COND);$(SHA_CRYPT_COND);$(SUBIDS_COND)" \
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+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	            -nonet http://docbook.sourceforge.net/release/xsl/current/manpages/profile-docbook.xsl $<
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@clean-local:
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	rm -rf man1 man3 man5 man8
+
+#$(man_MANS):
+#	@echo you need to run configure with --enable-man to generate man pages
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man8/grpconv.8 man8/grpunconv.8 man8/pwunconv.8: man8/pwconv.8
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+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man3/getspnam.3: man3/shadow.3
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+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man8/vigr.8: man8/vipw.8
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+
+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
diff --git a/man/chage.1.xml b/man/chage.1.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e4cc53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/chage.1.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1990 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY USE_TCB               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/USE_TCB.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='chage.1'>
+  <!--  $Id$  -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1990</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">User Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>chage</refname>
+    <refpurpose>change user password expiry information</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>chage</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='plain'>
+	<replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>chage</command> command changes the number of days between
+      password changes and the date of the last password change. This
+      information is used by the system to determine when a user must change
+      their password.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>chage</command> command are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-d</option>, <option>--lastday</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LAST_DAY</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Set the number of days since January 1st, 1970 when the password
+	    was last changed. The date may also be expressed in the format
+	    YYYY-MM-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area).
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-E</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Set the date or number of days since January 1, 1970 on which the
+	    user's account will no longer be accessible. The date may also
+	    be expressed in the format YYYY-MM-DD (or the format more
+	    commonly used in your area). A user whose account is locked must
+	    contact the system administrator before being able to use the
+	    system again.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Passing the number <emphasis remap='I'>-1</emphasis> as the
+	    <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> will remove an account
+	    expiration date.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-i</option>, <option>--iso8601</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>When printing dates, use YYYY-MM-DD format.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-I</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has
+	    expired before the account is locked. The
+	    <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> option is the number of days
+	    of inactivity. A user whose account is locked must contact the
+	    system administrator before being able to use the system again.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Passing the number <emphasis remap='I'>-1</emphasis> as the
+	    <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> will remove an account's
+	    inactivity.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	  Show account aging information.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+	    <replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>. A value of zero for this field
+	    indicates that the user may change their password at any time.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-M</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid. 
+	    When <replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> plus
+	    <replaceable>LAST_DAY</replaceable> is less than the current
+	    day, the user will be required to change their password before
+	    being able to use their account. This occurrence can be planned for
+	    in advance by use of the <option>-W</option> option, which
+	    provides the user with advance warning.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Passing the number <emphasis remap='I'>-1</emphasis> as
+	    <replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> will remove checking a
+	    password's validity.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-W</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Set the number of days of warning before a password change is
+	    required. The <replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the
+	    number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will
+	    be warned their password is about to expire.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+    <para>
+      If none of the options are selected, <command>chage</command> operates
+      in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values
+      for all of the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or
+      leave the line blank to use the current value. The current value is
+      displayed between a pair of <emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+  <refsect1 id='note'>
+    <title>NOTE</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>chage</command> program requires a shadow password file to
+      be available.
+    </para>
+    <para>The <command>chage</command> command is restricted to the root
+      user, except for the <option>-l</option> option, which may be used by
+      an unprivileged user to determine when their password or account is due
+      to expire.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &USE_TCB;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure user account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='exit_values'>
+    <title>EXIT VALUES</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>chage</command> command exits with the following values:
+      <variablelist>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>0</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>success</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>1</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>permission denied</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>2</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>invalid command syntax</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>15</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>can't find the shadow password file</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+      </variablelist>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/chfn.1.xml b/man/chfn.1.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..153d67e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/chfn.1.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1990 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY CHFN_AUTH             SYSTEM "login.defs.d/CHFN_AUTH.xml">
+<!ENTITY CHFN_RESTRICT         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/CHFN_RESTRICT.xml">
+<!ENTITY LOGIN_STRING          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LOGIN_STRING.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='chfn.1'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1990</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">User Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>chfn</refname>
+    <refpurpose>change real user name and information</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>chfn</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>chfn</command> command changes user fullname,
+      office room number, office phone number, and home phone number information
+      for a user's account. This information is typically printed by
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry> and similar programs. A normal user may only change
+      the fields for her own account, subject to the restrictions in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>. (The default configuration is to
+      prevent users from changing their fullname.) The superuser may change
+      any field for any account. Additionally, only the superuser may use
+      the <option>-o</option> option to change the undefined portions of the
+      GECOS field.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      These fields must not contain any colons. Except for the
+      <emphasis remap='I'>other</emphasis> field, they should not contain
+      any comma or equal sign. It is also recommended to avoid
+      non-US-ASCII characters, but this is only enforced for the phone
+      numbers. The <emphasis remap='I'>other</emphasis> field is used to
+      store accounting information used by other applications.
+    </para>
+
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>chfn</command> command are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-f</option>, <option>--full-name</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FULL_NAME</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Change the user's full name.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-h</option>, <option>--home-phone</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_PHONE</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Change the user's home phone number.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-o</option>, <option>--other</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>OTHER</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Change the user's other GECOS information. This field is used to
+	    store accounting information used by other applications, and can
+	    be changed only by a superuser.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-r</option>, <option>--room</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROOM_NUMBER</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Change the user's room number.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-u</option>, <option>--help</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-w</option>, <option>--work-phone</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>WORK_PHONE</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Change the user's office phone number.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+    <para>
+      If none of the options are selected, <command>chfn</command>
+      operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the
+      current values for all of the fields. Enter the new value to change
+      the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value. The
+      current value is displayed between a pair of <emphasis remap='B'>[
+      ]</emphasis> marks. Without options, <command>chfn</command>
+      prompts for the current user account.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &CHFN_AUTH;
+      &CHFN_RESTRICT;
+      &LOGIN_STRING;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/login.defs</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Shadow password suite configuration.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/chgpasswd.8.xml b/man/chgpasswd.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd61687
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/chgpasswd.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 2006       , Tomasz Kłoczko
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY ENCRYPT_METHOD        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENCRYPT_METHOD.xml">
+<!ENTITY MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP.xml">
+<!ENTITY MD5_CRYPT_ENAB        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS  SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+
+<refentry id='chgpasswd.8'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>Creation, 2006</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>chgpasswd</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>chgpasswd</refname>
+    <refpurpose>update group passwords in batch mode</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>chgpasswd</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>chgpasswd</command> command reads a list of group name
+      and password pairs from standard input and uses this information to
+      update a set of existing groups. Each line is of the format:
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      <emphasis remap='I'>group_name</emphasis>:<emphasis
+      remap='I'>password</emphasis>
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      By default the supplied password must be in clear-text, and is
+      encrypted by <command>chgpasswd</command>.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with
+      the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>,
+      and can be overwritten with the <option>-e</option>,
+      <option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      This command is intended to be used in a large system environment
+      where many accounts are created at a single time.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>chgpasswd</command> command
+      are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Use the specified method to encrypt the passwords.</para>
+	  <para condition="no_sha_crypt">
+	    The available methods are DES, MD5, and NONE.
+	  </para>
+	  <para condition="sha_crypt">
+	    The available methods are DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 or SHA512
+	    if your libc support these methods.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Supplied passwords are in encrypted form.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-m</option>, <option>--md5</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Use MD5 encryption instead of DES when the supplied passwords are
+	    not encrypted.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="sha_crypt">
+	<term><option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Use the specified number of rounds to encrypt the passwords.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The value 0 means that the system will choose the default
+	    number of rounds for the crypt method (5000).
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999
+	    will be enforced.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    You can only use this option with the SHA256 or SHA512
+	    crypt method.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    By default, the number of rounds is defined by the
+	    SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
+	    <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='caveats'>
+    <title>CAVEATS</title>
+    <para>
+      Remember to set permissions or umask to prevent readability of
+      unencrypted files by other users.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      You should make sure the passwords and the encryption method respect
+      the system's password policy.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &ENCRYPT_METHOD;
+      &MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP;
+      &MD5_CRYPT_ENAB;
+      &SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS; <!--This also document SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS-->
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/group</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="gshadow">
+	<term><filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/login.defs</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Shadow password suite configuration.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/chpasswd.8.xml b/man/chpasswd.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19ef36e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/chpasswd.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991       , Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY ENCRYPT_METHOD        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENCRYPT_METHOD.xml">
+<!ENTITY MD5_CRYPT_ENAB        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS  SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+
+<refentry id='chpasswd.8'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1991</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>chpasswd</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>chpasswd</refname>
+    <refpurpose>update passwords in batch mode</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>chpasswd</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>chpasswd</command> command reads a list of user name and
+      password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update
+      a group of existing users. Each line is of the format:
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      <emphasis remap='I'>user_name</emphasis>:<emphasis
+      remap='I'>password</emphasis>
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      By default the passwords must be supplied in clear-text, and are
+      encrypted by <command>chpasswd</command>.
+      Also the password age will be updated, if present.
+    </para>
+    <para condition="no_pam">
+      The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with
+      the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or
+      <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variables of
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, and can be overwritten with the
+      <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option>
+      options.
+    </para>
+    <para condition="pam">
+      By default, passwords are encrypted by PAM, but (even if not
+      recommended) you can select a different encryption method with the
+      <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option>
+      options.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      <phrase condition="pam">Except when PAM is used to encrypt the
+      passwords,</phrase> <command>chpasswd</command> first updates all the
+      passwords in memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no
+      errors occurred for any user.
+    </para>
+    <para condition="pam">
+      When PAM is used to encrypt the passwords (and update the passwords in
+      the system database) then if a password cannot be updated
+      <command>chpasswd</command> continues updating the passwords of the
+      next users, and will return an error code on exit.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      This command is intended to be used in a large system environment
+      where many accounts are created at a single time.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>chpasswd</command> command
+      are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>METHOD</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Use the specified method to encrypt the passwords.</para>
+	  <para condition="no_sha_crypt">
+	    The available methods are DES, MD5, and NONE.
+	  </para>
+	  <para condition="sha_crypt">
+	    The available methods are DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 or SHA512
+	    if your libc support these methods.
+	  </para>
+	  <para condition="pam">
+	    By default, PAM is used to encrypt the passwords.
+	  </para>
+	  <para condition="no_pam">
+	    By default (if none of the <option>-c</option>,
+	    <option>-m</option>, or <option>-e</option> options are
+	    specified), the encryption method is defined by the 
+	    <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or
+	    <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variables of
+	    <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Supplied passwords are in encrypted form.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-m</option>, <option>--md5</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Use MD5 encryption instead of DES when the supplied passwords are
+	    not encrypted.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="sha_crypt">
+	<term>
+	  <option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROUNDS</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Use the specified number of rounds to encrypt the passwords.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The value 0 means that the system will choose the default
+	    number of rounds for the crypt method (5000).
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999
+	    will be enforced.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    You can only use this option with the SHA256 or SHA512
+	    crypt method.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    By default, the number of rounds is defined by the
+	    <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> and
+	    <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> variables in
+	    <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='caveats'>
+    <title>CAVEATS</title>
+    <para>
+      Remember to set permissions or umask to prevent readability of
+      unencrypted files by other users.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist condition="no_pam">
+      &ENCRYPT_METHOD;
+      &MD5_CRYPT_ENAB;
+    </variablelist>
+    <variablelist>
+      &SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS; <!--documents also SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS-->
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure user account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/login.defs</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Shadow password suite configuration.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="pam">
+	<term><filename>/etc/pam.d/chpasswd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>PAM configuration for <command>chpasswd</command>.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <phrase>
+	<citerefentry>
+	  <refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+	</citerefentry>,
+      </phrase>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/chsh.1.xml b/man/chsh.1.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c853be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/chsh.1.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1990       , Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY CHSH_AUTH             SYSTEM "login.defs.d/CHSH_AUTH.xml">
+<!ENTITY LOGIN_STRING          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LOGIN_STRING.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+
+<refentry id='chsh.1'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1990</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">User Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>chsh</refname>
+    <refpurpose>change login shell</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>chsh</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+        <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>chsh</command> command changes the user login shell.
+      This determines the name of the user's initial login command. A normal
+      user may only change the login shell for her own account; the
+      superuser may change the login shell for any account.
+    </para>
+
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>chsh</command> command are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</replaceable>
+	</term>
+        <listitem>                                                                                                                   
+	  <para>
+	    The name of the user's new login shell. Setting this field to
+	    blank causes the system to select the default login shell.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+    <para>
+      If the <option>-s</option> option is not selected,
+      <command>chsh</command> operates in an interactive fashion, prompting
+      the user with the current login shell. Enter the new value to change
+      the shell, or leave the line blank to use the current one. The current
+      shell is displayed between a pair of <emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='note'>
+    <title>NOTE</title>
+    <para>
+      The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command
+      name must be listed in <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, unless the
+      invoker is the superuser, and then any value may be added. An
+      account with a restricted login shell may not change her login shell.
+      For this reason, placing <filename>/bin/rsh</filename> in
+      <filename>/etc/shells</filename> is discouraged since accidentally
+      changing to a restricted shell would prevent the user from ever
+      changing her login shell back to its original value.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration' condition="no_pam">
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &CHSH_AUTH;
+      &LOGIN_STRING;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shells</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>List of valid login shells.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/login.defs</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Shadow password suite configuration.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/config.xml.in b/man/config.xml.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2dbad9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/config.xml.in
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+<!ENTITY GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH '@GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH@'>
+<!ENTITY SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION '@VERSION@'>
diff --git a/man/cs/Makefile.am b/man/cs/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b2be0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+
+mandir = @mandir@/cs
+
+man_MANS = \
+	man1/expiry.1 \
+	man5/faillog.5 \
+	man8/faillog.8 \
+	man1/gpasswd.1 \
+	man8/groupadd.8 \
+	man8/groupdel.8 \
+	man8/groupmod.8 \
+	man1/groups.1 \
+	man8/grpck.8 \
+	man5/gshadow.5 \
+	man8/lastlog.8 \
+	man8/nologin.8 \
+	man5/passwd.5 \
+	man5/shadow.5 \
+	man1/su.1 \
+	man8/vipw.8
+
+EXTRA_DIST = $(man_MANS) \
+	man1/id.1 \
+	man8/groupmems.8 \
+	man8/logoutd.8
+
diff --git a/man/cs/Makefile.in b/man/cs/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..494c164
--- /dev/null
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+	man8/vipw.8
+
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+	done; }
+
+uninstall-man1:
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+	files=`{ for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done; \
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+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^1][0-9a-z]*$$,1,;x' \
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+	@$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
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+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
+	  || exit 0; \
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+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
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+	echo " $(MKDIR_P) '$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)'"; \
+	$(MKDIR_P) "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)" || exit 1; \
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+	  for i in $$list2; do echo "$$i"; done \
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+	  fi; \
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+	  test -z "$$files" || { \
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+	done; }
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+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^8][0-9a-z]*$$,8,;x' \
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+tags TAGS:
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+ctags CTAGS:
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+
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+
+distdir-am: $(DISTFILES)
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+	  */*) $(MKDIR_P) `echo "$$dist_files" | \
+			   sed '/\//!d;s|^|$(distdir)/|;s,/[^/]*$$,,' | \
+			   sort -u` ;; \
+	esac; \
+	for file in $$dist_files; do \
+	  if test -f $$file || test -d $$file; then d=.; else d=$(srcdir); fi; \
+	  if test -d $$d/$$file; then \
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+	    if test -d "$(distdir)/$$file"; then \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    if test -d $(srcdir)/$$file && test $$d != $(srcdir); then \
+	      cp -fpR $(srcdir)/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    cp -fpR $$d/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	  else \
+	    test -f "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || cp -p $$d/$$file "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || exit 1; \
+	  fi; \
+	done
+check-am: all-am
+check: check-am
+all-am: Makefile $(MANS)
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+	for dir in "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)" "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)" "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)"; do \
+	  test -z "$$dir" || $(MKDIR_P) "$$dir"; \
+	done
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+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	      install; \
+	else \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	    "INSTALL_PROGRAM_ENV=STRIPPROG='$(STRIP)'" install; \
+	fi
+mostlyclean-generic:
+
+clean-generic:
+
+distclean-generic:
+	-test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)
+	-test . = "$(srcdir)" || test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)
+
+maintainer-clean-generic:
+	@echo "This command is intended for maintainers to use"
+	@echo "it deletes files that may require special tools to rebuild."
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+	distclean-libtool distdir dvi dvi-am html html-am info info-am \
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+	mostlyclean-libtool pdf pdf-am ps ps-am tags-am uninstall \
+	uninstall-am uninstall-man uninstall-man1 uninstall-man5 \
+	uninstall-man8
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+.PRECIOUS: Makefile
+
+
+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
diff --git a/man/cs/man1/expiry.1 b/man/cs/man1/expiry.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99a0b4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man1/expiry.1
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+.TH "EXPIRY" "1" "11/05/2005" "User Commands" "User Commands"
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.SH "JMÉNO"
+expiry \- zkontroluje a vynutí politiku vypršení platnosti hesla
+.SH "POUŽITÍ"
+.HP 7
+\fBexpiry\fR [\-c] [\-f]
+.SH "POPIS"
+.PP
+\fBexpiry\fR
+zkontroluje (\fB\-c\fR) vypršení platnosti aktuálního hesla a případně vynutí (\fB\-f\fR) změnu. Příkaz lze spustit jako běžný uživatel.
+.SH "SOUBORY"
+.TP
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR
+informace o uživatelských účtech
+.TP
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR
+důvěrné informace o uživatelských účtech
+.SH "VIZ TAKÉ"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5).
diff --git a/man/cs/man1/gpasswd.1 b/man/cs/man1/gpasswd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32e4288
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man1/gpasswd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+.TH "GPASSWD" "1" "11/05/2005" "User Commands" "User Commands"
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.SH "JMÉNO"
+gpasswd \- spravuje soubor /etc/group
+.SH "POUŽITÍ"
+.HP 8
+\fBgpasswd\fR \fIskupina\fR
+.HP 8
+\fBgpasswd\fR \-a\ \fIuživatel\fR \fIskupina\fR
+.HP 8
+\fBgpasswd\fR \-d\ \fIuživatel\fR \fIskupina\fR
+.HP 8
+\fBgpasswd\fR \-R\ \fIskupina\fR
+.HP 8
+\fBgpasswd\fR \-r\ \fIskupina\fR
+.HP 8
+\fBgpasswd\fR [\-A\ \fIuživatel,\fR...] [\-M\ \fIuživatel,\fR...] \fIskupina\fR
+.SH "POPIS"
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+se používá pro správu souboru
+\fI/etc/group\fR
+(a pokud je zkompilován s podporou SHADOWGRP, tak i
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR).
+Každá skupina může mít správce, členy a heslo. Systémový správce může
+volbou
+\fB\-A\fR
+definovat správce skupiny, volbou
+\fB\-M\fR
+členy skupiny a má všechna práva skupinových správců a členů.
+.SS "Poznámka o skupinových heslech"
+.PP
+Skupinová hesla jsou samozřejmě bezpečnostním problémem, jelikož je
+heslo sdíleno více uživateli. Skupiny jsou nicméně užitečným nástrojem
+pro spolupráci mezi různými uživateli.
+.SH "VOLBY"
+.PP
+Správce skupiny může přidávat resp. mazat uživatele pomocí
+\fB\-a\fR
+resp.
+\fB\-d\fR.
+Správcové mohou odstranit skupinové heslo pomocí přepínače
+\fB\-r\fR.
+Pokud není heslo nastaveno, mohou použít příkaz
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+pro zapojení do skupiny pouze členové skupiny. Volba
+\fB\-R\fR
+zakáže přístup do skupiny skrze příkaz
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+(členové skupiny se do ní budou moci stále přepnout).
+.PP
+Pokud je
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+spušten správcem skupiny a jediným parametrem je jméno skupiny, zeptá
+se na skupinové heslo. Pokud je heslo nastaveno, mohou členové používat
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1)
+stále bez hesla, nečlenové musí heslo zadat.
+.SH "SOUBORY"
+.TP
+\fI/etc/group\fR
+informace o skupinových účtech
+.TP
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR
+citlivé informace o skupinových účtech
+.SH "VIZ TAKÉ"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBgroup\fR(5).
diff --git a/man/cs/man1/groups.1 b/man/cs/man1/groups.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6deab53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man1/groups.1
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+.TH GROUPS 1 "GNU Shell Utilities" "FSF" \" \-*\- nroff \-*\-
+.do hla cs
+.do hpf hyphen.cs
+.SH JMÉNO
+groups \- vypíše skupiny, jichž je uživatel členem
+.SH POUŽITÍ
+\fBgroups\fR [\fIuživatel...\fR]
+.SH POPIS
+Tato dokumentace není dále udržována a může být nepřesná nebo neúplná.
+Autoritativním zdrojem je Texinfo dokumentace.
+.PP
+Tato manuálová stránka popisuje GNU verzi příkazu
+.BR groups .
+Příkaz
+.B groups
+vypíše jména všech skupin, v nichž je zadaný \fIuživatel\fR nebo aktuální proces,
+pokud uživatel není zadán, členem. Pokud jsou zadána jména uživatelů, potom bude
+jméno každého z uživatelů vypsáno před seznam skupin, jichž je členem.
+.PP
+Seznam skupin je ekvivalentní s výstupem příkazu `id \-Gn'.
+.SH VOLBY
+Když je GNU příkaz \fBgroups\fR vyvolán právě s jedním parametrem,
+jsou rozpoznávány následující volby:
+.TP
+.I "\-\-help"
+Vypíše návod k použití na standardní výstup a bezchybně skončí.
+.TP
+.I "\-\-version"
+Vypíše číslo verze na standardní výstup a bezchybně skončí.
diff --git a/man/cs/man1/id.1 b/man/cs/man1/id.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9eafaf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man1/id.1
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+.TH ID 1 "GNU Shell Utilities" "FSF" \" \-*\- nroff \-*\-
+.do hla cs
+.do hpf hyphen.cs
+.SH JMÉNO
+id \- vypíše reálný a efektivní UID a GID
+.SH POUŽITÍ
+.B id
+[\-gnruG] [\-\-group] [\-\-name] [\-\-real] [\-\-user] [\-\-groups]
+[\-\-help] [\-\-version] [uživatel]
+.SH POPIS
+Tato dokumentace není dále udržována a může být nepřesná nebo neúplná.
+Autoritativním zdrojem je Texinfo dokumentace.
+.PP
+Tato manuálová stránka popisuje GNU verzi příkazu
+.BR id .
+Příkaz
+.B id
+vypíše informace o zadaném uživateli nebo (pokud není jméno uživatele
+zadáno) o uživateli, který program
+.B id
+spustil. Implicitně vypisuje reálné user ID, reálné group ID,
+efektivní user ID, pokud se liší od reálného user ID, efektivní
+group ID, pokud se liší od reálného group ID, a group ID skupin,
+v nichž je uživatel členem. Před každou z hodnot je vypsán řetězec
+určující o jakou hodnotu se jedná a za každou jsou odpovídající
+jména skupin a uživatelů v závorkách.
+.PP
+Volby způsobí, že program
+.B id
+vypisuje pouze některé z těchto informací.
+.SS VOLBY
+.TP
+.I "\-g, \-\-group"
+Vypíše pouze group ID.
+.TP
+.I "\-G, \-\-groups"
+Vypíše pouze skupiny, v nichž je uživatel členem.
+.TP
+.I "\-\-help"
+Vypíše návod k použití na standardní výstup a bezchybně skončí.
+.TP
+.I "\-n, \-\-name"
+Vypíše jméno uživatele nebo skupiny místo čísla ID.
+Vyžaduje
+.IR \-u ,
+.IR \-g ,
+nebo
+.IR \-G .
+.TP
+.I "\-r, \-\-real"
+Vypíše reálné místo efektivních user a group ID.
+Vyžaduje
+.IR \-u ,
+.IR \-g ,
+nebo
+.IR \-G .
+.TP
+.I "\-u, \-\-user"
+Vypíše pouze user ID.
+.TP
+.I "\-\-version"
+Vypíše číslo verze na standardní výstup a bezchybně skončí.
diff --git a/man/cs/man1/su.1 b/man/cs/man1/su.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8a6842
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man1/su.1
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+.TH SU 1 "GNU Shell Utilities" "FSF" \" \-*\- nroff \-*\-
+.do hla cs
+.do hpf hyphen.cs
+.SH JMÉNO
+su \- spustí shell pod jiným uživatelským a skupinovým ID
+.SH POUŽITÍ
+.B su
+[\-flmp] [\-c příkaz] [\-s shell] [\-\-login] [\-\-fast]
+[\-\-preserve\-environment] [\-\-command=příkaz] [\-\-shell=shell] [\-]
+[\-\-help] [\-\-version] [uživatel [arg...]]
+.SH POPIS
+Tato dokumentace není dále udržována a může být nepřesná nebo neúplná.
+Autoritativním zdrojem je Texinfo dokumentace.
+.PP
+Tato manuálová stránka popisuje GNU verzi příkazu
+.BR su .
+Příkaz
+.B su
+umožňuje, aby se uživatel dočasně stal jiným uživatelem. Spustí
+shell s reálným a efektivním user ID, group ID, i skupinami, jichž
+je zadaný
+.I uživatel
+členem. Pokud není zadán
+.IR uživatel ,
+dosadí se root, superuživatel. Jméno shellu je převzato ze souboru
+/etc/passwd. Pokud v /etc/passwd jméno shellu není, použije se
+/bin/sh. Pokud má uživatelský účet heslo, a příkaz
+.B su
+není spuštěn pod reálným user ID 0 (tj. superuživatelem), bude
+požadovat zadání hesla.
+.PP
+Příkaz
+.B su
+implicitně nemění aktuální adresář. Nastavuje proměnné prostředí
+`HOME' a `SHELL' podle údajů z /etc/passwd a pokud zadaný
+.I uživatel
+není superuživatelem, nastaví proměnné `USER' a `LOGNAME' na
+.IR uživatel .
+Implicitně není spuštěný shell login shellem.
+.PP
+Jsou\-li zadány další argumenty, budou předány jako argumenty shellu.
+.PP
+Příkaz
+.B su
+nezpracovává speciálně /bin/sh nebo ostatní shelly (nastavením
+argv[0] na "\-su", předáním volby `\-c' pouze jistým shellům, atd.).
+.PP
+Na systémech se syslog démonem může být příkaz
+.B su
+přeložen tak, aby zaznamenával pomocí syslogu neúspěšná
+a volitelně i úspěšná vyvolání příkazu
+.BR su .
+.SS VOLBY
+.TP
+.I "\-c příkaz, \-\-command=příkaz"
+Místo odstartování interaktivního shellu předá
+.I příkaz
+s volbou
+.I \-c
+jako jediný příkazový řádek shellu.
+.TP
+.I "\-f, \-\-fast"
+Předá shellu volbu
+.IR \-f .
+Tuto volbu je pravděpodobně vhodné používat pouze pro shelly
+.B csh
+a
+.BR tcsh ,
+u nichž zabrání provedení startovacího souboru (.cshrc).
+U shellů vycházejících z Bourne shellu volba
+.I \-f
+zakazuje expanzi žolíkových znaků, což obecně není žádoucí.
+.TP
+.I "\-\-help"
+Vypíše návod k použití na standardní výstup a bezchybně skončí.
+.TP
+.I "\-, \-l, \-\-login"
+Spustí shell jako login shell. To znamená, že nebude nastaven obsah
+žádných proměnných prostředí kromě `TERM', `HOME', a `SHELL' (které
+budou nastaveny, jak je popsáno výše), `USER' a `LOGNAME' (které
+budou nastaveny i pro superuživatele jak je popsáno výše). Proměnná
+prostředí `PATH' bude nastavena na hodnotu definovanou při překladu.
+Aktuální adresář bude nastaven na domovský adresář; před jméno
+shellu bude předřazen znak "\-", který způsobí, že bude zpracován
+startovací soubor nebo soubory.
+.TP
+.I "\-m, \-p, \-\-preserve\-environment"
+Nebude měnit proměnné prostředí `HOME', `USER', `LOGNAME' ani
+`SHELL'. Je chybou, pokud uživatel, který spustil příkaz
+.B su
+není superuživatel a přitom má nový uživatel omezený shell. Jinak
+se spustí místo uživatelova shellu z /etc/passwd shell zadaný
+v proměnné prostředí `SHELL'. Omezený shell je takový, který
+není uveden v souboru /etc/shells, nebo v zakompilován seznamu
+souborů, pokud /etc/shells neexistuje. Chování příkazu
+.B su
+s touto volbou lze změnit volbami
+.I \-\-login
+a
+.I \-\-shell
+(má přednost před hodnotou proměnné prostředí SHELL).
+.TP
+.I "\-s, \-\-shell shell"
+Spustí zadaný shell místo uživatelova shellu z /etc/passwd.
+Je chybou, pokud uživatel, který spustil
+.B su
+není superuživatel a přitom shell nového uživatele uvedený
+v /etc/passwd je omezený.
+.TP
+.I "\-\-version"
+Vypíše číslo verze na standardní výstup a bezchybně skončí.
diff --git a/man/cs/man5/faillog.5 b/man/cs/man5/faillog.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99036ff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man5/faillog.5
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+.TH "FAILLOG" "5" "11/05/2005" "" ""
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.SH "JMÉNO"
+faillog \- Soubor pro zaznamenávání chybných pokusů o přihlášení
+.SH "POPIS"
+.PP
+\fI/var/log/faillog\fR
+uchovává pro každý účet počet chybných přihlášení a jejich
+limity. Záznamy v souboru mají pevnou délku a jsou indexovány
+číselným UID. Každý záznam obsahuje počet chybných pokusů o
+přihlášení od posledního úspěšného přihlášení, maximální počet
+chybných pokusů o přihlášení před zablokováním účtu, linku, na které
+byl zaznamenán poslední chybný pokus o přihlášení, a datum,
+kdy byl zaznamenán poslední chybný pokus o přihlášení.
+.PP
+Struktura souboru vypadá následovně:
+.sp
+.nf
+struct	faillog {
+	short   fail_cnt;
+	short   fail_max;
+	char    fail_line[12];
+	time_t  fail_time;
+};
+.fi
+.SH "SOUBORY"
+.TP
+\fI/var/log/faillog\fR
+soubor pro záznam chybných pokusů o přihlášení
+.SH "VIZ TAKÉ"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR(8)
diff --git a/man/cs/man5/gshadow.5 b/man/cs/man5/gshadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad8750d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man5/gshadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+.TH "GSHADOW" "5" "11/05/2005" "File Formats and Conversions" "File Formats and Conversions"
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.SH "JMÉNO"
+gshadow \- stínový soubor se skupinami
+.SH "POPIS"
+.PP
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR
+Obsahuje stínové informace ke skupinovým účtům. Obsahuje řádky
+s pevnou strukturou, kde jsou jednotlivá pole oddělená dvojtečkami:
+.TP 3
+\(bu
+název skupiny
+.TP
+\(bu
+zašifrované heslo
+.TP
+\(bu
+čárkami oddělený seznam administrátorů skupiny
+.TP
+\(bu
+čárkami oddělený seznam členů skupiny
+.PP
+Pole pro název skupiny a heslo musí být vyplněná. Zašifrované heslo se
+skládá ze znaků 64 znakové abecedy (a-z, A-Z, 0-9, \\ a /).
+Podrobnosti o hesle naleznete v
+\fBcrypt\fR(3).
+Pokud pole s heslem obsahuje znak, který není platným výsledkem
+funkce
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), např. ! nebo *, uživatel se nebude moci pomocí tohoto
+hesla přihlásit, ale záleží také na systému
+\fBpam\fR(7).
+.PP
+Heslo v tomto souboru má přednost před heslem ze souboru
+\fI/etc/group\fR.
+.PP
+Má-li být zachována bezpečnost hesel, nesmí být tento soubor čitelný
+pro běžné uživatele.
+.SH "SOUBORY"
+.TP
+\fI/etc/group\fR
+informace o skupinových účtech
+.TP
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR
+citlivé informace o skupinových účtech
+.SH "VIZ TAKÉ"
+.PP
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(5).
diff --git a/man/cs/man5/passwd.5 b/man/cs/man5/passwd.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b00228
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man5/passwd.5
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+.TH PASSWD 5 "19. března 1997" "Linux" "Linux \- příručka programátora"
+.do hla cs
+.do hpf hyphen.cs
+.SH JMÉNO
+passwd \- seznam hesel uživatelů
+.SH POPIS
+.B Passwd
+je čitelný textový soubor, který obsahuje seznam uživatelů systému a hesel,
+která musejí použít pro přístup. Seznam hesel uživatelů by měl být s právy
+pro čtení pro každého, což v pořádku, protože jsou hesla zašifrována, ale 
+zápisová práva má jenom superuživatel. Jestliže vytvoříte nový login,
+nechejte pole pro heslo prázdné a použijte \fBpasswd\fP(1) pro doplnění.
+Hvězdička nebo něco podobného v poli hesel značí, že tento uživatel se nemůže
+přihlásit přes \fBlogin\fP(1). Jestliže je váš kořenový adresář v 
+.IR /dev/ram,
+tak musíte uložit změněný soubor hesel do vašeho kořenového adresáře na
+disketě něž systém vypnete. Jestliže chcete
+vytvořit skupinu uživatelů, jejich GID musí být stejná a musí pro ni
+existovat záznam v souboru \fI/etc/group\fP, nebo skupina nebude existovat.
+.PP
+Každý řádek tvoří jeden záznam, který má následující formát:
+.sp
+.RS
+login_name:passwd:UID:GID:user_name:directory:shell
+.RE
+.sp
+Popis jednotlivých polí:
+.sp
+.RS
+.TP 1.0in
+.I login_name
+přihlašovací jméno uživatele systému
+.TP
+.I password
+zašifrované heslo uživatele
+.TP
+.I UID
+číselná identifikace uživatele (user ID)
+.TP
+.I GID
+číselná identifikace  skupiny  (group ID)
+.TP
+.I user_name
+(volitelné) poznámka (často celé jméno uživatele)
+.TP
+.I directory
+domovský adresář uživatele ($HOME)
+.TP
+.I shell
+program, který je spuštěn po úspěšném přihlášení (jestliže je prázdný,
+použije se
+.IR /bin/sh ).
+.RE
+.SH SOUBORY
+.I /etc/passwd
+.SH DALŠÍ INFORMACE
+.BR passwd "(1), " login "(1), " group (5)
diff --git a/man/cs/man5/shadow.5 b/man/cs/man5/shadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fdbe0a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man5/shadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+.TH SHADOW 5
+.do hla cs
+.do hpf hyphen.cs
+.SH JMÉNO
+shadow \- soubor se zašifrovanými hesly
+.SH POPIS
+.I shadow
+obsahuje informace o zašifrovaných heslech uživatelských účtů a
+volitelně může obsahovat informace o stárnutí hesel. Soubor obsahuje
+
+.IP "" .5i
+Přihlašovací jméno
+.IP "" .5i
+Zašifrované heslo
+.IP "" .5i
+Počet dnů od 1. ledna 1970, kdy bylo heslo naposledy změněno
+.IP "" .5i
+Počet dnů, po jejichž uplynutí může být heslo změněno
+.IP "" .5i
+Počet dnů, po jejichž uplynutí musí být heslo změněno
+.IP "" .5i
+Počet dnů před lhůtou, kdy je uživatel varován, že heslo vyprší
+.IP "" .5i
+Počet dnů, po jejichž uplynutí po propadnutí hesla je zablokován účet.
+.IP "" .5i
+Počet dnů od 1. ledna 1970, kdy byl účet zablokován
+.IP "" .5i
+Rezervované pole
+.PP
+Pole hesla musí být vyplněno. Zašifrované heslo se skládá ze 13 až 24
+znaků z 64 prvkové množiny znaků (a až z, A až Z, 0 až 9, \. a
+/). \fIcrypt(3)\fR obsahuje detailní informace o tom, jak
+interpretovat tento řetězec.
+.PP
+Datum poslední změny hesla je dáno počtem dní od 1. ledna 1970. Heslo
+nesmí býti znovu změněno dokud řádně neuplyne specifikovaný počet dní,
+a musí být změněno po uplynutí maximálního počtu dní. Pokud je
+minimální počet dnů platnosti hesla vyšší než maximální počet
+povolených dní, heslo nemůže být změněno uživatelem.
+.PP
+Účet je považován za neaktivní a bude zablokován, jestliže heslo není
+změněno během určeného počtu dní po vypršení platnosti hesla. Účet
+bude také zablokován v určený den nezávisle na ostatních informacích o
+vypršení hesla.
+.PP
+Tyto informace o heslu a době jeho platnosti mají prioritu před
+informacemi uloženými v souboru \fB/etc/passwd\fR.
+.PP
+Tento soubor nesmí být čitelný řádnými uživateli, má\-li být
+ochrana hesel účinná.
+.SH SOUBORY
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- informace o uživatelských účtech
+.br
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR \- zašifrovaná hesla uživatelů
+.SH DALŠÍ INFORMACE
+chage(1),
+login(1),
+passwd(1),
+su(1),
+sulogin(1M),
+shadow(3),
+passwd(5),
+pwconv(8),
+pwunconv(8)
diff --git a/man/cs/man8/faillog.8 b/man/cs/man8/faillog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4dcae0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man8/faillog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+.TH "FAILLOG" "8" "11/05/2005" "System Management Commands" "System Management Commands"
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.SH "JMÉNO"
+faillog \- zobrazí záznamy faillogu nebo nastaví limity na chybná přihlášení
+.SH "POUŽITÍ"
+.HP 8
+\fBfaillog\fR [\fIvolby\fR]
+.SH "POPIS"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR
+formátuje obsah souboru
+\fI/var/log/faillog\fR,
+ve kterém se zaznamenávají neúspěšné pokusy o přihlášení. Také jej
+můžete použít pro správu počitadel neúspěšných přihlášení a pro
+nastavení limitů. Spuštení programu
+\fBfaillog\fR
+bez argumentů vypíše záznamy o neúspěšném přihlášení těch uživatelů,
+u kterých je zaznamenáno alespoň jedno chybné přihlášení.
+.SH "VOLBY"
+.PP
+Příkaz
+\fBfaillog\fR
+akceptuje následující volby:
+.TP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+Zobrazí záznamy faillogu všech uživatelů.
+.TP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+Zobrazí nápovědu a skončí.
+.TP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\-time\fR \fISEK\fR
+Po neúspěšném přihlášení zamkne účet na
+\fISEK\fR
+sekund.
+.TP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-maximum\fR \fIMAX\fR
+Nastaví maximální počet chybných přihlášení na MAX. Poté se účet
+zablokuje. Hodnotou 0 tento limit zrušíte. Pro uživatele
+\fIroot\fR
+by hodnota
+\fIMAX\fR
+měla být vždy 0, abyste předešli útokům typu odepření služby.
+.TP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reset\fR
+Vynuluje počitadla chybných přihlášení všech uživatelů. Při použití s
+parametrem \-u
+\fIÚČET\fR
+vynuluje počitadlo pouze pro daný účet. Tato operace vyžaduje práva
+zápisu k souboru
+\fI/var/log/faillog\fR.
+.TP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR \fIDNŮ\fR
+Zobrazí záznamy faillogu novější než
+\fIDNŮ\fR. Volba
+\fB\-t\fR
+má vyšší prioritu než
+\fB\-u\fR.
+.TP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR \fIÚČET\fR
+Zobrazí záznamy faillogu (resp. s volbami
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR
+nebo
+\fB\-r\fR
+upraví počitadla nebo limity chybných přihlášení) pouze pro uživatele
+\fIÚČET\fR.
+.SH "ZÁLUDNOSTI"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR
+vypíše pouze uživatele, bez úspěšného přihlášení od poslední
+chyby. Chcete-li vypsat i uživatele, kteří se od poslední chyby
+úspěšně přihlásili, musíte si je explicitně vyžádat volbou
+\fB\-u\fR
+nebo
+\fB\-a\fR.
+.SH "SOUBORY"
+.TP
+\fI/var/log/faillog\fR
+soubor pro záznam chybných pokusů o přihlášení
+.SH "VIZ TAKÉ"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBfaillog\fR(5).
diff --git a/man/cs/man8/groupadd.8 b/man/cs/man8/groupadd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8e3977
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man8/groupadd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+.TH "GROUPADD" "8" "01/02/2006" "System Management Commands" "System Management Commands"
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.SH "JMÉNO"
+groupadd \- Vytvoří skupinu
+.SH "POUŽITÍ"
+.HP 9
+\fBgroupadd\fR [\-g\ \fIGID\fR\ [\-o]] [\-f] [\-K\ \fIKLÍČ\fR=\fIHODNOTA\fR] \fIskupina\fR
+.SH "POPIS"
+.PP
+Příkaz
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+vytváří nové skupinové účty na základě zadaných hodnot a výchozích
+hodnot nastavených v systému. Nová skupina bude podle pořeby zařazena
+do příslušných systémových souborů.
+.SH "VOLBY"
+.PP
+Příkaz
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+akceptuje následující volby:
+.TP
+\fB\-f\fR
+Tato volba způsobí, že v případě kolize se stávající skupinou se vrátí
+úspěšný návratový kód. Při použití s volbou
+\fB\-g\fR, pokud již dané GID existuje, vybere se unikární GID
+automaticky, (tj. jako kdybyste
+\fB\-g\fR
+nezadali).
+.TP
+\fB\-g\fR \fIGID\fR
+Číselná hodnota skupinového ID. Tato hodnota musí být unikátní (s
+výjimkou volby
+\fB\-o\fR).
+Hodnota musí být nezáporné celé číslo. Jako výchozí hodnota se použije
+nejmenší ID větší než 999 a zároveň větší než ID všech ostatních
+skupin. Hodnoty mezi 0 a 999 jsou obvykle rezervovány pro systémové účty.
+.TP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+Zobrazí nápovědu a skončí.
+.TP
+\fB\-K \fR\fB\fIKLÍČ\fR\fR\fB=\fR\fB\fIHODNOTA\fR\fR
+Přepíše výchozí nastavení /etc/login.defs (GID_MIN, GID_MAX
+apod.). Můžete zadat i více voleb najednou.
+.sp
+Příklad:
+\fB\-K \fR\fIGID_MIN\fR=\fI100\fR\fB \-K \fR\fIGID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+.sp
+Poznámka:
+\fB\-K \fR\fIGID_MIN\fR=\fI10\fR,\fIGID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+zatím nefunguje.
+.TP
+\fB\-o\fR
+Tato volba povolí přidání skupiny s neunikátním GID.
+.SH "SOUBORY"
+.TP
+\fI/etc/group\fR
+informace o skupinových účtech
+.TP
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR
+citlivé informace o skupinových účtech
+.TP
+\fI/etc/login.defs\fR
+nastavení systému shadow
+.SH "ZÁLUDNOSTI"
+.PP
+Názvy skupin musí začínat malým písmenem nebo podtržítkem a mohou
+obsahovat pouze malá písmena, čísla, podtržítka, pomlčky a závěrečný
+dolar. Vyjádřeno regulárním výrazem: [a\-z_][a\-z0\-9_\-]*[$]
+.PP
+Délka názvu skupiny nesmí překročit 16 znaků.
+.PP
+Jestliže již název skupiny existuje v externí databázi typu NIS,
+příkaz
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+odmítne požadavek na vytvoření této skupiny.
+.SH "NÁVRATOVÉ HODNOTY"
+.PP
+Příkaz
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+může skončit s následujícími návratovými hodnotami:
+.TP
+\fI0\fR
+úspěch
+.TP
+\fI2\fR
+chybná syntaxe příkazu
+.TP
+\fI3\fR
+chybný argument parametru
+.TP
+\fI4\fR
+GID není unikátní (pokud nepoužijete
+\fB\-o\fR)
+.TP
+\fI9\fR
+název skupiny není unikátní
+.TP
+\fI10\fR
+nelze aktualizovat soubor group
+.SH "VIZ TAKÉ"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8).
diff --git a/man/cs/man8/groupdel.8 b/man/cs/man8/groupdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7991d9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man8/groupdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+.TH "GROUPDEL" "8" "11/05/2005" "System Management Commands" "System Management Commands"
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.SH "JMÉNO"
+groupdel \- Smaže skupinu
+.SH "POUŽITÍ"
+.HP 9
+\fBgroupdel\fR \fIskupina\fR
+.SH "POPIS"
+.PP
+Příkaz
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+upraví soubory se systémovými účty tak, že smaže všechy záznamy, které
+se odkazují na
+\fIskupinu\fR. Daná skupina musí existovat.
+.PP
+Abyste zajistili, že na souborových systémech nezůstanou soubory
+vlastněné mazanou skupinou, musíte je sami vyhledat a příslušně
+opravit.
+.SH "ZÁLUDNOSTI"
+.PP
+Nelze odstranit primární skupinu uživatele. Nejprve musíte odstranit
+uživatele a pak teprve danou skupinu.
+.SH "SOUBORY"
+.TP
+\fI/etc/group\fR
+informace o skupinových účtech
+.TP
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR
+citlivé informace o skupinových účtech
+.SH "NÁVRATOVÉ HODNOTY"
+.PP
+Příkaz
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+může skončit s následujícími návratovými hodnotami:
+.TP
+\fI0\fR
+úspěch
+.TP
+\fI2\fR
+chybná syntaxe příkazu
+.TP
+\fI8\fR
+nelze odstranit primární skupinu uživatele
+.TP
+\fI10\fR
+nelze aktualizovat soubor group
+.SH "VIZ TAKÉ"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)
diff --git a/man/cs/man8/groupmems.8 b/man/cs/man8/groupmems.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..daaae62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man8/groupmems.8
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+.TH "GROUPMEMS" "8" "10/20/2005" "System Management Commands" "System Management Commands"
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.SH "JMÉNO"
+groupmems \- Spravuje členy uživatelovy primární skupiny
+.SH "POUŽITÍ"
+.HP 10
+\fBgroupmems\fR \-a\ \fIuživatel\fR \-d\ \fIuživatel\fR \-l \-D [\-g\ \fIskupina\fR]
+.SH "POPIS"
+.PP
+Nástroj
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+umožňuje uživatelům spravovat členství ve své primární skupině, aniž
+by museli mít superuživatelská práva. Nástroj
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+je zamýšlen pro systémy, které pro každého uživatele vytváří vlastní
+primární skupinu (tj. novak / novak).
+.PP
+Pouze superuživatel (root) může použít
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+ke změně členství v ostatních skupinách.
+.SH "VOLBY"
+.PP
+Příkaz
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+akceptuje následující volby:
+.TP
+\fB\-a\fR \fIuživatel\fR
+Přidá do seznamu členů skupiny nového uživatele.
+.TP
+\fB\-d\fR \fIuživatel\fR
+Ze seznamu členů skupiny odebere daného uživatele.
+.TP
+\fB\-D\fR
+Ze seznamu členů skupiny odebere všechny uživatele.
+.TP
+\fB\-g\fR \fIskupina\fR
+Superuživatel může zadat skupinu, které se mají změny týkat.
+.TP
+\fB\-l\fR
+Vypíše seznam členů skupiny.
+.SH "NASTAVENÍ"
+.PP
+Příkaz
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+by měl mít nastavena práva
+2710
+a měl by jej vlastnit uživatel
+\fIroot\fR
+a skupina
+\fIgroups\fR. Správce systému může uživatelům povolit
+používání nástroje
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+tím, že přidá uživatele do skupiny groups. Uživatelé si pak mohou sami
+spravovat členství ve skupinách.
+.sp
+.nf
+	$ groupadd \-r groups
+	$ chmod 2710 groupmems
+	$ chown root.groups groupmems
+	$ groupmems \-g groups \-a gk4
+
+.fi
+.SH "SOUBORY"
+.TP
+\fI/etc/group\fR
+informace o skupinových účtech
+.TP
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR
+citlivé informace o skupinových účtech
+.SH "VIZ TAKÉ"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8).
+.SH "AUTOR"
+.PP
+George Kraft IV (gk4@us.ibm.com)
diff --git a/man/cs/man8/groupmod.8 b/man/cs/man8/groupmod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9338994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man8/groupmod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+.TH "GROUPMOD" "8" "11/05/2005" "System Management Commands" "System Management Commands"
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.SH "JMÉNO"
+groupmod \- upraví skupinu
+.SH "POUŽITÍ"
+.HP 9
+\fBgroupmod\fR [\-g\ \fIgid\fR\ [\-o\ ]] [\-n\ \fInové_jméno_skupiny\fR] \fIskupina\fR
+.SH "POPIS"
+.PP
+Příkaz
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+upravuje soubory se systémovými účty tak, aby odpovídaly změnám
+zadaným na příkazové řádce.
+.SH "VOLBY"
+.PP
+Příkaz
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+akceptuje následující volby:
+.TP
+\fB\-g\fR \fIgid\fR
+Číselná hodnota skupinového ID. Tato hodnota musí být unikátní (s
+výjimkou volby
+\fB\-o\fR.
+Hodnota musí být nezáporné celé číslo. Hodnoty mezi 0 a 999 jsou
+obvykle rezervovány pro systémové účty. U souborů, které měly skupinu
+nastavenu na staré GID, ji musíte přenastavit na nové GID ručně.
+.TP
+\fB\-n\fR \fInové_jméno_skupiny\fR
+Jméno skupiny se změní ze
+\fIskupina\fR
+na
+\fInové_jméno_skupiny\fR.
+.SH "SOUBORY"
+.TP
+\fI/etc/group\fR
+informace o skupinových účtech
+.TP
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR
+citlivé informace o skupinových účtech
+.SH "NÁVRATOVÉ HODNOTY"
+.PP
+Příkaz
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+může skončit s následujícími návratovými hodnotami:
+.TP
+\fI0\fR
+úspěch
+.TP
+\fI2\fR
+chybná syntaxe příkazu
+.TP
+\fI3\fR
+chybný argument parametru
+.TP
+\fI4\fR
+zadaná skupina neexistuje
+.TP
+\fI6\fR
+zadaná skupina neexistuje
+.TP
+\fI9\fR
+skupina je již používána
+.TP
+\fI10\fR
+nelze aktualizovat soubor group
+.SH "VIZ TAKÉ"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8).
diff --git a/man/cs/man8/grpck.8 b/man/cs/man8/grpck.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07e67d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man8/grpck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+.TH "GRPCK" "8" "11/05/2005" "System Management Commands" "System Management Commands"
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.SH "JMÉNO"
+grpck \- ověří integritu skupinových souborů
+.SH "POUŽITÍ"
+.HP 6
+\fBgrpck\fR [\-r] [\fIgroup\fR\ \fIshadow\fR]
+.SH "POPIS"
+.PP
+\fBgrpck\fR
+ověří integritu informací používaných při autentizaci vůči
+systému. Kontrolují se všechny záznamy v souborech
+\fI/etc/group\fR
+a
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR,
+zda mají správný formát a zda jsou ve všech polích jen povolená
+data. Při nalezení chybně formátovaných a jinak neopravitelných
+záznamů je uživatel vybídnut, aby tyto záznamy smazal.
+.PP
+U každého záznamu se kontroluje, zda:
+.TP 3
+\(bu
+má správný počet polí
+.TP
+\(bu
+má unikátní název skupiny
+.TP
+\(bu
+obsahuje platný seznam členů a administrátorů
+.PP
+Kontroly na správný počet polí a unikátnost názvu skupiny jsou
+kritické. Pokud má záznam chybný počet polí, je uživatel vybídnut, aby
+záznam smazal. Nebude-li uživatel souhlasit, jsou všechny další
+kontroly přeskočeny. U záznamu s duplicitním názvem skupiny je
+uživatel taktéž vybídnut ke smazání záznamu, ovšem následné kontroly
+nejsou přeskočeny. Všechny ostatní chyby jsou považovány pouze za
+varování a uživatel je vyzván k nápravě chyby pomocí příkazu
+\fBgroupmod\fR.
+.PP
+Příkazy pracující se souborem
+\fI/etc/group\fR
+nemohou měnit porušené nebo duplicitní záznamy. V takových případech
+byste měli použít
+\fBgrpck\fR
+a chybné záznamy odstranit.
+.SH "VOLBY"
+.PP
+\fBgrpck\fR
+implicitně pracuje nad soubory
+\fI/etc/group\fR
+a
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR. Uživatel může zvolit jiné soubory pomocí parametrů
+\fIgroup\fR
+a
+\fIshadow\fR.
+Uživatel dále může parametrem
+\fB\-r\fR
+zapnout režim jen pro čtení. Prakticky to znamená, že na všechny
+otázky ohledně změn se automaticky odpoví
+\fIne\fR.
+\fBgrpck\fR
+také umí setřítit záznamy v souborech
+\fI/etc/group\fR
+a
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR
+podle GID. Pro třídící režim zadejte parametr
+\fB\-s\fR.
+V takovém případě se neprovádí žádné kontroly, soubory se pouze
+setřídí.
+.SH "SOUBORY"
+.TP
+\fI/etc/group\fR
+informace o skupinových účtech
+.TP
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR
+citlivé informace o skupinových účtech
+.TP
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR
+informace o uživatelských účtech
+.SH "NÁVRATOVÉ HODNOTY"
+.PP
+Příkaz
+\fBgrpck\fR
+může skončit s následujícími návratovými hodnotami:
+.TP
+\fI0\fR
+úspěch
+.TP
+\fI1\fR
+chybná syntaxe příkazu
+.TP
+\fI2\fR
+jeden či více chybných záznamů
+.TP
+\fI3\fR
+nelze otevřít soubory skupin
+.TP
+\fI4\fR
+nelze zamknout soubory skupin
+.TP
+\fI5\fR
+nelze aktualizovat soubory skupin
+.SH "VIZ TAKÉ"
+.PP
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8).
diff --git a/man/cs/man8/lastlog.8 b/man/cs/man8/lastlog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67682ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man8/lastlog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+.\"	@(#)lastlog.8	3.3	08:24:58	29 Sep 1993 (National Guard Release)
+.\"	$Id$
+.\"
+.TH LASTLOG 8
+.SH JMÉNO
+lastlog \- prozkoumá soubor lastlog
+.SH SYNTAXE
+.B lastlog
+.RB [ \-u
+.IR přihlašovací\-jméno ]
+.RB [ \-t
+.IR dny ]
+.SH POPIS
+\fBlastlog\fR setřídí a zobrazí obsah souboru
+\fI/var/log/lastlog\fR,
+který obsahuje záznamy o přihlašování a odhlašování uživatelů v systému.
+Zobrazí se \fBpřihlašovací jméno\fR, \fBjméno terminálu\fR a \fBčas posledního
+přihlašení\fR.
+Standardně (tj. bez dalších voleb) lastlog zobrazí záznamy setříděné
+podle čísla UID.
+Použití přepínače \fB\-u \fIpřihlašovací\-jméno\fR
+způsobí, že bude vytištěn pouze poslední záznam o přihlášení příslušného uživatele.
+Zadáním \fB\-t \fIdny\fR se zobrazí pouze
+ta přihlášení, které jsou dřívější než zadané \fIdny\fR.
+Parametr \fB\-t\fR překryje případný parametr \fB\-u\fR.
+.PP
+Pokud se uživatel ještě nikdy nepřihlásil, zobrazí se zpráva \fB"**Never logged in**"\fR (Nikdy nepřihlášen)
+místo jména terminálu a času.
+.SH SOUBORY
+/var/log/lastlog \- soubor se záznamy o přihlášení a odhlášení
+.SH NÁMITKY
+Velké rozdíly v UID číslech jsou způsobeny tím, že lastlog program běžel dlouho bez
+výstupu na obrazovku (např. mmdf=800 a poslední uid=170, program se bude
+jevit jako s uid 171\-799).
+.SH AUTOŘI
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jfh@austin.ibm.com)
+.br
+Phillip Street
+.SH PŘELOŽIL
+Ondřej Pavlíček (mox@post.cz).
diff --git a/man/cs/man8/logoutd.8 b/man/cs/man8/logoutd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed264c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man8/logoutd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+.TH "LOGOUTD" "8" "11/05/2005" "System Management Commands" "System Management Commands"
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.SH "JMÉNO"
+logoutd \- Omezuje čas přihlášení
+.SH "POUŽITÍ"
+.HP 8
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+.SH "POPIS"
+.PP
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+omezí čas přihlášení a seznam povolených portů podle pravidel zadaných v
+\fI/etc/porttime\fR.
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+by se měl spouštět z
+\fI/etc/rc\fR. Program pak pravidelně kontroluje soubor
+\fI/var/run/utmp\fR
+a zkoumá, zda má daný uživatel oprávnění být přihlášen na daném portu
+v daný čas. Všechna sezení, která porušují pravidla zadaná v
+\fI/etc/porttime\fR,
+jsou ukončena.
+.SH "SOUBORY"
+.TP
+\fI/etc/porttime\fR
+oprávnění k portům a přihlášení
+.TP
+\fI/var/run/utmp\fR
+seznam aktuálních sezení
diff --git a/man/cs/man8/nologin.8 b/man/cs/man8/nologin.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92d6be8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man8/nologin.8
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+.TH "NOLOGIN" "8" "01/07/2006" "System Management Commands" "System Management Commands"
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.SH "JMÉNO"
+nologin \- slušně odmítne přihlášení
+.SH "PŘEHLED"
+.HP 8
+\fBnologin\fR
+.SH "POPIS"
+.PP
+\fBnologin\fR
+zobrazí oznámení, že účet není dostupný a skončí s nenulovým
+návratovým kódem. Program je zamýšlen jako vhodná náhrada pole shell
+v souboru passwd pro zablokované účty.
+.PP
+Pro zakázání všech přihlášení prozkoumejte
+\fBnologin\fR(5).
+.SH "VIZ TAKÉ"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnologin\fR(5).
+.SH "HISTORIE"
+.PP
+Příkaz
+\fBnologin\fR
+se objevil v BSD 4.4.
diff --git a/man/cs/man8/vipw.8 b/man/cs/man8/vipw.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbef380
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/cs/man8/vipw.8
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+.TH "VIPW" "8" "12/07/2005" "System Management Commands" "System Management Commands"
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.SH "JMÉNO"
+vipw, vigr \- slouží k úpravě souborů password, group, shadow-password a shadow-group.
+.SH "POUŽITÍ"
+.HP 5
+\fBvipw\fR [volby]
+.HP 5
+\fBvigr\fR [volby]
+.SH "POPIS"
+.PP
+\fBvipw\fR
+a
+\fBvigr\fR
+upravují soubory
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR
+a
+\fI/etc/group\fR. S přepínačem
+\fB\-s\fR
+budou upravovat stínové verze obou souborů, tj.
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR
+a
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR. Programy používají zámky, aby předešly porušení
+souborů. Při hledání editoru nejprve zkusí proměnnou prostředí
+\fB$VISUAL\fR, poté proměnnou prostředí
+\fB$EDITOR\fR a na konec spustí standardní editor
+\fBvi\fR(1).
+.SH "VOLBY"
+.PP
+Příkazy
+\fBvipw\fR
+a
+\fBvigr\fR
+akceptují následující volby:
+.TP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR
+Upraví databázi skupin.
+.TP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+Zobrazí nápovědu a skončí.
+.TP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-passwd\fR
+Upraví databázi hesel.
+.TP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+Tichý režim.
+.TP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shadow\fR
+Upraví databázi shadow nebo gshadow.
+.SH "SOUBORY"
+.TP
+\fI/etc/group\fR
+informace o skupinových účtech
+.TP
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR
+stínový soubor pro skupiny
+.TP
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR
+informace o uživatelských účtech
+.TP
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR
+citlivé informace o uživatelských účtech
+.SH "VIZ TAKÉ"
+.PP
+\fBvi\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5)\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5).
diff --git a/man/da/Makefile.am b/man/da/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3b0922
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/da/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+
+mandir = @mandir@/da
+
+# 2012.01.28 - activate manpages with more than 50% translated messages
+man_MANS = \
+	man1/chfn.1 \
+	man8/groupdel.8 \
+	man1/groups.1 \
+	man5/gshadow.5 \
+	man8/logoutd.8 \
+	man1/newgrp.1 \
+	man8/nologin.8 \
+	man1/sg.1 \
+	man8/vigr.8 \
+	man8/vipw.8
+
+man_nopam = 
+
+if !USE_PAM
+man_MANS += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+EXTRA_DIST = \
+	$(man_MANS) \
+	man1/id.1
+
+if USE_PAM
+EXTRA_DIST += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+include ../generate_translations.mak
+
diff --git a/man/da/Makefile.in b/man/da/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e74ff1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/da/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,718 @@
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+# @configure_input@
+
+# Copyright (C) 1994-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+# This Makefile.in is free software; the Free Software Foundation
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+# with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
+
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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+  fi; \
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+  strip_trailopt () \
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+top_srcdir = @top_srcdir@
+
+# 2012.01.28 - activate manpages with more than 50% translated messages
+man_MANS = man1/chfn.1 man8/groupdel.8 man1/groups.1 man5/gshadow.5 \
+	man8/logoutd.8 man1/newgrp.1 man8/nologin.8 man1/sg.1 \
+	man8/vigr.8 man8/vipw.8 $(am__append_1)
+man_nopam = 
+EXTRA_DIST = $(man_MANS) man1/id.1 $(am__append_2)
+LANG = $(notdir $(CURDIR))
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@USE_PAM_FALSE@PAM_COND = no_pam
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@USE_PAM_TRUE@PAM_COND = pam
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@SHADOWGRP_FALSE@SHADOWGRP_COND = no_gshadow
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@SHADOWGRP_TRUE@SHADOWGRP_COND = gshadow
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@WITH_TCB_FALSE@TCB_COND = no_tcb
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@WITH_TCB_TRUE@TCB_COND = tcb
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@USE_SHA_CRYPT_FALSE@SHA_CRYPT_COND = no_sha_crypt
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@USE_SHA_CRYPT_TRUE@SHA_CRYPT_COND = sha_crypt
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@ENABLE_SUBIDS_FALSE@SUBIDS_COND = no_subids
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@ENABLE_SUBIDS_TRUE@SUBIDS_COND = subids
+CLEANFILES = messages.mo login.defs.d $(EXTRA_DIST) $(addsuffix .xml,$(EXTRA_DIST)) config.xml
+all: all-am
+
+.SUFFIXES:
+$(srcdir)/Makefile.in: @MAINTAINER_MODE_TRUE@ $(srcdir)/Makefile.am $(srcdir)/../generate_translations.mak $(srcdir)/../generate_mans.mak $(am__configure_deps)
+	@for dep in $?; do \
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+	  *config.status*) \
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+	@$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
+	@list1=''; \
+	list2='$(man_MANS)'; \
+	test -n "$(man1dir)" \
+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
+	  || exit 0; \
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+	  for i in $$list2; do echo "$$i"; done \
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+	fi; \
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+	  if test "$$base" = "$$inst"; then list="$$list $$file"; else \
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+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) "$$file" "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/$$inst" || exit $$?; \
+	  fi; \
+	done; \
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+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
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+	fi; \
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+tags TAGS:
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+ctags CTAGS:
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+distdir-am: $(DISTFILES)
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+	    test -f "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || cp -p $$d/$$file "$(distdir)/$$file" \
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+	  fi; \
+	done
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+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	cp ../config.xml $@
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+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	else \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	    sed -e 's/^\(<!DOCTYPE .*docbookx.dtd"\)>/\1 [<!ENTITY % config SYSTEM "config.xml">%config;]>/' $< > $@; \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	fi
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	itstool -d -l $(LANG) -m messages.mo -o . $@
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+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	else \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@		sed -e 's/^\(<!DOCTYPE .*docbookx.dtd"\)>/\1 [<!ENTITY % config SYSTEM "config.xml">%config;]>/' $< > $@; \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	fi
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man1/% man3/% man5/% man8/%: %.xml-config Makefile config.xml
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+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@clean-local:
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	rm -rf man1 man3 man5 man8
+
+#$(man_MANS):
+#	@echo you need to run configure with --enable-man to generate man pages
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man8/grpconv.8 man8/grpunconv.8 man8/pwunconv.8: man8/pwconv.8
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man3/getspnam.3: man3/shadow.3
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+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_FALSE@$(man_MANS):
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_FALSE@	@echo you need to run configure with --enable-man to generate man pages
+
+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
diff --git a/man/da/man1/chfn.1 b/man/da/man1/chfn.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d111584
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/da/man1/chfn.1
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chfn
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Danish
+.\"
+.TH "CHFN" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAVN"
+chfn \- change real user name and information
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBchfn\fR\ 'u
+\fBchfn\fR [\fItilvalg\fR] [\fILOGIND\fR]
+.SH "BESKRIVELSE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchfn\fR
+command changes user fullname, office room number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user\*(Aqs account\&. This information is typically printed by
+\fBfinger\fR(1)
+and similar programs\&. A normal user may only change the fields for her own account, subject to the restrictions in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&. (The default configuration is to prevent users from changing their fullname\&.) The superuser may change any field for any account\&. Additionally, only the superuser may use the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option to change the undefined portions of the GECOS field\&.
+.PP
+These fields must not contain any colons\&. Except for the
+\fIother\fR
+field, they should not contain any comma or equal sign\&. It is also recommended to avoid non\-US\-ASCII characters, but this is only enforced for the phone numbers\&. The
+\fIother\fR
+field is used to store accounting information used by other applications\&.
+.SH "TILVALG"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchfn\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-full\-name\fR\ \&\fIFULL_NAME\fR
+.RS 4
+\(AEndr brugerens navn\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-home\-phone\fR\ \&\fIHOME_PHONE\fR
+.RS 4
+\(AEndr brugerens telefonnummer\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-other\fR\ \&\fIOTHER\fR
+.RS 4
+\(AEndr brugerens anden GECOS\-information\&. Dette felt bruges til at gemme kontoinformation brugt af andre programmer, og kan kun \(aendres af en superbruger\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-room\fR\ \&\fIROOM_NUMBER\fR
+.RS 4
+\(AEndr brugerens v\(aerelsesnummer\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Vis hj\(aelpeteksten og afslut\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-work\-phone\fR\ \&\fIWORK_PHONE\fR
+.RS 4
+\(AEndr brugerens arbejdsnummer\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchfn\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fB[ ]\fR
+marks\&. Without options,
+\fBchfn\fR
+prompts for the current user account\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_RESTRICT\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This parameter specifies which values in the
+\fIgecos\fR
+field of the
+/etc/passwd
+file may be changed by regular users using the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program\&. It can be any combination of letters
+\fIf\fR,
+\fIr\fR,
+\fIw\fR,
+\fIh\fR, for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively\&. For backward compatibility,
+\fIyes\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIrwh\fR
+and
+\fIno\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIfrwh\fR\&. If not specified, only the superuser can make any changes\&. The most restrictive setting is better achieved by not installing
+\fBchfn\fR
+SUID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The string used for prompting a password\&. The default is to use "Password: ", or a translation of that string\&. If you set this variable, the prompt will not be translated\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Information om brugerkonto\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OGS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/da/man1/groups.1 b/man/da/man1/groups.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88d46b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/da/man1/groups.1
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groups
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Danish
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPS" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAVN"
+groups \- vis aktuelle gruppenavne
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgroups\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroups\fR [\fIbruger\fR]
+.SH "BESKRIVELSE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroups\fR
+command displays the current group names or ID values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value\&. The optional
+\fIuser\fR
+parameter will display the groups for the named
+\fIuser\fR\&.
+.SH "NOTE"
+.PP
+Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information from
+/etc/group
+reported\&. The user must use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+or
+\fBsg\fR
+to change his current real and effective group ID\&.
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Information om gruppekonto\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OGS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)\&.
diff --git a/man/da/man1/id.1 b/man/da/man1/id.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..507f181
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/da/man1/id.1
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: id
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Danish
+.\"
+.TH "ID" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAVN"
+id \- display current user and group ID names
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBid\fR\ 'u
+\fBid\fR [\-a]
+.SH "BESKRIVELSE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBid\fR
+command displays the current real and effective user and group ID names or values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/passwd
+or
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed without the corresponding name\&. The optional
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag will display the group set on systems which support multiple concurrent group membership\&.
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Information om gruppekonto\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Information om brugerkonto\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OGS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)
diff --git a/man/da/man1/newgrp.1 b/man/da/man1/newgrp.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9b5b62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/da/man1/newgrp.1
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newgrp
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Danish
+.\"
+.TH "NEWGRP" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAVN"
+newgrp \- log ind p\(oa en ny gruppe
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBnewgrp\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewgrp\fR [\-] [\fIgroup\fR]
+.SH "BESKRIVELSE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+command is used to change the current group ID during a login session\&. If the optional
+\fB\-\fR
+flag is given, the user\*(Aqs environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, remains unchanged\&.
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+changes the current real group ID to the named group, or to the default group listed in
+/etc/passwd
+if no group name is given\&.
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+also tries to add the group to the user groupset\&. If not root, the user will be prompted for a password if she does not have a password (in
+/etc/shadow
+if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in
+/etc/passwd
+otherwise) and the group does, or if the user is not listed as a member and the group has a password\&. The user will be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed as a member\&.
+.PP
+If there is an entry for this group in
+/etc/gshadow, then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from this file, otherwise, the entry in
+/etc/group
+is considered\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Information om brugerkonto\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Information om sikret brugerkonto\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Information om gruppekonto\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Information om sikret gruppekonto\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OGS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/da/man1/sg.1 b/man/da/man1/sg.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..417eb02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/da/man1/sg.1
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: sg
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Danish
+.\"
+.TH "SG" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAVN"
+sg \- execute command as different group ID
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBsg\fR\ 'u
+\fBsg\fR [\-] [group\ [\-c\ ]\ command]
+.SH "BESKRIVELSE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsg\fR
+command works similar to
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+but accepts a command\&. The command will be executed with the
+/bin/sh
+shell\&. With most shells you may run
+\fBsg\fR
+from, you need to enclose multi\-word commands in quotes\&. Another difference between
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+and
+\fBsg\fR
+is that some shells treat
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+specially, replacing themselves with a new instance of a shell that
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+creates\&. This doesn\*(Aqt happen with
+\fBsg\fR, so upon exit from a
+\fBsg\fR
+command you are returned to your previous group ID\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Information om brugerkonto\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Information om sikret brugerkonto\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Information om gruppekonto\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Information om sikret gruppekonto\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OGS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/da/man5/gshadow.5 b/man/da/man5/gshadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5f7a43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/da/man5/gshadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: gshadow
+.\"    Author: Nicolas Fran\(,cois <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: File Formats and Conversions
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Danish
+.\"
+.TH "GSHADOW" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "File Formats and Conversions"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAVN"
+gshadow \- shadowed group file
+.SH "BESKRIVELSE"
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+contains the shadowed information for group accounts\&.
+.PP
+This file must not be readable by regular users if password security is to be maintained\&.
+.PP
+Each line of this file contains the following colon\-separated fields:
+.PP
+\fBgruppenavn\fR
+.RS 4
+Det skal v\(aere et gyldigt gruppenavn, som findes p\(oa systemet\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBencrypted password\fR
+.RS 4
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.sp
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, users will not be able to use a unix password to access the group (but group members do not need the password)\&.
+.sp
+The password is used when a user who is not a member of the group wants to gain the permissions of this group (see
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1))\&.
+.sp
+This field may be empty, in which case only the group members can gain the group permissions\&.
+.sp
+A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the password field before the password was locked\&.
+.sp
+This password supersedes any password specified in
+/etc/group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBadministratorer\fR
+.RS 4
+Det skal v\(aere en kommaadskilt liste af brugernavne\&.
+.sp
+Administratorer kan \(aendre adgangskoden eller medlemmerne af gruppen\&.
+.sp
+Administratorer har ogs\(oa de samme rettigheder som medlemmerne (se nedenfor)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBmedlemmer\fR
+.RS 4
+Det skal v\(aere en kommaadskilt liste af brugernavne\&.
+.sp
+Medlemmer kan tilg\(oa gruppen uden at blive spurgt efter en adgangskode\&.
+.sp
+You should use the same list of users as in
+/etc/group\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Information om gruppekonto\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Information om sikret gruppekonto\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OGS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBgrpconv\fR(8),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/da/man8/groupdel.8 b/man/da/man8/groupdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33012e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/da/man8/groupdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupdel
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Kommandoer for systemh\(oandtering
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Danish
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPDEL" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Kommandoer for systemh\(oandterin"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAVN"
+groupdel \- slet en gruppe
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupdel\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupdel\fR [\fItilvalg\fR] \fIGRUPPE\fR
+.SH "BESKRIVELSE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to
+\fIGROUP\fR\&. The named group must exist\&.
+.SH "TILVALG"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Vis hj\(aelpeteksten og afslut\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+De kan ikke fjerne den prim\(aere gruppe for en eksisterende bruger\&. Du skal fjerne brugeren f\(/or du fjerner gruppen\&.
+.PP
+Du skal manuelt kontrollere alle filsystemer for at sikre dig, at ingen filer fortsat er ejet af denne gruppe\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Information om gruppekonto\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Information om sikret gruppekonto\&.
+.RE
+.SH "EXIT VALUES"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI8\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt remove user\*(Aqs primary group
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.SH "SE OGS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/da/man8/logoutd.8 b/man/da/man8/logoutd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7876fc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/da/man8/logoutd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: logoutd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Kommandoer for systemh\(oandtering
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Danish
+.\"
+.TH "LOGOUTD" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Kommandoer for systemh\(oandterin"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAVN"
+logoutd \- p\(oatving restriktioner for logindperiode
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBlogoutd\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+.SH "BESKRIVELSE"
+.PP
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+enforces the login time and port restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+should be started from
+/etc/rc\&. The
+/var/run/utmp
+file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked to see if the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time\&. Any login session which is violating the restrictions in
+/etc/porttime
+is terminated\&.
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/porttime
+.RS 4
+File containing port access\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/var/run/utmp
+.RS 4
+Liste over aktuelle logindsessioner\&.
+.RE
diff --git a/man/da/man8/nologin.8 b/man/da/man8/nologin.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5aeca9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/da/man8/nologin.8
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: nologin
+.\"    Author: Nicolas Fran\(,cois <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Kommandoer for systemh\(oandtering
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Danish
+.\"
+.TH "NOLOGIN" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Kommandoer for systemh\(oandterin"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAVN"
+nologin \- n\(aegt venligt et logind
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBnologin\fR\ 'u
+\fBnologin\fR
+.SH "BESKRIVELSE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnologin\fR
+command displays a message that an account is not available and exits non\-zero\&. It is intended as a replacement shell field for accounts that have been disabled\&.
+.PP
+To disable all logins, investigate
+\fBnologin\fR(5)\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBSSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND\fR
+is populated it will be logged\&.
+.SH "SE OGS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnologin\fR(5)\&.
+.SH "HISTORIK"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnologin\fR
+command appeared in BSD 4\&.4\&.
diff --git a/man/da/man8/vigr.8 b/man/da/man8/vigr.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff72d7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/da/man8/vigr.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/vipw.8
diff --git a/man/da/man8/vipw.8 b/man/da/man8/vipw.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c075b10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/da/man8/vipw.8
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: vipw
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Kommandoer for systemh\(oandtering
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Danish
+.\"
+.TH "VIPW" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Kommandoer for systemh\(oandterin"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAVN"
+vipw, vigr \- rediger adgangskoden, gruppe, shadow\-adgangskode\- eller shadow\-gruppe\-fil
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBvipw\fR\ 'u
+\fBvipw\fR [\fItilvalg\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBvigr\fR\ 'u
+\fBvigr\fR [\fItilvalg\fR]
+.SH "BESKRIVELSE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBvipw\fR
+and
+\fBvigr\fR
+commands edits the files
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/group, respectively\&. With the
+\fB\-s\fR
+flag, they will edit the shadow versions of those files,
+/etc/shadow
+and
+/etc/gshadow, respectively\&. The programs will set the appropriate locks to prevent file corruption\&. When looking for an editor, the programs will first try the environment variable
+\fB$VISUAL\fR, then the environment variable
+\fB$EDITOR\fR, and finally the default editor,
+\fBvi\fR(1)\&.
+.SH "TILVALG"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBvipw\fR
+and
+\fBvigr\fR
+commands are:
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+Rediger gruppedatabase\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Vis hj\(aelpeteksten og afslut\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-passwd\fR
+.RS 4
+Rediger passwd\-database\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+Stille tilstand\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shadow\fR
+.RS 4
+Rediger shadow\- eller gshadow\-database\&.
+.RE
+.SH "MILJ\(/O"
+.PP
+\fBVISUEL\fR
+.RS 4
+Redigeringsprogram der skal bruges\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBREDIGERINGSPROGRAM\fR
+.RS 4
+Editor to be used if
+\fBVISUAL\fR
+is not set\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Information om gruppekonto\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Information om sikret gruppekonto\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Information om brugerkonto\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Information om sikret brugerkonto\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OGS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBvi\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5)
+,
+\fBpasswd\fR(5), ,
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/Makefile.am b/man/de/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3cd302e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+
+mandir = @mandir@/de
+
+man_MANS = \
+	man1/chage.1 \
+	man1/chfn.1 \
+	man8/chgpasswd.8 \
+	man8/chpasswd.8 \
+	man1/chsh.1 \
+	man1/expiry.1 \
+	man5/faillog.5 \
+	man8/faillog.8 \
+	man3/getspnam.3 \
+	man1/gpasswd.1 \
+	man8/groupadd.8 \
+	man8/groupdel.8 \
+	man8/groupmems.8 \
+	man8/groupmod.8 \
+	man1/groups.1 \
+	man8/grpck.8 \
+	man8/grpconv.8 \
+	man8/grpunconv.8 \
+	man5/gshadow.5 \
+	man8/lastlog.8 \
+	man1/login.1 \
+	man5/login.defs.5 \
+	man8/logoutd.8 \
+	man1/newgrp.1 \
+	man8/newusers.8 \
+	man8/nologin.8 \
+	man1/passwd.1 \
+	man5/passwd.5 \
+	man8/pwck.8 \
+	man8/pwconv.8 \
+	man8/pwunconv.8 \
+	man1/sg.1 \
+	man3/shadow.3 \
+	man5/shadow.5 \
+	man1/su.1 \
+	man5/suauth.5 \
+	man8/useradd.8 \
+	man8/userdel.8 \
+	man8/usermod.8 \
+	man8/vigr.8 \
+	man8/vipw.8
+
+man_nopam = \
+	man5/limits.5 \
+	man5/login.access.5 \
+	man5/porttime.5
+
+if !USE_PAM
+man_MANS += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+EXTRA_DIST = \
+	$(man_MANS) \
+	man1/id.1 \
+	man8/sulogin.8
+
+if USE_PAM
+EXTRA_DIST += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+include ../generate_translations.mak
+
diff --git a/man/de/Makefile.in b/man/de/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46602dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,773 @@
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+	man3/getspnam.3 man1/gpasswd.1 man8/groupadd.8 man8/groupdel.8 \
+	man8/groupmems.8 man8/groupmod.8 man1/groups.1 man8/grpck.8 \
+	man8/grpconv.8 man8/grpunconv.8 man5/gshadow.5 man8/lastlog.8 \
+	man1/login.1 man5/login.defs.5 man8/logoutd.8 man1/newgrp.1 \
+	man8/newusers.8 man8/nologin.8 man1/passwd.1 man5/passwd.5 \
+	man8/pwck.8 man8/pwconv.8 man8/pwunconv.8 man1/sg.1 \
+	man3/shadow.3 man5/shadow.5 man1/su.1 man5/suauth.5 \
+	man8/useradd.8 man8/userdel.8 man8/usermod.8 man8/vigr.8 \
+	man8/vipw.8 $(am__append_1)
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+	man5/limits.5 \
+	man5/login.access.5 \
+	man5/porttime.5
+
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diff --git a/man/de/man1/chage.1 b/man/de/man1/chage.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c02f8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man1/chage.1
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chage
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "CHAGE" "1" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+chage \- \(:andert die Information zum Passwortverfall
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBchage\fR\ 'u
+\fBchage\fR [\fIOptionen\fR] \fIANMELDENAME\fR
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command changes the number of days between password changes and the date of the last password change\&. This information is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchage\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-lastday\fR\ \&\fILAST_DAY\fR
+.RS 4
+Legt die Anzahl der Tage, gerechnet ab dem 1\&. Januar 1970, fest, seit denen das Passwort das letzte Mal gewechselt wurde\&. Das Datum kann auch im Format JJJJ\-MM\-TT (oder in dem Format, das in Ihrer Region verbreitet ist) angegeben werden\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-E\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+Setzt das Datum oder die Anzahl der Tage seit dem 1\&. Januar 1970, ab dem auf das Benutzerkonto nicht mehr zugegriffen werden kann\&. Das Datum kann auch im Format JJJJ\-MM\-TT (oder in dem Format, das in Ihrer Region verbreitet ist) angegeben werden\&. Ein Benutzer, dessen Konto gesperrt ist, muss sich mit dem Systemadministrator in Verbindung setzen, ehe er sich wieder am System anmelden kann\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+will remove an account expiration date\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-iso8601\fR
+.RS 4
+When printing dates, use YYYY\-MM\-DD format\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the account is locked\&. The
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+option is the number of days of inactivity\&. A user whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being able to use the system again\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+will remove an account\*(Aqs inactivity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt Informationen zur Kontoalterung an
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid\&. When
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+plus
+\fILAST_DAY\fR
+is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their password before being able to use their account\&. This occurrence can be planned for in advance by use of the
+\fB\-W\fR
+option, which provides the user with advance warning\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchage\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "ANMERKUNGEN"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+program requires a shadow password file to be available\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command is restricted to the root user, except for the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option, which may be used by an unprivileged user to determine when their password or account is due to expire\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+verschl\(:usselte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.SH "R\(:UCKGABEWERTE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI15\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt find the shadow password file
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man1/chfn.1 b/man/de/man1/chfn.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce155d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man1/chfn.1
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chfn
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "CHFN" "1" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+chfn \- \(:andert den vollst\(:andigen Namen eines Benutzers und sonstige Informationen
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBchfn\fR\ 'u
+\fBchfn\fR [\fIOptionen\fR] [\fIANMELDENAME\fR]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchfn\fR
+command changes user fullname, office room number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user\*(Aqs account\&. This information is typically printed by
+\fBfinger\fR(1)
+and similar programs\&. A normal user may only change the fields for her own account, subject to the restrictions in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&. (The default configuration is to prevent users from changing their fullname\&.) The superuser may change any field for any account\&. Additionally, only the superuser may use the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option to change the undefined portions of the GECOS field\&.
+.PP
+These fields must not contain any colons\&. Except for the
+\fIother\fR
+field, they should not contain any comma or equal sign\&. It is also recommended to avoid non\-US\-ASCII characters, but this is only enforced for the phone numbers\&. The
+\fIother\fR
+field is used to store accounting information used by other applications\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchfn\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-full\-name\fR\ \&\fIFULL_NAME\fR
+.RS 4
+ver\(:andert den vollst\(:andigen Namen des Benutzers
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-home\-phone\fR\ \&\fIHOME_PHONE\fR
+.RS 4
+\(:andert die private Telefonnummer des Benutzers
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-other\fR\ \&\fIOTHER\fR
+.RS 4
+Ver\(:andert die sonstigen Informationen \(:uber den Benutzer in der GECOS\-Zeile\&. In diesem Feld werden Kontoinformationen anderer Anwendungen gespeichert\&. Es kann nur vom Superuser ver\(:andert werden\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-room\fR\ \&\fIROOM_NUMBER\fR
+.RS 4
+\(:andert die Zimmernummer des Benutzers
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-work\-phone\fR\ \&\fIWORK_PHONE\fR
+.RS 4
+ver\(:andert die berufliche Telefonnummer des Benutzers
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchfn\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fB[ ]\fR
+marks\&. Without options,
+\fBchfn\fR
+prompts for the current user account\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_RESTRICT\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This parameter specifies which values in the
+\fIgecos\fR
+field of the
+/etc/passwd
+file may be changed by regular users using the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program\&. It can be any combination of letters
+\fIf\fR,
+\fIr\fR,
+\fIw\fR,
+\fIh\fR, for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively\&. For backward compatibility,
+\fIyes\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIrwh\fR
+and
+\fIno\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIfrwh\fR\&. If not specified, only the superuser can make any changes\&. The most restrictive setting is better achieved by not installing
+\fBchfn\fR
+SUID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Diese Zeichenkette wird bei der Eingabeaufforderung des Passworts (Prompt) verwendet\&. Standardm\(:a\(ssig wird \(FcPassword: \(Fo oder eine \(:Ubersetzung davon benutzt\&. Wenn Sie diese Variable definieren, wird die Eingabeaufforderung nicht \(:ubersetzt\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguration der Shadow\-Passwort\-Werkzeugsammlung
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man1/chsh.1 b/man/de/man1/chsh.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d41053
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man1/chsh.1
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chsh
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "CHSH" "1" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+chsh \- \(:andert die Anmelde\-Shell
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBchsh\fR\ 'u
+\fBchsh\fR [\fIOptionen\fR] [\fIANMELDENAME\fR]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchsh\fR
+command changes the user login shell\&. This determines the name of the user\*(Aqs initial login command\&. A normal user may only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change the login shell for any account\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchsh\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+Der Name der neuen Anmelde\-Shell des Benutzers\&. Falls dieses Feld leer gelassen wird, verwendet das System die Standard\-Anmelde\-Shell\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If the
+\fB\-s\fR
+option is not selected,
+\fBchsh\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current login shell\&. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line blank to use the current one\&. The current shell is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "ANMERKUNGEN"
+.PP
+The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must be listed in
+/etc/shells, unless the invoker is the superuser, and then any value may be added\&. An account with a restricted login shell may not change her login shell\&. For this reason, placing
+/bin/rsh
+in
+/etc/shells
+is discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHSH_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchsh\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Diese Zeichenkette wird bei der Eingabeaufforderung des Passworts (Prompt) verwendet\&. Standardm\(:a\(ssig wird \(FcPassword: \(Fo oder eine \(:Ubersetzung davon benutzt\&. Wenn Sie diese Variable definieren, wird die Eingabeaufforderung nicht \(:ubersetzt\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shells
+.RS 4
+Liste der m\(:oglichen Anmelde\-Shells
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguration der Shadow\-Passwort\-Werkzeugsammlung
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man1/expiry.1 b/man/de/man1/expiry.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0161e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man1/expiry.1
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: expiry
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "EXPIRY" "1" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+expiry \- \(:uberpr\(:uft die Regeln f\(:ur den Verfall des Passworts und setzt diese um
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBexpiry\fR\ 'u
+\fBexpiry\fR \fIOption\fR
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command checks (\fB\-c\fR) the current password expiration and forces (\fB\-f\fR) changes when required\&. It is callable as a normal user command\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR
+.RS 4
+\(:uberpr\(:uft den Verfall des Passworts des aktuellen Benutzers
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+erzwingt den Wechsel des Passworts des aktuellen Benutzers, falls dieses abgelaufen ist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+verschl\(:usselte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man1/gpasswd.1 b/man/de/man1/gpasswd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b13b35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man1/gpasswd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: gpasswd
+.\"    Author: Rafal Maszkowski
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "GPASSWD" "1" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+gpasswd \- administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBgpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBgpasswd\fR [\fIOption\fR] \fIGruppe\fR
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+command is used to administer
+/etc/group, and /etc/gshadow\&. Every group can have
+administrators,
+members and a password\&.
+.PP
+System administrators can use the
+\fB\-A\fR
+option to define group administrator(s) and the
+\fB\-M\fR
+option to define members\&. They have all rights of group administrators and members\&.
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+called by
+a group administrator
+with a group name only prompts for the new password of the
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.PP
+If a password is set the members can still use
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1)
+without a password, and non\-members must supply the password\&.
+.SS "Hinweise zu Gruppenpassw\(:ortern"
+.PP
+Gruppenpassw\(:orter beinhalten ein Sicherheitsrisiko, da mehrere Personen das Passwort kennen\&. Dennoch k\(:onnen sie sinnvoll sein, um die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Benutzern zu erleichtern\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+Except for the
+\fB\-A\fR
+and
+\fB\-M\fR
+options, the options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-add\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR
+.RS 4
+Add the
+\fIuser\fR
+to the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove the
+\fIuser\fR
+from the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Q\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-remove\-password\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove the password from the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&. The group password will be empty\&. Only group members will be allowed to use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+to join the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-restrict\fR
+.RS 4
+Restrict the access to the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&. The group password is set to "!"\&. Only group members with a password will be allowed to use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+to join the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-administrators\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR,\&.\&.\&.
+.RS 4
+Liste der Gruppenverwalter bestimmen
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-members\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR,\&.\&.\&.
+.RS 4
+Liste der Mitglieder der Gruppe bestimmen
+.RE
+.SH "WARNUNGEN"
+.PP
+This tool only operates on the
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow files\&.
+Thus you cannot change any NIS or LDAP group\&. This must be performed on the corresponding server\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Damit wird der standardm\(:a\(ssige Verschl\(:usselungsalgorithmus, mit dem Passw\(:orter verschl\(:usselt werden, bestimmt (soweit nicht in der Befehlszeile ein Algorithmus angegeben wird)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Der Standardwert ist 0, was zur Folge hat, dass die Anzahl der Mitglieder einer Gruppe nicht begrenzt ist\&.
+.sp
+Diese F\(:ahigkeit (der aufgeteilten Gruppe) erm\(:oglicht es, die Zeilenl\(:ange in der Gruppendatei zu begrenzen\&. Damit kann sichergestellt werden, dass die Zeilen f\(:ur NIS\-Gruppen nicht l\(:anger als 1024 Zeichen sind\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie eine solche Begrenzung ben\(:otigen, k\(:onnen Sie 25 verwenden\&.
+.sp
+Hinweis: Aufgeteilte Gruppen werden m\(:oglicherweise nicht von allen Werkzeugen unterst\(:utzt, selbst nicht aus der Shadow\-Werkzeugsammlung\&. Sie sollten diese Variable nur setzen, falls Sie zwingend darauf angewiesen sind\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Je mehr Runden Sie definieren, umso schwieriger ist es, das Passwort mit sturem Durchprobieren (brute force) zu knacken; umso mehr Rechenleistung wird jedoch auch f\(:ur die Anmeldung eines Benutzers ben\(:otigt\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie nichts angeben, wird libc die Standardanzahl der Runden festlegen (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Die Werte m\(:ussen zwischen 1000\-999\&.999\&.999 liegen\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+sichere Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man1/groups.1 b/man/de/man1/groups.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..583d782
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man1/groups.1
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groups
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPS" "1" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+groups \- zeigt die aktuell verwendeten Gruppennamen an
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBgroups\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroups\fR [\fIBenutzer\fR]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroups\fR
+command displays the current group names or ID values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value\&. The optional
+\fIuser\fR
+parameter will display the groups for the named
+\fIuser\fR\&.
+.SH "ANMERKUNGEN"
+.PP
+Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information from
+/etc/group
+reported\&. The user must use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+or
+\fBsg\fR
+to change his current real and effective group ID\&.
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man1/id.1 b/man/de/man1/id.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91b285d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man1/id.1
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: id
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "ID" "1" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+id \- display current user and group ID names
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBid\fR\ 'u
+\fBid\fR [\-a]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBid\fR
+command displays the current real and effective user and group ID names or values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/passwd
+or
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed without the corresponding name\&. The optional
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag will display the group set on systems which support multiple concurrent group membership\&.
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)
diff --git a/man/de/man1/login.1 b/man/de/man1/login.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..abc3b50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man1/login.1
@@ -0,0 +1,488 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "LOGIN" "1" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+login \- startet eine Sitzung auf dem System
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] [\-h\ \fIhost\fR] [\fIBenutzername\fR] [\fIENV=VAR\fR...]
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] [\-h\ \fIhost\fR] \-f \fIBenutzername\fR
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] \-r\ \fIhost\fR
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is used to establish a new session with the system\&. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the
+\fIlogin:\fR
+prompt on the user\*(Aqs terminal\&.
+\fBlogin\fR
+may be special to the shell and may not be invoked as a sub\-process\&. When called from a shell,
+\fBlogin\fR
+should be executed as
+\fBexec login\fR
+which will cause the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new logged in user to return to the session of the caller)\&. Attempting to execute
+\fBlogin\fR
+from any shell but the login shell will produce an error message\&.
+.PP
+The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate\&. Echoing is disabled to prevent revealing the password\&. Only a small number of password failures are permitted before
+\fBlogin\fR
+exits and the communications link is severed\&.
+.PP
+If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for a new password before proceeding\&. You will be forced to provide your old password and the new password before continuing\&. Please refer to
+\fBpasswd\fR(1)
+for more information\&.
+.PP
+After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and the presence of mail\&. You may turn off the printing of the system message file,
+/etc/motd, by creating a zero\-length file
+\&.hushlogin
+in your login directory\&. The mail message will be one of "\fIYou have new mail\&.\fR", "\fIYou have mail\&.\fR", or "\fINo Mail\&.\fR" according to the condition of your mailbox\&.
+.PP
+Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the
+/etc/passwd
+file\&. The value for
+\fB$HOME\fR,
+\fB$SHELL\fR,
+\fB$PATH\fR,
+\fB$LOGNAME\fR, and
+\fB$MAIL\fR
+are set according to the appropriate fields in the password entry\&. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to entries in the GECOS field\&.
+.PP
+On some installations, the environmental variable
+\fB$TERM\fR
+will be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in
+/etc/ttytype\&.
+.PP
+Ein Startskript f\(:ur Ihren Befehlsinterpreter kann auch ausgef\(:uhrt werden\&. Sehen Sie bitte in den entsprechenden Handbuchseiten f\(:ur weitere Informationen dar\(:uber nach\&.
+.PP
+Eine Subsystem\-Anmeldung wird durch einen \(Fc*\(Fo als erstes Zeichen der Anmelde\-Shell gekennzeichnet\&. Das angegebene Home\-Verzeichnis wird als Wurzel f\(:ur das Dateisystem verwendet, auf welchem der Benutzer tats\(:achlich angemeldet ist\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file\&. It is the responsibility of
+\fBgetty\fR(8)
+and
+\fBinit\fR(8)
+to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session\&. If you use
+\fBlogin\fR
+from the shell prompt without
+\fBexec\fR, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession"\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR
+.RS 4
+Keine Authentifizierung durchf\(:uhren, Benutzer ist bereits angemeldet\&.
+.sp
+Note: In that case,
+\fIusername\fR
+is mandatory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR
+.RS 4
+Name des entfernt stehenden Rechners f\(:ur die Anmeldung
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR
+.RS 4
+beh\(:alt die Umgebungseinstellungen bei
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR
+.RS 4
+f\(:uhrt das Autologin\-Protokoll f\(:ur rlogin aus
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR,
+\fB\-h\fR
+and
+\fB\-f\fR
+options are only used when
+\fBlogin\fR
+is invoked by root\&.
+.SH "WARNUNGEN"
+.PP
+This version of
+\fBlogin\fR
+has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site\&.
+.PP
+Der Ort der Konfigurationsdateien kann je nach Konfiguration des Systems unterschiedlich sein\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file\&. It is the responsibility of
+\fBgetty\fR(8)
+and
+\fBinit\fR(8)
+to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session\&. If you use
+\fBlogin\fR
+from the shell prompt without
+\fBexec\fR, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession"\&.
+.PP
+As with any program,
+\fBlogin\fR\*(Aqs appearance can be faked\&. If non\-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the machine\&. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a trusted path and prevent this kind of attack\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Die Konfiguration erfolgt entweder \(:uber die Angabe des vollen Pfadnamens einer Datei, welche die Namen der Ger\(:ate enth\(:alt (eines pro Zeile), oder mit einer Liste der Ger\(:atenamen, die mit \(Fc:\(Fo getrennt sind\&. Root kann sich nur auf diesen Ger\(:aten anmelden\&.
+.sp
+Wenn es unkonfiguriert gelassen wird, kann sich Root auf jedem Ger\(:at anmelden\&.
+.sp
+Das Ger\(:at soll ohne vorangestelltes /dev/ angegeben werden\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Legt fest, ob ein Login erlaubt wird, wenn mit cd nicht in das Home\-Verzeichnis gewechselt werden kann\&. Standardm\(:a\(ssig wird dies nicht zugelassen\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Wenn diese Datei vorhanden ist, wird die Anmeldeumgebung aus ihr gelesen\&. Jede Zeile sollte die Form Name=Wert haben\&.
+.sp
+Zeilen, die mit einem # beginnen, werden als Kommentare behandelt und daher ignoriert\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBERASECHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal ERASE character (\fI010\fR
+= backspace,
+\fI0177\fR
+= DEL)\&.
+.sp
+Wenn der Wert mit \(Fc0\(Fo beginnt, wird er als Oktalzahl gewertet, wenn er mit \(Fc0x\(Fo beginnt, als Hexadezimalzahl\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAIL_DELAY\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Wartezeit in Sekunden, ehe nach einem fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldeversuch ein neuer unternommen werden kann
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAILLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable logging and display of
+/var/log/faillog
+login failure info\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAKE_SHELL\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set,
+\fBlogin\fR
+will execute this shell instead of the users\*(Aq shell specified in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFTMP_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Falls angegeben, werden fehlgeschlagene Anmeldeversuche in dieser Datei im Format utmp protokolliert\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHUSHLOGIN_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Falls angegeben, kann diese Datei die \(:ubliche Informationsanzeige w\(:ahrend des Anmeldevorgangs unterbinden\&. Wenn ein vollst\(:andiger Pfad angegeben wird, wird der Modus ohne Anmeldeinformationen verwendet, wenn der Name oder die Shell des Benutzers in der Datei enthalten sind\&. Wenn kein vollst\(:andiger Pfad angegeben wird, wird der Modus ohne Anmeldeinformationen aktiviert, wenn die Datei im Home\-Verzeichnis des Benutzers existiert\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBISSUE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Falls angegeben, wird diese Datei vor der Anmeldeaufforderung angezeigt\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBKILLCHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal KILL character (\fI025\fR
+= CTRL/U)\&.
+.sp
+Wenn der Wert mit \(Fc0\(Fo beginnt, wird er als Oktalzahl gewertet, wenn er mit \(Fc0x\(Fo beginnt, als Hexadezimalzahl\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+aktiviert die Protokollierung und Anzeige der Informationen zu Anmeldezeiten in
+/var/log/lastlog
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_RETRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+maximale Anzahl von Anmeldeversuchen, wenn ein falsches Passwort eingegeben wird
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Diese Zeichenkette wird bei der Eingabeaufforderung des Passworts (Prompt) verwendet\&. Standardm\(:a\(ssig wird \(FcPassword: \(Fo oder eine \(:Ubersetzung davon benutzt\&. Wenn Sie diese Variable definieren, wird die Eingabeaufforderung nicht \(:ubersetzt\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_TIMEOUT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+H\(:ochstdauer f\(:ur einen Anmeldeversuch
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_OK_LOGINS\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+aktiviert die Protokollierung erfolgreicher Anmeldungen
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+aktiviert die Anzeige unbekannter Benutzernamen, wenn fehlgeschlagene Anmeldeversuche aufgezeichnet werden
+.sp
+Hinweis: Das Protokollieren unbekannter Benutzernamen kann ein Sicherheitsproblem darstellen, wenn ein Benutzer sein Passwort anstelle seines Anmeldenamens eingibt\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+aktiviert die Pr\(:ufung und Anzeige des Status der Mailbox bei der Anmeldung
+.sp
+Sie sollten dies abschalten, wenn schon die Startdateien der Shell die Mails pr\(:ufen (\(Fcmailx \-e\(Fo oder \(:ahnliches)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Das Verzeichnis des Mail\-Spools\&. Diese Angabe wird ben\(:otigt, um die Mailbox zu bearbeiten, nachdem das entsprechende Benutzerkonto ver\(:andert oder gel\(:oscht wurde\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird ein Standard verwendet, der beim Kompilieren festgelegt wurde\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Legt den Ort der Mail\-Spool\-Dateien eines Benutzers relativ zu seinem Home\-Verzeichnis fest\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMOTD_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Falls angegeben, eine Aufz\(:ahlung von Dateien, welche die bei der Anmeldung anzuzeigenden \(FcNachrichten des Tages\(Fo enth\(:alt\&. Die Dateien werden mit einem \(Fc:\(Fo getrennt\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBNOLOGINS_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Falls angegeben, der Name einer Datei, deren Existenz Anmeldungen au\(sser von Root verhindert\&. Der Inhalt der Datei sollte die Gr\(:unde enthalten, weshalb Anmeldungen untersagt sind\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable checking of time restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR (string), \fBTTYPERM\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+group, and the permissions will be set to
+\fBTTYPERM\fR\&.
+.sp
+By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user\*(Aqs primary group and the permissions are set to
+\fI0600\fR\&.
+.sp
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+can be either the name of a group or a numeric group identifier\&.
+.sp
+If you have a
+\fBwrite\fR
+program which is "setgid" to a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and TTYPERM to 0620\&. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYTYPE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Falls angegeben, eine Datei, welche einer tty\-Zeile den Umgebungsparameter TERM zuweist\&. Jede Zeile hat das Format wie etwa \(Fcvt100 tty01\(Fo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBULIMIT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Default
+\fBulimit\fR
+value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die Bit\-Gruppe, welche die Rechte von erstellten Dateien bestimmt, wird anf\(:anglich auf diesen Wert gesetzt\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird sie auf 022 gesetzt\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Erlaubt Benutzern, die nicht Root sind, die Umask\-Gruppen\-Bits auf ihre Umask\-Bits zu setzen (Beispiel: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007), falls die UID mit der GID identisch ist sowie der Benutzername mit dem Gruppennamen \(:ubereinstimmt\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/var/run/utmp
+.RS 4
+Liste der aktuellen angemeldeten Sitzungen
+.RE
+.PP
+/var/log/wtmp
+.RS 4
+Liste der vorangegangenen angemeldeten Sitzungen
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+verschl\(:usselte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/motd
+.RS 4
+Datei mit der Systemmeldung des Tages
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/nologin
+.RS 4
+verhindert, dass sich Benutzer au\(sser Root anmelden
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/ttytype
+.RS 4
+Liste der Terminaltypen
+.RE
+.PP
+$HOME/\&.hushlogin
+.RS 4
+unterdr\(:uckt die Ausgabe von Systemnachrichten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguration der Shadow\-Passwort\-Werkzeugsammlung
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBmail\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnologin\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBsecuretty\fR(5),
+\fBgetty\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man1/newgrp.1 b/man/de/man1/newgrp.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffa6a27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man1/newgrp.1
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newgrp
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "NEWGRP" "1" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+newgrp \- als neue Gruppe anmelden
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBnewgrp\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewgrp\fR [\-] [\fIGruppe\fR]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+command is used to change the current group ID during a login session\&. If the optional
+\fB\-\fR
+flag is given, the user\*(Aqs environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, remains unchanged\&.
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+changes the current real group ID to the named group, or to the default group listed in
+/etc/passwd
+if no group name is given\&.
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+also tries to add the group to the user groupset\&. If not root, the user will be prompted for a password if she does not have a password (in
+/etc/shadow
+if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in
+/etc/passwd
+otherwise) and the group does, or if the user is not listed as a member and the group has a password\&. The user will be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed as a member\&.
+.PP
+If there is an entry for this group in
+/etc/gshadow, then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from this file, otherwise, the entry in
+/etc/group
+is considered\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+verschl\(:usselte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+sichere Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man1/passwd.1 b/man/de/man1/passwd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aababb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man1/passwd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: passwd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "PASSWD" "1" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+passwd \- \(:andert das Passwort eines Benutzers
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBpasswd\fR [\fIOptionen\fR] [\fIANMELDENAME\fR]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command changes passwords for user accounts\&. A normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the superuser may change the password for any account\&.
+\fBpasswd\fR
+also changes the account or associated password validity period\&.
+.SS "Ver\(:andern des Passworts"
+.PP
+Der Benutzer wird zuerst nach seinem alten Passwort gefragt, falls eines vorhanden ist\&. Dieses Passwort wird dann verschl\(:usselt und mit dem gespeicherten Passwort verglichen\&. Der Benutzer hat nur eine Gelegenheit, das richtige Passwort einzugeben\&. Der Superuser kann diesen Schritt \(:uberspringen, um so vergessene Passw\(:orter zu \(:andern\&.
+.PP
+After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time\&. If not,
+\fBpasswd\fR
+refuses to change the password and exits\&.
+.PP
+Der Benutzer wird dann aufgefordert, zweimal ein neues Passwort einzugeben\&. Beide Eingaben werden miteinander verglichen\&. Sie m\(:ussen \(:ubereinstimmen, damit das Passwort ge\(:andert wird\&.
+.PP
+Anschlie\(ssend wird das Passwort auf seine Komplexit\(:at \(:uberpr\(:uft\&. Eine allgemeine Richtlinie besagt, dass Passw\(:orter aus sechs bis acht Zeichen bestehen sollten und ein oder mehrere Zeichen aus folgenden Mengen enthalten sollten:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+Kleinbuchstaben
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+Ziffern 0 bis 9
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+Satzzeichen
+.RE
+.PP
+Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill characters\&.
+\fBpasswd\fR
+will reject any password which is not suitably complex\&.
+.SS "Hinweise zu Benutzerpassw\(:ortern"
+.PP
+The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption algorithm and the size of the key space\&. The legacy
+\fIUNIX\fR
+System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm\&. More recent methods are now recommended (see
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR)\&. The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which is selected\&.
+.PP
+Gefahren f\(:ur die Sicherheit von Passw\(:ortern kommen gew\(:ohnlich von sorgloser Wahl oder Handhabung des Passworts\&. Daher sollten Sie kein Passwort w\(:ahlen, das in einem W\(:orterbuch auftaucht oder das aufgeschrieben werden muss\&. Das Passwort sollte somit kein echter Name, Ihr Autokennzeichen, Geburtstag oder Ihre Adresse sein\&. All das kann dazu verwendet werden, das Passwort zu erraten, und stellt daher eine Gefahr f\(:ur die Sicherheit Ihres Systems dar\&.
+.PP
+You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en\&.wikipedia\&.org/wiki/Password_strength
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+.RS 4
+This option can be used only with
+\fB\-S\fR
+and causes show status for all users\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR
+.RS 4
+L\(:oscht das Passwort eines Benutzers (macht es leer)\&. Dies ist ein schneller Weg, um das Passwort eines Kontos zu deaktivieren\&. Dem Konto ist dann kein Passwort zugeordnet\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expire\fR
+.RS 4
+L\(:asst das Passwort eines Kontos sofort verfallen\&. Im Ergebnis kann damit erreicht werden, dass ein Benutzer beim n\(:achsten Login das Passwort \(:andern muss\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+This option is used to disable an account after the password has been expired for a number of days\&. After a user account has had an expired password for
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+days, the user may no longer sign on to the account\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-keep\-tokens\fR
+.RS 4
+Zeigt an, dass nur abgelaufene Passw\(:orter ge\(:andert werden sollen\&. Der Benutzer m\(:ochte seine g\(:ultigen Passw\(:orter unver\(:andert lassen\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\fR
+.RS 4
+Sperrt das Passwort des bezeichneten Kontos\&. Die Option schaltet ein Passwort ab, indem es ihm einen Wert zuweist, der mit keinem m\(:oglichen verschl\(:usselten Wert \(:ubereinstimmen kann\&. Dies geschieht, indem ein \(Fc!\(Fo dem Passwort vorangestellt wird\&.
+.sp
+Note that this does not disable the account\&. The user may still be able to login using another authentication token (e\&.g\&. an SSH key)\&. To disable the account, administrators should use
+\fBusermod \-\-expiredate 1\fR
+(this set the account\*(Aqs expire date to Jan 2, 1970)\&.
+.sp
+Benutzer mit einem gesperrten Passwort k\(:onnen dieses nicht \(:andern\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+stiller Modus
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-repository\fR\ \&\fIREPOSITORY\fR
+.RS 4
+change password in
+\fIREPOSITORY\fR
+repository
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-status\fR
+.RS 4
+Zeigt Informationen \(:uber den Kontostatus an\&. Die Statusinformation besteht aus sieben Feldern\&. Das erste Feld ist der Anmeldename des Benutzers\&. Das zweite Feld zeigt an, ob das Benutzerkonto ein gesperrtes Passwort (L), kein Passwort (NP) oder ein verwendbares Passwort hat (P)\&. Das dritte Feld zeigt das Datum der letzten \(:Anderung des Passworts an\&. Die n\(:achsten vier Felder sind das Mindestalter, das H\(:ochstalter, die Dauer der Warnung und die Dauer der Unt\(:atigkeit f\(:ur das Passwort\&. Die Zeitr\(:aume werden in Tagen ausgedr\(:uckt\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-unlock\fR
+.RS 4
+Unlock the password of the named account\&. This option re\-enables a password by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before using the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-x\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid\&. After
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR, the password is required to be changed\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "WARNUNGEN"
+.PP
+Die Komplexit\(:at der Passwortpr\(:ufung kann sich auf verschiedenen Systemen unterscheiden\&. Der Benutzer wird angehalten, ein m\(:oglichst komplexes, von ihm aber gut zu verwendendes Passwort zu w\(:ahlen\&.
+.PP
+Benutzer k\(:onnen unter Umst\(:anden ihr Passwort nicht \(:andern, wenn auf dem System NIS aktiviert ist, sie aber nicht am NIS\-Server angemeldet sind\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Damit wird der standardm\(:a\(ssige Verschl\(:usselungsalgorithmus, mit dem Passw\(:orter verschl\(:usselt werden, bestimmt (soweit nicht in der Befehlszeile ein Algorithmus angegeben wird)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBOBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Aktiviert zus\(:atzliche Tests bei der Ver\(:anderung eines Passworts\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_ALWAYS_WARN\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+weist auf schwache Passw\(:orter hin (aber l\(:asst sie zu), falls Sie root sind
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_CHANGE_TRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+maximale Anzahl von Versuchen, ein Passwort zu \(:andern, wenn dies wegen zu geringer St\(:arke des gew\(:ahlten Passworts abgelehnt wurde
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR (number), \fBPASS_MIN_LEN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Number of significant characters in the password for crypt()\&.
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR
+is 8 by default\&. Don\*(Aqt change unless your crypt() is better\&. This is ignored if
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Je mehr Runden Sie definieren, umso schwieriger ist es, das Passwort mit sturem Durchprobieren (brute force) zu knacken; umso mehr Rechenleistung wird jedoch auch f\(:ur die Anmeldung eines Benutzers ben\(:otigt\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie nichts angeben, wird libc die Standardanzahl der Runden festlegen (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Die Werte m\(:ussen zwischen 1000\-999\&.999\&.999 liegen\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+verschl\(:usselte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguration der Shadow\-Passwort\-Werkzeugsammlung
+.RE
+.SH "R\(:UCKGABEWERTE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid combination of options
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+unexpected failure, nothing done
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+unexpected failure,
+passwd
+file missing
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+passwd
+file busy, try again
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBchpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man1/sg.1 b/man/de/man1/sg.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be4db9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man1/sg.1
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: sg
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "SG" "1" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+sg \- f\(:uhrt einen Befehl unter einer anderen Gruppen\-ID aus
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBsg\fR\ 'u
+\fBsg\fR [\-] [group\ [\-c\ ]\ command]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsg\fR
+command works similar to
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+but accepts a command\&. The command will be executed with the
+/bin/sh
+shell\&. With most shells you may run
+\fBsg\fR
+from, you need to enclose multi\-word commands in quotes\&. Another difference between
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+and
+\fBsg\fR
+is that some shells treat
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+specially, replacing themselves with a new instance of a shell that
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+creates\&. This doesn\*(Aqt happen with
+\fBsg\fR, so upon exit from a
+\fBsg\fR
+command you are returned to your previous group ID\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+verschl\(:usselte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+sichere Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man1/su.1 b/man/de/man1/su.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..748b696
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man1/su.1
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: su
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "SU" "1" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dienstprogramme f\(:ur Benutzer"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+su \- \(:andert die Benutzer\-ID oder wechselt zu Root
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBsu\fR\ 'u
+\fBsu\fR [\fIOptionen\fR] [\fI\-\fR] [\fIBenutzername\fR\ [\ \fIargs\fR\ ]]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsu\fR
+command is used to become another user during a login session\&. Invoked without a
+\fBusername\fR,
+\fBsu\fR
+defaults to becoming the superuser\&. The
+\fB\-\fR
+option may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly\&. The
+\fB\-c\fR
+option may be used to treat the next argument as a command by most shells\&.
+.PP
+Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list\&. You can use the
+\fB\-\-\fR
+argument to stop option parsing\&. The
+\fB\-\fR
+option is special: it is also recognized after
+\fB\-\-\fR, but has to be placed before
+\fBusername\fR\&.
+.PP
+Der Benutzer wird gegebenenfalls nach einem Passwort gefragt\&. Ung\(:ultige Passworteingaben werden eine Fehlermeldung erzeugen\&. Sowohl erfolgreiche als auch misslungene Versuche werden protokolliert, um Missbrauch des Systems zu entdecken\&.
+.PP
+The current environment is passed to the new shell\&. The value of
+\fB$PATH\fR
+is reset to
+/bin:/usr/bin
+for normal users, or
+/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
+for the superuser\&. This may be changed with the
+\fBENV_PATH\fR
+and
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR
+definitions in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.PP
+Eine Subsystem\-Anmeldung wird durch einen \(Fc*\(Fo als erstes Zeichen der Anmelde\-Shell gekennzeichnet\&. Das angegebene Home\-Verzeichnis wird als Wurzel f\(:ur das Dateisystem verwendet, auf welchem der Benutzer tats\(:achlich angemeldet ist\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBsu\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-command\fR\ \&\fICOMMAND\fR
+.RS 4
+Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its
+\fB\-c\fR\&.
+.sp
+The executed command will have no controlling terminal\&. This option cannot be used to execute interactive programs which need a controlling TTY\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-\fR, \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR
+.RS 4
+Eine Umgebung wird zur Verf\(:ugung gestellt, die der entspricht, die der Benutzer nach einer direkten Anmeldung erwartet\&.
+.sp
+When
+\fB\-\fR
+is used, it must be specified before any
+\fBusername\fR\&. For portability it is recommended to use it as last option, before any
+\fBusername\fR\&. The other forms (\fB\-l\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-login\fR) do not have this restriction\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+die Shell, die gestartet wird
+.sp
+The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first):
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The shell specified with \-\-shell\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+is used, the shell specified by the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The shell indicated in the
+/etc/passwd
+entry for the target user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+/bin/sh
+if a shell could not be found by any above method\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+If the target user has a restricted shell (i\&.e\&. the shell field of this user\*(Aqs entry in
+/etc/passwd
+is not listed in
+/etc/shells), then the
+\fB\-\-shell\fR
+option or the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environment variable won\*(Aqt be taken into account, unless
+\fBsu\fR
+is called by root\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+.RS 4
+Preserve the current environment, except for:
+.PP
+\fB$PATH\fR
+.RS 4
+reset according to the
+/etc/login\&.defs
+options
+\fBENV_PATH\fR
+or
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR
+(see below);
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB$IFS\fR
+.RS 4
+reset to
+\(Bq<space><tab><newline>\(lq, if it was set\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless
+\fBsu\fR
+is called by root)\&.
+.sp
+Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following:
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The
+\fB$HOME\fR,
+\fB$SHELL\fR,
+\fB$USER\fR,
+\fB$LOGNAME\fR,
+\fB$PATH\fR, and
+\fB$IFS\fR
+environment variables are reset\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is not used, the environment is copied, except for the variables above\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, the
+\fB$TERM\fR,
+\fB$COLORTERM\fR,
+\fB$DISPLAY\fR, and
+\fB$XAUTHORITY\fR
+environment variables are copied if they were set\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, the
+\fB$TZ\fR,
+\fB$HZ\fR, and
+\fB$MAIL\fR
+environment variables are set according to the
+/etc/login\&.defs
+options
+\fBENV_TZ\fR,
+\fBENV_HZ\fR,
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR, and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+(see below)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, other environment variables might be set by the
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR
+file (see below)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RE
+.SH "WARNUNGEN"
+.PP
+This version of
+\fBsu\fR
+has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Die Konfiguration erfolgt entweder \(:uber die Angabe des vollen Pfadnamens einer Datei, welche die Namen der Ger\(:ate enth\(:alt (eines pro Zeile), oder mit einer Liste der Ger\(:atenamen, die mit \(Fc:\(Fo getrennt sind\&. Root kann sich nur auf diesen Ger\(:aten anmelden\&.
+.sp
+Wenn es unkonfiguriert gelassen wird, kann sich Root auf jedem Ger\(:at anmelden\&.
+.sp
+Das Ger\(:at soll ohne vorangestelltes /dev/ angegeben werden\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Legt fest, ob ein Login erlaubt wird, wenn mit cd nicht in das Home\-Verzeichnis gewechselt werden kann\&. Standardm\(:a\(ssig wird dies nicht zugelassen\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Wenn diese Datei vorhanden ist, wird die Anmeldeumgebung aus ihr gelesen\&. Jede Zeile sollte die Form Name=Wert haben\&.
+.sp
+Zeilen, die mit einem # beginnen, werden als Kommentare behandelt und daher ignoriert\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Diese Zeichenkette wird bei der Eingabeaufforderung des Passworts (Prompt) verwendet\&. Standardm\(:a\(ssig wird \(FcPassword: \(Fo oder eine \(:Ubersetzung davon benutzt\&. Wenn Sie diese Variable definieren, wird die Eingabeaufforderung nicht \(:ubersetzt\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+aktiviert die Pr\(:ufung und Anzeige des Status der Mailbox bei der Anmeldung
+.sp
+Sie sollten dies abschalten, wenn schon die Startdateien der Shell die Mails pr\(:ufen (\(Fcmailx \-e\(Fo oder \(:ahnliches)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Das Verzeichnis des Mail\-Spools\&. Diese Angabe wird ben\(:otigt, um die Mailbox zu bearbeiten, nachdem das entsprechende Benutzerkonto ver\(:andert oder gel\(:oscht wurde\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird ein Standard verwendet, der beim Kompilieren festgelegt wurde\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Legt den Ort der Mail\-Spool\-Dateien eines Benutzers relativ zu seinem Home\-Verzeichnis fest\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSULOG_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Wenn angegeben, wird jeder Aufruf von su in dieser Datei protokolliert\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_NAME\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Damit kann die Anzeige des Namens des Befehls festgelegt werden, wenn \(Fcsu \-\(Fo ausgef\(:uhrt wird\&. Wenn beispielsweise dies auf \(Fcsu\(Fo gesetzt wurde, zeigt \(Fcps\(Fo den Befehl als \(Fc\-su\(Fo an\&. Wenn es dagegen nicht vergeben wurde, wird \(Fcps\(Fo den Namen der Shell anzeigen, die ausgef\(:uhrt wird, also etwa \(Fc\-sh\(Fo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_WHEEL_ONLY\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the user must be listed as a member of the first gid 0 group in
+/etc/group
+(called
+\fIroot\fR
+on most Linux systems) to be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0 accounts\&. If the group doesn\*(Aqt exist or is empty, no one will be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SU_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsu\fR
+activity \- in addition to sulog file logging\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Erlaubt Benutzern, die nicht Root sind, die Umask\-Gruppen\-Bits auf ihre Umask\-Bits zu setzen (Beispiel: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007), falls die UID mit der GID identisch ist sowie der Benutzername mit dem Gruppennamen \(:ubereinstimmt\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+verschl\(:usselte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguration der Shadow\-Passwort\-Werkzeugsammlung
+.RE
+.SH "R\(:UCKGABEWERTE"
+.PP
+On success,
+\fBsu\fR
+returns the exit value of the command it executed\&.
+.PP
+If this command was terminated by a signal,
+\fBsu\fR
+returns the number of this signal plus 128\&.
+.PP
+If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the command did not terminate in time),
+\fBsu\fR
+returns 255\&.
+.PP
+Some exit values from
+\fBsu\fR
+are independent from the executed command:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success (\fB\-\-help\fR
+only)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+System or authentication failure
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI126\fR
+.RS 4
+The requested command was not found
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI127\fR
+.RS 4
+The requested command could not be executed
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man3/getspnam.3 b/man/de/man3/getspnam.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd473da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man3/getspnam.3
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man3/shadow.3
diff --git a/man/de/man3/shadow.3 b/man/de/man3/shadow.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e221491
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man3/shadow.3
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: shadow
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Bibliotheksaufrufe
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "SHADOW" "3" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Bibliotheksaufrufe"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+shadow, getspnam \- Routinen f\(:ur die Datei, die die verschl\(:usselten Passw\(:orter enth\(:alt
+.SH "SYNTAX"
+.PP
+\fI#include <shadow\&.h>\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *getspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fItruct spwd *getspnam(char\fR
+\fI*name\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIvoid setspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIvoid endspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *fgetspent(FILE\fR
+\fI*fp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *sgetspent(char\fR
+\fI*cp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIint putspent(struct spwd\fR
+\fI*p,\fR
+\fIDATEIEN\fR
+\fI*fp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIint lckpwdf();\fR
+.PP
+\fIint ulckpwdf();\fR
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+\fIshadow\fR
+manipulates the contents of the shadow password file,
+/etc/shadow\&. The structure in the
+\fI#include\fR
+file is:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+struct spwd {
+      char		*sp_namp; /* user login name */
+      char		*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */
+      long int		sp_lstchg; /* last password change */
+      long int		sp_min; /* days until change allowed\&. */
+      long int		sp_max; /* days before change required */
+      long int		sp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */
+      long int		sp_inact; /* days before account inactive */
+      long int		sp_expire; /* date when account expires */
+      unsigned long int	sp_flag; /* reserved for future use */
+}
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+Die Bedeutung dieser Felder ist:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_namp \- Verweis auf Benutzername, der mit einer Null endet
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_pwdp \- Verweis auf Passwort, das mit einer Null endet
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_lstchg \- Anzahl der Tage gerechnet ab dem 1\&. Januar 1970, seitdem das Passwort das letzte Mal ge\(:andert wurde
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_min \- Anzahl der Tage, ehe das Passwort nicht ge\(:andert werden darf
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_max \- Anzahl der Tage, nach denen das Passwort ge\(:andert werden muss
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_warn \- Anzahl der Tage ehe das Passwort verf\(:allt, an denen der Benutzer vor dem Verfall gewarnt wird
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_inact \- Anzahl der Tage nach dem Verfall des Passworts, nach denen das Konto als inaktiv angesehen und abgeschaltet wird
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_expire \- Anzahl Tage gerechnet ab dem 1\&. Januar 1970, f\(:ur die das Konto abgeschaltet ist
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_flag \- f\(:ur zuk\(:unftigen Gebrauch reserviert
+.RE
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+\fIgetspent\fR,
+\fIgetspname\fR,
+\fIfgetspent\fR, and
+\fIsgetspent\fR
+each return a pointer to a
+\fIstruct spwd\fR\&.
+\fIgetspent\fR
+returns the next entry from the file, and
+\fIfgetspent\fR
+returns the next entry from the given stream, which is assumed to be a file of the proper format\&.
+\fIsgetspent\fR
+returns a pointer to a
+\fIstruct spwd\fR
+using the provided string as input\&.
+\fIgetspnam\fR
+searches from the current position in the file for an entry matching
+\fIname\fR\&.
+.PP
+\fIsetspent\fR
+and
+\fIendspent\fR
+may be used to begin and end, respectively, access to the shadow password file\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+and
+\fIulckpwdf\fR
+routines should be used to insure exclusive access to the
+/etc/shadow
+file\&.
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+attempts to acquire a lock using
+\fIpw_lock\fR
+for up to 15 seconds\&. It continues by attempting to acquire a second lock using
+\fIspw_lock\fR
+for the remainder of the initial 15 seconds\&. Should either attempt fail after a total of 15 seconds,
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+returns \-1\&. When both locks are acquired 0 is returned\&.
+.SH "DIAGNOSE"
+.PP
+Routines return NULL if no more entries are available or if an error occurs during processing\&. Routines which have
+\fIint\fR
+as the return value return 0 for success and \-1 for failure\&.
+.SH "WARNUNGEN"
+.PP
+Diese Routinen k\(:onnen nur von Root verwendet werden, da der Zugriff auf die Shadow\-Passwort\-Datei beschr\(:ankt ist\&.
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+verschl\(:usselte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBgetpwent\fR(3),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man5/faillog.5 b/man/de/man5/faillog.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..042ff70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man5/faillog.5
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: faillog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dateiformate und konvertierung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "FAILLOG" "5" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dateiformate und konvertierung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+faillog \- Datei mit fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldungen
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+maintains a count of login failures and the limits for each account\&.
+.PP
+Eintr\(:age in dieser Datei haben eine festgelegte L\(:ange und sind der zahlenm\(:a\(ssigen UID nach angeordnet\&. Jeder Eintrag besteht aus der Anzahl der fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldungen seit der letzten erfolgreichen Anmeldung, der maximalen Anzahl von Fehlschl\(:agen, ehe das Konto abgeschaltet wird, dem Ger\(:at, auf dem die letzte fehlgeschlagene Anmeldung erfolgte, das Datum der letzten fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldung und die Dauer in Sekunden, f\(:ur die das Konto nach einem Fehlschlag gesperrt ist\&.
+.PP
+Die Datei ist so aufgebaut:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+struct	faillog {
+	short   fail_cnt;
+	short   fail_max;
+	char    fail_line[12];
+	time_t  fail_time;
+	long    fail_locktime;
+};
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+.RS 4
+Datei mit fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldungen
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR(8)
diff --git a/man/de/man5/gshadow.5 b/man/de/man5/gshadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06e6476
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man5/gshadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: gshadow
+.\"    Author: Nicolas Fran\(,cois <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dateiformate und konvertierung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "GSHADOW" "5" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dateiformate und konvertierung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+gshadow \- Shadow\-Datei f\(:ur Gruppen
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+contains the shadowed information for group accounts\&.
+.PP
+Um die Sicherheit der Passw\(:orter zu gew\(:ahrleisten, darf diese Datei nicht f\(:ur normale Benutzer lesbar sein\&.
+.PP
+Die darin enthaltenen Zeilen haben folgende Felder, die durch Doppelpunkt getrennt sind:
+.PP
+\fBGruppenname\fR
+.RS 4
+Es muss sich um einen g\(:ultigen, auf dem System vorhandenen Gruppennamen handeln\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBverschl\(:usseltes Passwort\fR
+.RS 4
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.sp
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, users will not be able to use a unix password to access the group (but group members do not need the password)\&.
+.sp
+The password is used when a user who is not a member of the group wants to gain the permissions of this group (see
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1))\&.
+.sp
+Dieses Feld kann leer bleiben\&. Dies hat zur Folge, dass nur Gruppenmitglieder von den Rechten der Gruppe Gebrauch machen k\(:onnen\&.
+.sp
+A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the password field before the password was locked\&.
+.sp
+This password supersedes any password specified in
+/etc/group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGruppenverwalter\fR
+.RS 4
+Es muss sich dabei um eine durch Kommas getrennte Liste von Benutzernamen handeln\&.
+.sp
+Gruppenverwalter k\(:onnen das Passwort und die Mitglieder der Gruppe \(:andern\&.
+.sp
+Gruppenverwalter haben die gleichen Recht wie die Gruppenmitglieder (siehe unten)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMitglieder\fR
+.RS 4
+Es muss sich dabei um eine durch Kommas getrennte Liste von Benutzernamen handeln\&.
+.sp
+Mitglieder haben Zugang zu der Gruppe, ohne eine Passwort eingeben zu m\(:ussen\&.
+.sp
+You should use the same list of users as in
+/etc/group\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+sichere Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBgrpconv\fR(8),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man5/limits.5 b/man/de/man5/limits.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8fef705
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man5/limits.5
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: limits
+.\"    Author: Luca Berra
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dateiformate und konvertierung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "LIMITS" "5" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dateiformate und konvertierung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+limits \- Festlegung von Resourcenbeschr\(:ankungen
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fIlimits\fR
+file (/etc/limits
+by default or LIMITS_FILE defined
+config\&.h) describes the resource limits you wish to impose\&. It should be owned by root and readable by root account only\&.
+.PP
+Standardm\(:a\(ssig bestehen f\(:ur Root keine Einschr\(:ankungen\&. Tats\(:achlich gibt es keine M\(:oglichkeit, mit diesem Verfahren Root\-Konten (Konten mit der UID 0) Beschr\(:ankungen aufzuerlegen\&.
+.PP
+Jede Zeile beschreibt eine Beschr\(:ankung f\(:ur einen Benutzer in der Form:
+.PP
+\fIBenutzer BESCHR\(:ANKUNGSZEICHENKETTE\fR
+.PP
+oder in der Form:
+.PP
+\fI@Gruppe BESCHR\(:ANKUNGSZEICHENKETTE\fR
+.PP
+The
+\fILIMITS_STRING\fR
+is a string of a concatenated list of resource limits\&. Each limit consists of a letter identifier followed by a numerical limit\&.
+.PP
+G\(:ultige Kennungen sind:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+A: maximaler Adressraum (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+C: maximale Gr\(:o\(sse der Speicherabbild\-Datei
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+D: maximale Datengr\(:o\(sse (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+F: maximum file size (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+K: file creation mask, set by
+\fBumask\fR(2)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+I: Maximaler Wert von nice (0 bis 39, was in 20 bis \-19 \(:ubersetzt wird)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+L: maximale Anzahl von Logins f\(:ur diesen Benutzer
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+M: maximaler gesperrter Adressbereich im Speicher (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+N: maximale Anzahl offener Dateien
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+O: Maximale Echtzeit\-Priorit\(:at
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+P: process priority, set by
+\fBsetpriority\fR(2)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+R: maximale Resident Set Size (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+S: maximale Gr\(:o\(sse des Stapelverarbeitungsspeichers (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+T: maximale CPU\-Zeit (Min)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+U: maximale Anzahl von Prozessen
+.RE
+.PP
+For example,
+\fIL2D2048N5\fR
+is a valid
+\fILIMITS_STRING\fR\&. For reading convenience, the following entries are equivalent:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      username L2D2048N5
+      username L2 D2048 N5
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+Be aware that after
+\fIusername\fR
+the rest of the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed\&. An invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the
+\fBlogin\fR
+program\&.
+.PP
+The default entry is denoted by username "\fI*\fR"\&. If you have multiple
+\fIdefault\fR
+entries in your
+\fILIMITS_FILE\fR, then the last one will be used as the default entry\&.
+.PP
+The limits specified in the form "\fI@group\fR" apply to the members of the specified
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.PP
+If more than one line with limits for a user exist, only the first line for this user will be considered\&.
+.PP
+If no lines are specified for a user, the last
+\fI@group\fR
+line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the user\&.
+.PP
+To completely disable limits for a user, a single dash "\fI\-\fR" will do\&.
+.PP
+To disable a limit for a user, a single dash "\fI\-\fR" can be used instead of the numerical value for this limit\&.
+.PP
+Ber\(:ucksichtigen Sie auch, dass alle Beschr\(:ankungen nur JE ANMELDUNG gelten\&. Sie sind nicht global und auch nicht dauerhaft\&. Vielleicht wird es einmal globale Beschr\(:ankungen geben, f\(:ur jetzt muss dies aber reichen ;)
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/limits
+.RS 4
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsetpriority\fR(2),
+\fBsetrlimit\fR(2)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man5/login.access.5 b/man/de/man5/login.access.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9eedaf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man5/login.access.5
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login.access
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dateiformate und konvertierung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "LOGIN\&.ACCESS" "5" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dateiformate und konvertierung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+login.access \- Tabelle f\(:ur die Zugangskontrolle zur Anmeldung
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fIlogin\&.access\fR
+file specifies (user, host) combinations and/or (user, tty) combinations for which a login will be either accepted or refused\&.
+.PP
+When someone logs in, the
+\fIlogin\&.access\fR
+is scanned for the first entry that matches the (user, host) combination, or, in case of non\-networked logins, the first entry that matches the (user, tty) combination\&. The permissions field of that table entry determines whether the login will be accepted or refused\&.
+.PP
+Jede Zeile der Tabelle f\(:ur die Zugangskontrolle enth\(:alt drei Felder, die jeweils durch einen Doppelpunkt \(Fc:\(Fo getrennt sind:
+.PP
+\fIpermission\fR:\fIusers\fR:\fIorigins\fR
+.PP
+The first field should be a "\fI+\fR" (access granted) or "\fI\-\fR" (access denied) character\&. The second field should be a list of one or more login names, group names, or
+\fIALL\fR
+(always matches)\&. The third field should be a list of one or more tty names (for non\-networked logins), host names, domain names (begin with "\&."), host addresses, internet network numbers (end with "\&."),
+\fIALL\fR
+(always matches) or
+\fILOCAL\fR
+(matches any string that does not contain a "\&." character)\&. If you run NIS you can use @netgroupname in host or user patterns\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fIEXCEPT\fR
+operator makes it possible to write very compact rules\&.
+.PP
+Die Gruppendatei wird nur durchsucht, wenn ein Name nicht mit dem des angemeldeten Benutzers \(:ubereinstimmt\&. Eine \(:Ubereinstimmung mit Gruppen wird nur festgestellt, wenn darin der Benutzer ausdr\(:ucklich aufgef\(:uhrt ist\&. Das Programm beachtet also nicht den Wert der Hauptgruppe des Benutzers\&.
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguration der Shadow\-Passwort\-Werkzeugsammlung
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man5/login.defs.5 b/man/de/man5/login.defs.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb6ee09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man5/login.defs.5
@@ -0,0 +1,855 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login.defs
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dateiformate und konvertierung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "LOGIN\&.DEFS" "5" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dateiformate und konvertierung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+login.defs \- Konfiguration der Werkzeugsammlung f\(:ur Shadow\-Passw\(:orter
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+/etc/login\&.defs
+file defines the site\-specific configuration for the shadow password suite\&. This file is required\&. Absence of this file will not prevent system operation, but will probably result in undesirable operation\&.
+.PP
+Diese Datei ist eine lesbare Textdatei\&. Jede Zeile der Datei beschreibt einen Konfigurationsparameter\&. Eine Zeile besteht aus einem Konfigurationsnamen und einem Wert, die durch ein Leerzeichen getrennt sind\&. Leer\- und Kommentarzeilen werden nicht beachtet\&. Kommentare werden mit dem Rautezeichen \(Fc#\(Fo eingeleitet\&. Die Raute muss das erste nicht leere Zeichen der Zeile sein\&.
+.PP
+Parameter values may be of four types: strings, booleans, numbers, and long numbers\&. A string is comprised of any printable characters\&. A boolean should be either the value
+\fIyes\fR
+or
+\fIno\fR\&. An undefined boolean parameter or one with a value other than these will be given a
+\fIno\fR
+value\&. Numbers (both regular and long) may be either decimal values, octal values (precede the value with
+\fI0\fR) or hexadecimal values (precede the value with
+\fI0x\fR)\&. The maximum value of the regular and long numeric parameters is machine\-dependent\&.
+.PP
+Die folgenden Konfigurationsm\(:oglichkeiten sind vorhanden:
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_RESTRICT\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This parameter specifies which values in the
+\fIgecos\fR
+field of the
+/etc/passwd
+file may be changed by regular users using the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program\&. It can be any combination of letters
+\fIf\fR,
+\fIr\fR,
+\fIw\fR,
+\fIh\fR, for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively\&. For backward compatibility,
+\fIyes\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIrwh\fR
+and
+\fIno\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIfrwh\fR\&. If not specified, only the superuser can make any changes\&. The most restrictive setting is better achieved by not installing
+\fBchfn\fR
+SUID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHSH_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchsh\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Die Konfiguration erfolgt entweder \(:uber die Angabe des vollen Pfadnamens einer Datei, welche die Namen der Ger\(:ate enth\(:alt (eines pro Zeile), oder mit einer Liste der Ger\(:atenamen, die mit \(Fc:\(Fo getrennt sind\&. Root kann sich nur auf diesen Ger\(:aten anmelden\&.
+.sp
+Wenn es unkonfiguriert gelassen wird, kann sich Root auf jedem Ger\(:at anmelden\&.
+.sp
+Das Ger\(:at soll ohne vorangestelltes /dev/ angegeben werden\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCREATE_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+bestimmt, ob standardm\(:a\(ssig ein Home\-Verzeichnis f\(:ur neue Benutzer erstellt werden soll
+.sp
+Diese Einstellung trifft nicht auf Systembenutzer zu\&. Sie kann auf der Befehlszeile \(:uberschrieben werden\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Legt fest, ob ein Login erlaubt wird, wenn mit cd nicht in das Home\-Verzeichnis gewechselt werden kann\&. Standardm\(:a\(ssig wird dies nicht zugelassen\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Damit wird der standardm\(:a\(ssige Verschl\(:usselungsalgorithmus, mit dem Passw\(:orter verschl\(:usselt werden, bestimmt (soweit nicht in der Befehlszeile ein Algorithmus angegeben wird)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Wenn diese Datei vorhanden ist, wird die Anmeldeumgebung aus ihr gelesen\&. Jede Zeile sollte die Form Name=Wert haben\&.
+.sp
+Zeilen, die mit einem # beginnen, werden als Kommentare behandelt und daher ignoriert\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBERASECHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal ERASE character (\fI010\fR
+= backspace,
+\fI0177\fR
+= DEL)\&.
+.sp
+Wenn der Wert mit \(Fc0\(Fo beginnt, wird er als Oktalzahl gewertet, wenn er mit \(Fc0x\(Fo beginnt, als Hexadezimalzahl\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAIL_DELAY\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Wartezeit in Sekunden, ehe nach einem fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldeversuch ein neuer unternommen werden kann
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAILLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable logging and display of
+/var/log/faillog
+login failure info\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAKE_SHELL\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set,
+\fBlogin\fR
+will execute this shell instead of the users\*(Aq shell specified in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFTMP_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Falls angegeben, werden fehlgeschlagene Anmeldeversuche in dieser Datei im Format utmp protokolliert\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
+\fBUMASK\fR
+is used to create the mode\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHUSHLOGIN_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Falls angegeben, kann diese Datei die \(:ubliche Informationsanzeige w\(:ahrend des Anmeldevorgangs unterbinden\&. Wenn ein vollst\(:andiger Pfad angegeben wird, wird der Modus ohne Anmeldeinformationen verwendet, wenn der Name oder die Shell des Benutzers in der Datei enthalten sind\&. Wenn kein vollst\(:andiger Pfad angegeben wird, wird der Modus ohne Anmeldeinformationen aktiviert, wenn die Datei im Home\-Verzeichnis des Benutzers existiert\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBISSUE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Falls angegeben, wird diese Datei vor der Anmeldeaufforderung angezeigt\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBKILLCHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal KILL character (\fI025\fR
+= CTRL/U)\&.
+.sp
+Wenn der Wert mit \(Fc0\(Fo beginnt, wird er als Oktalzahl gewertet, wenn er mit \(Fc0x\(Fo beginnt, als Hexadezimalzahl\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+aktiviert die Protokollierung und Anzeige der Informationen zu Anmeldezeiten in
+/var/log/lastlog
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_OK_LOGINS\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+aktiviert die Protokollierung erfolgreicher Anmeldungen
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+aktiviert die Anzeige unbekannter Benutzernamen, wenn fehlgeschlagene Anmeldeversuche aufgezeichnet werden
+.sp
+Hinweis: Das Protokollieren unbekannter Benutzernamen kann ein Sicherheitsproblem darstellen, wenn ein Benutzer sein Passwort anstelle seines Anmeldenamens eingibt\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_RETRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+maximale Anzahl von Anmeldeversuchen, wenn ein falsches Passwort eingegeben wird
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Diese Zeichenkette wird bei der Eingabeaufforderung des Passworts (Prompt) verwendet\&. Standardm\(:a\(ssig wird \(FcPassword: \(Fo oder eine \(:Ubersetzung davon benutzt\&. Wenn Sie diese Variable definieren, wird die Eingabeaufforderung nicht \(:ubersetzt\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_TIMEOUT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+H\(:ochstdauer f\(:ur einen Anmeldeversuch
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+aktiviert die Pr\(:ufung und Anzeige des Status der Mailbox bei der Anmeldung
+.sp
+Sie sollten dies abschalten, wenn schon die Startdateien der Shell die Mails pr\(:ufen (\(Fcmailx \-e\(Fo oder \(:ahnliches)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Das Verzeichnis des Mail\-Spools\&. Diese Angabe wird ben\(:otigt, um die Mailbox zu bearbeiten, nachdem das entsprechende Benutzerkonto ver\(:andert oder gel\(:oscht wurde\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird ein Standard verwendet, der beim Kompilieren festgelegt wurde\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Legt den Ort der Mail\-Spool\-Dateien eines Benutzers relativ zu seinem Home\-Verzeichnis fest\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Der Standardwert ist 0, was zur Folge hat, dass die Anzahl der Mitglieder einer Gruppe nicht begrenzt ist\&.
+.sp
+Diese F\(:ahigkeit (der aufgeteilten Gruppe) erm\(:oglicht es, die Zeilenl\(:ange in der Gruppendatei zu begrenzen\&. Damit kann sichergestellt werden, dass die Zeilen f\(:ur NIS\-Gruppen nicht l\(:anger als 1024 Zeichen sind\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie eine solche Begrenzung ben\(:otigen, k\(:onnen Sie 25 verwenden\&.
+.sp
+Hinweis: Aufgeteilte Gruppen werden m\(:oglicherweise nicht von allen Werkzeugen unterst\(:utzt, selbst nicht aus der Shadow\-Werkzeugsammlung\&. Sie sollten diese Variable nur setzen, falls Sie zwingend darauf angewiesen sind\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMOTD_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Falls angegeben, eine Aufz\(:ahlung von Dateien, welche die bei der Anmeldung anzuzeigenden \(FcNachrichten des Tages\(Fo enth\(:alt\&. Die Dateien werden mit einem \(Fc:\(Fo getrennt\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBNOLOGINS_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Falls angegeben, der Name einer Datei, deren Existenz Anmeldungen au\(sser von Root verhindert\&. Der Inhalt der Datei sollte die Gr\(:unde enthalten, weshalb Anmeldungen untersagt sind\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBOBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Aktiviert zus\(:atzliche Tests bei der Ver\(:anderung eines Passworts\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_ALWAYS_WARN\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+weist auf schwache Passw\(:orter hin (aber l\(:asst sie zu), falls Sie root sind
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_CHANGE_TRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+maximale Anzahl von Versuchen, ein Passwort zu \(:andern, wenn dies wegen zu geringer St\(:arke des gew\(:ahlten Passworts abgelehnt wurde
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die maximale Anzahl von Tagen, f\(:ur die ein Passwort verwendet werden darf\&. Wenn das Passwort \(:alter ist, wird ein Wechsel des Passworts erzwungen\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird \-1 angenommen (was zur Folge hat, dass diese Beschr\(:ankung abgeschaltet ist)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die Mindestanzahl von Tagen, bevor ein Wechsel des Passworts zugelassen wird\&. Ein vorheriger Versuch, das Passwort zu \(:andern, wird abgelehnt\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird \-1 angenommen (was zur Folge hat, dass diese Beschr\(:ankung abgeschaltet ist)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die Anzahl von Tagen, an denen der Benutzer vorgewarnt wird, bevor das Passwort verf\(:allt\&. Eine Null bedeutet, dass eine Warnung nur am Tag des Verfalls ausgegeben wird\&. Ein negativer Wert bedeutet, dass keine Vorwarnung erfolgt\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird keine Vorwarnung ausgegeben\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR,
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR
+and
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR
+are only used at the time of account creation\&. Any changes to these settings won\*(Aqt affect existing accounts\&.
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR (number), \fBPASS_MIN_LEN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Number of significant characters in the password for crypt()\&.
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR
+is 8 by default\&. Don\*(Aqt change unless your crypt() is better\&. This is ignored if
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable checking of time restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Je mehr Runden Sie definieren, umso schwieriger ist es, das Passwort mit sturem Durchprobieren (brute force) zu knacken; umso mehr Rechenleistung wird jedoch auch f\(:ur die Anmeldung eines Benutzers ben\(:otigt\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie nichts angeben, wird libc die Standardanzahl der Runden festlegen (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Die Werte m\(:ussen zwischen 1000\-999\&.999\&.999 liegen\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSULOG_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Wenn angegeben, wird jeder Aufruf von su in dieser Datei protokolliert\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_NAME\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Damit kann die Anzeige des Namens des Befehls festgelegt werden, wenn \(Fcsu \-\(Fo ausgef\(:uhrt wird\&. Wenn beispielsweise dies auf \(Fcsu\(Fo gesetzt wurde, zeigt \(Fcps\(Fo den Befehl als \(Fc\-su\(Fo an\&. Wenn es dagegen nicht vergeben wurde, wird \(Fcps\(Fo den Namen der Shell anzeigen, die ausgef\(:uhrt wird, also etwa \(Fc\-sh\(Fo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_WHEEL_ONLY\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the user must be listed as a member of the first gid 0 group in
+/etc/group
+(called
+\fIroot\fR
+on most Linux systems) to be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0 accounts\&. If the group doesn\*(Aqt exist or is empty, no one will be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SU_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsu\fR
+activity \- in addition to sulog file logging\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR (string), \fBTTYPERM\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+group, and the permissions will be set to
+\fBTTYPERM\fR\&.
+.sp
+By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user\*(Aqs primary group and the permissions are set to
+\fI0600\fR\&.
+.sp
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+can be either the name of a group or a numeric group identifier\&.
+.sp
+If you have a
+\fBwrite\fR
+program which is "setgid" to a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and TTYPERM to 0620\&. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYTYPE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Falls angegeben, eine Datei, welche einer tty\-Zeile den Umgebungsparameter TERM zuweist\&. Jede Zeile hat das Format wie etwa \(Fcvt100 tty01\(Fo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBULIMIT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Default
+\fBulimit\fR
+value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die Bit\-Gruppe, welche die Rechte von erstellten Dateien bestimmt, wird anf\(:anglich auf diesen Wert gesetzt\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird sie auf 022 gesetzt\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERDEL_CMD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Falls angegeben, wird dieser Befehl ausgef\(:uhrt, wenn ein Benutzer entfernt wird\&. Damit k\(:onnen At\-, Cron\- und Druckauftr\(:age etc\&. des entfernten Benutzers (wird als erstes Argument \(:ubergeben) gel\(:oscht werden\&.
+.sp
+Der R\(:uckgabewert des Skripts wird nicht ausgewertet\&.
+.sp
+Here is an example script, which removes the user\*(Aqs cron, at and print jobs:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+#! /bin/sh
+
+# Check for the required argument\&.
+if [ $# != 1 ]; then
+	echo "Usage: $0 username"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Remove cron jobs\&.
+crontab \-r \-u $1
+
+# Remove at jobs\&.
+# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,
+# even if it was shared by a different username\&.
+AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs
+find $AT_SPOOL_DIR \-name "[^\&.]*" \-type f \-user $1 \-delete \e;
+
+# Remove print jobs\&.
+lprm $1
+
+# All done\&.
+exit 0
+      
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.sp
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Erlaubt Benutzern, die nicht Root sind, die Umask\-Gruppen\-Bits auf ihre Umask\-Bits zu setzen (Beispiel: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007), falls die UID mit der GID identisch ist sowie der Benutzername mit dem Gruppennamen \(:ubereinstimmt\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "QUERVERWEISE"
+.PP
+Die folgenden Querverweise zeigen, welche Programme aus der Shadow\-Passwort\-Werkzeugsammlung welche Parameter verwenden\&.
+.PP
+chfn
+.RS 4
+CHFN_AUTH
+CHFN_RESTRICT
+LOGIN_STRING
+.RE
+.PP
+chgpasswd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+chpasswd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+chsh
+.RS 4
+CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING
+.RE
+.PP
+gpasswd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+groupadd
+.RS 4
+GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN
+.RE
+.PP
+groupdel
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+groupmems
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+groupmod
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+grpck
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+grpconv
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+grpunconv
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+lastlog
+.RS 4
+LASTLOG_UID_MAX
+.RE
+.PP
+login
+.RS 4
+CONSOLE
+CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME
+ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE
+ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY
+FAILLOG_ENAB
+FAKE_SHELL
+FTMP_FILE
+HUSHLOGIN_FILE
+ISSUE_FILE
+KILLCHAR
+LASTLOG_ENAB LASTLOG_UID_MAX
+LOGIN_RETRIES
+LOGIN_STRING
+LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB
+MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB
+TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE
+ULIMIT UMASK
+USERGROUPS_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+newgrp / sg
+.RS 4
+SYSLOG_SG_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+newusers
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB HOME_MODE PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK
+.RE
+.PP
+passwd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+pwck
+.RS 4
+PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+.RE
+.PP
+pwconv
+.RS 4
+PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+.RE
+.PP
+su
+.RS 4
+CONSOLE
+CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME
+ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE
+ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH
+ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB
+SULOG_FILE SU_NAME
+SU_WHEEL_ONLY
+SYSLOG_SU_ENAB
+USERGROUPS_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+sulogin
+.RS 4
+ENV_HZ
+ENV_TZ
+.RE
+.PP
+useradd
+.RS 4
+CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN HOME_MODE LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK
+.RE
+.PP
+userdel
+.RS 4
+MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+usermod
+.RS 4
+LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBpam\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man5/passwd.5 b/man/de/man5/passwd.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1e0b22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man5/passwd.5
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: passwd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dateiformate und konvertierung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "PASSWD" "5" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dateiformate und konvertierung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+passwd \- die Passwortdatei
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+contains one line for each user account, with seven fields delimited by colons (\(Bq:\(lq)\&. These fields are:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+Anmeldename
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+optional verschl\(:usseltes Passwort
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+numerische Benutzer\-ID
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+numerische Gruppen\-ID
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+Benutzername oder Kommentarfeld
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+Home\-Verzeichnis des Benutzers
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+optional Befehlsinterpreter des Benutzers
+.RE
+.PP
+If the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field is a lower\-case
+\(Bqx\(lq, then the encrypted password is actually stored in the
+\fBshadow\fR(5)
+file instead; there
+\fImust\fR
+be a corresponding line in the
+/etc/shadow
+file, or else the user account is invalid\&.
+.PP
+The encrypted
+\fIpassword\fR
+field may be empty, in which case no password is required to authenticate as the specified login name\&. However, some applications which read the
+/etc/passwd
+file may decide not to permit
+\fIany\fR
+access at all if the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field is blank\&.
+.PP
+A
+\fIpassword\fR
+field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field before the password was locked\&.
+.PP
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.PP
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)\&.
+.PP
+The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as
+\fBfinger\fR(1)\&.
+.PP
+The home directory field provides the name of the initial working directory\&. The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program uses this information to set the value of the
+\fB$HOME\fR
+environmental variable\&.
+.PP
+The command interpreter field provides the name of the user\*(Aqs command language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute\&. The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program uses this information to set the value of the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environmental variable\&. If this field is empty, it defaults to the value
+/bin/sh\&.
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+optionale Datei f\(:ur verschl\(:usseltes Passwort
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd\-
+.RS 4
+Sicherungskopie von /etc/passwd
+.sp
+Beachten Sie, dass diese Datei von Werkzeugen der Shadow\-Werkzeugsammlung verwendet wird, aber nicht von allen sonstigen Programmen zur Benutzer\- und Passwortverwaltung\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgetent\fR(1),
+\fBgetpwnam\fR(3),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBpwconv\fR(8),
+\fBpwunconv\fR(8),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsulogin\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man5/porttime.5 b/man/de/man5/porttime.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88b0611
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man5/porttime.5
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: porttime
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dateiformate und konvertierung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "PORTTIME" "5" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dateiformate und konvertierung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+porttime \- Datei f\(:ur zeitlich begrenzten Zugang zu Ports
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+\fIporttime\fR
+contains a list of tty devices, user names, and permitted login times\&.
+.PP
+Jeder Eintrag besteht aus drei Feldern, die durch Doppelpunkte getrennt sind\&. Das erste Feld enth\(:alt eine Liste von tty\-Ger\(:aten, die durch Kommata getrennt sind, oder einen Stern, was bedeutet, dass dieser Eintrag auf alle tty\-Ger\(:ate zutrifft\&. Das zweite Feld enth\(:alt eine Liste von Benutzernamen, die durch Kommata getrennt sind, oder einen Stern, was bedeutet, dass dieser Eintrag auf alle Benutzernamen zutrifft\&. Das dritte Feld ist eine Liste von Anmeldezeiten, die durch Kommata getrennt sind\&.
+.PP
+Each access time entry consists of zero or more days of the week, abbreviated
+\fISu\fR,
+\fIMo\fR,
+\fITu\fR,
+\fIWe\fR,
+\fITh\fR,
+\fIFr\fR, and
+\fISa\fR, followed by a pair of times separated by a hyphen\&. The abbreviation
+\fIWk\fR
+may be used to represent Monday thru Friday, and
+\fIAl\fR
+may be used to indicate every day\&. If no days are given,
+\fIAl\fR
+is assumed\&.
+.SH "BEISPIELE"
+.PP
+The following entry allows access to user
+\fBjfh\fR
+on every port during weekdays from 9am to 5pm\&.
+.PP
+*:jfh:Wk0900\-1700
+.PP
+The following entries allow access only to the users
+\fIroot\fR
+and
+\fIoper\fR
+on
+/dev/console
+at any time\&. This illustrates how the
+/etc/porttime
+file is an ordered list of access times\&. Any other user would match the second entry which does not permit access at any time\&.
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      console:root,oper:Al0000\-2400
+      console:*:
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+The following entry allows access for the user
+\fIgames\fR
+on any port during non\-working hours\&.
+.PP
+*:games:Wk1700\-0900,SaSu0000\-2400
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/porttime
+.RS 4
+Datei, die den Port\-Zugriff enth\(:alt\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man5/shadow.5 b/man/de/man5/shadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45769af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man5/shadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: shadow
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dateiformate und konvertierung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "SHADOW" "5" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dateiformate und konvertierung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+shadow \- Shadow\-Passwortdatei
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+shadow
+is a file which contains the password information for the system\*(Aqs accounts and optional aging information\&.
+.PP
+Um die Sicherheit der Passw\(:orter zu gew\(:ahrleisten, darf diese Datei nicht f\(:ur normale Benutzer lesbar sein\&.
+.PP
+Each line of this file contains 9 fields, separated by colons (\(Bq:\(lq), in the following order:
+.PP
+\fBAnmeldename\fR
+.RS 4
+Dabei muss es sich um eine g\(:ultigen Kontonamen handeln, der auf dem System existiert\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBverschl\(:usseltes Passwort\fR
+.RS 4
+This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to authenticate as the specified login name\&. However, some applications which read the
+/etc/shadow
+file may decide not to permit any access at all if the password field is empty\&.
+.sp
+A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the password field before the password was locked\&.
+.sp
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.sp
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDatum, an dem das Passwort das letzte Mal ge\(:andert wurde\fR
+.RS 4
+Das Datum, als das Passwort das letzte Mal ge\(:andert wurde, wird als Anzahl der Tage seit dem 1\&. Januar 1970 ausgedr\(:uckt\&.
+.sp
+The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user should change her password the next time she will log in the system\&.
+.sp
+Ein leeres Feld bedeutet, dass das Altern des Passworts abgeschaltet ist\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMindestalter des Passworts\fR
+.RS 4
+Das Mindestalter des Passworts ist die Anzahl von Tagen, die ein Benutzer warten muss, bevor er sein Passwort wieder \(:andern darf\&.
+.sp
+Eine leeres Feld oder der Wert 0 bedeuten, dass es kein Mindestalter eines Passworts gibt\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBH\(:ochstalter des Passworts\fR
+.RS 4
+Das H\(:ochstalter des Passworts ist die Anzahl von Tagen, nach welcher der Benutzer sein Passwort \(:andern muss\&.
+.sp
+Auch nach Ablauf dieser Anzahl von Tagen bleibt das Passwort g\(:ultig\&. Der Benutzer wird bei der n\(:achsten Anmeldung aufgefordert, sein Passwort zu \(:andern\&.
+.sp
+Ein leeres Feld bedeutet, dass es kein H\(:ochstalter f\(:ur das Passwort, keine Vorwarnung und keine Dauer der Unt\(:atigkeit (siehe unten) gibt\&.
+.sp
+Wenn das H\(:ochstalter niedriger als das Mindestalter eines Passworts ist, kann ein Benutzer sein Passwort nicht \(:andern\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPasswortvorwarndauer\fR
+.RS 4
+Die Anzahl von Tagen, w\(:ahrend welcher der Benutzer vorgewarnt wird, bevor sein Passwort abl\(:auft (siehe das H\(:ochstalter des Passworts)\&.
+.sp
+Ein leeres Feld oder der Wert 0 bedeutet, dass es keine Vorwarnung gibt\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDauer der fehlenden Verwendung des Passworts\fR
+.RS 4
+Die Anzahl von Tagen, f\(:ur die ein Benutzer sein Passwort, nachdem es abgelaufen ist (vergleiche oben das H\(:ochstalter des Passworts), noch verwenden kann (und w\(:ahrend des n\(:achsten Logins \(:andern muss)\&.
+.sp
+Nachdem das Passwort abgelaufen ist und auch die Dauer der Unt\(:atigkeit verstrichen ist, kann sich der Benutzer mit seinem Passwort nicht mehr anmelden\&. Er muss sich dann an den Administrator wenden\&.
+.sp
+Ein leeres Feld bedeutet, dass es keine H\(:ochstdauer zwischen Ablauf des Passworts und erneuter Anmeldung des Benutzers gibt\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDatum des Verfalls des Kontos\fR
+.RS 4
+Das Datum, an dem das Konto verf\(:allt, wird als Anzahl der Tage seit dem 1\&. Januar 1970 ausgedr\(:uckt\&.
+.sp
+Note that an account expiration differs from a password expiration\&. In case of an account expiration, the user shall not be allowed to login\&. In case of a password expiration, the user is not allowed to login using her password\&.
+.sp
+Ein leeres Feld bedeutet, dass das Konto nicht verfallen wird\&.
+.sp
+Der Wert 0 sollte nicht verwendet werden, weil er sowohl bedeuten kann, dass das Konto nicht verf\(:allt als auch, dass das Konto bereits am 1\&. Januar 1970 verfallen ist\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBreserviertes Feld\fR
+.RS 4
+Dieses Feld ist f\(:ur zuk\(:unftigen Gebrauch reserviert\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+verschl\(:usselte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow\-
+.RS 4
+Sicherungskopie von /etc/shadow
+.sp
+Beachten Sie, dass diese Datei von Werkzeugen der Shadow\-Werkzeugsammlung verwendet wird, aber nicht von allen sonstigen Programmen zur Benutzer\- und Passwortverwaltung\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBchage\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBpwconv\fR(8),
+\fBpwunconv\fR(8),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsulogin\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man5/suauth.5 b/man/de/man5/suauth.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..073f942
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man5/suauth.5
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: suauth
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Dateiformate und konvertierung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "SUAUTH" "5" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Dateiformate und konvertierung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+suauth \- ausf\(:uhrliche Kontrolldatei f\(:ur su
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fB/etc/suauth\fR\ 'u
+\fB/etc/suauth\fR
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The file
+/etc/suauth
+is referenced whenever the su command is called\&. It can change the behaviour of the su command, based upon:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      1) the user su is targeting
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+2) dem Benutzer, der su ausf\(:uhrt (oder einer Gruppe, deren Mitglied er ist)
+.PP
+Die Datei ist folgenderma\(ssen aufgebaut, wobei Zeilen, die mit einem # beginnen, als Kommentare behandelt und daher ignoriert werden:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      to\-id:from\-id:ACTION
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+Where to\-id is either the word
+\fIALL\fR, a list of usernames delimited by "," or the words
+\fIALL EXCEPT\fR
+followed by a list of usernames delimited by ","\&.
+.PP
+from\-id is formatted the same as to\-id except the extra word
+\fIGROUP\fR
+is recognized\&.
+\fIALL EXCEPT GROUP\fR
+is perfectly valid too\&. Following
+\fIGROUP\fR
+appears one or more group names, delimited by ","\&. It is not sufficient to have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in
+\fB/etc/group\fR(5)
+is necessary\&.
+.PP
+Als Aktion k\(:onnen nur die folgenden Optionen angegeben werden\&.
+.PP
+\fIDENY\fR
+.RS 4
+Der Versuch, su auszuf\(:uhren, wird abgebrochen, ehe nach einem Passwort gefragt wird\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fINOPASS\fR
+.RS 4
+Der Versuch, su auszuf\(:uhren, hat automatisch Erfolg\&. Ein Passwort wird nicht abgefragt\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIOWNPASS\fR
+.RS 4
+Damit der Befehl su Erfolg hat, muss der Benutzer sein eigenes Passwort eingeben\&. Darauf wird er hingewiesen\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+Beachten Sie, dass es sich um drei selbst\(:andige Felder handelt, die durch einen Doppelpunkt getrennt sind\&. Neben den Doppelpunkten darf sich kein Leerzeichen befinden\&. Beachten Sie zudem, dass die Datei von oben nach unten Zeile f\(:ur Zeile durchgegangen wird\&. Die erste Regel, die zutreffend ist, wird angewendet, ohne dass die Datei weiter ausgewertet wird\&. Damit kann ein Systemadministrator eine strenge Kontrolle aus\(:uben\&.
+.SH "BEISPIEL"
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      # sample /etc/suauth file
+      #
+      # A couple of privileged usernames may
+      # su to root with their own password\&.
+      #
+      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS
+      #
+      # Anyone else may not su to root unless in
+      # group wheel\&. This is how BSD does things\&.
+      #
+      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY
+      #
+      # Perhaps terry and birddog are accounts
+      # owned by the same person\&.
+      # Access can be arranged between them
+      # with no password\&.
+      #
+      terry:birddog:NOPASS
+      birddog:terry:NOPASS
+      #
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/suauth
+.RS 4
+.RE
+.SH "FEHLER"
+.PP
+Es gibt zahlreiche Fehlerquellen\&. Die Auswertung der Datei ist sehr empfindlich bei Syntaxfehlern, zus\(:atzlichen Leerzeichen (au\(sser am Anfang und Schluss einer Zeile) und dem besonderen Zeichen, das die verschiedenen Felder von einander trennt\&.
+.SH "DIAGNOSE"
+.PP
+An error parsing the file is reported using
+\fBsyslogd\fR(8)
+as level ERR on facility AUTH\&.
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBsu\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man8/chgpasswd.8 b/man/de/man8/chgpasswd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e56645
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/chgpasswd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chgpasswd
+.\"    Author: Thomas K\(/loczko <kloczek@pld.org.pl>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "CHGPASSWD" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+chgpasswd \- aktualisiert Gruppenpassw\(:orter im Batch\-Modus
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBchgpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBchgpasswd\fR [\fIOptionen\fR]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchgpasswd\fR
+command reads a list of group name and password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a set of existing groups\&. Each line is of the format:
+.PP
+\fIgroup_name\fR:\fIpassword\fR
+.PP
+By default the supplied password must be in clear\-text, and is encrypted by
+\fBchgpasswd\fR\&.
+.PP
+The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable of
+/etc/login\&.defs, and can be overwritten with the
+\fB\-e\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-c\fR
+options\&.
+.PP
+Dieser Befehl ist f\(:ur den Einsatz in gro\(ssen Umgebungen vorgesehen, in der viele Konten gleichzeitig erstellt werden m\(:ussen\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchgpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR
+.RS 4
+Definiert die Methode, mit der die Passw\(:orter verschl\(:usselt werden\&.
+.sp
+Die verf\(:ugbaren Methoden sind DES, MD5, NONE und SHA256 oder SHA512, soweit Ihre libc sie unterst\(:utzt\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-encrypted\fR
+.RS 4
+Passw\(:orter werden verschl\(:usselt angegeben\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-md5\fR
+.RS 4
+werwendet zur Verschl\(:usselung MD5 anstelle von DES, wenn die Passw\(:orter unverschl\(:usselt angegeben werden
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR
+.RS 4
+Verwendet die angegebene Anzahl von Runden, um die Passw\(:orter zu verschl\(:usseln\&.
+.sp
+Ein Wert von 0 bedeutet, dass das System die Standardanzahl der Runden (5000) f\(:ur die Verschl\(:usselung verwenden wird\&.
+.sp
+Der Mindestwert ist 1000, der H\(:ochstwert 999\&.999\&.999\&.
+.sp
+Sie k\(:onnen diese Option nur mit den Verschl\(:usselungsmethoden SHA256 und SHA512 verwenden\&.
+.sp
+By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "WARNUNGEN"
+.PP
+Achten Sie darauf, dass die Rechte und Umask korrekt vergeben sind, um zu verhindern, dass andere Benutzer unverschl\(:usselte Dateien lesen k\(:onnen\&.
+.PP
+Sie sollten darauf achten, dass Passw\(:orter und Verschl\(:usselungsmethode in Einklage mit der Passwortrichtlinie des Systems stehen\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Damit wird der standardm\(:a\(ssige Verschl\(:usselungsalgorithmus, mit dem Passw\(:orter verschl\(:usselt werden, bestimmt (soweit nicht in der Befehlszeile ein Algorithmus angegeben wird)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Der Standardwert ist 0, was zur Folge hat, dass die Anzahl der Mitglieder einer Gruppe nicht begrenzt ist\&.
+.sp
+Diese F\(:ahigkeit (der aufgeteilten Gruppe) erm\(:oglicht es, die Zeilenl\(:ange in der Gruppendatei zu begrenzen\&. Damit kann sichergestellt werden, dass die Zeilen f\(:ur NIS\-Gruppen nicht l\(:anger als 1024 Zeichen sind\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie eine solche Begrenzung ben\(:otigen, k\(:onnen Sie 25 verwenden\&.
+.sp
+Hinweis: Aufgeteilte Gruppen werden m\(:oglicherweise nicht von allen Werkzeugen unterst\(:utzt, selbst nicht aus der Shadow\-Werkzeugsammlung\&. Sie sollten diese Variable nur setzen, falls Sie zwingend darauf angewiesen sind\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Je mehr Runden Sie definieren, umso schwieriger ist es, das Passwort mit sturem Durchprobieren (brute force) zu knacken; umso mehr Rechenleistung wird jedoch auch f\(:ur die Anmeldung eines Benutzers ben\(:otigt\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie nichts angeben, wird libc die Standardanzahl der Runden festlegen (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Die Werte m\(:ussen zwischen 1000\-999\&.999\&.999 liegen\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+sichere Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguration der Shadow\-Passwort\-Werkzeugsammlung
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man8/chpasswd.8 b/man/de/man8/chpasswd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d75c6d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/chpasswd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chpasswd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "CHPASSWD" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+chpasswd \- aktualisiert Passw\(:orter im Batch\-Modus
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBchpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBchpasswd\fR [\fIOptionen\fR]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchpasswd\fR
+command reads a list of user name and password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a group of existing users\&. Each line is of the format:
+.PP
+\fIuser_name\fR:\fIpassword\fR
+.PP
+By default the passwords must be supplied in clear\-text, and are encrypted by
+\fBchpasswd\fR\&. Also the password age will be updated, if present\&.
+.PP
+The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+or
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variables of
+/etc/login\&.defs, and can be overwritten with the
+\fB\-e\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-c\fR
+options\&.
+.PP
+\fBchpasswd\fR
+first updates all the passwords in memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no errors occurred for any user\&.
+.PP
+Dieser Befehl ist f\(:ur den Einsatz in gro\(ssen Umgebungen vorgesehen, in der viele Konten gleichzeitig erstellt werden m\(:ussen\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR\ \&\fIMETHOD\fR
+.RS 4
+Definiert die Methode, mit der die Passw\(:orter verschl\(:usselt werden\&.
+.sp
+Die verf\(:ugbaren Methoden sind DES, MD5, NONE und SHA256 oder SHA512, soweit Ihre libc sie unterst\(:utzt\&.
+.sp
+By default (if none of the
+\fB\-c\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-e\fR
+options are specified), the encryption method is defined by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+or
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variables of
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-encrypted\fR
+.RS 4
+Passw\(:orter werden verschl\(:usselt angegeben\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-md5\fR
+.RS 4
+werwendet zur Verschl\(:usselung MD5 anstelle von DES, wenn die Passw\(:orter unverschl\(:usselt angegeben werden
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR\ \&\fIROUNDS\fR
+.RS 4
+Verwendet die angegebene Anzahl von Runden, um die Passw\(:orter zu verschl\(:usseln\&.
+.sp
+Ein Wert von 0 bedeutet, dass das System die Standardanzahl der Runden (5000) f\(:ur die Verschl\(:usselung verwenden wird\&.
+.sp
+Der Mindestwert ist 1000, der H\(:ochstwert 999\&.999\&.999\&.
+.sp
+Sie k\(:onnen diese Option nur mit den Verschl\(:usselungsmethoden SHA256 und SHA512 verwenden\&.
+.sp
+By default, the number of rounds is defined by the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+and
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "WARNUNGEN"
+.PP
+Achten Sie darauf, dass die Rechte und Umask korrekt vergeben sind, um zu verhindern, dass andere Benutzer unverschl\(:usselte Dateien lesen k\(:onnen\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Damit wird der standardm\(:a\(ssige Verschl\(:usselungsalgorithmus, mit dem Passw\(:orter verschl\(:usselt werden, bestimmt (soweit nicht in der Befehlszeile ein Algorithmus angegeben wird)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Je mehr Runden Sie definieren, umso schwieriger ist es, das Passwort mit sturem Durchprobieren (brute force) zu knacken; umso mehr Rechenleistung wird jedoch auch f\(:ur die Anmeldung eines Benutzers ben\(:otigt\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie nichts angeben, wird libc die Standardanzahl der Runden festlegen (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Die Werte m\(:ussen zwischen 1000\-999\&.999\&.999 liegen\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+verschl\(:usselte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguration der Shadow\-Passwort\-Werkzeugsammlung
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man8/faillog.8 b/man/de/man8/faillog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af253aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/faillog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: faillog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "FAILLOG" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+faillog \- zeigt Aufzeichnungen der fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldungen an oder richtet Beschr\(:ankungen f\(:ur fehlgeschlagene Anmeldungen ein
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBfaillog\fR\ 'u
+\fBfaillog\fR [\fIOptionen\fR]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR
+displays the contents of the failure log database (/var/log/faillog)\&. It can also set the failure counters and limits\&. When
+\fBfaillog\fR
+is run without arguments, it only displays the faillog records of the users who had a login failure\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBfaillog\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+.RS 4
+Display (or act on) faillog records for all users having an entry in the
+faillog
+database\&.
+.sp
+The range of users can be restricted with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option\&.
+.sp
+Im Anzeigemodus ist dies auf vorhandene Benutzer beschr\(:ankt, erzwingt aber die Anzeige der Faillog\-Eintr\(:age, auch wenn diese leer sind\&.
+.sp
+With the
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR,
+\fB\-r\fR,
+\fB\-t\fR
+options, the users\*(Aq records are changed, even if the user does not exist on the system\&. This is useful to reset records of users that have been deleted or to set a policy in advance for a range of users\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\-secs\fR\ \&\fISEC\fR
+.RS 4
+Lock account for
+\fISEC\fR
+seconds after failed login\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-maximum\fR\ \&\fIMAX\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of login failures after the account is disabled to
+\fIMAX\fR\&.
+.sp
+Selecting a
+\fIMAX\fR
+value of 0 has the effect of not placing a limit on the number of failed logins\&.
+.sp
+The maximum failure count should always be 0 for
+\fIroot\fR
+to prevent a denial of services attack against the system\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reset\fR
+.RS 4
+setzt die Z\(:ahlerst\(:ande der fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldeversuche zur\(:uck
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Display faillog records more recent than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR\ \&\fILOGIN\fR|\fIRANGE\fR
+.RS 4
+Display faillog record or maintains failure counters and limits (if used with
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR
+or
+\fB\-r\fR
+options) only for the specified user(s)\&.
+.sp
+The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users\&. This
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users can be specified with a min and max values (\fIUID_MIN\-UID_MAX\fR), a max value (\fI\-UID_MAX\fR), or a min value (\fIUID_MIN\-\fR)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+When none of the
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-r\fR
+options are used,
+\fBfaillog\fR
+displays the faillog record of the specified user(s)\&.
+.SH "WARNUNGEN"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR
+only prints out users with no successful login since the last failure\&. To print out a user who has had a successful login since their last failure, you must explicitly request the user with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+flag, or print out all users with the
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag\&.
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+.RS 4
+Datei mit fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldungen
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBfaillog\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man8/groupadd.8 b/man/de/man8/groupadd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6743afa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/groupadd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupadd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPADD" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+groupadd \- erstellt eine neue Gruppe
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupadd\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupadd\fR [\fIOptionen\fR] \fIGruppe\fR
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command creates a new group account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system\&. The new group will be entered into the system files as needed\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+This option causes the command to simply exit with success status if the specified group already exists\&. When used with
+\fB\-g\fR, and the specified GID already exists, another (unique) GID is chosen (i\&.e\&.
+\fB\-g\fR
+is turned off)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGID\fR
+.RS 4
+The numerical value of the group\*(Aqs ID\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+and greater than every other group\&.
+.sp
+See also the
+\fB\-r\fR
+option and the
+\fBGID_MAX\fR
+description\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-K\fR, \fB\-\-key\fR\ \&\fIKEY\fR=\fIVALUE\fR
+.RS 4
+Overrides
+/etc/login\&.defs
+defaults (GID_MIN, GID_MAX and others)\&. Multiple
+\fB\-K\fR
+options can be specified\&.
+.sp
+Example:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MIN\fR=\fI100\fR\ \&
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+.sp
+Note:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MIN\fR=\fI10\fR,\fIGID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+doesn\*(Aqt work yet\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+Diese Option erlaubt es, eine Gruppe mit einer nicht eindeutigen GID zu erstellen\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&. The default is to disable the password\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+Sie sollten sicherstellen, dass das Passwort den Passwortrichtlinien des Systems entspricht\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+erstellt eine neue Systemgruppe
+.sp
+The numeric identifiers of new system groups are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-\fBGID_MAX\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Der Standardwert ist 0, was zur Folge hat, dass die Anzahl der Mitglieder einer Gruppe nicht begrenzt ist\&.
+.sp
+Diese F\(:ahigkeit (der aufgeteilten Gruppe) erm\(:oglicht es, die Zeilenl\(:ange in der Gruppendatei zu begrenzen\&. Damit kann sichergestellt werden, dass die Zeilen f\(:ur NIS\-Gruppen nicht l\(:anger als 1024 Zeichen sind\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie eine solche Begrenzung ben\(:otigen, k\(:onnen Sie 25 verwenden\&.
+.sp
+Hinweis: Aufgeteilte Gruppen werden m\(:oglicherweise nicht von allen Werkzeugen unterst\(:utzt, selbst nicht aus der Shadow\-Werkzeugsammlung\&. Sie sollten diese Variable nur setzen, falls Sie zwingend darauf angewiesen sind\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+sichere Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguration der Shadow\-Passwort\-Werkzeugsammlung
+.RE
+.SH "WARNUNGEN"
+.PP
+Gruppennamen m\(:ussen mit einem Kleinbuchstaben oder einem Unterstrich beginnen\&. Nachfolgend d\(:urfen sie Kleinbuchstaben, Zahlen, Unterstriche und Gedankenstriche enthalten\&. Das letzte Zeichen darf auch ein Dollarzeichen sein\&. Als regul\(:arer Ausdruck: [a\-z_][a\-z0\-9_\-]*[$]?
+.PP
+Groupnames may only be up to 16 characters long\&.
+.PP
+Sie k\(:onnen einen Benutzer nicht einer NIS\- oder LDAP\-Gruppe hinzuf\(:ugen\&. Dies m\(:ussen Sie auf dem entsprechenden Server durchf\(:uhren\&.
+.PP
+If the groupname already exists in an external group database such as NIS or LDAP,
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+will deny the group creation request\&.
+.SH "R\(:UCKGABEWERTE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+GID not unique (when
+\fB\-o\fR
+not used)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+group name not unique
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man8/groupdel.8 b/man/de/man8/groupdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b41412
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/groupdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupdel
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPDEL" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+groupdel \- l\(:oscht eine Gruppe
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupdel\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupdel\fR [\fIOptionen\fR] \fIGRUPPE\fR
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to
+\fIGROUP\fR\&. The named group must exist\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "WARNUNGEN"
+.PP
+Sie k\(:onnen nicht die Hauptgruppe eines Benutzers entfernen\&. Dazu m\(:ussten Sie zun\(:achst den betreffenden Benutzer l\(:oschen\&.
+.PP
+Sie sollten von Hand alle Systemdateien \(:uberpr\(:ufen, um sicherzustellen, dass keine Dateien, die der gel\(:oschten Gruppe angeh\(:oren, vorhanden sind\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Der Standardwert ist 0, was zur Folge hat, dass die Anzahl der Mitglieder einer Gruppe nicht begrenzt ist\&.
+.sp
+Diese F\(:ahigkeit (der aufgeteilten Gruppe) erm\(:oglicht es, die Zeilenl\(:ange in der Gruppendatei zu begrenzen\&. Damit kann sichergestellt werden, dass die Zeilen f\(:ur NIS\-Gruppen nicht l\(:anger als 1024 Zeichen sind\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie eine solche Begrenzung ben\(:otigen, k\(:onnen Sie 25 verwenden\&.
+.sp
+Hinweis: Aufgeteilte Gruppen werden m\(:oglicherweise nicht von allen Werkzeugen unterst\(:utzt, selbst nicht aus der Shadow\-Werkzeugsammlung\&. Sie sollten diese Variable nur setzen, falls Sie zwingend darauf angewiesen sind\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+sichere Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.SH "R\(:UCKGABEWERTE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI8\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt remove user\*(Aqs primary group
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man8/groupmems.8 b/man/de/man8/groupmems.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13a3d96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/groupmems.8
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupmems
+.\"    Author: George Kraft, IV
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPMEMS" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+groupmems \- verwaltet die Mitglieder der Hauptgruppe eines Benutzers
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupmems\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupmems\fR \-a\ \fIuser_name\fR | \-d\ \fIuser_name\fR | [\-g\ \fIgroup_name\fR] | \-l | \-p 
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+command allows a user to administer their own group membership list without the requirement of superuser privileges\&. The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+utility is for systems that configure its users to be in their own name sake primary group (i\&.e\&., guest / guest)\&.
+.PP
+Only the superuser, as administrator, can use
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+to alter the memberships of other groups\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-add\fR\ \&\fIuser_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a user to the group membership list\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR\ \&\fIuser_name\fR
+.RS 4
+L\(:oscht einen Benutzer aus der Mitgliederliste der Gruppe\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, the user will be removed from the list of members and administrators of the group\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR\ \&\fIgroup_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Root kann eine Gruppen bestimmen, deren Mitgliederliste er bearbeiten will\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+.RS 4
+gibt die Mitgliederliste aus
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-purge\fR
+.RS 4
+l\(:oscht alle Benutzer aus der Mitgliederliste der Gruppe
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.SH "EINRICHTUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+executable should be in mode
+2710
+as user
+\fIroot\fR
+and in group
+\fIgroups\fR\&. The system administrator can add users to group
+\fIgroups\fR
+to allow or disallow them using the
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+utility to manage their own group membership list\&.
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+	$ groupadd \-r groups
+	$ chmod 2710 groupmems
+	$ chown root\&.groups groupmems
+	$ groupmems \-g groups \-a gk4
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Der Standardwert ist 0, was zur Folge hat, dass die Anzahl der Mitglieder einer Gruppe nicht begrenzt ist\&.
+.sp
+Diese F\(:ahigkeit (der aufgeteilten Gruppe) erm\(:oglicht es, die Zeilenl\(:ange in der Gruppendatei zu begrenzen\&. Damit kann sichergestellt werden, dass die Zeilen f\(:ur NIS\-Gruppen nicht l\(:anger als 1024 Zeichen sind\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie eine solche Begrenzung ben\(:otigen, k\(:onnen Sie 25 verwenden\&.
+.sp
+Hinweis: Aufgeteilte Gruppen werden m\(:oglicherweise nicht von allen Werkzeugen unterst\(:utzt, selbst nicht aus der Shadow\-Werkzeugsammlung\&. Sie sollten diese Variable nur setzen, falls Sie zwingend darauf angewiesen sind\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+verschl\(:usselte Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man8/groupmod.8 b/man/de/man8/groupmod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..515d02a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/groupmod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupmod
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPMOD" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+groupmod \- \(:andert die Eigenschaften einer Gruppe auf dem System
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupmod\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupmod\fR [\fIOptionen\fR] \fIGRUPPE\fR
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command modifies the definition of the specified
+\fIGROUP\fR
+by modifying the appropriate entry in the group database\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGID\fR
+.RS 4
+The group ID of the given
+\fIGROUP\fR
+will be changed to
+\fIGID\fR\&.
+.sp
+The value of
+\fIGID\fR
+must be a non\-negative decimal integer\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&.
+.sp
+Benutzer, welche die Gruppe als Hauptgruppe verwenden, werden aktualisiert, um die Gruppe als Hauptgruppe zu behalten\&.
+.sp
+Any files that have the old group ID and must continue to belong to
+\fIGROUP\fR, must have their group ID changed manually\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to the
+\fBGID_MIN\fR,
+\fBGID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR, or
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-new\-name\fR\ \&\fINEW_GROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the group will be changed from
+\fIGROUP\fR
+to
+\fINEW_GROUP\fR
+name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+When used with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option, allow to change the group
+\fIGID\fR
+to a non\-unique value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+Sie sollten sicherstellen, dass das Passwort den Passwortrichtlinien des Systems entspricht\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Der Standardwert ist 0, was zur Folge hat, dass die Anzahl der Mitglieder einer Gruppe nicht begrenzt ist\&.
+.sp
+Diese F\(:ahigkeit (der aufgeteilten Gruppe) erm\(:oglicht es, die Zeilenl\(:ange in der Gruppendatei zu begrenzen\&. Damit kann sichergestellt werden, dass die Zeilen f\(:ur NIS\-Gruppen nicht l\(:anger als 1024 Zeichen sind\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie eine solche Begrenzung ben\(:otigen, k\(:onnen Sie 25 verwenden\&.
+.sp
+Hinweis: Aufgeteilte Gruppen werden m\(:oglicherweise nicht von allen Werkzeugen unterst\(:utzt, selbst nicht aus der Shadow\-Werkzeugsammlung\&. Sie sollten diese Variable nur setzen, falls Sie zwingend darauf angewiesen sind\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+sichere Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguration der Shadow\-Passwort\-Werkzeugsammlung
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.SH "R\(:UCKGABEWERTE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+E_SUCCESS: success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+E_USAGE: invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+E_BAD_ARG: invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+E_GID_IN_USE: specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+E_NOTFOUND: specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+E_NAME_IN_USE: group name already in use
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+E_GRP_UPDATE: can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI11\fR
+.RS 4
+E_CLEANUP_SERVICE: can\*(Aqt setup cleanup service
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+E_PAM_USERNAME: can\*(Aqt determine your username for use with pam
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI13\fR
+.RS 4
+E_PAM_ERROR: pam returned an error, see syslog facility id groupmod for the PAM error message
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man8/grpck.8 b/man/de/man8/grpck.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..295d84f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/grpck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: grpck
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "GRPCK" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+grpck \- \(:uberpr\(:uft die Stimmigkeit der Gruppendateien
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBgrpck\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpck\fR [Optionen] [\fIGruppe\fR\ [\ \fIshadow\fR\ ]]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command verifies the integrity of the groups information\&. It checks that all entries in
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow
+have the proper format and contain valid data\&. The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors\&.
+.PP
+Es wird \(:uberpr\(:uft, ob jeder Eintrag folgende Eigenschaften aufweist:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+die richtige Anzahl von Feldern
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+einen eindeutigen und g\(:ultigen Gruppennamen
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid group identifier
+(/etc/group only)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid list of members
+and administrators
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a corresponding entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file (respectively
+/etc/group
+for the
+gshadow
+checks)
+.RE
+.PP
+The checks for correct number of fields and unique group name are fatal\&. If an entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete the entire line\&. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed\&. An entry with a duplicated group name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made\&. All other errors are warnings and the user is encouraged to run the
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command to correct the error\&.
+.PP
+The commands which operate on the
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow files
+are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries\&.
+\fBgrpck\fR
+should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entries\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR
+and
+\fB\-s\fR
+options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-read\-only\fR
+.RS 4
+Execute the
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command in read\-only mode\&. This causes all questions regarding changes to be answered
+\fIno\fR
+without user intervention\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sort\fR
+.RS 4
+Sort entries in
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow
+by GID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+By default,
+\fBgrpck\fR
+operates on
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow\&. The user may select alternate files with the
+\fIgroup\fR
+and \fIshadow\fR parameters\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Der Standardwert ist 0, was zur Folge hat, dass die Anzahl der Mitglieder einer Gruppe nicht begrenzt ist\&.
+.sp
+Diese F\(:ahigkeit (der aufgeteilten Gruppe) erm\(:oglicht es, die Zeilenl\(:ange in der Gruppendatei zu begrenzen\&. Damit kann sichergestellt werden, dass die Zeilen f\(:ur NIS\-Gruppen nicht l\(:anger als 1024 Zeichen sind\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie eine solche Begrenzung ben\(:otigen, k\(:onnen Sie 25 verwenden\&.
+.sp
+Hinweis: Aufgeteilte Gruppen werden m\(:oglicherweise nicht von allen Werkzeugen unterst\(:utzt, selbst nicht aus der Shadow\-Werkzeugsammlung\&. Sie sollten diese Variable nur setzen, falls Sie zwingend darauf angewiesen sind\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+sichere Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.SH "R\(:UCKGABEWERTE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+one or more bad group entries
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt open group files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt lock group files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group files
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man8/grpconv.8 b/man/de/man8/grpconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/grpconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/de/man8/grpunconv.8 b/man/de/man8/grpunconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/grpunconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/de/man8/lastlog.8 b/man/de/man8/lastlog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce3821f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/lastlog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: lastlog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "LASTLOG" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+lastlog \- berichtet die letzte Anmeldung f\(:ur alle oder einen bestimmten Benutzer
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBlastlog\fR\ 'u
+\fBlastlog\fR [\fIOptionen\fR]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+\fBlastlog\fR
+formats and prints the contents of the last login log
+/var/log/lastlog
+file\&. The
+\fIlogin\-name\fR,
+\fIport\fR, and
+\fIlast login time\fR
+will be printed\&. The default (no flags) causes lastlog entries to be printed, sorted by their order in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBlastlog\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-before\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Print only lastlog records older than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-C\fR, \fB\-\-clear\fR
+.RS 4
+Clear lastlog record of a user\&. This option can be used only together with
+\fB\-u\fR
+(\fB\-\-user\fR))\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-set\fR
+.RS 4
+Set lastlog record of a user to the current time\&. This option can be used only together with
+\fB\-u\fR
+(\fB\-\-user\fR))\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Print the lastlog records more recent than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR\ \&\fILOGIN\fR|\fIRANGE\fR
+.RS 4
+gibt nur die Lastlog\-Eintr\(:age f\(:ur die angegebenen Benutzer aus
+.sp
+The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users\&. This
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users can be specified with a min and max values (\fIUID_MIN\-UID_MAX\fR), a max value (\fI\-UID_MAX\fR), or a min value (\fIUID_MIN\-\fR)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If the user has never logged in the message
+\fI** Never logged in**\fR
+will be displayed instead of the port and time\&.
+.PP
+Es werden nur Eintr\(:age f\(:ur auf dem System vorhandene Benutzer angezeigt, selbst wenn Eintr\(:age \(:uber gel\(:oschte Benutzer noch vorhanden sind\&.
+.SH "ANMERKUNGEN"
+.PP
+The
+lastlog
+file is a database which contains info on the last login of each user\&. You should not rotate it\&. It is a sparse file, so its size on the disk is usually much smaller than the one shown by "\fBls \-l\fR" (which can indicate a really big file if you have in
+passwd
+users with a high UID)\&. You can display its real size with "\fBls \-s\fR"\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/var/log/lastlog
+.RS 4
+Datenbank mit Zeiten der letzten Anmeldung der Benutzer
+.RE
+.SH "WARNUNGEN"
+.PP
+Gro\(sse L\(:ucken in den UID\-Zahlen haben zur Folge, dass das Lastlog\-Programm l\(:angere Zeit ohne Bildschirmausgabe l\(:auft\&. Wenn sich z\&.B\&. in der Datenbank von Lastlog kein Eintrag f\(:ur Benutzer mit der UID zwischen 170 und 800 befindet, wird es scheinen, als ob lastlog stehen geblieben ist, w\(:ahrend es die Eintr\(:age mit der UID 171 bis 799 verarbeitet\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man8/logoutd.8 b/man/de/man8/logoutd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea1d3da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/logoutd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: logoutd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "LOGOUTD" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+logoutd \- richtet Beschr\(:ankung von Anmeldezeiten ein
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBlogoutd\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+enforces the login time and port restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+should be started from
+/etc/rc\&. The
+/var/run/utmp
+file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked to see if the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time\&. Any login session which is violating the restrictions in
+/etc/porttime
+is terminated\&.
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/porttime
+.RS 4
+Datei, die den Port\-Zugriff enth\(:alt\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/var/run/utmp
+.RS 4
+Liste der aktuellen angemeldeten Sitzungen
+.RE
diff --git a/man/de/man8/newusers.8 b/man/de/man8/newusers.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c81017c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/newusers.8
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newusers
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "NEWUSERS" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+newusers \- erstellt oder aktualisiert mehrere neue Benutzer am St\(:uck
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBnewusers\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewusers\fR [\fIOptionen\fR] [\fIDatei\fR]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewusers\fR
+command reads a
+\fIfile\fR
+(or the standard input by default) and uses this information to update a set of existing users or to create new users\&. Each line is in the same format as the standard password file (see
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)) with the exceptions explained below:
+.PP
+pw_Name:pw_Passwort:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_Verz:pw_shell
+.PP
+\fIpw_Name\fR
+.RS 4
+Dies ist der Name des Benutzers\&.
+.sp
+It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR)\&. In case of an existing user, the user\*(Aqs information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_Passwort\fR
+.RS 4
+Dieses Feld wird verschl\(:usselt und als neuer Wert f\(:ur das verschl\(:usselte Passwort verwendet\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_uid\fR
+.RS 4
+Mit diesem Feld wird die UID des Benutzers bestimmt\&.
+.sp
+If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+Wenn dieses Feld eine Zahl enth\(:alt, wird sie als UID verwendet\&.
+.sp
+If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR), the UID of the specified user will be used\&.
+.sp
+Falls die UID eines bestehenden Benutzers ver\(:andert wird, muss der Eigent\(:umer der Dateien des Benutzers per Hand angepasst werden\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_gid\fR
+.RS 4
+Mit diesem Feld wird die ID der Hauptgruppe des Benutzers definiert\&.
+.sp
+If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR), the GID of this group will be used as the primary group ID for the user\&.
+.sp
+Wenn dieses Feld eine Zahl enth\(:alt, wird sie als ID der Hauptgruppe des Benutzers verwendet\&. Falls eine Gruppe mit dieser GID nicht existiert, wird eine neue Gruppe mit dieser GID unter dem Namen des Benutzers erstellt\&.
+.sp
+If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the user and a GID will be automatically defined by
+\fBnewusers\fR
+to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new group\&.
+.sp
+If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR), a new group will be created with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by
+\fBnewusers\fR
+to be used as the primary group ID for the user and GID for the new group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_gecos\fR
+.RS 4
+Dieses Feld wird in das GECOS\-Feld des Benutzers kopiert\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_Verz\fR
+.RS 4
+Mit diesem Feld wird das Home\-Verzeichnis des Benutzers definiert\&.
+.sp
+Wenn in diesem Feld ein Verzeichnis angegeben wird, das nicht vorhanden ist, wird es erstellt\&. Dieses geh\(:ort dem Benutzer, der gerade erstellt und aktualisiert wird, und dessen Hauptgruppe\&.
+.sp
+If the home directory of an existing user is changed,
+\fBnewusers\fR
+does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new location\&. This should be done manually\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_shell\fR
+.RS 4
+Mit diesem Feld wird die Shell des Benutzers definiert\&. Diese Eingabe wird nicht \(:uberpr\(:uft\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBnewusers\fR
+first tries to create or change all the specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group databases\&. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), no changes are committed to the databases\&.
+.PP
+Dieser Befehl ist f\(:ur den Einsatz in einer Umgebung mit zahlreichen Systemen vorgesehen, in der viele Konten gleichzeitig aktualisiert werden m\(:ussen\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBnewusers\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR
+.RS 4
+Definiert die Methode, mit der die Passw\(:orter verschl\(:usselt werden\&.
+.sp
+Die verf\(:ugbaren Methoden sind DES, MD5, NONE und SHA256 oder SHA512, soweit Ihre libc sie unterst\(:utzt\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+erstellt ein Systemkonto
+.sp
+System users will be created with no aging information in
+/etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-\fBUID_MAX\fR
+(and their
+\fBGID\fR
+counterparts for the creation of groups)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR
+.RS 4
+Verwendet die angegebene Anzahl von Runden, um die Passw\(:orter zu verschl\(:usseln\&.
+.sp
+Ein Wert von 0 bedeutet, dass das System die Standardanzahl der Runden (5000) f\(:ur die Verschl\(:usselung verwenden wird\&.
+.sp
+Der Mindestwert ist 1000, der H\(:ochstwert 999\&.999\&.999\&.
+.sp
+Sie k\(:onnen diese Option nur mit den Verschl\(:usselungsmethoden SHA256 und SHA512 verwenden\&.
+.sp
+By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "WARNUNGEN"
+.PP
+Die Eingabedatei muss gesch\(:utzt werden, da sie unverschl\(:usselte Passw\(:orter enth\(:alt\&.
+.PP
+Sie sollten darauf achten, dass Passw\(:orter und Verschl\(:usselungsmethode in Einklage mit der Passwortrichtlinie des Systems stehen\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Damit wird der standardm\(:a\(ssige Verschl\(:usselungsalgorithmus, mit dem Passw\(:orter verschl\(:usselt werden, bestimmt (soweit nicht in der Befehlszeile ein Algorithmus angegeben wird)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
+\fBUMASK\fR
+is used to create the mode\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Der Standardwert ist 0, was zur Folge hat, dass die Anzahl der Mitglieder einer Gruppe nicht begrenzt ist\&.
+.sp
+Diese F\(:ahigkeit (der aufgeteilten Gruppe) erm\(:oglicht es, die Zeilenl\(:ange in der Gruppendatei zu begrenzen\&. Damit kann sichergestellt werden, dass die Zeilen f\(:ur NIS\-Gruppen nicht l\(:anger als 1024 Zeichen sind\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie eine solche Begrenzung ben\(:otigen, k\(:onnen Sie 25 verwenden\&.
+.sp
+Hinweis: Aufgeteilte Gruppen werden m\(:oglicherweise nicht von allen Werkzeugen unterst\(:utzt, selbst nicht aus der Shadow\-Werkzeugsammlung\&. Sie sollten diese Variable nur setzen, falls Sie zwingend darauf angewiesen sind\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die maximale Anzahl von Tagen, f\(:ur die ein Passwort verwendet werden darf\&. Wenn das Passwort \(:alter ist, wird ein Wechsel des Passworts erzwungen\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird \-1 angenommen (was zur Folge hat, dass diese Beschr\(:ankung abgeschaltet ist)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die Mindestanzahl von Tagen, bevor ein Wechsel des Passworts zugelassen wird\&. Ein vorheriger Versuch, das Passwort zu \(:andern, wird abgelehnt\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird \-1 angenommen (was zur Folge hat, dass diese Beschr\(:ankung abgeschaltet ist)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die Anzahl von Tagen, an denen der Benutzer vorgewarnt wird, bevor das Passwort verf\(:allt\&. Eine Null bedeutet, dass eine Warnung nur am Tag des Verfalls ausgegeben wird\&. Ein negativer Wert bedeutet, dass keine Vorwarnung erfolgt\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird keine Vorwarnung ausgegeben\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Je mehr Runden Sie definieren, umso schwieriger ist es, das Passwort mit sturem Durchprobieren (brute force) zu knacken; umso mehr Rechenleistung wird jedoch auch f\(:ur die Anmeldung eines Benutzers ben\(:otigt\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie nichts angeben, wird libc die Standardanzahl der Runden festlegen (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Die Werte m\(:ussen zwischen 1000\-999\&.999\&.999 liegen\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die Bit\-Gruppe, welche die Rechte von erstellten Dateien bestimmt, wird anf\(:anglich auf diesen Wert gesetzt\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird sie auf 022 gesetzt\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+verschl\(:usselte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+sichere Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguration der Shadow\-Passwort\-Werkzeugsammlung
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man8/nologin.8 b/man/de/man8/nologin.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb542ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/nologin.8
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: nologin
+.\"    Author: Nicolas Fran\(,cois <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "NOLOGIN" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+nologin \- lehnt h\(:oflich eine Anmeldung ab
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBnologin\fR\ 'u
+\fBnologin\fR
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnologin\fR
+command displays a message that an account is not available and exits non\-zero\&. It is intended as a replacement shell field for accounts that have been disabled\&.
+.PP
+To disable all logins, investigate
+\fBnologin\fR(5)\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBSSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND\fR
+is populated it will be logged\&.
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnologin\fR(5)\&.
+.SH "GESCHICHTE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnologin\fR
+command appeared in BSD 4\&.4\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man8/pwck.8 b/man/de/man8/pwck.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92d37cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/pwck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: pwck
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "PWCK" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+pwck \- \(:uberpr\(:uft die Stimmigkeit der Passwortdateien
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBpwck\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwck\fR [Optionen] [\fIpasswd\fR\ [\ \fIshadow\fR\ ]]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwck\fR
+command verifies the integrity of the users and authentication information\&. It checks that all entries in
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow
+have the proper format and contain valid data\&. The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors\&.
+.PP
+Es wird \(:uberpr\(:uft, ob jeder Eintrag folgende Eigenschaften aufweist:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+die richtige Anzahl von Feldern
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+einen eindeutigen und g\(:ultigen Benutzernamen
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+eine g\(:ultige Benutzer\- und Gruppenkennung
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+eine g\(:ultige Hauptgruppe
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+ein g\(:ultiges Home\-Verzeichnis
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+eine g\(:ultige Anmelde\-Shell
+.RE
+.PP
+shadow
+checks are enabled when a second file parameter is specified or when
+/etc/shadow
+exists on the system\&.
+.PP
+Diese Tests umfassen Folgendes:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+ob jedem Eintrag in passwd ein Eintrag in shadow entspricht und umgekehrt
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+ob die Passw\(:orter in der Shadow\-Datei niedergelegt sind
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+ob die shadow\-Eintr\(:age die richtige Anzahl von Feldern haben
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+ob die Shadow\-Eintr\(:age in shadow eindeutig sind
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+dass das Datum der letzten Passwort\(:anderung nicht in der Zukunft liegt
+.RE
+.PP
+The checks for correct number of fields and unique user name are fatal\&. If the entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete the entire line\&. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed\&. An entry with a duplicated user name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made\&. All other errors are warning and the user is encouraged to run the
+\fBusermod\fR
+command to correct the error\&.
+.PP
+The commands which operate on the
+/etc/passwd
+file are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries\&.
+\fBpwck\fR
+should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entry\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR
+and
+\fB\-s\fR
+options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpwck\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+meldet nur Fehler\&. Warnungen, die keine Handlung des Benutzers erfordern, werden nicht angezeigt
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-read\-only\fR
+.RS 4
+Execute the
+\fBpwck\fR
+command in read\-only mode\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sort\fR
+.RS 4
+Sort entries in
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow
+by UID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+By default,
+\fBpwck\fR
+operates on the files
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow\&. The user may select alternate files with the
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and
+\fIshadow\fR
+parameters\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die maximale Anzahl von Tagen, f\(:ur die ein Passwort verwendet werden darf\&. Wenn das Passwort \(:alter ist, wird ein Wechsel des Passworts erzwungen\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird \-1 angenommen (was zur Folge hat, dass diese Beschr\(:ankung abgeschaltet ist)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die Mindestanzahl von Tagen, bevor ein Wechsel des Passworts zugelassen wird\&. Ein vorheriger Versuch, das Passwort zu \(:andern, wird abgelehnt\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird \-1 angenommen (was zur Folge hat, dass diese Beschr\(:ankung abgeschaltet ist)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die Anzahl von Tagen, an denen der Benutzer vorgewarnt wird, bevor das Passwort verf\(:allt\&. Eine Null bedeutet, dass eine Warnung nur am Tag des Verfalls ausgegeben wird\&. Ein negativer Wert bedeutet, dass keine Vorwarnung erfolgt\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird keine Vorwarnung ausgegeben\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+verschl\(:usselte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.SH "R\(:UCKGABEWERTE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwck\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+one or more bad password entries
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt open password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt lock password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt sort password files
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man8/pwconv.8 b/man/de/man8/pwconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33092ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/pwconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: pwconv
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "PWCONV" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+pwconv, pwunconv, grpconv, grpunconv \- konvertiert zu oder von Shadow\-Passw\(:ortern und \-gruppen
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBpwconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwconv\fR [\fIOptionen\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBpwunconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwunconv\fR [\fIOptionen\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBgrpconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpconv\fR [\fIOptionen\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBgrpunconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpunconv\fR [\fIOptionen\fR]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIshadow\fR
+from
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and an optionally existing
+\fIshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwunconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIpasswd\fR
+from
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and
+\fIshadow\fR
+and then removes
+\fIshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIgshadow\fR
+from
+\fIgroup\fR
+and an optionally existing
+\fIgshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpunconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIgroup\fR
+from
+\fIgroup\fR
+and
+\fIgshadow\fR
+and then removes
+\fIgshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+These four programs all operate on the normal and shadow password and group files:
+/etc/passwd,
+/etc/group,
+/etc/shadow, and
+/etc/gshadow\&.
+.PP
+Each program acquires the necessary locks before conversion\&.
+\fBpwconv\fR
+and
+\fBgrpconv\fR
+are similar\&. First, entries in the shadowed file which don\*(Aqt exist in the main file are removed\&. Then, shadowed entries which don\*(Aqt have `x\*(Aq as the password in the main file are updated\&. Any missing shadowed entries are added\&. Finally, passwords in the main file are replaced with `x\*(Aq\&. These programs can be used for initial conversion as well to update the shadowed file if the main file is edited by hand\&.
+.PP
+\fBpwconv\fR
+will use the values of
+\fIPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR,
+\fIPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR, and
+\fIPASS_WARN_AGE\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs
+when adding new entries to
+/etc/shadow\&.
+.PP
+Likewise
+\fBpwunconv\fR
+and
+\fBgrpunconv\fR
+are similar\&. Passwords in the main file are updated from the shadowed file\&. Entries which exist in the main file but not in the shadowed file are left alone\&. Finally, the shadowed file is removed\&. Some password aging information is lost by
+\fBpwunconv\fR\&. It will convert what it can\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpwconv\fR,
+\fBpwunconv\fR,
+\fBgrpconv\fR, and
+\fBgrpunconv\fR
+commands are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FEHLER"
+.PP
+Errors in the password or group files (such as invalid or duplicate entries) may cause these programs to loop forever or fail in other strange ways\&. Please run
+\fBpwck\fR
+and
+\fBgrpck\fR
+to correct any such errors before converting to or from shadow passwords or groups\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+changes the behavior of
+\fBgrpconv\fR
+and
+\fBgrpunconv\fR:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Der Standardwert ist 0, was zur Folge hat, dass die Anzahl der Mitglieder einer Gruppe nicht begrenzt ist\&.
+.sp
+Diese F\(:ahigkeit (der aufgeteilten Gruppe) erm\(:oglicht es, die Zeilenl\(:ange in der Gruppendatei zu begrenzen\&. Damit kann sichergestellt werden, dass die Zeilen f\(:ur NIS\-Gruppen nicht l\(:anger als 1024 Zeichen sind\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie eine solche Begrenzung ben\(:otigen, k\(:onnen Sie 25 verwenden\&.
+.sp
+Hinweis: Aufgeteilte Gruppen werden m\(:oglicherweise nicht von allen Werkzeugen unterst\(:utzt, selbst nicht aus der Shadow\-Werkzeugsammlung\&. Sie sollten diese Variable nur setzen, falls Sie zwingend darauf angewiesen sind\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of
+\fBpwconv\fR:
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die maximale Anzahl von Tagen, f\(:ur die ein Passwort verwendet werden darf\&. Wenn das Passwort \(:alter ist, wird ein Wechsel des Passworts erzwungen\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird \-1 angenommen (was zur Folge hat, dass diese Beschr\(:ankung abgeschaltet ist)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die Mindestanzahl von Tagen, bevor ein Wechsel des Passworts zugelassen wird\&. Ein vorheriger Versuch, das Passwort zu \(:andern, wird abgelehnt\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird \-1 angenommen (was zur Folge hat, dass diese Beschr\(:ankung abgeschaltet ist)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die Anzahl von Tagen, an denen der Benutzer vorgewarnt wird, bevor das Passwort verf\(:allt\&. Eine Null bedeutet, dass eine Warnung nur am Tag des Verfalls ausgegeben wird\&. Ein negativer Wert bedeutet, dass keine Vorwarnung erfolgt\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird keine Vorwarnung ausgegeben\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguration der Shadow\-Passwort\-Werkzeugsammlung
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man8/pwunconv.8 b/man/de/man8/pwunconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/pwunconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/de/man8/sulogin.8 b/man/de/man8/sulogin.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4894f80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/sulogin.8
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: sulogin
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "SULOGIN" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+sulogin \- Single\-user login
+.SH "SYNTAX"
+.PP
+\fBsulogin\fR
+[\fItty\-device\fR]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsulogin\fR
+command is invoked by
+\fBinit\fR
+prior to allowing the user access to the system when in single user mode\&. This feature may only be available on certain systems where
+\fBinit\fR
+has been modified accordingly, or where the
+/etc/inittab
+has an entry for a single user login\&.
+.PP
+The user is prompted
+.PP
+Type control\-d to proceed with normal startup,
+(or give root password for system maintenance):
+.PP
+Input and output will be performed with the standard file descriptors unless the optional device name argument is provided\&.
+.PP
+If the user enters the correct root password, a login session is initiated\&. When
+\fIEOF\fR
+is pressed instead, the system enters multi\-user mode\&.
+.PP
+After the user exits the single\-user shell, or presses
+\fIEOF\fR, the system begins the initialization process required to enter multi\-user mode\&.
+.SH "WARNUNGEN"
+.PP
+This command can only be used if
+\fBinit\fR
+has been modified to call
+\fBsulogin\fR
+instead of
+/bin/sh, or if the user has set the
+\fIinittab\fR
+to support a single user login\&. For example, the line:
+.PP
+co:s:respawn:/etc/sulogin /dev/console
+.PP
+should execute the sulogin command in single user mode\&.
+.PP
+As complete an environment as possible is created\&. However, various devices may be unmounted or uninitialized and many of the user commands may be unavailable or nonfunctional as a result\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+verschl\(:usselte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1),
+\fBinit\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man8/useradd.8 b/man/de/man8/useradd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16c43c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/useradd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: useradd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "USERADD" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+useradd \- erstellt einen neuen Benutzer oder aktualisiert die Standardwerte f\(:ur neue Benutzer
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
+\fBuseradd\fR [\fIOptionen\fR] \fIANMELDENAME\fR
+.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
+\fBuseradd\fR \-D
+.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
+\fBuseradd\fR \-D [\fIOptionen\fR]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+When invoked without the
+\fB\-D\fR
+option, the
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command creates a new user account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system\&. Depending on command line options, the
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command will update system files and may also create the new user\*(Aqs home directory and copy initial files\&.
+.PP
+By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see
+\fB\-g\fR,
+\fB\-N\fR,
+\fB\-U\fR, and
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR)\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-base\-dir\fR\ \&\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The default base directory for the system if
+\fB\-d\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+is not specified\&.
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+is concatenated with the account name to define the home directory\&. If the
+\fB\-m\fR
+option is not used,
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+must exist\&.
+.sp
+If this option is not specified,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will use the base directory specified by the
+\fBHOME\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or
+/home
+by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-comment\fR\ \&\fICOMMENT\fR
+.RS 4
+Eine beliebige Zeichenkette\&. Dies ist f\(:ur gew\(:ohnlich eine kurze Beschreibung des Logins und wird im Moment im Feld f\(:ur den vollst\(:andigen Namen des Benutzers gespeichert\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-home\-dir\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The new user will be created using
+\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+as the value for the user\*(Aqs login directory\&. The default is to append the
+\fILOGIN\fR
+name to
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+and use that as the login directory name\&. The directory
+\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+does not have to exist but will not be created if it is missing\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-defaults\fR
+.RS 4
+Lesen Sie dazu unten den Abschnitt \(FcDie Standardwerte ver\(:andern\(Fo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+The date on which the user account will be disabled\&. The date is specified in the format
+\fIYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR\&.
+.sp
+If not specified,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will use the default expiry date specified by the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or an empty string (no expiry) by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Die Anzahl von Tagen nach Ablaufen des Passworts bis das Konto dauerhaft deaktiviert wird\&. Ein Wert von 0 deaktiviert das Konto, sobald das Passwort abl\(:auft\&. Ein Wert von \-1 schaltet diese Funktion ab\&.
+.sp
+If not specified,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will use the default inactivity period specified by the
+\fBINACTIVE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or \-1 by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+Der Name oder die Nummer der anf\(:anglichen Anmeldegruppe des Benutzers\&. Der Gruppenname muss existieren\&. Die Gruppenzahl muss auf eine bereits vorhandene Gruppe verweisen\&.
+.sp
+If not specified, the behavior of
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will depend on the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&. If this variable is set to
+\fIyes\fR
+(or
+\fB\-U/\-\-user\-group\fR
+is specified on the command line), a group will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname\&. If the variable is set to
+\fIno\fR
+(or
+\fB\-N/\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
+is specified on the command line), useradd will set the primary group of the new user to the value specified by the
+\fBGROUP\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or 100 by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-groups\fR\ \&\fIGROUP1\fR[\fI,GROUP2,\&.\&.\&.\fR[\fI,GROUPN\fR]]]
+.RS 4
+A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of\&. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace\&. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option\&. The default is for the user to belong only to the initial group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-skel\fR\ \&\fISKEL_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in the user\*(Aqs home directory, when the home directory is created by
+\fBuseradd\fR\&.
+.sp
+This option is only valid if the
+\fB\-m\fR
+(or
+\fB\-\-create\-home\fR) option is specified\&.
+.sp
+If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the
+\fBSKEL\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd
+or, by default,
+/etc/skel\&.
+.sp
+Soweit m\(:oglich, werden die ACLs und erweiterten Attribute kopiert\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-K\fR, \fB\-\-key\fR\ \&\fIKEY\fR=\fIVALUE\fR
+.RS 4
+Overrides
+/etc/login\&.defs
+defaults (\fBUID_MIN\fR,
+\fBUID_MAX\fR,
+\fBUMASK\fR,
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR
+and others)\&.
+
+Example:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR=\fI\-1\fR
+can be used when creating system account to turn off password aging, even though system account has no password at all\&. Multiple
+\fB\-K\fR
+options can be specified, e\&.g\&.:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIUID_MIN\fR=\fI100\fR\ \&
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIUID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-no\-log\-init\fR
+.RS 4
+F\(:ugt den Benutzer nicht zu den Datenbanken lastlog und faillog hinzu\&.
+.sp
+By default, the user\*(Aqs entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are reset to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-create\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+Create the user\*(Aqs home directory if it does not exist\&. The files and directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with the
+\fB\-k\fR
+option) will be copied to the home directory\&.
+.sp
+By default, if this option is not specified and
+\fBCREATE_HOME\fR
+is not enabled, no home directories are created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-no\-create\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+Do no create the user\*(Aqs home directory, even if the system wide setting from
+/etc/login\&.defs
+(\fBCREATE_HOME\fR) is set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to the group specified by the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option or by the
+\fBGROUP\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.sp
+The default behavior (if the
+\fB\-g\fR,
+\fB\-N\fR, and
+\fB\-U\fR
+options are not specified) is defined by the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+Erlaubt das Erstellen eines Benutzerkontos mit einer schon vergebenen (nicht eindeutigen) UID\&.
+.sp
+This option is only valid in combination with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&. The default is to disable the password\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+Sie sollten sicherstellen, dass das Passwort den Passwortrichtlinien des Systems entspricht\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+erstellt ein Systemkonto
+.sp
+System users will be created with no aging information in
+/etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+/etc/login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-\fBUID_MAX\fR
+(and their
+\fBGID\fR
+counterparts for the creation of groups)\&.
+.sp
+Note that
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will not create a home directory for such a user, regardless of the default setting in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+(\fBCREATE_HOME\fR)\&. You have to specify the
+\fB\-m\fR
+options if you want a home directory for a system account to be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the user\*(Aqs login shell\&. The default is to leave this field blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified by the
+\fBSHELL\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or an empty string by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-uid\fR\ \&\fIUID\fR
+.RS 4
+The numerical value of the user\*(Aqs ID\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+and greater than every other user\&.
+.sp
+See also the
+\fB\-r\fR
+option and the
+\fBUID_MAX\fR
+description\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-U\fR, \fB\-\-user\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+erstellt eine Gruppe mit dem gleichen Name wie der Benutzer und f\(:ugt diesen der Gruppe hinzu
+.sp
+The default behavior (if the
+\fB\-g\fR,
+\fB\-N\fR, and
+\fB\-U\fR
+options are not specified) is defined by the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR\ \&\fISEUSER\fR
+.RS 4
+Der SELinux\-Benutzer f\(:ur den Benutzer nach seiner Anmeldung\&. Standardm\(:a\(ssig bleibt dieses Feld leer und es wird dem System \(:uberlassen, den SELinux\-Benutzer zu bestimmen\&.
+.RE
+.SS "Die Standardwerte ver\(:andern"
+.PP
+When invoked with only the
+\fB\-D\fR
+option,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will display the current default values\&. When invoked with
+\fB\-D\fR
+plus other options,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will update the default values for the specified options\&. Valid default\-changing options are:
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-base\-dir\fR\ \&\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The path prefix for a new user\*(Aqs home directory\&. The user\*(Aqs name will be affixed to the end of
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+to form the new user\*(Aqs home directory name, if the
+\fB\-d\fR
+option is not used when creating a new account\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBHOME\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+das Datum, an dem das Benutzerkonto abgeschaltet wird
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+die Anzahl von Tagen nach dem Ablaufen des Passworts bis das Konto deaktiviert wird
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBINACTIVE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+The group name or ID for a new user\*(Aqs initial group (when the
+\fB\-N/\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
+is used or when the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable is set to
+\fIno\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs)\&. The named group must exist, and a numerical group ID must have an existing entry\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBGROUP\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+der Name der Anmelde\-Shell des neuen Benutzers
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBSHELL\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ANMERKUNGEN"
+.PP
+The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files in the
+/etc/skel/
+directory (or any other skeleton directory specified in
+/etc/default/useradd
+or on the command line)\&.
+.SH "WARNUNGEN"
+.PP
+Sie d\(:urfen einen Benutzer nicht einer NIS\- oder LDAP\-Gruppe hinzuf\(:ugen\&. Dies muss auf dem entsprechenden Server durchgef\(:uhrt werden\&.
+.PP
+Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such as NIS or LDAP,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will deny the user account creation request\&.
+.PP
+Benutzernamen m\(:ussen mit einem Kleinbuchstaben oder einem Unterstrich beginnen\&. Sie d\(:urfen nur Kleinbuchstaben, Zahlen, Unterstriche oder Gedankenstriche enthalten\&. Sie k\(:onnen mit einem Dollarzeichen enden\&. Als regul\(:arer Ausdruck: [a\-z_][a\-z0\-9_\-]*[$]?
+.PP
+Benutzernamen d\(:urfen nur bis zu 32 Zeichen lang sein\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCREATE_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+bestimmt, ob standardm\(:a\(ssig ein Home\-Verzeichnis f\(:ur neue Benutzer erstellt werden soll
+.sp
+Diese Einstellung trifft nicht auf Systembenutzer zu\&. Sie kann auf der Befehlszeile \(:uberschrieben werden\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
+\fBUMASK\fR
+is used to create the mode\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Das Verzeichnis des Mail\-Spools\&. Diese Angabe wird ben\(:otigt, um die Mailbox zu bearbeiten, nachdem das entsprechende Benutzerkonto ver\(:andert oder gel\(:oscht wurde\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird ein Standard verwendet, der beim Kompilieren festgelegt wurde\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Legt den Ort der Mail\-Spool\-Dateien eines Benutzers relativ zu seinem Home\-Verzeichnis fest\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Der Standardwert ist 0, was zur Folge hat, dass die Anzahl der Mitglieder einer Gruppe nicht begrenzt ist\&.
+.sp
+Diese F\(:ahigkeit (der aufgeteilten Gruppe) erm\(:oglicht es, die Zeilenl\(:ange in der Gruppendatei zu begrenzen\&. Damit kann sichergestellt werden, dass die Zeilen f\(:ur NIS\-Gruppen nicht l\(:anger als 1024 Zeichen sind\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie eine solche Begrenzung ben\(:otigen, k\(:onnen Sie 25 verwenden\&.
+.sp
+Hinweis: Aufgeteilte Gruppen werden m\(:oglicherweise nicht von allen Werkzeugen unterst\(:utzt, selbst nicht aus der Shadow\-Werkzeugsammlung\&. Sie sollten diese Variable nur setzen, falls Sie zwingend darauf angewiesen sind\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die maximale Anzahl von Tagen, f\(:ur die ein Passwort verwendet werden darf\&. Wenn das Passwort \(:alter ist, wird ein Wechsel des Passworts erzwungen\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird \-1 angenommen (was zur Folge hat, dass diese Beschr\(:ankung abgeschaltet ist)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die Mindestanzahl von Tagen, bevor ein Wechsel des Passworts zugelassen wird\&. Ein vorheriger Versuch, das Passwort zu \(:andern, wird abgelehnt\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird \-1 angenommen (was zur Folge hat, dass diese Beschr\(:ankung abgeschaltet ist)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die Anzahl von Tagen, an denen der Benutzer vorgewarnt wird, bevor das Passwort verf\(:allt\&. Eine Null bedeutet, dass eine Warnung nur am Tag des Verfalls ausgegeben wird\&. Ein negativer Wert bedeutet, dass keine Vorwarnung erfolgt\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird keine Vorwarnung ausgegeben\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Die Bit\-Gruppe, welche die Rechte von erstellten Dateien bestimmt, wird anf\(:anglich auf diesen Wert gesetzt\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird sie auf 022 gesetzt\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Erlaubt Benutzern, die nicht Root sind, die Umask\-Gruppen\-Bits auf ihre Umask\-Bits zu setzen (Beispiel: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007), falls die UID mit der GID identisch ist sowie der Benutzername mit dem Gruppennamen \(:ubereinstimmt\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+verschl\(:usselte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+sichere Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/default/useradd
+.RS 4
+Standardwerte f\(:ur die Erstellung eines Kontos
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/skel/
+.RS 4
+Verzeichnis, das die Standarddateien enth\(:alt
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguration der Shadow\-Passwort\-Werkzeugsammlung
+.RE
+.SH "R\(:UCKGABEWERTE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+UID already in use (and no
+\fB\-o\fR)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+username already in use
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt create home directory
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI14\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update SELinux user mapping
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man8/userdel.8 b/man/de/man8/userdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8de9e4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/userdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: userdel
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "USERDEL" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+userdel \- l\(:oscht ein Benutzerkonto und die dazugeh\(:origen Dateien
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBuserdel\fR\ 'u
+\fBuserdel\fR [Optionen] \fIANMELDENAME\fR
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to the user name
+\fILOGIN\fR\&. The named user must exist\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+This option forces the removal of the user account, even if the user is still logged in\&. It also forces
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to remove the user\*(Aqs home directory and mail spool, even if another user uses the same home directory or if the mail spool is not owned by the specified user\&. If
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+is defined to
+\fIyes\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+and if a group exists with the same name as the deleted user, then this group will be removed, even if it is still the primary group of another user\&.
+.sp
+\fINote:\fR
+This option is dangerous and may leave your system in an inconsistent state\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-remove\fR
+.RS 4
+Die Dateien im Home\-Verzeichnis des Benutzers werden zusammen mit dem Home\-Verzeichnis und dem Mailspool entfernt\&. Dateien, die sich nicht unterhalb des Home\-Verzeichnisses befinden, m\(:ussen per Hand gesucht und gel\(:oscht werden\&.
+.sp
+The mail spool is defined by the
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+variable in the
+login\&.defs
+file\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR
+.RS 4
+entfernt die Zuordnung von SELinux\-Benutzern aus den Anmeldeinformationen des Benutzers
+.RE
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Das Verzeichnis des Mail\-Spools\&. Diese Angabe wird ben\(:otigt, um die Mailbox zu bearbeiten, nachdem das entsprechende Benutzerkonto ver\(:andert oder gel\(:oscht wurde\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird ein Standard verwendet, der beim Kompilieren festgelegt wurde\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Legt den Ort der Mail\-Spool\-Dateien eines Benutzers relativ zu seinem Home\-Verzeichnis fest\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Der Standardwert ist 0, was zur Folge hat, dass die Anzahl der Mitglieder einer Gruppe nicht begrenzt ist\&.
+.sp
+Diese F\(:ahigkeit (der aufgeteilten Gruppe) erm\(:oglicht es, die Zeilenl\(:ange in der Gruppendatei zu begrenzen\&. Damit kann sichergestellt werden, dass die Zeilen f\(:ur NIS\-Gruppen nicht l\(:anger als 1024 Zeichen sind\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie eine solche Begrenzung ben\(:otigen, k\(:onnen Sie 25 verwenden\&.
+.sp
+Hinweis: Aufgeteilte Gruppen werden m\(:oglicherweise nicht von allen Werkzeugen unterst\(:utzt, selbst nicht aus der Shadow\-Werkzeugsammlung\&. Sie sollten diese Variable nur setzen, falls Sie zwingend darauf angewiesen sind\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERDEL_CMD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Falls angegeben, wird dieser Befehl ausgef\(:uhrt, wenn ein Benutzer entfernt wird\&. Damit k\(:onnen At\-, Cron\- und Druckauftr\(:age etc\&. des entfernten Benutzers (wird als erstes Argument \(:ubergeben) gel\(:oscht werden\&.
+.sp
+Der R\(:uckgabewert des Skripts wird nicht ausgewertet\&.
+.sp
+Here is an example script, which removes the user\*(Aqs cron, at and print jobs:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+#! /bin/sh
+
+# Check for the required argument\&.
+if [ $# != 1 ]; then
+	echo "Usage: $0 username"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Remove cron jobs\&.
+crontab \-r \-u $1
+
+# Remove at jobs\&.
+# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,
+# even if it was shared by a different username\&.
+AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs
+find $AT_SPOOL_DIR \-name "[^\&.]*" \-type f \-user $1 \-delete \e;
+
+# Remove print jobs\&.
+lprm $1
+
+# All done\&.
+exit 0
+      
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.sp
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Erlaubt Benutzern, die nicht Root sind, die Umask\-Gruppen\-Bits auf ihre Umask\-Bits zu setzen (Beispiel: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007), falls die UID mit der GID identisch ist sowie der Benutzername mit dem Gruppennamen \(:ubereinstimmt\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguration der Shadow\-Passwort\-Werkzeugsammlung
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+verschl\(:usselte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "R\(:UCKGABEWERTE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified user doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI8\fR
+.RS 4
+user currently logged in
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt remove home directory
+.RE
+.SH "WARNUNGEN"
+.PP
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will not allow you to remove an account if there are running processes which belong to this account\&. In that case, you may have to kill those processes or lock the user\*(Aqs password or account and remove the account later\&. The
+\fB\-f\fR
+option can force the deletion of this account\&.
+.PP
+Sie sollten von Hand alle Systemdateien \(:uberpr\(:ufen, um sicherzustellen, dass keine Dateien vorhanden sind, die dem gel\(:oschten Benutzer geh\(:oren\&.
+.PP
+Sie sollten keine NIS\-Attribute auf einem NIS\-Client l\(:oschen\&. Dies muss auf dem NIS\-Server durchgef\(:uhrt werden\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+is defined to
+\fIyes\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will delete the group with the same name as the user\&. To avoid inconsistencies in the passwd and group databases,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will check that this group is not used as a primary group for another user, and will just warn without deleting the group otherwise\&. The
+\fB\-f\fR
+option can force the deletion of this group\&.
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man8/usermod.8 b/man/de/man8/usermod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7183a39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/usermod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: usermod
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "USERMOD" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+usermod \- ver\(:andert ein Benutzerkonto
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBusermod\fR\ 'u
+\fBusermod\fR [\fIOptionen\fR] \fIANMELDENAME\fR
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBusermod\fR
+command modifies the system account files to reflect the changes that are specified on the command line\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBusermod\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-append\fR
+.RS 4
+Add the user to the supplementary group(s)\&. Use only with the
+\fB\-G\fR
+option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-badnames\fR
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-comment\fR\ \&\fICOMMENT\fR
+.RS 4
+The new value of the user\*(Aqs password file comment field\&. It is normally modified using the
+\fBchfn\fR(1)
+utility\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-home\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+das neue Home\-Verzeichnis des Benutzers
+.sp
+If the
+\fB\-m\fR
+option is given, the contents of the current home directory will be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it does not already exist\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+The date on which the user account will be disabled\&. The date is specified in the format
+\fIYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR\&.
+.sp
+An empty
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+argument will disable the expiration of the account\&.
+.sp
+This option requires a
+/etc/shadow
+file\&. A
+/etc/shadow
+entry will be created if there were none\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Die Anzahl von Tagen, nach denen ein Passwort abgelaufen ist, bis das Konto deaktiviert wird\&.
+.sp
+Ein Wert von 0 deaktiviert das Konto, sobald das Passwort abl\(:auft\&. Ein Wert von \-1 schaltet diese Funktion ab\&.
+.sp
+This option requires a
+/etc/shadow
+file\&. A
+/etc/shadow
+entry will be created if there were none\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+Der Name oder die Zahl der anf\(:anglichen Anmeldegruppe eines neuen Benutzers\&. Der Gruppenname muss existieren\&.
+.sp
+Jede Datei im Home\-Verzeichnis des Benutzers, die der alten Hauptgruppe des Benutzers geh\(:orte, wird dieser neuen Gruppe geh\(:oren\&.
+.sp
+Die Gruppenzugeh\(:origkeit von Dateien au\(sserhalb des Home\-Verzeichnisses des Benutzers muss per Hand angepasst werden\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-groups\fR\ \&\fIGROUP1\fR[\fI,GROUP2,\&.\&.\&.\fR[\fI,GROUPN\fR]]]
+.RS 4
+A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of\&. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace\&. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option\&.
+.sp
+If the user is currently a member of a group which is not listed, the user will be removed from the group\&. This behaviour can be changed via the
+\fB\-a\fR
+option, which appends the user to the current supplementary group list\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR\ \&\fINEW_LOGIN\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the user will be changed from
+\fILOGIN\fR
+to
+\fINEW_LOGIN\fR\&. Nothing else is changed\&. In particular, the user\*(Aqs home directory or mail spool should probably be renamed manually to reflect the new login name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-lock\fR
+.RS 4
+Lock a user\*(Aqs password\&. This puts a \*(Aq!\*(Aq in front of the encrypted password, effectively disabling the password\&. You can\*(Aqt use this option with
+\fB\-p\fR
+or
+\fB\-U\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: if you wish to lock the account (not only access with a password), you should also set the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+to
+\fI1\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-move\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+verschiebt den Inhalt des Home\-Verzeichnisses eines Benutzers zu dem neuen Ziel
+.sp
+This option is only valid in combination with the
+\fB\-d\fR
+(or
+\fB\-\-home\fR) option\&.
+.sp
+\fBusermod\fR
+will try to adapt the ownership of the files and to copy the modes, ACL and extended attributes, but manual changes might be needed afterwards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+When used with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option, this option allows to change the user ID to a non\-unique value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+Sie sollten sicherstellen, dass das Passwort den Passwortrichtlinien des Systems entspricht\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+Der Name der neuen Anmelde\-Shell des Benutzers\&. Falls dieses Feld leer gelassen wird, verwendet das System die Standard\-Anmelde\-Shell\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-uid\fR\ \&\fIUID\fR
+.RS 4
+der neue numerische Wert der UID des Benutzers
+.sp
+This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&.
+.sp
+F\(:ur die Mailbox des Benutzers und alle Dateien, die ihm geh\(:oren und sich in seinem Home\-Verzeichnis befinden, wird die ID des Eigent\(:umers automatisch angepasst\&.
+.sp
+Der Eigent\(:umer von Dateien au\(sserhalb des Home\-Verzeichnisses des Benutzers muss per Hand angepasst werden\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to the
+\fBUID_MIN\fR,
+\fBUID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR, or
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-U\fR, \fB\-\-unlock\fR
+.RS 4
+Unlock a user\*(Aqs password\&. This removes the \*(Aq!\*(Aq in front of the encrypted password\&. You can\*(Aqt use this option with
+\fB\-p\fR
+or
+\fB\-L\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: if you wish to unlock the account (not only access with a password), you should also set the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+(for example to
+\fI99999\fR, or to the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+value from
+/etc/default/useradd)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-add\-subuids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a range of subordinate uids to the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a users account\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-V\fR, \fB\-\-del\-subuids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove a range of subordinate uids from the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a users account\&. When both
+\fB\-\-del\-subuids\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-add\-subuids\fR
+are specified, the removal of all subordinate uid ranges happens before any subordinate uid range is added\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-add\-subgids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a range of subordinate gids to the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a users account\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-del\-subgids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove a range of subordinate gids from the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a users account\&. When both
+\fB\-\-del\-subgids\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-add\-subgids\fR
+are specified, the removal of all subordinate gid ranges happens before any subordinate gid range is added\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR\ \&\fISEUSER\fR
+.RS 4
+der neue SELinux\-Benutzer f\(:ur den Anmeldenamen des Benutzers
+.sp
+A blank
+\fISEUSER\fR
+will remove the SELinux user mapping for user
+\fILOGIN\fR
+(if any)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "WARNUNGEN"
+.PP
+You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes when this command is being executed if the user\*(Aqs numerical user ID, the user\*(Aqs name, or the user\*(Aqs home directory is being changed\&.
+\fBusermod\fR
+checks this on Linux\&. On other platforms it only uses utmp to check if the user is logged in\&.
+.PP
+You must change the owner of any
+\fBcrontab\fR
+files or
+\fBat\fR
+jobs manually\&.
+.PP
+Sie m\(:ussen alle \(:Anderung in Bezug auf NIS auf dem NIS\-Server vornehmen\&.
+.SH "KONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Das Verzeichnis des Mail\-Spools\&. Diese Angabe wird ben\(:otigt, um die Mailbox zu bearbeiten, nachdem das entsprechende Benutzerkonto ver\(:andert oder gel\(:oscht wurde\&. Falls nicht angegeben, wird ein Standard verwendet, der beim Kompilieren festgelegt wurde\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Legt den Ort der Mail\-Spool\-Dateien eines Benutzers relativ zu seinem Home\-Verzeichnis fest\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Der Standardwert ist 0, was zur Folge hat, dass die Anzahl der Mitglieder einer Gruppe nicht begrenzt ist\&.
+.sp
+Diese F\(:ahigkeit (der aufgeteilten Gruppe) erm\(:oglicht es, die Zeilenl\(:ange in der Gruppendatei zu begrenzen\&. Damit kann sichergestellt werden, dass die Zeilen f\(:ur NIS\-Gruppen nicht l\(:anger als 1024 Zeichen sind\&.
+.sp
+Falls Sie eine solche Begrenzung ben\(:otigen, k\(:onnen Sie 25 verwenden\&.
+.sp
+Hinweis: Aufgeteilte Gruppen werden m\(:oglicherweise nicht von allen Werkzeugen unterst\(:utzt, selbst nicht aus der Shadow\-Werkzeugsammlung\&. Sie sollten diese Variable nur setzen, falls Sie zwingend darauf angewiesen sind\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+sichere Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguration der Shadow\-Passwort\-Werkzeugsammlung
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+verschl\(:usselte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/de/man8/vigr.8 b/man/de/man8/vigr.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff72d7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/vigr.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/vipw.8
diff --git a/man/de/man8/vipw.8 b/man/de/man8/vipw.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7c59e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/de/man8/vipw.8
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: vipw
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23.01.2020
+.\"    Manual: Befehle zur Systemverwaltung
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: German
+.\"
+.TH "VIPW" "8" "23.01.2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+vipw, vigr \- bearbeitet die Passwort\-, Gruppen\-, Shadow\-Passwort\- oder Shadow\-Gruppen\-Datei
+.SH "\(:UBERSICHT"
+.HP \w'\fBvipw\fR\ 'u
+\fBvipw\fR [\fIOptionen\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBvigr\fR\ 'u
+\fBvigr\fR [\fIOptionen\fR]
+.SH "BESCHREIBUNG"
+.PP
+The
+\fBvipw\fR
+and
+\fBvigr\fR
+commands edits the files
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/group, respectively\&. With the
+\fB\-s\fR
+flag, they will edit the shadow versions of those files,
+/etc/shadow
+and
+/etc/gshadow, respectively\&. The programs will set the appropriate locks to prevent file corruption\&. When looking for an editor, the programs will first try the environment variable
+\fB$VISUAL\fR, then the environment variable
+\fB$EDITOR\fR, and finally the default editor,
+\fBvi\fR(1)\&.
+.SH "OPTIONEN"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBvipw\fR
+and
+\fBvigr\fR
+commands are:
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+bearbeitet die Gruppendatenbank
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-passwd\fR
+.RS 4
+bearbeitet die Passwd\-Datenbank
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+stiller Modus
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shadow\fR
+.RS 4
+bearbeitet die Shadow\- oder Gshadow\-Datenbank
+.RE
+.SH "UMGEBUNGSVARIABLEN"
+.PP
+\fBVISUAL\fR
+.RS 4
+der verwendete Editor
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBEDITOR\fR
+.RS 4
+Editor to be used if
+\fBVISUAL\fR
+is not set\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DATEIEN"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+sichere Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+verschl\(:usselte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten
+.RE
+.SH "SIEHE AUCH"
+.PP
+\fBvi\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5)
+,
+\fBpasswd\fR(5), ,
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/es/Makefile.am b/man/es/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..721dc0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/es/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
+mandir = @mandir@/es
+
+man_MANS = 
+
+# These Spanish manpages are outdated.
+# Please contact pkg-shadow-devel@lists.alioth.debian.org if you wish to
+# provide updates.
+#	man1/login.1 \
+#	man1/newgrp.1 \
+#	man1/passwd.1 \
+#	man5/passwd.5 \
+#	man1/su.1 \
+#	man8/vigr.8 \
+#	man8/vipw.8
+
+EXTRA_DIST = $(man_MANS)
diff --git a/man/es/Makefile.in b/man/es/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e33044
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/es/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,488 @@
+# Makefile.in generated by automake 1.16.1 from Makefile.am.
+# @configure_input@
+
+# Copyright (C) 1994-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+# This Makefile.in is free software; the Free Software Foundation
+# gives unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it,
+# with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
+
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law; without
+# even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
+# PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+@SET_MAKE@
+VPATH = @srcdir@
+am__is_gnu_make = { \
+  if test -z '$(MAKELEVEL)'; then \
+    false; \
+  elif test -n '$(MAKE_HOST)'; then \
+    true; \
+  elif test -n '$(MAKE_VERSION)' && test -n '$(CURDIR)'; then \
+    true; \
+  else \
+    false; \
+  fi; \
+}
+am__make_running_with_option = \
+  case $${target_option-} in \
+      ?) ;; \
+      *) echo "am__make_running_with_option: internal error: invalid" \
+              "target option '$${target_option-}' specified" >&2; \
+         exit 1;; \
+  esac; \
+  has_opt=no; \
+  sane_makeflags=$$MAKEFLAGS; \
+  if $(am__is_gnu_make); then \
+    sane_makeflags=$$MFLAGS; \
+  else \
+    case $$MAKEFLAGS in \
+      *\\[\ \	]*) \
+        bs=\\; \
+        sane_makeflags=`printf '%s\n' "$$MAKEFLAGS" \
+          | sed "s/$$bs$$bs[$$bs $$bs	]*//g"`;; \
+    esac; \
+  fi; \
+  skip_next=no; \
+  strip_trailopt () \
+  { \
+    flg=`printf '%s\n' "$$flg" | sed "s/$$1.*$$//"`; \
+  }; \
+  for flg in $$sane_makeflags; do \
+    test $$skip_next = yes && { skip_next=no; continue; }; \
+    case $$flg in \
+      *=*|--*) continue;; \
+        -*I) strip_trailopt 'I'; skip_next=yes;; \
+      -*I?*) strip_trailopt 'I';; \
+        -*O) strip_trailopt 'O'; skip_next=yes;; \
+      -*O?*) strip_trailopt 'O';; \
+        -*l) strip_trailopt 'l'; skip_next=yes;; \
+      -*l?*) strip_trailopt 'l';; \
+      -[dEDm]) skip_next=yes;; \
+      -[JT]) skip_next=yes;; \
+    esac; \
+    case $$flg in \
+      *$$target_option*) has_opt=yes; break;; \
+    esac; \
+  done; \
+  test $$has_opt = yes
+am__make_dryrun = (target_option=n; $(am__make_running_with_option))
+am__make_keepgoing = (target_option=k; $(am__make_running_with_option))
+pkgdatadir = $(datadir)/@PACKAGE@
+pkgincludedir = $(includedir)/@PACKAGE@
+pkglibdir = $(libdir)/@PACKAGE@
+pkglibexecdir = $(libexecdir)/@PACKAGE@
+am__cd = CDPATH="$${ZSH_VERSION+.}$(PATH_SEPARATOR)" && cd
+install_sh_DATA = $(install_sh) -c -m 644
+install_sh_PROGRAM = $(install_sh) -c
+install_sh_SCRIPT = $(install_sh) -c
+INSTALL_HEADER = $(INSTALL_DATA)
+transform = $(program_transform_name)
+NORMAL_INSTALL = :
+PRE_INSTALL = :
+POST_INSTALL = :
+NORMAL_UNINSTALL = :
+PRE_UNINSTALL = :
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+top_build_prefix = @top_build_prefix@
+top_builddir = @top_builddir@
+top_srcdir = @top_srcdir@
+man_MANS = 
+
+# These Spanish manpages are outdated.
+# Please contact pkg-shadow-devel@lists.alioth.debian.org if you wish to
+# provide updates.
+#	man1/login.1 \
+#	man1/newgrp.1 \
+#	man1/passwd.1 \
+#	man5/passwd.5 \
+#	man1/su.1 \
+#	man8/vigr.8 \
+#	man8/vipw.8
+EXTRA_DIST = $(man_MANS)
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+
+.SUFFIXES:
+$(srcdir)/Makefile.in: @MAINTAINER_MODE_TRUE@ $(srcdir)/Makefile.am  $(am__configure_deps)
+	@for dep in $?; do \
+	  case '$(am__configure_deps)' in \
+	    *$$dep*) \
+	      ( cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh ) \
+	        && { if test -f $@; then exit 0; else break; fi; }; \
+	      exit 1;; \
+	  esac; \
+	done; \
+	echo ' cd $(top_srcdir) && $(AUTOMAKE) --foreign man/es/Makefile'; \
+	$(am__cd) $(top_srcdir) && \
+	  $(AUTOMAKE) --foreign man/es/Makefile
+Makefile: $(srcdir)/Makefile.in $(top_builddir)/config.status
+	@case '$?' in \
+	  *config.status*) \
+	    cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh;; \
+	  *) \
+	    echo ' cd $(top_builddir) && $(SHELL) ./config.status $(subdir)/$@ $(am__maybe_remake_depfiles)'; \
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+
+$(top_builddir)/config.status: $(top_srcdir)/configure $(CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES)
+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
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+$(top_srcdir)/configure: @MAINTAINER_MODE_TRUE@ $(am__configure_deps)
+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
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+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
+$(am__aclocal_m4_deps):
+
+mostlyclean-libtool:
+	-rm -f *.lo
+
+clean-libtool:
+	-rm -rf .libs _libs
+tags TAGS:
+
+ctags CTAGS:
+
+cscope cscopelist:
+
+
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+	$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) distdir-am
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+distdir-am: $(DISTFILES)
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+	list='$(DISTFILES)'; \
+	  dist_files=`for file in $$list; do echo $$file; done | \
+	  sed -e "s|^$$srcdirstrip/||;t" \
+	      -e "s|^$$topsrcdirstrip/|$(top_builddir)/|;t"`; \
+	case $$dist_files in \
+	  */*) $(MKDIR_P) `echo "$$dist_files" | \
+			   sed '/\//!d;s|^|$(distdir)/|;s,/[^/]*$$,,' | \
+			   sort -u` ;; \
+	esac; \
+	for file in $$dist_files; do \
+	  if test -f $$file || test -d $$file; then d=.; else d=$(srcdir); fi; \
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+	    dir=`echo "/$$file" | sed -e 's,/[^/]*$$,,'`; \
+	    if test -d "$(distdir)/$$file"; then \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    if test -d $(srcdir)/$$file && test $$d != $(srcdir); then \
+	      cp -fpR $(srcdir)/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    cp -fpR $$d/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	  else \
+	    test -f "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || cp -p $$d/$$file "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || exit 1; \
+	  fi; \
+	done
+check-am: all-am
+check: check-am
+all-am: Makefile
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+install: install-am
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+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	      install; \
+	else \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	    "INSTALL_PROGRAM_ENV=STRIPPROG='$(STRIP)'" install; \
+	fi
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+
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+
+distclean-generic:
+	-test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)
+	-test . = "$(srcdir)" || test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)
+
+maintainer-clean-generic:
+	@echo "This command is intended for maintainers to use"
+	@echo "it deletes files that may require special tools to rebuild."
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+
+clean-am: clean-generic clean-libtool mostlyclean-am
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+	-rm -f Makefile
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+	mostlyclean-generic mostlyclean-libtool pdf pdf-am ps ps-am \
+	tags-am uninstall uninstall-am
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+.PRECIOUS: Makefile
+
+
+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
diff --git a/man/expiry.1.xml b/man/expiry.1.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63575b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/expiry.1.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1990 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1999       , Ben Collins
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!--ENTITY CONSOLE_GROUPS        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/CONSOLE_GROUPS.xml"-->
+<!-- A call to CONSOLE_GROUPS is linked, but not used -->
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+
+<refentry id='expiry.1'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1990</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>expiry</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">User Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>expiry</refname>
+    <refpurpose>check and enforce password expiration policy</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <!-- body begins here -->
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>expiry</command>
+      <arg choice='plain'>
+	<replaceable>option</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>expiry</command> command checks (<option>-c</option>)
+      the current password expiration and forces (<option>-f</option>)
+      changes when required. It is callable as a normal user command.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>expiry</command> command are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-c</option>, <option>--check</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Check the password expiration of the current user.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Force a password change if the current user has an expired
+	    password.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure user account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/faillog.5.xml b/man/faillog.5.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e16752
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/faillog.5.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1989 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='faillog.5'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1989</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>faillog</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc"> File Formats and Conversions</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>faillog</refname>
+    <refpurpose>login failure logging file</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> maintains a count of login
+      failures and the limits for each account.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      The file contains fixed length
+      records, indexed by numerical UID. Each record contains the count of
+      login failures since the last successful login; the maximum number of
+      failures before the account is disabled; the line on which the last login
+      failure occurred; the date of the last login failure;
+      and the duration (in seconds) during which the account will be locked after
+      a failure.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>The structure of the file is:</para>
+      <programlisting>
+struct	faillog {
+	short   fail_cnt;
+	short   fail_max;
+	char    fail_line[12];
+	time_t  fail_time;
+	long    fail_locktime;
+};</programlisting>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/var/log/faillog</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Failure logging file.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>faillog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
+
diff --git a/man/faillog.8.xml b/man/faillog.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9132a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/faillog.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1989 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='faillog.8'>
+  <!--  $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1989</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>faillog</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>faillog</refname>
+    <refpurpose>display faillog records or set login failure limits</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>faillog</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      <command>faillog</command> displays the contents of the failure log
+      database (<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>). It can also
+      set the failure counters and limits. When
+      <command>faillog</command> is run without arguments, it only displays the
+      faillog records of the users who had a login failure.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>faillog</command> command
+      are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Display (or act on) faillog records for all users having an
+	    entry in the <filename>faillog</filename> database.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The range of users can be restricted with the
+	    <option>-u</option> option.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    In display mode, this is still restricted to existing users
+	    but forces the display of the faillog entries even if they
+	    are empty.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    With the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>,
+	    <option>-r</option>, <option>-t</option> options, the users'
+	    records are changed, even if the user does not exist on the
+	    system. This is useful to reset records of users that have
+	    been deleted or to set a policy in advance for a range of
+	    users.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-secs</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEC</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Lock account for <replaceable>SEC</replaceable>
+	    seconds after failed login.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Write access to <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>
+	    is required for this option.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-m</option>, <option>--maximum</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Set the maximum number of login failures after the account is
+	    disabled to <replaceable>MAX</replaceable>.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Selecting a
+	    <replaceable>MAX</replaceable> value of 0 has the effect of not
+	    placing a limit on the number of failed logins.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The maximum
+	    failure count should always be 0 for <emphasis>root</emphasis>
+	    to prevent a denial of services attack against the system.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Write access to <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>
+	    is required for this option.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Reset the counters of login failures.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Write access to <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>
+	    is required for this option.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Display faillog records more recent than
+	    <replaceable>DAYS</replaceable>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Display faillog record or maintains failure counters and limits
+	    (if used with <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option> or
+	    <option>-r</option> options) only for the specified user(s).
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user
+	    ID, or a <replaceable>RANGE</replaceable> of users.  This
+	    <replaceable>RANGE</replaceable> of users can be specified
+	    with a min and max values
+	    (<replaceable>UID_MIN-UID_MAX</replaceable>), a max value
+	    (<replaceable>-UID_MAX</replaceable>), or a min value
+	    (<replaceable>UID_MIN-</replaceable>).
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+
+    <para>
+      When none of the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, or
+      <option>-r</option> options are used, <command>faillog</command>
+      displays the faillog record of the specified user(s).
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='caveats'>
+    <title>CAVEATS</title>
+    <para>
+      <command>faillog</command> only prints out users with no successful
+      login since the last failure. To print out a user who has had a
+      successful login since their last failure, you must explicitly request
+      the user with the <option>-u</option> flag, or print out all users
+      with the <option>-a</option> flag.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/var/log/faillog</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Failure logging file.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>faillog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/fi/Makefile.am b/man/fi/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..26a1a84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fi/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
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+	man1/chsh.1 \
+	man1/su.1
+
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+#	passwd.1 (https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/384024)
+
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diff --git a/man/fi/Makefile.in b/man/fi/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c197a2
--- /dev/null
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+top_build_prefix = @top_build_prefix@
+top_builddir = @top_builddir@
+top_srcdir = @top_srcdir@
+man_MANS = \
+	man1/chfn.1 \
+	man1/chsh.1 \
+	man1/su.1
+
+
+# Outdated manpages
+#	passwd.1 (https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/384024)
+EXTRA_DIST = $(man_MANS)
+all: all-am
+
+.SUFFIXES:
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+	@for dep in $?; do \
+	  case '$(am__configure_deps)' in \
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+	      exit 1;; \
+	  esac; \
+	done; \
+	echo ' cd $(top_srcdir) && $(AUTOMAKE) --foreign man/fi/Makefile'; \
+	$(am__cd) $(top_srcdir) && \
+	  $(AUTOMAKE) --foreign man/fi/Makefile
+Makefile: $(srcdir)/Makefile.in $(top_builddir)/config.status
+	@case '$?' in \
+	  *config.status*) \
+	    cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh;; \
+	  *) \
+	    echo ' cd $(top_builddir) && $(SHELL) ./config.status $(subdir)/$@ $(am__maybe_remake_depfiles)'; \
+	    cd $(top_builddir) && $(SHELL) ./config.status $(subdir)/$@ $(am__maybe_remake_depfiles);; \
+	esac;
+
+$(top_builddir)/config.status: $(top_srcdir)/configure $(CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES)
+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
+
+$(top_srcdir)/configure: @MAINTAINER_MODE_TRUE@ $(am__configure_deps)
+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
+$(ACLOCAL_M4): @MAINTAINER_MODE_TRUE@ $(am__aclocal_m4_deps)
+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
+$(am__aclocal_m4_deps):
+
+mostlyclean-libtool:
+	-rm -f *.lo
+
+clean-libtool:
+	-rm -rf .libs _libs
+install-man1: $(man_MANS)
+	@$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
+	@list1=''; \
+	list2='$(man_MANS)'; \
+	test -n "$(man1dir)" \
+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
+	  || exit 0; \
+	echo " $(MKDIR_P) '$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)'"; \
+	$(MKDIR_P) "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)" || exit 1; \
+	{ for i in $$list1; do echo "$$i"; done;  \
+	if test -n "$$list2"; then \
+	  for i in $$list2; do echo "$$i"; done \
+	    | sed -n '/\.1[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	fi; \
+	} | while read p; do \
+	  if test -f $$p; then d=; else d="$(srcdir)/"; fi; \
+	  echo "$$d$$p"; echo "$$p"; \
+	done | \
+	sed -e 'n;s,.*/,,;p;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^1][0-9a-z]*$$,1,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,' | \
+	sed 'N;N;s,\n, ,g' | { \
+	list=; while read file base inst; do \
+	  if test "$$base" = "$$inst"; then list="$$list $$file"; else \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) '$$file' '$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/$$inst'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) "$$file" "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/$$inst" || exit $$?; \
+	  fi; \
+	done; \
+	for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done | $(am__base_list) | \
+	while read files; do \
+	  test -z "$$files" || { \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files '$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)" || exit $$?; }; \
+	done; }
+
+uninstall-man1:
+	@$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL)
+	@list=''; test -n "$(man1dir)" || exit 0; \
+	files=`{ for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done; \
+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do echo "$$i"; done | \
+	  sed -n '/\.1[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^1][0-9a-z]*$$,1,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,'`; \
+	dir='$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)'; $(am__uninstall_files_from_dir)
+tags TAGS:
+
+ctags CTAGS:
+
+cscope cscopelist:
+
+
+distdir: $(BUILT_SOURCES)
+	$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) distdir-am
+
+distdir-am: $(DISTFILES)
+	@srcdirstrip=`echo "$(srcdir)" | sed 's/[].[^$$\\*]/\\\\&/g'`; \
+	topsrcdirstrip=`echo "$(top_srcdir)" | sed 's/[].[^$$\\*]/\\\\&/g'`; \
+	list='$(DISTFILES)'; \
+	  dist_files=`for file in $$list; do echo $$file; done | \
+	  sed -e "s|^$$srcdirstrip/||;t" \
+	      -e "s|^$$topsrcdirstrip/|$(top_builddir)/|;t"`; \
+	case $$dist_files in \
+	  */*) $(MKDIR_P) `echo "$$dist_files" | \
+			   sed '/\//!d;s|^|$(distdir)/|;s,/[^/]*$$,,' | \
+			   sort -u` ;; \
+	esac; \
+	for file in $$dist_files; do \
+	  if test -f $$file || test -d $$file; then d=.; else d=$(srcdir); fi; \
+	  if test -d $$d/$$file; then \
+	    dir=`echo "/$$file" | sed -e 's,/[^/]*$$,,'`; \
+	    if test -d "$(distdir)/$$file"; then \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    if test -d $(srcdir)/$$file && test $$d != $(srcdir); then \
+	      cp -fpR $(srcdir)/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    cp -fpR $$d/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	  else \
+	    test -f "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || cp -p $$d/$$file "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || exit 1; \
+	  fi; \
+	done
+check-am: all-am
+check: check-am
+all-am: Makefile $(MANS)
+installdirs:
+	for dir in "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)"; do \
+	  test -z "$$dir" || $(MKDIR_P) "$$dir"; \
+	done
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+
+install-am: all-am
+	@$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) install-exec-am install-data-am
+
+installcheck: installcheck-am
+install-strip:
+	if test -z '$(STRIP)'; then \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	      install; \
+	else \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	    "INSTALL_PROGRAM_ENV=STRIPPROG='$(STRIP)'" install; \
+	fi
+mostlyclean-generic:
+
+clean-generic:
+
+distclean-generic:
+	-test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)
+	-test . = "$(srcdir)" || test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)
+
+maintainer-clean-generic:
+	@echo "This command is intended for maintainers to use"
+	@echo "it deletes files that may require special tools to rebuild."
+clean: clean-am
+
+clean-am: clean-generic clean-libtool mostlyclean-am
+
+distclean: distclean-am
+	-rm -f Makefile
+distclean-am: clean-am distclean-generic
+
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+install-ps: install-ps-am
+
+install-ps-am:
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+installcheck-am:
+
+maintainer-clean: maintainer-clean-am
+	-rm -f Makefile
+maintainer-clean-am: distclean-am maintainer-clean-generic
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+mostlyclean-am: mostlyclean-generic mostlyclean-libtool
+
+pdf: pdf-am
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+.MAKE: install-am install-strip
+
+.PHONY: all all-am check check-am clean clean-generic clean-libtool \
+	cscopelist-am ctags-am distclean distclean-generic \
+	distclean-libtool distdir dvi dvi-am html html-am info info-am \
+	install install-am install-data install-data-am install-dvi \
+	install-dvi-am install-exec install-exec-am install-html \
+	install-html-am install-info install-info-am install-man \
+	install-man1 install-pdf install-pdf-am install-ps \
+	install-ps-am install-strip installcheck installcheck-am \
+	installdirs maintainer-clean maintainer-clean-generic \
+	mostlyclean mostlyclean-generic mostlyclean-libtool pdf pdf-am \
+	ps ps-am tags-am uninstall uninstall-am uninstall-man \
+	uninstall-man1
+
+.PRECIOUS: Makefile
+
+
+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
diff --git a/man/fi/man1/chfn.1 b/man/fi/man1/chfn.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a10395
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fi/man1/chfn.1
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+.\"
+.\"  chfn.1 -- change your finger information
+.\"  (c) 1994 by salvatore valente <svalente@athena.mit.edu>
+.\"
+.\"  this program is free software.  you can redistribute it and
+.\"  modify it under the terms of the gnu general public license.
+.\"  there is no warranty.
+.\"
+.\"  $Author: kloczek $
+.\"  $Revision: 1.2 $
+.\"  $Date: 2005/12/01 20:38:25 $
+.\" Proofread by Raimo Koski, Nov-Dec. 1999
+.\" Translated into Finnish by Lauri Nurmi (lanurmi@kauhajoki.fi)
+.\" Proofread by Juhana Siren (Juhana.Siren@oulu.fi)
+.\"
+.TH CHFN 1 "24. huhtikuuta 1998" "chfn" "Käyttäjän sovellusohjelmat"
+.SH NIMI
+chfn \- muuta finger-tietojasi
+.SH "YLEISKATSAUS"
+.B chfn
+[\ \-f\ koko nimi\ ] [\ \-o\ toimisto\ ] [\ \-p\ toimiston puhelin\ ]
+[\ \-h\ kotipuhelin\ ] [\ \-u\ ] [\ \-v\ ] [\ käyttäjänimi\ ]
+.SH KUVAUS
+.B chfn:ää
+käytetään finger-tietojen muuttamiseen. Nämä tiedot ovat
+.I /etc/passwd
+-tiedostossa, ja niitä voidaan katsoa
+.B finger\fR-ohjelmalla.
+Linuxin
+.B finger\fR-komento
+näyttää neljä tietoa, joita voidaan muuttaa
+.B chfn\fR:llä
+: todellinen nimesi, työhuoneesi ja puhelin, sekä kotipuhelimesi.
+.SS KOMENTORIVI
+Jokainen neljästä tiedosta voidaan määritellä komentorivillä. Jos
+komentorivillä ei anneta tietoja,
+.B chfn
+käynnistyy vuorovaikutteisessa tilassa.
+.SS VUOROVAIKUTTEINEN TILA
+Vuorovaikutteisessa tilassa
+.B chfn
+kysyy erikseen jokaista kenttää. Voit syöttää kenttään uuden tiedon, tai
+painaa Enteriä jättääksesi kentän ennalleen. Syötä sana "none" saadaksesi
+kentän tyhjäksi.
+.SH OPTIOT
+.TP
+.I "\-f, \-\-full-name"
+Määritä todellinen nimesi.
+.TP
+.I "\-o, \-\-office"
+Määritä toimistohuoneesi numero.
+.TP
+.I "\-p, \-\-office-phone"
+Määritä toimistohuoneesi puhelinnumero.
+.TP
+.I "\-h, \-\-home-phone"
+Määritä kotipuhelinnumerosi.
+.TP
+.I "\-u, \-\-help"
+Näytä lyhyt ohje komennoista.
+.TP
+.I "-v, \-\-version"
+Näytä versiotiedot.
+.SH TEKIJÄ
+Salvatore Valente <svalente@mit.edu>
+.SH "KATSO MYÖS"
+.BR finger (1),
+.BR passwd (5),
diff --git a/man/fi/man1/chsh.1 b/man/fi/man1/chsh.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed9cb95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fi/man1/chsh.1
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+.\" ** You probably do not want to edit this file directly **
+.\" It was generated using the DocBook XSL Stylesheets (version 1.69.1).
+.\" Instead of manually editing it, you probably should edit the DocBook XML
+.\" source for it and then use the DocBook XSL Stylesheets to regenerate it.
+.TH "CHSH" "1" "03/07/2006" "Käyttäjän sovellukset" "Käyttäjän sovellukset"
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.SH "NAME"
+chsh \- vaihda sisäänkirjautumiskuorta
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP 5
+\fBchsh\fR [\-s\ \fIsisäänkirjautumiskuori\fR] [\fIkäyttäjä\fR]
+.SH "KUVAUS"
+.PP
+\fBchsh\fR
+vaihtaa käyttäjän sisäänkirjautumiskuorta. Tämä määrittää käyttäjän ensimmäisen kirjautumiskomennon. Tavallinen käyttäjä voi vaihtaa ainoastaan oman tunnuksensa kirjautumiskuorta, mutta pääkäyttäjä voi vaihtaa kenen tahansa kirjautumiskuoren.
+.PP
+Ainoa rajoitus kirjautumiskuorelle on, että komennon nimen täytyy olla lueteltuna tiedostossa
+\fI/etc/shells\fR
+ellei komentoa käynnistänyt pääkäyttäjä, jolloin mikä tahansa arvo voidaan lisätä. Tunnus, jolla on rajoitettu kirjautumiskuori, ei voi vaihtaa omaa kirjautumiskuortaan. Tästä syystä komennon
+\fI/bin/rsh\fR
+lisääminen tiedostoon
+\fI/etc/shells\fR
+ei ole suositeltavaa, koska käyttäjän vahingossa vaihtaessa rajoitettuun kuoreen, ei hän voi koskaan vaihtaa kirjautumiskuortaan takaisin alkuperäiseen arvoon.
+.SH "VALITSIMET"
+.PP
+Mikäli valitsinta
+\fB\-s\fR
+ei ole annettu,
+\fBchsh\fR
+toimii interaktiivisesti kysyen käyttäjältä kirjautumiskuorta. Syöttämällä uuden arvon vaihdetaan kuorta, ja antamalla tyhjän syötteen, vanha kuori jää voimaan. Nykyinen kuori tulostetaan
+\fI[ ]\fR\-merkkiparin välissä.
+.SH "TIEDOSTOT"
+.TP
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR
+käyttäjätunnuksien tiedot
+.TP
+\fI/etc/shells\fR
+luettelo sallituista kirjautumiskuorista
+.TP
+\fI/etc/login.defs\fR
+varjosalasanakaluston asetukset
+.SH "KATSO MYÖS"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)
diff --git a/man/fi/man1/su.1 b/man/fi/man1/su.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c29823
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fi/man1/su.1
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+.\" ** You probably do not want to edit this file directly **
+.\" It was generated using the DocBook XSL Stylesheets (version 1.69.1).
+.\" Instead of manually editing it, you probably should edit the DocBook XML
+.\" source for it and then use the DocBook XSL Stylesheets to regenerate it.
+.TH "SU" "1" "03/07/2006" "Käyttäjän sovellukset" "Käyttäjän sovellukset"
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.SH "NAME"
+su \- vaihda käyttäjätunnusta tai tule pääkäyttäjäksi
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP 3
+\fBsu\fR [\fIvalitsimet\fR] [\-] [\fIkäyttäjätunnus\fR\ [\ \fIparametrit\fR\ ]]
+.SH "KUVAUS"
+.PP
+\fBsu\fR\-komentoa käytetään vaihtamaan toiseksi käyttäjäksi kesken istunnon. Kun komento ajetaan ilman käyttäjänimeä,
+\fBsu\fR
+oletuksena vaihtaa pääkäyttäjäksi. Valinnainen parametri
+\fB\-\fR
+voidaan antaa kun halutaan samanlainen ympäristö kuin käyttäjä odottaa kirjautuessaan suoraan sisään.
+.PP
+Muita parametreja voidaan antaa käyttäjänimen jälkeen, jolloin ne välitetään käyttäjän sisäänkirjautumiskuorelle. Erityisesti parametri
+\fB\-c\fR
+tarkoittaa, että seuraava parametri on komento useimmissa komentotulkeissa. Komento suoritetaan kuorella, joka on määritetty
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR\-tiedostossa kohdekäyttäjälle.
+.PP
+Voit käyttää parametria
+\fB\-\-\fR
+erottamaan
+\fBsu\fR\-valitsimet kuorelle välitettävistä parametreista.
+.PP
+Käyttäjältä pyydetään salasanaa tarvittaessa. Väärä salasana tuottaa virheilmoituksen. Kaikki yritykset, niin kelvolliset kuin virheellisetkin, kirjataan lokiin järjestelmän väärinkäytösten tunnistamiseksi.
+.PP
+Nykyinen ympäristö välitetään kuorelle.
+\fB$PATH\fR\-muuttujan arvo tyhjätään arvoksi
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR
+tavallisille käyttäjille taikka
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR
+pääkäyttäjälle. Tämän käyttäytymisen voi vaihtaa asetuksilla
+\fIENV_PATH\fR
+ja
+\fIENV_SUPATH\fR
+tiedostossa
+\fI/etc/login.defs\fR.
+.PP
+Sisäinen kirjautuminen ilmoitetaan lisäämällä "*" ensimmäiseksi merkiksi sisäänkirjautumiskuoreen. Annettua kotihakemistoa käytetään uuden tiedostojärjestelmän juurena, jonne käyttäjä tosiasiassa kirjautuu.
+.SH "VALITSIMET"
+.PP
+\fBsu\fR\-komennon valitsimet ovat:
+.TP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-command\fR \fIKUORI\fR
+Määritä komento, jonka kuori käynnistää sen
+\fB\-c\fR\-valitsimella.
+.TP
+\fB\-\fR, \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR
+Tarjoa samankaltainen ympäristö kuin käyttäjä saisi kirjautuessaan suoraa sisään.
+.sp
+Kun
+\fB\-\fR
+on käytössä, se täytyy antaa viimeisenä valitsimena
+\fBsu\fR\-komennolle. Muilla valitsimilla (\fB\-l\fR
+sekä
+\fB\-\-login\fR) ei ole tätä rajoitusta.
+.TP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR \fIKUORI\fR
+Käynnistettävä kuori
+.sp
+Käynnistettävä kuori valitaan seuraavasti (tärkeimmästä alkaen):
+.RS
+.TP 3
+\(bu
+Kuori, joka määritetään valitsimella \-\-shell
+.TP
+\(bu
+Mikäli valitsinta
+\fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+on käytetty, kuori onka määrittää ympäristömuuttuja
+\fB$SHELL\fR.
+.TP
+\(bu
+Kuori, joka on asetettu /etc/passwd\-tietueessa kohdekäyttäjälle.
+.TP
+\(bu
+/bin/sh mikäli kuorta ei löytynyt millään edellisistä tavoista.
+.RE
+.IP
+.sp
+Mikäli kohdekäyttäjällä on rajoitettu kuori (esim. kuorikenttä käyttäjän tietueessa
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR\-tiedostossa ei löydy tiedostosta
+\fI/etc/shell\fR), niin valitsin
+\fB\-\-shell\fR
+ja ympäristömuuttuja
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+jätetään huomiotta paitsi kun komennon
+\fBsu\fR
+käynnistää pääkäyttäjä.
+.TP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+Säilytä nykyinen ympäristö.
+.sp
+Mikäli kohdekäyttäjällä on rajoitettu ympäristö, tällä valitsimella ei ole vaikutusta (ellei
+\fBsu\fR\-komentoa käynnistänyt pääkäyttäjä).
+.SH "VAROITUKSET"
+.PP
+Tällä versiolla
+\fBsu\fR\-sovelluksesta on useita käännösaikaisia valitsimia, ja niistä vain osa saattaa olla käytössä tietyissä paikoissa.
+.SH "TIEDOSTOT"
+.TP
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR
+käyttäjätunnuksien tiedot
+.TP
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR
+turvalliset käyttäjätunnuksien tiedot
+.SH "KATSO MYÖS"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBsh\fR(1)
diff --git a/man/fr/Makefile.am b/man/fr/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..230d212
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+
+mandir = @mandir@/fr
+
+man_MANS = \
+	man1/chage.1 \
+	man1/chfn.1 \
+	man8/chgpasswd.8 \
+	man8/chpasswd.8 \
+	man1/chsh.1 \
+	man1/expiry.1 \
+	man5/faillog.5 \
+	man8/faillog.8 \
+	man3/getspnam.3 \
+	man1/gpasswd.1 \
+	man8/groupadd.8 \
+	man8/groupdel.8 \
+	man8/groupmems.8 \
+	man8/groupmod.8 \
+	man1/groups.1 \
+	man8/grpck.8 \
+	man8/grpconv.8 \
+	man8/grpunconv.8 \
+	man5/gshadow.5 \
+	man8/lastlog.8 \
+	man1/login.1 \
+	man5/login.defs.5 \
+	man8/logoutd.8 \
+	man1/newgrp.1 \
+	man8/newusers.8 \
+	man8/nologin.8 \
+	man1/passwd.1 \
+	man5/passwd.5 \
+	man8/pwck.8 \
+	man8/pwconv.8 \
+	man8/pwunconv.8 \
+	man1/sg.1 \
+	man3/shadow.3 \
+	man5/shadow.5 \
+	man1/su.1 \
+	man5/suauth.5 \
+	man8/useradd.8 \
+	man8/userdel.8 \
+	man8/usermod.8 \
+	man8/vigr.8 \
+	man8/vipw.8
+
+man_nopam = \
+	man5/limits.5 \
+	man5/login.access.5 \
+	man5/porttime.5
+
+if !USE_PAM
+man_MANS += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+man_subids = \
+	man1/newgidmap.1 \
+	man1/newuidmap.1 \
+	man5/subgid.5 \
+	man5/subuid.5
+
+if ENABLE_SUBIDS
+man_MANS += $(man_subids)
+endif
+
+EXTRA_DIST = \
+	$(man_MANS) \
+	man1/id.1 \
+	man8/sulogin.8
+
+if USE_PAM
+EXTRA_DIST += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+if !ENABLE_SUBIDS
+EXTRA_DIST += $(man_subids)
+endif
+
+include ../generate_translations.mak
+
diff --git a/man/fr/Makefile.in b/man/fr/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6785060
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,782 @@
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+# with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
+
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+	man1/chsh.1 man1/expiry.1 man5/faillog.5 man8/faillog.8 \
+	man3/getspnam.3 man1/gpasswd.1 man8/groupadd.8 man8/groupdel.8 \
+	man8/groupmems.8 man8/groupmod.8 man1/groups.1 man8/grpck.8 \
+	man8/grpconv.8 man8/grpunconv.8 man5/gshadow.5 man8/lastlog.8 \
+	man1/login.1 man5/login.defs.5 man8/logoutd.8 man1/newgrp.1 \
+	man8/newusers.8 man8/nologin.8 man1/passwd.1 man5/passwd.5 \
+	man8/pwck.8 man8/pwconv.8 man8/pwunconv.8 man1/sg.1 \
+	man3/shadow.3 man5/shadow.5 man1/su.1 man5/suauth.5 \
+	man8/useradd.8 man8/userdel.8 man8/usermod.8 man8/vigr.8 \
+	man8/vipw.8 $(am__append_1) $(am__append_2)
+man_nopam = \
+	man5/limits.5 \
+	man5/login.access.5 \
+	man5/porttime.5
+
+man_subids = \
+	man1/newgidmap.1 \
+	man1/newuidmap.1 \
+	man5/subgid.5 \
+	man5/subuid.5
+
+EXTRA_DIST = $(man_MANS) man1/id.1 man8/sulogin.8 $(am__append_3) \
+	$(am__append_4)
+LANG = $(notdir $(CURDIR))
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@USE_PAM_FALSE@PAM_COND = no_pam
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+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@SHADOWGRP_FALSE@SHADOWGRP_COND = no_gshadow
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@SHADOWGRP_TRUE@SHADOWGRP_COND = gshadow
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@WITH_TCB_FALSE@TCB_COND = no_tcb
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@WITH_TCB_TRUE@TCB_COND = tcb
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@USE_SHA_CRYPT_FALSE@SHA_CRYPT_COND = no_sha_crypt
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@USE_SHA_CRYPT_TRUE@SHA_CRYPT_COND = sha_crypt
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@ENABLE_SUBIDS_FALSE@SUBIDS_COND = no_subids
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@ENABLE_SUBIDS_TRUE@SUBIDS_COND = subids
+CLEANFILES = messages.mo login.defs.d $(EXTRA_DIST) $(addsuffix .xml,$(EXTRA_DIST)) config.xml
+all: all-am
+
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+$(srcdir)/Makefile.in: @MAINTAINER_MODE_TRUE@ $(srcdir)/Makefile.am $(srcdir)/../generate_translations.mak $(srcdir)/../generate_mans.mak $(am__configure_deps)
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diff --git a/man/fr/man1/chage.1 b/man/fr/man1/chage.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c72778
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/chage.1
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chage
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "CHAGE" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+chage \- Modifier les informations de validit\('e d\*(Aqun mot de passe
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBchage\fR\ 'u
+\fBchage\fR [\fIoptions\fR] \fILOGIN\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command changes the number of days between password changes and the date of the last password change\&. This information is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchage\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-lastday\fR\ \&\fILAST_DAY\fR
+.RS 4
+Configurer le nombre du jour, \(`a compter du 1er\ \&janvier\ \&1970, o\(`u le mot de passe a \('et\('e chang\('e la derni\(`ere fois\&. La date peut aussi \(^etre exprim\('ee dans le format AAAA\-MM\-JJ (ou le format utilis\('e plus commun\('ement dans votre r\('egion)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-E\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+Configurer la date, ou le nombre de jours \(`a compter du 1er\ \&janvier\ \&1970, \(`a partir de laquelle le compte de l\*(Aqutilisateur ne sera plus accessible\&. La date peut aussi \(^etre exprim\('ee dans le format AAAA\-MM\-JJ (ou le format plus commun\('ement utilis\('e dans votre r\('egion)\&. Un utilisateur dont le compte est bloqu\('e doit contacter l\*(Aqadministrateur syst\(`eme pour pouvoir utiliser \(`a nouveau le syst\(`eme\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+will remove an account expiration date\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-iso8601\fR
+.RS 4
+When printing dates, use YYYY\-MM\-DD format\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the account is locked\&. The
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+option is the number of days of inactivity\&. A user whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being able to use the system again\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+will remove an account\*(Aqs inactivity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher les informations sur l\*(Aq\(^age des comptes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid\&. When
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+plus
+\fILAST_DAY\fR
+is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their password before being able to use their account\&. This occurrence can be planned for in advance by use of the
+\fB\-W\fR
+option, which provides the user with advance warning\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchage\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "NOTE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+program requires a shadow password file to be available\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command is restricted to the root user, except for the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option, which may be used by an unprivileged user to determine when their password or account is due to expire\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VALEURS DE RETOUR"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI15\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt find the shadow password file
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/chfn.1 b/man/fr/man1/chfn.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae2622d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/chfn.1
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chfn
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "CHFN" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+chfn \- Modifier le nom complet et les informations associ\('ees \(`a un utilisateur
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBchfn\fR\ 'u
+\fBchfn\fR [\fIoptions\fR] [\fILOGIN\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchfn\fR
+command changes user fullname, office room number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user\*(Aqs account\&. This information is typically printed by
+\fBfinger\fR(1)
+and similar programs\&. A normal user may only change the fields for her own account, subject to the restrictions in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&. (The default configuration is to prevent users from changing their fullname\&.) The superuser may change any field for any account\&. Additionally, only the superuser may use the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option to change the undefined portions of the GECOS field\&.
+.PP
+These fields must not contain any colons\&. Except for the
+\fIother\fR
+field, they should not contain any comma or equal sign\&. It is also recommended to avoid non\-US\-ASCII characters, but this is only enforced for the phone numbers\&. The
+\fIother\fR
+field is used to store accounting information used by other applications\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchfn\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-full\-name\fR\ \&\fIFULL_NAME\fR
+.RS 4
+Modifier le nom complet de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-home\-phone\fR\ \&\fIHOME_PHONE\fR
+.RS 4
+Modifier le num\('ero de t\('el\('ephone personnel de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-other\fR\ \&\fIOTHER\fR
+.RS 4
+Modifier les informations GECO de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&. Ce champ est utilis\('e pour enregistrer les informations de l\*(Aqutilisateur utilis\('ees par d\*(Aqautres applications et peut \(^etre chang\('e seulement par un superutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-room\fR\ \&\fIROOM_NUMBER\fR
+.RS 4
+Modifier le num\('ero de bureau de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-work\-phone\fR\ \&\fIWORK_PHONE\fR
+.RS 4
+Modifier le num\('ero de t\('el\('ephone professionnel de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchfn\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fB[ ]\fR
+marks\&. Without options,
+\fBchfn\fR
+prompts for the current user account\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_RESTRICT\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This parameter specifies which values in the
+\fIgecos\fR
+field of the
+/etc/passwd
+file may be changed by regular users using the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program\&. It can be any combination of letters
+\fIf\fR,
+\fIr\fR,
+\fIw\fR,
+\fIh\fR, for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively\&. For backward compatibility,
+\fIyes\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIrwh\fR
+and
+\fIno\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIfrwh\fR\&. If not specified, only the superuser can make any changes\&. The most restrictive setting is better achieved by not installing
+\fBchfn\fR
+SUID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+La cha\(^ine de caract\(`eres utilis\('ee pour l\*(Aqinvite de mot de passe\&. La valeur par d\('efaut est d\*(Aqutiliser "Password: " (\(Fo\ \&mot de passe\ \&:\ \&\(Fc), ou une traduction de cette cha\(^ine\&. Si vous d\('efinissez cette variable, l\*(Aqinvite ne sera pas traduite\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/chsh.1 b/man/fr/man1/chsh.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a50d861
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/chsh.1
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chsh
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "CHSH" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+chsh \- Changer l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes initial
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBchsh\fR\ 'u
+\fBchsh\fR [\fIoptions\fR] [\fILOGIN\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchsh\fR
+command changes the user login shell\&. This determines the name of the user\*(Aqs initial login command\&. A normal user may only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change the login shell for any account\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchsh\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+Nom du nouvel interpr\('eteur de commandes initial (\(Fo\ \&login shell\ \&\(Fc) de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&. Si ce champ est vide, le syst\(`eme s\('electionnera l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes initial par d\('efaut\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If the
+\fB\-s\fR
+option is not selected,
+\fBchsh\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current login shell\&. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line blank to use the current one\&. The current shell is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "NOTE"
+.PP
+The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must be listed in
+/etc/shells, unless the invoker is the superuser, and then any value may be added\&. An account with a restricted login shell may not change her login shell\&. For this reason, placing
+/bin/rsh
+in
+/etc/shells
+is discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHSH_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchsh\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+La cha\(^ine de caract\(`eres utilis\('ee pour l\*(Aqinvite de mot de passe\&. La valeur par d\('efaut est d\*(Aqutiliser "Password: " (\(Fo\ \&mot de passe\ \&:\ \&\(Fc), ou une traduction de cette cha\(^ine\&. Si vous d\('efinissez cette variable, l\*(Aqinvite ne sera pas traduite\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shells
+.RS 4
+Liste des interpr\('eteurs de commandes initiaux valables\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/expiry.1 b/man/fr/man1/expiry.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e95ce8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/expiry.1
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: expiry
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "EXPIRY" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+expiry \- V\('erifier et s\('ecuriser la dur\('ee de validit\('e des mots de passe
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBexpiry\fR\ 'u
+\fBexpiry\fR \fIoption\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command checks (\fB\-c\fR) the current password expiration and forces (\fB\-f\fR) changes when required\&. It is callable as a normal user command\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR
+.RS 4
+V\('erifier la dur\('ee de validit\('e du mot de passe de l\*(Aqutilisateur courant\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+Forcer le changement du mot de passe si l\*(Aqutilisateur courant poss\(`ede un mot de passe qui a expir\('e\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/gpasswd.1 b/man/fr/man1/gpasswd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7f6ccc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/gpasswd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: gpasswd
+.\"    Author: rafal Maszkowski
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "GPASSWD" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+gpasswd \- administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBgpasswd\fR [\fIoption\fR] \fIgroupe\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+command is used to administer
+/etc/group, and /etc/gshadow\&. Every group can have
+administrators,
+members and a password\&.
+.PP
+System administrators can use the
+\fB\-A\fR
+option to define group administrator(s) and the
+\fB\-M\fR
+option to define members\&. They have all rights of group administrators and members\&.
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+called by
+a group administrator
+with a group name only prompts for the new password of the
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.PP
+If a password is set the members can still use
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1)
+without a password, and non\-members must supply the password\&.
+.SS "Notes sur les mots de passe de groupe"
+.PP
+Les mots de passe de groupe repr\('esentent naturellement un risque en mati\(`ere de s\('ecurit\('e, puisque plusieurs personnes ont connaissance du mot de passe\&. Cependant, les groupes sont utiles pour permettre la coop\('eration entre diff\('erents utilisateurs\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+Except for the
+\fB\-A\fR
+and
+\fB\-M\fR
+options, the options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-add\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR
+.RS 4
+Add the
+\fIuser\fR
+to the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove the
+\fIuser\fR
+from the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Q\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-remove\-password\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove the password from the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&. The group password will be empty\&. Only group members will be allowed to use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+to join the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-restrict\fR
+.RS 4
+Restrict the access to the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&. The group password is set to "!"\&. Only group members with a password will be allowed to use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+to join the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-administrators\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR,\&.\&.\&.
+.RS 4
+Configurer la liste des administrateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-members\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR,\&.\&.\&.
+.RS 4
+Configurer la liste des membres du groupe\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+This tool only operates on the
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow files\&.
+Thus you cannot change any NIS or LDAP group\&. This must be performed on the corresponding server\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+D\('efinir les algorithmes de chiffrement par d\('efaut du syst\(`eme pour coder les mots de passes (si aucun algorithme n\*(Aqa \('et\('e indiqu\('e sur la ligne de commandes)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur par d\('efaut est 0, ce qui signifie qu\*(Aqil n\*(Aqy a pas de limites pour le nombre de membres dans un groupe\&.
+.sp
+Cette fonctionnalit\('e (groupe d\('ecoup\('e) permet de limiter la longueur des lignes dans le fichier de groupes\&. Ceci est utile pour s\*(Aqassurer que les lignes pour les groupes NIS ne sont pas plus grandes que 1024 caract\(`eres\&.
+.sp
+Si vous avez besoin de configurer cette limite, vous pouvez utiliser 25\&.
+.sp
+Remarque\ \&: les groupes d\('ecoup\('es ne sont peut\-\(^etre pas pris en charge par tous les outils (m\(^eme dans la suite d\*(Aqoutils Shadow)\&. Vous ne devriez pas utiliser cette variable, sauf si vous en avez vraiment besoin\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Avec beaucoup de rounds, il est plus difficile de trouver le mot de passe avec une attaque par force brute\&. Veuillez remarquer que plus de ressources processeur seront n\('ecessaires pour authentifier les utilisateurs\&.
+.sp
+Si non pr\('ecis\('ee, la libc utilisera le nombre de rounds par d\('efaut (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Les valeurs doivent \(^etre comprises dans l\*(Aqintervalle 1\ \&000\ \&\-\ \&999\ \&999\ \&999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/groups.1 b/man/fr/man1/groups.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f84e107
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/groups.1
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groups
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPS" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+groups \- Afficher la liste des groupes auxquels appartient l\*(Aqutilisateur
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgroups\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroups\fR [\fIutilisateur\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroups\fR
+command displays the current group names or ID values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value\&. The optional
+\fIuser\fR
+parameter will display the groups for the named
+\fIuser\fR\&.
+.SH "NOTE"
+.PP
+Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information from
+/etc/group
+reported\&. The user must use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+or
+\fBsg\fR
+to change his current real and effective group ID\&.
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/id.1 b/man/fr/man1/id.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52d93b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/id.1
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: id
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "ID" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+id \- display current user and group ID names
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBid\fR\ 'u
+\fBid\fR [\-a]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBid\fR
+command displays the current real and effective user and group ID names or values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/passwd
+or
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed without the corresponding name\&. The optional
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag will display the group set on systems which support multiple concurrent group membership\&.
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/login.1 b/man/fr/man1/login.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07b70f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/login.1
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "LOGIN" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+login \- D\('emarrer une session sur le syst\(`eme
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] [\-h\ \fIhost\fR] [\fInom_utilisateur\fR] [\fIENV=VAR\fR...]
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] [\-h\ \fIhost\fR] \-f \fInom_utilisateur\fR
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] \-r\ \fIhost\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is used to establish a new session with the system\&. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the
+\fIlogin:\fR
+prompt on the user\*(Aqs terminal\&.
+\fBlogin\fR
+may be special to the shell and may not be invoked as a sub\-process\&. When called from a shell,
+\fBlogin\fR
+should be executed as
+\fBexec login\fR
+which will cause the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new logged in user to return to the session of the caller)\&. Attempting to execute
+\fBlogin\fR
+from any shell but the login shell will produce an error message\&.
+.PP
+The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate\&. Echoing is disabled to prevent revealing the password\&. Only a small number of password failures are permitted before
+\fBlogin\fR
+exits and the communications link is severed\&.
+.PP
+If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for a new password before proceeding\&. You will be forced to provide your old password and the new password before continuing\&. Please refer to
+\fBpasswd\fR(1)
+for more information\&.
+.PP
+After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and the presence of mail\&. You may turn off the printing of the system message file,
+/etc/motd, by creating a zero\-length file
+\&.hushlogin
+in your login directory\&. The mail message will be one of "\fIYou have new mail\&.\fR", "\fIYou have mail\&.\fR", or "\fINo Mail\&.\fR" according to the condition of your mailbox\&.
+.PP
+Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the
+/etc/passwd
+file\&. The value for
+\fB$HOME\fR,
+\fB$SHELL\fR,
+\fB$PATH\fR,
+\fB$LOGNAME\fR, and
+\fB$MAIL\fR
+are set according to the appropriate fields in the password entry\&. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to entries in the GECOS field\&.
+.PP
+On some installations, the environmental variable
+\fB$TERM\fR
+will be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in
+/etc/ttytype\&.
+.PP
+Un script d\*(Aqinitialisation pour votre interpr\('eteur de commandes pourra \('egalement \(^etre ex\('ecut\('e\&. Veuillez vous r\('ef\('erer \(`a la section de manuel appropri\('ee pour plus d\*(Aqinformations sur cette fonctionnalit\('e\&.
+.PP
+Une connexion \(`a un sous\-syst\(`eme est indiqu\('ee par la pr\('esence d\*(Aqun \(Fo\ \&*\ \&\(Fc comme premier caract\(`ere de l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes initial\&. Le r\('epertoire personnel sera utilis\('e comme racine d\*(Aqun nouveau syst\(`eme de fichiers dans lequel l\*(Aqutilisateur sera connect\('e\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file\&. It is the responsibility of
+\fBgetty\fR(8)
+and
+\fBinit\fR(8)
+to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session\&. If you use
+\fBlogin\fR
+from the shell prompt without
+\fBexec\fR, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession"\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR
+.RS 4
+Ne pas r\('ealiser d\*(Aqauthentification\&. L\*(Aqutilisateur est pr\('e\-authentifi\('e\&.
+.sp
+Note: In that case,
+\fIusername\fR
+is mandatory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR
+.RS 4
+Nom de l\*(Aqh\(^ote distant pour cette connexion\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR
+.RS 4
+Pr\('eserver l\*(Aqenvironnement\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR
+.RS 4
+Ex\('ecuter le protocole de connexion automatique (autologin) pour rlogin\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR,
+\fB\-h\fR
+and
+\fB\-f\fR
+options are only used when
+\fBlogin\fR
+is invoked by root\&.
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+This version of
+\fBlogin\fR
+has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site\&.
+.PP
+L\*(Aqemplacement des fichiers peut varier suivant la configuration du syst\(`eme\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file\&. It is the responsibility of
+\fBgetty\fR(8)
+and
+\fBinit\fR(8)
+to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session\&. If you use
+\fBlogin\fR
+from the shell prompt without
+\fBexec\fR, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession"\&.
+.PP
+As with any program,
+\fBlogin\fR\*(Aqs appearance can be faked\&. If non\-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the machine\&. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a trusted path and prevent this kind of attack\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, soit un chemin complet du fichier contenant les noms de p\('eriph\('eriques (un par ligne), soit une liste de noms du p\('eriph\('erique d\('elimit\('ee par des \(Fo\ \&:\ \&\(Fc\&. Les connexions d\*(Aqun administrateur ne seront autoris\('ees que depuis ces p\('eriph\('eriques\&.
+.sp
+S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas d\('efini, root pourra se connecter depuis n\*(Aqimporte quel p\('eriph\('erique\&.
+.sp
+Le p\('eriph\('erique doit \(^etre pr\('ecis\('e sans le pr\('efixe /dev/\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indiquer si la connexion est permise si on ne peut pas acc\('eder au r\('epertoire personnel\&. Le r\('eglage par d\('efaut est \(Fo\ \&no\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si ce fichier existe et est lisible, l\*(Aqenvironnement de connexion sera lu \(`a\ \& partir de lui\&. Chaque ligne doit \(^etre sous la forme nom=valeur\&.
+.sp
+Les lignes commen\(,cant par un \(Fo\ \&#\ \&\(Fc sont consid\('er\('ees comme des commentaires, et sont ignor\('ees\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBERASECHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal ERASE character (\fI010\fR
+= backspace,
+\fI0177\fR
+= DEL)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur peut \(^etre pr\('efix\('ee par \(Fo\ \&0\ \&\(Fc pour une valeur octale, ou \(Fo\ \&0x\ \&\(Fc pour une valeur hexad\('ecimale\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAIL_DELAY\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Le d\('elai en secondes avant qu\*(Aqun nouvel essai soit permis apr\(`es un \('echec de connexion\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAILLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable logging and display of
+/var/log/faillog
+login failure info\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAKE_SHELL\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set,
+\fBlogin\fR
+will execute this shell instead of the users\*(Aq shell specified in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFTMP_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, les \('echecs de connexion seront enregistr\('es dans le fichier sous le format utmp
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHUSHLOGIN_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, le fichier peut d\('esactiver tous les affichages habituels durant la s\('equence de connexion\&. Si un nom de chemin complet est sp\('ecifi\('e, alors le mode taiseux sera activ\('e si le nom ou l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes de l\*(Aqutilisateur sont trouv\('es dans le fichier\&. Si ce n\*(Aqest pas un nom de chemin complet, alors le mode taiseux sera activ\('e si le fichier existe dans le r\('epertoire personnel de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBISSUE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, le fichier sera affich\('e avant chaque invite de connexion\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBKILLCHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal KILL character (\fI025\fR
+= CTRL/U)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur peut \(^etre pr\('efix\('ee par \(Fo\ \&0\ \&\(Fc pour une valeur octale, ou \(Fo\ \&0x\ \&\(Fc pour une valeur hexad\('ecimale\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer la journalisation et l\*(Aqaffichage des informations de derni\(`ere connexion de /var/log/lastlog\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_RETRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Le nombre maximum de tentatives de connexion en cas de mauvais mot de passe\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+La cha\(^ine de caract\(`eres utilis\('ee pour l\*(Aqinvite de mot de passe\&. La valeur par d\('efaut est d\*(Aqutiliser "Password: " (\(Fo\ \&mot de passe\ \&:\ \&\(Fc), ou une traduction de cette cha\(^ine\&. Si vous d\('efinissez cette variable, l\*(Aqinvite ne sera pas traduite\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_TIMEOUT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Le temps maximum en secondes pour la connexion\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_OK_LOGINS\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer la journalisation des connexions r\('eussies\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer l\*(Aqaffichage des noms d\*(Aqutilisateurs inconnus quand les \('echecs de connexions sont enregistr\('es\&.
+.sp
+Remarque\ \&: la journalisation des noms d\*(Aqutilisateurs inconnus peut \(^etre un probl\(`eme de s\('ecurit\('e si un utilisateur entre son mot de passe au lieu de son nom d\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer le contr\(^ole et l\*(Aqaffichage du statut de la bo\(^ite aux lettres durant la connexion\&.
+.sp
+Vous devriez le d\('esactiver si les fichiers de d\('emarrage de l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes v\('erifient d\('ej\(`a la pr\('esence de courriers (\(Fo\ \&mail \-e\ \&\(Fc ou \('equivalent)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+R\('epertoire d\*(Aqattente des courriels (\(Fo\ \&mail spool directory\ \&\(Fc)\&. Ce param\(`etre est n\('ecessaire pour manipuler les bo\(^ites \(`a lettres lorsque le compte d\*(Aqun utilisateur est modifi\('e ou supprim\('e\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas sp\('ecifi\('e, une valeur par d\('efaut d\('efinie \(`a la compilation est utilis\('ee\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+D\('efinir l\*(Aqemplacement des bo\(^ites aux lettres des utilisateurs relativement \(`a leur r\('epertoire personnel\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMOTD_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, liste d\('elimit\('ee par des \(Fo\ \&:\ \&\(Fc de fichiers de \(Fo\ \&message du jour\ \&\(Fc \(`a afficher lors de la connexion\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBNOLOGINS_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, nom de fichier dont la pr\('esence emp\(^echera les connexions de quelqu\*(Aqun d\*(Aqautre que le superutilisateur\&. Le contenu de ces fichiers doit \(^etre un message indiquant pourquoi les connexions sont d\('esactiv\('ees\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable checking of time restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR (string), \fBTTYPERM\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+group, and the permissions will be set to
+\fBTTYPERM\fR\&.
+.sp
+By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user\*(Aqs primary group and the permissions are set to
+\fI0600\fR\&.
+.sp
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+can be either the name of a group or a numeric group identifier\&.
+.sp
+If you have a
+\fBwrite\fR
+program which is "setgid" to a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and TTYPERM to 0620\&. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYTYPE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, fichier qui lie les lignes de tty \(`a la variable d\*(Aqenvironnement TERM\&. Chaque ligne du fichier est dans un format ressemblant \(`a \(Fo\ \&vt100 tty01\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBULIMIT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Default
+\fBulimit\fR
+value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Valeur d\*(Aqinitialisation du masque de permissions\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, le masque des permissions sera initialis\('e \(`a 022\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer la mise en place de bits de masque de groupe (\(Fo\ \&umask group bits\ \&\(Fc) identiques \(`a ceux du propri\('etaire (exemple\ \&: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) pour les utilisateurs non privil\('egi\('es, si l\*(AqUID est identique au GID et que l\*(Aqidentifiant de connexion est identique au groupe principal\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/var/run/utmp
+.RS 4
+Liste des sessions de connexion en cours\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/var/log/wtmp
+.RS 4
+Liste des sessions de connexion pr\('ec\('edentes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/motd
+.RS 4
+Fichier contenant le message du syst\(`eme\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/nologin
+.RS 4
+Emp\(^echer les utilisateurs non\-root de se connecter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/ttytype
+.RS 4
+Liste des types de terminaux\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+$HOME/\&.hushlogin
+.RS 4
+Supprimer l\*(Aqaffichage des messages du syst\(`eme\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBmail\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnologin\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBsecuretty\fR(5),
+\fBgetty\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/newgidmap.1 b/man/fr/man1/newgidmap.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c1fee3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/newgidmap.1
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newgidmap
+.\"    Author: Eric Biederman
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "NEWGIDMAP" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+newgidmap \- set the gid mapping of a user namespace
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBnewgidmap\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewgidmap\fR \fIpid\fR \fIgid\fR \fIlowergid\fR \fIcount\fR [\fIgid\fR\ \fIlowergid\fR\ \fIcount\fR\ [\ \fI\&.\&.\&.\fR\ ]]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewgidmap\fR
+sets
+/proc/[pid]/gid_map
+based on its command line arguments and the gids allowed in
+/etc/subgid\&. Note that the root user is not exempted from the requirement for a valid
+/etc/subgid
+entry\&.
+.PP
+After the pid argument,
+\fBnewgidmap\fR
+expects sets of 3 integers:
+.PP
+gid
+.RS 4
+Beginning of the range of GIDs inside the user namespace\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+lowergid
+.RS 4
+Beginning of the range of GIDs outside the user namespace\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+count
+.RS 4
+Length of the ranges (both inside and outside the user namespace)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBnewgidmap\fR
+verifies that the caller is the owner of the process indicated by
+\fBpid\fR
+and that for each of the above sets, each of the GIDs in the range [lowergid, lowergid+count] is allowed to the caller according to
+/etc/subgid
+before setting
+/proc/[pid]/gid_map\&.
+.PP
+Note that newgidmap may be used only once for a given process\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+There currently are no options to the
+\fBnewgidmap\fR
+command\&.
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+List of user\*(Aqs subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/proc/[pid]/gid_map
+.RS 4
+Mapping of gids from one between user namespaces\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/newgrp.1 b/man/fr/man1/newgrp.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e60a24d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/newgrp.1
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newgrp
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "NEWGRP" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+newgrp \- se connecter avec un nouveau groupe
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBnewgrp\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewgrp\fR [\-] [\fIgroupe\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+command is used to change the current group ID during a login session\&. If the optional
+\fB\-\fR
+flag is given, the user\*(Aqs environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, remains unchanged\&.
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+changes the current real group ID to the named group, or to the default group listed in
+/etc/passwd
+if no group name is given\&.
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+also tries to add the group to the user groupset\&. If not root, the user will be prompted for a password if she does not have a password (in
+/etc/shadow
+if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in
+/etc/passwd
+otherwise) and the group does, or if the user is not listed as a member and the group has a password\&. The user will be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed as a member\&.
+.PP
+If there is an entry for this group in
+/etc/gshadow, then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from this file, otherwise, the entry in
+/etc/group
+is considered\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/newuidmap.1 b/man/fr/man1/newuidmap.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21e55e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/newuidmap.1
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newuidmap
+.\"    Author: Eric Biederman
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "NEWUIDMAP" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+newuidmap \- set the uid mapping of a user namespace
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBnewuidmap\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewuidmap\fR \fIpid\fR \fIuid\fR \fIloweruid\fR \fIcount\fR [\fIuid\fR\ \fIloweruid\fR\ \fIcount\fR\ [\ \fI\&.\&.\&.\fR\ ]]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewuidmap\fR
+sets
+/proc/[pid]/uid_map
+based on its command line arguments and the uids allowed in
+/etc/subuid\&. Note that the root user is not exempted from the requirement for a valid
+/etc/subuid
+entry\&.
+.PP
+After the pid argument,
+\fBnewuidmap\fR
+expects sets of 3 integers:
+.PP
+uid
+.RS 4
+Beginning of the range of UIDs inside the user namespace\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+loweruid
+.RS 4
+Beginning of the range of UIDs outside the user namespace\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+count
+.RS 4
+Length of the ranges (both inside and outside the user namespace)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBnewuidmap\fR
+verifies that the caller is the owner of the process indicated by
+\fBpid\fR
+and that for each of the above sets, each of the UIDs in the range [loweruid, loweruid+count] is allowed to the caller according to
+/etc/subuid
+before setting
+/proc/[pid]/uid_map\&.
+.PP
+Note that newuidmap may be used only once for a given process\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+There currently are no options to the
+\fBnewuidmap\fR
+command\&.
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+List of user\*(Aqs subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/proc/[pid]/uid_map
+.RS 4
+Mapping of uids from one between user namespaces\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/passwd.1 b/man/fr/man1/passwd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..446e85b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/passwd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: passwd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "PASSWD" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+passwd \- Modifier le mot de passe d\*(Aqun utilisateur
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBpasswd\fR [\fIoptions\fR] [\fILOGIN\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command changes passwords for user accounts\&. A normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the superuser may change the password for any account\&.
+\fBpasswd\fR
+also changes the account or associated password validity period\&.
+.SS "Modifications du mot de passe"
+.PP
+Dans un premier temps, l\*(Aqutilisateur doit fournir son ancien mot de passe, s\*(Aqil en avait un\&. Ce mot de passe est ensuite chiffr\('e puis compar\('e avec le mot de passe enregistr\('e\&. L\*(Aqutilisateur n\*(Aqa droit qu\*(Aq\(`a un seul essai pour entrer le mot de passe correct\&. Le superutilisateur peut contourner cette premi\(`ere \('etape de mani\(`ere \(`a changer les mots de passe ayant \('et\('e oubli\('es\&.
+.PP
+After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time\&. If not,
+\fBpasswd\fR
+refuses to change the password and exits\&.
+.PP
+Le nouveau mot de passe sera demand\('e deux fois \(`a l\*(Aqutilisateur\&. Le second mot de passe est compar\('e avec le premier\&. Ces deux mots de passe devront \(^etre identiques pour que le mot de passe soit chang\('e\&.
+.PP
+La complexit\('e de ce mot de passe est alors test\('ee\&. Comme ligne de conduite g\('en\('erale, un mot de passe doit toujours \(^etre constitu\('e de 6 \(`a 8 caract\(`eres en en choisissant un ou plus parmi chacun des ensembles suivants\ \&:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+caract\(`eres alphab\('etiques minuscules
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+chiffres de 0 \(`a 9
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+marques de ponctuation
+.RE
+.PP
+Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill characters\&.
+\fBpasswd\fR
+will reject any password which is not suitably complex\&.
+.SS "Astuces pour les mots de passe"
+.PP
+The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption algorithm and the size of the key space\&. The legacy
+\fIUNIX\fR
+System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm\&. More recent methods are now recommended (see
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR)\&. The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which is selected\&.
+.PP
+Les compromissions de la s\('ecurit\('e des mots de passe r\('esultent le plus souvent d\*(Aqune n\('egligence dans le choix du mot de passe, ou lors de son utilisation\&. Pour cette raison, vous ne devez pas s\('electionner de mot de passe apparaissant dans un dictionnaire ou devant \(^etre \('ecrit\&. Le mot de passe ne doit pas non plus \(^etre un nom propre, un num\('ero min\('eralogique, une date de naissance, ou une adresse\&. En effet ceux\-ci pourraient \(^etre devin\('es pour violer la s\('ecurit\('e du syst\(`eme\&.
+.PP
+Vous pouvez trouver des conseils sur la fa\(,con de choisir un mot de passe robuste sur http://en\&.wikipedia\&.org/wiki/Password_strength (en anglais)\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+.RS 4
+This option can be used only with
+\fB\-S\fR
+and causes show status for all users\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR
+.RS 4
+Supprimer le mot de passe (le rendre vide) d\*(Aqun utilisateur\&. C\*(Aqest une fa\(,con rapide de supprimer l\*(Aqauthentification par mot de passe pour un compte\&. Il rend le compte indiqu\('e sans mot de passe\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expire\fR
+.RS 4
+Annuler imm\('ediatement la validit\('e du mot de passe d\*(Aqun compte\&. Ceci permet d\*(Aqobliger un utilisateur \(`a changer son mot de passe lors de sa prochaine connexion\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+This option is used to disable an account after the password has been expired for a number of days\&. After a user account has had an expired password for
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+days, the user may no longer sign on to the account\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-keep\-tokens\fR
+.RS 4
+Indiquer que la modification de mot de passe ne sera effectu\('ee que lors de l\*(Aqexpiration des jetons d\*(Aqauthentification (mots de passe)\&. C\*(Aqest utile dans le cas o\(`u l\*(Aqutilisateur voudrait conserver ses jetons d\*(Aqauthentification encore valables\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\fR
+.RS 4
+Verrouiller le mot de passe du compte indiqu\('e\&. Cette option d\('esactive un mot de passe en le modifiant par une valeur qui ne correspond pas \(`a un mot de passe chiffr\('e possible (cela ajoute un \(Fo\ \&!\ \&\(Fc au d\('ebut du mot de passe)\&.
+.sp
+Note that this does not disable the account\&. The user may still be able to login using another authentication token (e\&.g\&. an SSH key)\&. To disable the account, administrators should use
+\fBusermod \-\-expiredate 1\fR
+(this set the account\*(Aqs expire date to Jan 2, 1970)\&.
+.sp
+Les utilisateurs avec un mot de passe verrouill\('e ne sont pas autoris\('es \(`a le changer\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+Mode silencieux\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-repository\fR\ \&\fIREPOSITORY\fR
+.RS 4
+change password in
+\fIREPOSITORY\fR
+repository
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-status\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher l\*(Aq\('etat d\*(Aqun compte\&. Cet \('etat est constitu\('e de 7 champs\&. Le premier champ est le nom du compte\&. Le second champ indique si le mot de passe est bloqu\('e (L), n\*(Aqa pas de mot de passe (NP) ou a un mot de passe utilisable (P)\&. Le troisi\(`eme champ donne la date de derni\(`ere modification du mot de passe\&. Les quatre champs suivants sont\ \&: la dur\('ee minimum avant modification, la dur\('ee maximum de validit\('e, la dur\('ee d\*(Aqavertissement, et la dur\('ee d\*(Aqinactivit\('e autoris\('ee pour le mot de passe\&. Les dur\('ees sont exprim\('ees en jours\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-unlock\fR
+.RS 4
+Unlock the password of the named account\&. This option re\-enables a password by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before using the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-x\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid\&. After
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR, the password is required to be changed\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+La v\('erification de la complexit\('e des mots de passe peut varier d\*(Aqun site \(`a l\*(Aqautre\&. Il est vivement conseill\('e aux utilisateurs de choisir un mot de passe aussi complexe que possible dans la limite de ce qu\*(Aqil est capable de m\('emoriser\&.
+.PP
+Il se peut que les utilisateurs ne puissent pas changer leur mot de passe sur un syst\(`eme si NIS est activ\('e et qu\*(Aqils ne sont pas connect\('es au serveur NIS\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+D\('efinir les algorithmes de chiffrement par d\('efaut du syst\(`eme pour coder les mots de passes (si aucun algorithme n\*(Aqa \('et\('e indiqu\('e sur la ligne de commandes)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBOBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer des v\('erifications suppl\('ementaires lors des changements de mot de passe\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_ALWAYS_WARN\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Avertir en cas de mots de passe faibles (mais les accepte quand m\(^eme) si vous \(^etes superutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_CHANGE_TRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Nombre maximum d\*(Aqessais pour changer de mot de passe si refus\('e (trop facile)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR (number), \fBPASS_MIN_LEN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Number of significant characters in the password for crypt()\&.
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR
+is 8 by default\&. Don\*(Aqt change unless your crypt() is better\&. This is ignored if
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Avec beaucoup de rounds, il est plus difficile de trouver le mot de passe avec une attaque par force brute\&. Veuillez remarquer que plus de ressources processeur seront n\('ecessaires pour authentifier les utilisateurs\&.
+.sp
+Si non pr\('ecis\('ee, la libc utilisera le nombre de rounds par d\('efaut (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Les valeurs doivent \(^etre comprises dans l\*(Aqintervalle 1\ \&000\ \&\-\ \&999\ \&999\ \&999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VALEURS DE RETOUR"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid combination of options
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+unexpected failure, nothing done
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+unexpected failure,
+passwd
+file missing
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+passwd
+file busy, try again
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBchpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/sg.1 b/man/fr/man1/sg.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7cb2716
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/sg.1
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: sg
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "SG" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+sg \- ex\('ecuter une commande avec un autre identifiant de groupe
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBsg\fR\ 'u
+\fBsg\fR [\-] [group\ [\-c\ ]\ command]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsg\fR
+command works similar to
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+but accepts a command\&. The command will be executed with the
+/bin/sh
+shell\&. With most shells you may run
+\fBsg\fR
+from, you need to enclose multi\-word commands in quotes\&. Another difference between
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+and
+\fBsg\fR
+is that some shells treat
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+specially, replacing themselves with a new instance of a shell that
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+creates\&. This doesn\*(Aqt happen with
+\fBsg\fR, so upon exit from a
+\fBsg\fR
+command you are returned to your previous group ID\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/su.1 b/man/fr/man1/su.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72dcc40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/su.1
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: su
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "SU" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+su \- Changer d\*(Aqidentifiant d\*(Aqutilisateur ou devenir superutilisateur
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBsu\fR\ 'u
+\fBsu\fR [\fIoptions\fR] [\fI\-\fR] [\fInom_utilisateur\fR\ [\ \fIargs\fR\ ]]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsu\fR
+command is used to become another user during a login session\&. Invoked without a
+\fBusername\fR,
+\fBsu\fR
+defaults to becoming the superuser\&. The
+\fB\-\fR
+option may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly\&. The
+\fB\-c\fR
+option may be used to treat the next argument as a command by most shells\&.
+.PP
+Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list\&. You can use the
+\fB\-\-\fR
+argument to stop option parsing\&. The
+\fB\-\fR
+option is special: it is also recognized after
+\fB\-\-\fR, but has to be placed before
+\fBusername\fR\&.
+.PP
+Un mot de passe sera demand\('e \(`a l\*(Aqutilisateur, si n\('ecessaire\&. Les mots de passe incorrects produisent un message d\*(Aqerreur\&. Toutes les tentatives, r\('eussies ou non, sont enregistr\('ees afin de d\('etecter tout abus du syst\(`eme\&.
+.PP
+The current environment is passed to the new shell\&. The value of
+\fB$PATH\fR
+is reset to
+/bin:/usr/bin
+for normal users, or
+/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
+for the superuser\&. This may be changed with the
+\fBENV_PATH\fR
+and
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR
+definitions in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.PP
+Une connexion \(`a un sous\-syst\(`eme est indiqu\('ee par la pr\('esence d\*(Aqun \(Fo\ \&*\ \&\(Fc comme premier caract\(`ere de l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes initial\&. Le r\('epertoire personnel sera utilis\('e comme racine d\*(Aqun nouveau syst\(`eme de fichiers dans lequel l\*(Aqutilisateur sera connect\('e\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBsu\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-command\fR\ \&\fICOMMAND\fR
+.RS 4
+Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its
+\fB\-c\fR\&.
+.sp
+La commande ex\('ecut\('ee n\*(Aqaura aucun terminal de contr\(^ole\&. Cette option ne peut pas \(^etre utilis\('ee pour ex\('ecuter des programmes interactifs qui ont besoin d\*(Aqun terminal de contr\(^ole\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-\fR, \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR
+.RS 4
+Fournir \(`a l\*(Aqutilisateur un environnement similaire \(`a celui qu\*(Aqil aurait obtenu s\*(Aqil s\*(Aq\('etait connect\('e directement\&.
+.sp
+When
+\fB\-\fR
+is used, it must be specified before any
+\fBusername\fR\&. For portability it is recommended to use it as last option, before any
+\fBusername\fR\&. The other forms (\fB\-l\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-login\fR) do not have this restriction\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+Interpr\('eteur de commande devant \(^etre appel\('e\&.
+.sp
+The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first):
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The shell specified with \-\-shell\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+is used, the shell specified by the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The shell indicated in the
+/etc/passwd
+entry for the target user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+/bin/sh
+if a shell could not be found by any above method\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+If the target user has a restricted shell (i\&.e\&. the shell field of this user\*(Aqs entry in
+/etc/passwd
+is not listed in
+/etc/shells), then the
+\fB\-\-shell\fR
+option or the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environment variable won\*(Aqt be taken into account, unless
+\fBsu\fR
+is called by root\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+.RS 4
+Preserve the current environment, except for:
+.PP
+\fB$PATH\fR
+.RS 4
+reset according to the
+/etc/login\&.defs
+options
+\fBENV_PATH\fR
+or
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR
+(see below);
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB$IFS\fR
+.RS 4
+reset to
+\(Fo\ \&<space><tab><newline>\ \&\(Fc, if it was set\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless
+\fBsu\fR
+is called by root)\&.
+.sp
+Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following:
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The
+\fB$HOME\fR,
+\fB$SHELL\fR,
+\fB$USER\fR,
+\fB$LOGNAME\fR,
+\fB$PATH\fR, and
+\fB$IFS\fR
+environment variables are reset\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is not used, the environment is copied, except for the variables above\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, the
+\fB$TERM\fR,
+\fB$COLORTERM\fR,
+\fB$DISPLAY\fR, and
+\fB$XAUTHORITY\fR
+environment variables are copied if they were set\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, the
+\fB$TZ\fR,
+\fB$HZ\fR, and
+\fB$MAIL\fR
+environment variables are set according to the
+/etc/login\&.defs
+options
+\fBENV_TZ\fR,
+\fBENV_HZ\fR,
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR, and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+(see below)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, other environment variables might be set by the
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR
+file (see below)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RE
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+This version of
+\fBsu\fR
+has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, soit un chemin complet du fichier contenant les noms de p\('eriph\('eriques (un par ligne), soit une liste de noms du p\('eriph\('erique d\('elimit\('ee par des \(Fo\ \&:\ \&\(Fc\&. Les connexions d\*(Aqun administrateur ne seront autoris\('ees que depuis ces p\('eriph\('eriques\&.
+.sp
+S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas d\('efini, root pourra se connecter depuis n\*(Aqimporte quel p\('eriph\('erique\&.
+.sp
+Le p\('eriph\('erique doit \(^etre pr\('ecis\('e sans le pr\('efixe /dev/\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indiquer si la connexion est permise si on ne peut pas acc\('eder au r\('epertoire personnel\&. Le r\('eglage par d\('efaut est \(Fo\ \&no\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si ce fichier existe et est lisible, l\*(Aqenvironnement de connexion sera lu \(`a\ \& partir de lui\&. Chaque ligne doit \(^etre sous la forme nom=valeur\&.
+.sp
+Les lignes commen\(,cant par un \(Fo\ \&#\ \&\(Fc sont consid\('er\('ees comme des commentaires, et sont ignor\('ees\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+La cha\(^ine de caract\(`eres utilis\('ee pour l\*(Aqinvite de mot de passe\&. La valeur par d\('efaut est d\*(Aqutiliser "Password: " (\(Fo\ \&mot de passe\ \&:\ \&\(Fc), ou une traduction de cette cha\(^ine\&. Si vous d\('efinissez cette variable, l\*(Aqinvite ne sera pas traduite\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer le contr\(^ole et l\*(Aqaffichage du statut de la bo\(^ite aux lettres durant la connexion\&.
+.sp
+Vous devriez le d\('esactiver si les fichiers de d\('emarrage de l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes v\('erifient d\('ej\(`a la pr\('esence de courriers (\(Fo\ \&mail \-e\ \&\(Fc ou \('equivalent)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+R\('epertoire d\*(Aqattente des courriels (\(Fo\ \&mail spool directory\ \&\(Fc)\&. Ce param\(`etre est n\('ecessaire pour manipuler les bo\(^ites \(`a lettres lorsque le compte d\*(Aqun utilisateur est modifi\('e ou supprim\('e\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas sp\('ecifi\('e, une valeur par d\('efaut d\('efinie \(`a la compilation est utilis\('ee\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+D\('efinir l\*(Aqemplacement des bo\(^ites aux lettres des utilisateurs relativement \(`a leur r\('epertoire personnel\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSULOG_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, les activit\('es de su seront enregistr\('ees dans le fichier\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_NAME\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, le nom de la commande \(`a afficher lorsque \(Fo\ \&su \-\ \&\(Fc est ex\('ecut\('ee\&. Par exemple, si elle est d\('efinie \(`a \(Fo\ \&su\ \&\(Fc alors un \(Fo\ \&ps\ \&\(Fc affichera la commande comme \(Fo\ \&\-su\ \&\(Fc\&. Si non d\('efinie, alors \(Fo\ \&ps\ \&\(Fc affichera le nom du shell qui sera en fait ex\('ecut\('e, par exemple quelque chose comme \(Fo\ \&\-sh\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_WHEEL_ONLY\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the user must be listed as a member of the first gid 0 group in
+/etc/group
+(called
+\fIroot\fR
+on most Linux systems) to be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0 accounts\&. If the group doesn\*(Aqt exist or is empty, no one will be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SU_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsu\fR
+activity \- in addition to sulog file logging\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer la mise en place de bits de masque de groupe (\(Fo\ \&umask group bits\ \&\(Fc) identiques \(`a ceux du propri\('etaire (exemple\ \&: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) pour les utilisateurs non privil\('egi\('es, si l\*(AqUID est identique au GID et que l\*(Aqidentifiant de connexion est identique au groupe principal\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VALEURS DE RETOUR"
+.PP
+On success,
+\fBsu\fR
+returns the exit value of the command it executed\&.
+.PP
+If this command was terminated by a signal,
+\fBsu\fR
+returns the number of this signal plus 128\&.
+.PP
+If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the command did not terminate in time),
+\fBsu\fR
+returns 255\&.
+.PP
+Some exit values from
+\fBsu\fR
+are independent from the executed command:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success (\fB\-\-help\fR
+only)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+System or authentication failure
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI126\fR
+.RS 4
+The requested command was not found
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI127\fR
+.RS 4
+The requested command could not be executed
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man3/getspnam.3 b/man/fr/man3/getspnam.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd473da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man3/getspnam.3
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man3/shadow.3
diff --git a/man/fr/man3/shadow.3 b/man/fr/man3/shadow.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ce492b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man3/shadow.3
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: shadow
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Appels de biblioth\(`eque
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "SHADOW" "3" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Appels de biblioth\(`eque"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+shadow, getspnam \- routines d\*(Aqutilisation des mots de passe cach\('es
+.SH "SYNTAX"
+.PP
+\fI#include <shadow\&.h>\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *getspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *getspnam(char\fR
+\fI*nom\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIvoid setspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIvoid endspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *fgetspent(FILE\fR
+\fI*fp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *sgetspent(char\fR
+\fI*cp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIint putspent(struct spwd\fR
+\fI*p,\fR
+\fIFICHIER\fR
+\fI*fp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIint lckpwdf();\fR
+.PP
+\fIint ulckpwdf();\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+\fIshadow\fR
+manipulates the contents of the shadow password file,
+/etc/shadow\&. The structure in the
+\fI#include\fR
+file is:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+struct spwd {
+      char		*sp_namp; /* user login name */
+      char		*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */
+      long int		sp_lstchg; /* last password change */
+      long int		sp_min; /* days until change allowed\&. */
+      long int		sp_max; /* days before change required */
+      long int		sp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */
+      long int		sp_inact; /* days before account inactive */
+      long int		sp_expire; /* date when account expires */
+      unsigned long int	sp_flag; /* reserved for future use */
+}
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+La signification de chaque champ est la suivante\ \&:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_namp \- pointeur vers le nom d\*(Aqutilisateur termin\('e par un z\('ero binaire (\(Fo\ \&null\-terminated\ \&\(Fc)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_pwdp \- pointeur vers le mot de passe termin\('e par un z\('ero binaire (\(Fo\ \&null\-terminated\ \&\(Fc)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_lstchg \- nombre de jours, compt\('es \(`a partir du 1er\ \&janvier\ \&1970, depuis la derni\(`ere modification du mot de passe
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_min \- nombre de jours pendant lesquels le mot de passe ne peut pas \(^etre chang\('e
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_max \- nombre maximal de jours avant que le mot de passe doive \(^etre chang\('e
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_warn \- nombre de jours avant que le mot de passe n\*(Aqarrive en fin de validit\('e pendant lesquels l\*(Aqutilisateur est averti de la fin prochaine de la validit\('e de son mot de passe
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_inact \- nombre de jours apr\(`es la fin de validit\('e du mot de passe avant de consid\('erer que le compte est inactif et soit d\('esactiv\('e
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_expire \- nombre de jours, compt\('es \(`a partir du 1er\ \&janvier\ \&1970, apr\(`es lesquels le compte sera d\('esactiv\('e
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_flag \- r\('eserv\('e pour une utilisation future
+.RE
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+\fIgetspent\fR,
+\fIgetspname\fR,
+\fIfgetspent\fR, and
+\fIsgetspent\fR
+each return a pointer to a
+\fIstruct spwd\fR\&.
+\fIgetspent\fR
+returns the next entry from the file, and
+\fIfgetspent\fR
+returns the next entry from the given stream, which is assumed to be a file of the proper format\&.
+\fIsgetspent\fR
+returns a pointer to a
+\fIstruct spwd\fR
+using the provided string as input\&.
+\fIgetspnam\fR
+searches from the current position in the file for an entry matching
+\fIname\fR\&.
+.PP
+\fIsetspent\fR
+and
+\fIendspent\fR
+may be used to begin and end, respectively, access to the shadow password file\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+and
+\fIulckpwdf\fR
+routines should be used to insure exclusive access to the
+/etc/shadow
+file\&.
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+attempts to acquire a lock using
+\fIpw_lock\fR
+for up to 15 seconds\&. It continues by attempting to acquire a second lock using
+\fIspw_lock\fR
+for the remainder of the initial 15 seconds\&. Should either attempt fail after a total of 15 seconds,
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+returns \-1\&. When both locks are acquired 0 is returned\&.
+.SH "DIAGNOSTICS"
+.PP
+Routines return NULL if no more entries are available or if an error occurs during processing\&. Routines which have
+\fIint\fR
+as the return value return 0 for success and \-1 for failure\&.
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+Ces fonctions peuvent n\*(Aq\(^etre utilis\('ees que par le superutilisateur car l\*(Aqacc\(`es au fichier de mots de passe cach\('es est restreint\&.
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBgetpwent\fR(3),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man5/faillog.5 b/man/fr/man5/faillog.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8901a5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man5/faillog.5
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: faillog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formats et conversions de fichiers
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "FAILLOG" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formats et conversions de fich"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+faillog \- journal des \('echecs de connexion
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+maintains a count of login failures and the limits for each account\&.
+.PP
+Le fichier contient un nombre constant d\*(Aqenregistrements, tri\('es par identifiant d\*(Aqutilisateur num\('erique\&. Chaque enregistrement contient le nombre d\*(Aq\('echecs de connexion depuis la derni\(`ere connexion r\('eussie, le nombre maximum d\*(Aq\('echecs de connexion avant d\('esactivation du compte, la ligne sur laquelle a eu lieu le dernier \('echec de connexion, la date du dernier \('echec de connexion et la dur\('ee (en seconde) pendant laquelle le compte sera verrouill\('e apr\(`es un \('echec\&.
+.PP
+La structure du fichier est la suivante\ \&:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+struct	faillog {
+	short   fail_cnt;
+	short   fail_max;
+	char    fail_line[12];
+	time_t  fail_time;
+	long    fail_locktime;
+};
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+.RS 4
+Journal des \('echecs de connexion\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR(8)
diff --git a/man/fr/man5/gshadow.5 b/man/fr/man5/gshadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b8b40ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man5/gshadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: gshadow
+.\"    Author: Nicolas Fran\(,cois <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formats et conversions de fichiers
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "GSHADOW" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formats et conversions de fich"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+gshadow \- informations cach\('ees sur les groupes
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+contains the shadowed information for group accounts\&.
+.PP
+Ce fichier ne doit pas \(^etre accessible en lecture par les utilisateurs normaux afin de maintenir la s\('ecurit\('e des mots de passe, en particuliers pour pr\('evenir les attaques par dictionnaires\&.
+.PP
+Chaque ligne de ce fichier contient les champs suivants, s\('epar\('es par des deux\-points (\(Fo\ \&:\ \&\(Fc)\ \&:
+.PP
+\fBnom du groupe\fR
+.RS 4
+Ce doit \(^etre un nom de groupe valable, qui existe sur le syst\(`eme\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBmot de passe chiffr\('e\fR
+.RS 4
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.sp
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, users will not be able to use a unix password to access the group (but group members do not need the password)\&.
+.sp
+The password is used when a user who is not a member of the group wants to gain the permissions of this group (see
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1))\&.
+.sp
+Ce champ peut \(^etre vide\&. Dans ce cas seuls les membres du groupe peuvent obtenir les permissions du groupe\&.
+.sp
+Un champ de mot de passe qui commence avec un point d\*(Aqexclamation indique que le mot de passe est bloqu\('e\&. Les caract\(`eres restants sur la ligne repr\('esentent le champ de mot de passe avant que le mot de passe n\*(Aqait \('et\('e bloqu\('e\&.
+.sp
+This password supersedes any password specified in
+/etc/group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBadministrateurs\fR
+.RS 4
+Ce champ doit \(^etre une liste d\*(Aqutilisateurs, s\('epar\('es par des virgules\&.
+.sp
+Les administrateurs peuvent modifier le mot de passe ou les membres du groupe\&.
+.sp
+Les administrateurs peuvent aussi avoir les m\(^emes permissions que les membres (voir ci\-dessous)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBmembres\fR
+.RS 4
+Ce champ doit \(^etre une liste d\*(Aqutilisateurs, s\('epar\('es par des virgules\&.
+.sp
+Les membres peuvent acc\('eder au groupe sans qu\*(Aqun mot de passe ne leur soit demand\('e\&.
+.sp
+You should use the same list of users as in
+/etc/group\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBgrpconv\fR(8),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man5/limits.5 b/man/fr/man5/limits.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d59f36e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man5/limits.5
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: limits
+.\"    Author: Luca Berra
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formats et conversions de fichiers
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "LIMITS" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formats et conversions de fich"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+limits \- d\('efinition des limites de ressources
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fIlimits\fR
+file (/etc/limits
+by default or LIMITS_FILE defined
+config\&.h) describes the resource limits you wish to impose\&. It should be owned by root and readable by root account only\&.
+.PP
+Par d\('efaut, aucun quota (aucune limite) n\*(Aqest impos\('e \(`a \(Fo\ \&root\ \&\(Fc\&. En fait, il n\*(Aqest pas possible d\*(Aqimposer de cette fa\(,con de limite aux comptes root ou \('equivalents (comptes ayant un UID de 0)\&.
+.PP
+Chaque ligne d\('ecrit une limite pour un utilisateur, elle est de la forme suivante\ \&:
+.PP
+\fIutilisateur LISTE_DE_LIMITES\fR
+.PP
+ou sous la forme\ \&:
+.PP
+\fI@groupe LISTE_DE_LIMITES\fR
+.PP
+The
+\fILIMITS_STRING\fR
+is a string of a concatenated list of resource limits\&. Each limit consists of a letter identifier followed by a numerical limit\&.
+.PP
+Les identifiants possibles sont\ \&:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+A\ \&: espace d\*(Aqadressage maximal (en kilo octets)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+C\ \&: taille maximale d\*(Aqun fichier image de la m\('emoire (\(Fo\ \&core\ \&\(Fc, en kilo octets)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+D\ \&: taille maximale du segment de donn\('ees d\*(Aqun programme (en kilo octets)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+F\ \&: taille maximale des fichiers (en kilo octets)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+K: file creation mask, set by
+\fBumask\fR(2)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+I\ \&: valeur nice maximum (0\&.\&.39 qui sera traduit en 20\&.\&.\-19)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+L\ \&: nombre maximal de connexions simultan\('ees pour cet utilisateur
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+M\ \&: taille maximale de m\('emoire verrouill\('ee (\(Fo\ \&locked\-in\-memory\ \&\(Fc, en kilo octets)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+N\ \&: nombre maximal de fichiers ouverts
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+O\ \&: priorit\('e temps r\('eel maximale
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+P: process priority, set by
+\fBsetpriority\fR(2)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+R\ \&: taille maximale de la m\('emoire r\('esidente (\(Fo\ \&resident set size\ \&\(Fc, en kilo octets)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+S\ \&: taille maximale de la pile (en kilo octets)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+T\ \&: temps processeur maximal consomm\('e (en minutes)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+U\ \&: nombre maximal de processus
+.RE
+.PP
+For example,
+\fIL2D2048N5\fR
+is a valid
+\fILIMITS_STRING\fR\&. For reading convenience, the following entries are equivalent:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      username L2D2048N5
+      username L2 D2048 N5
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+Be aware that after
+\fIusername\fR
+the rest of the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed\&. An invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the
+\fBlogin\fR
+program\&.
+.PP
+The default entry is denoted by username "\fI*\fR"\&. If you have multiple
+\fIdefault\fR
+entries in your
+\fILIMITS_FILE\fR, then the last one will be used as the default entry\&.
+.PP
+The limits specified in the form "\fI@group\fR" apply to the members of the specified
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.PP
+Si plusieurs lignes avec des limites pour un utilisateur existent, seule la premi\(`ere ligne pour cet utilisateur sera prise en compte\&.
+.PP
+If no lines are specified for a user, the last
+\fI@group\fR
+line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the user\&.
+.PP
+To completely disable limits for a user, a single dash "\fI\-\fR" will do\&.
+.PP
+To disable a limit for a user, a single dash "\fI\-\fR" can be used instead of the numerical value for this limit\&.
+.PP
+Notez \('egalement que les limites ne sont configur\('ees que PAR CONNEXION\&. Il n\*(Aqy a pas de limite globale ou permanente\&. Des limites globales pourraient voir le jour, mais pour l\*(Aqinstant, il faut faire sans\&.
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/limits
+.RS 4
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsetpriority\fR(2),
+\fBsetrlimit\fR(2)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man5/login.access.5 b/man/fr/man5/login.access.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a13b46c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man5/login.access.5
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login.access
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formats et conversions de fichiers
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "LOGIN\&.ACCESS" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formats et conversions de fich"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+login.access \- table de contr\(^ole des connexions
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fIlogin\&.access\fR
+file specifies (user, host) combinations and/or (user, tty) combinations for which a login will be either accepted or refused\&.
+.PP
+When someone logs in, the
+\fIlogin\&.access\fR
+is scanned for the first entry that matches the (user, host) combination, or, in case of non\-networked logins, the first entry that matches the (user, tty) combination\&. The permissions field of that table entry determines whether the login will be accepted or refused\&.
+.PP
+Chaque ligne de la table de contr\(^ole des connexions (\(Fo\ \&login access control table\ \&\(Fc) est compos\('ee de trois champs s\('epar\('es par le caract\(`ere \(Fo\ \&:\ \&\(Fc\ \&:
+.PP
+\fIpermission\fR:\fIusers\fR:\fIorigins\fR
+.PP
+The first field should be a "\fI+\fR" (access granted) or "\fI\-\fR" (access denied) character\&. The second field should be a list of one or more login names, group names, or
+\fIALL\fR
+(always matches)\&. The third field should be a list of one or more tty names (for non\-networked logins), host names, domain names (begin with "\&."), host addresses, internet network numbers (end with "\&."),
+\fIALL\fR
+(always matches) or
+\fILOCAL\fR
+(matches any string that does not contain a "\&." character)\&. If you run NIS you can use @netgroupname in host or user patterns\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fIEXCEPT\fR
+operator makes it possible to write very compact rules\&.
+.PP
+Le fichier d\*(Aqinformations sur les groupes (/etc/group) n\*(Aqest utilis\('e que lorsqu\*(Aqun nom ne correspond \(`a aucun des utilisateurs connect\('es\&. Seuls les groupes pour lesquels la liste des utilisateurs est sp\('ecifi\('ee sont utilis\('es\ \&: le programme ne recherche pas parmi les groupes primaires des utilisateurs\&.
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man5/login.defs.5 b/man/fr/man5/login.defs.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1f923b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man5/login.defs.5
@@ -0,0 +1,854 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login.defs
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formats et conversions de fichiers
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "LOGIN\&.DEFS" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formats et conversions de fich"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+login.defs \- configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+/etc/login\&.defs
+file defines the site\-specific configuration for the shadow password suite\&. This file is required\&. Absence of this file will not prevent system operation, but will probably result in undesirable operation\&.
+.PP
+Ce fichier est un fichier texte, dont chaque ligne d\('ecrit un param\(`etre de configuration\&. Les lignes consistent en un nom et une valeur, s\('epar\('es par une espace\&. Les lignes blanches et les lignes de commentaires sont ignor\('ees\&. Les commentaires commencent par un caract\(`ere \(Fo\ \&#\ \&\(Fc, qui doit \(^etre le premier caract\(`ere non blanc de la ligne\&.
+.PP
+Parameter values may be of four types: strings, booleans, numbers, and long numbers\&. A string is comprised of any printable characters\&. A boolean should be either the value
+\fIyes\fR
+or
+\fIno\fR\&. An undefined boolean parameter or one with a value other than these will be given a
+\fIno\fR
+value\&. Numbers (both regular and long) may be either decimal values, octal values (precede the value with
+\fI0\fR) or hexadecimal values (precede the value with
+\fI0x\fR)\&. The maximum value of the regular and long numeric parameters is machine\-dependent\&.
+.PP
+Les param\(`etres de configuration suivants sont fournis\ \&:
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_RESTRICT\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This parameter specifies which values in the
+\fIgecos\fR
+field of the
+/etc/passwd
+file may be changed by regular users using the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program\&. It can be any combination of letters
+\fIf\fR,
+\fIr\fR,
+\fIw\fR,
+\fIh\fR, for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively\&. For backward compatibility,
+\fIyes\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIrwh\fR
+and
+\fIno\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIfrwh\fR\&. If not specified, only the superuser can make any changes\&. The most restrictive setting is better achieved by not installing
+\fBchfn\fR
+SUID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHSH_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchsh\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, soit un chemin complet du fichier contenant les noms de p\('eriph\('eriques (un par ligne), soit une liste de noms du p\('eriph\('erique d\('elimit\('ee par des \(Fo\ \&:\ \&\(Fc\&. Les connexions d\*(Aqun administrateur ne seront autoris\('ees que depuis ces p\('eriph\('eriques\&.
+.sp
+S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas d\('efini, root pourra se connecter depuis n\*(Aqimporte quel p\('eriph\('erique\&.
+.sp
+Le p\('eriph\('erique doit \(^etre pr\('ecis\('e sans le pr\('efixe /dev/\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCREATE_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indiquer si un r\('epertoire personnel doit \(^etre cr\('e\('e par d\('efaut pour les nouveaux utilisateurs\&.
+.sp
+Ce r\('eglage ne s\*(Aqapplique pas pour les utilisateurs syst\(`eme, et peut \(^etre annul\('e sur la ligne de commande\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indiquer si la connexion est permise si on ne peut pas acc\('eder au r\('epertoire personnel\&. Le r\('eglage par d\('efaut est \(Fo\ \&no\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+D\('efinir les algorithmes de chiffrement par d\('efaut du syst\(`eme pour coder les mots de passes (si aucun algorithme n\*(Aqa \('et\('e indiqu\('e sur la ligne de commandes)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si ce fichier existe et est lisible, l\*(Aqenvironnement de connexion sera lu \(`a\ \& partir de lui\&. Chaque ligne doit \(^etre sous la forme nom=valeur\&.
+.sp
+Les lignes commen\(,cant par un \(Fo\ \&#\ \&\(Fc sont consid\('er\('ees comme des commentaires, et sont ignor\('ees\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBERASECHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal ERASE character (\fI010\fR
+= backspace,
+\fI0177\fR
+= DEL)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur peut \(^etre pr\('efix\('ee par \(Fo\ \&0\ \&\(Fc pour une valeur octale, ou \(Fo\ \&0x\ \&\(Fc pour une valeur hexad\('ecimale\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAIL_DELAY\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Le d\('elai en secondes avant qu\*(Aqun nouvel essai soit permis apr\(`es un \('echec de connexion\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAILLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable logging and display of
+/var/log/faillog
+login failure info\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAKE_SHELL\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set,
+\fBlogin\fR
+will execute this shell instead of the users\*(Aq shell specified in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFTMP_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, les \('echecs de connexion seront enregistr\('es dans le fichier sous le format utmp
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
+\fBUMASK\fR
+is used to create the mode\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHUSHLOGIN_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, le fichier peut d\('esactiver tous les affichages habituels durant la s\('equence de connexion\&. Si un nom de chemin complet est sp\('ecifi\('e, alors le mode taiseux sera activ\('e si le nom ou l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes de l\*(Aqutilisateur sont trouv\('es dans le fichier\&. Si ce n\*(Aqest pas un nom de chemin complet, alors le mode taiseux sera activ\('e si le fichier existe dans le r\('epertoire personnel de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBISSUE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, le fichier sera affich\('e avant chaque invite de connexion\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBKILLCHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal KILL character (\fI025\fR
+= CTRL/U)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur peut \(^etre pr\('efix\('ee par \(Fo\ \&0\ \&\(Fc pour une valeur octale, ou \(Fo\ \&0x\ \&\(Fc pour une valeur hexad\('ecimale\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer la journalisation et l\*(Aqaffichage des informations de derni\(`ere connexion de /var/log/lastlog\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_OK_LOGINS\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer la journalisation des connexions r\('eussies\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer l\*(Aqaffichage des noms d\*(Aqutilisateurs inconnus quand les \('echecs de connexions sont enregistr\('es\&.
+.sp
+Remarque\ \&: la journalisation des noms d\*(Aqutilisateurs inconnus peut \(^etre un probl\(`eme de s\('ecurit\('e si un utilisateur entre son mot de passe au lieu de son nom d\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_RETRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Le nombre maximum de tentatives de connexion en cas de mauvais mot de passe\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+La cha\(^ine de caract\(`eres utilis\('ee pour l\*(Aqinvite de mot de passe\&. La valeur par d\('efaut est d\*(Aqutiliser "Password: " (\(Fo\ \&mot de passe\ \&:\ \&\(Fc), ou une traduction de cette cha\(^ine\&. Si vous d\('efinissez cette variable, l\*(Aqinvite ne sera pas traduite\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_TIMEOUT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Le temps maximum en secondes pour la connexion\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer le contr\(^ole et l\*(Aqaffichage du statut de la bo\(^ite aux lettres durant la connexion\&.
+.sp
+Vous devriez le d\('esactiver si les fichiers de d\('emarrage de l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes v\('erifient d\('ej\(`a la pr\('esence de courriers (\(Fo\ \&mail \-e\ \&\(Fc ou \('equivalent)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+R\('epertoire d\*(Aqattente des courriels (\(Fo\ \&mail spool directory\ \&\(Fc)\&. Ce param\(`etre est n\('ecessaire pour manipuler les bo\(^ites \(`a lettres lorsque le compte d\*(Aqun utilisateur est modifi\('e ou supprim\('e\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas sp\('ecifi\('e, une valeur par d\('efaut d\('efinie \(`a la compilation est utilis\('ee\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+D\('efinir l\*(Aqemplacement des bo\(^ites aux lettres des utilisateurs relativement \(`a leur r\('epertoire personnel\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur par d\('efaut est 0, ce qui signifie qu\*(Aqil n\*(Aqy a pas de limites pour le nombre de membres dans un groupe\&.
+.sp
+Cette fonctionnalit\('e (groupe d\('ecoup\('e) permet de limiter la longueur des lignes dans le fichier de groupes\&. Ceci est utile pour s\*(Aqassurer que les lignes pour les groupes NIS ne sont pas plus grandes que 1024 caract\(`eres\&.
+.sp
+Si vous avez besoin de configurer cette limite, vous pouvez utiliser 25\&.
+.sp
+Remarque\ \&: les groupes d\('ecoup\('es ne sont peut\-\(^etre pas pris en charge par tous les outils (m\(^eme dans la suite d\*(Aqoutils Shadow)\&. Vous ne devriez pas utiliser cette variable, sauf si vous en avez vraiment besoin\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMOTD_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, liste d\('elimit\('ee par des \(Fo\ \&:\ \&\(Fc de fichiers de \(Fo\ \&message du jour\ \&\(Fc \(`a afficher lors de la connexion\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBNOLOGINS_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, nom de fichier dont la pr\('esence emp\(^echera les connexions de quelqu\*(Aqun d\*(Aqautre que le superutilisateur\&. Le contenu de ces fichiers doit \(^etre un message indiquant pourquoi les connexions sont d\('esactiv\('ees\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBOBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer des v\('erifications suppl\('ementaires lors des changements de mot de passe\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_ALWAYS_WARN\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Avertir en cas de mots de passe faibles (mais les accepte quand m\(^eme) si vous \(^etes superutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_CHANGE_TRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Nombre maximum d\*(Aqessais pour changer de mot de passe si refus\('e (trop facile)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Nombre maximum de jours de validit\('e d\*(Aqun mot de passe\&. Apr\(`es cette dur\('ee, une modification du mot de passe est obligatoire\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, la valeur de \-1 est utilis\('ee (ce qui enl\(`eve toute restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Nombre minimum de jours autoris\('e avant la modification d\*(Aqun mot de passe\&. Toute tentative de modification du mot de passe avant cette dur\('ee est rejet\('ee\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, la valeur de \-1 est utilis\('ee (ce qui enl\(`eve toute restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Nombre de jours durant lesquels l\*(Aqutilisateur recevra un avertissement avant que son mot de passe n\*(Aqarrive en fin de validit\('e\&. Une valeur n\('egative signifie qu\*(Aqaucun avertissement n\*(Aqest donn\('e\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, aucun avertissement n\*(Aqest donn\('e\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR,
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR
+and
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR
+are only used at the time of account creation\&. Any changes to these settings won\*(Aqt affect existing accounts\&.
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR (number), \fBPASS_MIN_LEN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Number of significant characters in the password for crypt()\&.
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR
+is 8 by default\&. Don\*(Aqt change unless your crypt() is better\&. This is ignored if
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable checking of time restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Avec beaucoup de rounds, il est plus difficile de trouver le mot de passe avec une attaque par force brute\&. Veuillez remarquer que plus de ressources processeur seront n\('ecessaires pour authentifier les utilisateurs\&.
+.sp
+Si non pr\('ecis\('ee, la libc utilisera le nombre de rounds par d\('efaut (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Les valeurs doivent \(^etre comprises dans l\*(Aqintervalle 1\ \&000\ \&\-\ \&999\ \&999\ \&999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSULOG_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, les activit\('es de su seront enregistr\('ees dans le fichier\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_NAME\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, le nom de la commande \(`a afficher lorsque \(Fo\ \&su \-\ \&\(Fc est ex\('ecut\('ee\&. Par exemple, si elle est d\('efinie \(`a \(Fo\ \&su\ \&\(Fc alors un \(Fo\ \&ps\ \&\(Fc affichera la commande comme \(Fo\ \&\-su\ \&\(Fc\&. Si non d\('efinie, alors \(Fo\ \&ps\ \&\(Fc affichera le nom du shell qui sera en fait ex\('ecut\('e, par exemple quelque chose comme \(Fo\ \&\-sh\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_WHEEL_ONLY\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the user must be listed as a member of the first gid 0 group in
+/etc/group
+(called
+\fIroot\fR
+on most Linux systems) to be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0 accounts\&. If the group doesn\*(Aqt exist or is empty, no one will be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SU_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsu\fR
+activity \- in addition to sulog file logging\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR (string), \fBTTYPERM\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+group, and the permissions will be set to
+\fBTTYPERM\fR\&.
+.sp
+By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user\*(Aqs primary group and the permissions are set to
+\fI0600\fR\&.
+.sp
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+can be either the name of a group or a numeric group identifier\&.
+.sp
+If you have a
+\fBwrite\fR
+program which is "setgid" to a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and TTYPERM to 0620\&. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYTYPE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, fichier qui lie les lignes de tty \(`a la variable d\*(Aqenvironnement TERM\&. Chaque ligne du fichier est dans un format ressemblant \(`a \(Fo\ \&vt100 tty01\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBULIMIT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Default
+\fBulimit\fR
+value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Valeur d\*(Aqinitialisation du masque de permissions\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, le masque des permissions sera initialis\('e \(`a 022\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERDEL_CMD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, la commande est ex\('ecut\('ee lors de la suppression d\*(Aqun utilisateur\&. Elle pourra supprimer toutes les t\(^aches p\('eriodiques cron ou at, tous les travaux d\*(Aqimpression, etc\&. de l\*(Aqutilisateur (qui sera fourni comme premier param\(`etre)\&.
+.sp
+Le code de retour du script n\*(Aqest pas pris en compte\&.
+.sp
+Here is an example script, which removes the user\*(Aqs cron, at and print jobs:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+#! /bin/sh
+
+# Check for the required argument\&.
+if [ $# != 1 ]; then
+	echo "Usage: $0 username"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Remove cron jobs\&.
+crontab \-r \-u $1
+
+# Remove at jobs\&.
+# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,
+# even if it was shared by a different username\&.
+AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs
+find $AT_SPOOL_DIR \-name "[^\&.]*" \-type f \-user $1 \-delete \e;
+
+# Remove print jobs\&.
+lprm $1
+
+# All done\&.
+exit 0
+      
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.sp
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer la mise en place de bits de masque de groupe (\(Fo\ \&umask group bits\ \&\(Fc) identiques \(`a ceux du propri\('etaire (exemple\ \&: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) pour les utilisateurs non privil\('egi\('es, si l\*(AqUID est identique au GID et que l\*(Aqidentifiant de connexion est identique au groupe principal\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "R\('EF\('ERENCES CROIS\('EES"
+.PP
+Les r\('ef\('erences crois\('ees ci\-dessous montrent quels sont les param\(`etres utilis\('es par les diff\('erents programmes de la suite shadow password\&.
+.PP
+chfn
+.RS 4
+CHFN_AUTH
+CHFN_RESTRICT
+LOGIN_STRING
+.RE
+.PP
+chgpasswd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+chpasswd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+chsh
+.RS 4
+CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING
+.RE
+.PP
+gpasswd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+groupadd
+.RS 4
+GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN
+.RE
+.PP
+groupdel
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+groupmems
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+groupmod
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+grpck
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+grpconv
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+grpunconv
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+lastlog
+.RS 4
+LASTLOG_UID_MAX
+.RE
+.PP
+login
+.RS 4
+CONSOLE
+CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME
+ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE
+ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY
+FAILLOG_ENAB
+FAKE_SHELL
+FTMP_FILE
+HUSHLOGIN_FILE
+ISSUE_FILE
+KILLCHAR
+LASTLOG_ENAB LASTLOG_UID_MAX
+LOGIN_RETRIES
+LOGIN_STRING
+LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB
+MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB
+TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE
+ULIMIT UMASK
+USERGROUPS_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+newgrp / sg
+.RS 4
+SYSLOG_SG_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+newusers
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB HOME_MODE PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK
+.RE
+.PP
+passwd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+pwck
+.RS 4
+PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+.RE
+.PP
+pwconv
+.RS 4
+PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+.RE
+.PP
+su
+.RS 4
+CONSOLE
+CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME
+ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE
+ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH
+ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB
+SULOG_FILE SU_NAME
+SU_WHEEL_ONLY
+SYSLOG_SU_ENAB
+USERGROUPS_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+sulogin
+.RS 4
+ENV_HZ
+ENV_TZ
+.RE
+.PP
+useradd
+.RS 4
+CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN HOME_MODE LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK
+.RE
+.PP
+userdel
+.RS 4
+MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+usermod
+.RS 4
+LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBpam\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man5/passwd.5 b/man/fr/man5/passwd.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99cc56e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man5/passwd.5
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: passwd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formats et conversions de fichiers
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "PASSWD" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formats et conversions de fich"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+passwd \- fichier des mots de passe
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+contains one line for each user account, with seven fields delimited by colons (\(Fo\ \&:\ \&\(Fc)\&. These fields are:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+nom de connexion de l\*(Aqutilisateur (\(Fo\ \&login\ \&\(Fc)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+un mot de passe chiffr\('e optionnel
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+l\*(Aqidentifiant num\('erique de l\*(Aqutilisateur
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+l\*(Aqidentifiant num\('erique du groupe de l\*(Aqutilisateur
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+le nom complet de l\*(Aqutilisateur ou un champ de commentaires
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+le r\('epertoire personnel de l\*(Aqutilisateur
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes de l\*(Aqutilisateur (optionnel)
+.RE
+.PP
+If the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field is a lower\-case
+\(Fo\ \&x\ \&\(Fc, then the encrypted password is actually stored in the
+\fBshadow\fR(5)
+file instead; there
+\fImust\fR
+be a corresponding line in the
+/etc/shadow
+file, or else the user account is invalid\&.
+.PP
+The encrypted
+\fIpassword\fR
+field may be empty, in which case no password is required to authenticate as the specified login name\&. However, some applications which read the
+/etc/passwd
+file may decide not to permit
+\fIany\fR
+access at all if the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field is blank\&.
+.PP
+A
+\fIpassword\fR
+field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field before the password was locked\&.
+.PP
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.PP
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)\&.
+.PP
+The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as
+\fBfinger\fR(1)\&.
+.PP
+The home directory field provides the name of the initial working directory\&. The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program uses this information to set the value of the
+\fB$HOME\fR
+environmental variable\&.
+.PP
+The command interpreter field provides the name of the user\*(Aqs command language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute\&. The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program uses this information to set the value of the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environmental variable\&. If this field is empty, it defaults to the value
+/bin/sh\&.
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+un mot de passe chiffr\('e optionnel
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd\-
+.RS 4
+Fichier de sauvegarde de /etc/passwd\&.
+.sp
+Notez que ce fichier est utilis\('e par les outils de la suite d\*(Aqoutils shadow, mais pas par tous les outils de gestion d\*(Aqutilisateurs et de mot de passes\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgetent\fR(1),
+\fBgetpwnam\fR(3),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBpwconv\fR(8),
+\fBpwunconv\fR(8),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsulogin\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man5/porttime.5 b/man/fr/man5/porttime.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..129af19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man5/porttime.5
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: porttime
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formats et conversions de fichiers
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "PORTTIME" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formats et conversions de fich"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+porttime \- Fichier de configuration des droits d\*(Aqacc\(`es en fonction de la date et de l\*(Aqheure
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+\fIporttime\fR
+contains a list of tty devices, user names, and permitted login times\&.
+.PP
+Chaque entr\('ee consiste en trois champs s\('epar\('es par un caract\(`ere deux\-points \(Fo\ \&:\ \&\(Fc\&. Le premier champ est une liste de tty s\('epar\('es par des virgules, ou un ast\('erisque \(Fo\ \&*\ \&\(Fc pour indiquer que l\*(Aqentr\('ee correspond \(`a toutes les tty\&. Le second champ est une liste de noms d\*(Aqutilisateurs, ou un ast\('erisque pour indiquer que cette entr\('ee correspond \(`a n\*(Aqimporte quel utilisateur\&. Le troisi\(`eme champ est une liste d\*(Aqhoraires d\*(Aqacc\(`es autoris\('es\&.
+.PP
+Each access time entry consists of zero or more days of the week, abbreviated
+\fISu\fR,
+\fIMo\fR,
+\fITu\fR,
+\fIWe\fR,
+\fITh\fR,
+\fIFr\fR, and
+\fISa\fR, followed by a pair of times separated by a hyphen\&. The abbreviation
+\fIWk\fR
+may be used to represent Monday thru Friday, and
+\fIAl\fR
+may be used to indicate every day\&. If no days are given,
+\fIAl\fR
+is assumed\&.
+.SH "EXEMPLES"
+.PP
+The following entry allows access to user
+\fBjfh\fR
+on every port during weekdays from 9am to 5pm\&.
+.PP
+*:jfh:Wk0900\-1700
+.PP
+The following entries allow access only to the users
+\fIroot\fR
+and
+\fIoper\fR
+on
+/dev/console
+at any time\&. This illustrates how the
+/etc/porttime
+file is an ordered list of access times\&. Any other user would match the second entry which does not permit access at any time\&.
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      console:root,oper:Al0000\-2400
+      console:*:
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+The following entry allows access for the user
+\fIgames\fR
+on any port during non\-working hours\&.
+.PP
+*:games:Wk1700\-0900,SaSu0000\-2400
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/porttime
+.RS 4
+Fichier contenant le port d\*(Aqacc\(`es\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man5/shadow.5 b/man/fr/man5/shadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75d1da8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man5/shadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: shadow
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formats et conversions de fichiers
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "SHADOW" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formats et conversions de fich"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+shadow \- fichier des mots de passe cach\('es
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+shadow
+is a file which contains the password information for the system\*(Aqs accounts and optional aging information\&.
+.PP
+Ce fichier ne doit pas \(^etre accessible en lecture par les utilisateurs normaux afin de maintenir la s\('ecurit\('e des mots de passe, en particuliers pour pr\('evenir les attaques par dictionnaires\&.
+.PP
+Each line of this file contains 9 fields, separated by colons (\(Fo\ \&:\ \&\(Fc), in the following order:
+.PP
+\fBnom de connexion de l\*(Aqutilisateur (\(Fo\ \&login\ \&\(Fc)\fR
+.RS 4
+Ce doit \(^etre un nom de compte valable, qui existe sur le syst\(`eme\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBmot de passe chiffr\('e\fR
+.RS 4
+This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to authenticate as the specified login name\&. However, some applications which read the
+/etc/shadow
+file may decide not to permit any access at all if the password field is empty\&.
+.sp
+Un champ de mot de passe qui commence avec un point d\*(Aqexclamation indique que le mot de passe est bloqu\('e\&. Les caract\(`eres restants sur la ligne repr\('esentent le champ de mot de passe avant que le mot de passe n\*(Aqait \('et\('e bloqu\('e\&.
+.sp
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.sp
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBdate du dernier changement de mot de passe\fR
+.RS 4
+La date du dernier changement de mot de passe, exprim\('ee en nombre de jours depuis le 1er\ \&janvier\ \&1970\&.
+.sp
+La valeur 0 a une signification particuli\(`ere\ \&: l\*(Aqutilisateur devra changer son mot de passe la prochaine fois qu\*(Aqil se connectera au syst\(`eme\&.
+.sp
+Un champ vide indique que les fonctionnalit\('es de vieillissement de mot de passe sont d\('esactiv\('ees\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\(^age minimum du mot de passe\fR
+.RS 4
+L\*(Aq\(^age minimum du mot de passe est la dur\('ee (en jour) que l\*(Aqutilisateur devra attendre avant de pouvoir le changer de nouveau\&.
+.sp
+Un champ vide ou une valeur de 0 signifie qu\*(Aqil n\*(Aqy a pas d\*(Aq\(^age minimum pour le mot de passe\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\(^age maximum du mot de passe\fR
+.RS 4
+L\*(Aq\(^age maximum du mot de passe est la dur\('ee (en jour) apr\(`es laquelle l\*(Aqutilisateur devra changer son mot de passe\&.
+.sp
+Une fois cette dur\('ee \('ecoul\('ee, le mot de passe restera valable\&. Il sera demand\('e \(`a l\*(Aqutilisateur de le changer la prochaine fois qu\*(Aqil se connectera\&.
+.sp
+Un champ vide signifie qu\*(Aqil n\*(Aqy a pour le mot de passe aucune limite d\*(Aq\(^age, aucune p\('eriode d\*(Aqavertissement d\*(Aqexpiration et aucune p\('eriode d\*(Aqinactivit\('e (voir ci\-dessous)\&.
+.sp
+Si l\*(Aq\(^age maximum du mot de passe est plus petit que l\*(Aq\(^age minimum du mot de passe, l\*(Aqutilisateur ne pourra pas changer son mot de passe\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBp\('eriode d\*(Aqavertissement d\*(Aqexpiration du mot de passe\fR
+.RS 4
+La dur\('ee (en jour) pendant laquelle l\*(Aqutilisateur sera averti avant que le mot de passe n\*(Aqexpire (voir l\*(Aq\(^age maximum du mot de passe ci\-dessus)\&.
+.sp
+Un champ vide ou une valeur de 0 signifie qu\*(Aqil n\*(Aqy aura pas de p\('eriode d\*(Aqavertissement d\*(Aqexpiration du mot de passe\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBp\('eriode d\*(Aqinactivit\('e du mot de passe\fR
+.RS 4
+La dur\('ee (en jour) pendant laquelle le mot de passe sera quand m\(^eme accept\('e apr\(`es son expiration (voir l\*(Aq\(^age maximum du mot de passe ci\-dessus)\&. L\*(Aqutilisateur devra mettre \(`a jour son mot de passe \(`a la prochaine connexion\&.
+.sp
+Apr\(`es expiration du mot de passe suivie de la p\('eriode d\*(Aqexpiration, plus aucune connexion n\*(Aqest possible en utilisant le mot de passe de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&. L\*(Aqutilisateur doit contacter son administrateur\&.
+.sp
+Un champ vide signifie qu\*(Aqaucune p\('eriode d\*(Aqinactivit\('e n\*(Aqest impos\('ee\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBdate de fin de validit\('e du compte\fR
+.RS 4
+La date d\*(Aqexpiration du compte, exprim\('e en nombre de jours depuis le 1er\ \&janvier\ \&1970\&.
+.sp
+Veuillez noter que l\*(Aqexpiration d\*(Aqun compte diff\(`ere de l\*(Aqexpiration d\*(Aqun mot de passe\&. En cas d\*(Aqexpiration d\*(Aqun compte, l\*(Aqutilisateur ne sera plus autoris\('e \(`a se connecter\&. En cas d\*(Aqexpiration d\*(Aqun mot de passe, l\*(Aqutilisateur n\*(Aqest pas autoris\('e \(`a se connecter en utilisant son mot de passe\&.
+.sp
+Un champ vide signifie que le compte n\*(Aqexpirera jamais\&.
+.sp
+La valeur 0 ne doit pas \(^etre utilis\('ee puisqu\*(Aqelle peut \(^etre interpr\('et\('ee soit comme un compte sans expiration, soit comme ayant expir\('e le 1er\ \&janvier\ \&1970\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBchamp r\('eserv\('e\fR
+.RS 4
+Ce champ est r\('eserv\('e pour une utilisation future\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow\-
+.RS 4
+Fichier de sauvegarde pour /etc/shadow\&.
+.sp
+Notez que ce fichier est utilis\('e par les outils de la suite d\*(Aqoutils shadow, mais pas par tous les outils de gestion d\*(Aqutilisateurs et de mot de passes\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBchage\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBpwconv\fR(8),
+\fBpwunconv\fR(8),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsulogin\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man5/suauth.5 b/man/fr/man5/suauth.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..960a33e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man5/suauth.5
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: suauth
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formats et conversions de fichiers
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "SUAUTH" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formats et conversions de fich"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+suauth \- Fichier de contr\(^ole d\('etaill\('e de su
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fB/etc/suauth\fR\ 'u
+\fB/etc/suauth\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The file
+/etc/suauth
+is referenced whenever the su command is called\&. It can change the behaviour of the su command, based upon:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      1) the user su is targeting
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+2) l\*(Aqutilisateur qui ex\('ecute la commande su (ou un groupe dont il est membre)
+.PP
+Le fichier est format\('e de la fa\(,con suivante (les lignes commen\(,cant par un \(Fo\ \&#\ \&\(Fc sont des commentaires, et sont ignor\('ees)\ \&:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      to\-id:from\-id:ACTION
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+Where to\-id is either the word
+\fIALL\fR, a list of usernames delimited by "," or the words
+\fIALL EXCEPT\fR
+followed by a list of usernames delimited by ","\&.
+.PP
+from\-id is formatted the same as to\-id except the extra word
+\fIGROUP\fR
+is recognized\&.
+\fIALL EXCEPT GROUP\fR
+is perfectly valid too\&. Following
+\fIGROUP\fR
+appears one or more group names, delimited by ","\&. It is not sufficient to have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in
+\fB/etc/group\fR(5)
+is necessary\&.
+.PP
+Les valeurs d\*(AqACTION valables sont\ \&:
+.PP
+\fIDENY\fR
+.RS 4
+La tentative de changement d\*(Aqutilisateur est arr\(^et\('ee avant que le mot de passe ne soit demand\('e\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fINOPASS\fR
+.RS 4
+La tentative est automatiquement r\('eussie\&. Aucun mot de passe n\*(Aqest demand\('e\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIOWNPASS\fR
+.RS 4
+Pour que la commande su soit r\('eussie, l\*(Aqutilisateur doit entrer son propre mot de passe\&. Ceci lui est demand\('e\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+Notez qu\*(Aqil y a trois champs s\('epar\('es par un \(Fo\ \&deux\-points\ \&\(Fc\&. Ne pas accoler d\*(Aqespace \(`a ce \(Fo\ \&deux\-points\ \&\(Fc\&. Notez aussi que le fichier est examin\('e s\('equentiellement ligne par ligne, et que la premi\(`ere r\(`egle applicable est utilis\('ee sans que le reste du fichier ne soit examin\('e\&. Ceci permet \(`a l\*(Aqadministrateur syst\(`eme de d\('efinir un contr\(^ole aussi fin qu\*(Aqil le souhaite\&.
+.SH "EXEMPLE"
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      # sample /etc/suauth file
+      #
+      # A couple of privileged usernames may
+      # su to root with their own password\&.
+      #
+      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS
+      #
+      # Anyone else may not su to root unless in
+      # group wheel\&. This is how BSD does things\&.
+      #
+      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY
+      #
+      # Perhaps terry and birddog are accounts
+      # owned by the same person\&.
+      # Access can be arranged between them
+      # with no password\&.
+      #
+      terry:birddog:NOPASS
+      birddog:terry:NOPASS
+      #
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/suauth
+.RS 4
+.RE
+.SH "BOGUES"
+.PP
+Il en reste sans doute beaucoup\&. L\*(Aqanalyseur du fichier est particuli\(`erement impitoyable avec les erreurs de syntaxe\&. Il n\*(Aqautorise d\*(Aqespace qu\*(Aqen d\('ebut et fin de ligne, et seul le d\('elimiteur sp\('ecifique doit \(^etre utilis\('e\&.
+.SH "DIAGNOSTICS"
+.PP
+An error parsing the file is reported using
+\fBsyslogd\fR(8)
+as level ERR on facility AUTH\&.
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBsu\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man5/subgid.5 b/man/fr/man5/subgid.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be6a05f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man5/subgid.5
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: subgid
+.\"    Author: Eric Biederman
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formats et conversions de fichiers
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "SUBGID" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formats et conversions de fich"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+subgid \- the subordinate gid file
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+Each line in
+/etc/subgid
+contains a user name and a range of subordinate group ids that user is allowed to use\&. This is specified with three fields delimited by colons (\(Fo\ \&:\ \&\(Fc)\&. These fields are:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+login name or UID
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+numerical subordinate group ID
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+numerical subordinate group ID count
+.RE
+.PP
+This file specifies the group IDs that ordinary users can use, with the
+\fBnewgidmap\fR
+command, to configure gid mapping in a user namespace\&.
+.PP
+Multiple ranges may be specified per user\&.
+.PP
+When large number of entries (10000\-100000 or more) are defined in
+/etc/subgid, parsing performance penalty will become noticeable\&. In this case it is recommended to use UIDs instead of login names\&. Benchmarks have shown speed\-ups up to 20x\&.
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+IDs des groupes subalternes d\*(Aqun utilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid\-
+.RS 4
+Backup file for /etc/subgid\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnewgidmap\fR(1),
+\fBnewuidmap\fR(1),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8),
+\fBuser_namespaces\fR(7)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man5/subuid.5 b/man/fr/man5/subuid.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6078bd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man5/subuid.5
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: subuid
+.\"    Author: Eric Biederman
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formats et conversions de fichiers
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "SUBUID" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formats et conversions de fich"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+subuid \- the subordinate uid file
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+Each line in
+/etc/subuid
+contains a user name and a range of subordinate user ids that user is allowed to use\&. This is specified with three fields delimited by colons (\(Fo\ \&:\ \&\(Fc)\&. These fields are:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+login name or UID
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+numerical subordinate user ID
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+numerical subordinate user ID count
+.RE
+.PP
+This file specifies the user IDs that ordinary users can use, with the
+\fBnewuidmap\fR
+command, to configure uid mapping in a user namespace\&.
+.PP
+Multiple ranges may be specified per user\&.
+.PP
+When large number of entries (10000\-100000 or more) are defined in
+/etc/subuid, parsing performance penalty will become noticeable\&. In this case it is recommended to use UIDs instead of login names\&. Benchmarks have shown speed\-ups up to 20x\&.
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+IDs de utilisateurs subalternes d\*(Aqun utilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid\-
+.RS 4
+Backup file for /etc/subuid\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnewgidmap\fR(1),
+\fBnewuidmap\fR(1),
+\fBnewusers\fR(1),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8),
+\fBuser_namespaces\fR(7)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/chgpasswd.8 b/man/fr/man8/chgpasswd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91250af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/chgpasswd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chgpasswd
+.\"    Author: Thomas K\(/loczko <kloczek@pld.org.pl>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "CHGPASSWD" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+chgpasswd \- Mettre \(`a jour par lot des mots de passe des groupes
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBchgpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBchgpasswd\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchgpasswd\fR
+command reads a list of group name and password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a set of existing groups\&. Each line is of the format:
+.PP
+\fIgroup_name\fR:\fIpassword\fR
+.PP
+By default the supplied password must be in clear\-text, and is encrypted by
+\fBchgpasswd\fR\&.
+.PP
+The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable of
+/etc/login\&.defs, and can be overwritten with the
+\fB\-e\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-c\fR
+options\&.
+.PP
+Cette commande est destin\('ee aux gros syst\(`emes pour lesquels un nombre importants de comptes sont cr\('e\('es en une seule fois\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchgpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR
+.RS 4
+Utiliser la m\('ethode pr\('ecis\('ee pour chiffrer les mots de passe\&.
+.sp
+Les m\('ethodes disponibles sont DES, MD5, NONE et SHA256 ou SHA512 si votre libc prend en charge ces m\('ethodes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-encrypted\fR
+.RS 4
+Indiquer que les mots de passe fournis sont chiffr\('es\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-md5\fR
+.RS 4
+Permettre d\*(Aqutiliser le chiffrement MD5, plut\(^ot que DES, lorsque les mots de passe fournis ne sont pas chiffr\('es\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR
+.RS 4
+Utiliser le nombre de rounds pr\('ecis\('e pour chiffrer les mots de passe\&.
+.sp
+La valeur 0 signifie que le syst\(`eme choisira la valeur par d\('efaut du nombre de rounds pour la m\('ethode de chiffrement (5\ \&000)\&.
+.sp
+Une valeur minimale de 1\ \&000 et une valeur maximale de 999\ \&999\ \&999 seront impos\('ees\&.
+.sp
+Vous ne pouvez utiliser cette m\('ethode qu\*(Aqavec les m\('ethodes de chiffrement SHA256 ou SHA512\&.
+.sp
+By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+Pensez \(`a configurer les permissions ou umask afin d\*(Aqemp\(^echer la lecture des fichiers non chiffr\('es par les d\*(Aqautres utilisateurs\&.
+.PP
+Vous devez vous assurer que les mots de passe et la m\('ethode de chiffrement respectent la politique de mot de passe du syst\(`eme\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+D\('efinir les algorithmes de chiffrement par d\('efaut du syst\(`eme pour coder les mots de passes (si aucun algorithme n\*(Aqa \('et\('e indiqu\('e sur la ligne de commandes)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur par d\('efaut est 0, ce qui signifie qu\*(Aqil n\*(Aqy a pas de limites pour le nombre de membres dans un groupe\&.
+.sp
+Cette fonctionnalit\('e (groupe d\('ecoup\('e) permet de limiter la longueur des lignes dans le fichier de groupes\&. Ceci est utile pour s\*(Aqassurer que les lignes pour les groupes NIS ne sont pas plus grandes que 1024 caract\(`eres\&.
+.sp
+Si vous avez besoin de configurer cette limite, vous pouvez utiliser 25\&.
+.sp
+Remarque\ \&: les groupes d\('ecoup\('es ne sont peut\-\(^etre pas pris en charge par tous les outils (m\(^eme dans la suite d\*(Aqoutils Shadow)\&. Vous ne devriez pas utiliser cette variable, sauf si vous en avez vraiment besoin\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Avec beaucoup de rounds, il est plus difficile de trouver le mot de passe avec une attaque par force brute\&. Veuillez remarquer que plus de ressources processeur seront n\('ecessaires pour authentifier les utilisateurs\&.
+.sp
+Si non pr\('ecis\('ee, la libc utilisera le nombre de rounds par d\('efaut (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Les valeurs doivent \(^etre comprises dans l\*(Aqintervalle 1\ \&000\ \&\-\ \&999\ \&999\ \&999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/chpasswd.8 b/man/fr/man8/chpasswd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e86a004
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/chpasswd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chpasswd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "CHPASSWD" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+chpasswd \- Mettre \(`a jour des mots de passe par lot
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBchpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBchpasswd\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchpasswd\fR
+command reads a list of user name and password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a group of existing users\&. Each line is of the format:
+.PP
+\fIuser_name\fR:\fIpassword\fR
+.PP
+By default the passwords must be supplied in clear\-text, and are encrypted by
+\fBchpasswd\fR\&. Also the password age will be updated, if present\&.
+.PP
+The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+or
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variables of
+/etc/login\&.defs, and can be overwritten with the
+\fB\-e\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-c\fR
+options\&.
+.PP
+\fBchpasswd\fR
+first updates all the passwords in memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no errors occurred for any user\&.
+.PP
+Cette commande est destin\('ee aux gros syst\(`emes pour lesquels un nombre importants de comptes sont cr\('e\('es en une seule fois\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR\ \&\fIMETHOD\fR
+.RS 4
+Utiliser la m\('ethode pr\('ecis\('ee pour chiffrer les mots de passe\&.
+.sp
+Les m\('ethodes disponibles sont DES, MD5, NONE et SHA256 ou SHA512 si votre libc prend en charge ces m\('ethodes\&.
+.sp
+By default (if none of the
+\fB\-c\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-e\fR
+options are specified), the encryption method is defined by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+or
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variables of
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-encrypted\fR
+.RS 4
+Indiquer que les mots de passe fournis sont chiffr\('es\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-md5\fR
+.RS 4
+Permettre d\*(Aqutiliser le chiffrement MD5, plut\(^ot que DES, lorsque les mots de passe fournis ne sont pas chiffr\('es\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR\ \&\fIROUNDS\fR
+.RS 4
+Utiliser le nombre de rounds pr\('ecis\('e pour chiffrer les mots de passe\&.
+.sp
+La valeur 0 signifie que le syst\(`eme choisira la valeur par d\('efaut du nombre de rounds pour la m\('ethode de chiffrement (5\ \&000)\&.
+.sp
+Une valeur minimale de 1\ \&000 et une valeur maximale de 999\ \&999\ \&999 seront impos\('ees\&.
+.sp
+Vous ne pouvez utiliser cette m\('ethode qu\*(Aqavec les m\('ethodes de chiffrement SHA256 ou SHA512\&.
+.sp
+By default, the number of rounds is defined by the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+and
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+Pensez \(`a configurer les permissions ou umask afin d\*(Aqemp\(^echer la lecture des fichiers non chiffr\('es par les d\*(Aqautres utilisateurs\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+D\('efinir les algorithmes de chiffrement par d\('efaut du syst\(`eme pour coder les mots de passes (si aucun algorithme n\*(Aqa \('et\('e indiqu\('e sur la ligne de commandes)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Avec beaucoup de rounds, il est plus difficile de trouver le mot de passe avec une attaque par force brute\&. Veuillez remarquer que plus de ressources processeur seront n\('ecessaires pour authentifier les utilisateurs\&.
+.sp
+Si non pr\('ecis\('ee, la libc utilisera le nombre de rounds par d\('efaut (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Les valeurs doivent \(^etre comprises dans l\*(Aqintervalle 1\ \&000\ \&\-\ \&999\ \&999\ \&999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/faillog.8 b/man/fr/man8/faillog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce85c7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/faillog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: faillog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "FAILLOG" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+faillog \- Examiner le fichier faillog, et configurer les limites d\*(Aq\('echecs de connexion
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBfaillog\fR\ 'u
+\fBfaillog\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR
+displays the contents of the failure log database (/var/log/faillog)\&. It can also set the failure counters and limits\&. When
+\fBfaillog\fR
+is run without arguments, it only displays the faillog records of the users who had a login failure\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBfaillog\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+.RS 4
+Display (or act on) faillog records for all users having an entry in the
+faillog
+database\&.
+.sp
+The range of users can be restricted with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option\&.
+.sp
+En mode affichage, toujours limit\('ee aux utilisateurs existants, mais l\*(Aqaffichage des entr\('ees d\*(Aqerreur de connexion est impos\('e m\(^eme si elles sont vides\&.
+.sp
+With the
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR,
+\fB\-r\fR,
+\fB\-t\fR
+options, the users\*(Aq records are changed, even if the user does not exist on the system\&. This is useful to reset records of users that have been deleted or to set a policy in advance for a range of users\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\-secs\fR\ \&\fISEC\fR
+.RS 4
+Lock account for
+\fISEC\fR
+seconds after failed login\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-maximum\fR\ \&\fIMAX\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of login failures after the account is disabled to
+\fIMAX\fR\&.
+.sp
+Selecting a
+\fIMAX\fR
+value of 0 has the effect of not placing a limit on the number of failed logins\&.
+.sp
+The maximum failure count should always be 0 for
+\fIroot\fR
+to prevent a denial of services attack against the system\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reset\fR
+.RS 4
+Remettre \(`a z\('ero le compteur d\*(Aq\('echecs de connexion\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Display faillog records more recent than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR\ \&\fILOGIN\fR|\fIRANGE\fR
+.RS 4
+Display faillog record or maintains failure counters and limits (if used with
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR
+or
+\fB\-r\fR
+options) only for the specified user(s)\&.
+.sp
+The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users\&. This
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users can be specified with a min and max values (\fIUID_MIN\-UID_MAX\fR), a max value (\fI\-UID_MAX\fR), or a min value (\fIUID_MIN\-\fR)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+When none of the
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-r\fR
+options are used,
+\fBfaillog\fR
+displays the faillog record of the specified user(s)\&.
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR
+only prints out users with no successful login since the last failure\&. To print out a user who has had a successful login since their last failure, you must explicitly request the user with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+flag, or print out all users with the
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag\&.
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+.RS 4
+Journal des \('echecs de connexion\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBfaillog\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/groupadd.8 b/man/fr/man8/groupadd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ff9253
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/groupadd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupadd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPADD" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+groupadd \- Cr\('eer un nouveau groupe
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupadd\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupadd\fR [\fIoptions\fR] \fIgroupe\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command creates a new group account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system\&. The new group will be entered into the system files as needed\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+This option causes the command to simply exit with success status if the specified group already exists\&. When used with
+\fB\-g\fR, and the specified GID already exists, another (unique) GID is chosen (i\&.e\&.
+\fB\-g\fR
+is turned off)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGID\fR
+.RS 4
+The numerical value of the group\*(Aqs ID\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+and greater than every other group\&.
+.sp
+See also the
+\fB\-r\fR
+option and the
+\fBGID_MAX\fR
+description\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-K\fR, \fB\-\-key\fR\ \&\fIKEY\fR=\fIVALUE\fR
+.RS 4
+Overrides
+/etc/login\&.defs
+defaults (GID_MIN, GID_MAX and others)\&. Multiple
+\fB\-K\fR
+options can be specified\&.
+.sp
+Example:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MIN\fR=\fI100\fR\ \&
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+.sp
+Note:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MIN\fR=\fI10\fR,\fIGID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+doesn\*(Aqt work yet\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+Cette option permet d\*(Aqajouter un groupe avec un identifiant (\(Fo\ \&GID\ \&\(Fc) d\('ej\(`a utilis\('e\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&. The default is to disable the password\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+Il est n\('ecessaire de v\('erifier si le mot de passe respecte la politique de mots de passe du syst\(`eme\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+Cr\('eer un groupe syst\(`eme\&.
+.sp
+The numeric identifiers of new system groups are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-\fBGID_MAX\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur par d\('efaut est 0, ce qui signifie qu\*(Aqil n\*(Aqy a pas de limites pour le nombre de membres dans un groupe\&.
+.sp
+Cette fonctionnalit\('e (groupe d\('ecoup\('e) permet de limiter la longueur des lignes dans le fichier de groupes\&. Ceci est utile pour s\*(Aqassurer que les lignes pour les groupes NIS ne sont pas plus grandes que 1024 caract\(`eres\&.
+.sp
+Si vous avez besoin de configurer cette limite, vous pouvez utiliser 25\&.
+.sp
+Remarque\ \&: les groupes d\('ecoup\('es ne sont peut\-\(^etre pas pris en charge par tous les outils (m\(^eme dans la suite d\*(Aqoutils Shadow)\&. Vous ne devriez pas utiliser cette variable, sauf si vous en avez vraiment besoin\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+Les noms de groupe doivent commencer par une lettre minuscule ou un tiret bas (\(Fo\ \&underscore\ \&\(Fc), et seuls des lettres minuscules, des chiffres, des \(Fo\ \&underscore\ \&\(Fc, ou des tirets peuvent suivre\&. Ils peuvent se terminer par un signe dollar\&. Soit, sous la forme d\*(Aqune expression rationnelle\ \&: [a\-z_][a\-z0\-9_\-]*[$]?
+.PP
+Groupnames may only be up to 16 characters long\&.
+.PP
+Vous ne pouvez pas ajouter d\*(Aqutilisateur \(`a un groupe NIS ou LDAP\&. Cela doit \(^etre effectu\('e sur le serveur correspondant\&.
+.PP
+If the groupname already exists in an external group database such as NIS or LDAP,
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+will deny the group creation request\&.
+.SH "VALEURS DE RETOUR"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+GID not unique (when
+\fB\-o\fR
+not used)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+group name not unique
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/groupdel.8 b/man/fr/man8/groupdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44788f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/groupdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupdel
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPDEL" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+groupdel \- Supprimer un groupe
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupdel\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupdel\fR [\fIoptions\fR] \fIGROUPE\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to
+\fIGROUP\fR\&. The named group must exist\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+Vous ne pouvez pas supprimer le groupe primaire d\*(Aqun utilisateur existant\&. Vous devez supprimer l\*(Aqutilisateur auparavant\&.
+.PP
+Vous devriez v\('erifier vous\-m\(^eme qu\*(Aqaucun fichier poss\('ed\('e par le groupe ne subsiste sur tous les syst\(`emes de fichiers\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur par d\('efaut est 0, ce qui signifie qu\*(Aqil n\*(Aqy a pas de limites pour le nombre de membres dans un groupe\&.
+.sp
+Cette fonctionnalit\('e (groupe d\('ecoup\('e) permet de limiter la longueur des lignes dans le fichier de groupes\&. Ceci est utile pour s\*(Aqassurer que les lignes pour les groupes NIS ne sont pas plus grandes que 1024 caract\(`eres\&.
+.sp
+Si vous avez besoin de configurer cette limite, vous pouvez utiliser 25\&.
+.sp
+Remarque\ \&: les groupes d\('ecoup\('es ne sont peut\-\(^etre pas pris en charge par tous les outils (m\(^eme dans la suite d\*(Aqoutils Shadow)\&. Vous ne devriez pas utiliser cette variable, sauf si vous en avez vraiment besoin\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VALEURS DE RETOUR"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI8\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt remove user\*(Aqs primary group
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/groupmems.8 b/man/fr/man8/groupmems.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df549b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/groupmems.8
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupmems
+.\"    Author: George Kraft, IV
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPMEMS" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+groupmems \- Administrer les membres du groupe primaire d\*(Aqun utilisateur
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupmems\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupmems\fR \-a\ \fIuser_name\fR | \-d\ \fIuser_name\fR | [\-g\ \fIgroup_name\fR] | \-l | \-p 
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+command allows a user to administer their own group membership list without the requirement of superuser privileges\&. The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+utility is for systems that configure its users to be in their own name sake primary group (i\&.e\&., guest / guest)\&.
+.PP
+Only the superuser, as administrator, can use
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+to alter the memberships of other groups\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-add\fR\ \&\fIuser_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Ajouter un utilisateur \(`a la liste des membres du groupe\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR\ \&\fIuser_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Supprimer un utilisateur de la liste des membres du groupe\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, the user will be removed from the list of members and administrators of the group\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR\ \&\fIgroup_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Le superutilisateur peut pr\('eciser la liste des membres du groupe \(`a modifier\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher la liste des membres du groupe\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-purge\fR
+.RS 4
+Supprimer tous les utilisateurs de la liste des membres du groupe\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+executable should be in mode
+2710
+as user
+\fIroot\fR
+and in group
+\fIgroups\fR\&. The system administrator can add users to group
+\fIgroups\fR
+to allow or disallow them using the
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+utility to manage their own group membership list\&.
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+	$ groupadd \-r groups
+	$ chmod 2710 groupmems
+	$ chown root\&.groups groupmems
+	$ groupmems \-g groups \-a gk4
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur par d\('efaut est 0, ce qui signifie qu\*(Aqil n\*(Aqy a pas de limites pour le nombre de membres dans un groupe\&.
+.sp
+Cette fonctionnalit\('e (groupe d\('ecoup\('e) permet de limiter la longueur des lignes dans le fichier de groupes\&. Ceci est utile pour s\*(Aqassurer que les lignes pour les groupes NIS ne sont pas plus grandes que 1024 caract\(`eres\&.
+.sp
+Si vous avez besoin de configurer cette limite, vous pouvez utiliser 25\&.
+.sp
+Remarque\ \&: les groupes d\('ecoup\('es ne sont peut\-\(^etre pas pris en charge par tous les outils (m\(^eme dans la suite d\*(Aqoutils Shadow)\&. Vous ne devriez pas utiliser cette variable, sauf si vous en avez vraiment besoin\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+informations cach\('ees sur les groupes
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/groupmod.8 b/man/fr/man8/groupmod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d44f511
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/groupmod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupmod
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPMOD" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+groupmod \- Modifier la d\('efinition d\*(Aqun groupe du syst\(`eme
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupmod\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupmod\fR [\fIoptions\fR] \fIGROUPE\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command modifies the definition of the specified
+\fIGROUP\fR
+by modifying the appropriate entry in the group database\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGID\fR
+.RS 4
+The group ID of the given
+\fIGROUP\fR
+will be changed to
+\fIGID\fR\&.
+.sp
+The value of
+\fIGID\fR
+must be a non\-negative decimal integer\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&.
+.sp
+Les utilisateurs qui utilisent ce groupe comme groupe primaire seront mis \(`a jour pour garder le groupe comme groupe primaire\&.
+.sp
+Any files that have the old group ID and must continue to belong to
+\fIGROUP\fR, must have their group ID changed manually\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to the
+\fBGID_MIN\fR,
+\fBGID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR, or
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-new\-name\fR\ \&\fINEW_GROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the group will be changed from
+\fIGROUP\fR
+to
+\fINEW_GROUP\fR
+name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+When used with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option, allow to change the group
+\fIGID\fR
+to a non\-unique value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+Il est n\('ecessaire de v\('erifier si le mot de passe respecte la politique de mots de passe du syst\(`eme\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur par d\('efaut est 0, ce qui signifie qu\*(Aqil n\*(Aqy a pas de limites pour le nombre de membres dans un groupe\&.
+.sp
+Cette fonctionnalit\('e (groupe d\('ecoup\('e) permet de limiter la longueur des lignes dans le fichier de groupes\&. Ceci est utile pour s\*(Aqassurer que les lignes pour les groupes NIS ne sont pas plus grandes que 1024 caract\(`eres\&.
+.sp
+Si vous avez besoin de configurer cette limite, vous pouvez utiliser 25\&.
+.sp
+Remarque\ \&: les groupes d\('ecoup\('es ne sont peut\-\(^etre pas pris en charge par tous les outils (m\(^eme dans la suite d\*(Aqoutils Shadow)\&. Vous ne devriez pas utiliser cette variable, sauf si vous en avez vraiment besoin\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VALEURS DE RETOUR"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+E_SUCCESS: success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+E_USAGE: invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+E_BAD_ARG: invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+E_GID_IN_USE: specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+E_NOTFOUND: specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+E_NAME_IN_USE: group name already in use
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+E_GRP_UPDATE: can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI11\fR
+.RS 4
+E_CLEANUP_SERVICE: can\*(Aqt setup cleanup service
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+E_PAM_USERNAME: can\*(Aqt determine your username for use with pam
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI13\fR
+.RS 4
+E_PAM_ERROR: pam returned an error, see syslog facility id groupmod for the PAM error message
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/grpck.8 b/man/fr/man8/grpck.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..04d27c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/grpck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: grpck
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "GRPCK" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+grpck \- V\('erifier l\*(Aqint\('egrit\('e des fichiers d\*(Aqadministration des groupes
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgrpck\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpck\fR [options] [\fIgroupe\fR\ [\ \fIshadow\fR\ ]]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command verifies the integrity of the groups information\&. It checks that all entries in
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow
+have the proper format and contain valid data\&. The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors\&.
+.PP
+Voici les v\('erifications effectu\('ees\ \&:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+nombre correct de champs\ \&;
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+unicit\('e et validit\('e des noms de groupe\ \&;
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid group identifier
+(/etc/group only)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid list of members
+and administrators
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a corresponding entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file (respectively
+/etc/group
+for the
+gshadow
+checks)
+.RE
+.PP
+The checks for correct number of fields and unique group name are fatal\&. If an entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete the entire line\&. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed\&. An entry with a duplicated group name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made\&. All other errors are warnings and the user is encouraged to run the
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command to correct the error\&.
+.PP
+The commands which operate on the
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow files
+are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries\&.
+\fBgrpck\fR
+should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entries\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR
+and
+\fB\-s\fR
+options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-read\-only\fR
+.RS 4
+Execute the
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command in read\-only mode\&. This causes all questions regarding changes to be answered
+\fIno\fR
+without user intervention\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sort\fR
+.RS 4
+Sort entries in
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow
+by GID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+By default,
+\fBgrpck\fR
+operates on
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow\&. The user may select alternate files with the
+\fIgroup\fR
+and \fIshadow\fR parameters\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur par d\('efaut est 0, ce qui signifie qu\*(Aqil n\*(Aqy a pas de limites pour le nombre de membres dans un groupe\&.
+.sp
+Cette fonctionnalit\('e (groupe d\('ecoup\('e) permet de limiter la longueur des lignes dans le fichier de groupes\&. Ceci est utile pour s\*(Aqassurer que les lignes pour les groupes NIS ne sont pas plus grandes que 1024 caract\(`eres\&.
+.sp
+Si vous avez besoin de configurer cette limite, vous pouvez utiliser 25\&.
+.sp
+Remarque\ \&: les groupes d\('ecoup\('es ne sont peut\-\(^etre pas pris en charge par tous les outils (m\(^eme dans la suite d\*(Aqoutils Shadow)\&. Vous ne devriez pas utiliser cette variable, sauf si vous en avez vraiment besoin\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VALEURS DE RETOUR"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+one or more bad group entries
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt open group files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt lock group files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group files
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/grpconv.8 b/man/fr/man8/grpconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/grpconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/grpunconv.8 b/man/fr/man8/grpunconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/grpunconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/lastlog.8 b/man/fr/man8/lastlog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e529cfa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/lastlog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: lastlog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "LASTLOG" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+lastlog \- signaler les connexions les plus r\('ecentes de tous les utilisateurs ou d\*(Aqun utilisateur donn\('e
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBlastlog\fR\ 'u
+\fBlastlog\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+\fBlastlog\fR
+formats and prints the contents of the last login log
+/var/log/lastlog
+file\&. The
+\fIlogin\-name\fR,
+\fIport\fR, and
+\fIlast login time\fR
+will be printed\&. The default (no flags) causes lastlog entries to be printed, sorted by their order in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBlastlog\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-before\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Print only lastlog records older than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-C\fR, \fB\-\-clear\fR
+.RS 4
+Clear lastlog record of a user\&. This option can be used only together with
+\fB\-u\fR
+(\fB\-\-user\fR))\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-set\fR
+.RS 4
+Set lastlog record of a user to the current time\&. This option can be used only together with
+\fB\-u\fR
+(\fB\-\-user\fR))\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Print the lastlog records more recent than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR\ \&\fILOGIN\fR|\fIRANGE\fR
+.RS 4
+N\*(Aqafficher que les entr\('ees correspondant aux utilisateurs indiqu\('es\&.
+.sp
+The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users\&. This
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users can be specified with a min and max values (\fIUID_MIN\-UID_MAX\fR), a max value (\fI\-UID_MAX\fR), or a min value (\fIUID_MIN\-\fR)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If the user has never logged in the message
+\fI** Never logged in**\fR
+will be displayed instead of the port and time\&.
+.PP
+Seules les entr\('ees pour les utilisateurs actuels du syst\(`eme seront affich\('ees\&. D\*(Aqautres entr\('ees peuvent exister pour les utilisateurs supprim\('es pr\('ec\('edemment\&.
+.SH "NOTE"
+.PP
+The
+lastlog
+file is a database which contains info on the last login of each user\&. You should not rotate it\&. It is a sparse file, so its size on the disk is usually much smaller than the one shown by "\fBls \-l\fR" (which can indicate a really big file if you have in
+passwd
+users with a high UID)\&. You can display its real size with "\fBls \-s\fR"\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/var/log/lastlog
+.RS 4
+Base de donn\('ees de l\*(Aqheure des connexions pr\('ec\('edentes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+S\*(Aqil y a des trous importants dans les valeurs des UID,
+\fBlastlog\fR
+s\*(Aqex\('ecutera plus lentement, sans affichage \(`a l\*(Aq\('ecran (par exemple, s\*(Aqil n\*(Aqy a pas d\*(Aqentr\('ee pour les utilisateurs ayant un UID compris entre 170 et 800 dans base de donn\('ees lastlog, le programme lastlog semblera bloqu\('e comme s\*(Aqil traitait les entr\('ees correspondant aux UID 171 \(`a 799)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/logoutd.8 b/man/fr/man8/logoutd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80b7fdc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/logoutd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: logoutd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "LOGOUTD" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+logoutd \- Imposer les restrictions de connexion dans le temps
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBlogoutd\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+enforces the login time and port restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+should be started from
+/etc/rc\&. The
+/var/run/utmp
+file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked to see if the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time\&. Any login session which is violating the restrictions in
+/etc/porttime
+is terminated\&.
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/porttime
+.RS 4
+Fichier contenant le port d\*(Aqacc\(`es\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/var/run/utmp
+.RS 4
+Liste des sessions de connexion en cours\&.
+.RE
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/newusers.8 b/man/fr/man8/newusers.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01ecc4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/newusers.8
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newusers
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "NEWUSERS" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+newusers \- Mettre \(`a jour, ou cr\('eer de nouveaux utilisateurs par lots
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBnewusers\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewusers\fR [\fIoptions\fR] [\fIfichier\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewusers\fR
+command reads a
+\fIfile\fR
+(or the standard input by default) and uses this information to update a set of existing users or to create new users\&. Each line is in the same format as the standard password file (see
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)) with the exceptions explained below:
+.PP
+pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell
+.PP
+\fIpw_name\fR
+.RS 4
+C\*(Aqest le nom de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.sp
+It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR)\&. In case of an existing user, the user\*(Aqs information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_passwd\fR
+.RS 4
+Ce champ sera chiffr\('e et utilis\('e comme nouvelle valeur du mot de passe chiffr\('e\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_uid\fR
+.RS 4
+Ce champ est utilis\('e pour d\('efinir l\*(AqUID de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.sp
+If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+Si ce champ contient un nombre, ce nombre sera utilis\('e comme UID\&.
+.sp
+If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR), the UID of the specified user will be used\&.
+.sp
+Si l\*(AqUID d\*(Aqun utilisateur existant est modifi\('e, vous devrez configurer vous\-m\(^eme le propri\('etaire des fichiers de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_gid\fR
+.RS 4
+Ce champ est utilis\('e pour d\('efinir l\*(Aqidentifiant du groupe primaire de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.sp
+If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR), the GID of this group will be used as the primary group ID for the user\&.
+.sp
+Si ce champ est un nombre, ce nombre sera utilis\('e comme identifiant de groupe primaire de cet utilisateur\&. Si aucun groupe n\*(Aqexiste avec ce GID, un nouveau groupe sera cr\('e\('e avec ce GID et le nom de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.sp
+If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the user and a GID will be automatically defined by
+\fBnewusers\fR
+to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new group\&.
+.sp
+If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR), a new group will be created with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by
+\fBnewusers\fR
+to be used as the primary group ID for the user and GID for the new group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_gecos\fR
+.RS 4
+Ce champ est copi\('e dans le champ GECOS de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_dir\fR
+.RS 4
+Ce champ est utilis\('e pour d\('efinir le r\('epertoire personnel de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.sp
+Si ce champ n\*(Aqindique pas de r\('epertoire existant, le r\('epertoire indiqu\('e est cr\('e\('e, avec comme propri\('etaire l\*(Aqutilisateur en cours de cr\('eation ou mis \(`a jour et son groupe primaire\&.
+.sp
+If the home directory of an existing user is changed,
+\fBnewusers\fR
+does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new location\&. This should be done manually\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_shell\fR
+.RS 4
+Ce champ d\('efinit l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commande de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&. Aucune v\('erification n\*(Aqest effectu\('ee sur ce champ\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBnewusers\fR
+first tries to create or change all the specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group databases\&. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), no changes are committed to the databases\&.
+.PP
+Cette commande a \('et\('e con\(,cue pour les gros syst\(`emes pour lesquels un grand nombre de comptes sont mis \(`a jour en m\(^eme temps\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBnewusers\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR
+.RS 4
+Utiliser la m\('ethode pr\('ecis\('ee pour chiffrer les mots de passe\&.
+.sp
+Les m\('ethodes disponibles sont DES, MD5, NONE et SHA256 ou SHA512 si votre libc prend en charge ces m\('ethodes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+Cr\('eer un compte syst\(`eme\&.
+.sp
+System users will be created with no aging information in
+/etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-\fBUID_MAX\fR
+(and their
+\fBGID\fR
+counterparts for the creation of groups)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR
+.RS 4
+Utiliser le nombre de rounds pr\('ecis\('e pour chiffrer les mots de passe\&.
+.sp
+La valeur 0 signifie que le syst\(`eme choisira la valeur par d\('efaut du nombre de rounds pour la m\('ethode de chiffrement (5\ \&000)\&.
+.sp
+Une valeur minimale de 1\ \&000 et une valeur maximale de 999\ \&999\ \&999 seront impos\('ees\&.
+.sp
+Vous ne pouvez utiliser cette m\('ethode qu\*(Aqavec les m\('ethodes de chiffrement SHA256 ou SHA512\&.
+.sp
+By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+Le fichier d\*(Aqentr\('ee doit \(^etre correctement prot\('eg\('e puisqu\*(Aqil contient des mots de passe en clair\&.
+.PP
+Vous devez vous assurer que les mots de passe et la m\('ethode de chiffrement respectent la politique de mot de passe du syst\(`eme\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+D\('efinir les algorithmes de chiffrement par d\('efaut du syst\(`eme pour coder les mots de passes (si aucun algorithme n\*(Aqa \('et\('e indiqu\('e sur la ligne de commandes)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
+\fBUMASK\fR
+is used to create the mode\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur par d\('efaut est 0, ce qui signifie qu\*(Aqil n\*(Aqy a pas de limites pour le nombre de membres dans un groupe\&.
+.sp
+Cette fonctionnalit\('e (groupe d\('ecoup\('e) permet de limiter la longueur des lignes dans le fichier de groupes\&. Ceci est utile pour s\*(Aqassurer que les lignes pour les groupes NIS ne sont pas plus grandes que 1024 caract\(`eres\&.
+.sp
+Si vous avez besoin de configurer cette limite, vous pouvez utiliser 25\&.
+.sp
+Remarque\ \&: les groupes d\('ecoup\('es ne sont peut\-\(^etre pas pris en charge par tous les outils (m\(^eme dans la suite d\*(Aqoutils Shadow)\&. Vous ne devriez pas utiliser cette variable, sauf si vous en avez vraiment besoin\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Nombre maximum de jours de validit\('e d\*(Aqun mot de passe\&. Apr\(`es cette dur\('ee, une modification du mot de passe est obligatoire\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, la valeur de \-1 est utilis\('ee (ce qui enl\(`eve toute restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Nombre minimum de jours autoris\('e avant la modification d\*(Aqun mot de passe\&. Toute tentative de modification du mot de passe avant cette dur\('ee est rejet\('ee\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, la valeur de \-1 est utilis\('ee (ce qui enl\(`eve toute restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Nombre de jours durant lesquels l\*(Aqutilisateur recevra un avertissement avant que son mot de passe n\*(Aqarrive en fin de validit\('e\&. Une valeur n\('egative signifie qu\*(Aqaucun avertissement n\*(Aqest donn\('e\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, aucun avertissement n\*(Aqest donn\('e\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Avec beaucoup de rounds, il est plus difficile de trouver le mot de passe avec une attaque par force brute\&. Veuillez remarquer que plus de ressources processeur seront n\('ecessaires pour authentifier les utilisateurs\&.
+.sp
+Si non pr\('ecis\('ee, la libc utilisera le nombre de rounds par d\('efaut (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Les valeurs doivent \(^etre comprises dans l\*(Aqintervalle 1\ \&000\ \&\-\ \&999\ \&999\ \&999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Valeur d\*(Aqinitialisation du masque de permissions\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, le masque des permissions sera initialis\('e \(`a 022\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+IDs des groupes subalternes d\*(Aqun utilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+IDs de utilisateurs subalternes d\*(Aqun utilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/nologin.8 b/man/fr/man8/nologin.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a21be94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/nologin.8
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: nologin
+.\"    Author: Nicolas Fran\(,cois <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "NOLOGIN" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+nologin \- refuser poliment une connexion
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBnologin\fR\ 'u
+\fBnologin\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnologin\fR
+command displays a message that an account is not available and exits non\-zero\&. It is intended as a replacement shell field for accounts that have been disabled\&.
+.PP
+To disable all logins, investigate
+\fBnologin\fR(5)\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBSSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND\fR
+is populated it will be logged\&.
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnologin\fR(5)\&.
+.SH "HISTORIQUE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnologin\fR
+command appeared in BSD 4\&.4\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/pwck.8 b/man/fr/man8/pwck.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39f0a98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/pwck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: pwck
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "PWCK" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+pwck \- V\('erifier l\*(Aqint\('egrit\('e des fichiers de mots de passe
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBpwck\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwck\fR [options] [\fIpasswd\fR\ [\ \fIshadow\fR\ ]]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwck\fR
+command verifies the integrity of the users and authentication information\&. It checks that all entries in
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow
+have the proper format and contain valid data\&. The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors\&.
+.PP
+Voici les v\('erifications effectu\('ees\ \&:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+nombre correct de champs\ \&;
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+unicit\('e et validit\('e des noms d\*(Aqutilisateur\ \&;
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+validit\('e des identifiants d\*(Aqutilisateur et de groupe\ \&;
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+validit\('e du groupe primaire\ \&;
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+validit\('e du r\('epertoire personnel\ \&;
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+validit\('e de l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes initial (\(Fo\ \&login shell\ \&\(Fc)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+shadow
+checks are enabled when a second file parameter is specified or when
+/etc/shadow
+exists on the system\&.
+.PP
+Ces v\('erifications sont les suivantes\ \&:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+chaque entr\('ee de passwd a une entr\('ee correspondante dans shadow, et chaque entr\('ee shadow a une entr\('ee passwd correspondante\ \&;
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+les mots de passe sont indiqu\('es dans le fichier des mot de passe cach\('es\ \&;
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+les entr\('ees de shadow ont le bon nombre de champs\ \&;
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+les entr\('ees de shadow sont uniques dans shadow\ \&;
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+la date du dernier changement de mot de passe n\*(Aqest pas dans le futur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The checks for correct number of fields and unique user name are fatal\&. If the entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete the entire line\&. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed\&. An entry with a duplicated user name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made\&. All other errors are warning and the user is encouraged to run the
+\fBusermod\fR
+command to correct the error\&.
+.PP
+The commands which operate on the
+/etc/passwd
+file are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries\&.
+\fBpwck\fR
+should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entry\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR
+and
+\fB\-s\fR
+options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpwck\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+Ne signaler que les erreurs\&. Les avertissements qui ne n\('ecessitent pas une action de la part de l\*(Aqutilisateur ne seront pas affich\('es\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-read\-only\fR
+.RS 4
+Execute the
+\fBpwck\fR
+command in read\-only mode\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sort\fR
+.RS 4
+Sort entries in
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow
+by UID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+By default,
+\fBpwck\fR
+operates on the files
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow\&. The user may select alternate files with the
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and
+\fIshadow\fR
+parameters\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Nombre maximum de jours de validit\('e d\*(Aqun mot de passe\&. Apr\(`es cette dur\('ee, une modification du mot de passe est obligatoire\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, la valeur de \-1 est utilis\('ee (ce qui enl\(`eve toute restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Nombre minimum de jours autoris\('e avant la modification d\*(Aqun mot de passe\&. Toute tentative de modification du mot de passe avant cette dur\('ee est rejet\('ee\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, la valeur de \-1 est utilis\('ee (ce qui enl\(`eve toute restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Nombre de jours durant lesquels l\*(Aqutilisateur recevra un avertissement avant que son mot de passe n\*(Aqarrive en fin de validit\('e\&. Une valeur n\('egative signifie qu\*(Aqaucun avertissement n\*(Aqest donn\('e\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, aucun avertissement n\*(Aqest donn\('e\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VALEURS DE RETOUR"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwck\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+one or more bad password entries
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt open password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt lock password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt sort password files
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/pwconv.8 b/man/fr/man8/pwconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afd46da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/pwconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: pwconv
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "PWCONV" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+pwconv, pwunconv, grpconv, grpunconv \- Convertir vers ou depuis les fichiers de mots de passe ou de groupe cach\('es
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBpwconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwconv\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBpwunconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwunconv\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBgrpconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpconv\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBgrpunconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpunconv\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIshadow\fR
+from
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and an optionally existing
+\fIshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwunconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIpasswd\fR
+from
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and
+\fIshadow\fR
+and then removes
+\fIshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIgshadow\fR
+from
+\fIgroup\fR
+and an optionally existing
+\fIgshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpunconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIgroup\fR
+from
+\fIgroup\fR
+and
+\fIgshadow\fR
+and then removes
+\fIgshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+These four programs all operate on the normal and shadow password and group files:
+/etc/passwd,
+/etc/group,
+/etc/shadow, and
+/etc/gshadow\&.
+.PP
+Each program acquires the necessary locks before conversion\&.
+\fBpwconv\fR
+and
+\fBgrpconv\fR
+are similar\&. First, entries in the shadowed file which don\*(Aqt exist in the main file are removed\&. Then, shadowed entries which don\*(Aqt have `x\*(Aq as the password in the main file are updated\&. Any missing shadowed entries are added\&. Finally, passwords in the main file are replaced with `x\*(Aq\&. These programs can be used for initial conversion as well to update the shadowed file if the main file is edited by hand\&.
+.PP
+\fBpwconv\fR
+will use the values of
+\fIPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR,
+\fIPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR, and
+\fIPASS_WARN_AGE\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs
+when adding new entries to
+/etc/shadow\&.
+.PP
+Likewise
+\fBpwunconv\fR
+and
+\fBgrpunconv\fR
+are similar\&. Passwords in the main file are updated from the shadowed file\&. Entries which exist in the main file but not in the shadowed file are left alone\&. Finally, the shadowed file is removed\&. Some password aging information is lost by
+\fBpwunconv\fR\&. It will convert what it can\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpwconv\fR,
+\fBpwunconv\fR,
+\fBgrpconv\fR, and
+\fBgrpunconv\fR
+commands are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.SH "BOGUES"
+.PP
+Errors in the password or group files (such as invalid or duplicate entries) may cause these programs to loop forever or fail in other strange ways\&. Please run
+\fBpwck\fR
+and
+\fBgrpck\fR
+to correct any such errors before converting to or from shadow passwords or groups\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+changes the behavior of
+\fBgrpconv\fR
+and
+\fBgrpunconv\fR:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur par d\('efaut est 0, ce qui signifie qu\*(Aqil n\*(Aqy a pas de limites pour le nombre de membres dans un groupe\&.
+.sp
+Cette fonctionnalit\('e (groupe d\('ecoup\('e) permet de limiter la longueur des lignes dans le fichier de groupes\&. Ceci est utile pour s\*(Aqassurer que les lignes pour les groupes NIS ne sont pas plus grandes que 1024 caract\(`eres\&.
+.sp
+Si vous avez besoin de configurer cette limite, vous pouvez utiliser 25\&.
+.sp
+Remarque\ \&: les groupes d\('ecoup\('es ne sont peut\-\(^etre pas pris en charge par tous les outils (m\(^eme dans la suite d\*(Aqoutils Shadow)\&. Vous ne devriez pas utiliser cette variable, sauf si vous en avez vraiment besoin\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of
+\fBpwconv\fR:
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Nombre maximum de jours de validit\('e d\*(Aqun mot de passe\&. Apr\(`es cette dur\('ee, une modification du mot de passe est obligatoire\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, la valeur de \-1 est utilis\('ee (ce qui enl\(`eve toute restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Nombre minimum de jours autoris\('e avant la modification d\*(Aqun mot de passe\&. Toute tentative de modification du mot de passe avant cette dur\('ee est rejet\('ee\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, la valeur de \-1 est utilis\('ee (ce qui enl\(`eve toute restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Nombre de jours durant lesquels l\*(Aqutilisateur recevra un avertissement avant que son mot de passe n\*(Aqarrive en fin de validit\('e\&. Une valeur n\('egative signifie qu\*(Aqaucun avertissement n\*(Aqest donn\('e\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, aucun avertissement n\*(Aqest donn\('e\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/pwunconv.8 b/man/fr/man8/pwunconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/pwunconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/sulogin.8 b/man/fr/man8/sulogin.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1bb5b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/sulogin.8
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: sulogin
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "SULOGIN" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+sulogin \- Single\-user login
+.SH "SYNTAX"
+.PP
+\fBsulogin\fR
+[\fItty\-device\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsulogin\fR
+command is invoked by
+\fBinit\fR
+prior to allowing the user access to the system when in single user mode\&. This feature may only be available on certain systems where
+\fBinit\fR
+has been modified accordingly, or where the
+/etc/inittab
+has an entry for a single user login\&.
+.PP
+The user is prompted
+.PP
+Type control\-d to proceed with normal startup,
+(or give root password for system maintenance):
+.PP
+Input and output will be performed with the standard file descriptors unless the optional device name argument is provided\&.
+.PP
+If the user enters the correct root password, a login session is initiated\&. When
+\fIEOF\fR
+is pressed instead, the system enters multi\-user mode\&.
+.PP
+After the user exits the single\-user shell, or presses
+\fIEOF\fR, the system begins the initialization process required to enter multi\-user mode\&.
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+This command can only be used if
+\fBinit\fR
+has been modified to call
+\fBsulogin\fR
+instead of
+/bin/sh, or if the user has set the
+\fIinittab\fR
+to support a single user login\&. For example, the line:
+.PP
+co:s:respawn:/etc/sulogin /dev/console
+.PP
+should execute the sulogin command in single user mode\&.
+.PP
+As complete an environment as possible is created\&. However, various devices may be unmounted or uninitialized and many of the user commands may be unavailable or nonfunctional as a result\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1),
+\fBinit\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/useradd.8 b/man/fr/man8/useradd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..68bda49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/useradd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: useradd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "USERADD" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+useradd \- cr\('eer un nouvel utilisateur ou modifier les informations par d\('efaut appliqu\('ees aux nouveaux utilisateurs
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
+\fBuseradd\fR [\fIoptions\fR] \fILOGIN\fR
+.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
+\fBuseradd\fR \-D
+.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
+\fBuseradd\fR \-D [\fIoptions\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+When invoked without the
+\fB\-D\fR
+option, the
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command creates a new user account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system\&. Depending on command line options, the
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command will update system files and may also create the new user\*(Aqs home directory and copy initial files\&.
+.PP
+By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see
+\fB\-g\fR,
+\fB\-N\fR,
+\fB\-U\fR, and
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR)\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-base\-dir\fR\ \&\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The default base directory for the system if
+\fB\-d\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+is not specified\&.
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+is concatenated with the account name to define the home directory\&. If the
+\fB\-m\fR
+option is not used,
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+must exist\&.
+.sp
+If this option is not specified,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will use the base directory specified by the
+\fBHOME\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or
+/home
+by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-comment\fR\ \&\fICOMMENT\fR
+.RS 4
+Toute cha\(^ine de texte\&. C\*(Aqest g\('en\('eralement une description courte du compte, elle est actuellement utilis\('ee comme champ pour le nom complet de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-home\-dir\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The new user will be created using
+\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+as the value for the user\*(Aqs login directory\&. The default is to append the
+\fILOGIN\fR
+name to
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+and use that as the login directory name\&. The directory
+\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+does not have to exist but will not be created if it is missing\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-defaults\fR
+.RS 4
+Consultez ci\-dessous la sous\-section \(Fo\ \&Modifier les valeurs par d\('efaut\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+The date on which the user account will be disabled\&. The date is specified in the format
+\fIYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR\&.
+.sp
+If not specified,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will use the default expiry date specified by the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or an empty string (no expiry) by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Nombre de jours suivant la fin de validit\('e d\*(Aqun mot de passe apr\(`es lequel le compte est d\('efinitivement d\('esactiv\('e\&. Une valeur de 0 d\('esactive le compte d\(`es que le mot de passe a d\('epass\('e sa fin de validit\('e, et une valeur de \-1 d\('esactive cette fonctionnalit\('e\&.
+.sp
+If not specified,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will use the default inactivity period specified by the
+\fBINACTIVE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or \-1 by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+Nom du groupe ou identifiant num\('erique du groupe de connexion initial de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&. Le nom du groupe doit exister\&. Un num\('ero de groupe doit se r\('ef\('erer \(`a un groupe d\('ej\(`a existant\&.
+.sp
+If not specified, the behavior of
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will depend on the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&. If this variable is set to
+\fIyes\fR
+(or
+\fB\-U/\-\-user\-group\fR
+is specified on the command line), a group will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname\&. If the variable is set to
+\fIno\fR
+(or
+\fB\-N/\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
+is specified on the command line), useradd will set the primary group of the new user to the value specified by the
+\fBGROUP\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or 100 by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-groups\fR\ \&\fIGROUP1\fR[\fI,GROUP2,\&.\&.\&.\fR[\fI,GROUPN\fR]]]
+.RS 4
+A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of\&. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace\&. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option\&. The default is for the user to belong only to the initial group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-skel\fR\ \&\fISKEL_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in the user\*(Aqs home directory, when the home directory is created by
+\fBuseradd\fR\&.
+.sp
+This option is only valid if the
+\fB\-m\fR
+(or
+\fB\-\-create\-home\fR) option is specified\&.
+.sp
+If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the
+\fBSKEL\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd
+or, by default,
+/etc/skel\&.
+.sp
+Si possible, les ACL et les attributs \('etendus seront copi\('es\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-K\fR, \fB\-\-key\fR\ \&\fIKEY\fR=\fIVALUE\fR
+.RS 4
+Overrides
+/etc/login\&.defs
+defaults (\fBUID_MIN\fR,
+\fBUID_MAX\fR,
+\fBUMASK\fR,
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR
+and others)\&.
+
+Example:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR=\fI\-1\fR
+can be used when creating system account to turn off password aging, even though system account has no password at all\&. Multiple
+\fB\-K\fR
+options can be specified, e\&.g\&.:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIUID_MIN\fR=\fI100\fR\ \&
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIUID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-no\-log\-init\fR
+.RS 4
+N\*(Aqajoute pas l\*(Aqutilisateur aux bases de donn\('ees lastlog et faillog\&.
+.sp
+Par d\('efaut, les entr\('ees de l\*(Aqutilisateur dans les bases de donn\('ees lastlog et faillog sont remises \(`a z\('ero pour \('eviter de r\('eutiliser les entr\('ees d\*(Aqun utilisateur pr\('ec\('edemment supprim\('e\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-create\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+Create the user\*(Aqs home directory if it does not exist\&. The files and directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with the
+\fB\-k\fR
+option) will be copied to the home directory\&.
+.sp
+By default, if this option is not specified and
+\fBCREATE_HOME\fR
+is not enabled, no home directories are created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-no\-create\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+Do no create the user\*(Aqs home directory, even if the system wide setting from
+/etc/login\&.defs
+(\fBCREATE_HOME\fR) is set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to the group specified by the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option or by the
+\fBGROUP\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.sp
+The default behavior (if the
+\fB\-g\fR,
+\fB\-N\fR, and
+\fB\-U\fR
+options are not specified) is defined by the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+Permet de cr\('eer un compte d\*(Aqutilisateur avec un identifiant (\(Fo\ \&UID\ \&\(Fc) dupliqu\('e (non unique)\&.
+.sp
+This option is only valid in combination with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&. The default is to disable the password\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+Il est n\('ecessaire de v\('erifier si le mot de passe respecte la politique de mots de passe du syst\(`eme\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+Cr\('eer un compte syst\(`eme\&.
+.sp
+System users will be created with no aging information in
+/etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+/etc/login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-\fBUID_MAX\fR
+(and their
+\fBGID\fR
+counterparts for the creation of groups)\&.
+.sp
+Note that
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will not create a home directory for such a user, regardless of the default setting in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+(\fBCREATE_HOME\fR)\&. You have to specify the
+\fB\-m\fR
+options if you want a home directory for a system account to be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the user\*(Aqs login shell\&. The default is to leave this field blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified by the
+\fBSHELL\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or an empty string by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-uid\fR\ \&\fIUID\fR
+.RS 4
+The numerical value of the user\*(Aqs ID\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+and greater than every other user\&.
+.sp
+See also the
+\fB\-r\fR
+option and the
+\fBUID_MAX\fR
+description\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-U\fR, \fB\-\-user\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+Cr\('ee un groupe avec le m\(^eme nom que celui de l\*(Aqutilisateur, et ajoute l\*(Aqutilisateur \(`a ce groupe\&.
+.sp
+The default behavior (if the
+\fB\-g\fR,
+\fB\-N\fR, and
+\fB\-U\fR
+options are not specified) is defined by the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR\ \&\fISEUSER\fR
+.RS 4
+L\*(Aqutilisateur SELinux utilis\('e pour la connexion de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&. Le comportement par d\('efaut est de laisser ce champ vide\&. Le syst\(`eme s\('electionnera alors l\*(Aqutilisateur SELinux par d\('efaut\&.
+.RE
+.SS "Modifier les valeurs par d\('efaut"
+.PP
+When invoked with only the
+\fB\-D\fR
+option,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will display the current default values\&. When invoked with
+\fB\-D\fR
+plus other options,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will update the default values for the specified options\&. Valid default\-changing options are:
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-base\-dir\fR\ \&\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The path prefix for a new user\*(Aqs home directory\&. The user\*(Aqs name will be affixed to the end of
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+to form the new user\*(Aqs home directory name, if the
+\fB\-d\fR
+option is not used when creating a new account\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBHOME\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+Date \(`a laquelle le compte utilisateur sera d\('esactiv\('e\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Nombre de jours apr\(`es la fin de validit\('e d\*(Aqun mot de passe avant que le compte ne soit d\('esactiv\('e\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBINACTIVE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+The group name or ID for a new user\*(Aqs initial group (when the
+\fB\-N/\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
+is used or when the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable is set to
+\fIno\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs)\&. The named group must exist, and a numerical group ID must have an existing entry\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBGROUP\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+Le nom de l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes du nouvel utilisateur\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBSHELL\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.SH "NOTES"
+.PP
+The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files in the
+/etc/skel/
+directory (or any other skeleton directory specified in
+/etc/default/useradd
+or on the command line)\&.
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+Vous ne pouvez pas ajouter d\*(Aqutilisateur \(`a un groupe NIS ou LDAP\&. Cela doit \(^etre effectu\('e sur le serveur correspondant\&.
+.PP
+Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such as NIS or LDAP,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will deny the user account creation request\&.
+.PP
+Les noms d\*(Aqutilisateur doivent commencer par une lettre minuscule ou un tiret bas (\(Fo\ \&underscore\ \&\(Fc), et seuls des lettres minuscules, des chiffres, des \(Fo\ \&underscore\ \&\(Fc, ou des tirets peuvent suivre\&. Ils peuvent se terminer par un signe dollar\&. Soit, sous la forme d\*(Aqune expression rationnelle\ \&: [a\-z_][a\-z0\-9_\-]*[$]?
+.PP
+Les noms d\*(Aqutilisateur sont limit\('es \(`a 16 caract\(`eres\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCREATE_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indiquer si un r\('epertoire personnel doit \(^etre cr\('e\('e par d\('efaut pour les nouveaux utilisateurs\&.
+.sp
+Ce r\('eglage ne s\*(Aqapplique pas pour les utilisateurs syst\(`eme, et peut \(^etre annul\('e sur la ligne de commande\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
+\fBUMASK\fR
+is used to create the mode\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+R\('epertoire d\*(Aqattente des courriels (\(Fo\ \&mail spool directory\ \&\(Fc)\&. Ce param\(`etre est n\('ecessaire pour manipuler les bo\(^ites \(`a lettres lorsque le compte d\*(Aqun utilisateur est modifi\('e ou supprim\('e\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas sp\('ecifi\('e, une valeur par d\('efaut d\('efinie \(`a la compilation est utilis\('ee\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+D\('efinir l\*(Aqemplacement des bo\(^ites aux lettres des utilisateurs relativement \(`a leur r\('epertoire personnel\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur par d\('efaut est 0, ce qui signifie qu\*(Aqil n\*(Aqy a pas de limites pour le nombre de membres dans un groupe\&.
+.sp
+Cette fonctionnalit\('e (groupe d\('ecoup\('e) permet de limiter la longueur des lignes dans le fichier de groupes\&. Ceci est utile pour s\*(Aqassurer que les lignes pour les groupes NIS ne sont pas plus grandes que 1024 caract\(`eres\&.
+.sp
+Si vous avez besoin de configurer cette limite, vous pouvez utiliser 25\&.
+.sp
+Remarque\ \&: les groupes d\('ecoup\('es ne sont peut\-\(^etre pas pris en charge par tous les outils (m\(^eme dans la suite d\*(Aqoutils Shadow)\&. Vous ne devriez pas utiliser cette variable, sauf si vous en avez vraiment besoin\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Nombre maximum de jours de validit\('e d\*(Aqun mot de passe\&. Apr\(`es cette dur\('ee, une modification du mot de passe est obligatoire\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, la valeur de \-1 est utilis\('ee (ce qui enl\(`eve toute restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Nombre minimum de jours autoris\('e avant la modification d\*(Aqun mot de passe\&. Toute tentative de modification du mot de passe avant cette dur\('ee est rejet\('ee\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, la valeur de \-1 est utilis\('ee (ce qui enl\(`eve toute restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Nombre de jours durant lesquels l\*(Aqutilisateur recevra un avertissement avant que son mot de passe n\*(Aqarrive en fin de validit\('e\&. Une valeur n\('egative signifie qu\*(Aqaucun avertissement n\*(Aqest donn\('e\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, aucun avertissement n\*(Aqest donn\('e\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Valeur d\*(Aqinitialisation du masque de permissions\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, le masque des permissions sera initialis\('e \(`a 022\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer la mise en place de bits de masque de groupe (\(Fo\ \&umask group bits\ \&\(Fc) identiques \(`a ceux du propri\('etaire (exemple\ \&: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) pour les utilisateurs non privil\('egi\('es, si l\*(AqUID est identique au GID et que l\*(Aqidentifiant de connexion est identique au groupe principal\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/default/useradd
+.RS 4
+Valeurs par d\('efaut pour la cr\('eation de comptes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/skel/
+.RS 4
+R\('epertoire contenant les fichiers par d\('efaut\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+IDs des groupes subalternes d\*(Aqun utilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+IDs de utilisateurs subalternes d\*(Aqun utilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VALEURS DE RETOUR"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+UID already in use (and no
+\fB\-o\fR)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+username already in use
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt create home directory
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI14\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update SELinux user mapping
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/userdel.8 b/man/fr/man8/userdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f2933c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/userdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: userdel
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "USERDEL" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+userdel \- supprimer un compte utilisateur et les fichiers associ\('es
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBuserdel\fR\ 'u
+\fBuserdel\fR [options] \fILOGIN\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to the user name
+\fILOGIN\fR\&. The named user must exist\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+This option forces the removal of the user account, even if the user is still logged in\&. It also forces
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to remove the user\*(Aqs home directory and mail spool, even if another user uses the same home directory or if the mail spool is not owned by the specified user\&. If
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+is defined to
+\fIyes\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+and if a group exists with the same name as the deleted user, then this group will be removed, even if it is still the primary group of another user\&.
+.sp
+\fINote:\fR
+This option is dangerous and may leave your system in an inconsistent state\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-remove\fR
+.RS 4
+Les fichiers pr\('esents dans le r\('epertoire personnel de l\*(Aqutilisateur seront supprim\('es en m\(^eme temps que le r\('epertoire lui\-m\(^eme, ainsi que le r\('epertoire d\*(Aqattente des courriels\&. Vous devrez rechercher et \('eliminer vous\-m\(^eme les fichiers situ\('es dans d\*(Aqautres syst\(`emes de fichiers\&.
+.sp
+The mail spool is defined by the
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+variable in the
+login\&.defs
+file\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR
+.RS 4
+\('Elimine toute association avec tout utilisateur SELinux pour la connexion de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+R\('epertoire d\*(Aqattente des courriels (\(Fo\ \&mail spool directory\ \&\(Fc)\&. Ce param\(`etre est n\('ecessaire pour manipuler les bo\(^ites \(`a lettres lorsque le compte d\*(Aqun utilisateur est modifi\('e ou supprim\('e\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas sp\('ecifi\('e, une valeur par d\('efaut d\('efinie \(`a la compilation est utilis\('ee\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+D\('efinir l\*(Aqemplacement des bo\(^ites aux lettres des utilisateurs relativement \(`a leur r\('epertoire personnel\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur par d\('efaut est 0, ce qui signifie qu\*(Aqil n\*(Aqy a pas de limites pour le nombre de membres dans un groupe\&.
+.sp
+Cette fonctionnalit\('e (groupe d\('ecoup\('e) permet de limiter la longueur des lignes dans le fichier de groupes\&. Ceci est utile pour s\*(Aqassurer que les lignes pour les groupes NIS ne sont pas plus grandes que 1024 caract\(`eres\&.
+.sp
+Si vous avez besoin de configurer cette limite, vous pouvez utiliser 25\&.
+.sp
+Remarque\ \&: les groupes d\('ecoup\('es ne sont peut\-\(^etre pas pris en charge par tous les outils (m\(^eme dans la suite d\*(Aqoutils Shadow)\&. Vous ne devriez pas utiliser cette variable, sauf si vous en avez vraiment besoin\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERDEL_CMD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, la commande est ex\('ecut\('ee lors de la suppression d\*(Aqun utilisateur\&. Elle pourra supprimer toutes les t\(^aches p\('eriodiques cron ou at, tous les travaux d\*(Aqimpression, etc\&. de l\*(Aqutilisateur (qui sera fourni comme premier param\(`etre)\&.
+.sp
+Le code de retour du script n\*(Aqest pas pris en compte\&.
+.sp
+Here is an example script, which removes the user\*(Aqs cron, at and print jobs:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+#! /bin/sh
+
+# Check for the required argument\&.
+if [ $# != 1 ]; then
+	echo "Usage: $0 username"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Remove cron jobs\&.
+crontab \-r \-u $1
+
+# Remove at jobs\&.
+# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,
+# even if it was shared by a different username\&.
+AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs
+find $AT_SPOOL_DIR \-name "[^\&.]*" \-type f \-user $1 \-delete \e;
+
+# Remove print jobs\&.
+lprm $1
+
+# All done\&.
+exit 0
+      
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.sp
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer la mise en place de bits de masque de groupe (\(Fo\ \&umask group bits\ \&\(Fc) identiques \(`a ceux du propri\('etaire (exemple\ \&: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) pour les utilisateurs non privil\('egi\('es, si l\*(AqUID est identique au GID et que l\*(Aqidentifiant de connexion est identique au groupe principal\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+IDs des groupes subalternes d\*(Aqun utilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+IDs de utilisateurs subalternes d\*(Aqun utilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VALEURS DE RETOUR"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified user doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI8\fR
+.RS 4
+user currently logged in
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt remove home directory
+.RE
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will not allow you to remove an account if there are running processes which belong to this account\&. In that case, you may have to kill those processes or lock the user\*(Aqs password or account and remove the account later\&. The
+\fB\-f\fR
+option can force the deletion of this account\&.
+.PP
+Vous devez v\('erifier vous\-m\(^eme qu\*(Aqaucun fichier poss\('ed\('e par l\*(Aqutilisateur ne subsiste sur tous les syst\(`emes de fichiers\&.
+.PP
+Vous ne pouvez supprimer aucun attribut NIS d\*(Aqun client NIS\&. Cela doit \(^etre effectu\('e sur le serveur NIS\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+is defined to
+\fIyes\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will delete the group with the same name as the user\&. To avoid inconsistencies in the passwd and group databases,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will check that this group is not used as a primary group for another user, and will just warn without deleting the group otherwise\&. The
+\fB\-f\fR
+option can force the deletion of this group\&.
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/usermod.8 b/man/fr/man8/usermod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55dcd7c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/usermod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: usermod
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "USERMOD" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+usermod \- Modifier un compte utilisateur
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBusermod\fR\ 'u
+\fBusermod\fR [\fIoptions\fR] \fILOGIN\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBusermod\fR
+command modifies the system account files to reflect the changes that are specified on the command line\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBusermod\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-append\fR
+.RS 4
+Add the user to the supplementary group(s)\&. Use only with the
+\fB\-G\fR
+option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-badnames\fR
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-comment\fR\ \&\fICOMMENT\fR
+.RS 4
+The new value of the user\*(Aqs password file comment field\&. It is normally modified using the
+\fBchfn\fR(1)
+utility\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-home\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Le nouveau r\('epertoire personnel de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.sp
+If the
+\fB\-m\fR
+option is given, the contents of the current home directory will be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it does not already exist\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+The date on which the user account will be disabled\&. The date is specified in the format
+\fIYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR\&.
+.sp
+An empty
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+argument will disable the expiration of the account\&.
+.sp
+This option requires a
+/etc/shadow
+file\&. A
+/etc/shadow
+entry will be created if there were none\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Nombre de jours suivant la fin de validit\('e d\*(Aqun mot de passe apr\(`es lequel le compte est d\('efinitivement d\('esactiv\('e\&.
+.sp
+Une valeur de 0 d\('esactive le compte d\(`es que le mot de passe a d\('epass\('e sa fin de validit\('e, et une valeur de \-1 d\('esactive cette fonctionnalit\('e\&.
+.sp
+This option requires a
+/etc/shadow
+file\&. A
+/etc/shadow
+entry will be created if there were none\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+Nom du groupe ou identifiant num\('erique du groupe de connexion initial de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&. Le groupe doit exister\&.
+.sp
+Tout fichier du r\('epertoire personnel de l\*(Aqutilisateur appartenant au groupe primaire pr\('ec\('edent de l\*(Aqutilisateur appartiendra \(`a ce nouveau groupe\&.
+.sp
+Le groupe propri\('etaire des fichiers en dehors du r\('epertoire personnel de l\*(Aqutilisateur doit \(^etre modifi\('e manuellement\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-groups\fR\ \&\fIGROUP1\fR[\fI,GROUP2,\&.\&.\&.\fR[\fI,GROUPN\fR]]]
+.RS 4
+A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of\&. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace\&. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option\&.
+.sp
+If the user is currently a member of a group which is not listed, the user will be removed from the group\&. This behaviour can be changed via the
+\fB\-a\fR
+option, which appends the user to the current supplementary group list\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR\ \&\fINEW_LOGIN\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the user will be changed from
+\fILOGIN\fR
+to
+\fINEW_LOGIN\fR\&. Nothing else is changed\&. In particular, the user\*(Aqs home directory or mail spool should probably be renamed manually to reflect the new login name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-lock\fR
+.RS 4
+Lock a user\*(Aqs password\&. This puts a \*(Aq!\*(Aq in front of the encrypted password, effectively disabling the password\&. You can\*(Aqt use this option with
+\fB\-p\fR
+or
+\fB\-U\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: if you wish to lock the account (not only access with a password), you should also set the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+to
+\fI1\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-move\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+D\('eplacer le contenu du r\('epertoire personnel de l\*(Aqutilisateur vers un nouvel emplacement\&.
+.sp
+This option is only valid in combination with the
+\fB\-d\fR
+(or
+\fB\-\-home\fR) option\&.
+.sp
+\fBusermod\fR
+will try to adapt the ownership of the files and to copy the modes, ACL and extended attributes, but manual changes might be needed afterwards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+When used with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option, this option allows to change the user ID to a non\-unique value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+Il est n\('ecessaire de v\('erifier si le mot de passe respecte la politique de mots de passe du syst\(`eme\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+Nom du nouvel interpr\('eteur de commandes initial (\(Fo\ \&login shell\ \&\(Fc) de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&. Si ce champ est vide, le syst\(`eme s\('electionnera l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes initial par d\('efaut\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-uid\fR\ \&\fIUID\fR
+.RS 4
+La valeur num\('erique de l\*(Aqidentifiant de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.sp
+This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&.
+.sp
+La bo\(^ite aux lettres et tous les fichiers poss\('ed\('es par l\*(Aqutilisateur et qui sont situ\('es dans son r\('epertoire personnel verront leur identifiant d\*(Aqutilisateur automatiquement modifi\('e\&.
+.sp
+Le propri\('etaire des fichiers en dehors du r\('epertoire personnel de l\*(Aqutilisateur doit \(^etre modifi\('e manuellement\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to the
+\fBUID_MIN\fR,
+\fBUID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR, or
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-U\fR, \fB\-\-unlock\fR
+.RS 4
+Unlock a user\*(Aqs password\&. This removes the \*(Aq!\*(Aq in front of the encrypted password\&. You can\*(Aqt use this option with
+\fB\-p\fR
+or
+\fB\-L\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: if you wish to unlock the account (not only access with a password), you should also set the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+(for example to
+\fI99999\fR, or to the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+value from
+/etc/default/useradd)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-add\-subuids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Ajoute une plage d\*(AqUIDs subalternes au compte de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.sp
+Vous pouvez indiquer plusieurs fois cette option, pour ajouter plusieurs plages de comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-V\fR, \fB\-\-del\-subuids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Supprime une plage d\*(AqUids subalternes du compte de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a users account\&. When both
+\fB\-\-del\-subuids\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-add\-subuids\fR
+are specified, the removal of all subordinate uid ranges happens before any subordinate uid range is added\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-add\-subgids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Ajoute une plage de gids subalternes au compte d\*(Aqun utilisateur\&.
+.sp
+Vous pouvez indiquer plusieurs fois cette option, pour ajouter plusieurs plages de comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-del\-subgids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Supprime une plage de gids subalternes du compte de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a users account\&. When both
+\fB\-\-del\-subgids\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-add\-subgids\fR
+are specified, the removal of all subordinate gid ranges happens before any subordinate gid range is added\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR\ \&\fISEUSER\fR
+.RS 4
+Le nouvel utilisateur SELinux utilis\('e pour la connexion de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.sp
+A blank
+\fISEUSER\fR
+will remove the SELinux user mapping for user
+\fILOGIN\fR
+(if any)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes when this command is being executed if the user\*(Aqs numerical user ID, the user\*(Aqs name, or the user\*(Aqs home directory is being changed\&.
+\fBusermod\fR
+checks this on Linux\&. On other platforms it only uses utmp to check if the user is logged in\&.
+.PP
+You must change the owner of any
+\fBcrontab\fR
+files or
+\fBat\fR
+jobs manually\&.
+.PP
+Les modifications qui concernent NIS doivent \(^etre effectu\('ees sur le serveur NIS\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+R\('epertoire d\*(Aqattente des courriels (\(Fo\ \&mail spool directory\ \&\(Fc)\&. Ce param\(`etre est n\('ecessaire pour manipuler les bo\(^ites \(`a lettres lorsque le compte d\*(Aqun utilisateur est modifi\('e ou supprim\('e\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas sp\('ecifi\('e, une valeur par d\('efaut d\('efinie \(`a la compilation est utilis\('ee\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+D\('efinir l\*(Aqemplacement des bo\(^ites aux lettres des utilisateurs relativement \(`a leur r\('epertoire personnel\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur par d\('efaut est 0, ce qui signifie qu\*(Aqil n\*(Aqy a pas de limites pour le nombre de membres dans un groupe\&.
+.sp
+Cette fonctionnalit\('e (groupe d\('ecoup\('e) permet de limiter la longueur des lignes dans le fichier de groupes\&. Ceci est utile pour s\*(Aqassurer que les lignes pour les groupes NIS ne sont pas plus grandes que 1024 caract\(`eres\&.
+.sp
+Si vous avez besoin de configurer cette limite, vous pouvez utiliser 25\&.
+.sp
+Remarque\ \&: les groupes d\('ecoup\('es ne sont peut\-\(^etre pas pris en charge par tous les outils (m\(^eme dans la suite d\*(Aqoutils Shadow)\&. Vous ne devriez pas utiliser cette variable, sauf si vous en avez vraiment besoin\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+IDs des groupes subalternes d\*(Aqun utilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+IDs de utilisateurs subalternes d\*(Aqun utilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/vigr.8 b/man/fr/man8/vigr.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff72d7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/vigr.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/vipw.8
diff --git a/man/fr/man8/vipw.8 b/man/fr/man8/vipw.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e45bc22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man8/vipw.8
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: vipw
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes de gestion du syst\(`eme
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "VIPW" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes de gestion du syst\(`em"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+vipw, vigr \- \('Editer les fichiers passwd, group, shadow ou gshadow
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBvipw\fR\ 'u
+\fBvipw\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBvigr\fR\ 'u
+\fBvigr\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBvipw\fR
+and
+\fBvigr\fR
+commands edits the files
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/group, respectively\&. With the
+\fB\-s\fR
+flag, they will edit the shadow versions of those files,
+/etc/shadow
+and
+/etc/gshadow, respectively\&. The programs will set the appropriate locks to prevent file corruption\&. When looking for an editor, the programs will first try the environment variable
+\fB$VISUAL\fR, then the environment variable
+\fB$EDITOR\fR, and finally the default editor,
+\fBvi\fR(1)\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBvipw\fR
+and
+\fBvigr\fR
+commands are:
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+\('Editer la base de donn\('ees de groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-passwd\fR
+.RS 4
+\('Editer la base de donn\('ees passwd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+Mode silencieux\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shadow\fR
+.RS 4
+\('Editer les bases de donn\('ees shadow ou gshadow\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ENVIRONNEMENT"
+.PP
+\fBVISUAL\fR
+.RS 4
+L\*(Aq\('editeur \(`a utiliser
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBEDITOR\fR
+.RS 4
+Editor to be used if
+\fBVISUAL\fR
+is not set\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBvi\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5)
+,
+\fBpasswd\fR(5), ,
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/generate_mans.mak b/man/generate_mans.mak
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0721b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/generate_mans.mak
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+if USE_PAM
+PAM_COND=pam
+else
+PAM_COND=no_pam
+endif
+if SHADOWGRP
+SHADOWGRP_COND=gshadow
+else
+SHADOWGRP_COND=no_gshadow
+endif
+if WITH_TCB
+TCB_COND=tcb
+else
+TCB_COND=no_tcb
+endif
+
+if USE_SHA_CRYPT
+SHA_CRYPT_COND=sha_crypt
+else
+SHA_CRYPT_COND=no_sha_crypt
+endif
+
+if ENABLE_SUBIDS
+SUBIDS_COND=subids
+else
+SUBIDS_COND=no_subids
+endif
+
+if ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN
+%.xml-config: %.xml
+	if grep -q SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE $<; then \
+		sed -e 's/^<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->/<!ENTITY % config SYSTEM "config.xml">%config;/' $< > $@; \
+	else \
+		sed -e 's/^\(<!DOCTYPE .*docbookx.dtd"\)>/\1 [<!ENTITY % config SYSTEM "config.xml">%config;]>/' $< > $@; \
+	fi
+
+man1/% man3/% man5/% man8/%: %.xml-config Makefile config.xml
+	$(XSLTPROC) --stringparam profile.condition "$(PAM_COND);$(SHADOWGRP_COND);$(TCB_COND);$(SHA_CRYPT_COND);$(SUBIDS_COND)" \
+	            --param "man.authors.section.enabled" "0" \
+	            --stringparam "man.output.base.dir" "" \
+	            --param "man.output.in.separate.dir" "1" \
+	            -nonet http://docbook.sourceforge.net/release/xsl/current/manpages/profile-docbook.xsl $<
+
+clean-local:
+	rm -rf man1 man3 man5 man8
+
+else
+$(man_MANS):
+	@echo you need to run configure with --enable-man to generate man pages
+endif
+
+man8/grpconv.8 man8/grpunconv.8 man8/pwunconv.8: man8/pwconv.8
+
+man3/getspnam.3: man3/shadow.3
+
+man8/vigr.8: man8/vipw.8
diff --git a/man/generate_translations.mak b/man/generate_translations.mak
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb9ac41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/generate_translations.mak
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+LANG=$(notdir $(CURDIR))
+
+if ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN
+config.xml: ../config.xml.in
+	$(MAKE) -C .. config.xml
+	cp ../config.xml $@
+
+messages.mo: ../po/$(LANG).po
+	msgfmt ../po/$(LANG).po -o messages.mo
+
+login.defs.d:
+	ln -sf ../login.defs.d login.defs.d
+
+%.xml: ../%.xml messages.mo login.defs.d
+	if grep -q SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE $< ; then \
+	    sed -e 's/^<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->/<!ENTITY % config SYSTEM "config.xml">%config;/' $< > $@; \
+	else \
+	    sed -e 's/^\(<!DOCTYPE .*docbookx.dtd"\)>/\1 [<!ENTITY % config SYSTEM "config.xml">%config;]>/' $< > $@; \
+	fi
+	itstool -d -l $(LANG) -m messages.mo -o . $@
+	sed -i 's:\(^<refentry .*\)>:\1 lang="$(LANG)">:' $@
+
+include ../generate_mans.mak
+
+else
+$(man_MANS):
+	@echo you need to run configure with --enable-man to generate man pages
+endif
+
+CLEANFILES = messages.mo login.defs.d $(EXTRA_DIST) $(addsuffix .xml,$(EXTRA_DIST)) config.xml
diff --git a/man/gpasswd.1.xml b/man/gpasswd.1.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebd1b41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/gpasswd.1.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1996       , Rafal Maszkowski
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY ENCRYPT_METHOD        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENCRYPT_METHOD.xml">
+<!ENTITY MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP.xml">
+<!ENTITY MD5_CRYPT_ENAB        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS  SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+
+<refentry id='gpasswd.1'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Rafal</firstname>
+      <surname>Maszkowski</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1996</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">User Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>gpasswd</refname>
+    <refpurpose>
+      <phrase condition="no_gshadow">
+	administer <filename>/etc/group</filename>
+      </phrase>
+      <phrase condition="gshadow">
+	administer <filename>/etc/group</filename> and
+	<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>
+      </phrase>
+    </refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <!-- body begins here -->
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>gpasswd</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>option</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='plain'>
+	<replaceable>group</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>gpasswd</command> command is used to administer
+      <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition="gshadow">,
+      and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase>.
+      Every group can have
+      <phrase condition="gshadow">administrators,</phrase>
+      members and a password.
+    </para>
+    <para condition="gshadow">
+      System administrators can use the <option>-A</option> option to define
+      group administrator(s) and the <option>-M</option> option to define
+      members. They have all rights of group administrators and members.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      <command>gpasswd</command> called by
+      <phrase condition="gshadow">a group administrator</phrase>
+      <phrase condition="no_gshadow">a system administrator</phrase>
+      with a group name only prompts for the new password of the
+      <replaceable>group</replaceable>.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      If a password is set the members can still use <citerefentry>
+      <refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry> without a password, and non-members must supply the
+      password.
+    </para>
+
+    <refsect2 id='notes_about_group_passwords'>
+      <title>Notes about group passwords</title>
+      <para>
+	Group passwords are an inherent security problem since more than one
+	person is permitted to know the password. However, groups are a
+	useful tool for permitting co-operation between different users.
+      </para>
+    </refsect2>
+
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para condition="gshadow">
+      Except for the <option>-A</option> and <option>-M</option> options,
+      the options cannot be combined.
+    </para>
+    <para condition="no_gshadow">
+      The options cannot be combined.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>gpasswd</command> command are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Add the <replaceable>user</replaceable> to the named
+	    <replaceable>group</replaceable>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Remove the <replaceable>user</replaceable> from the named
+	    <replaceable>group</replaceable>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-Q</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-r</option>, <option>--remove-password</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Remove the password from the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>.
+	    The group password will be empty.
+	    Only group members will be allowed to use
+	    <command>newgrp</command> to join the named
+	    <replaceable>group</replaceable>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--restrict</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Restrict the access to the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>.
+	    The group password is set to "!".
+	    Only group members with a password will be allowed to use
+	    <command>newgrp</command> to join the named
+	    <replaceable>group</replaceable>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+    <variablelist remap='IP' condition="gshadow">
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-A</option>, <option>--administrators</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</replaceable>,...
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Set the list of administrative users.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-M</option>, <option>--members</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</replaceable>,...
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Set the list of group members.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='caveats'>
+    <title>CAVEATS</title>
+    <para>
+      This tool only operates on the <filename>/etc/group</filename>
+      <phrase condition="gshadow"> and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>
+      files.</phrase>
+      <phrase condition="no_gshadow">file.</phrase>
+      Thus you cannot change any NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed
+      on the corresponding server.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &ENCRYPT_METHOD;
+      &MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP;
+      &MD5_CRYPT_ENAB;
+      &SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS; <!--This also document SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS-->
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/group</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="gshadow">
+	<term><filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry><phrase condition="gshadow">,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry></phrase>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/groupadd.8.xml b/man/groupadd.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e58f09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/groupadd.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991       , Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY GID_MAX               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/GID_MAX.xml">
+<!ENTITY MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP.xml">
+<!ENTITY SYS_GID_MAX           SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SYS_GID_MAX.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='groupadd.8'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1991</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>groupadd</refname>
+    <refpurpose>create a new group</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <!-- body begins here -->
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>groupadd</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='plain'>
+	<replaceable>group</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>The <command>groupadd</command> command creates a new group
+      account using the values specified on the command line plus the default
+      values from the system. The new group will be entered into the system
+      files as needed.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>groupadd</command> command
+      are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    This option causes the command to simply exit with success
+	    status if the specified group already exists. When used with
+	    <option>-g</option>, and the specified GID already exists,
+	    another (unique) GID is chosen (i.e. <option>-g</option> is
+	    turned off).
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>The numerical value of the group's ID. This value must be
+	    unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is used. The value
+	    must be non-negative. The default is to use the smallest ID
+	    value greater than or equal to <option>GID_MIN</option> and
+	    greater than every other group.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    See also the <option>-r</option> option and the
+	    <option>GID_MAX</option> description.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults 
+	    (GID_MIN, GID_MAX and others). Multiple
+	    <option>-K</option> options can be specified.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	     Example: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;
+	    <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Note: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>
+	    doesn't work yet.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    This option permits to add a group with a non-unique GID.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASSWORD</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry>
+	    <refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
+	    </citerefentry>. The default is to disable the password.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    <emphasis role="bold">Note:</emphasis> This option is not
+	    recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will
+	    be visible by users listing the processes.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    You should make sure the password respects the system's
+	    password policy.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-r</option>, <option>--system</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Create a system group.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The numeric identifiers of new system groups are chosen in
+	    the <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>
+	    range, defined in <filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of
+	    <option>GID_MIN</option>-<option>GID_MAX</option>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-P</option>, <option>--prefix</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+		This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing 
+		a cross-compilation target.
+		Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified.
+		PAM authentication is using the host files.
+		No SELINUX support.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &GID_MAX; <!-- documents also GID_MIN -->
+      &MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP;
+      &SYS_GID_MAX; <!-- documents also SYS_GID_MIN -->
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/group</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="gshadow">
+	<term><filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/login.defs</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Shadow password suite configuration.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+   <refsect1 id='caveats'>
+     <title>CAVEATS</title>
+     <para>
+       Groupnames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore,
+       followed by lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes.
+       They can end with a dollar sign.
+       In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       Groupnames may only be up to &GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH; characters long.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       You may not add a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the
+       corresponding server.
+     </para>
+     <para>
+       If the groupname already exists in an external group database such
+       as NIS or LDAP, <command>groupadd</command> will deny the group
+       creation request.
+     </para>
+   </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='exit_values'>
+    <title>EXIT VALUES</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>groupadd</command> command exits with the following values:
+      <variablelist>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>0</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>success</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>2</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>invalid command syntax</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>3</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>invalid argument to option</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>4</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>GID not unique (when <option>-o</option> not used)</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>9</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>group name not unique</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>10</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>can't update group file</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+      </variablelist>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para><citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/groupdel.8.xml b/man/groupdel.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4111661
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/groupdel.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='groupdel.8'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1991</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>groupdel</refname>
+    <refpurpose>delete a group</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <!-- body begins here -->
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>groupdel</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+        <replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='plain'><replaceable>GROUP</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para> The <command>groupdel</command> command modifies the system
+      account files, deleting all entries that refer to
+      <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>. The named group must exist.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>groupdel</command> command
+      are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-P</option>, <option>--prefix</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+		This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing 
+		a cross-compilation target.
+		Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified.
+		PAM authentication is using the host files.
+		No SELINUX support.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='caveats'>
+    <title>CAVEATS</title>
+    <para>
+      You may not remove the primary group of any existing user. You
+      must remove the user before you remove the group.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files
+      remain owned by this group.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/group</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="gshadow">
+	<term><filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='exit_values'>
+    <title>EXIT VALUES</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>groupdel</command> command exits with the following values:
+      <variablelist>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>0</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>success</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>2</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>invalid command syntax</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>6</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>specified group doesn't exist</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>8</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>can't remove user's primary group</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>10</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>can't update group file</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+      </variablelist>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/groupmems.8.xml b/man/groupmems.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6077d55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/groupmems.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 2000       , International Business Machines
+                              George Kraft IV, gk4@us.ibm.com, 03/23/2000
+   Copyright (c) 2005       , Tomasz Kłoczko
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='groupmems.8'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>George</firstname>
+      <surname>Kraft</surname>
+      <lineage>IV</lineage>
+      <contrib>Creation, 2000</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>groupmems</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>groupmems</refname>
+    <refpurpose>administer members of a user's primary group</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>groupmems</command>
+      <group choice='plain'>
+	<arg choice='plain'>-a <replaceable>user_name</replaceable></arg>
+	<arg choice='plain'>-d <replaceable>user_name</replaceable></arg>
+	<arg choice='opt'>-g <replaceable>group_name</replaceable></arg>
+	<arg choice='plain'>-l </arg><arg choice='plain'>-p </arg>
+      </group>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>groupmems</command> command allows a user to administer
+      their own group membership list without the requirement of
+      superuser privileges. The <command>groupmems</command> utility is for
+      systems that configure its users to be in their own name sake primary
+      group (i.e., guest / guest).
+    </para>
+
+    <para>Only the superuser, as administrator, can use
+      <command>groupmems</command> to alter the memberships of other groups.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>groupmems</command> command
+      are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</replaceable></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Add a user to the group membership list.</para>
+	  <para condition="gshadow">
+	    If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, and the
+	    group has no entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>
+	    file, a new entry will be created.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</replaceable></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Delete a user from the group membership list.</para>
+	  <para condition="gshadow">
+	    If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, the user
+	    will be removed from the list of members and administrators of
+	    the group.
+	  </para>
+	  <para condition="gshadow">
+	    If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, and the
+	    group has no entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>
+	    file, a new entry will be created.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>group_name</replaceable></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>The superuser can specify which group membership
+	    list to modify.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>List the group membership list.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-p</option>, <option>--purge</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Purge all users from the group membership list.</para>
+	  <para condition="gshadow">
+	    If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, and the
+	    group has no entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>
+	    file, a new entry will be created.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='setup'>
+    <title>SETUP</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>groupmems</command> executable should be in mode
+      <literal>2710</literal> as user <emphasis>root</emphasis> and in group
+      <emphasis>groups</emphasis>. The system administrator can add users to
+      group <emphasis>groups</emphasis> to allow or disallow them using the
+      <command>groupmems</command> utility to manage their own group
+      membership list.
+    </para>
+
+    <programlisting>
+	$ groupadd -r groups
+	$ chmod 2710 groupmems
+	$ chown root.groups groupmems
+	$ groupmems -g groups -a gk4
+    </programlisting>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/group</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="gshadow">
+	<term><filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>secure group account information</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/groupmod.8.xml b/man/groupmod.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b381c33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/groupmod.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991       , Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='groupmod.8'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1991</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>groupmod</refname>
+    <refpurpose>modify a group definition on the system</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <!-- body begins here -->
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>groupmod</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+        <replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='plain'><replaceable>GROUP</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>groupmod</command> command modifies the definition of the
+      specified <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> by modifying the appropriate
+      entry in the group database.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>groupmod</command> command
+      are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The group ID of the given <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> will
+	    be changed to <replaceable>GID</replaceable>.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The value of
+	    <replaceable>GID</replaceable> must be a non-negative decimal
+	    integer. This value must be unique, unless the
+	    <option>-o</option> option is used.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Users who use the group as primary group will be updated to
+	    keep the group as their primary group.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Any files that have the
+	    old group ID and must continue to belong to
+	    <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>, must have their group ID
+	    changed manually.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    No checks will be performed with regard to the
+	    <option>GID_MIN</option>, <option>GID_MAX</option>,
+	    <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>, or <option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>
+	    from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-n</option>, <option>--new-name</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para> 
+	    The name of the group will be changed from <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>
+	    to <replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable> name.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    When used with the <option>-g</option> option, allow to change the
+	    group <replaceable>GID</replaceable> to a non-unique value.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASSWORD</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry>
+	    <refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
+	    </citerefentry>.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    <emphasis role="bold">Note:</emphasis> This option is not
+	    recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will
+	    be visible by users listing the processes.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    You should make sure the password respects the system's
+	    password policy.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-P</option>, <option>--prefix</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+		This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing 
+		a cross-compilation target.
+		Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified.
+		PAM authentication is using the host files.
+		No SELINUX support.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/group</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="gshadow">
+	<term><filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/login.defs</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Shadow password suite configuration.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='exit_values'>
+    <title>EXIT VALUES</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>groupmod</command> command exits with the following values:
+      <variablelist>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>0</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>E_SUCCESS: success</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>2</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>E_USAGE: invalid command syntax</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>3</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>E_BAD_ARG: invalid argument to option</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>4</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>E_GID_IN_USE: specified group doesn't exist</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>6</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>E_NOTFOUND: specified group doesn't exist</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>9</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>E_NAME_IN_USE: group name already in use</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>10</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>E_GRP_UPDATE: can't update group file</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>11</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>E_CLEANUP_SERVICE: can't setup cleanup service</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>12</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>E_PAM_USERNAME: can't determine your username for use with pam</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>13</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>E_PAM_ERROR: pam returned an error, see syslog facility id groupmod for the PAM error message</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+      </variablelist>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/groups.1.xml b/man/groups.1.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02e5432
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/groups.1.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='groups.1'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1991</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>groups</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">User Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>groups</refname>
+    <refpurpose>display current group names</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>groups</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>user</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>groups</command> command displays the current group names
+      or ID values. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+      <filename>/etc/group</filename>, the value will be displayed as the
+      numerical group value. The optional <emphasis
+      remap='I'>user</emphasis> parameter will display the groups for the
+      named <emphasis remap='I'>user</emphasis>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='note'>
+    <title>NOTE</title>
+    <para>
+      Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the
+      information from <filename>/etc/group</filename> reported. The user
+      must use <command>newgrp</command> or <command>sg</command> to change
+      his current real and effective group ID.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/group</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>getgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>getgroups</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>getuid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/grpck.8.xml b/man/grpck.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77c4bd8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/grpck.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1992 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='grpck.8'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1992</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>grpck</refname>
+    <refpurpose>verify integrity of group files</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>grpck</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>options</arg>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<arg choice='plain'><replaceable>group</replaceable></arg>
+	<arg choice='opt' condition="gshadow">
+	  <arg choice='plain'><replaceable>shadow</replaceable></arg>
+	</arg>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>grpck</command> command verifies the integrity of the
+      groups information. It checks that all entries in
+      <filename>/etc/group</filename> <phrase condition="gshadow">and
+      <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase>
+      have the proper format and contain valid data.
+      The user is prompted to delete entries that are
+      improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>Checks are made to verify that each entry has:</para>
+
+    <itemizedlist mark='bullet'>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>the correct number of fields</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>a unique and valid group name</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>
+	  a valid group identifier
+	  <phrase condition="gshadow"> (<filename>/etc/group</filename>
+	  only)</phrase>
+	</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>
+	  a valid list of members
+	  <phrase condition="gshadow"> and administrators</phrase>
+	</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem condition="gshadow">
+	<para>
+	  a corresponding entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>
+	  file (respectively <filename>/etc/group</filename> for the
+	  <filename>gshadow</filename> checks)
+	</para>
+      </listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
+
+    <para>
+      The checks for correct number of fields and unique group name are
+      fatal. If an entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be
+      prompted to delete the entire line. If the user does not answer
+      affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed. An entry with a
+      duplicated group name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining
+      checks will still be made. All other errors are warnings and the user
+      is encouraged to run the <command>groupmod</command> command to
+      correct the error.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/group</filename>
+      <phrase condition="no_gshadow">file</phrase><phrase
+      condition="gshadow">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</phrase>
+      are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries. 
+      <command>grpck</command> should be used in those circumstances to
+      remove the offending entries.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The <option>-r</option> and <option>-s</option> options cannot be
+      combined.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>grpck</command> command are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-r</option>, <option>--read-only</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Execute the <command>grpck</command> command in read-only mode.
+	    This causes all questions regarding changes to be answered
+	    <emphasis>no</emphasis> without user intervention.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Sort entries in <filename>/etc/group</filename>
+	    <phrase condition="gshadow">and
+	    <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase>
+	    by GID.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+    <para>
+      By default, <command>grpck</command> operates on
+      <filename>/etc/group</filename> <phrase condition="gshadow">and
+      <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase>.
+      The user may select alternate files with the <emphasis
+      remap='I'>group</emphasis>
+      <phrase condition="no_gshadow">parameter.</phrase>
+      <phrase condition="gshadow">and <emphasis remap='I'>shadow</emphasis>
+      parameters.</phrase>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/group</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="gshadow">
+	<term><filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='exit_values'>
+    <title>EXIT VALUES</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>grpck</command> command exits with the following values:
+      <variablelist>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>0</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>success</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>1</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>invalid command syntax</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>2</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>one or more bad group entries</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>3</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>can't open group files</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>4</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>can't lock group files</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>5</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>can't update group files</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+      </variablelist>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <phrase condition="gshadow">
+	<citerefentry>
+	  <refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>,
+	</citerefentry>,
+      </phrase>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/gshadow.5.xml b/man/gshadow.5.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bc1ed9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/gshadow.5.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 2005 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='gshadow.5'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>Creation, 2005</contrib>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">File Formats and Conversions</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>gshadow</refname>
+    <refpurpose>shadowed group file</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> contains the shadowed information
+      for group accounts.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      This file must not be readable by regular users if password security
+      is to be maintained.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      Each line of this file contains the following colon-separated
+      fields:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><emphasis role="bold">group name</emphasis></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    It must be a valid group name, which exist on the system.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><emphasis role="bold">encrypted password</emphasis></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle>
+	    <manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details on how
+	    this string is interpreted.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If the password field contains some string that is not a valid
+	    result of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle>
+	    <manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, for instance ! or *,
+	    users will not be able to use a unix password to access the
+	    group (but group members do not need the password).
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The password is used when a user who is not a member of the
+	    group wants to gain the permissions of this group (see
+	    <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle>
+	    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>).
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    This field may be empty, in which case only the group members
+	    can gain the group permissions.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means
+	    that the password is locked.  The remaining characters on the
+	    line represent the password field before the password was
+	    locked.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    This password supersedes any password specified in
+	    <filename>/etc/group</filename>.
+	  </para>
+
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><emphasis role="bold">administrators</emphasis></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    It must be a comma-separated list of user names.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Administrators can change the password or the members of the
+	    group.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Administrators also have the same permissions as the members
+	    (see below).
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><emphasis role="bold">members</emphasis></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    It must be a comma-separated list of user names.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Members can access the group without being prompted for a
+	    password.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    You should use the same list of users as in
+	    <filename>/etc/group</filename>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/group</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>grpconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/hu/Makefile.am b/man/hu/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e659aef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/hu/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
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+
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+	man1/groups.1 \
+	man8/lastlog.8 \
+	man1/login.1 \
+	man1/newgrp.1 \
+	man1/passwd.1 \
+	man5/passwd.5 \
+	man1/sg.1 \
+	man1/su.1
+
+EXTRA_DIST = $(man_MANS)
+ 
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2ffb33
--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,658 @@
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diff --git a/man/hu/man1/chsh.1 b/man/hu/man1/chsh.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4b1b4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/hu/man1/chsh.1
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+.\" Copyright 1990, John F. Haugh II
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\" This product includes software developed by John F. Haugh, II
+.\"      and other contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of John F. Haugh, II nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JOHN HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JOHN HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	$Id$
+.\"
+.TH CHSH 1
+.SH NÉV
+chsh \- bejelentkezési parancsértelmező (héj) állítása
+.SH ÁTTEKINTÉS
+.TP 5
+\fBchsh\fR
+[\fB\-s\fR \fIhéjprogram\fR] [\fIfelhasználó\fR]
+.SH LEÍRÁS
+A \fBchsh\fR parancs a felhasználó bejelentkezési parancsértelmezőjét változtatja meg.
+Normál felhasználó csak a saját parancsértelmezőjét állíthatja, a 
+rendszergazda bárkiét.
+.PP
+A héjprogrammal (shell) szemben támasztott követelmény, hogy szerepeljen
+a \fI/etc/shells\fR fájlban, kivéve ha a rendszergazdáé mert
+neki minden beállítás elfogadott.
+Korlátozott parancsértelmezőt nem lehet másikra átállítani.
+Ezért nem tanácsos a \fB/bin/rsh\fR\-nak a \fI/etc/shells\fR\-ben
+való felsorolása, mert ha a felhasználó átvált erre a héj\-ra
+nem válthat másikra.
+.PP
+A \fB\-s\fR opció nélkül a \fBchsh\fR interaktív módon
+működik. Be kell írni az új értéket, vagy üresen hagyni a sort, hogy
+az éppen aktuális beállítás maradjon, ami \fB[ ]\fR jelek között látható.
+.SH FÁJLOK
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- felhaszálói nyilvántartás
+.br
+\fI/etc/shells\fR \- engedélyezett parancsértelmezők listája
+.SH LÁSD MÉG
+.BR chfn (1),
+.BR passwd (5)
+.SH MAGYAR FORDÍTÁS
+Székely Krisztián <szekelyk@edasz.hu>
diff --git a/man/hu/man1/gpasswd.1 b/man/hu/man1/gpasswd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b62cf1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/hu/man1/gpasswd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+.\" Copyright 1996, Rafal Maszkowski, rzm@pdi.net
+.\" All rights reserved. You can redistribute this man page and/or
+.\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+.\" published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
+.\" License, or (at your option) any later version.
+.\"
+.\"	$Id$
+.\"
+.TH GPASSWD 1
+.SH NÉV
+gpasswd \- az /etc/group fájlt adminisztrálja
+.br
+.SH ÁTTEKINTÉS
+.B gpasswd \fIcsoport\fR
+.br
+.B gpasswd
+.B \-a
+\fIfelhasználó\fR \fIcsoport\fR
+.br
+.B gpasswd
+.B \-d
+\fIfelhasználó\fR \fIcsoport\fR
+.br
+.B gpasswd
+.B \-R
+\fIcsoport\fR
+.br
+.B gpasswd
+.B \-r
+\fIcsoport\fR
+.br
+.B gpasswd
+.RB [ \-A
+\fIfelhasználó\fR,...]
+.RB [ \-M
+\fIfelhasználó\fR,...]
+\fIcsoport\fR
+.br
+.SH LEÍRÁS
+A
+.B gpasswd
+program segítségével adminisztrálhatjuk az /etc/group fájlt
+illetve az /etc/gshadow fájlt amennyiben a SHADOWGPR definiálva
+volt a fordítás alatt. Minden csoportban lehetnek adminisztrátorok,
+tagok és egy jelszó. A rendszeradminisztrátor a \fB\-A\fR opció
+segítségével definiálhat csoportadminisztrátor(oka)t és a \fB\-M\fR
+opcióval tagokat. A rendszeradminisztátor minden joggal rendelkezik,
+amellyel a csoportadminisztrátor és a csoport tagjai.
+.PP
+A csoportadminisztrátor a \fB\-a\fR kapcsolóval hozhat létre
+felhasználókat, és a \fB\-d\fR opcióval törölheti őket. Az 
+adminisztrátorok a \fB\-r\fR opcióval törölhetik a csoport
+jelszavát. Ha nincs jelszó beállítva, akkor csak a csoport
+tagjai használhatják a 
+.BR newgrp (1)
+parancsot a csatlakozáshoz. A \fB\-R\fR opció
+meggátolja a csoport elérését a 
+.BR newgrp (1)
+parancson keresztül.
+.PP
+Ha
+.B gpasswd
+parancsot a csoportadminisztrátor adja ki a csoport nevével,
+akkor csak a jelszót kell beírnia. Ha van jelszó, akkor a tagok
+be tudnak lépni a 
+.BR newgrp (1)
+paranccsal jelszó nélkül is, csak a csoporton kívüli felhasználóknak
+kell megadniuk a jelszót.
+
+.SH FÁJLOK
+\fI/etc/group\fR \- információ a csoportról
+.br
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR \- információ a shadow csoportról
+.SH LÁSD MÉG
+.BR newgrp (1),
+.BR groupadd (8),
+.BR groupdel (8),
+.BR groupmod (8),
+.BR grpck (8)
+.SH MAGYAR FORDÍTÁS
+Tímár András <timar_a@freemail.hu>
diff --git a/man/hu/man1/groups.1 b/man/hu/man1/groups.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b87e51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/hu/man1/groups.1
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+.\" Copyright 1991 \- 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	$Id$
+.\"
+.TH GROUPS 1
+.SH NÉV
+groups \- kiírja a jelenlegi csoportazonosító neveket
+.SH ÁTTEKINTÉS
+.B groups
+.RI [ felhasználó ]
+.SH LEÍRÁS
+A
+.B groups
+parancs kiírja a jelenlegi csoportazonosító neveket vagy számértékeket. Ha
+nincs az értéknek megfelelő bejegyzés a \fI/etc/group\fR fájlban, akkor a
+csoport azonosító számát írja ki. Az opcionális \fIfelhasználó\fR paraméter
+esetén azokat a csoportokat írja ki, amelyekbe a megadott \fIfelhasználó\fR
+tartozik.
+.SH MEGJEGYZÉS
+Azok a rendszerek, amelyek nem támogatják a konkurrens csoportbeállításokat,
+a kiírt információkat a \fI/etc/group\fR fájlból gyűjtik. A felhasználónak
+muszáj a \fBnewgrp\fR vagy a \fBsg\fR parancsot használniuk, hogy
+megváltoztassák a jelenlegi valódi és effektív csoportazonosítójukat.
+.SH FÁJLOK
+\fI/etc/group\fR \- információ a csoportokról
+.SH LÁSD MÉG
+.BR newgrp (1),
+.BR getgid (2),
+.BR getgroups (2),
+.BR getuid (2)
+.SH AUTHOR
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jfh@tab.com)
+.SH MAGYAR FORDÍTÁS
+ifj. Dyekiss Emil <emil2@cds.hu>
diff --git a/man/hu/man1/login.1 b/man/hu/man1/login.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f84ea82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/hu/man1/login.1
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+.\" Copyright 1989 \- 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	$Id$
+.\"
+.TH LOGIN 1
+.SH NÉV
+login \- Új kapcsolat felvétele a rendszerrel (bejelentkezés)
+.SH ÁTTEKINTÉS
+.B login
+.RI [ felhasználónév " [" környezeti változók ]]
+.SH LEÍRÁS
+A
+.B login 
+programot a rendszerbe való belépésre használjuk. Általában nem 
+közvetlenül használjuk, hanem automatikusan meghívásra kerül, amikor a
+.I login:
+promptra válaszként beírjuk a felhasználónevünket.
+A
+.B login
+a shell szempontjából különleges kezelésű lehet és előfordulhat, hogy 
+nem hívható meg alfolyamatként. Tipikus példa erre, amikor a 
+.B login
+parancsot a shell \fBexec login\fR \-ként értelmezi, tehát az új 
+bejelentkezés előtt az aktuálisból való kilépésre készteti a 
+felhasználót. 
+Ha nem login shellből próbáljuk meg a \fBlogin\fR parancsot végrehajtani, 
+hibaüzenetet kapunk.
+.PP
+Ezután a jelszavunkat kell megadnunk. A beírt karakterek nem jelennek meg 
+a képernyőn, megelőzvén a 'leskelődést'. Ha többször hibás jelszót adunk 
+meg, a \fBlogin\fR kilép, és a kapcsolat megszakad.
+.PP
+Ha a jelszavunk érvényességi ideje korlátozott, a rendszer továbblépés 
+előtt felszólíthat a jelszó megváltoztatására. Ez azt jelenti, hogy a 
+jelszavunk lejárt, nem érvényes, vagy hamarosan le fog járni. A régi 
+jelszavunkat is esetleg meg kell adni ellenőrzésképpen, majd az általunk 
+választott új jelszót. A témában lásd: \fBpasswd \fR(1)
+.PP
+Sikeres bejelentkezés után néhány rendszerüzenetet kapunk, és a postaládánk 
+állapotáról némi visszajelszést. A rendszerüzenetfájl (\fI/etc/motd\fR) 
+kiíratását letilthatjuk egy 0 byte hosszúságú \fI.hushlogin\fR file 
+létrehozásával a login könyvtárunkban. A posta állapotától függően a 
+következő üzenetek valamelyikét kapjuk: "\fBYou have new mail.\fR" (Új 
+levél van), "\fBYou have mail.\fR" (Levél van), vagy "\fBNo Mail.\fR" 
+(Nincs levél).
+.PP
+A felhasználói\- (UID) és a csoportazonosítónk (GID) beállításra kerül az 
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR alapján. A \fB$HOME\fR, \fB$SHELL\fR,
+\fB$PATH\fR, \fB$LOGNAME\fR és a \fB$MAIL\fR környezeti változók 
+beállításra kerülnek a passwd adatbázis megfelelő mezői alapján.
+Az ulimit, umask és a nice is értéket kaphat a GECOS mező tartalma 
+alapján.
+.PP
+Néhány rendszeren a \fB$TERM\fR változó is értéket kap, miként az a 
+\fI/etc/ttytype\fR\-ban meg van írva.
+.PP
+Végrehajtódhat a parancsértelmezőnk inicializációs scriptje is. Ez ügyben 
+lásd a megfelelő kézikönyv\-oldalt.
+.SH FIGYELMEZTETÉSEK
+.PP
+A \fBlogin\fR ezen verziója sok fordítási opcióval rendelkezik, bár csak 
+néhány közülük az, ami használatban lehet egyes speciális gépeken.
+
+.PP
+A fájlok elhelyezkedése a rendszerkonfigurációk különbözőségéből adódóan 
+változhat.
+.SH FÁJLOK
+\fI/var/run/utmp\fR \- az aktuális bejelentkezések listája
+.br
+\fI/var/log/wtmp\fR \- az előző (eddigi) bejelentkezések listája
+.br
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- felhasználói account\-okra vonatkozó információk
+.br
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR \- titkosított jelszavak és érvényességi idő\-információk
+.br
+\fI/etc/motd\fR \- rendszerüzenet file
+.br
+\fI/etc/nologin\fR \- nem\-root felhasználók belépésének tiltása
+.br
+\fI/etc/ttytype\fR \- termináltípusok listája
+.br
+.br
+\fI$HOME/.hushlogin\fR \- korlátozza a rendszerüzenetek megjelenítését
+.br
+.SH LÁSD MÉG
+.PP
+.BR getty (8),
+.BR mail (1),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR sh (1),
+.BR su (1),
+.\" .BR d_passwd (5),
+.BR passwd (5),
+.BR nologin (5)
+.SH SZERZŐ
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jfh@bga.com)
+.SH MAGYAR FORDÍTÁS
+Niedermayer Miklós <mico@musician.org>
diff --git a/man/hu/man1/newgrp.1 b/man/hu/man1/newgrp.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..714f187
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/hu/man1/newgrp.1
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+.\" Copyright 1991, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Hungarian translation by Peter Mamuzsics <zumu@mentha.hu>
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	$Id$
+.\"
+.TH NEWGRP 1
+.SH NÉV
+newgrp \- Csoportazonosító módosítása
+.br
+sg \- Parancs végrehajtása más csoportazonoító alatt
+.SH ÁTTEKINTÉS
+.BR newgrp " [" \- ]
+[\fIgroup\fR]
+.br
+.BR sg " [" \- ]
+[\fIgroup\fR [\fB\-c\fR \fIcommand\fR]]
+.SH LEÍRÁS
+A
+.B newgrp
+parancs a jelenlegi bejelentkezéshez tartozó csoportazonosító
+módosítására használható.  Ha a parancsot az elhagyható \fB\-\fR
+kapcsolóval hívtuk meg, akkor a rendszer úgy inicializálja újra
+a felhasználói környezetet, ahogy az a bejelelentkezés során 
+megtörténik, ellenkező esetben a jelenlegi környezet \- beleértve
+az aktuális munkakönyvtárat is \- változatlan marad.
+.PP
+A
+.B newgrp
+parancs lecseréli az aktuális csoportazonosítót a megnevezett
+vagy \- ha nincs megadva \- az \fI/etc/passwd\fR fájlban megadott
+alapértelmezett csoportra.  Ha a felhasználó nem rendelkezik jelszóval,
+de a csoport igen, vagy a felhasználó nem tagja a csoportnak,
+de a csoport rendelkezik jelszóval, akkor a rendszer bekéri a csoport
+jelszavát.
+Amennyiben a csoportnak nincs jelszava, és a felhasználó nem tagja a 
+csoportnak, akkor a hozzáférés nem lehetséges.
+.PP
+Az
+.B sg
+parancs működése hasonló a \fBnewgrp\fR parancs működéséhez,
+de ez nem cseréli le a felhasználó parancsértelmezőjét, így
+amikor kilépünk az \fBsg\fR parancsból, visszakapjuk az 
+eredeti csoportazonosítót.
+Az
+.B sg
+parancsnak egy másik, aposztrófok közé zárt parancsot is meg lehet
+adni, amely a \fB/bin/sh\fR parancsértelmezővel kerül végrehajtásra.
+.SH HIBÁK
+A \fBnewgrp\fR többféle fordítási beállítással rendelkezik,
+amelyeknek egy adott felhasználási környezetben csak egy részére
+lehet szükség.
+.SH FÁJLOK
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR	\- felhasználói információk
+.br
+\fI/etc/group\fR	\- csoportinfomációk
+.SH LÁSD MÉG
+.BR id (1),
+.BR login (1),
+.BR su (1)
+.SH SZERZŐ
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jfh@bga.com)
+.br
+.SH MAGYAR FORDÍTÁS
+Mamuzsics Péter <zumu@mentha.hu>
diff --git a/man/hu/man1/passwd.1 b/man/hu/man1/passwd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dab98dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/hu/man1/passwd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+.\" Copyright 1989 \- 1994, John F. Haugh II
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution is allowed, provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\" This product includes software developed by John F. Haugh, II
+.\"      and other contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of John F. Haugh, II nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JOHN HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JOHN HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	$Id$
+.\"
+.TH PASSWD 1 "" \" \-*\- nroff \-*\-
+.SH NÉV
+passwd \- Felhasználói jelszó megváltoztatása
+.SH ÁTTEKINTÉS
+\fBpasswd\fR [\fB\-f\fR|\fB\-s\fR] [\fInév\fR]
+.br
+\fBpasswd\fR [\fB\-g\fR] [\fB\-r\fR|\fB\-R\fR] \fIcsoport\fR
+.br
+\fBpasswd\fR [\fB\-x\fR \fImax\fR] [\fB\-n\fR \fImin\fR]
+[\fB\-w\fR \fIfigy\fR] [\fB\-i\fR \fIinakt\fR] \fInév\fR
+.br
+\fBpasswd\fR {\fB\-l\fR|\fB\-u\fR|\fB\-d\fR|\fB\-S\fR} \fInév\fR
+.SH LEÍRÁS
+A \fBpasswd\fR a felhasználók és a csoportok megváltoztatását végzi.
+A felhasználók csak a saját jelszavukat változtathatják meg, a rendszergazda
+bárkiét. A csoportok jelszavát az adott csoport adminisztrátora
+változtathatja meg. 
+A \fBpasswd\fR ezen kívül használható a felhasználói adatok, mint pl. az
+igazi név, a login shell, vagy a jelszavak "szavatossági idejének"
+megváltoztatására is.
+.SS Jelszóváltozások
+A felhasználónak először a régi jelszavát kell beírnia, ha már volt neki.
+Ezután ennek a jelszónak a kódolt változatát összehasonlítja a tárolt
+jelszóval. A megfelelő jelszó beírására a felhasználónak csak egy lehetősége
+van.
+A rendszergazda átugorhatja ezt a lépést, így az elfelejtett jelszavak is
+megváltoztathatóak.
+.PP
+Miután a felhasználó beírta a jelszavát, a \fBpasswd\fR megvizsgálja, hogyan
+rendelkezett a rendszergazda a jelszavak "szavatossági idejéről". Amennyiben
+az idő nem alkalmas a jelszó megváltoztatására, \fBpasswd\fR kilép minden
+változtatás nélkül.
+.PP
+Ezekután a program bekéri a felhasználótól az új jelszót, majd
+megvizsgálja hogy elég bonyolult\-e.
+Általános szabályként elmondható, hogy a jelszavak jók, ha 6\-8 karakterből
+állnak, és a következő jelkészletekből tartalmaz elemeket:
+.IP "" .5i
+Az ABC kis betűi
+.IP "" .5i
+Az ABC nagy betűi
+.IP "" .5i
+Számok 0 és 9 között 
+.IP "" .5i
+Írásjelek
+.PP
+Fontos odafigyelni, hogy ne tartalmazzon az adott rendszeren használt
+"erase" és "kill" kódű karaktereket.
+A \fBpasswd\fR nem fogad el nem eléggé bonyolult jelszót.
+.PP
+Ha a jelszó elfogadható, 
+a \fBpasswd\fR a biztonság kedvéért még egyszer bekéri az új jelszót, és
+csak akkor hajtja végre a változtatást, ha a két bevitt jelszó megegyezik.
+.SS Csoportok jelszavai
+A \fB\-g\fR kapcsoló használata esetén a megadott nevű csoport jelszava
+változik meg. Ezt csak a rendszergazda vagy a csoport adminisztrátora teheti
+meg.
+A jelenlegi csoportjelszavat nem kéri változtatás előtt.
+Az \fB\-r\fR kapcsolót a \fB\-g\fR kapcsolóval használva lehet a csoport jelszavát kikapcsolni, ezáltal minden tag használhatja a csoportot.
+Az \fB\-R\fR kapcsoló a \fB\-g\fR kapcsolóval használva a csoport minden felhasználó előtt lezárul.
+
+.SS A jelszavak "szavatossági ideje"
+A jelszavak elévülési idejét a rendszergazda a \fB\-x\fR, \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-w\fR, és \fB\-i\fR kapcsolókkal szabályozhatja.
+A \fB\-x\fR kapcsoló a jelszócserék közti maximális időt állítja be. 
+A jelszót legkésőbb \fImax\fR naponként meg kell változtatni.
+Az \fB\-n\fR kapcsoló a két jelszócsere közötti minimális időt szabályozza: a felhasználó addig nem változtathatja meg jelszavát, amíg legalább
+\fImin\fR nap el nem telt az előző változtatás óta.
+A \fB\-w\fR kapcsolóval azt állíthatod be, hogy hány nappal a jelszó lejárta előtt kezdje el a rendszer a felhasználót figyelmeztetni. Az első figyelmeztetés \fIfigy\fR nappal a lejárat előtt jelenik meg, és utána naponta tájékoztatja a felhasználót a még hátralévő napok számáról.
+Az \fB\-i\fR kapcsoló \fIinakt\fR nappal a jelszó lejárta után lezárja a felhasználó belépési lehetőségét.
+
+.SS Jogosultság\-kezelés
+A felhasználók lezárhatóak és újra beengedhetőek a \fB\-l\fR és a \fB\-u\fR kapcsolókkal.
+Az \fB\-l\fR kapcsoló a jelszót kicseréli egy olyan értékre, ami semmilyen lehetséges jelszó kódolt értékével nem egyezik.
+Az \fB\-u\fR kapcsoló visszaállítja a jelszót a régire, és így újra engedélyezi a belépést.
+.PP
+A jogosultságok az \fB\-S\fR kapcsolóval állíthatóak be. Ez 6 részből áll:
+Az első azt jelzi, hogy a felhaszáló le van zárva (L), nincs jelszava (NP), vagy van érvényes jelszava (P).
+A második rész az utolsó jelszóváltoztatás dátuma.
+A következő négy rész a jelszavak minimális és maximális ideje, az első figyelmeztetés a jelszó lejárta előtt és hogy mennyi ideig él a jelszó lejárta után.
+
+.SS Tippek a felhasználói jelszavakhoz
+Egy jelszavas rendszer biztonsága a kódolási algoritmus erősségétől és a lehetséges kulcsok számától függ.
+A \fB\s-2UNIX\s+2\fR rendszerek kódolási módja az NBS DES algoritmuson alapul, és nagyon biztonságos. A lehetséges kulcsok száma a választott jelszó véletlenszerűségén múlik.
+.PP
+A jelszavas rendszerek feltörése legtöbbször a gondatlanul megválasztott jelszóválasztásnak vagy a jelszavak cserélgetésének eredménye.
+Ezen okok miatt célszerű olyan jelszót választanod, ami nem szerepel a szótárban és nem szükséges leírnod. Tipikusan rossz választás még, ha valamilyen nevet, valamilyen azonosítószámodat, születésnapodat, vagy címedet használod jelszóként.
+Ezeket legtöbbször minden más lehetőség vizsgálata előtt kipróbálja a potenciális cracker.
+.PP
+Igyekezz olyan jelszót választani, amit könnyen megjegyzel és így nem vagy
+arra szorulva, hogy le kelljen írnod.
+Ezt például úgy érheted el, hogy két rövidebb szót elválasztasz egy számmal
+vagy valamilyen karakterrel, például jel@szo
+.PP
+A másik módszer, hogy egy könnyen megjegyezhető mondat vagy idézet minden
+szavának első vagy utolsó betűjét írod egymás után.
+Így például a 
+.IP "" .5i
+Morzsa kutyám hegyezd füled
+.PP
+\-ből
+.IP "" .5i
+Maqmhdfd
+.PP
+lesz.
+Feltehetőleg kevés cracker szótárában fog szerepelni ez a szó.
+Ennek ellenére a még nagyobb biztonság kedvéért érdemes valamilyen saját
+módszert kitalálnod jelszavak készítésére.
+
+.SS Megjegyzés a csoportok jelszavairól
+A csoportok jelszavai állandó biztonsági problémát jelenthetnek, mivel
+nemcsak egy ember ismerheti a jelszavat. A csoport\-kezelés azonban
+hasznos abban az esetben, ha több felhasználó együttműködését kell
+megoldani.
+
+.SH FIGYELMEZTETÉS
+Nem biztos, hogy minden kapcsoló felhasználható.
+Az, hogy hogyan vizsgálja a jelszavak bonyolultságát, rendszerről rendszerre
+változhat.
+Minden felhasználónak célszerű a lehető legbonyolultabb, de még használható
+jelszót használnia.
+Ha NIS\-t használ a felhasználók azonosítására a rendszer és a felhasználó nem
+lépett be a NIS kiszolgálóra, nem változtathatja meg jelszavát.
+.SH FÁJLOK
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR	\- felhasználói információk
+.br
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR	\- kódolt felhasználói jelszavak
+.SH LÁSD MÉG
+.BR group (5),
+.BR passwd (5),
+.BR shadow (5)
+.SH MAGYAR FORDÍTÁS
+Érdi "Cactus" Gergő <cactus@freemail.c3.hu>
diff --git a/man/hu/man1/sg.1 b/man/hu/man1/sg.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d07c5e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/hu/man1/sg.1
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man1/newgrp.1
diff --git a/man/hu/man1/su.1 b/man/hu/man1/su.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d6e9fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/hu/man1/su.1
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+.\" You may copy, distribute and modify under the terms of the LDP General
+.\" Public License as specified in the LICENSE file that comes with the
+.\" gnumaniak distribution
+.\"
+.\" The author kindly requests that no comments regarding the "better"
+.\" suitability or up\-to\-date notices of any info documentation alternative
+.\" is added without contacting him first.
+.\"
+.\" (C) 1999 Ragnar Hojland Espinosa <ragnar@macula.net>
+.\"
+.\"     GNU su man page
+.\"     man pages are NOT obsolete!
+.\"     <ragnar@macula.net>
+.TH su 1 "18 August 1999" "GNU Shell Utilities 2.0"
+.SH NÉV
+su \- indít egy shellt más felhasználó\- és csoportazonosítóval
+.SH ÁTTEKINTÉS
+.B su
+.BI "[\-] [\-flmp] [\-c " parancs "] [\-s " shell "] [\-\-fast] [\-\-login]"
+.B [\-\-preserve\-environment]
+.BI "[\-\-command=" parancs "] [\-\-shell=" shell "]"
+.BI [ felhasználó " [" argumentum... ]]
+.sp
+.B su [\-\-help] [\-\-version]
+.SH LEÍRÁS
+Az
+.B su
+parancs lehetővé teszi, hogy ideiglenesen más felhasználóvá válhassunk 
+úgy, hogy egy új shell\-t indít a kért 
+.I felhasználó 
+valós és effektív felhasználói azonosítójával, csoportazonosítójával és 
+másodlagos csoportjaival. Ha nem adunk meg 
+.IR felhasználó \-t,
+az alapértelmezett érték a root (super\-user). Az a shell indul el, ami a 
+.I felhasználó 
+passwd bejegyzésében szerepel, ha ott nincs 
+semmi, akkor a /bin/sh. Ha a 
+.IR felhasználó \-nak
+van jelszava, akkor az
+.B su
+meg fogja azt kérdezni, kivéve ha root\-ként (a felhasználói azonosító 0) 
+futtatjuk.
+.PP
+Alapértelmezésben az
+.B su
+nem változtatja meg az aktuális könyvtárat. Átállítja a 
+.B HOME 
+és a
+.B SHELL 
+környezeti változókat a 
+.I felhasználó
+password bejegyzéséből kinézett értékekre, és ha a 
+.I felhasználó
+nem a root (a super\-user) a 
+.BR USER és LOGNAME 
+változókat a 
+.I felhasználó
+nevére állítja. Az alapértelmezés az, hogy az elinduló shell nem lesz 
+bejelentkezési shell.
+.PP
+Ha megadunk 
+.IR argumentum \-ként
+valamit, az is átadódik az induló shellnek.
+.PP
+Az 
+.B su
+se a /bin/sh\-t, se más shell\-eket nem kezel speciálisan.
+(ilyen az argv[0] "\-su"\-ra állítása, vagy a \-c paraméter csak 
+bizonyos shelleknek való átadása, stb.)
+.PP
+Azokon a rendszereken, ahol van
+.RB syslog (3) ,
+az
+.B su
+fordítható úgy is, hogy a sikertelen, vagy opcionálisan a 
+sikeres próbálkozásokat is naplóztassa a sysloggal.
+.SH OPCIÓK
+.TP
+.BI "\-c " parancs ", \-\-command=" parancs
+Csak a 
+.I parancs
+parancsot hajtatja végre a shell\-lel a
+.B \-c
+opció segítségével, így a shell nem interaktívan 
+indul el.
+.TP
+.B "\-f, \-\-fast"
+Beállítja a
+.B \-f
+opciót az induló shellnél. Ennek talán csak a 
+.BR csh (1)
+és a
+.BR tcsh (1),
+shelleknél van értelme ahol
+.B \-f
+opció megakadályozza, hogy a startup fájlt (.cshrc) a shell beolvassa.
+A Bourne\-hoz hasonló shelleknél a
+.B \-f
+opció letiltja a fájlnév minták kiterjesztését (filename pattern 
+expansion), ami általában nem kívánatos dolog. 
+.TP
+.B "\-, \-l, \-\-login"
+A shellt bejelentkezési shellként indítja. Ez a következőket jelenti: 
+törli az összes környezeti változót, kivéve a 
+.BR TERM "\-et, " HOME \-ot, 
+és a 
+.BR SHELL \-t 
+(amiket a fent leírt módon állít át), és a
+.BR USER "\-t és " LOGNAME \-t 
+(amiket szintén a fent leírt módon állít át
+a rootnak), továbbá a 
+.BR PATH \-t, 
+amit a fordításkor meghatározott 
+alapértékre állít. Az aktuális könyvtárat a 
+.I felhasználó
+home\-könyvtárára
+állítja. A shell neve elé egy 
+.B \- \-t 
+szúr be, így eléri azt, hogy
+az beolvassa a startup fájlját illetve fájljait.
+.TP
+.B "\-m, \-p, \-\-preserve\-environment"
+Nem állítja át a 
+.BR HOME ", " USER ", " LOGNAME ", és " SHELL
+környezeti változókat. Azt a shellt indítja, ami a 
+.B SHELL 
+változóban van a passwd fájlban lévő helyett, de csak akkor, ha az
+.B su
+parancsot vagy a superuser futtatja, vagy nem egy korlátozott
+(restricted) shellt akar futtatni. Az a shell korlátozott, ami nem
+szerepel a /etc/shells fájlban, vagy 
+az 
+.B su
+belső listájában, ha ez a fájl nem létezik. Az opció hatásainak egy részét a
+.B \-\-login
+és a
+.B \-\-shell
+opciók hatástalanítják.
+.TP
+.BI "\-s, \-\-shell " shell
+A 
+.IR shell "\-t indítja a " felhasználó 
+/etc/passwd fájlban szereplő
+shellje helyett, ha parancsot vagy a superuser futtatja,
+vagy ha nem korlátozott shellt akar futtatni. (Korlátozott 
+shell\-t lásd fentebb.)
+.TP
+.B "\-\-help"
+Használati útmutatót ír a standard kimenetre, majd sikeres visszatérési értékkel kilép.
+.TP
+.B "\-\-version"
+A program verziójáról ír ki információt a standard kimenetre, majd 
+sikeres visszatérési értékkel kilép.
+.SH Miért nem támogatja a GNU su a wheel csoportot? (Richard Stallman)
+
+Néha a rendszer fölötti teljes ellenőrzést egy néhány emberből 
+álló csoport akarja kézbe venni. Például 1984\-ben pár user a MIT AI
+laborban úgy döntött, hogy átveszik az irányítást a Twenex rendszer
+operátori jelszavának megváltoztatásával, és annak titokban tartásával. 
+(A puccsot sikerült leverni, és a felhasználókat jogaikba visszahelyezni 
+egy kernel patch segítségével, de Unix alatt ezt nem tudtam volna megcsinálni.)
+(A fordító megj.: a wheel csoportot ezzel a módszerrel könnyen
+önkényesen is leszűkíthetik a csoporttagok , így tulajdonképpen nincs sok értelme.)
+.PP
+Néha az uralmon levők elárulják a root jelszót. A szokásos su 
+mechanizmus szerint, ha valaki megtudja a root jelszót, és 
+szimpatizál a többi közönséges felhasználóval, elárulhatja nekik 
+is. A wheel csoport ezt lehetetlenné tenné, és így bebetonozná az 
+uralmon levő hatalmát.
+.PP
+Én a tömegek oldalán állok, nem az uralkodókén. Ha te mindig a 
+főnökök és a rendszergazdák oldalán állsz, bármit is tesznek, akkor 
+valószínűleg furcsálni fogod ezt a hozzáállást.
+.PP
+A fordító megjegyzése: 
+Valami jó azért mégis lenne a wheel csoportban: az, hogy ha a root 
+jelszó kitudódna azzal nem tudna bármelyik felhasználó közvetlenül 
+visszaélni. A wheel csoporthoz hasonló dolgot lehet elérni a
+.B sudo
+csomaggal.
+.SH MEGJEGYZÉS
+A hibákat a bug\-sh\-utils@gnu.org címen lehet jelenteni.
+Az oldalt Ragnar Hojland Espinosa <ragnar@macula.net> frissítette.
+.SH MAGYAR FORDÍTÁS
+Havasi Ferenc <hafy@prins.externet.hu> és Tímár András <timar_a@freemail.hu>
diff --git a/man/hu/man5/passwd.5 b/man/hu/man5/passwd.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ef231a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/hu/man5/passwd.5
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+.\" Copyright (c) 1993 Michael Haardt (u31b3hs@pool.informatik.rwth-aachen.de), Fri Apr  2 11:32:09 MET DST 1993
+.\"
+.\" This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
+.\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+.\" published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+.\" the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+.\"
+.\" The GNU General Public License's references to "object code"
+.\" and "executables" are to be interpreted as the output of any
+.\" document formatting or typesetting system, including
+.\" intermediate and printed output.
+.\"
+.\" This manual is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
+.\"
+.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+.\" License along with this manual; if not, write to the Free
+.\" Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139,
+.\" USA.
+.\"
+.\" Modified Sun Jul 25 10:46:28 1993 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
+.\" Modified Sun Aug 21 18:12:27 1994 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
+.\" Modified Sun Jun 18 01:53:57 1995 by Andries Brouwer (aeb@cwi.nl)
+.TH PASSWD 5 "24 July 1993" "Linux" "Linux Programozói Kézikönyv"
+.SH NÉV
+passwd \- Jelszófájl
+.SH LEÍRÁS
+A
+.B Passwd
+egy, a felhasználók listáját és a belépésükhöz szükséges jelszavakat
+tartalmazó ASCII file. Mindenkinek tudnia kell olvasni (sok segédprogram, 
+pl. a
+.BR ls (1)
+ezt használja hogy a felhasználói azonosítókhoz (UID-khez) neveket
+rendeljen), de írási jogot csak a rendszergazdának szabad kapnia.
+.PP
+A régi szép időkben nem is volt ezzel semmi baj: mindenki olvashatta a
+felhasználók kódolt jelszavait, de mivel az akkori hardware-körülmények nem
+tették lehetővé a jól megválasztott jelszavak törését, és a felasználók
+alapvetően jóindulatűak voltak, ez nem okozott problémát.
+Manapság mindenki igyekszik shadow-zott jelszavakat használni, amikor is a 
+.I /etc/passwd
+file-ban a jelszavak helyett csak egy * karakter áll, és az igazi jelszavak
+a
+.I /etc/shadow
+file-ban találhatóak, amit csak a rendszergazda olvashat.
+.PP
+Amikor új felhasználót készítesz, célszerű a jelszó helyét
+üresen hagyni, és a \fBpasswd\fP(1) programmal kitölteni. Egy * karakter a
+jelszó helyén azt jelenti, hogy a \fBlogin\fP(1) szoltáltatáson keresztül
+a felhasználó nem tud belépni.
+.PP
+Soronként egy bejegyzés található, a következő formában:
+.sp
+.RS
+usernév:jelszó:UID:GID:valódi név:home mappa:shell
+.RE
+.sp
+, ahol a mezők jelentése:
+.sp
+.RS
+.TP 1.0in
+.I usernév
+a felhasználó belépési neve a rendszerben.
+.TP
+.I jelszó
+a felhasználó kódolt jelszava. 
+.TP
+.I UID
+A felhasználó azonosítószáma.
+.TP
+.I GID
+A felhasználó csoportjának azonosítószáma.
+.TP
+.I valódi név
+egy opcionális mező megjegyzések tárolására (gyakran a felhasználó teljes neve)
+.TP
+.I home mappa
+a felhasználó $HOME mappája.
+.TP
+.I shell
+a belépéskor elindítandó program (ha nincs megadva, a
+.IR /bin/sh -t használja).
+.RE
+.SH MEGJEGYZÉS
+Ha a root fájlrendszered a
+.IR /dev/ram
+-on van, a rendszer leállítása előtt rögzítened kell a megváltozott jelszófile-t a root fájlrendszer floppylemezén. Ha csoportokat is kezelni akarsz, meg kell egyezniük a GID-jüknek és be kell jegyezni őket a  \fI/etc/group\fP-ba.
+.SH FÁJLOK
+.I /etc/passwd
+.SH LÁSD MÉG
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR login (1),
+.BR group (5),
+.BR shadow (5)
+.SH MAGYAR FORDÍTÁS
+Horváth András <horvatha@rs1.szif.hu>
diff --git a/man/hu/man8/lastlog.8 b/man/hu/man8/lastlog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a7058c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/hu/man8/lastlog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+.\" Copyright 1992, Phillip Street and Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)lastlog.8	3.3	08:24:58	29 Sep 1993 (National Guard Release)
+.\"	$Id$
+.\"
+.TH LASTLOG 8
+.SH NÉV
+lastlog \- a lastlog fájl vizsgálata
+.SH ÁTTEKINTÉS
+.B lastlog
+.RB [ -u
+.IR uid ]
+.RB [ -t
+.IR napok száma ]
+.SH LEÍRÁS
+
+A \fBlastlog\fR formázza és olvashatóan megjeleníti a
+\fB/var/log/lastlog\fR tartalmát. A listában szerepel a \fBlogin-név\fR, a
+\fBterminál (port) azonosítója\fR és a felhasználó \fBlegutolsó
+belépésének ideje\fR.  Paraméterek nélkül meghívva a
+felhasználó-azonosítók (UID) alapján sorbarendezve jelennek meg az
+értékek. A \fB-u \fIlogin-név\fR opció megadása esetén csak a megadott
+felhasználó utolsó belépésének ideje jelenik meg. A \fB-t \fInapok
+száma\fR opció megadásával csak a megadott számú napon belüli belépési
+idők jelennek meg. A \fB-r\fR opció felülírja a \fB-u\fR opciót.
+.PP
+Ha a felhasználó még soha nem lépett be, akkor a terminál és az idő
+helyett a \fB**Never logged in**\fR felirat jelenik meg.
+.SH FÁJLOK
+/var/log/lastlog \- a felhasználók legutóbbi belépéseit tartalmazza
+.SH MEGJEGYZÉS
+Ha a felhasználói azonosító számok (UID-k) között nagyobb üres tartományok
+vannak, akkor a lastlog futásakor megtörténhet, hogy hosszabb ideig
+nem jelenik meg semmi a képernyőn (pl ha a 170-es és a 800-as azonosítójú
+felhasználók között nincs több azonosító, akkor a 171 és 799 közötti
+számok kiértékelése alatt a képernyőn nem változik semmi).
+.SH SZERZŐK
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jfh@tab.com)
+.br
+Phillip Street
+.SH MAGYAR FORDÍTÁS
+Hermann Benedek (bence@intercom.hu)
+
diff --git a/man/id.1.xml b/man/id.1.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e947e19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/id.1.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991       , Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='id.1'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1991</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">User Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>id</refname>
+    <refpurpose>display current user and group ID names</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>id</command>    <arg choice='opt'>-a </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>id</command> command displays the current real and
+      effective user and group ID names or values. If the value does not
+      have a corresponding entry in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or
+      <filename>/etc/group</filename>, the value will be displayed without
+      the corresponding name. The optional <option>-a</option> flag will
+      display the group set on systems which support multiple concurrent
+      group membership.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/group</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>getgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>getgroups</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>getuid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/id/Makefile.am b/man/id/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21f3dbe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/id/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+
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+
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+	man1/login.1 \
+	man8/useradd.8
+
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebf4a79
--- /dev/null
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+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) '$$file' '$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)/$$inst'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) "$$file" "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)/$$inst" || exit $$?; \
+	  fi; \
+	done; \
+	for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done | $(am__base_list) | \
+	while read files; do \
+	  test -z "$$files" || { \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files '$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)" || exit $$?; }; \
+	done; }
+
+uninstall-man8:
+	@$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL)
+	@list=''; test -n "$(man8dir)" || exit 0; \
+	files=`{ for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done; \
+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do echo "$$i"; done | \
+	  sed -n '/\.8[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^8][0-9a-z]*$$,8,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,'`; \
+	dir='$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)'; $(am__uninstall_files_from_dir)
+tags TAGS:
+
+ctags CTAGS:
+
+cscope cscopelist:
+
+
+distdir: $(BUILT_SOURCES)
+	$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) distdir-am
+
+distdir-am: $(DISTFILES)
+	@srcdirstrip=`echo "$(srcdir)" | sed 's/[].[^$$\\*]/\\\\&/g'`; \
+	topsrcdirstrip=`echo "$(top_srcdir)" | sed 's/[].[^$$\\*]/\\\\&/g'`; \
+	list='$(DISTFILES)'; \
+	  dist_files=`for file in $$list; do echo $$file; done | \
+	  sed -e "s|^$$srcdirstrip/||;t" \
+	      -e "s|^$$topsrcdirstrip/|$(top_builddir)/|;t"`; \
+	case $$dist_files in \
+	  */*) $(MKDIR_P) `echo "$$dist_files" | \
+			   sed '/\//!d;s|^|$(distdir)/|;s,/[^/]*$$,,' | \
+			   sort -u` ;; \
+	esac; \
+	for file in $$dist_files; do \
+	  if test -f $$file || test -d $$file; then d=.; else d=$(srcdir); fi; \
+	  if test -d $$d/$$file; then \
+	    dir=`echo "/$$file" | sed -e 's,/[^/]*$$,,'`; \
+	    if test -d "$(distdir)/$$file"; then \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    if test -d $(srcdir)/$$file && test $$d != $(srcdir); then \
+	      cp -fpR $(srcdir)/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    cp -fpR $$d/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	  else \
+	    test -f "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || cp -p $$d/$$file "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || exit 1; \
+	  fi; \
+	done
+check-am: all-am
+check: check-am
+all-am: Makefile $(MANS)
+installdirs:
+	for dir in "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)" "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)"; do \
+	  test -z "$$dir" || $(MKDIR_P) "$$dir"; \
+	done
+install: install-am
+install-exec: install-exec-am
+install-data: install-data-am
+uninstall: uninstall-am
+
+install-am: all-am
+	@$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) install-exec-am install-data-am
+
+installcheck: installcheck-am
+install-strip:
+	if test -z '$(STRIP)'; then \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	      install; \
+	else \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	    "INSTALL_PROGRAM_ENV=STRIPPROG='$(STRIP)'" install; \
+	fi
+mostlyclean-generic:
+
+clean-generic:
+
+distclean-generic:
+	-test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)
+	-test . = "$(srcdir)" || test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)
+
+maintainer-clean-generic:
+	@echo "This command is intended for maintainers to use"
+	@echo "it deletes files that may require special tools to rebuild."
+clean: clean-am
+
+clean-am: clean-generic clean-libtool mostlyclean-am
+
+distclean: distclean-am
+	-rm -f Makefile
+distclean-am: clean-am distclean-generic
+
+dvi: dvi-am
+
+dvi-am:
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+html-am:
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+info: info-am
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+install-dvi-am:
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+install-info-am:
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+install-man: install-man1 install-man8
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+
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+install-ps-am:
+
+installcheck-am:
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+maintainer-clean: maintainer-clean-am
+	-rm -f Makefile
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+
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+mostlyclean-am: mostlyclean-generic mostlyclean-libtool
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+pdf: pdf-am
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+ps-am:
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+uninstall-am: uninstall-man
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+uninstall-man: uninstall-man1 uninstall-man8
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+.MAKE: install-am install-strip
+
+.PHONY: all all-am check check-am clean clean-generic clean-libtool \
+	cscopelist-am ctags-am distclean distclean-generic \
+	distclean-libtool distdir dvi dvi-am html html-am info info-am \
+	install install-am install-data install-data-am install-dvi \
+	install-dvi-am install-exec install-exec-am install-html \
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+	install-man1 install-man8 install-pdf install-pdf-am \
+	install-ps install-ps-am install-strip installcheck \
+	installcheck-am installdirs maintainer-clean \
+	maintainer-clean-generic mostlyclean mostlyclean-generic \
+	mostlyclean-libtool pdf pdf-am ps ps-am tags-am uninstall \
+	uninstall-am uninstall-man uninstall-man1 uninstall-man8
+
+.PRECIOUS: Makefile
+
+
+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
diff --git a/man/id/man1/chsh.1 b/man/id/man1/chsh.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e13a49d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/id/man1/chsh.1
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+.\"
+.\"  chsh.1 \-\- change your login shell
+.\"  (c) 1994 by salvatore valente <svalente@athena.mit.edu>
+.\"
+.\"  this program is free software.  you can redistribute it and
+.\"  modify it under the terms of the gnu general public license.
+.\"  there is no warranty.
+.\"
+.\"  $Author: kloczek $
+.\"  $Revision: 1.4 $
+.\"  $Date: 2005/08/29 13:59:29 $
+.\"
+.TH CHSH 1 "October 13 1994" "chsh" "Linux Reference Manual"
+.SH NAMA
+chsh \- merubah shell login
+.SH RINGKASAN
+.B chsh
+[\ \-s\ shell\ ] [\ \-l\ ] [\ \-u\ ] [\ \-v\ ] [\ username\ ]
+.SH PENJELASAN
+.B chsh
+digunakan untuk merubah shell login Anda.
+Bila shell tidak diberikan pada baris perintah maka
+.B chsh
+menampilkan prompt untuk memasukkan shell.
+.SS SHELL\-SHELL YANG BENAR
+.B chsh
+akan menerima pathname lengkap dari file executable pada sistem.
+Walau demikian, akan menampilkan peringatan bila shell tidak terdapat
+dalam file
+.I /etc/shells .
+.SH OPTION
+.TP
+.I "\-l, \-\-list\-shells"
+Menampilkan daftar shell yang ada dalam
+.I /etc/shells
+dan keluar atau exit.
+.TP
+.I "\-s, \-\-shell"
+Menentukan shell login Anda.
+.TP
+.I "\-u, \-\-help"
+Menampilkan cara penggunaan program.
+.TP
+.I "\-v, \-\-version"
+Menampilkan informasi versi program.
+.SH "LIHAT JUGA"
+.BR login (1),
+.BR passwd (5),
+.BR shells (5)
+.SH PEMBUAT
+Salvatore Valente <svalente@mit.edu>
+.SH PENTERJEMAH
+Rizqy Syarief <rizqy@rad.net.id>
diff --git a/man/id/man1/login.1 b/man/id/man1/login.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..970fc72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/id/man1/login.1
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+.\" Copyright 1993 Rickard E. Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
+.\" May be distributed under the GNU General Public License
+.TH LOGIN 1 "4 November 1996" "Util\-linux 1.6" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
+.SH NAME
+login \- masuk ke system
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.BR "login [ " name " ]"
+.br
+.B "login \-p"
+.br
+.BR "login \-h " hostname
+.br
+.BR "login \-f " name
+.SH PENJELASAN
+.B login
+digunakan ketika hendak masuk ke sebuah system.  Ia juga dapat digunakan
+untuk berpindah dari satu user ke user lainnya kapan saja (shell\-shell yang
+modern mendukung kemampuan ini).
+Jika tidak diikuti oleh sebuah argumen
+.B login
+system akan menanyakan nama user/username.
+
+Jika user tersebut
+.I bukan
+root, dan jika terdapat file
+.I /etc/nologin
+isi file tersebut akan tercetak di layar, kemudian login dihentikan.  
+Biasanya ini dilakukan untuk mencegah login ketika system sedang dimatikan.
+
+Jika terdapat pembatasan akses tertentu pada user sebagaimana terdapat di
+.IR /etc/usertty ,
+hal tersebut harus dipenuhi, atau login akan ditolak dan pesan
+.B syslog
+akan dibuat.  Lihat section pada "Special Access Restrictions".
+
+Jika user adalah root, maka login harus dijalankan pada tty yang terdapat
+di
+.IR /etc/securetty .
+Kegagalan akan dicatat pada log melalui fasilitas
+.B syslog .
+
+Setelah kondisi\-kondisi tersebut dicek, anda akan dimintai password untuk
+kemudian dicek (jika ada password untuk username tersebut).  Anda dapat
+mencoba sepuluh kali sebelum
+.B login
+dimatikan, tapi setelah kegagalan yang ketiga, respon yang diberikan
+akan sangat lamban.  Kegagalan login akan dilaporkan melalui fasilitas
+.B syslog .
+Fasilitas ini juga dapat digunakan untuk melaporkan login yang berhasil.
+
+Jika file
+.I .hushlogin
+ditemukan,  maka login secara "quiet" dilaksanakan (hal ini menonaktifkan
+pengecekan mail dan tidak menampilkan waktu login terakhir dan pesan
+yang ada untuk hari itu).  Namun, jika terdapat file
+.I /var/log/lastlog
+, waktu login terakhir akan ditampilkan (dan kegiatan login yang sekarang
+akan dicatat).
+
+Kegiatan administratif secara acak, seperti mengeset UID dan GID untuk tty
+akan dilakukan.  Variabel environment TERM dibuatkan, jika ia sudah ada
+(variabel environment lain akan dibuatkan jika option
+.B \-p
+digunakan).  Kemudian variable environment HOME, PATH, SHELL, TERM, MAIL
+dan LOGNAME ditetapkan. Default PATH merujuk ke
+.I /usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:.
+untuk user biasa, dan ke
+.I /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
+untuk root.  Terakhir, jika login yang sedang dilakukan bukan login "quiet",
+pesan hari ini akan ditampilkan dan file dengan nama yang sama dengan user
+pada
+.I /usr/spool/mail
+akan diperiksa, dan sebuah pesan ditampilkan jika besar file tersebut tidak
+nol.
+
+Kemudian, shell untuk user berjalan.  Jika shell untuk user tidak ditentukan
+pada
+.BR /etc/passwd ,
+maka akan digunakan
+.BR /bin/sh .
+Jika directory tidak ditentukan pada
+.IR /etc/passwd ,
+maka
+.I /
+digunakan (home directiry diperiksa pada file
+.I .hushlogin
+seperti dijelaskan sebelumnya).
+.SH OPTION
+.TP
+.B \-f
+Used to skip a second login authentication.  This specifically does
+Digunakan untuk melewatkan pengecekan tahap kedua ketika login.  Biasanya
+.B tidak
+berjalan untuk, dan kelihatannya tidak dapat berjalan dengan baik pada Linux.
+.TP
+.B \-h
+Digunakan oleh server lain (misalnya
+.BR telnetd (8))
+to pass the name of the remote host to
+untuk melewatkan nama remote host ketika
+.B login
+sehingga dapat ditempatkan pada utmp dan wtmp.  HAnya superuser yang dapat
+menggunakan option ini.
+.TP
+.B \-p
+digunakan oleh
+.BR getty (8)
+untuk memberi tahu bahwa
+.B login
+tidak mengubah environment
+
+.SH "PEMBATASAN AKSES TERTENTU/SPECIAL ACCESS RESTRICTIONS"
+File
+.I /etc/securetty
+mencatat nama\-nama tty dimana root boleh login.  Nama device tty yang tidak
+berawalan /dev/ harus ditentukan pada setiap barisnya.  Jika file tersebut 
+tidak ditemukan, root boleh login di tty mana saja.
+
+.PP
+File
+.I /etc/usertty
+Menentukan tambahan batasan akses tertentu untuk user tertentu.  Jika 
+file ini tidak ditemukan, tak ada tambahan batasan akses yang diterapkan.
+File ini terdiri dari beberapa bagian.  Ada tiga bagian yang mungkin
+ada : CLASSES, GROUPS dan USERS.  Bagian CLASSES mendefinisikan kelas tty
+dan pola nama host, bagian GROUPS mendefinisikan tty dan nama host yang
+diperbolehkan berdasarkan per group, dan bagian USERS mendefinisikan tty 
+dan host yang diperbolehkan berdasarkan per user.
+
+.PP
+Panjang setiap baris pada file ini tidak boleh lebih dari 255 karakter.
+Komentar diawali oleh karakter # yang berlaku hingga akhir baris.
+
+.PP
+.SS "Bagian CLASSES"
+Bagian CLASSES dimulai dengan kata CLASSES pada baris awal dalam
+huruf besar semua.  Setiap baris berikutnya hingga permulaan bagian baru
+atau akhir file terdiri dari urutan kata\-kata yang dipisahkan oleh tab
+atau spasi.  Tiap baris mendefinisikan kelas tty dan pola host.
+
+.PP
+Kata yang terdapat pada awal baris dijadikan sebuah definisi untuk 
+sekumpulan nama untuk tty dan pola host yang ditentukan pada akhir baris.
+Kumpulan nama ini dapat digunakan untuk bagian GROUPS berikutnya atau 
+bagian USERS.  Nama kelas tidak boleh didefinisikan sebagai bagian
+dari sebuah kelas untuk menghindari masalah kelas rekursif.
+
+.PP
+Contoh bagian CLASSES:
+.PP
+.nf
+.in +.5
+CLASSES
+myclass1		tty1 tty2
+myclass2		tty3 @.foo.com
+.in -.5
+.fi
+.PP
+File di atas mendefinisikan
+.I myclass1
+dan
+.I myclass2
+sebagai sebelah kanan yang saling berhubungan.
+.PP
+
+.SS "Bagian GROUPS"
+Bagian GROUPS mendefinisikan tty dan host yang diperbolehkan berdasarkan
+per group UNIX.  Jika seorang user adalah anggota sebuah group menurut
+.I /etc/passwd
+dan
+.I /etc/group
+dan jika sebuah group disebutkan pada bagian GROUPS di
+.I /etc/usertty
+maka user diberikan akses jika memang itu group\-nya.
+.PP
+Bagian GROUPS diawali oleh kata GROUPS dalam huruf besar semua pada permulaan
+baris dan tiap baris selanjutnya merupakan urutan kata\-kata yang dipisahkan
+oleh spasi atau tab.  Kata pertama pada sebuah baris adalah nama group dan
+sisanya menentukan tty dan host dimana anggota group tersebut boleh 
+mendapatkan akses.  Ketentuan ini dapat mengikutsertakan kelas yang telah
+didefinisikan pada bagian CLASSES sebelumnya.
+
+.PP
+Contoh bagian GROUPS
+.PP
+.nf
+.in +0.5
+GROUPS
+sys		tty1 @.bar.edu
+stud		myclass1 tty4
+.in -0.5
+.fi
+.PP
+Contoh ini menentukan bahwa anggota group
+.I sys
+boleh log in pada tty1 dan dari host\-host yang terdapat pada domain
+bar.edu.  User yang terdapat pada group
+.I stud
+boleh log in dari host\-host/tty\-tty yang ditentukan pada kelas myclass1
+atau dari tty4
+.PP
+
+.SS "Bagian USERS"
+Bagian USERS dimulai dengan kata USERS dalam huruf besar semua pada awal
+baris, dan tiap baris berikutnya adalah urutan kata\-kata yang dipisahkan
+oleh tab atau spasi.  Kata pertama pada sebuah baris adalah username
+dan sisanya merupakan definisi tentang tty dan host tempat user boleh
+log in.  Ketentuan ini dapat melibatkan kelas yang didefinisikan pada
+bagian CLASSES sebelumnya dan.  Jika tak ada header bagian yang tercantum
+pada awal file, bagian pertama secara defaults adalah bagian USERS.
+
+.PP
+Contoh penggunaan bagian USERS:
+.PP
+.nf
+.in +0.5
+USERS
+zacho		tty1 @130.225.16.0/255.255.255.0
+blue		tty3 myclass2
+.in -0.5
+.fi
+.PP
+KEtentuan ini mengizinkan zacho hanya boleh login pada tty1 dan dari
+host\-host yang alamat IP\-nya terletak di kisaran 130.225.16.0 \-
+130.225.16.255, dan user bernama blue boleh log in dari tty3 dan apa
+saja yang disebutkan pada kelas myclass2.
+.PP
+Mungkin terdapat sebuah baris pada bagian USERS yang dimulai dengan
+sebuah username bernama *.  Ini adalah aturan default dan ia akan
+diterapkan pada user yang tidak tercantum pada baris\-baris definisi.
+.PP
+Jika user ditemukan pada baris USERS dan GROUPS maka user tersebut boleh
+mengakses dari gabungan tty/host yang disebutkan pada ketentuan tersebut.
+
+.SS Origins
+Ketentuan mengenai tty dan pola host yang digunakan sebagai ketentuan 
+pada kelas, group dan user disebut origin.  Sebuah origin bisa memiliki
+format berikut:
+.IP o 
+Nama sebuah device tty tanpa awalan /dev/, contohnya tty1 atau ttyS0.
+.PP
+.IP o
+String @localhost, artinya user boleh melakukan telnet/rlogin
+dari local host ke host yang sama.  Ini juga membolehkan user untuk
+menjalankan perintah: xterm \-e /bin/login.
+.PP
+.IP o
+Sebuah akhiran nama domain seperti @.some.dom, artinya user boleh
+melakukan rlogin/telnet dari host mana saja yang nama domainnya berakhiran
+@.some.dom
+.PP
+.IP o
+Kisaran alamat IPv4, ditulis @x.x.x.x/y.y.y.y dimana x.x.x.x adalah
+alamat IP pada notasi desimal biasa dan y.y.y.y adalah bitmask dalam
+notasi yang sama yang menentukan bit mana pada alamat tersebut untuk
+dibandingkan dengan alamat IP dari remote host.  Contohnya @130.225.16.0/
+255.255.254.0 berarti user boleh rlogin/telnet dari host mana saja yang
+alamat IP\-nya berada pada kisaran 130.225.16.0 \- 130.225.17.255.
+.PP
+Origin di atas boleh diawali oleh penentuan waktu menurut syntax:
+.PP
+.nf
+timespec    ::= '[' <day\-or\-hour> [':' <day\-or\-hour>]* ']'
+day         ::= 'mon' | 'tue' | 'wed' | 'thu' | 'fri' | 'sat' | 'sun'
+hour        ::= '0' | '1' | ... | '23'
+hourspec    ::= <hour> | <hour> '\-' <hour>
+day\-or\-hour ::= <day> | <hourspec>
+.fi
+.PP
+Contohnya, origin [mon:tue:wed:thu:fri:8\-17]tty3 berarti log in 
+diperbolehkan pada hari senin hingga jumat pukul 8:00 dan 17:59 (5:59
+pm) pada tty3.  Ini juga menunjukkan bahwa kisaran jam (seperti 10)
+menandakan waktu berkisar antara 10:00 dan 10:59.
+.PP
+Jika tidak menentukan waktu untuk tty atau nama host berarti lo gin
+dari origin tersebut diperbolehkan untuk setiap waktu.  Jika anda 
+memberikan awalan waktu, yakinkan untuk menentukan baik kumpulan hari
+dan waktu yang agak dilebihkan.  Penentuan waktu tidak boleh berisi
+spasi.
+.PP
+Jika tidak ada aturan diberikan maka user yang tidak ditemukan pada
+.I /etc/usertty
+boleh log in dari mana saja.
+.PP
+.SH FILES
+.nf
+.I /var/run/utmp
+.I /var/log/wtmp
+.I /var/log/lastlog
+.I /usr/spool/mail/*
+.I /etc/motd
+.I /etc/passwd
+.I /etc/nologin
+.I /etc/usertty
+.I .hushlogin
+.fi
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.BR init (8),
+.BR getty (8),
+.BR mail (1),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR passwd (5),
+.BR environ (7),
+.BR shutdown (8)
+.SH BUGS
+
+Linux, tidak seperti sistem operasi draconian, tidak mengecek quota.
+
+Option tidak resmi pada BSD
+.B \-r
+tidak dapat digunakan.   Ini mungkin dibutuhkan oleh program
diff --git a/man/id/man8/useradd.8 b/man/id/man8/useradd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d6730c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/id/man8/useradd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+.\" Copyright 1991 \- 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Pendistribusian dan penggunaan dalam bentuk source dan binary, dengan
+.\" atau tanpa modifikasi, diperbolehkan asal syarat\-syarat ini dipenuhi :
+.\" 1. Pendistribusian source code harus mempertahankan tulisan copyright
+.\"    di atas, persyaratan ini, dan disclaimer berikut.
+.\" 2. Pendistribusian dalam bentuk binary harus menampilkan copyright di atas,
+.\"    persyaratan ini, dan disclaimer yang tercantum pada dokumentasi dan/
+.\"    atau keterangan lainnya yang terdapat pada distribusi ini.
+.\" 3. Nama Julianne F. Haugh atau nama\-nama kontributor lainnya tidak boleh
+.\"    digunakan sebagai jaminan atau untuk mempromosikan produk yang berasal
+.\"    dari software ini tanpa izin khusus tertulis.
+.\"
+.\" SOFTWARE INI DISEDIAKAN OLEH JULIE HAUGH DAN PARA KONTRIBUTOR DALAM BENTUK
+.\" "APA ADANYA" DAN SEGALA PERNYATAAN ATAU JAMINAN, TERMASUK, TAPI TIDAK
+.\" TERBATAS PADA, JAMINAN DALAM PENJUALAN DAN PENYESUAIAN UNTUK MAKSUD
+.\" TERTENTU DILUAR TANGGUNG JAWABNYA.  JULIE HAUGH DAN PARA KONTRIBUTOR TIDAK
+.\" BERTANGGUNG JAWAB PADA KERUSAKAN SECARA LANGSUNG, TIDAK LANGSUNG, KEBETULAN,
+.\" TERTENTU, SESUAI CONTOH ATAU KERUSAKAN BERUNTUN (TERMASUK, TAPI TIDAK
+.\" TERBATAS PADA MENDAPATKAN PRODUK DENGAN CARA PERTUKARAN ATAU JASA;
+.\" KEHILANGAN DATA, ATAU PROFIT; ATAU TERHENTINYA BISNIS) YANG MENGAKIBATKAN
+.\" DAN SECARA TEORI BERTANGGUNG JAWAB, MESKIPUN DALAM PERJANJIAN, BERTANGGUNG
+.\" JAWAB PENUH, ATAU TORT (TERMASUK KECEROBOHAN ATAU SEBALIKNYA) YANG TIMBUL
+.\" KARENA KESALAHAN DALAM MENGGUNAKAN SOFTWARE INI, BAHKAN JIKA TELAH
+.\" DIPERINGATKAN SEBELUMNYA TENTANG KEMUNGKINAN AKAN KERUSAKAN TERSEBUT.
+.\"
+.\"	$Id$
+.\"
+.TH USERADD 8
+.SH NAME
+useradd \- Membuat user baru atau memperbarui informasi tentang user baru
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.TP 8
+.B useradd
+.\" .RB [ \-A
+.\" .RI { method | \fBDEFAULT\fR "},... ]"
+.RB [ \-c
+.IR comment ]
+.RB [ \-d
+.IR home_dir ]
+.br
+.RB [ \-e
+.IR expire_date ]
+.RB [ \-f
+.IR inactive_time ]
+.br
+.RB [ \-g
+.IR initial_group ]
+.RB [ \-G
+.IR group [,...]]
+.br
+.RB [ \-m " [" \-k
+.IR skeleton_dir ] " |" " " \-M ]
+.RB [ \-s
+.IR shell ]
+.br
+.RB [ \-u
+.IR uid " ["
+.BR \-o ]]
+.RB [ \-n ]
+.RB [ \-r ]
+.I login
+.TP 8
+.B useradd
+\fB\-D\fR
+[\fB\-g\fI default_group\fR]
+[\fB\-b\fI default_home\fR]
+.br
+[\fB\-f\fI default_inactive\fR]
+[\fB\-e\fI default_expire_date\fR]
+.br
+[\fB\-s\fI default_shell\fR]
+.SH PENJELASAN
+.SS Membuat User Baru
+Jika digunakan tanpa option \fB\-D\fR, perintah \fBuseradd\fR menciptakan
+sebuah  user account baru dengan menggunakan nilai yang terdapat pada
+baris perintah dan nilai default dari system.
+User account yang baru tersebut akan dimasukkan ke system files seperlunya,
+home directory akan dibuatkan, dan initial files di\-copy\-kan, tergantung
+option yang terdapat pada baris perintah.
+Versi yang terdapat pada Red Hat Linux akan membuat sebuah group untuk
+setiap user yang didaftarkan pada system, jika \fB\-b\fR tidak diberikan.
+Option yang dapat digunakan pada perintah \fBuseradd\fR adalah
+.\" .IP "\fB\-A {\fImethod\fR|\fBDEFAULT\fR},..."
+.\" Nilai milik user dalam metode autentikasi/pengecekan.
+.\" Metode autentikasi/pengecekan adalah nama sebuah program yang bertanggung 
+.\" jawab untuk memeriksa identitas user.
+.\" String \fBDEFAULT\fR dapat digunakan untuk mengubah metode autentikasi
+.\" menjadi metode password system yang standar.
+.\" Daftar tersebut berisi nama\-nama program, yang dipisahkan oleh koma.
+.\" \fBDEFAULT\fR hanya dapat dicantumkan sekali saja.
+.\" 
+.\" 
+.\" 
+.IP "\fB\-c \fIcomment\fR"
+Komentar pada file password milik user baru.
+.IP "\fB\-d \fIhome_dir\fR"
+User baru akan diciptakan dengan \fIhome_dir\fR sebagai lokasi directory 
+login\-nya.
+Default\-nya adalah menambahkan nama \fIlogin\fR pada \fIdefault_home\fR
+dan menggunakannya sebagai nama directory login.
+.IP "\fB\-e \fIexpire_date\fR"
+Tanggal ketika user account dimatikan.
+Tanggal ditulis dalam format \fIMM/DD/YY\fR.
+.IP "\fB\-f \fIinactive_days\fR"
+Jumlah hari setelah sebuah password kadaluarsa hingga account 
+tersebut dimatikan secara permanen.
+Nilai 0 mematikan account segera setelah password kadaluarsa,
+dan nilai \-1 mematikan fungsi ini.
+Nilai default\-nya adalah \-1.
+.IP "\fB\-g \fIinitial_group\fR"
+Nama group atau angka initial login group.
+Nama group harus sudah ada.  Seorang anggota group harus merujuk
+pada group yang sudah ada.
+Nilai group default\-nya adalah 1.
+.IP "\fB\-G \fIgroup,[...]\fR"
+Daftar group tambahan yang juga merupakan group\-nya user.
+Setiap group dipisahkan oleh koma, tanpa diikuti spasi.
+Group juga mengikuti aturan yang diberikan dengan option \fB\-g\fR.
+Default\-nya hanyalah untuk user yang terdaftar pada group awal.
+.IP \fB\-m\fR
+Home directory milik user akan dibuatkan jika belum ada.
+File yang terdapat pada \fIskeleton_dir\fR atau \fI/etc/skel\fR
+akan dibuatkan pada home directory milik user.
+Option \fB\-k\fR hanya valid jika bertemu option \fB\-m\fR.
+Dafault\-nya adalah tidak membuat directory dan tidak meng\-copy
+segala file.
+.IP \fB\-M\fR
+Home directory milik user tidak akan dibuatkan, bahkan jika setting
+system pada \fI/etc/login.defs\fR ditujukan untuk membuat home 
+directory.
+.IP \fB\-n\fR
+Sebuah group yang namanya sama dengan user akan ditambahkan ke dalam
+system secara default.  Option ini akan mematikan kebiasaan tersebut
+yang terdapat pada Red Hat Linux.
+.IP \fB\-r\fR
+Flag ini digunakan untuk membuat sebuah system account.  Yaitu, user
+dengan UID yang lebih kecil dari UID_MIN yang tercantum pada 
+\fI/etc/login.defs\fR.  Harap diingat bahwa \fBuseradd\fR tidak akan
+membuat home directory untuk user semacam ini, menghiraukan setting
+default yang terdapat di \fI/etc/login.defs\fR.
+Anda harus menyebutkan option \fB\-m\fR jika ingin membuat home directory
+untuk sebuah system account yang akan dibuat.
+Ini adalah option yang ditambahkan oleh Red Hat.
+.IP "\fB\-s \fIshell\fR"
+Nama login shell milik user.
+Default\-nya adalah membiarkan field ini kosong, yang menyebabkan
+system untuk memilih login shell yang default.
+.IP "\fB\-u \fIuid\fR"
+Nilai user ID secara numerik.
+Nilai ini harus unique, kecuali jika option \fI\-o\fR digunakan.
+Nilai tersebut tidak boleh negatif.
+Default\-nya adalah menggunakan nilai ID yang lebih besar dari 999
+dan lebih besar dari semua user lain.
+Nilai di antara 0 dan 999 biasanya disiapkan untuk system aacount.
+.SS Mengubah nilai\-nilai default.
+Ketika digunakan dengan option \fB\-D\fR, \fBuseradd\fR akan
+menampilkan nilai default, atau memperbarui nilai default baru
+yang terdapat pada baris perintah.
+Option yang dapat digunakan adalah
+.IP "\fB\-b \fIdefault_home\fR"
+Awalan path untuk home directory milik user baru.
+Nama user akan ditambahkan setelah akhir \fIdefault_home\fR
+ketika membuat nama directory baru jika option \fB\-d\fI tidak
+disebutkan dalam membuat account baru.
+.IP "\fB\-e \fIdefault_expire_date\fR"
+Tanggal ketika user account dimatikan.
+.IP "\fB\-f \fIdefault_inactive\fR"
+Jumlah hari setelah password kadaluarsa sebelum account
+dimatikan.
+.IP "\fB\-g \fIdefault_group\fR"
+Nama group atau ID sebagai group awal user baru.
+Nama group yang disebut harus sudah ada dan nomor group ID
+harus mempunyai entry.
+.IP "\fB\-s \fIdefault_shell\fR"
+Nama untuk login shell milik user baru.
+Nama program yang disebutkan akan digunakan untuk semua user
+account baru mendatang.
+.PP
+Jika tidak ada option yang disebutkan, \fBuseradd\fR menampilkan
+nilai default yang ada saat ini.
+.SH NOTES
+The system administrator is responsible for placing the default
+user files in the \fI/etc/skel\fR directory.
+.br
+Versi useradd ini dimodifikasi oleh Red Hat agar cocok dengan
+ketentuan mengenai user/group.
+.SH CAVEATS
+Anda tidak dapat menambahkan user pada grou NIS.
+Ini harus dilakukan pada server NIS.
+.SH FILES
+\fB/etc/passwd\fR \- informasi tentang user account
+.br
+\fB/etc/shadow\fR \- informasi user account yang terlindung
+.br
+\fB/etc/group\fR \- informasi tentang group
+.br
+\fB/etc/default/useradd\fR \- informasi tentang nilai default
+.br
+\fB/etc/login.defs\fR \- system\-wide settings
+.br
+\fB/etc/skel\fR \- directory yang mengandung default files
+.SH LIHAT JUGA
+.BR chfn (1),
+.BR chsh (1),
+.BR groupadd (8),
+.BR groupdel (8),
+.BR groupmod (8),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR userdel (8),
+.BR usermod (8)
+.SH AUTHOR
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jfh@tab.com)
diff --git a/man/it/Makefile.am b/man/it/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94460aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+
+mandir = @mandir@/it
+
+man_MANS = \
+	man1/chage.1 \
+	man1/chfn.1 \
+	man8/chgpasswd.8 \
+	man8/chpasswd.8 \
+	man1/chsh.1 \
+	man1/expiry.1 \
+	man5/faillog.5 \
+	man8/faillog.8 \
+	man3/getspnam.3 \
+	man1/gpasswd.1 \
+	man8/groupadd.8 \
+	man8/groupdel.8 \
+	man8/groupmems.8 \
+	man8/groupmod.8 \
+	man1/groups.1 \
+	man8/grpck.8 \
+	man8/grpconv.8 \
+	man8/grpunconv.8 \
+	man5/gshadow.5 \
+	man8/lastlog.8 \
+	man1/login.1 \
+	man5/login.defs.5 \
+	man8/logoutd.8 \
+	man1/newgrp.1 \
+	man8/newusers.8 \
+	man8/nologin.8 \
+	man1/passwd.1 \
+	man5/passwd.5 \
+	man8/pwck.8 \
+	man8/pwconv.8 \
+	man8/pwunconv.8 \
+	man1/sg.1 \
+	man3/shadow.3 \
+	man5/shadow.5 \
+	man1/su.1 \
+	man5/suauth.5 \
+	man8/useradd.8 \
+	man8/userdel.8 \
+	man8/usermod.8 \
+	man8/vigr.8 \
+	man8/vipw.8
+
+man_nopam = \
+	man5/limits.5 \
+	man5/login.access.5 \
+	man5/porttime.5
+
+if !USE_PAM
+man_MANS += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+EXTRA_DIST = \
+	$(man_MANS) \
+	man1/id.1 \
+	man8/sulogin.8
+
+if USE_PAM
+EXTRA_DIST += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+include ../generate_translations.mak
+
diff --git a/man/it/Makefile.in b/man/it/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d3ec59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,773 @@
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+# with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
+
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	fi
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	itstool -d -l $(LANG) -m messages.mo -o . $@
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	sed -i 's:\(^<refentry .*\)>:\1 lang="$(LANG)">:' $@
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@%.xml-config: %.xml
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	if grep -q SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE $<; then \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@		sed -e 's/^<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->/<!ENTITY % config SYSTEM "config.xml">%config;/' $< > $@; \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	else \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@		sed -e 's/^\(<!DOCTYPE .*docbookx.dtd"\)>/\1 [<!ENTITY % config SYSTEM "config.xml">%config;]>/' $< > $@; \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	fi
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man1/% man3/% man5/% man8/%: %.xml-config Makefile config.xml
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	$(XSLTPROC) --stringparam profile.condition "$(PAM_COND);$(SHADOWGRP_COND);$(TCB_COND);$(SHA_CRYPT_COND);$(SUBIDS_COND)" \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	            --param "man.authors.section.enabled" "0" \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	            --stringparam "man.output.base.dir" "" \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	            --param "man.output.in.separate.dir" "1" \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	            -nonet http://docbook.sourceforge.net/release/xsl/current/manpages/profile-docbook.xsl $<
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@clean-local:
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	rm -rf man1 man3 man5 man8
+
+#$(man_MANS):
+#	@echo you need to run configure with --enable-man to generate man pages
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man8/grpconv.8 man8/grpunconv.8 man8/pwunconv.8: man8/pwconv.8
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man3/getspnam.3: man3/shadow.3
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man8/vigr.8: man8/vipw.8
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_FALSE@$(man_MANS):
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_FALSE@	@echo you need to run configure with --enable-man to generate man pages
+
+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
diff --git a/man/it/man1/chage.1 b/man/it/man1/chage.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f1f087
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man1/chage.1
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chage
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi utente
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "CHAGE" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi utente"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+chage \- cambia le informazioni sulla scadenza della password
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBchage\fR\ 'u
+\fBchage\fR [\fIopzioni\fR] \fILOGIN\fR
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command changes the number of days between password changes and the date of the last password change\&. This information is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchage\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-lastday\fR\ \&\fILAST_DAY\fR
+.RS 4
+Imposta la data dell\*(Aqultimo cambio della password, espressa come il numero di giorni trascorsi dal 1 gennaio 1970\&. La data pu\(`o anche essere specificata nel formato AAAA\-MM\-GG o nella notazione comunemente usata nel proprio paese\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-E\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+Imposta la data o il numero di giorni dal 1 gennaio 1970 dal quale l\*(Aqaccount utente non sar\(`a pi\(`u accessibile\&. La data pu\(`o essere inserita nel formato AAAA\-MM\-GG (o il formato pi\(`u comunemente utilizzato nel proprio paese)\&. Un utente il cui account sia bloccato deve contattare l\*(Aqamministratore di sistema prima di poter accedere nuovamente al sistema\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+will remove an account expiration date\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-iso8601\fR
+.RS 4
+When printing dates, use YYYY\-MM\-DD format\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the account is locked\&. The
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+option is the number of days of inactivity\&. A user whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being able to use the system again\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+will remove an account\*(Aqs inactivity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+.RS 4
+Visualizza le informazioni sulla scadenza dell\*(Aqaccount\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid\&. When
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+plus
+\fILAST_DAY\fR
+is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their password before being able to use their account\&. This occurrence can be planned for in advance by use of the
+\fB\-W\fR
+option, which provides the user with advance warning\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchage\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "NOTA"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+program requires a shadow password file to be available\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command is restricted to the root user, except for the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option, which may be used by an unprivileged user to determine when their password or account is due to expire\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VALORI RESTITUITI"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI15\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt find the shadow password file
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man1/chfn.1 b/man/it/man1/chfn.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a4b343e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man1/chfn.1
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chfn
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi utente
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "CHFN" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi utente"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+chfn \- cambia il nome dell\*(Aqutente e altre informazioni
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBchfn\fR\ 'u
+\fBchfn\fR [\fIopzioni\fR] [\fILOGIN\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchfn\fR
+command changes user fullname, office room number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user\*(Aqs account\&. This information is typically printed by
+\fBfinger\fR(1)
+and similar programs\&. A normal user may only change the fields for her own account, subject to the restrictions in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&. (The default configuration is to prevent users from changing their fullname\&.) The superuser may change any field for any account\&. Additionally, only the superuser may use the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option to change the undefined portions of the GECOS field\&.
+.PP
+These fields must not contain any colons\&. Except for the
+\fIother\fR
+field, they should not contain any comma or equal sign\&. It is also recommended to avoid non\-US\-ASCII characters, but this is only enforced for the phone numbers\&. The
+\fIother\fR
+field is used to store accounting information used by other applications\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchfn\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-full\-name\fR\ \&\fIFULL_NAME\fR
+.RS 4
+Cambia il nome completo dell\*(Aqutente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-home\-phone\fR\ \&\fIHOME_PHONE\fR
+.RS 4
+Cambia il numero di telefono di casa dell\*(Aqutente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-other\fR\ \&\fIOTHER\fR
+.RS 4
+Cambia il campo GECOS per le altre informazioni\&. Questo campo viene utilizzato per memorizzare informazioni di \(Foaccounting\(Fc usate da altre applicazioni, e pu\(`o essere modificato solo dal super utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-room\fR\ \&\fIROOM_NUMBER\fR
+.RS 4
+Cambia il numero della stanza dell\*(Aqutente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-work\-phone\fR\ \&\fIWORK_PHONE\fR
+.RS 4
+Cambia il numero di telefono di lavoro dell\*(Aqutente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchfn\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fB[ ]\fR
+marks\&. Without options,
+\fBchfn\fR
+prompts for the current user account\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_RESTRICT\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This parameter specifies which values in the
+\fIgecos\fR
+field of the
+/etc/passwd
+file may be changed by regular users using the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program\&. It can be any combination of letters
+\fIf\fR,
+\fIr\fR,
+\fIw\fR,
+\fIh\fR, for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively\&. For backward compatibility,
+\fIyes\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIrwh\fR
+and
+\fIno\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIfrwh\fR\&. If not specified, only the superuser can make any changes\&. The most restrictive setting is better achieved by not installing
+\fBchfn\fR
+SUID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Il testo da utilizzare per richiedere la password\&. Il valore predefinito \(`e \(FoPassword: \(Fc o una sua traduzione\&. Se si imposta questa variabile allora il testo non verr\(`a tradotto\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configurazione del pacchetto password shadow
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man1/chsh.1 b/man/it/man1/chsh.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75c6263
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man1/chsh.1
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chsh
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi utente
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "CHSH" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi utente"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+chsh \- cambia la shell di login
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBchsh\fR\ 'u
+\fBchsh\fR [\fIopzioni\fR] [\fILOGIN\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchsh\fR
+command changes the user login shell\&. This determines the name of the user\*(Aqs initial login command\&. A normal user may only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change the login shell for any account\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchsh\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+Il nome della nuova shell di login dell\*(Aqutente\&. Lasciando questo campo vuoto si fa in modo che il sistema selezioni la shell di login predefinita\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If the
+\fB\-s\fR
+option is not selected,
+\fBchsh\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current login shell\&. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line blank to use the current one\&. The current shell is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "NOTA"
+.PP
+The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must be listed in
+/etc/shells, unless the invoker is the superuser, and then any value may be added\&. An account with a restricted login shell may not change her login shell\&. For this reason, placing
+/bin/rsh
+in
+/etc/shells
+is discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHSH_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchsh\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Il testo da utilizzare per richiedere la password\&. Il valore predefinito \(`e \(FoPassword: \(Fc o una sua traduzione\&. Se si imposta questa variabile allora il testo non verr\(`a tradotto\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shells
+.RS 4
+Elenco delle shell di login ammesse\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configurazione del pacchetto password shadow
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man1/expiry.1 b/man/it/man1/expiry.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc6ba86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man1/expiry.1
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: expiry
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi utente
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "EXPIRY" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi utente"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+expiry \- controlla e fa rispettare la scadenza della password
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBexpiry\fR\ 'u
+\fBexpiry\fR \fIopzione\fR
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command checks (\fB\-c\fR) the current password expiration and forces (\fB\-f\fR) changes when required\&. It is callable as a normal user command\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR
+.RS 4
+Controlla la scadenza della password dell\*(Aqutente corrente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+Forza un cambio di password se l\*(Aqutente corrente ha una password scaduta\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man1/gpasswd.1 b/man/it/man1/gpasswd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e71fc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man1/gpasswd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: gpasswd
+.\"    Author: Rafal Maszkowski
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi utente
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "GPASSWD" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi utente"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+gpasswd \- administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBgpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBgpasswd\fR [\fIopzione\fR] \fIgruppo\fR
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+command is used to administer
+/etc/group, and /etc/gshadow\&. Every group can have
+administrators,
+members and a password\&.
+.PP
+System administrators can use the
+\fB\-A\fR
+option to define group administrator(s) and the
+\fB\-M\fR
+option to define members\&. They have all rights of group administrators and members\&.
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+called by
+a group administrator
+with a group name only prompts for the new password of the
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.PP
+If a password is set the members can still use
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1)
+without a password, and non\-members must supply the password\&.
+.SS "Note sulle password di gruppo"
+.PP
+Le password di gruppo rappresentano un intrinseco problema di sicurezza perch\('e pi\(`u di una persona deve conoscerle\&. Ciononostante i gruppi sono uno strumento molto utile per la cooperazione tra vari utenti\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+Except for the
+\fB\-A\fR
+and
+\fB\-M\fR
+options, the options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-add\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR
+.RS 4
+Add the
+\fIuser\fR
+to the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove the
+\fIuser\fR
+from the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Q\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-remove\-password\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove the password from the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&. The group password will be empty\&. Only group members will be allowed to use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+to join the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-restrict\fR
+.RS 4
+Restrict the access to the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&. The group password is set to "!"\&. Only group members with a password will be allowed to use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+to join the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-administrators\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR,\&.\&.\&.
+.RS 4
+Imposta l\*(Aqelenco degli utenti amministratori\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-members\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR,\&.\&.\&.
+.RS 4
+Definisce l\*(Aqelenco dei membri del gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
+.PP
+This tool only operates on the
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow files\&.
+Thus you cannot change any NIS or LDAP group\&. This must be performed on the corresponding server\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Definisce l\*(Aqalgoritmo di cifratura predefinito per le password (se non ne viene specificato uno a riga di comando)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore predefinito \(`e 0, che non pone nessun limite al numero di membri per gruppo\&.
+.sp
+Questa opzione (dividi gruppo) permette di limitare la lunghezza delle righe nel file \(Fogroup\(Fc\&. Questo \(`e utile per essere certi che le righe per gruppi NIS non eccedano i 1024 caratteri\&.
+.sp
+Se si deve impostare questo limite, si pu\(`o usare 25\&.
+.sp
+Nota: la divisione dei gruppi potrebbe non essere supportata da ogni strumento (anche all\*(Aqinterno del pacchetto Shadow)\&. Non si dovrebbe utilizzare questa variabile a meno di esserci forzati\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Con molti cicli \(`e pi\(`u difficile trovare una password usando la forza bruta\&. Ma va notato che \(`e richiesta maggiore potenza di calcolo per autenticare gli utenti\&.
+.sp
+Se non specificato sar\(`a la libc a scegliere il numero di cicli (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore deve essere compreso tra 1\&.000 e 999\&.999\&.999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man1/groups.1 b/man/it/man1/groups.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbbc976
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man1/groups.1
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groups
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi utente
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPS" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi utente"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+groups \- mostra i nomi dei gruppi correnti
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBgroups\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroups\fR [\fIutente\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroups\fR
+command displays the current group names or ID values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value\&. The optional
+\fIuser\fR
+parameter will display the groups for the named
+\fIuser\fR\&.
+.SH "NOTA"
+.PP
+Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information from
+/etc/group
+reported\&. The user must use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+or
+\fBsg\fR
+to change his current real and effective group ID\&.
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man1/id.1 b/man/it/man1/id.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84267bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man1/id.1
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: id
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi utente
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "ID" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi utente"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+id \- display current user and group ID names
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBid\fR\ 'u
+\fBid\fR [\-a]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBid\fR
+command displays the current real and effective user and group ID names or values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/passwd
+or
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed without the corresponding name\&. The optional
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag will display the group set on systems which support multiple concurrent group membership\&.
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)
diff --git a/man/it/man1/login.1 b/man/it/man1/login.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4e2af26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man1/login.1
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi utente
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "LOGIN" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi utente"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+login \- apre una sessione sul sistema
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] [\-h\ \fIhost\fR] [\fInome\fR] [\fIENV=VAR\fR...]
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] [\-h\ \fIhost\fR] \-f \fInome\fR
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] \-r\ \fIhost\fR
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is used to establish a new session with the system\&. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the
+\fIlogin:\fR
+prompt on the user\*(Aqs terminal\&.
+\fBlogin\fR
+may be special to the shell and may not be invoked as a sub\-process\&. When called from a shell,
+\fBlogin\fR
+should be executed as
+\fBexec login\fR
+which will cause the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new logged in user to return to the session of the caller)\&. Attempting to execute
+\fBlogin\fR
+from any shell but the login shell will produce an error message\&.
+.PP
+The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate\&. Echoing is disabled to prevent revealing the password\&. Only a small number of password failures are permitted before
+\fBlogin\fR
+exits and the communications link is severed\&.
+.PP
+If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for a new password before proceeding\&. You will be forced to provide your old password and the new password before continuing\&. Please refer to
+\fBpasswd\fR(1)
+for more information\&.
+.PP
+After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and the presence of mail\&. You may turn off the printing of the system message file,
+/etc/motd, by creating a zero\-length file
+\&.hushlogin
+in your login directory\&. The mail message will be one of "\fIYou have new mail\&.\fR", "\fIYou have mail\&.\fR", or "\fINo Mail\&.\fR" according to the condition of your mailbox\&.
+.PP
+Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the
+/etc/passwd
+file\&. The value for
+\fB$HOME\fR,
+\fB$SHELL\fR,
+\fB$PATH\fR,
+\fB$LOGNAME\fR, and
+\fB$MAIL\fR
+are set according to the appropriate fields in the password entry\&. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to entries in the GECOS field\&.
+.PP
+On some installations, the environmental variable
+\fB$TERM\fR
+will be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in
+/etc/ttytype\&.
+.PP
+Pu\(`o anche essere eseguito uno script di inizializzazione per il proprio interprete dei comandi\&. Fare riferimento alla relativa sezione di manuale per maggiori informazioni su questa funzione\&.
+.PP
+Un sottosistema di login \(`e indicato dalla presenza del carattere \(Fo*\(Fc all\*(Aqinizio della shell di login\&. La directory home impostata sar\(`a utilizzata come root di un nuovo file system al quale l\*(Aqutente accede\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file\&. It is the responsibility of
+\fBgetty\fR(8)
+and
+\fBinit\fR(8)
+to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session\&. If you use
+\fBlogin\fR
+from the shell prompt without
+\fBexec\fR, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession"\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR
+.RS 4
+Non effettua l\*(Aqautenticazione, l\*(Aqutente \(`e gi\(`a autenticato
+.sp
+Note: In that case,
+\fIusername\fR
+is mandatory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR
+.RS 4
+Nome dell\*(Aqhost remoto per questo login\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR
+.RS 4
+Non modifica l\*(Aqambiente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR
+.RS 4
+Attiva il protocollo autologin di rlogin\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR,
+\fB\-h\fR
+and
+\fB\-f\fR
+options are only used when
+\fBlogin\fR
+is invoked by root\&.
+.SH "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
+.PP
+This version of
+\fBlogin\fR
+has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site\&.
+.PP
+La posizione dei file \(`e soggetta a differenze in base alla configurazione del sistema\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file\&. It is the responsibility of
+\fBgetty\fR(8)
+and
+\fBinit\fR(8)
+to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session\&. If you use
+\fBlogin\fR
+from the shell prompt without
+\fBexec\fR, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession"\&.
+.PP
+As with any program,
+\fBlogin\fR\*(Aqs appearance can be faked\&. If non\-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the machine\&. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a trusted path and prevent this kind of attack\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito, o il percorso completo di un file che contiene l\*(Aqelenco di nomi di device (uno per riga) oppure un elenco di nomi di device separati da \(Fo:\(Fc\&. L\*(Aqaccesso come root verr\(`a permesso solo attraverso questi device\&.
+.sp
+Se non definito, root potr\(`a accedere da qualsiasi device\&.
+.sp
+Il nome di device deve essere specificato senza il prefisso /dev\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indica se permettere l\*(Aqaccesso al sistema anche se non si pu\(`o accedere alla directory home\&. Il valore predefinito \(`e no\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se questo file esiste ed \(`e leggibile, l\*(Aqambiente di login viene letto da l\(`i\&. Ogni riga deve essere nella forma nome=valore\&.
+.sp
+Le righe che iniziano con \(Fo#\(Fc sono trattate come commenti e ignorate\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBERASECHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal ERASE character (\fI010\fR
+= backspace,
+\fI0177\fR
+= DEL)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore deve avere il prefisso \(Fo0\(Fc se in ottale, o \(Fo0x\(Fc se esadecimale\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAIL_DELAY\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Numero di secondi prima che venga concesso un ulteriore tentativo dopo un accesso fallito\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAILLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable logging and display of
+/var/log/faillog
+login failure info\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAKE_SHELL\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set,
+\fBlogin\fR
+will execute this shell instead of the users\*(Aq shell specified in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFTMP_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se impostato, gli accessi falliti verranno tracciati in questo file nel formato utmp\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHUSHLOGIN_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito, questo file inibisce quanto stampato durante l\*(Aqaccesso\&. Se viene specificato un percorso completo, la modalit\(`a silenziosa (hushed) viene attivata se in quel file \(`e presente il nome dell\*(Aqutente o della shell dell\*(Aqutente\&. Se il percorso non \(`e completo, allora la modalit\(`a silenziosa viene attivata se quel file \(`e presente nella directory home dell\*(Aqutente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBISSUE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito, il file verr\(`a mostrato prima del prompt di login\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBKILLCHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal KILL character (\fI025\fR
+= CTRL/U)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore deve avere il prefisso \(Fo0\(Fc se in ottale, o \(Fo0x\(Fc se esadecimale\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Abilita la memorizzazione e la stampa delle informazioni sulle date degli ultimi accessi in /var/log/lastlog\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_RETRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Massimo numero di tentativi di accesso per password errata\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Il testo da utilizzare per richiedere la password\&. Il valore predefinito \(`e \(FoPassword: \(Fc o una sua traduzione\&. Se si imposta questa variabile allora il testo non verr\(`a tradotto\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_TIMEOUT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Numero massimo di secondi per l\*(Aqaccesso\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_OK_LOGINS\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Abilita la tracciatura degli accessi avvenuti con successo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Abilita l\*(Aqinclusione dei nomi utente sconosciuti quando si registrano gli accessi falliti\&.
+.sp
+Nota: memorizzare i nomi sconosciuti potrebbe diventare un problema legato alla sicurezza se un utente inserisce la propria password al posto del nome utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Abilita la verifica e stampa a video dello stato della casella di posta al momento dell\*(Aqaccesso al sistema\&.
+.sp
+Andrebbe disabilitato se i file di avvio della shell effettuano gi\(`a questo controllo (\(Fomailx \-e\(Fc o equivalente)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+La directory di spool per la posta\&. Questa \(`e necessaria per manipolare la casella di posta quando il corrispondente account utente viene modificato o cancellato\&. Se non \(`e specificata viene utilizzato un valore impostato al momento della compilazione\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Imposta la posizione delle caselle di posta degli utenti relative alla loro directory home\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMOTD_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito \(`e una lista di nomi di file con \(Fomessaggi del giorno\(Fc separati da \(Fo:\(Fc che vengono mostrati subito dopo l\*(Aqaccesso\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBNOLOGINS_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito \(`e il nome di un file che impedisce l\*(Aqaccesso degli utenti non root\&. Il suo contenuto dovrebbe essere un messaggio che indica il motivo per il quale l\*(Aqaccesso \(`e impedito\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable checking of time restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR (string), \fBTTYPERM\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+group, and the permissions will be set to
+\fBTTYPERM\fR\&.
+.sp
+By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user\*(Aqs primary group and the permissions are set to
+\fI0600\fR\&.
+.sp
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+can be either the name of a group or a numeric group identifier\&.
+.sp
+If you have a
+\fBwrite\fR
+program which is "setgid" to a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and TTYPERM to 0620\&. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYTYPE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito si tratta di un file che mappa le linee tty nella variabile d\*(Aqambiente TERM\&. Ogni riga del file \(`e in un formato tipo \(Fovt100 tty01\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBULIMIT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Default
+\fBulimit\fR
+value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+La maschera di permessi alla creazione dei file \(`e inizializzata con questo valore\&. Se non specificato la maschera viene impostata a 022\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Abilita l\*(Aqimpostazione dei bit di gruppo di umask in modo che siano gli stessi dei bit del proprietario (esempio: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) per utenti non root a condizione che uid e gid siano identici e che il nome utente sia lo stesso del gruppo primario\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/var/run/utmp
+.RS 4
+Elenco delle sessioni attive\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/var/log/wtmp
+.RS 4
+Elenco delle precedenti sessioni di login\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/motd
+.RS 4
+File di sistema con il messaggio del giorno\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/nologin
+.RS 4
+Impedisce l\*(Aqaccesso al sistema per utenti diversi da root\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/ttytype
+.RS 4
+Elenco di tipi di terminale\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+$HOME/\&.hushlogin
+.RS 4
+Impedisce che vengano mostrati i messaggi di sistema\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configurazione del pacchetto password shadow
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBmail\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnologin\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBsecuretty\fR(5),
+\fBgetty\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man1/newgrp.1 b/man/it/man1/newgrp.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e22b925
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man1/newgrp.1
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newgrp
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi utente
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "NEWGRP" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi utente"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+newgrp \- effettua l\*(Aqaccesso a un nuovo gruppo
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBnewgrp\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewgrp\fR [\-] [\fIgruppo\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+command is used to change the current group ID during a login session\&. If the optional
+\fB\-\fR
+flag is given, the user\*(Aqs environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, remains unchanged\&.
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+changes the current real group ID to the named group, or to the default group listed in
+/etc/passwd
+if no group name is given\&.
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+also tries to add the group to the user groupset\&. If not root, the user will be prompted for a password if she does not have a password (in
+/etc/shadow
+if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in
+/etc/passwd
+otherwise) and the group does, or if the user is not listed as a member and the group has a password\&. The user will be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed as a member\&.
+.PP
+If there is an entry for this group in
+/etc/gshadow, then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from this file, otherwise, the entry in
+/etc/group
+is considered\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man1/passwd.1 b/man/it/man1/passwd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee06357
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man1/passwd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: passwd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi utente
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "PASSWD" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi utente"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+passwd \- cambia la password utente
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBpasswd\fR [\fIopzioni\fR] [\fILOGIN\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command changes passwords for user accounts\&. A normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the superuser may change the password for any account\&.
+\fBpasswd\fR
+also changes the account or associated password validity period\&.
+.SS "Modifiche delle password"
+.PP
+All\*(Aqutente viene prima chiesta la propria password attuale, se presente\&. Questa password viene cifrata e confrontata con quella memorizzata\&. All\*(Aqutente viene data solo una possibilit\(`a di inserire la password corretta\&. Il super utente salta questo passo in modo da poter modificare password dimenticate\&.
+.PP
+After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time\&. If not,
+\fBpasswd\fR
+refuses to change the password and exits\&.
+.PP
+All\*(Aqutente viene quindi chiesto di inserire la nuova password due volte\&. Le due password sono confrontate e devono essere uguali affinch\('e la password venga accettata\&.
+.PP
+Quindi viene misurata la complessit\(`a della password\&. In linea di massima le password dovrebbero contenere dai 6 agli 8 caratteri, includendovi uno o pi\(`u caratteri da ciascuno dei seguenti insiemi:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+lettere minuscole
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+numeri da 0 a 9
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+segni di punteggiatura
+.RE
+.PP
+Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill characters\&.
+\fBpasswd\fR
+will reject any password which is not suitably complex\&.
+.SS "Suggerimenti per password utente"
+.PP
+The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption algorithm and the size of the key space\&. The legacy
+\fIUNIX\fR
+System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm\&. More recent methods are now recommended (see
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR)\&. The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which is selected\&.
+.PP
+La compromissione di una password avviene normalmente a seguito di incuria nella scelta o nella gestione della password\&. Per questo motivo non si devono utilizzare password che appaiono nei dizionari o che devono essere scritte\&. La password non deve essere uno nome proprio, il numero della patente, la data di nascita o l\*(Aqindirizzo\&. Uno qualunque di questi potrebbe essere indovinato per violare la sicurezza del sistema\&.
+.PP
+You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en\&.wikipedia\&.org/wiki/Password_strength
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+.RS 4
+This option can be used only with
+\fB\-S\fR
+and causes show status for all users\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR
+.RS 4
+Cancella la password utente (la rende vuota)\&. Questo \(`e un metodo veloce per disabilitare la password per l\*(Aqaccount\&. Imposta l\*(Aqaccount indicato come senza password\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expire\fR
+.RS 4
+Fa scadere subito la password dell\*(Aqutente\&. Il che ha l\*(Aqeffetto di forzare un cambio password al successivo accesso da parte dell\*(Aqutente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+This option is used to disable an account after the password has been expired for a number of days\&. After a user account has had an expired password for
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+days, the user may no longer sign on to the account\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-keep\-tokens\fR
+.RS 4
+Indica che il cambio password va effettuato solo per i token (password) di autenticazione scaduti\&. L\*(Aqutente vuole mantenere inalterati i token non scaduti\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\fR
+.RS 4
+Blocca la password dell\*(Aqaccount indicato\&. Questa opzione disabilita una password modificandola in modo che non corrisponda a nessun valore cifrato (aggiunge un \(Fo!\(Fc all\*(Aqinizio della password)\&.
+.sp
+Note that this does not disable the account\&. The user may still be able to login using another authentication token (e\&.g\&. an SSH key)\&. To disable the account, administrators should use
+\fBusermod \-\-expiredate 1\fR
+(this set the account\*(Aqs expire date to Jan 2, 1970)\&.
+.sp
+Gli utenti con password bloccata non la possono cambiare\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+Modalit\(`a silenziosa\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-repository\fR\ \&\fIREPOSITORY\fR
+.RS 4
+change password in
+\fIREPOSITORY\fR
+repository
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-status\fR
+.RS 4
+Visualizza le informazioni sullo stato di un account\&. Lo stato consiste di 7 campi\&. Il primo campo \(`e il nome dell\*(Aqutente\&. Il secondo campo indica se l\*(Aqaccount ha una password bloccata (L), non ha password (NP) o ha una password valida (P)\&. Il terzo campo contiene la data di ultima modifica della password\&. I successivi quattro campi sono l\*(Aqet\(`a minima, la massima, il periodo di avviso e quello di inattivit\(`a\&. Queste et\(`a sono espresse in giorni\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-unlock\fR
+.RS 4
+Unlock the password of the named account\&. This option re\-enables a password by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before using the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-x\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid\&. After
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR, the password is required to be changed\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
+.PP
+Il controllo della complessit\(`a delle password varia da sistema a sistema\&. All\*(Aqutente \(`e caldamente consigliato si utilizzare una password che ritenga sufficientemente complessa\&.
+.PP
+Gli utenti possono non essere in grado di cambiare la propria password se NIS \(`e abilitato ed essi non sono collegati al server NIS\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Definisce l\*(Aqalgoritmo di cifratura predefinito per le password (se non ne viene specificato uno a riga di comando)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBOBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Abilita controlli addizionali durante il cambio password\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_ALWAYS_WARN\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Avvisa riguardo password deboli (anche se le permette egualmente) se si \(`e root\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_CHANGE_TRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Massimo numero di tentativi per cambiare una password (troppo facile)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR (number), \fBPASS_MIN_LEN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Number of significant characters in the password for crypt()\&.
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR
+is 8 by default\&. Don\*(Aqt change unless your crypt() is better\&. This is ignored if
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Con molti cicli \(`e pi\(`u difficile trovare una password usando la forza bruta\&. Ma va notato che \(`e richiesta maggiore potenza di calcolo per autenticare gli utenti\&.
+.sp
+Se non specificato sar\(`a la libc a scegliere il numero di cicli (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore deve essere compreso tra 1\&.000 e 999\&.999\&.999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configurazione del pacchetto password shadow
+.RE
+.SH "VALORI RESTITUITI"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid combination of options
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+unexpected failure, nothing done
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+unexpected failure,
+passwd
+file missing
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+passwd
+file busy, try again
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBchpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man1/sg.1 b/man/it/man1/sg.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d6ad20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man1/sg.1
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: sg
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi utente
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "SG" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi utente"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+sg \- esegue un comando con un diverso ID di gruppo
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBsg\fR\ 'u
+\fBsg\fR [\-] [group\ [\-c\ ]\ command]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsg\fR
+command works similar to
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+but accepts a command\&. The command will be executed with the
+/bin/sh
+shell\&. With most shells you may run
+\fBsg\fR
+from, you need to enclose multi\-word commands in quotes\&. Another difference between
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+and
+\fBsg\fR
+is that some shells treat
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+specially, replacing themselves with a new instance of a shell that
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+creates\&. This doesn\*(Aqt happen with
+\fBsg\fR, so upon exit from a
+\fBsg\fR
+command you are returned to your previous group ID\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man1/su.1 b/man/it/man1/su.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b719a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man1/su.1
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: su
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi utente
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "SU" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi utente"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+su \- cambia ID utente o diventa amministratore
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBsu\fR\ 'u
+\fBsu\fR [\fIopzioni\fR] [\fI\-\fR] [\fInome\fR\ [\ \fIargs\fR\ ]]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsu\fR
+command is used to become another user during a login session\&. Invoked without a
+\fBusername\fR,
+\fBsu\fR
+defaults to becoming the superuser\&. The
+\fB\-\fR
+option may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly\&. The
+\fB\-c\fR
+option may be used to treat the next argument as a command by most shells\&.
+.PP
+Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list\&. You can use the
+\fB\-\-\fR
+argument to stop option parsing\&. The
+\fB\-\fR
+option is special: it is also recognized after
+\fB\-\-\fR, but has to be placed before
+\fBusername\fR\&.
+.PP
+All\*(Aqutente viene quindi chiesta la password, se necessario\&. Una password errata viene segnalata da un messaggio d\*(Aqerrore\&. Viene effettuato il log di tutti i tentativi, siano essi riusciti o meno, al fine di rilevare ogni abuso del sistema\&.
+.PP
+The current environment is passed to the new shell\&. The value of
+\fB$PATH\fR
+is reset to
+/bin:/usr/bin
+for normal users, or
+/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
+for the superuser\&. This may be changed with the
+\fBENV_PATH\fR
+and
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR
+definitions in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.PP
+Un sottosistema di login \(`e indicato dalla presenza del carattere \(Fo*\(Fc all\*(Aqinizio della shell di login\&. La directory home impostata sar\(`a utilizzata come root di un nuovo file system al quale l\*(Aqutente accede\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBsu\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-command\fR\ \&\fICOMMAND\fR
+.RS 4
+Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its
+\fB\-c\fR\&.
+.sp
+The executed command will have no controlling terminal\&. This option cannot be used to execute interactive programs which need a controlling TTY\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-\fR, \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR
+.RS 4
+Fornisce un ambiente simile a quello che un utente si attende quando effettua direttamente il login\&.
+.sp
+When
+\fB\-\fR
+is used, it must be specified before any
+\fBusername\fR\&. For portability it is recommended to use it as last option, before any
+\fBusername\fR\&. The other forms (\fB\-l\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-login\fR) do not have this restriction\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+La shell che verr\(`a invocata\&.
+.sp
+The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first):
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The shell specified with \-\-shell\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+is used, the shell specified by the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The shell indicated in the
+/etc/passwd
+entry for the target user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+/bin/sh
+if a shell could not be found by any above method\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+If the target user has a restricted shell (i\&.e\&. the shell field of this user\*(Aqs entry in
+/etc/passwd
+is not listed in
+/etc/shells), then the
+\fB\-\-shell\fR
+option or the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environment variable won\*(Aqt be taken into account, unless
+\fBsu\fR
+is called by root\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+.RS 4
+Preserve the current environment, except for:
+.PP
+\fB$PATH\fR
+.RS 4
+reset according to the
+/etc/login\&.defs
+options
+\fBENV_PATH\fR
+or
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR
+(see below);
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB$IFS\fR
+.RS 4
+reset to
+\(Fo<space><tab><newline>\(Fc, if it was set\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless
+\fBsu\fR
+is called by root)\&.
+.sp
+Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following:
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The
+\fB$HOME\fR,
+\fB$SHELL\fR,
+\fB$USER\fR,
+\fB$LOGNAME\fR,
+\fB$PATH\fR, and
+\fB$IFS\fR
+environment variables are reset\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is not used, the environment is copied, except for the variables above\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, the
+\fB$TERM\fR,
+\fB$COLORTERM\fR,
+\fB$DISPLAY\fR, and
+\fB$XAUTHORITY\fR
+environment variables are copied if they were set\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, the
+\fB$TZ\fR,
+\fB$HZ\fR, and
+\fB$MAIL\fR
+environment variables are set according to the
+/etc/login\&.defs
+options
+\fBENV_TZ\fR,
+\fBENV_HZ\fR,
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR, and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+(see below)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, other environment variables might be set by the
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR
+file (see below)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RE
+.SH "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
+.PP
+This version of
+\fBsu\fR
+has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito, o il percorso completo di un file che contiene l\*(Aqelenco di nomi di device (uno per riga) oppure un elenco di nomi di device separati da \(Fo:\(Fc\&. L\*(Aqaccesso come root verr\(`a permesso solo attraverso questi device\&.
+.sp
+Se non definito, root potr\(`a accedere da qualsiasi device\&.
+.sp
+Il nome di device deve essere specificato senza il prefisso /dev\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indica se permettere l\*(Aqaccesso al sistema anche se non si pu\(`o accedere alla directory home\&. Il valore predefinito \(`e no\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se questo file esiste ed \(`e leggibile, l\*(Aqambiente di login viene letto da l\(`i\&. Ogni riga deve essere nella forma nome=valore\&.
+.sp
+Le righe che iniziano con \(Fo#\(Fc sono trattate come commenti e ignorate\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Il testo da utilizzare per richiedere la password\&. Il valore predefinito \(`e \(FoPassword: \(Fc o una sua traduzione\&. Se si imposta questa variabile allora il testo non verr\(`a tradotto\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Abilita la verifica e stampa a video dello stato della casella di posta al momento dell\*(Aqaccesso al sistema\&.
+.sp
+Andrebbe disabilitato se i file di avvio della shell effettuano gi\(`a questo controllo (\(Fomailx \-e\(Fc o equivalente)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+La directory di spool per la posta\&. Questa \(`e necessaria per manipolare la casella di posta quando il corrispondente account utente viene modificato o cancellato\&. Se non \(`e specificata viene utilizzato un valore impostato al momento della compilazione\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Imposta la posizione delle caselle di posta degli utenti relative alla loro directory home\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSULOG_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito, tutta l\*(Aqattivit\(`a di \(Fosu\(Fc viene tracciata in questo file\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_NAME\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito \(`e il nome del comando da mostrare quando si esegue \(Fosu \-\(Fc\&. Ad esempio, se lo di definisce come \(Fosu\(Fc allora \(Fops\(Fc mostrer\(`a che il comando \(`e \(Fo\-su\(Fc\&. Se non definito, \(Fops\(Fc mostrer\(`a il nome della shell invocata, come \(Fo\-sh\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_WHEEL_ONLY\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the user must be listed as a member of the first gid 0 group in
+/etc/group
+(called
+\fIroot\fR
+on most Linux systems) to be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0 accounts\&. If the group doesn\*(Aqt exist or is empty, no one will be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SU_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsu\fR
+activity \- in addition to sulog file logging\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Abilita l\*(Aqimpostazione dei bit di gruppo di umask in modo che siano gli stessi dei bit del proprietario (esempio: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) per utenti non root a condizione che uid e gid siano identici e che il nome utente sia lo stesso del gruppo primario\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configurazione del pacchetto password shadow
+.RE
+.SH "VALORI RESTITUITI"
+.PP
+On success,
+\fBsu\fR
+returns the exit value of the command it executed\&.
+.PP
+If this command was terminated by a signal,
+\fBsu\fR
+returns the number of this signal plus 128\&.
+.PP
+If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the command did not terminate in time),
+\fBsu\fR
+returns 255\&.
+.PP
+Some exit values from
+\fBsu\fR
+are independent from the executed command:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success (\fB\-\-help\fR
+only)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+System or authentication failure
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI126\fR
+.RS 4
+The requested command was not found
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI127\fR
+.RS 4
+The requested command could not be executed
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man3/getspnam.3 b/man/it/man3/getspnam.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd473da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man3/getspnam.3
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man3/shadow.3
diff --git a/man/it/man3/shadow.3 b/man/it/man3/shadow.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b373f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man3/shadow.3
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: shadow
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Chiamate di libreria
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "SHADOW" "3" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Chiamate di libreria"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+shadow, getspnam \- routine per file delle password cifrate
+.SH "SINTASSI"
+.PP
+\fI#include <shadow\&.h>\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *getspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *getspnam(char\fR
+\fI*nome\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIvoid setspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIvoid endspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *fgetspent(FILE\fR
+\fI*fp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *sgetspent(char\fR
+\fI*cp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIint putspent(struct spwd\fR
+\fI*p,\fR
+\fIFILE\fR
+\fI*fp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIint lckpwdf();\fR
+.PP
+\fIint ulckpwdf();\fR
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+\fIshadow\fR
+manipulates the contents of the shadow password file,
+/etc/shadow\&. The structure in the
+\fI#include\fR
+file is:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+struct spwd {
+      char		*sp_namp; /* user login name */
+      char		*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */
+      long int		sp_lstchg; /* last password change */
+      long int		sp_min; /* days until change allowed\&. */
+      long int		sp_max; /* days before change required */
+      long int		sp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */
+      long int		sp_inact; /* days before account inactive */
+      long int		sp_expire; /* date when account expires */
+      unsigned long int	sp_flag; /* reserved for future use */
+}
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+Ciascun campo significa:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_namp \- puntatore a una stringa null\-terminated che contiene il nome utente\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_pwdp \- puntatore a una stringa null\-terminated che contiene la password\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_lstchg \- giorni trascorsi dal 1 gennaio 1970 al momento in cui la password \(`e stata cambiata l\*(Aqultima volta\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_min \- giorni prima dei quali la password non pu\(`o essere cambiata\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_max \- giorni dopo i quali la password deve essere cambiata\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_warn \- giorni prima della scadenza della password in cui l\*(Aqutente viene avvertito\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_inact \- giorni dopo la scadenza della password dopo i quali l\*(Aqaccount viene considerato inattivo e disabilitato\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_expire \- giorni a partire dal 1 gennaio 1970 dopo i quali l\*(Aqaccount viene disabilitato\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_flag \- riservato per uso futuro\&.
+.RE
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+\fIgetspent\fR,
+\fIgetspname\fR,
+\fIfgetspent\fR, and
+\fIsgetspent\fR
+each return a pointer to a
+\fIstruct spwd\fR\&.
+\fIgetspent\fR
+returns the next entry from the file, and
+\fIfgetspent\fR
+returns the next entry from the given stream, which is assumed to be a file of the proper format\&.
+\fIsgetspent\fR
+returns a pointer to a
+\fIstruct spwd\fR
+using the provided string as input\&.
+\fIgetspnam\fR
+searches from the current position in the file for an entry matching
+\fIname\fR\&.
+.PP
+\fIsetspent\fR
+and
+\fIendspent\fR
+may be used to begin and end, respectively, access to the shadow password file\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+and
+\fIulckpwdf\fR
+routines should be used to insure exclusive access to the
+/etc/shadow
+file\&.
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+attempts to acquire a lock using
+\fIpw_lock\fR
+for up to 15 seconds\&. It continues by attempting to acquire a second lock using
+\fIspw_lock\fR
+for the remainder of the initial 15 seconds\&. Should either attempt fail after a total of 15 seconds,
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+returns \-1\&. When both locks are acquired 0 is returned\&.
+.SH "DIAGNOSTICA"
+.PP
+Routines return NULL if no more entries are available or if an error occurs during processing\&. Routines which have
+\fIint\fR
+as the return value return 0 for success and \-1 for failure\&.
+.SH "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
+.PP
+Queste funzioni possono essere usate solo dall\*(Aqamministratore, perch\('e l\*(Aqaccesso al file delle password shadow \(`e riservato\&.
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBgetpwent\fR(3),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man5/faillog.5 b/man/it/man5/faillog.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..157d85f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man5/faillog.5
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: faillog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formati di file e conversioni
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "FAILLOG" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formati di file e conversioni"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+faillog \- file di log degli accessi falliti
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+maintains a count of login failures and the limits for each account\&.
+.PP
+Questo file \(`e composto da record di lunghezza fissa, indicizzati dal valore numerico di UID\&. Ciascun record contiene il conteggio degli accessi falliti a partire dall\*(Aqultimo login corretto, il numero massimo di tentativi permessi prima che l\*(Aqaccount venga disabilitato, il terminale sul quale l\*(Aqultimo tentativo fallito \(`e avvenuto, la data in cui \(`e avvenuto, e infine il periodo (in secondi) durante il quale l\*(Aqaccount verr\(`a bloccato a seguito di un fallimento\&.
+.PP
+La struttura del file \(`e la seguente:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+struct	faillog {
+	short   fail_cnt;
+	short   fail_max;
+	char    fail_line[12];
+	time_t  fail_time;
+	long    fail_locktime;
+};
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+.RS 4
+File per tracciare gli accessi falliti\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR(8)
diff --git a/man/it/man5/gshadow.5 b/man/it/man5/gshadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5417f08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man5/gshadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: gshadow
+.\"    Author: Nicolas Fran\(,cois <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formati di file e conversioni
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "GSHADOW" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formati di file e conversioni"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+gshadow \- file shadow per i gruppi
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+contains the shadowed information for group accounts\&.
+.PP
+Questo file non deve essere leggibile dagli utenti normali se si vuole mantenere la sicurezza sulle password\&.
+.PP
+Ogni riga di questo file contiene questi campi separati da due punti:
+.PP
+\fBnome del gruppo\fR
+.RS 4
+Deve essere un nome di gruppo valido, che esista nel sistema\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBpassword cifrata\fR
+.RS 4
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.sp
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, users will not be able to use a unix password to access the group (but group members do not need the password)\&.
+.sp
+The password is used when a user who is not a member of the group wants to gain the permissions of this group (see
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1))\&.
+.sp
+Questo campo pu\(`o essere vuoto, nel qual caso solo i membri del gruppo possono ottenere i permessi del gruppo\&.
+.sp
+A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the password field before the password was locked\&.
+.sp
+This password supersedes any password specified in
+/etc/group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBamministratori\fR
+.RS 4
+Deve essere una lista di nomi utente separati da virgole\&.
+.sp
+Gli amministratori possono cambiare la password o i membri del gruppo\&.
+.sp
+Gli amministratori hanno anche gli stessi permessi dei membri (vedere sotto),
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBmembri\fR
+.RS 4
+Deve essere una lista di nomi utente separati da virgole\&.
+.sp
+I membri possono accedere al gruppo senza che ne sia richiesta la password\&.
+.sp
+You should use the same list of users as in
+/etc/group\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBgrpconv\fR(8),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man5/limits.5 b/man/it/man5/limits.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..491cf33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man5/limits.5
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: limits
+.\"    Author: Luca Berra
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formati di file e conversioni
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "LIMITS" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formati di file e conversioni"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+limits \- definizione dei limiti di risorsa
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fIlimits\fR
+file (/etc/limits
+by default or LIMITS_FILE defined
+config\&.h) describes the resource limits you wish to impose\&. It should be owned by root and readable by root account only\&.
+.PP
+In maniera predefinita non c\*(Aq\(`e nessun limite alla quota di \(Foroot\(Fc\&. In effetti non c\*(Aq\(`e nessun modo per imporre una quota massima tramite questa procedura agli account equivalenti a root (cio\(`e tutti quelli con UID 0)\&.
+.PP
+Ogni riga descrive un limite per l\*(Aqutente in questo formato:
+.PP
+\fIutente TESTO_LIMITE\fR
+.PP
+oppure nel formato:
+.PP
+\fI@gruppo TESTO_LIMITE\fR
+.PP
+The
+\fILIMITS_STRING\fR
+is a string of a concatenated list of resource limits\&. Each limit consists of a letter identifier followed by a numerical limit\&.
+.PP
+Gli identificatori validi sono:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+A: spazio massimo di indirizzamento (kB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+C: dimensione massima dei file \(Focore\(Fc (kB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+D: spazio massimo per i dati (kB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+F: maximum file size (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+K: file creation mask, set by
+\fBumask\fR(2)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+I: massimo valore di \(Fonice\(Fc (0\&.\&.39 che viene tradotto in 20\&.\&.\-19)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+L: massimo numero di accessi per questo utente
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+M: massima quantit\(`a di memoria bloccata (della quale non si pu\(`o fare \(Foswap\(Fc) (kB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+N: numero massimo di file aperti
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+O: massima priorit\(`a \(Foreal time\(Fc
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+P: process priority, set by
+\fBsetpriority\fR(2)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+R: massimo \(Foresident set size\(Fc (kB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+S: dimensione massima della pila (kB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+T: quantit\(`a massima di tempo CPU (MIN)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+U: massimo numero di processi
+.RE
+.PP
+For example,
+\fIL2D2048N5\fR
+is a valid
+\fILIMITS_STRING\fR\&. For reading convenience, the following entries are equivalent:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      username L2D2048N5
+      username L2 D2048 N5
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+Be aware that after
+\fIusername\fR
+the rest of the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed\&. An invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the
+\fBlogin\fR
+program\&.
+.PP
+The default entry is denoted by username "\fI*\fR"\&. If you have multiple
+\fIdefault\fR
+entries in your
+\fILIMITS_FILE\fR, then the last one will be used as the default entry\&.
+.PP
+The limits specified in the form "\fI@group\fR" apply to the members of the specified
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.PP
+If more than one line with limits for a user exist, only the first line for this user will be considered\&.
+.PP
+If no lines are specified for a user, the last
+\fI@group\fR
+line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the user\&.
+.PP
+To completely disable limits for a user, a single dash "\fI\-\fR" will do\&.
+.PP
+To disable a limit for a user, a single dash "\fI\-\fR" can be used instead of the numerical value for this limit\&.
+.PP
+Notare inoltre che tutte queste impostazioni sono effettuate ad ogni accesso\&. Non si tratta di impostazioni globali n\('e permanenti\&. Forse limiti globali saranno possibili in futuro, ma per ora devono bastare questi ;)
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/limits
+.RS 4
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsetpriority\fR(2),
+\fBsetrlimit\fR(2)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man5/login.access.5 b/man/it/man5/login.access.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2af15c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man5/login.access.5
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login.access
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formati di file e conversioni
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "LOGIN\&.ACCESS" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formati di file e conversioni"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+login.access \- tabella di controllo accessi
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fIlogin\&.access\fR
+file specifies (user, host) combinations and/or (user, tty) combinations for which a login will be either accepted or refused\&.
+.PP
+When someone logs in, the
+\fIlogin\&.access\fR
+is scanned for the first entry that matches the (user, host) combination, or, in case of non\-networked logins, the first entry that matches the (user, tty) combination\&. The permissions field of that table entry determines whether the login will be accepted or refused\&.
+.PP
+Ogni riga della tabella di controllo degli accessi ha tre campi separati dal carattere \(Fo:\(Fc:
+.PP
+\fIpermission\fR:\fIusers\fR:\fIorigins\fR
+.PP
+The first field should be a "\fI+\fR" (access granted) or "\fI\-\fR" (access denied) character\&. The second field should be a list of one or more login names, group names, or
+\fIALL\fR
+(always matches)\&. The third field should be a list of one or more tty names (for non\-networked logins), host names, domain names (begin with "\&."), host addresses, internet network numbers (end with "\&."),
+\fIALL\fR
+(always matches) or
+\fILOCAL\fR
+(matches any string that does not contain a "\&." character)\&. If you run NIS you can use @netgroupname in host or user patterns\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fIEXCEPT\fR
+operator makes it possible to write very compact rules\&.
+.PP
+La ricerca nel file dei gruppi avviene solo quando il nome non corrisponde a quello dell\*(Aqutente che accede\&. I gruppi che possono corrispondere sono solo quelli nei quali l\*(Aqutente \(`e esplicitamente elencato: il programma non controlla l\*(Aqid del gruppo primario dell\*(Aqutente\&.
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configurazione del pacchetto password shadow
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man5/login.defs.5 b/man/it/man5/login.defs.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..970ed4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man5/login.defs.5
@@ -0,0 +1,854 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login.defs
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formati di file e conversioni
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "LOGIN\&.DEFS" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formati di file e conversioni"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+login.defs \- configurazione del pacchetto password shadow
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+/etc/login\&.defs
+file defines the site\-specific configuration for the shadow password suite\&. This file is required\&. Absence of this file will not prevent system operation, but will probably result in undesirable operation\&.
+.PP
+Questo file \(`e un file di testo leggibile nel quale ogni riga descrive un parametro di configurazione\&. Le righe consistono di una coppia nome valore separati da spazi\&. Le righe vuote e di commento sono ignorate\&. I commenti iniziano con con il simbolo "#" che deve essere il primo carattere diverso da spazio della riga\&.
+.PP
+Parameter values may be of four types: strings, booleans, numbers, and long numbers\&. A string is comprised of any printable characters\&. A boolean should be either the value
+\fIyes\fR
+or
+\fIno\fR\&. An undefined boolean parameter or one with a value other than these will be given a
+\fIno\fR
+value\&. Numbers (both regular and long) may be either decimal values, octal values (precede the value with
+\fI0\fR) or hexadecimal values (precede the value with
+\fI0x\fR)\&. The maximum value of the regular and long numeric parameters is machine\-dependent\&.
+.PP
+Sono forniti i seguenti parametri di configurazione:
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_RESTRICT\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This parameter specifies which values in the
+\fIgecos\fR
+field of the
+/etc/passwd
+file may be changed by regular users using the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program\&. It can be any combination of letters
+\fIf\fR,
+\fIr\fR,
+\fIw\fR,
+\fIh\fR, for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively\&. For backward compatibility,
+\fIyes\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIrwh\fR
+and
+\fIno\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIfrwh\fR\&. If not specified, only the superuser can make any changes\&. The most restrictive setting is better achieved by not installing
+\fBchfn\fR
+SUID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHSH_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchsh\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito, o il percorso completo di un file che contiene l\*(Aqelenco di nomi di device (uno per riga) oppure un elenco di nomi di device separati da \(Fo:\(Fc\&. L\*(Aqaccesso come root verr\(`a permesso solo attraverso questi device\&.
+.sp
+Se non definito, root potr\(`a accedere da qualsiasi device\&.
+.sp
+Il nome di device deve essere specificato senza il prefisso /dev\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCREATE_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indica se per i nuovi utenti va creata la directory home\&.
+.sp
+Questa impostazione non viene applicata agli utenti di sistema e pu\(`o essere modificata sulla riga di comando\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indica se permettere l\*(Aqaccesso al sistema anche se non si pu\(`o accedere alla directory home\&. Il valore predefinito \(`e no\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Definisce l\*(Aqalgoritmo di cifratura predefinito per le password (se non ne viene specificato uno a riga di comando)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se questo file esiste ed \(`e leggibile, l\*(Aqambiente di login viene letto da l\(`i\&. Ogni riga deve essere nella forma nome=valore\&.
+.sp
+Le righe che iniziano con \(Fo#\(Fc sono trattate come commenti e ignorate\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBERASECHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal ERASE character (\fI010\fR
+= backspace,
+\fI0177\fR
+= DEL)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore deve avere il prefisso \(Fo0\(Fc se in ottale, o \(Fo0x\(Fc se esadecimale\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAIL_DELAY\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Numero di secondi prima che venga concesso un ulteriore tentativo dopo un accesso fallito\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAILLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable logging and display of
+/var/log/faillog
+login failure info\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAKE_SHELL\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set,
+\fBlogin\fR
+will execute this shell instead of the users\*(Aq shell specified in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFTMP_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se impostato, gli accessi falliti verranno tracciati in questo file nel formato utmp\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
+\fBUMASK\fR
+is used to create the mode\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHUSHLOGIN_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito, questo file inibisce quanto stampato durante l\*(Aqaccesso\&. Se viene specificato un percorso completo, la modalit\(`a silenziosa (hushed) viene attivata se in quel file \(`e presente il nome dell\*(Aqutente o della shell dell\*(Aqutente\&. Se il percorso non \(`e completo, allora la modalit\(`a silenziosa viene attivata se quel file \(`e presente nella directory home dell\*(Aqutente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBISSUE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito, il file verr\(`a mostrato prima del prompt di login\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBKILLCHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal KILL character (\fI025\fR
+= CTRL/U)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore deve avere il prefisso \(Fo0\(Fc se in ottale, o \(Fo0x\(Fc se esadecimale\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Abilita la memorizzazione e la stampa delle informazioni sulle date degli ultimi accessi in /var/log/lastlog\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_OK_LOGINS\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Abilita la tracciatura degli accessi avvenuti con successo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Abilita l\*(Aqinclusione dei nomi utente sconosciuti quando si registrano gli accessi falliti\&.
+.sp
+Nota: memorizzare i nomi sconosciuti potrebbe diventare un problema legato alla sicurezza se un utente inserisce la propria password al posto del nome utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_RETRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Massimo numero di tentativi di accesso per password errata\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Il testo da utilizzare per richiedere la password\&. Il valore predefinito \(`e \(FoPassword: \(Fc o una sua traduzione\&. Se si imposta questa variabile allora il testo non verr\(`a tradotto\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_TIMEOUT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Numero massimo di secondi per l\*(Aqaccesso\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Abilita la verifica e stampa a video dello stato della casella di posta al momento dell\*(Aqaccesso al sistema\&.
+.sp
+Andrebbe disabilitato se i file di avvio della shell effettuano gi\(`a questo controllo (\(Fomailx \-e\(Fc o equivalente)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+La directory di spool per la posta\&. Questa \(`e necessaria per manipolare la casella di posta quando il corrispondente account utente viene modificato o cancellato\&. Se non \(`e specificata viene utilizzato un valore impostato al momento della compilazione\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Imposta la posizione delle caselle di posta degli utenti relative alla loro directory home\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore predefinito \(`e 0, che non pone nessun limite al numero di membri per gruppo\&.
+.sp
+Questa opzione (dividi gruppo) permette di limitare la lunghezza delle righe nel file \(Fogroup\(Fc\&. Questo \(`e utile per essere certi che le righe per gruppi NIS non eccedano i 1024 caratteri\&.
+.sp
+Se si deve impostare questo limite, si pu\(`o usare 25\&.
+.sp
+Nota: la divisione dei gruppi potrebbe non essere supportata da ogni strumento (anche all\*(Aqinterno del pacchetto Shadow)\&. Non si dovrebbe utilizzare questa variabile a meno di esserci forzati\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMOTD_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito \(`e una lista di nomi di file con \(Fomessaggi del giorno\(Fc separati da \(Fo:\(Fc che vengono mostrati subito dopo l\*(Aqaccesso\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBNOLOGINS_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito \(`e il nome di un file che impedisce l\*(Aqaccesso degli utenti non root\&. Il suo contenuto dovrebbe essere un messaggio che indica il motivo per il quale l\*(Aqaccesso \(`e impedito\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBOBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Abilita controlli addizionali durante il cambio password\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_ALWAYS_WARN\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Avvisa riguardo password deboli (anche se le permette egualmente) se si \(`e root\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_CHANGE_TRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Massimo numero di tentativi per cambiare una password (troppo facile)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Il numero massimo di giorni che una password pu\(`o essere utilizzata\&. Se la password \(`e pi\(`u vecchia verr\(`a imposto il suo cambiamento\&. Se non specificato viene assunto \-1 (che disabilita questo controllo)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Il numero minimo di giorni tra due cambiamenti di password\&. Ogni tentativo di cambiare la password prima di questo periodo verr\(`a rifiutato\&. Se non specificato viene assunto \-1 (che disabilita questo controllo)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Il numero di giorni per i quali un utente va avvisato che la sua password sta per scadere\&. Se zero l\*(Aqutente viene avvisato solo alla scadenza\&. Un valore negativo indica che non si deve avvisare mai\&. Se non specificato allora non c\*(Aq\(`e nessun avviso\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR,
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR
+and
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR
+are only used at the time of account creation\&. Any changes to these settings won\*(Aqt affect existing accounts\&.
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR (number), \fBPASS_MIN_LEN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Number of significant characters in the password for crypt()\&.
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR
+is 8 by default\&. Don\*(Aqt change unless your crypt() is better\&. This is ignored if
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable checking of time restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Con molti cicli \(`e pi\(`u difficile trovare una password usando la forza bruta\&. Ma va notato che \(`e richiesta maggiore potenza di calcolo per autenticare gli utenti\&.
+.sp
+Se non specificato sar\(`a la libc a scegliere il numero di cicli (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore deve essere compreso tra 1\&.000 e 999\&.999\&.999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSULOG_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito, tutta l\*(Aqattivit\(`a di \(Fosu\(Fc viene tracciata in questo file\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_NAME\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito \(`e il nome del comando da mostrare quando si esegue \(Fosu \-\(Fc\&. Ad esempio, se lo di definisce come \(Fosu\(Fc allora \(Fops\(Fc mostrer\(`a che il comando \(`e \(Fo\-su\(Fc\&. Se non definito, \(Fops\(Fc mostrer\(`a il nome della shell invocata, come \(Fo\-sh\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_WHEEL_ONLY\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the user must be listed as a member of the first gid 0 group in
+/etc/group
+(called
+\fIroot\fR
+on most Linux systems) to be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0 accounts\&. If the group doesn\*(Aqt exist or is empty, no one will be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SU_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsu\fR
+activity \- in addition to sulog file logging\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR (string), \fBTTYPERM\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+group, and the permissions will be set to
+\fBTTYPERM\fR\&.
+.sp
+By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user\*(Aqs primary group and the permissions are set to
+\fI0600\fR\&.
+.sp
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+can be either the name of a group or a numeric group identifier\&.
+.sp
+If you have a
+\fBwrite\fR
+program which is "setgid" to a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and TTYPERM to 0620\&. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYTYPE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito si tratta di un file che mappa le linee tty nella variabile d\*(Aqambiente TERM\&. Ogni riga del file \(`e in un formato tipo \(Fovt100 tty01\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBULIMIT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Default
+\fBulimit\fR
+value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+La maschera di permessi alla creazione dei file \(`e inizializzata con questo valore\&. Se non specificato la maschera viene impostata a 022\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERDEL_CMD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito, questo comando viene eseguito quando si cancella un utente\&. Dovrebbe rimuovere tutti i compiti di stampa/cron/at di propriet\(`a dell\*(Aqutente da cancellare (passato come primo argomento)\&.
+.sp
+Il codice d\*(Aquscita restituito dallo script non \(`e preso in considerazione\&.
+.sp
+Here is an example script, which removes the user\*(Aqs cron, at and print jobs:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+#! /bin/sh
+
+# Check for the required argument\&.
+if [ $# != 1 ]; then
+	echo "Usage: $0 username"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Remove cron jobs\&.
+crontab \-r \-u $1
+
+# Remove at jobs\&.
+# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,
+# even if it was shared by a different username\&.
+AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs
+find $AT_SPOOL_DIR \-name "[^\&.]*" \-type f \-user $1 \-delete \e;
+
+# Remove print jobs\&.
+lprm $1
+
+# All done\&.
+exit 0
+      
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.sp
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Abilita l\*(Aqimpostazione dei bit di gruppo di umask in modo che siano gli stessi dei bit del proprietario (esempio: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) per utenti non root a condizione che uid e gid siano identici e che il nome utente sia lo stesso del gruppo primario\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "RIFERIMENTI INCROCIATI"
+.PP
+I seguenti riferimenti incrociati mostrano quali programmi del pacchetto shadow password utilizzano quali parametri\&.
+.PP
+chfn
+.RS 4
+CHFN_AUTH
+CHFN_RESTRICT
+LOGIN_STRING
+.RE
+.PP
+chgpasswd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+chpasswd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+chsh
+.RS 4
+CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING
+.RE
+.PP
+gpasswd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+groupadd
+.RS 4
+GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN
+.RE
+.PP
+groupdel
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+groupmems
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+groupmod
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+grpck
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+grpconv
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+grpunconv
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+lastlog
+.RS 4
+LASTLOG_UID_MAX
+.RE
+.PP
+login
+.RS 4
+CONSOLE
+CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME
+ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE
+ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY
+FAILLOG_ENAB
+FAKE_SHELL
+FTMP_FILE
+HUSHLOGIN_FILE
+ISSUE_FILE
+KILLCHAR
+LASTLOG_ENAB LASTLOG_UID_MAX
+LOGIN_RETRIES
+LOGIN_STRING
+LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB
+MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB
+TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE
+ULIMIT UMASK
+USERGROUPS_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+newgrp / sg
+.RS 4
+SYSLOG_SG_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+newusers
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB HOME_MODE PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK
+.RE
+.PP
+passwd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+pwck
+.RS 4
+PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+.RE
+.PP
+pwconv
+.RS 4
+PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+.RE
+.PP
+su
+.RS 4
+CONSOLE
+CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME
+ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE
+ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH
+ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB
+SULOG_FILE SU_NAME
+SU_WHEEL_ONLY
+SYSLOG_SU_ENAB
+USERGROUPS_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+sulogin
+.RS 4
+ENV_HZ
+ENV_TZ
+.RE
+.PP
+useradd
+.RS 4
+CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN HOME_MODE LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK
+.RE
+.PP
+userdel
+.RS 4
+MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+usermod
+.RS 4
+LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBpam\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man5/passwd.5 b/man/it/man5/passwd.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c2665bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man5/passwd.5
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: passwd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formati di file e conversioni
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "PASSWD" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formati di file e conversioni"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+passwd \- il file delle password
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+contains one line for each user account, with seven fields delimited by colons (\(Fo:\(Fc)\&. These fields are:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+nome di login
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+password cifrata opzionale
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+ID utente numerico
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+ID gruppo numerico
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+nome utente o commento
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+directory home utente
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+interprete dei comandi utente opzionale
+.RE
+.PP
+If the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field is a lower\-case
+\(Fox\(Fc, then the encrypted password is actually stored in the
+\fBshadow\fR(5)
+file instead; there
+\fImust\fR
+be a corresponding line in the
+/etc/shadow
+file, or else the user account is invalid\&.
+.PP
+The encrypted
+\fIpassword\fR
+field may be empty, in which case no password is required to authenticate as the specified login name\&. However, some applications which read the
+/etc/passwd
+file may decide not to permit
+\fIany\fR
+access at all if the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field is blank\&.
+.PP
+A
+\fIpassword\fR
+field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field before the password was locked\&.
+.PP
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.PP
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)\&.
+.PP
+The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as
+\fBfinger\fR(1)\&.
+.PP
+The home directory field provides the name of the initial working directory\&. The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program uses this information to set the value of the
+\fB$HOME\fR
+environmental variable\&.
+.PP
+The command interpreter field provides the name of the user\*(Aqs command language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute\&. The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program uses this information to set the value of the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environmental variable\&. If this field is empty, it defaults to the value
+/bin/sh\&.
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+file opzionale delle password cifrate
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd\-
+.RS 4
+Copia di backup di /etc/passwd\&.
+.sp
+Notare che questo file viene usato dagli strumenti del pacchetto shadow, ma non da tutti gli strumenti per la gestione di utenti e password\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgetent\fR(1),
+\fBgetpwnam\fR(3),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBpwconv\fR(8),
+\fBpwunconv\fR(8),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsulogin\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man5/porttime.5 b/man/it/man5/porttime.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b169ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man5/porttime.5
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: porttime
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formati di file e conversioni
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "PORTTIME" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formati di file e conversioni"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+porttime \- file delle porte e degli orari d\*(Aqaccesso
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+\fIporttime\fR
+contains a list of tty devices, user names, and permitted login times\&.
+.PP
+Ciascuna voce \(`e composta da tre campi separati da due punti\&. Il primo \(`e un elenco di device tty, separati da virgole, oppure un asterisco per indicare che la voce corrisponde a qualsiasi device\&. Il secondo campo \(`e un elenco di nomi utente, separati da virgole, oppure un asterisco per indicare che la voce corrisponde ad ogni utente\&. Il terzo campo \(`e un elenco degli orari, separati da virgole, in cui \(`e consentito l\*(Aqaccesso\&.
+.PP
+Each access time entry consists of zero or more days of the week, abbreviated
+\fISu\fR,
+\fIMo\fR,
+\fITu\fR,
+\fIWe\fR,
+\fITh\fR,
+\fIFr\fR, and
+\fISa\fR, followed by a pair of times separated by a hyphen\&. The abbreviation
+\fIWk\fR
+may be used to represent Monday thru Friday, and
+\fIAl\fR
+may be used to indicate every day\&. If no days are given,
+\fIAl\fR
+is assumed\&.
+.SH "ESEMPI"
+.PP
+The following entry allows access to user
+\fBjfh\fR
+on every port during weekdays from 9am to 5pm\&.
+.PP
+*:jfh:Wk0900\-1700
+.PP
+The following entries allow access only to the users
+\fIroot\fR
+and
+\fIoper\fR
+on
+/dev/console
+at any time\&. This illustrates how the
+/etc/porttime
+file is an ordered list of access times\&. Any other user would match the second entry which does not permit access at any time\&.
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      console:root,oper:Al0000\-2400
+      console:*:
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+The following entry allows access for the user
+\fIgames\fR
+on any port during non\-working hours\&.
+.PP
+*:games:Wk1700\-0900,SaSu0000\-2400
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/porttime
+.RS 4
+File contenente gli accessi alle porte\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man5/shadow.5 b/man/it/man5/shadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3a66bc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man5/shadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: shadow
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formati di file e conversioni
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "SHADOW" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formati di file e conversioni"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+shadow \- file delle password shadow
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+shadow
+is a file which contains the password information for the system\*(Aqs accounts and optional aging information\&.
+.PP
+Questo file non deve essere leggibile dagli utenti normali se si vuole mantenere la sicurezza sulle password\&.
+.PP
+Each line of this file contains 9 fields, separated by colons (\(Fo:\(Fc), in the following order:
+.PP
+\fBnome di login\fR
+.RS 4
+Deve essere un nome valido di un account esistente nel sistema\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBpassword cifrata\fR
+.RS 4
+This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to authenticate as the specified login name\&. However, some applications which read the
+/etc/shadow
+file may decide not to permit any access at all if the password field is empty\&.
+.sp
+A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the password field before the password was locked\&.
+.sp
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.sp
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBdata dell\*(Aqultimo cambio di password\fR
+.RS 4
+Data dell\*(Aqultimo cambio di password espressa in numero di giorni a partire dal 1 gennaio 1970\&.
+.sp
+The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user should change her password the next time she will log in the system\&.
+.sp
+Un campo vuoto implica che la scadenza della password \(`e disabilitata\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBet\(`a minima password\fR
+.RS 4
+L\*(Aqet\(`a minima password \(`e il numero di giorni che l\*(Aqutente dovr\(`a attendere prima di poter cambiare nuovamente la propria password\&.
+.sp
+Un campo vuoto o con valore 0 indica che non c\*(Aq\(`e una et\(`a minima della password\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBet\(`a massima password\fR
+.RS 4
+L\*(Aqet\(`a massima password \(`e il numero di giorni dopo il quale l\*(Aqutente deve cambiare la propria password\&.
+.sp
+Quando questo numero di giorni \(`e passato, la password pu\(`o ancora essere valida\&. All\*(Aqutente verr\(`a chiesto di cambiare la password durante il successivo accesso\&.
+.sp
+Un campo vuoto indica che non ci sono una et\(`a massima password, un periodo di avviso e nessun periodo di inattivit\(`a (vedere oltre)\&.
+.sp
+Se l\*(Aqet\(`a massima password \(`e minore dell\*(Aqet\(`a minima password, l\*(Aqutente non pu\(`o cambiare la propria password\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBperiodo avviso password\fR
+.RS 4
+Il numero di giorni prima della scadenza di una password (vedere et\(`a massima password, sopra) durante il quale l\*(Aqutente riceve un avviso\&.
+.sp
+Un campo vuoto e il valore 0 indicano che non c\*(Aq\(`e un periodo di avviso password\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBperiodo inattivit\(`a password\fR
+.RS 4
+Il numero di giorni dopo la scadenza della password (vedere et\(`a massima password, sopra) durante il quale la password \(`e ancora accettata (e l\*(Aqutente dovrebbe aggiornare la propria password al primo accesso)\&.
+.sp
+Dopo la scadenza della password e di questo periodo, l\*(Aqutente non potr\(`a accedere usando questa password, ma dovr\(`a contattare l\*(Aqamministratore\&.
+.sp
+Un campo vuoto implica che non \(`e applicato il periodo di inattivit\(`a\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBdata scadenza account\fR
+.RS 4
+La data di scadenza dell\*(Aqaccount, espressa in numero di giorni dal 1 gennaio 1970\&.
+.sp
+Note that an account expiration differs from a password expiration\&. In case of an account expiration, the user shall not be allowed to login\&. In case of a password expiration, the user is not allowed to login using her password\&.
+.sp
+Un campo vuoto implica che l\*(Aqaccount non scade mai\&.
+.sp
+Il valore 0 non andrebbe usato perch\('e potrebbe essere interpretato come account che non scade o come scaduto il 1 gennaio 1970\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBcampo riservato\fR
+.RS 4
+Questo campo \(`e riservato per uso futuro\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow\-
+.RS 4
+Copia di backup per /etc/shadow\&.
+.sp
+Notare che questo file viene usato dagli strumenti del pacchetto shadow, ma non da tutti gli strumenti per la gestione di utenti e password\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBchage\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBpwconv\fR(8),
+\fBpwunconv\fR(8),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsulogin\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man5/suauth.5 b/man/it/man5/suauth.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7724654
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man5/suauth.5
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: suauth
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Formati di file e conversioni
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "SUAUTH" "5" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Formati di file e conversioni"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+suauth \- file di controllo dettagliato per \(Fosu\(Fc
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fB/etc/suauth\fR\ 'u
+\fB/etc/suauth\fR
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The file
+/etc/suauth
+is referenced whenever the su command is called\&. It can change the behaviour of the su command, based upon:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      1) the user su is targeting
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+2) l\*(Aqutente che sta invocando \(Fosu\(Fc (o qualsiasi gruppo del quale questi faccia parte)
+.PP
+Il formato del file \(`e il seguente, con le righe che iniziano con \(Fo#\(Fc trattate come commenti e ignorate;
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      to\-id:from\-id:ACTION
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+Where to\-id is either the word
+\fIALL\fR, a list of usernames delimited by "," or the words
+\fIALL EXCEPT\fR
+followed by a list of usernames delimited by ","\&.
+.PP
+from\-id is formatted the same as to\-id except the extra word
+\fIGROUP\fR
+is recognized\&.
+\fIALL EXCEPT GROUP\fR
+is perfectly valid too\&. Following
+\fIGROUP\fR
+appears one or more group names, delimited by ","\&. It is not sufficient to have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in
+\fB/etc/group\fR(5)
+is necessary\&.
+.PP
+AZIONE pu\(`o essere una delle seguenti opzioni attualmente supportate\&.
+.PP
+\fIDENY\fR
+.RS 4
+Il tentativo di usare \(Fosu\(Fc viene bloccato prima ancora che la password sia chiesta\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fINOPASS\fR
+.RS 4
+Il tentativo di usare \(Fosu\(Fc ha successo senza neppure chiedere la password\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIOWNPASS\fR
+.RS 4
+Perch\('e \(Fosu\(Fc abbia successo, l\*(Aqutente deve inserire la propria password che verr\(`a espressamente richiesta\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+Notare che ci sono tre campi diversi separati da \(Fo:\(Fc\&. Nessuno spazio deve affiancare i due punti\&. Notare anche che il file viene esaminato in maniera sequenziale una riga alla volta, e la prima regola applicabile viene utilizzata senza procede con la lettura delle successive\&. Questo permette all\*(Aqamministratore di sistema di impostare dei controlli allargati o puntuali, come preferisce\&.
+.SH "ESEMPIO"
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      # sample /etc/suauth file
+      #
+      # A couple of privileged usernames may
+      # su to root with their own password\&.
+      #
+      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS
+      #
+      # Anyone else may not su to root unless in
+      # group wheel\&. This is how BSD does things\&.
+      #
+      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY
+      #
+      # Perhaps terry and birddog are accounts
+      # owned by the same person\&.
+      # Access can be arranged between them
+      # with no password\&.
+      #
+      terry:birddog:NOPASS
+      birddog:terry:NOPASS
+      #
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/suauth
+.RS 4
+.RE
+.SH "ERRORI"
+.PP
+Ce ne possono essere molti non visti\&. Il parser dei file \(`e particolarmente rigido sugli errori di sintassi, attendendo l\*(Aqassenza di spazi estranei (ad eccezione di inizio e fine riga) e specifici separatori per delimitare oggetti diversi\&.
+.SH "DIAGNOSTICA"
+.PP
+An error parsing the file is reported using
+\fBsyslogd\fR(8)
+as level ERR on facility AUTH\&.
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBsu\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man8/chgpasswd.8 b/man/it/man8/chgpasswd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..abe2ae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/chgpasswd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chgpasswd
+.\"    Author: Thomas K\(/loczko <kloczek@pld.org.pl>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "CHGPASSWD" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+chgpasswd \- aggiorna le password di gruppo in modalit\(`a non interattiva
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBchgpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBchgpasswd\fR [\fIopzioni\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchgpasswd\fR
+command reads a list of group name and password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a set of existing groups\&. Each line is of the format:
+.PP
+\fIgroup_name\fR:\fIpassword\fR
+.PP
+By default the supplied password must be in clear\-text, and is encrypted by
+\fBchgpasswd\fR\&.
+.PP
+The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable of
+/etc/login\&.defs, and can be overwritten with the
+\fB\-e\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-c\fR
+options\&.
+.PP
+Questo comando \(`e appositamente pensato per grossi sistemi in cui si abbia la necessit\(`a di creare molti account nello stesso momento\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchgpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR
+.RS 4
+Utilizza il metodo specificato per cifrare le password\&.
+.sp
+I metodi disponibili sono DES, MD5, NONE e SHA256 o SHA512 se la propria libc lo consente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-encrypted\fR
+.RS 4
+Le password fornite sono in forma cifrata\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-md5\fR
+.RS 4
+Usa la cifratura MD5 anzich\('e DES quando le password fornite non sono cifrate\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR
+.RS 4
+Usa il numero specificato di cicli per cifrare la password\&.
+.sp
+Il valore 0 indica che il sistema utilizzer\(`a il numero predefinito di cicli per il metodo crypt (5000)\&.
+.sp
+I valori minimo di 1\&.000 e massimo di 999\&.999\&.999 sono forzati\&.
+.sp
+Si pu\(`o utilizzare questa opzione solo con i metodi di cifratura SHA256 o SHA512\&.
+.sp
+By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
+.PP
+Ricordarsi di impostare i permessi o umask in modo da prevenire la lettura in chiaro da parte di altri utenti\&.
+.PP
+Ci si deve accertare che le password e il metodo di cifratura rispettino le norme delle password del sistema\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Definisce l\*(Aqalgoritmo di cifratura predefinito per le password (se non ne viene specificato uno a riga di comando)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore predefinito \(`e 0, che non pone nessun limite al numero di membri per gruppo\&.
+.sp
+Questa opzione (dividi gruppo) permette di limitare la lunghezza delle righe nel file \(Fogroup\(Fc\&. Questo \(`e utile per essere certi che le righe per gruppi NIS non eccedano i 1024 caratteri\&.
+.sp
+Se si deve impostare questo limite, si pu\(`o usare 25\&.
+.sp
+Nota: la divisione dei gruppi potrebbe non essere supportata da ogni strumento (anche all\*(Aqinterno del pacchetto Shadow)\&. Non si dovrebbe utilizzare questa variabile a meno di esserci forzati\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Con molti cicli \(`e pi\(`u difficile trovare una password usando la forza bruta\&. Ma va notato che \(`e richiesta maggiore potenza di calcolo per autenticare gli utenti\&.
+.sp
+Se non specificato sar\(`a la libc a scegliere il numero di cicli (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore deve essere compreso tra 1\&.000 e 999\&.999\&.999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configurazione del pacchetto password shadow
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man8/chpasswd.8 b/man/it/man8/chpasswd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e704d8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/chpasswd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chpasswd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "CHPASSWD" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+chpasswd \- aggiorna le password in modo non interattivo
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBchpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBchpasswd\fR [\fIopzioni\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchpasswd\fR
+command reads a list of user name and password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a group of existing users\&. Each line is of the format:
+.PP
+\fIuser_name\fR:\fIpassword\fR
+.PP
+By default the passwords must be supplied in clear\-text, and are encrypted by
+\fBchpasswd\fR\&. Also the password age will be updated, if present\&.
+.PP
+The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+or
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variables of
+/etc/login\&.defs, and can be overwritten with the
+\fB\-e\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-c\fR
+options\&.
+.PP
+\fBchpasswd\fR
+first updates all the passwords in memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no errors occurred for any user\&.
+.PP
+Questo comando \(`e appositamente pensato per grossi sistemi in cui si abbia la necessit\(`a di creare molti account nello stesso momento\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR\ \&\fIMETHOD\fR
+.RS 4
+Utilizza il metodo specificato per cifrare le password\&.
+.sp
+I metodi disponibili sono DES, MD5, NONE e SHA256 o SHA512 se la propria libc lo consente\&.
+.sp
+By default (if none of the
+\fB\-c\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-e\fR
+options are specified), the encryption method is defined by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+or
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variables of
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-encrypted\fR
+.RS 4
+Le password fornite sono in forma cifrata\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-md5\fR
+.RS 4
+Usa la cifratura MD5 anzich\('e DES quando le password fornite non sono cifrate\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR\ \&\fIROUNDS\fR
+.RS 4
+Usa il numero specificato di cicli per cifrare la password\&.
+.sp
+Il valore 0 indica che il sistema utilizzer\(`a il numero predefinito di cicli per il metodo crypt (5000)\&.
+.sp
+I valori minimo di 1\&.000 e massimo di 999\&.999\&.999 sono forzati\&.
+.sp
+Si pu\(`o utilizzare questa opzione solo con i metodi di cifratura SHA256 o SHA512\&.
+.sp
+By default, the number of rounds is defined by the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+and
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
+.PP
+Ricordarsi di impostare i permessi o umask in modo da prevenire la lettura in chiaro da parte di altri utenti\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Definisce l\*(Aqalgoritmo di cifratura predefinito per le password (se non ne viene specificato uno a riga di comando)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Con molti cicli \(`e pi\(`u difficile trovare una password usando la forza bruta\&. Ma va notato che \(`e richiesta maggiore potenza di calcolo per autenticare gli utenti\&.
+.sp
+Se non specificato sar\(`a la libc a scegliere il numero di cicli (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore deve essere compreso tra 1\&.000 e 999\&.999\&.999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configurazione del pacchetto password shadow
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man8/faillog.8 b/man/it/man8/faillog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..11d0c12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/faillog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: faillog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "FAILLOG" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+faillog \- mostra le registrazioni e imposta i limiti degli accessi falliti
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBfaillog\fR\ 'u
+\fBfaillog\fR [\fIopzioni\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR
+displays the contents of the failure log database (/var/log/faillog)\&. It can also set the failure counters and limits\&. When
+\fBfaillog\fR
+is run without arguments, it only displays the faillog records of the users who had a login failure\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBfaillog\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+.RS 4
+Display (or act on) faillog records for all users having an entry in the
+faillog
+database\&.
+.sp
+The range of users can be restricted with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option\&.
+.sp
+Nella modalit\(`a di visualizzazione, questo \(`e gi\(`a ristretto ai soli utenti esistenti, ma vengono mostrate anche eventuali registrazioni vuote\&.
+.sp
+With the
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR,
+\fB\-r\fR,
+\fB\-t\fR
+options, the users\*(Aq records are changed, even if the user does not exist on the system\&. This is useful to reset records of users that have been deleted or to set a policy in advance for a range of users\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\-secs\fR\ \&\fISEC\fR
+.RS 4
+Lock account for
+\fISEC\fR
+seconds after failed login\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-maximum\fR\ \&\fIMAX\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of login failures after the account is disabled to
+\fIMAX\fR\&.
+.sp
+Selecting a
+\fIMAX\fR
+value of 0 has the effect of not placing a limit on the number of failed logins\&.
+.sp
+The maximum failure count should always be 0 for
+\fIroot\fR
+to prevent a denial of services attack against the system\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reset\fR
+.RS 4
+Azzera i contatori degli accessi falliti\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Display faillog records more recent than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR\ \&\fILOGIN\fR|\fIRANGE\fR
+.RS 4
+Display faillog record or maintains failure counters and limits (if used with
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR
+or
+\fB\-r\fR
+options) only for the specified user(s)\&.
+.sp
+The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users\&. This
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users can be specified with a min and max values (\fIUID_MIN\-UID_MAX\fR), a max value (\fI\-UID_MAX\fR), or a min value (\fIUID_MIN\-\fR)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+When none of the
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-r\fR
+options are used,
+\fBfaillog\fR
+displays the faillog record of the specified user(s)\&.
+.SH "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR
+only prints out users with no successful login since the last failure\&. To print out a user who has had a successful login since their last failure, you must explicitly request the user with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+flag, or print out all users with the
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag\&.
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+.RS 4
+File per tracciare gli accessi falliti\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBfaillog\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man8/groupadd.8 b/man/it/man8/groupadd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7421e62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/groupadd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupadd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPADD" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+groupadd \- crea un nuovo gruppo
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupadd\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupadd\fR [\fIopzioni\fR] \fIgruppo\fR
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command creates a new group account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system\&. The new group will be entered into the system files as needed\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+This option causes the command to simply exit with success status if the specified group already exists\&. When used with
+\fB\-g\fR, and the specified GID already exists, another (unique) GID is chosen (i\&.e\&.
+\fB\-g\fR
+is turned off)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGID\fR
+.RS 4
+The numerical value of the group\*(Aqs ID\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+and greater than every other group\&.
+.sp
+See also the
+\fB\-r\fR
+option and the
+\fBGID_MAX\fR
+description\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-K\fR, \fB\-\-key\fR\ \&\fIKEY\fR=\fIVALUE\fR
+.RS 4
+Overrides
+/etc/login\&.defs
+defaults (GID_MIN, GID_MAX and others)\&. Multiple
+\fB\-K\fR
+options can be specified\&.
+.sp
+Example:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MIN\fR=\fI100\fR\ \&
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+.sp
+Note:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MIN\fR=\fI10\fR,\fIGID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+doesn\*(Aqt work yet\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+Questa opzione permette di aggiungere un gruppo con un GID non univoco\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&. The default is to disable the password\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+Ci si deve accertare che la password rispetti le norme delle password del sistema\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+Crea un gruppo di sistema\&.
+.sp
+The numeric identifiers of new system groups are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-\fBGID_MAX\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore predefinito \(`e 0, che non pone nessun limite al numero di membri per gruppo\&.
+.sp
+Questa opzione (dividi gruppo) permette di limitare la lunghezza delle righe nel file \(Fogroup\(Fc\&. Questo \(`e utile per essere certi che le righe per gruppi NIS non eccedano i 1024 caratteri\&.
+.sp
+Se si deve impostare questo limite, si pu\(`o usare 25\&.
+.sp
+Nota: la divisione dei gruppi potrebbe non essere supportata da ogni strumento (anche all\*(Aqinterno del pacchetto Shadow)\&. Non si dovrebbe utilizzare questa variabile a meno di esserci forzati\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configurazione del pacchetto password shadow
+.RE
+.SH "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
+.PP
+I nomi di gruppo devono iniziare con una lettera minuscola o l\*(Aqunderscore, seguiti da lettere minuscole, cifre numeriche, underscore o trattini\&. Possono terminare con il simbolo del dollaro\&. In termini di espressioni regolari: [a\-z_][a\-z0\-9_\-]*[$]?
+.PP
+Groupnames may only be up to 16 characters long\&.
+.PP
+Non \(`e possibile aggiungere un gruppo NIS o LDAP\&. Questo deve essere fatto sul server corrispondente\&.
+.PP
+If the groupname already exists in an external group database such as NIS or LDAP,
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+will deny the group creation request\&.
+.SH "VALORI RESTITUITI"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+GID not unique (when
+\fB\-o\fR
+not used)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+group name not unique
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man8/groupdel.8 b/man/it/man8/groupdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d515a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/groupdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupdel
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPDEL" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+groupdel \- rimuove un gruppo
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupdel\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupdel\fR [\fIopzioni\fR] \fIGRUPPO\fR
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to
+\fIGROUP\fR\&. The named group must exist\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
+.PP
+Non si pu\(`o rimuovere un gruppo che sia gruppo primario di un utente\&. Occorre rimuovere l\*(Aqutente prima di rimuovere il gruppo\&.
+.PP
+Occorre controllare manualmente tutti i file system per assicurarsi che non rimanga alcun file avente questo ID di gruppo\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore predefinito \(`e 0, che non pone nessun limite al numero di membri per gruppo\&.
+.sp
+Questa opzione (dividi gruppo) permette di limitare la lunghezza delle righe nel file \(Fogroup\(Fc\&. Questo \(`e utile per essere certi che le righe per gruppi NIS non eccedano i 1024 caratteri\&.
+.sp
+Se si deve impostare questo limite, si pu\(`o usare 25\&.
+.sp
+Nota: la divisione dei gruppi potrebbe non essere supportata da ogni strumento (anche all\*(Aqinterno del pacchetto Shadow)\&. Non si dovrebbe utilizzare questa variabile a meno di esserci forzati\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VALORI RESTITUITI"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI8\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt remove user\*(Aqs primary group
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man8/groupmems.8 b/man/it/man8/groupmems.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94aeca5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/groupmems.8
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupmems
+.\"    Author: George Kraft, IV
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPMEMS" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+groupmems \- membri amministratori del gruppo primario dell\*(Aqutente
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupmems\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupmems\fR \-a\ \fIuser_name\fR | \-d\ \fIuser_name\fR | [\-g\ \fIgroup_name\fR] | \-l | \-p 
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+command allows a user to administer their own group membership list without the requirement of superuser privileges\&. The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+utility is for systems that configure its users to be in their own name sake primary group (i\&.e\&., guest / guest)\&.
+.PP
+Only the superuser, as administrator, can use
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+to alter the memberships of other groups\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-add\fR\ \&\fIuser_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a user to the group membership list\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR\ \&\fIuser_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Cancella un utente dall\*(Aqelenco degli utenti del gruppo\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, the user will be removed from the list of members and administrators of the group\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR\ \&\fIgroup_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Il super utente pu\(`o specificare quale elenco di membri del gruppo modificare\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+.RS 4
+Elenca tutti i membri del gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-purge\fR
+.RS 4
+Elimina tutti gli utenti dalla lista dei membri del gruppo\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+executable should be in mode
+2710
+as user
+\fIroot\fR
+and in group
+\fIgroups\fR\&. The system administrator can add users to group
+\fIgroups\fR
+to allow or disallow them using the
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+utility to manage their own group membership list\&.
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+	$ groupadd \-r groups
+	$ chmod 2710 groupmems
+	$ chown root\&.groups groupmems
+	$ groupmems \-g groups \-a gk4
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore predefinito \(`e 0, che non pone nessun limite al numero di membri per gruppo\&.
+.sp
+Questa opzione (dividi gruppo) permette di limitare la lunghezza delle righe nel file \(Fogroup\(Fc\&. Questo \(`e utile per essere certi che le righe per gruppi NIS non eccedano i 1024 caratteri\&.
+.sp
+Se si deve impostare questo limite, si pu\(`o usare 25\&.
+.sp
+Nota: la divisione dei gruppi potrebbe non essere supportata da ogni strumento (anche all\*(Aqinterno del pacchetto Shadow)\&. Non si dovrebbe utilizzare questa variabile a meno di esserci forzati\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+informazioni sicure sugli account di gruppo
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man8/groupmod.8 b/man/it/man8/groupmod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fb99b61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/groupmod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupmod
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPMOD" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+groupmod \- modifica la definizione di un gruppo del sistema
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupmod\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupmod\fR [\fIopzioni\fR] \fIGRUPPO\fR
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command modifies the definition of the specified
+\fIGROUP\fR
+by modifying the appropriate entry in the group database\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGID\fR
+.RS 4
+The group ID of the given
+\fIGROUP\fR
+will be changed to
+\fIGID\fR\&.
+.sp
+The value of
+\fIGID\fR
+must be a non\-negative decimal integer\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&.
+.sp
+Gli utenti che hanno il gruppo come gruppo primario verranno aggiornati per mantenere tale gruppo come loro gruppo primario\&.
+.sp
+Any files that have the old group ID and must continue to belong to
+\fIGROUP\fR, must have their group ID changed manually\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to the
+\fBGID_MIN\fR,
+\fBGID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR, or
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-new\-name\fR\ \&\fINEW_GROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the group will be changed from
+\fIGROUP\fR
+to
+\fINEW_GROUP\fR
+name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+When used with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option, allow to change the group
+\fIGID\fR
+to a non\-unique value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+Ci si deve accertare che la password rispetti le norme delle password del sistema\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore predefinito \(`e 0, che non pone nessun limite al numero di membri per gruppo\&.
+.sp
+Questa opzione (dividi gruppo) permette di limitare la lunghezza delle righe nel file \(Fogroup\(Fc\&. Questo \(`e utile per essere certi che le righe per gruppi NIS non eccedano i 1024 caratteri\&.
+.sp
+Se si deve impostare questo limite, si pu\(`o usare 25\&.
+.sp
+Nota: la divisione dei gruppi potrebbe non essere supportata da ogni strumento (anche all\*(Aqinterno del pacchetto Shadow)\&. Non si dovrebbe utilizzare questa variabile a meno di esserci forzati\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configurazione del pacchetto password shadow
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VALORI RESTITUITI"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+E_SUCCESS: success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+E_USAGE: invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+E_BAD_ARG: invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+E_GID_IN_USE: specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+E_NOTFOUND: specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+E_NAME_IN_USE: group name already in use
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+E_GRP_UPDATE: can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI11\fR
+.RS 4
+E_CLEANUP_SERVICE: can\*(Aqt setup cleanup service
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+E_PAM_USERNAME: can\*(Aqt determine your username for use with pam
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI13\fR
+.RS 4
+E_PAM_ERROR: pam returned an error, see syslog facility id groupmod for the PAM error message
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man8/grpck.8 b/man/it/man8/grpck.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3b479c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/grpck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: grpck
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "GRPCK" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+grpck \- verifica l\*(Aqintegrit\(`a dei file dei gruppi
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBgrpck\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpck\fR [opzioni] [\fIgruppo\fR\ [\ \fIshadow\fR\ ]]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command verifies the integrity of the groups information\&. It checks that all entries in
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow
+have the proper format and contain valid data\&. The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors\&.
+.PP
+Vengono fatti controlli per verificare che ogni voce abbia:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+il corretto numero di campi
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+un nome univoco e valido di gruppo
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid group identifier
+(/etc/group only)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid list of members
+and administrators
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a corresponding entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file (respectively
+/etc/group
+for the
+gshadow
+checks)
+.RE
+.PP
+The checks for correct number of fields and unique group name are fatal\&. If an entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete the entire line\&. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed\&. An entry with a duplicated group name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made\&. All other errors are warnings and the user is encouraged to run the
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command to correct the error\&.
+.PP
+The commands which operate on the
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow files
+are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries\&.
+\fBgrpck\fR
+should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entries\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR
+and
+\fB\-s\fR
+options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-read\-only\fR
+.RS 4
+Execute the
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command in read\-only mode\&. This causes all questions regarding changes to be answered
+\fIno\fR
+without user intervention\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sort\fR
+.RS 4
+Sort entries in
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow
+by GID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+By default,
+\fBgrpck\fR
+operates on
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow\&. The user may select alternate files with the
+\fIgroup\fR
+and \fIshadow\fR parameters\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore predefinito \(`e 0, che non pone nessun limite al numero di membri per gruppo\&.
+.sp
+Questa opzione (dividi gruppo) permette di limitare la lunghezza delle righe nel file \(Fogroup\(Fc\&. Questo \(`e utile per essere certi che le righe per gruppi NIS non eccedano i 1024 caratteri\&.
+.sp
+Se si deve impostare questo limite, si pu\(`o usare 25\&.
+.sp
+Nota: la divisione dei gruppi potrebbe non essere supportata da ogni strumento (anche all\*(Aqinterno del pacchetto Shadow)\&. Non si dovrebbe utilizzare questa variabile a meno di esserci forzati\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VALORI RESTITUITI"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+one or more bad group entries
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt open group files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt lock group files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group files
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man8/grpconv.8 b/man/it/man8/grpconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/grpconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/it/man8/grpunconv.8 b/man/it/man8/grpunconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/grpunconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/it/man8/lastlog.8 b/man/it/man8/lastlog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32a8a16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/lastlog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: lastlog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "LASTLOG" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+lastlog \- riepiloga gli accessi pi\(`u recenti di tutti gli utenti o dell\*(Aqutente dato
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBlastlog\fR\ 'u
+\fBlastlog\fR [\fIopzioni\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+\fBlastlog\fR
+formats and prints the contents of the last login log
+/var/log/lastlog
+file\&. The
+\fIlogin\-name\fR,
+\fIport\fR, and
+\fIlast login time\fR
+will be printed\&. The default (no flags) causes lastlog entries to be printed, sorted by their order in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBlastlog\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-before\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Print only lastlog records older than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-C\fR, \fB\-\-clear\fR
+.RS 4
+Clear lastlog record of a user\&. This option can be used only together with
+\fB\-u\fR
+(\fB\-\-user\fR))\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-set\fR
+.RS 4
+Set lastlog record of a user to the current time\&. This option can be used only together with
+\fB\-u\fR
+(\fB\-\-user\fR))\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Print the lastlog records more recent than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR\ \&\fILOGIN\fR|\fIRANGE\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra il record di ultimo accesso per l\*(Aqutente o gli utenti specificati da
+\fILOGIN\fR\&.
+.sp
+The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users\&. This
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users can be specified with a min and max values (\fIUID_MIN\-UID_MAX\fR), a max value (\fI\-UID_MAX\fR), or a min value (\fIUID_MIN\-\fR)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If the user has never logged in the message
+\fI** Never logged in**\fR
+will be displayed instead of the port and time\&.
+.PP
+Solo le registrazioni degli utenti correnti del sistema verranno mostrate\&. Ci potrebbero essere altre registrazioni per utenti cancellati in precedenza\&.
+.SH "NOTA"
+.PP
+The
+lastlog
+file is a database which contains info on the last login of each user\&. You should not rotate it\&. It is a sparse file, so its size on the disk is usually much smaller than the one shown by "\fBls \-l\fR" (which can indicate a really big file if you have in
+passwd
+users with a high UID)\&. You can display its real size with "\fBls \-s\fR"\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/var/log/lastlog
+.RS 4
+Database degli orari dei precedenti accessi utente\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
+.PP
+Se ci sono dei grossi scarti tra i valori di UID, il programma lastlog pu\(`o restare in esecuzione per un tempo prolungato senza produrre output sullo schermo (ad es\&. se nel database lastlog non ci sono registrazioni per UID tra 170 e 800, il programma sembrer\(`a bloccato mentre esamina gli UID tra 171 e 799)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man8/logoutd.8 b/man/it/man8/logoutd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..420a346
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/logoutd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: logoutd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "LOGOUTD" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+logoutd \- impone le limitazioni sugli orari d\*(Aqaccesso
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBlogoutd\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+enforces the login time and port restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+should be started from
+/etc/rc\&. The
+/var/run/utmp
+file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked to see if the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time\&. Any login session which is violating the restrictions in
+/etc/porttime
+is terminated\&.
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/porttime
+.RS 4
+File contenente gli accessi alle porte\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/var/run/utmp
+.RS 4
+Elenco delle sessioni attive\&.
+.RE
diff --git a/man/it/man8/newusers.8 b/man/it/man8/newusers.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20113e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/newusers.8
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newusers
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "NEWUSERS" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+newusers \- aggiorna e crea nuovi utenti in blocco
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBnewusers\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewusers\fR [\fIopzioni\fR] [\fIfile\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewusers\fR
+command reads a
+\fIfile\fR
+(or the standard input by default) and uses this information to update a set of existing users or to create new users\&. Each line is in the same format as the standard password file (see
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)) with the exceptions explained below:
+.PP
+pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell
+.PP
+\fIpw_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Il nome dell\*(Aqutente\&.
+.sp
+It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR)\&. In case of an existing user, the user\*(Aqs information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_passwd\fR
+.RS 4
+Questo campo verr\(`a cifrato e utilizzato come nuovo valore per la password cifrata\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_uid\fR
+.RS 4
+Definisce l\*(AqUID dell\*(Aqutente\&.
+.sp
+If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+Se questo campo contiene un numero, verr\(`a utilizzato come UID\&.
+.sp
+If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR), the UID of the specified user will be used\&.
+.sp
+Se viene cambiato l\*(AqUID di un utente esistente, la propriet\(`a dei file di propriet\(`a dell\*(Aqutente stesso andr\(`a cambiata manualmente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_gid\fR
+.RS 4
+Definisce il l\*(AqID del gruppo primario dell\*(Aqutente\&.
+.sp
+If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR), the GID of this group will be used as the primary group ID for the user\&.
+.sp
+Se questo campo \(`e numerico, questo numero verr\(`a utilizzato come ID del gruppo primario dell\*(Aqutente\&. Se non esiste nessun gruppo con quel GID, ne viene creato uno con il nome dell\*(Aqutente e il GID specificato\&.
+.sp
+If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the user and a GID will be automatically defined by
+\fBnewusers\fR
+to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new group\&.
+.sp
+If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR), a new group will be created with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by
+\fBnewusers\fR
+to be used as the primary group ID for the user and GID for the new group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_gecos\fR
+.RS 4
+Questo campo viene copiato nel campo GECOS dell\*(Aqutente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_dir\fR
+.RS 4
+Questo campo \(`e utilizzato per impostare la directory home dell\*(Aqutente\&.
+.sp
+Se questo campo non contiene il nome di una directory esistente la directory viene creata, assegnandone la propriet\(`a all\*(Aqutente che si sta definendo o aggiornando e al suo gruppo primario\&.
+.sp
+If the home directory of an existing user is changed,
+\fBnewusers\fR
+does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new location\&. This should be done manually\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_shell\fR
+.RS 4
+Questo campo definisce la shell dell\*(Aqutente\&. Su questo campo non viene fatto nessun controllo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBnewusers\fR
+first tries to create or change all the specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group databases\&. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), no changes are committed to the databases\&.
+.PP
+Questo comando \(`e appositamente pensato per grossi sistemi nei quali molti account sono aggiornati allo stesso tempo\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBnewusers\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR
+.RS 4
+Utilizza il metodo specificato per cifrare le password\&.
+.sp
+I metodi disponibili sono DES, MD5, NONE e SHA256 o SHA512 se la propria libc lo consente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+Crea un account di sistema\&.
+.sp
+System users will be created with no aging information in
+/etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-\fBUID_MAX\fR
+(and their
+\fBGID\fR
+counterparts for the creation of groups)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR
+.RS 4
+Usa il numero specificato di cicli per cifrare la password\&.
+.sp
+Il valore 0 indica che il sistema utilizzer\(`a il numero predefinito di cicli per il metodo crypt (5000)\&.
+.sp
+I valori minimo di 1\&.000 e massimo di 999\&.999\&.999 sono forzati\&.
+.sp
+Si pu\(`o utilizzare questa opzione solo con i metodi di cifratura SHA256 o SHA512\&.
+.sp
+By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
+.PP
+Il file di input deve essere protetto poich\('e contiene password non cifrate\&.
+.PP
+Ci si deve accertare che le password e il metodo di cifratura rispettino le norme delle password del sistema\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Definisce l\*(Aqalgoritmo di cifratura predefinito per le password (se non ne viene specificato uno a riga di comando)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
+\fBUMASK\fR
+is used to create the mode\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore predefinito \(`e 0, che non pone nessun limite al numero di membri per gruppo\&.
+.sp
+Questa opzione (dividi gruppo) permette di limitare la lunghezza delle righe nel file \(Fogroup\(Fc\&. Questo \(`e utile per essere certi che le righe per gruppi NIS non eccedano i 1024 caratteri\&.
+.sp
+Se si deve impostare questo limite, si pu\(`o usare 25\&.
+.sp
+Nota: la divisione dei gruppi potrebbe non essere supportata da ogni strumento (anche all\*(Aqinterno del pacchetto Shadow)\&. Non si dovrebbe utilizzare questa variabile a meno di esserci forzati\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Il numero massimo di giorni che una password pu\(`o essere utilizzata\&. Se la password \(`e pi\(`u vecchia verr\(`a imposto il suo cambiamento\&. Se non specificato viene assunto \-1 (che disabilita questo controllo)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Il numero minimo di giorni tra due cambiamenti di password\&. Ogni tentativo di cambiare la password prima di questo periodo verr\(`a rifiutato\&. Se non specificato viene assunto \-1 (che disabilita questo controllo)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Il numero di giorni per i quali un utente va avvisato che la sua password sta per scadere\&. Se zero l\*(Aqutente viene avvisato solo alla scadenza\&. Un valore negativo indica che non si deve avvisare mai\&. Se non specificato allora non c\*(Aq\(`e nessun avviso\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Con molti cicli \(`e pi\(`u difficile trovare una password usando la forza bruta\&. Ma va notato che \(`e richiesta maggiore potenza di calcolo per autenticare gli utenti\&.
+.sp
+Se non specificato sar\(`a la libc a scegliere il numero di cicli (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore deve essere compreso tra 1\&.000 e 999\&.999\&.999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+La maschera di permessi alla creazione dei file \(`e inizializzata con questo valore\&. Se non specificato la maschera viene impostata a 022\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configurazione del pacchetto password shadow
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man8/nologin.8 b/man/it/man8/nologin.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c56b345
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/nologin.8
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: nologin
+.\"    Author: Nicolas Fran\(,cois <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "NOLOGIN" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+nologin \- rifiuta gentilmente l\*(Aqaccesso
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBnologin\fR\ 'u
+\fBnologin\fR
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnologin\fR
+command displays a message that an account is not available and exits non\-zero\&. It is intended as a replacement shell field for accounts that have been disabled\&.
+.PP
+To disable all logins, investigate
+\fBnologin\fR(5)\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBSSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND\fR
+is populated it will be logged\&.
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnologin\fR(5)\&.
+.SH "CRONOLOGIA"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnologin\fR
+command appeared in BSD 4\&.4\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man8/pwck.8 b/man/it/man8/pwck.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3b12b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/pwck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: pwck
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "PWCK" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+pwck \- verifica l\*(Aqintegrit\(`a dei file delle password
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBpwck\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwck\fR [opzioni] [\fIpasswd\fR\ [\ \fIshadow\fR\ ]]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwck\fR
+command verifies the integrity of the users and authentication information\&. It checks that all entries in
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow
+have the proper format and contain valid data\&. The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors\&.
+.PP
+Vengono fatti controlli per verificare che ogni voce abbia:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+il corretto numero di campi
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+un nome utente univoco e valido
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+identificatori validi dell\*(Aqutente e del gruppo
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+un gruppo primario valido
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+una home directory valida
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+una shell di login valida
+.RE
+.PP
+shadow
+checks are enabled when a second file parameter is specified or when
+/etc/shadow
+exists on the system\&.
+.PP
+Le verifiche sono le seguenti:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+ogni elemento del file passwd deve avere un corrispondente elemento in shadow, e viceversa
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+le password sono specificate nel file shadow
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+gli elementi di shadow hanno il corretto numero di campi
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+gli elementi di shadow sono unici
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+le date di ultima modifica non sono nel futuro
+.RE
+.PP
+The checks for correct number of fields and unique user name are fatal\&. If the entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete the entire line\&. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed\&. An entry with a duplicated user name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made\&. All other errors are warning and the user is encouraged to run the
+\fBusermod\fR
+command to correct the error\&.
+.PP
+The commands which operate on the
+/etc/passwd
+file are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries\&.
+\fBpwck\fR
+should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entry\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR
+and
+\fB\-s\fR
+options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpwck\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+Riporta solo gli errori\&. Gli avvisi che non richiedono azioni da parte dell\*(Aqutente non sono mostrati\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-read\-only\fR
+.RS 4
+Execute the
+\fBpwck\fR
+command in read\-only mode\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sort\fR
+.RS 4
+Sort entries in
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow
+by UID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+By default,
+\fBpwck\fR
+operates on the files
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow\&. The user may select alternate files with the
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and
+\fIshadow\fR
+parameters\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Il numero massimo di giorni che una password pu\(`o essere utilizzata\&. Se la password \(`e pi\(`u vecchia verr\(`a imposto il suo cambiamento\&. Se non specificato viene assunto \-1 (che disabilita questo controllo)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Il numero minimo di giorni tra due cambiamenti di password\&. Ogni tentativo di cambiare la password prima di questo periodo verr\(`a rifiutato\&. Se non specificato viene assunto \-1 (che disabilita questo controllo)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Il numero di giorni per i quali un utente va avvisato che la sua password sta per scadere\&. Se zero l\*(Aqutente viene avvisato solo alla scadenza\&. Un valore negativo indica che non si deve avvisare mai\&. Se non specificato allora non c\*(Aq\(`e nessun avviso\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VALORI RESTITUITI"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwck\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+one or more bad password entries
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt open password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt lock password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt sort password files
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man8/pwconv.8 b/man/it/man8/pwconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..176ee8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/pwconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: pwconv
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "PWCONV" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+pwconv, pwunconv, grpconv, grpunconv \- convertono a e da password e gruppi shadow\&.
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBpwconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwconv\fR [\fIopzioni\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBpwunconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwunconv\fR [\fIopzioni\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBgrpconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpconv\fR [\fIopzioni\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBgrpunconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpunconv\fR [\fIopzioni\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIshadow\fR
+from
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and an optionally existing
+\fIshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwunconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIpasswd\fR
+from
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and
+\fIshadow\fR
+and then removes
+\fIshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIgshadow\fR
+from
+\fIgroup\fR
+and an optionally existing
+\fIgshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpunconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIgroup\fR
+from
+\fIgroup\fR
+and
+\fIgshadow\fR
+and then removes
+\fIgshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+These four programs all operate on the normal and shadow password and group files:
+/etc/passwd,
+/etc/group,
+/etc/shadow, and
+/etc/gshadow\&.
+.PP
+Each program acquires the necessary locks before conversion\&.
+\fBpwconv\fR
+and
+\fBgrpconv\fR
+are similar\&. First, entries in the shadowed file which don\*(Aqt exist in the main file are removed\&. Then, shadowed entries which don\*(Aqt have `x\*(Aq as the password in the main file are updated\&. Any missing shadowed entries are added\&. Finally, passwords in the main file are replaced with `x\*(Aq\&. These programs can be used for initial conversion as well to update the shadowed file if the main file is edited by hand\&.
+.PP
+\fBpwconv\fR
+will use the values of
+\fIPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR,
+\fIPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR, and
+\fIPASS_WARN_AGE\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs
+when adding new entries to
+/etc/shadow\&.
+.PP
+Likewise
+\fBpwunconv\fR
+and
+\fBgrpunconv\fR
+are similar\&. Passwords in the main file are updated from the shadowed file\&. Entries which exist in the main file but not in the shadowed file are left alone\&. Finally, the shadowed file is removed\&. Some password aging information is lost by
+\fBpwunconv\fR\&. It will convert what it can\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpwconv\fR,
+\fBpwunconv\fR,
+\fBgrpconv\fR, and
+\fBgrpunconv\fR
+commands are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ERRORI"
+.PP
+Errors in the password or group files (such as invalid or duplicate entries) may cause these programs to loop forever or fail in other strange ways\&. Please run
+\fBpwck\fR
+and
+\fBgrpck\fR
+to correct any such errors before converting to or from shadow passwords or groups\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+changes the behavior of
+\fBgrpconv\fR
+and
+\fBgrpunconv\fR:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore predefinito \(`e 0, che non pone nessun limite al numero di membri per gruppo\&.
+.sp
+Questa opzione (dividi gruppo) permette di limitare la lunghezza delle righe nel file \(Fogroup\(Fc\&. Questo \(`e utile per essere certi che le righe per gruppi NIS non eccedano i 1024 caratteri\&.
+.sp
+Se si deve impostare questo limite, si pu\(`o usare 25\&.
+.sp
+Nota: la divisione dei gruppi potrebbe non essere supportata da ogni strumento (anche all\*(Aqinterno del pacchetto Shadow)\&. Non si dovrebbe utilizzare questa variabile a meno di esserci forzati\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of
+\fBpwconv\fR:
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Il numero massimo di giorni che una password pu\(`o essere utilizzata\&. Se la password \(`e pi\(`u vecchia verr\(`a imposto il suo cambiamento\&. Se non specificato viene assunto \-1 (che disabilita questo controllo)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Il numero minimo di giorni tra due cambiamenti di password\&. Ogni tentativo di cambiare la password prima di questo periodo verr\(`a rifiutato\&. Se non specificato viene assunto \-1 (che disabilita questo controllo)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Il numero di giorni per i quali un utente va avvisato che la sua password sta per scadere\&. Se zero l\*(Aqutente viene avvisato solo alla scadenza\&. Un valore negativo indica che non si deve avvisare mai\&. Se non specificato allora non c\*(Aq\(`e nessun avviso\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configurazione del pacchetto password shadow
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man8/pwunconv.8 b/man/it/man8/pwunconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/pwunconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/it/man8/sulogin.8 b/man/it/man8/sulogin.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ee9ab6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/sulogin.8
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: sulogin
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "SULOGIN" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+sulogin \- Single\-user login
+.SH "SINTASSI"
+.PP
+\fBsulogin\fR
+[\fItty\-device\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsulogin\fR
+command is invoked by
+\fBinit\fR
+prior to allowing the user access to the system when in single user mode\&. This feature may only be available on certain systems where
+\fBinit\fR
+has been modified accordingly, or where the
+/etc/inittab
+has an entry for a single user login\&.
+.PP
+The user is prompted
+.PP
+Type control\-d to proceed with normal startup,
+(or give root password for system maintenance):
+.PP
+Input and output will be performed with the standard file descriptors unless the optional device name argument is provided\&.
+.PP
+If the user enters the correct root password, a login session is initiated\&. When
+\fIEOF\fR
+is pressed instead, the system enters multi\-user mode\&.
+.PP
+After the user exits the single\-user shell, or presses
+\fIEOF\fR, the system begins the initialization process required to enter multi\-user mode\&.
+.SH "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
+.PP
+This command can only be used if
+\fBinit\fR
+has been modified to call
+\fBsulogin\fR
+instead of
+/bin/sh, or if the user has set the
+\fIinittab\fR
+to support a single user login\&. For example, the line:
+.PP
+co:s:respawn:/etc/sulogin /dev/console
+.PP
+should execute the sulogin command in single user mode\&.
+.PP
+As complete an environment as possible is created\&. However, various devices may be unmounted or uninitialized and many of the user commands may be unavailable or nonfunctional as a result\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1),
+\fBinit\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man8/useradd.8 b/man/it/man8/useradd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d87831d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/useradd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: useradd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "USERADD" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+useradd \- crea un nuovo utente o aggiorna le informazioni predefinite per i nuovi utenti
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
+\fBuseradd\fR [\fIopzioni\fR] \fILOGIN\fR
+.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
+\fBuseradd\fR \-D
+.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
+\fBuseradd\fR \-D [\fIopzioni\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+When invoked without the
+\fB\-D\fR
+option, the
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command creates a new user account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system\&. Depending on command line options, the
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command will update system files and may also create the new user\*(Aqs home directory and copy initial files\&.
+.PP
+By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see
+\fB\-g\fR,
+\fB\-N\fR,
+\fB\-U\fR, and
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR)\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-base\-dir\fR\ \&\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The default base directory for the system if
+\fB\-d\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+is not specified\&.
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+is concatenated with the account name to define the home directory\&. If the
+\fB\-m\fR
+option is not used,
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+must exist\&.
+.sp
+If this option is not specified,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will use the base directory specified by the
+\fBHOME\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or
+/home
+by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-comment\fR\ \&\fICOMMENT\fR
+.RS 4
+Un testo qualsiasi\&. Di norma \(`e una breve descrizione del login, ed \(`e attualmente usato come nome completo dell\*(Aqutente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-home\-dir\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The new user will be created using
+\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+as the value for the user\*(Aqs login directory\&. The default is to append the
+\fILOGIN\fR
+name to
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+and use that as the login directory name\&. The directory
+\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+does not have to exist but will not be created if it is missing\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-defaults\fR
+.RS 4
+Vedere oltre, la sezione \(FoCambiare i valori predefiniti\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+The date on which the user account will be disabled\&. The date is specified in the format
+\fIYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR\&.
+.sp
+If not specified,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will use the default expiry date specified by the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or an empty string (no expiry) by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Il numero di giorni dopo la scadenza della password prima che l\*(Aqaccount venga permanentemente disabilitato\&. Un valore pari a 0 disabilita l\*(Aqaccount non appena la password \(`e scaduta, ed un valore pari a \-1 disabilita questa funzionalit\(`a\&.
+.sp
+If not specified,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will use the default inactivity period specified by the
+\fBINACTIVE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or \-1 by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+Il nome o numero del gruppo di connessione iniziale dell\*(Aqutente\&. Il nome del gruppo deve esistere\&. Un numero di gruppo deve riferirsi ad un gruppo gi\(`a esistente\&.
+.sp
+If not specified, the behavior of
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will depend on the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&. If this variable is set to
+\fIyes\fR
+(or
+\fB\-U/\-\-user\-group\fR
+is specified on the command line), a group will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname\&. If the variable is set to
+\fIno\fR
+(or
+\fB\-N/\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
+is specified on the command line), useradd will set the primary group of the new user to the value specified by the
+\fBGROUP\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or 100 by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-groups\fR\ \&\fIGROUP1\fR[\fI,GROUP2,\&.\&.\&.\fR[\fI,GROUPN\fR]]]
+.RS 4
+A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of\&. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace\&. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option\&. The default is for the user to belong only to the initial group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-skel\fR\ \&\fISKEL_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in the user\*(Aqs home directory, when the home directory is created by
+\fBuseradd\fR\&.
+.sp
+This option is only valid if the
+\fB\-m\fR
+(or
+\fB\-\-create\-home\fR) option is specified\&.
+.sp
+If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the
+\fBSKEL\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd
+or, by default,
+/etc/skel\&.
+.sp
+Se possibile vengono copiate le ACL e gli attributi estesi\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-K\fR, \fB\-\-key\fR\ \&\fIKEY\fR=\fIVALUE\fR
+.RS 4
+Overrides
+/etc/login\&.defs
+defaults (\fBUID_MIN\fR,
+\fBUID_MAX\fR,
+\fBUMASK\fR,
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR
+and others)\&.
+
+Example:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR=\fI\-1\fR
+can be used when creating system account to turn off password aging, even though system account has no password at all\&. Multiple
+\fB\-K\fR
+options can be specified, e\&.g\&.:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIUID_MIN\fR=\fI100\fR\ \&
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIUID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-no\-log\-init\fR
+.RS 4
+Non aggiunge l\*(Aqutente ai database \(Folastlog\(Fc e \(Fofaillog\(Fc\&.
+.sp
+By default, the user\*(Aqs entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are reset to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-create\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+Create the user\*(Aqs home directory if it does not exist\&. The files and directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with the
+\fB\-k\fR
+option) will be copied to the home directory\&.
+.sp
+By default, if this option is not specified and
+\fBCREATE_HOME\fR
+is not enabled, no home directories are created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-no\-create\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+Do no create the user\*(Aqs home directory, even if the system wide setting from
+/etc/login\&.defs
+(\fBCREATE_HOME\fR) is set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to the group specified by the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option or by the
+\fBGROUP\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.sp
+The default behavior (if the
+\fB\-g\fR,
+\fB\-N\fR, and
+\fB\-U\fR
+options are not specified) is defined by the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+Permette la creazione di un utente con un UID duplicato (non unico)\&.
+.sp
+This option is only valid in combination with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&. The default is to disable the password\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+Ci si deve accertare che la password rispetti le norme delle password del sistema\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+Crea un account di sistema\&.
+.sp
+System users will be created with no aging information in
+/etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+/etc/login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-\fBUID_MAX\fR
+(and their
+\fBGID\fR
+counterparts for the creation of groups)\&.
+.sp
+Note that
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will not create a home directory for such a user, regardless of the default setting in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+(\fBCREATE_HOME\fR)\&. You have to specify the
+\fB\-m\fR
+options if you want a home directory for a system account to be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the user\*(Aqs login shell\&. The default is to leave this field blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified by the
+\fBSHELL\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or an empty string by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-uid\fR\ \&\fIUID\fR
+.RS 4
+The numerical value of the user\*(Aqs ID\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+and greater than every other user\&.
+.sp
+See also the
+\fB\-r\fR
+option and the
+\fBUID_MAX\fR
+description\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-U\fR, \fB\-\-user\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+Crea un gruppo con lo stesso nome dell\*(Aqutente e aggiunge l\*(Aqutente al gruppo stesso\&.
+.sp
+The default behavior (if the
+\fB\-g\fR,
+\fB\-N\fR, and
+\fB\-U\fR
+options are not specified) is defined by the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR\ \&\fISEUSER\fR
+.RS 4
+L\*(Aqutente SELinux per questo login utente\&. Lasciando questo campo vuoto si fa in modo che il sistema selezioni automaticamente l\*(Aqutente SELinux\&.
+.RE
+.SS "Cambiare i valori predefiniti"
+.PP
+When invoked with only the
+\fB\-D\fR
+option,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will display the current default values\&. When invoked with
+\fB\-D\fR
+plus other options,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will update the default values for the specified options\&. Valid default\-changing options are:
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-base\-dir\fR\ \&\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The path prefix for a new user\*(Aqs home directory\&. The user\*(Aqs name will be affixed to the end of
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+to form the new user\*(Aqs home directory name, if the
+\fB\-d\fR
+option is not used when creating a new account\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBHOME\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+La data in cui l\*(Aqaccount dell\*(Aqutente verr\(`a disabilitato\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Il numero di giorni dopo la scadenza di una password prima che l\*(Aqaccount venga disabilitato\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBINACTIVE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+The group name or ID for a new user\*(Aqs initial group (when the
+\fB\-N/\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
+is used or when the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable is set to
+\fIno\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs)\&. The named group must exist, and a numerical group ID must have an existing entry\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBGROUP\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+Il nome della shell di login per il nuovo utente\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBSHELL\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.SH "NOTE"
+.PP
+The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files in the
+/etc/skel/
+directory (or any other skeleton directory specified in
+/etc/default/useradd
+or on the command line)\&.
+.SH "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
+.PP
+Non \(`e possibile aggiungere un utente ad un gruppo NIS o LDAP\&. Questo deve essere fatto sul server corrispondente\&.
+.PP
+Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such as NIS or LDAP,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will deny the user account creation request\&.
+.PP
+I nomi utente devono iniziare con una lettera minuscola o un underscore, seguiti da lettere minuscole, cifre numeriche, underscore o trattini\&. Possono terminare con il simbolo del dollaro\&. In termini di espressioni regolari: [a\-z_][a\-z0\-9_\-]*[$]?
+.PP
+I nomi utente non possono eccedere i 32 caratteri di lunghezza\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCREATE_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indica se per i nuovi utenti va creata la directory home\&.
+.sp
+Questa impostazione non viene applicata agli utenti di sistema e pu\(`o essere modificata sulla riga di comando\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
+\fBUMASK\fR
+is used to create the mode\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+La directory di spool per la posta\&. Questa \(`e necessaria per manipolare la casella di posta quando il corrispondente account utente viene modificato o cancellato\&. Se non \(`e specificata viene utilizzato un valore impostato al momento della compilazione\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Imposta la posizione delle caselle di posta degli utenti relative alla loro directory home\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore predefinito \(`e 0, che non pone nessun limite al numero di membri per gruppo\&.
+.sp
+Questa opzione (dividi gruppo) permette di limitare la lunghezza delle righe nel file \(Fogroup\(Fc\&. Questo \(`e utile per essere certi che le righe per gruppi NIS non eccedano i 1024 caratteri\&.
+.sp
+Se si deve impostare questo limite, si pu\(`o usare 25\&.
+.sp
+Nota: la divisione dei gruppi potrebbe non essere supportata da ogni strumento (anche all\*(Aqinterno del pacchetto Shadow)\&. Non si dovrebbe utilizzare questa variabile a meno di esserci forzati\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Il numero massimo di giorni che una password pu\(`o essere utilizzata\&. Se la password \(`e pi\(`u vecchia verr\(`a imposto il suo cambiamento\&. Se non specificato viene assunto \-1 (che disabilita questo controllo)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Il numero minimo di giorni tra due cambiamenti di password\&. Ogni tentativo di cambiare la password prima di questo periodo verr\(`a rifiutato\&. Se non specificato viene assunto \-1 (che disabilita questo controllo)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Il numero di giorni per i quali un utente va avvisato che la sua password sta per scadere\&. Se zero l\*(Aqutente viene avvisato solo alla scadenza\&. Un valore negativo indica che non si deve avvisare mai\&. Se non specificato allora non c\*(Aq\(`e nessun avviso\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+La maschera di permessi alla creazione dei file \(`e inizializzata con questo valore\&. Se non specificato la maschera viene impostata a 022\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Abilita l\*(Aqimpostazione dei bit di gruppo di umask in modo che siano gli stessi dei bit del proprietario (esempio: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) per utenti non root a condizione che uid e gid siano identici e che il nome utente sia lo stesso del gruppo primario\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/default/useradd
+.RS 4
+Valori predefiniti per la creazione dell\*(Aqaccount\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/skel/
+.RS 4
+Directory contenente i file predefiniti\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configurazione del pacchetto password shadow
+.RE
+.SH "VALORI RESTITUITI"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+UID already in use (and no
+\fB\-o\fR)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+username already in use
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt create home directory
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI14\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update SELinux user mapping
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man8/userdel.8 b/man/it/man8/userdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa09920
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/userdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: userdel
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "USERDEL" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+userdel \- rimuove l\*(Aqaccount di un utente ed i file relativi
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBuserdel\fR\ 'u
+\fBuserdel\fR [opzioni] \fILOGIN\fR
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to the user name
+\fILOGIN\fR\&. The named user must exist\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+This option forces the removal of the user account, even if the user is still logged in\&. It also forces
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to remove the user\*(Aqs home directory and mail spool, even if another user uses the same home directory or if the mail spool is not owned by the specified user\&. If
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+is defined to
+\fIyes\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+and if a group exists with the same name as the deleted user, then this group will be removed, even if it is still the primary group of another user\&.
+.sp
+\fINote:\fR
+This option is dangerous and may leave your system in an inconsistent state\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-remove\fR
+.RS 4
+I file nella home directory dell\*(Aqutente verranno rimossi insieme alla home directory stessa e alla casella di posta dell\*(Aqutente\&. I file collocati in altri file system dovranno essere cercati e rimossi manualmente\&.
+.sp
+The mail spool is defined by the
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+variable in the
+login\&.defs
+file\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR
+.RS 4
+Rimuove tutti gli utenti SELinux assegnati al login utente\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+La directory di spool per la posta\&. Questa \(`e necessaria per manipolare la casella di posta quando il corrispondente account utente viene modificato o cancellato\&. Se non \(`e specificata viene utilizzato un valore impostato al momento della compilazione\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Imposta la posizione delle caselle di posta degli utenti relative alla loro directory home\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore predefinito \(`e 0, che non pone nessun limite al numero di membri per gruppo\&.
+.sp
+Questa opzione (dividi gruppo) permette di limitare la lunghezza delle righe nel file \(Fogroup\(Fc\&. Questo \(`e utile per essere certi che le righe per gruppi NIS non eccedano i 1024 caratteri\&.
+.sp
+Se si deve impostare questo limite, si pu\(`o usare 25\&.
+.sp
+Nota: la divisione dei gruppi potrebbe non essere supportata da ogni strumento (anche all\*(Aqinterno del pacchetto Shadow)\&. Non si dovrebbe utilizzare questa variabile a meno di esserci forzati\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERDEL_CMD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Se definito, questo comando viene eseguito quando si cancella un utente\&. Dovrebbe rimuovere tutti i compiti di stampa/cron/at di propriet\(`a dell\*(Aqutente da cancellare (passato come primo argomento)\&.
+.sp
+Il codice d\*(Aquscita restituito dallo script non \(`e preso in considerazione\&.
+.sp
+Here is an example script, which removes the user\*(Aqs cron, at and print jobs:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+#! /bin/sh
+
+# Check for the required argument\&.
+if [ $# != 1 ]; then
+	echo "Usage: $0 username"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Remove cron jobs\&.
+crontab \-r \-u $1
+
+# Remove at jobs\&.
+# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,
+# even if it was shared by a different username\&.
+AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs
+find $AT_SPOOL_DIR \-name "[^\&.]*" \-type f \-user $1 \-delete \e;
+
+# Remove print jobs\&.
+lprm $1
+
+# All done\&.
+exit 0
+      
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.sp
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Abilita l\*(Aqimpostazione dei bit di gruppo di umask in modo che siano gli stessi dei bit del proprietario (esempio: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) per utenti non root a condizione che uid e gid siano identici e che il nome utente sia lo stesso del gruppo primario\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configurazione del pacchetto password shadow
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VALORI RESTITUITI"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified user doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI8\fR
+.RS 4
+user currently logged in
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt remove home directory
+.RE
+.SH "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
+.PP
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will not allow you to remove an account if there are running processes which belong to this account\&. In that case, you may have to kill those processes or lock the user\*(Aqs password or account and remove the account later\&. The
+\fB\-f\fR
+option can force the deletion of this account\&.
+.PP
+Occorre controllare manualmente tutti i file system per assicurarsi che non rimanga nessun file di propriet\(`a di questo utente\&.
+.PP
+Non \(`e possibile rimuovere nessun attributo NIS su un client NIS\&. Questo deve essere fatto sul server NIS\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+is defined to
+\fIyes\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will delete the group with the same name as the user\&. To avoid inconsistencies in the passwd and group databases,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will check that this group is not used as a primary group for another user, and will just warn without deleting the group otherwise\&. The
+\fB\-f\fR
+option can force the deletion of this group\&.
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man8/usermod.8 b/man/it/man8/usermod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0f2409
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/usermod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: usermod
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "USERMOD" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+usermod \- modifica l\*(Aqaccount di un utente
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBusermod\fR\ 'u
+\fBusermod\fR [\fIopzioni\fR] \fILOGIN\fR
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBusermod\fR
+command modifies the system account files to reflect the changes that are specified on the command line\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBusermod\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-append\fR
+.RS 4
+Add the user to the supplementary group(s)\&. Use only with the
+\fB\-G\fR
+option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-badnames\fR
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-comment\fR\ \&\fICOMMENT\fR
+.RS 4
+The new value of the user\*(Aqs password file comment field\&. It is normally modified using the
+\fBchfn\fR(1)
+utility\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-home\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+La nuova directory home dell\*(Aqutente\&.
+.sp
+If the
+\fB\-m\fR
+option is given, the contents of the current home directory will be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it does not already exist\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+The date on which the user account will be disabled\&. The date is specified in the format
+\fIYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR\&.
+.sp
+An empty
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+argument will disable the expiration of the account\&.
+.sp
+This option requires a
+/etc/shadow
+file\&. A
+/etc/shadow
+entry will be created if there were none\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Il numero di giorni dopo la scadenza di una password prima che l\*(Aqaccount venga disabilitato permanentemente\&.
+.sp
+Il valore 0 disabilita l\*(Aqaccount non appena la password \(`e scaduta, e il valore \-1 disabilita questa funzionalit\(`a\&.
+.sp
+This option requires a
+/etc/shadow
+file\&. A
+/etc/shadow
+entry will be created if there were none\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+Il nome o numero del gruppo da assegnare alla connessione dell\*(Aqutente\&. Il gruppo deve esistere\&.
+.sp
+Tutti i file nella directory home dell\*(Aqutente che hanno come gruppo il precedente gruppo primario dell\*(Aqutente stesso verranno modificati perch\('e abbiano questo nuovo gruppo\&.
+.sp
+Il gruppo dei file che si trovano all\*(Aqesterno della directory home dell\*(Aqutente andr\(`a modificato manualmente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-groups\fR\ \&\fIGROUP1\fR[\fI,GROUP2,\&.\&.\&.\fR[\fI,GROUPN\fR]]]
+.RS 4
+A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of\&. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace\&. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option\&.
+.sp
+If the user is currently a member of a group which is not listed, the user will be removed from the group\&. This behaviour can be changed via the
+\fB\-a\fR
+option, which appends the user to the current supplementary group list\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR\ \&\fINEW_LOGIN\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the user will be changed from
+\fILOGIN\fR
+to
+\fINEW_LOGIN\fR\&. Nothing else is changed\&. In particular, the user\*(Aqs home directory or mail spool should probably be renamed manually to reflect the new login name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-lock\fR
+.RS 4
+Lock a user\*(Aqs password\&. This puts a \*(Aq!\*(Aq in front of the encrypted password, effectively disabling the password\&. You can\*(Aqt use this option with
+\fB\-p\fR
+or
+\fB\-U\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: if you wish to lock the account (not only access with a password), you should also set the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+to
+\fI1\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-move\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+Sposta il contenuto della directory home di un utente nella nuova posizione\&.
+.sp
+This option is only valid in combination with the
+\fB\-d\fR
+(or
+\fB\-\-home\fR) option\&.
+.sp
+\fBusermod\fR
+will try to adapt the ownership of the files and to copy the modes, ACL and extended attributes, but manual changes might be needed afterwards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+When used with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option, this option allows to change the user ID to a non\-unique value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+Ci si deve accertare che la password rispetti le norme delle password del sistema\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+Il nome della nuova shell di login dell\*(Aqutente\&. Lasciando questo campo vuoto si fa in modo che il sistema selezioni la shell di login predefinita\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-uid\fR\ \&\fIUID\fR
+.RS 4
+Il nuovo valore numerico dell\*(AqID utente\&.
+.sp
+This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&.
+.sp
+La casella di posta dell\*(Aqutente e ogni altro file di propriet\(`a dell\*(Aqutente che si trovi all\*(Aqinterno della directory home avr\(`a l\*(AqID utente cambiato automaticamente\&.
+.sp
+La propriet\(`a dei file esterni alla directory home dell\*(Aqutente va corretta manualmente\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to the
+\fBUID_MIN\fR,
+\fBUID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR, or
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-U\fR, \fB\-\-unlock\fR
+.RS 4
+Unlock a user\*(Aqs password\&. This removes the \*(Aq!\*(Aq in front of the encrypted password\&. You can\*(Aqt use this option with
+\fB\-p\fR
+or
+\fB\-L\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: if you wish to unlock the account (not only access with a password), you should also set the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+(for example to
+\fI99999\fR, or to the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+value from
+/etc/default/useradd)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-add\-subuids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a range of subordinate uids to the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a users account\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-V\fR, \fB\-\-del\-subuids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove a range of subordinate uids from the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a users account\&. When both
+\fB\-\-del\-subuids\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-add\-subuids\fR
+are specified, the removal of all subordinate uid ranges happens before any subordinate uid range is added\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-add\-subgids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a range of subordinate gids to the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a users account\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-del\-subgids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove a range of subordinate gids from the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a users account\&. When both
+\fB\-\-del\-subgids\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-add\-subgids\fR
+are specified, the removal of all subordinate gid ranges happens before any subordinate gid range is added\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR\ \&\fISEUSER\fR
+.RS 4
+Il nuovo utente SELinux per il login dell\*(Aqutente\&.
+.sp
+A blank
+\fISEUSER\fR
+will remove the SELinux user mapping for user
+\fILOGIN\fR
+(if any)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
+.PP
+You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes when this command is being executed if the user\*(Aqs numerical user ID, the user\*(Aqs name, or the user\*(Aqs home directory is being changed\&.
+\fBusermod\fR
+checks this on Linux\&. On other platforms it only uses utmp to check if the user is logged in\&.
+.PP
+You must change the owner of any
+\fBcrontab\fR
+files or
+\fBat\fR
+jobs manually\&.
+.PP
+Si devono apportare tutte le modifiche che riguardano NIS sul server NIS\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+La directory di spool per la posta\&. Questa \(`e necessaria per manipolare la casella di posta quando il corrispondente account utente viene modificato o cancellato\&. Se non \(`e specificata viene utilizzato un valore impostato al momento della compilazione\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Imposta la posizione delle caselle di posta degli utenti relative alla loro directory home\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Il valore predefinito \(`e 0, che non pone nessun limite al numero di membri per gruppo\&.
+.sp
+Questa opzione (dividi gruppo) permette di limitare la lunghezza delle righe nel file \(Fogroup\(Fc\&. Questo \(`e utile per essere certi che le righe per gruppi NIS non eccedano i 1024 caratteri\&.
+.sp
+Se si deve impostare questo limite, si pu\(`o usare 25\&.
+.sp
+Nota: la divisione dei gruppi potrebbe non essere supportata da ogni strumento (anche all\*(Aqinterno del pacchetto Shadow)\&. Non si dovrebbe utilizzare questa variabile a meno di esserci forzati\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configurazione del pacchetto password shadow
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/it/man8/vigr.8 b/man/it/man8/vigr.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff72d7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/vigr.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/vipw.8
diff --git a/man/it/man8/vipw.8 b/man/it/man8/vipw.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d3feb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/it/man8/vipw.8
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: vipw
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Comandi per la gestione del sistema
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Italian
+.\"
+.TH "VIPW" "8" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Comandi per la gestione del si"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOME"
+vipw, vigr \- modifica i file delle password, dei gruppi, delle password shadow o dei gruppi shadow
+.SH "SINOSSI"
+.HP \w'\fBvipw\fR\ 'u
+\fBvipw\fR [\fIopzioni\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBvigr\fR\ 'u
+\fBvigr\fR [\fIopzioni\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIZIONE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBvipw\fR
+and
+\fBvigr\fR
+commands edits the files
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/group, respectively\&. With the
+\fB\-s\fR
+flag, they will edit the shadow versions of those files,
+/etc/shadow
+and
+/etc/gshadow, respectively\&. The programs will set the appropriate locks to prevent file corruption\&. When looking for an editor, the programs will first try the environment variable
+\fB$VISUAL\fR, then the environment variable
+\fB$EDITOR\fR, and finally the default editor,
+\fBvi\fR(1)\&.
+.SH "OPZIONI"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBvipw\fR
+and
+\fBvigr\fR
+commands are:
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+Modifica del database \(Fogroup\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-passwd\fR
+.RS 4
+Modifica del database \(Fopasswd\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+Modalit\(`a silenziosa\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shadow\fR
+.RS 4
+Modifica del database \(Foshadow\(Fc o \(Fogshadow\(Fc
+.RE
+.SH "VARIABILI D\*(AQAMBIENTE"
+.PP
+\fBVISUAL\fR
+.RS 4
+Editor da utilizzare\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBEDITOR\fR
+.RS 4
+Editor to be used if
+\fBVISUAL\fR
+is not set\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILE"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account di gruppo\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informazioni sicure sugli account utente\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VEDERE ANCHE"
+.PP
+\fBvi\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5)
+,
+\fBpasswd\fR(5), ,
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/ja/Makefile.am b/man/ja/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ffb75a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+
+mandir = @mandir@/ja
+
+man_MANS = \
+	man1/chage.1 \
+	man1/chfn.1 \
+	man8/chpasswd.8 \
+	man1/chsh.1 \
+	man1/expiry.1 \
+	man5/faillog.5 \
+	man8/faillog.8 \
+	man1/gpasswd.1 \
+	man8/groupadd.8 \
+	man8/groupdel.8 \
+	man8/groupmod.8 \
+	man1/groups.1 \
+	man8/grpck.8 \
+	man8/grpconv.8 \
+	man8/grpunconv.8 \
+	man8/lastlog.8 \
+	man1/login.1 \
+	man5/login.defs.5 \
+	man8/logoutd.8 \
+	man1/newgrp.1 \
+	man8/newusers.8 \
+	man1/passwd.1 \
+	man5/passwd.5 \
+	man8/pwck.8 \
+	man8/pwconv.8 \
+	man8/pwunconv.8 \
+	man1/sg.1 \
+	man5/shadow.5 \
+	man1/su.1 \
+	man5/suauth.5 \
+	man8/useradd.8 \
+	man8/userdel.8 \
+	man8/usermod.8 \
+	man8/vigr.8 \
+	man8/vipw.8
+
+man_nopam = \
+	man5/limits.5 \
+	man5/login.access.5 \
+	man5/porttime.5
+
+if !USE_PAM
+man_MANS += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+EXTRA_DIST = \
+	$(man_MANS) \
+	man1/id.1 \
+	man3/shadow.3 \
+	man8/sulogin.8
+
+if USE_PAM
+EXTRA_DIST += $(man_nopam)
+endif
diff --git a/man/ja/Makefile.in b/man/ja/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d2ae85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,663 @@
+# Makefile.in generated by automake 1.16.1 from Makefile.am.
+# @configure_input@
+
+# Copyright (C) 1994-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+# This Makefile.in is free software; the Free Software Foundation
+# gives unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it,
+# with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
+
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law; without
+# even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
+# PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+@SET_MAKE@
+VPATH = @srcdir@
+am__is_gnu_make = { \
+  if test -z '$(MAKELEVEL)'; then \
+    false; \
+  elif test -n '$(MAKE_HOST)'; then \
+    true; \
+  elif test -n '$(MAKE_VERSION)' && test -n '$(CURDIR)'; then \
+    true; \
+  else \
+    false; \
+  fi; \
+}
+am__make_running_with_option = \
+  case $${target_option-} in \
+      ?) ;; \
+      *) echo "am__make_running_with_option: internal error: invalid" \
+              "target option '$${target_option-}' specified" >&2; \
+         exit 1;; \
+  esac; \
+  has_opt=no; \
+  sane_makeflags=$$MAKEFLAGS; \
+  if $(am__is_gnu_make); then \
+    sane_makeflags=$$MFLAGS; \
+  else \
+    case $$MAKEFLAGS in \
+      *\\[\ \	]*) \
+        bs=\\; \
+        sane_makeflags=`printf '%s\n' "$$MAKEFLAGS" \
+          | sed "s/$$bs$$bs[$$bs $$bs	]*//g"`;; \
+    esac; \
+  fi; \
+  skip_next=no; \
+  strip_trailopt () \
+  { \
+    flg=`printf '%s\n' "$$flg" | sed "s/$$1.*$$//"`; \
+  }; \
+  for flg in $$sane_makeflags; do \
+    test $$skip_next = yes && { skip_next=no; continue; }; \
+    case $$flg in \
+      *=*|--*) continue;; \
+        -*I) strip_trailopt 'I'; skip_next=yes;; \
+      -*I?*) strip_trailopt 'I';; \
+        -*O) strip_trailopt 'O'; skip_next=yes;; \
+      -*O?*) strip_trailopt 'O';; \
+        -*l) strip_trailopt 'l'; skip_next=yes;; \
+      -*l?*) strip_trailopt 'l';; \
+      -[dEDm]) skip_next=yes;; \
+      -[JT]) skip_next=yes;; \
+    esac; \
+    case $$flg in \
+      *$$target_option*) has_opt=yes; break;; \
+    esac; \
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+install-strip:
+	if test -z '$(STRIP)'; then \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	      install; \
+	else \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	    "INSTALL_PROGRAM_ENV=STRIPPROG='$(STRIP)'" install; \
+	fi
+mostlyclean-generic:
+
+clean-generic:
+
+distclean-generic:
+	-test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)
+	-test . = "$(srcdir)" || test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)
+
+maintainer-clean-generic:
+	@echo "This command is intended for maintainers to use"
+	@echo "it deletes files that may require special tools to rebuild."
+clean: clean-am
+
+clean-am: clean-generic clean-libtool mostlyclean-am
+
+distclean: distclean-am
+	-rm -f Makefile
+distclean-am: clean-am distclean-generic
+
+dvi: dvi-am
+
+dvi-am:
+
+html: html-am
+
+html-am:
+
+info: info-am
+
+info-am:
+
+install-data-am: install-man
+
+install-dvi: install-dvi-am
+
+install-dvi-am:
+
+install-exec-am:
+
+install-html: install-html-am
+
+install-html-am:
+
+install-info: install-info-am
+
+install-info-am:
+
+install-man: install-man1 install-man5 install-man8
+
+install-pdf: install-pdf-am
+
+install-pdf-am:
+
+install-ps: install-ps-am
+
+install-ps-am:
+
+installcheck-am:
+
+maintainer-clean: maintainer-clean-am
+	-rm -f Makefile
+maintainer-clean-am: distclean-am maintainer-clean-generic
+
+mostlyclean: mostlyclean-am
+
+mostlyclean-am: mostlyclean-generic mostlyclean-libtool
+
+pdf: pdf-am
+
+pdf-am:
+
+ps: ps-am
+
+ps-am:
+
+uninstall-am: uninstall-man
+
+uninstall-man: uninstall-man1 uninstall-man5 uninstall-man8
+
+.MAKE: install-am install-strip
+
+.PHONY: all all-am check check-am clean clean-generic clean-libtool \
+	cscopelist-am ctags-am distclean distclean-generic \
+	distclean-libtool distdir dvi dvi-am html html-am info info-am \
+	install install-am install-data install-data-am install-dvi \
+	install-dvi-am install-exec install-exec-am install-html \
+	install-html-am install-info install-info-am install-man \
+	install-man1 install-man5 install-man8 install-pdf \
+	install-pdf-am install-ps install-ps-am install-strip \
+	installcheck installcheck-am installdirs maintainer-clean \
+	maintainer-clean-generic mostlyclean mostlyclean-generic \
+	mostlyclean-libtool pdf pdf-am ps ps-am tags-am uninstall \
+	uninstall-am uninstall-man uninstall-man1 uninstall-man5 \
+	uninstall-man8
+
+.PRECIOUS: Makefile
+
+
+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
diff --git a/man/ja/man1/chage.1 b/man/ja/man1/chage.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cad8bfe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man1/chage.1
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" Copyright 1990 - 1994 Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Modified Tue 16 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH CHAGE 1
+.SH 名前
+chage \- ユーザパスワードの有効期限情報を変更する。
+.SH 書式
+.TP 6
+\fBchage\fR
+[\fB\-m\fR \fImindays\fR] [\fB\-M\fR \fImaxdays\fR]
+[\fB\-d\fR \fIlastday\fR] [\fB\-I\fR \fIinactive\fR]
+.br
+[\fB\-E\fR \fIexpiredate\fR] [\fB\-W\fR \fIwarndays\fR] \fIuser\fR
+.TP 6
+\fBchage\fR
+\fB\-l\fR \fIuser\fR
+.SH 説明
+\fBchage\fR は、
+パスワードを最後に更新してから、
+次に変更しなければならない期日までの日数を変更する。
+システムはこの情報を用いて、
+ユーザがいつパスワードを変更しなければならないかを決定する。
+\fBchage\fR コマンドを使えるのは root ユーザのみに限られている。
+ただし一般ユーザも \fB\-l\fR オプションを指定すればこのコマンドを利用でき、
+自分のパスワードまたはアカウントがいつ切れるかを知ることができる。
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR オプションを指定した場合、
+\fImindays\fR の値はパスワード変更の間隔の最短日数になる。
+このフィールドをゼロとした時は、ユーザはいつでもパスワードを変更できる。
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR オプションを指定すると、
+\fImaxdays\fR の値はパスワードが有効な最長日数となる。
+\fImaxdays\fR と \fIlastday\fR を足した値が現在の日付より小さい場合、
+ユーザはアカウントを使用する前にパスワードを変更しなければならない。
+\fB\-W\fR オプションを使えばこの期日がいつ来るかが分かるようにできる。
+この場合はユーザに事前に警告が与えられる。
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR オプションを用いると、
+パスワードの最終更新日を設定できる。
+\fIlastday\fR の値は
+1970 年 1 月 1 日からパスワード最終更新日までの日数である。
+日付は YYYY\-MM\-DD という書式
+(もしくはあなたの地域でもっとよく用いられている書式)
+で指定する事もできる。
+.PP
+\fB\-E\fR オプションは、
+それ以降ユーザがアカウントにアクセスできなくなる日付を設定するのに用いられる。
+\fIexpiredate\fR は 1970 年 1 月 1 日から
+アカウントがロックされる日までの日数である。
+日付は YYYY\-MM\-DD という書式
+(もしくはあなたの地域でもっとよく用いられているもの)
+で指定することもできる。
+アカウントをロックされたユーザが再びそのシステムを使うには、
+システム管理者と連絡を取る必要がある。
+.PP
+\fB\-I\fR オプションは、
+パスワードの期限が切れてからアカウントがロックされるまでの
+放置日数を設定するために用いる。
+アカウントをロックされたユーザが再びそのシステムを使うためには、
+システム管理者に連絡しなければならない。
+\fIinactive\fR は使用不能期間の日数である。
+0 にすればこの機能を無効にできる。
+.PP
+\fB\-W\fR オプションは、
+パスワードの変更が必要となる前に警告を行う期間の日数を設定するために用いる。
+\fIwarndays\fR は、
+パスワードの期限切れに先だって、
+ユーザに期限が切れかかっていることを警告する日数である。
+.PP
+いずれのオプションも指定されないと
+\fBchage\fR は対話的に動作する。
+全てのフィールドに対して各々現在の設定値を表示し、
+新しい値の入力を促す。
+新しい値を設定する場合はそれを入力し、
+現在の値を使うなら空行のままリターンキーを押せばよい。
+現在の値は \fB[ ]\fR の間に表示される。
+.SH 注意
+\fBchage\fR プログラムを用いるには shadow パスワードファイルが必要である。
+この機能は、passwd ファイルにパスワードが保存されているときには
+利用できない。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- ユーザアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR \- shadow 化されたユーザアカウント情報
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR passwd (5),
+.BR shadow (5)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh <jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com>
diff --git a/man/ja/man1/chfn.1 b/man/ja/man1/chfn.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38971ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man1/chfn.1
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" Copyright 1990 - 1994 Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Modified Tue 16 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH CHFN 1
+.SH 名前
+chfn \- ユーザの氏名や情報を変更する。
+.SH 書式
+.TP 5
+\fBchfn\fR [\fB\-f\fR \fIfull_name\fR] [\fB\-r\fR \fIroom_no\fR]
+.br
+[\fB\-w\fR \fIwork_ph\fR] [\fB\-h\fR \fIhome_ph\fR] [\fB\-o\fR \fIother\fR]
+[\fIuser\fR]
+.SH 説明
+\fBchfn\fR は、ユーザのフルネーム・オフィスの部屋番号・内線番号・
+自宅の電話番号といったアカウント情報を変更する。
+この情報は \fBfinger\fR(1) のようなプログラムによって表示される。
+一般ユーザは自分自身のアカウント情報のみを変更できる。
+スーパーユーザは全てのアカウントに対して情報を変更できる。
+また \fB\-o\fR オプションを用いて
+GECOS 欄の未定義部分を変更できるのもスーパーユーザだけである。
+.PP
+各フィールドに書く内容に関する制限は、
+コントロール文字・コンマ・コロン・等号を含んでいてはならない、
+ということのみである。
+\fIother\fR 欄に対してはこの制限はないので、
+他のアプリケーションが用いるアカウンティング情報の記録に利用される。
+.PP
+いずれのオプションも指定されないと
+\fBchfn\fR は対話的に動作する。
+全ての欄に対して各々現在の設定値を表示し、新しい値の入力を促す。
+新しい値を設定する場合はそれを入力し、
+現在の値を使うなら空行のままリターンキーを押せばよい。
+現在の値は \fB[ ]\fR 記号の間に表示される。
+オプションを指定しなかった場合、
+chfn は現在のユーザアカウントに対して動作する。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- ユーザアカウント情報
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR passwd (5)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh <jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com>
diff --git a/man/ja/man1/chsh.1 b/man/ja/man1/chsh.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d56be97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man1/chsh.1
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1990, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Modified Tue 16 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH CHSH 1
+.SH 名前
+chsh \- ログインシェルを変更する
+.SH 書式
+.TP 5
+\fBchsh\fR
+[\fB\-s\fR \fIlogin_shell\fR] [\fIuser\fR]
+.SH 説明
+\fBchsh\fR はユーザのログインシェルを変更する。
+これによって、ユーザがログインして最初に実行されるコマンドが決まる。
+一般ユーザは自分のアカウントのログインシェルのみを変更できる。
+スーパーユーザは全てのアカウントのログインシェルを変更できる。
+.PP
+ログインシェルは、
+コマンド名が \fI/etc/shells\fR に記載されていればなんでも良い。
+スーパーユーザの場合はこの制限はなく、いかなる値でも指定できる。
+機能を制限されたログインシェルを用いているアカウントからは、
+ログインシェルを変更できないかもしれない。
+この理由から、
+\fB/bin/rsh\fR は \fI/etc/shells\fR には書かないほうが良い。
+誤って機能が制限されたシェルに変更してしまうと、
+ログインシェルを元のものに戻せなくなってしまうからである。
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR オプションを指定しなかった場合は、
+\fBchsh\fR は対話的に動作する。
+ユーザの現在のログインシェルを表示し、新しい値の入力を促す。
+設定値を変更するなら新しい値を入力し、
+現在の値を使うなら空行のままリターンキーを押せばよい。
+現在のシェルは \fB[ ]\fR 記号の間に表示される。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- ユーザアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/shells\fR \- 指定できるログインシェルのリスト
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR chfn (1),
+.BR passwd (5)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh <jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com>
diff --git a/man/ja/man1/expiry.1 b/man/ja/man1/expiry.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d671507
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man1/expiry.1
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" Copyright 1990 - 1994 Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\" Modified for expiry by Ben Collins <bcollins@debian.org>, 1999
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 2002 NAKANO Takeo all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Sun 3 Mar 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\" Modified Tue 16 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH EXPIRY 1
+.SH 名前
+expiry \- パスワードの期限切れポリシーのチェックと執行
+.SH 書式
+.TP 6
+\fBexpiry\fR [\fB\-c\fR] [\fB\-f\fR]
+.SH 説明
+.B expiry
+は現在のパスワード期限切れ情報をチェック (\fB\-c\fR) し、
+必要な場合は変更を強制する (\fB\-f\fR)。
+このコマンドは通常のユーザコマンドとして呼び出し可能である。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- ユーザアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR \- shadow 化されたユーザアカウント情報
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR passwd (5),
+.BR shadow (5)
+.SH 著者
+Ben Collins <bcollins@debian.org>
diff --git a/man/ja/man1/gpasswd.1 b/man/ja/man1/gpasswd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1b34157
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man1/gpasswd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1996, Rafal Maszkowski <rzm@pdi.net>
+.\" All rights reserved. You can redistribute this man page and/or
+.\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+.\" published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
+.\" License, or (at your option) any later version.
+.\"
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Updated & Modified 3 Mar 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\" Modified Tue 16 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH GPASSWD 1
+.SH 名前
+gpasswd \- /etc/groupファイルを管理する
+.SH 書式
+\fBgpasswd\fR \fIgroup\fR
+.br
+\fBgpasswd \-a\fR \fIuser\fR \fIgroup\fR
+.br
+\fBgpasswd \-d\fR \fIuser\fR \fIgroup\fR
+.br
+\fBgpasswd \-R\fR \fIgroup\fR
+.br
+\fBgpasswd \-r\fR \fIgroup\fR
+.br
+\fBgpasswd\fR [\fB\-A\fR \fIuser\fR,...] [\fB\-M\fR \fIuser\fR,...] \fIgroup\fR
+.SH 説明
+.B gpasswd
+は /etc/group ファイル
+(および SHADOWGRP を定義してコンパイルした時は /etc/gshadow ファイル)
+の管理に用いられる。
+各グループには、管理者・メンバー・パスワードを設定できる。
+システム管理者は、
+\fB\-A\fR オプションを使ってグループ管理者 (複数でも可) を定義したり、
+\fB\-M\fR オプションを使ってメンバーを定義したりでき、
+各グループの管理者・メンバーと同等の特権を持つ。
+.PP
+グループ管理者は、\fB\-a\fR オプションを用いてユーザを追加したり、
+\fB\-d\fR オプションを用いてユーザを削除したりできる。
+管理者は \fB\-r\fR オプションを用いてグループパスワードを削除できる。
+パスワードが設定されていない時は、
+グループのメンバーのみが
+.BR newgrp (1)
+を用いてグループの一員になれる。
+オプション \fB\-R\fR を指定すると、
+.BR newgrp (1)
+コマンドを用いたグループへのアクセスはできなくなる。
+.PP
+グループの管理者がグループ名のみを指定して
+.B gpasswd
+コマンドを実行した場合は、
+パスワードの入力を求められる。
+パスワードが設定されている場合でも、
+メンバーはパスワードなしで
+.BR newgrp (1)
+コマンドを使えるが、
+メンバーでない人はパスワードを入力しなくてはならない。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/group\fR \- グループ情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR \- shadow されたグループ情報
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR newgrp (1),
+.BR groupadd (8),
+.BR groupdel (8),
+.BR groupmod (8),
+.BR grpck (8)
+.SH 著者
+Rafal Maszkowski <rzm@pdi.net>
diff --git a/man/ja/man1/groups.1 b/man/ja/man1/groups.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0a2bbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man1/groups.1
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 2001 Maki KURODA
+.\"     all right reserved,
+.\" Translated Tue Oct 30 11:58:18 JST 2001
+.\" by Maki KURODA <mkuroda@aisys\-jp.com>
+.\" Modified Tue 16 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.\"WORD:	concurrent group set	同時所属グループ集合
+.\"WORD:	real group ID		実グループ ID
+.\"WORD:	effective group ID	実効グループ ID
+.\"
+.TH GROUPS 1
+.SH 名前
+groups \- 現在のグループ名の表示
+.SH 書式
+\fBgroups\fR [\fIuser\fR]
+.SH 説明
+.B groups
+は現在のグループの名前または ID 値を表示する。
+ID 値に対応する名前が \fI/etc/group\fR に登録されていなければ、
+数値のグループ ID で表示される。
+パラメータとして \fIuser\fR を与えると、
+指定した \fIuser\fR が所属するグループ名を表示する。
+.SH 注意
+同時所属グループ集合 (concurrent group set)
+をサポートしていないシステムでは、
+\fI/etc/group\fR の情報が報告される。
+ユーザが現在の実グループ ID や実効グループ ID を変更するには、
+\fBnewgrp\fR や \fBsg\fR を使用しなければならない。
+.SH ファイル
+/etc/group \- グループ情報
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR newgrp (1),
+.BR getuid (2),
+.BR getgid (2),
+.BR getgroups (2)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh <jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com>
diff --git a/man/ja/man1/id.1 b/man/ja/man1/id.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..197cbe7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man1/id.1
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 2000 ISHIKAWA Keisuke
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Thu Nov  9 23:17:10 JST 2000
+.\"         by ISHIKAWA Keisuke
+.\" Modified Tue 16 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH ID 1
+.SH 名前
+id \- 現在のユーザ ID 名とグループ ID 名を表示する
+.SH 書式
+\fBid\fR [\fB\-a\fR]
+.SH 説明
+\fBid\fRは、現在の実ユーザ ID、実効ユーザ ID、実グループ ID、
+実効グループ ID の名前または値を表示する。
+値に対応するエントリが \fI/etc/passwd\fR や
+\fI/etc/group\fR に存在しない場合は、
+対応する名前は表示されずに値だけが表示される。
+ユーザが同時に複数のグループのメンバーになれるシステムでは、
+\fB\-a\fR オプションを指定するとグループの集合が表示される。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- ユーザーアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/group\fR \ \- グループ情報
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR getgid (2),
+.BR getgroups (2),
+.BR getuid (2)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh <jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com>
diff --git a/man/ja/man1/login.1 b/man/ja/man1/login.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44d305e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man1/login.1
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+.\" $Id$

+.\" Copyright 1989 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.TH LOGIN 1
+.SH 名前
+login \- システム上でセッションを開く
+.SH 書式
+\fBlogin\fR [\fB\-p\fR] [\fIusername\fR] [\fIENV=VAR\fR ...]
+.br
+\fBlogin\fR [\fB\-p\fR] [\fB\-h\fR \fIhost\fR] [\fB\-f\fR \fIusername\fR]
+.br
+\fBlogin\fR [\fB\-p\fR] \fB\-r\fR \fIhost\fR
+.SH 説明
+.B login
+はシステムに新たにセッションを開くために用いられる。
+通常は、ユーザの端末に表示される
+.I login:
+というプロンプトに応じる事によって自動的に起動される。
+.B login
+はシェル専用のものであり、
+サブプロセスとして起動することはできない。
+通常シェルは
+.B login
+を
+\fBexec login\fR とみなすので、ユーザは現在のシェルから抜けることになる。
+ログインシェル以外から \fBlogin\fR を起動しようとすると、
+エラーメッセージが表示される。
+.PP
+次いで、必要な場合には、ユーザはパスワードを入力するよう促される。
+パスワードを表示してしまわないよう、エコーは行われない。
+数回以上パスワード入力に失敗すると
+\fBlogin\fR は終了し、通信の接続は切断されてしまう。
+.PP
+アカウントに対してパスワードの有効期限が設定されている場合は、
+先に進む前に新しいパスワードの設定を促されることもある。
+セッションを続けるためには古いパスワードと
+新しいパスワードを入力しなくてはならない。
+詳しい情報は \fBpasswd\fR(1) を参照すること。
+.PP
+ログインに成功すると、システムメッセージやメールの有無が表示される。
+ログインディレクトリに長さ 0 のファイル \fI.hushlogin\fR を作っておけば、
+システムメッセージファイルである
+\fI/etc/motd\fR の表示を無効にできる。
+メールに関するメッセージは、メールボックスの状態によって
+"\fBYou have new mail.\fR",
+"\fBYou have mail.\fR",
+"\fBNo Mail.\fR"
+のいずれかになる。
+.PP
+ユーザ ID とグループの ID は
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR ファイル中に記載されている値に従って設定される。
+\fB$HOME\fR, \fB$SHELL\fR, \fB$PATH\fR, \fB$LOGNAME\fR, \fB$MAIL\fR
+の値は、パスワードエントリのそれぞれのフィールドに従って設定される。
+ulimit, umask, nice 値が、
+GECOS フィールドのエントリーによって設定されることもある。
+.PP
+インストール時の設定によっては、
+\fI/etc/ttytype\fR の指定に従って、
+環境変数\fB$TERM\fRが tty 接続の端末の型 (terminal type)
+に初期化されることもある。
+.PP
+コマンドインタプリタの初期化スクリプトが実行されることもある。
+この機能についての詳しい情報は適当なマニュアルセクションを参照のこと。
+.PP
+サブシステムログインでは、
+ログインシェルの最初の文字に "*" を置く。
+渡されたホームディレクトリは、
+ユーザが実際にログインする新しいファイルシステムのルートとして扱われる。
+.SH オプション
+.TP
+.B \-p
+環境を保存する。
+.TP
+.B \-f
+ユーザはすでに認証されているものとして、認証動作を行なわない。
+.TP
+.B \-h
+このログインのリモートホストの名前。
+.TP
+.B \-r
+rlogin の自動ログインプロトコルを実行する。
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fP, \fB\-h\fP, \fB\-f\fP オプションは、
+root が \fBlogin\fP を起動した場合にのみ用いる。
+.SH 警告
+この版の \fBlogin\fR には多くのコンパイル時オプションがあるが、
+サイトによってはこのうちの一部しか使われていないかもしれない。
+.PP
+システム設定の違いによって上記ファイルの置き場所は変わる。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/var/run/utmp\fR		\- 現在のログインセッションのリスト
+.br
+\fI/var/log/wtmp\fR		\- 過去のログインセッションのリスト
+.br
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR		\- ユーザアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR		\- 暗号化パスワードと有効期限情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/motd\fR			\- システムメッセージファイル
+.br
+\fI/etc/nologin\fR		\- root 以外のユーザのログインを禁止する
+.br
+\fI/etc/ttytype\fR		\- 端末の型のリスト
+.br
+\fI$HOME/.hushlogin\fR	\- システムメッセージの表示を抑制する
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR mail (1),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR sh (1),
+.BR su (1),
+.\" .BR d_passwd (5),
+.BR login.defs (5),
+.BR nologin (5),
+.BR passwd (5),
+.BR getty (8)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh <jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com>
diff --git a/man/ja/man1/newgrp.1 b/man/ja/man1/newgrp.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a60af04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man1/newgrp.1
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Updated & Modified Sun 3 Mar 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\" Modified Tue 16 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH NEWGRP 1
+.SH 名前
+newgrp \- 新しいグループにログインする
+.br
+sg \- 別のグループ ID でコマンドを実行する
+.SH 書式
+\fBnewgrp\fR [\fB\-\fR] [\fIgroup\fR]
+.br
+\fBsg\fR [\fB\-\fR] [\fIgroup\fR [[\fB\-c\fR] \fIcommand\fR]]
+.SH 説明
+.B newgrp
+はログインセッション中に現在のグループ ID を変更するために用いられる。
+オプションとして \fB\-\fR フラグを与えた場合は、
+新たにログインしたのと同じ様に環境が再初期化される。
+そうでない場合は、現在の作業ディレクトリを含めて、
+現在の環境は変化しない。
+.PP
+.B newgrp
+は現在の実グループ ID を、指定したグループに
+(グループ名を指定しなかった場合は \fI/etc/passwd\fR
+に記載されたデフォルトのグループに) 変更する。
+ユーザにはパスワードがなくグループにはある場合、
+あるいはユーザがグループのメンバーではなく
+グループにパスワードがある場合には、
+そのユーザはパスワードの入力を求められる。
+グループのパスワードが設定されておらず、
+かつユーザがグループのメンバーでない場合は、
+アクセスは拒否される。
+.PP
+.B sg
+コマンドは
+.B newgrp
+と同様に動作するが、コマンドを受け付ける。
+このコマンドは \fB/bin/sh\fR シェルで実行される。
+コマンドが複数の単語からなる場合は、
+sg の実行元となるであろうシェルのほとんどにおいて、
+これらをクォートする必要があるだろう。
+.BR newgrp " と " sg
+のもう一つの違いは、
+特定のシェルが \fBnewgrp\fR を特別に扱う点にある。
+このようなシェルは、自分自身を
+.B newgrp
+が生成した新しい実体と置き換える。このようなことは
+.B sg
+では起きないので、
+.B sg
+コマンドから戻った際には以前のグループ ID に戻る。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR	\- ユーザアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/group\fR	\- グループ情報
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR id (1),
+.BR login (1),
+.BR su (1)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh <jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com>
diff --git a/man/ja/man1/passwd.1 b/man/ja/man1/passwd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..15f55d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man1/passwd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" Copyright 1989 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Updated 2 Mar 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\" Modified Tue 16 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH PASSWD 1
+.SH 名前
+passwd \- ユーザパスワードを変更する
+.SH 書式
+\fBpasswd\fR [\fB\-f\fR|\fB\-s\fR] [\fIname\fR]
+.br
+\fBpasswd\fR [\fB\-g\fR] [\fB\-r\fR|\fB\-R\fR] \fIgroup\fR
+.br
+\fBpasswd\fR [\fB\-x\fR \fImax\fR] [\fB\-n\fR \fImin\fR]
+[\fB\-w\fR \fIwarn\fR] [\fB\-i\fR \fIinact\fR] \fIlogin\fR
+.br
+\fBpasswd\fR {\fB\-l\fR|\fB\-u\fR|\fB\-d\fR|\fB\-S\fR|\fB\-e\fR} \fIlogin\fR
+.SH 説明
+\fBpasswd\fR はユーザアカウント・グループアカウントのパスワードを変更する。
+一般ユーザは自分のアカウントのパスワードしか変更できない。
+スーパーユーザはいかなるアカウントのパスワードも変更できる。
+グループの管理者はグループのパスワードを変更できる。
+\fBpasswd\fR によって、ユーザのフルネーム・ログインシェル・
+パスワードの期限切れの日付・
+有効期間といったアカウント情報を変更することもできる。
+.PP
+.B \-s
+オプションを指定すると
+.BR passwd " は " chsh
+を呼び出してユーザのシェルを変更する。
+.B \-f
+オプションを指定すると
+.BR passwd " は " chfn
+を呼び出してユーザの GECOS 情報を変更する。
+これらの 2 つのオプションは互換性のためだけにある。
+chsh や chfn を直接呼び出しても構わない。
+.SS パスワードの変更
+パスワードが既にある場合は、まず古いパスワードを入力するよう促される。
+入力されたパスワードは暗号化され、記録されているものと照合される。
+正しいパスワードを 1 回で入力しなくてはならない。
+スーパーユーザは、パスワードを忘れてしまった際の変更も行なえる様に、
+このステップを省略できる。
+.PP
+パスワードが入力された後、パスワード有効期限の情報を調べ、
+現在パスワードの変更が許されているか検査する。
+もし許可されていない場合は、
+\fBpasswd\fR は変更を拒否して終了する。
+.PP
+次にユーザは、置き換えるパスワードを入力するよう促される。
+入力されたパスワードは、充分複雑かどうか検査される。
+一般的な指針としては、
+パスワードは以下の集合それぞれから一つ以上の文字を使った
+6 から 8 文字のものにすべきである。
+.IP "" .5i
+小文字のアルファベット
+.IP "" .5i
+大文字のアルファベット
+.IP "" .5i
+0 から 9 までの数字
+.IP "" .5i
+句読点
+.PP
+システムのデフォルトの消去文字や
+kill 文字を含めないように注意すること。
+\fBpasswd\fR はあまりに単純なパスワードへの変更は拒否する。
+.PP
+入力したパスワードが受け入れられた場合、
+\fBpasswd\fR はもう一度入力を促し、
+二番目に入力したものを最初のものと比較する。
+パスワード変更が受け入れられるためには、
+この両者が合致しなくてはならない。
+.SS グループパスワード
+\fB\-g\fR オプションを用いた場合、
+指定したグループのパスワードが変更される。
+このオプションはスーパーユーザか指定したグループの管理者しか使えない。
+現在のグループパスワードは尋ねてこない。
+\fB\-g\fR オプションを \fB\-r\fR オプションとともに用いると、
+指定したグループのパスワードが削除される。
+こうすると全てのメンバーがこのグループにアクセスできるようになる。
+\fB\-R\fR オプションを \fB\-g\fR オプションとともに用いると、
+全てのユーザに対して指定したグループへのアクセスを禁止できる。
+.SS パスワードの有効期限情報
+スーパーユーザは、パスワードの有効期限に関する情報を変更できる。
+これには \fB\-x\fR, \fB\-n\fR, \fB\-w\fR, \fB\-i\fR などのオプションを用いる。
+\fB\-x\fR オプションはパスワードが有効な最長日数を設定するのに用いられる。
+\fImax\fR 日が過ぎるとパスワードを変更するように求められる。
+\fB\-n\fR オプションはパスワードが変更可能となるまでの
+最短日数を設定するのに用いられる。
+ユーザは \fImin\fR 日が経過した後でないとパスワードを変更できない。
+\fB\-w\fR オプションはパスワードの使用期限が来る前に
+何日間警告を与えるかを設定するために用いられる。
+期限切れの \fIwarn\fR 日前から注意が開始され、
+パスワードが期限切れになるまであと何日残っているかが示される。
+\fB\-i\fR オプションは、
+パスワードの期限が切れてから何日間経過したら、
+そのアカウントを使用不能の状態にするかを設定するのに用いる。
+\fIinact\fR 日間アカウントをパスワード期限切れ状態のままにすると、
+ユーザはそのアカウントに入れなくなる。
+.PP
+あるアカウントのパスワードを直ちに期限切れにしたい場合は、
+\fB\-e\fR オプションを用いればよい。
+するとそのユーザは次にログインする際にパスワードを変更するよう強制される。
+\fB\-d\fR オプションを使って、ユーザのパスワードを削除することもできる
+(パスワードが空になる)。このオプションは注意して使うこと。
+これを使うと、そのアカウントはログインにパスワードを全く必要としなくなり、
+システムが侵入者に対してオープンになってしまう。
+.SS アカウントの保守
+\fB\-l\fR フラグと \fB\-u\fR フラグを用いると、
+ユーザアカウントをロックしたり、そのロックを外したりできる。
+\fB\-l\fR オプションを用いると、
+パスワードフィールドの値は暗号化された如何なる値ともマッチしなくなり、
+アカウントは使用不能になる。
+\fB\-u\fR オプションを用いると、パスワードは以前の値に戻り、
+アカウントが再び使用可能となる。
+.PP
+\fB\-S\fR オプションを用いるとアカウントの状態が表示される。
+アカウントの状態の情報は 6 つの部分からなる。
+最初の部分は、アカウントにロックがかけられている (L)、
+パスワードが存在しない (NP)、
+もしくは使用可能なパスワードがある (P) といった情報を示す。
+2 番目は最後にパスワードが変更された日付を示す。
+残りの4つの部分はそれぞれパスワードの最短期限、最長期限、警告期間、
+使用不能期間である。
+.SS ユーザパスワードに対するヒント
+パスワードの安全性は暗号化アルゴリズムの強力さとキー空間の大きさに依存する。
+\fB\s-2UNIX\s+2\fR のシステム暗号化の方法は
+NBS DES アルゴリズムに基づいており、非常に安全性が高い。
+キー空間の大きさは選ばれたパスワードのランダムさに依存する。
+.PP
+パスワードの安全性が脅かされるのは、
+大抵の場合パスワードの選択や扱いが不注意なためである。
+従ってパスワードとしては、
+辞書に載っているものや書き留めなければならないものは
+避けるべきである。
+また、固有名詞・免許証番号・誕生日・自宅の住所などを
+パスワードにするのも避けるべきである。
+これらはいずれもシステムセキュリティを破る際に、
+推量情報に用いられる可能性があるからである。
+.PP
+パスワードは紙片に書き留めておく必要が無いよう、
+簡単に思い出せるものにしなくてはならない。
+これは例えば、
+短い二つの単語をくっつけて、
+その間に特殊記号や数字を挟み込むことによって作れる。
+例えば Pass%word など。
+.PP
+他の作り方としては、文学作品などから思い出しやすい句を選び出し、
+それぞれの単語から最初もしくは最後の文字を抜き出す方法がある。
+この方法の例としては、
+.IP "" .5i
+Ask not for whom the bell tolls.
+.PP
+という句から
+.IP "" .5i
+An4wtbt.
+というパスワードが作り出せる。
+.PP
+クラッカーの辞書には、
+こんな語句は載っていなさそうだ、とみなしても良いだろう。
+しかし、ここに示した方法だけに頼るのではなく、
+自分独自のパスワードの作り方を考え出すべきである。
+.SS グループのパスワードに関する注意
+グループパスワードは、一人以上の人間が知ることが許されるものであるから、
+本質的にセキュリティ上の問題を抱えている。
+しかしグループを使えば別々の人間が共同で作業する事ができるので、
+これは便利なツールではある。
+.SH 警告
+全てのオプションが使えるようには設定されていないかもしれない。
+パスワードの複雑さの検証はサイトによって異なるだろう。
+ユーザはシステムが満足するような、
+充分複雑なパスワードを選ぶよう強制される。
+NIS が動作していて、
+かつ NIS サーバ以外にログインしているユーザは、
+パスワードを変更できない。
+(訳注: この場合
+.BR yppasswd (8)
+を用いる。)
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- ユーザアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR \- 暗号化されたユーザパスワード
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR group (5),
+.BR passwd (5),
+.BR shadow (5)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh <jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com>
diff --git a/man/ja/man1/sg.1 b/man/ja/man1/sg.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d07c5e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man1/sg.1
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man1/newgrp.1
diff --git a/man/ja/man1/su.1 b/man/ja/man1/su.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9406f0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man1/su.1
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" Copyright 1989 - 1990, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Updated Wed Apr 26 JST 2000 by Kentaro Shirakata <argrath@ub32.org>
+.\" Updated Fri Jan 12 JST 2001 by Kentaro Shirakata <argrath@ub32.org>
+.\" Updated Mon Mar  4 JST 2002 by Kentaro Shirakata <argrath@ub32.org>
+.\" Modified Tue 16 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH SU 1
+.SH 名前
+su \- ユーザIDを変更する。またはスーパーユーザになる
+.SH 書式
+\fBsu\fR [\fB\-\fR] [\fIusername\fR [\fIargs\fR]]
+.SH 説明
+\fBsu\fR はログインセッション中に別のユーザになるために用いる。
+ユーザ名を指定せずに起動した場合、
+デフォルトではスーパーユーザの ID に変更する。
+オプション引数 \fB\-\fR を用いると、
+直接ログインした場合と同じ環境に初期化される。
+.PP
+ユーザ名の後ろに追加の引数を与えることもでき、
+その場合引数はユーザのログインシェルに渡される。
+特に、その引数の一つとして \fB\-c\fR を渡した場合、
+それに続く引数は大部分のコマンドインタプリタにコマンドとして解釈される。
+コマンドはそのユーザに (\fI/etc/passwd\fR で)
+指定されているシェルで実行される。
+.PP
+必要な場合には、ユーザにはパスワードの入力が促される。
+間違ったパスワードが入力された場合にはエラーメッセージが出力される。
+\fIsu\fRしようとした場合は、システムの濫用を検知するために、
+それが正しい場合も不正な場合も常に記録が残される。
+.PP
+現在の環境は新しいシェルに引き継がれる。
+ただし
+\fB$PATH\fR の値は、
+通常のユーザでは \fB/bin:/usr/bin\fR に、
+スーパーユーザでは \fB/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR
+に再設定される。
+これは \fI/etc/login.defs\fR の
+\fBENV_PATH\fR と \fBENV_SUPATH\fR で変更できる。
+.PP
+サブシステムログインでは、
+ログインシェルの最初の文字に "*" を置く。
+渡されたホームディレクトリは、
+ユーザが実際にログインする新しいファイルシステムのルートとして扱われる。
+.SH 警告
+この版の \fBsu\fR には多くのコンパイル時オプションがあるが、
+サイトによってはこの一部しか設定されていないこともある。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- ユーザアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR \- 暗号化パスワードと有効期限情報
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR login (1),
+.BR sh (1),
+.BR login.defs (5),
+.BR suauth (5)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh <jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com>
diff --git a/man/ja/man3/shadow.3 b/man/ja/man3/shadow.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b76a74f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man3/shadow.3
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" Copyright 1989 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" updated Tue 17 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH SHADOW 3
+.SH 名前
+shadow \- 暗号化されたパスワードファイル用ルーチン
+.SH 書式
+.B #include <shadow.h>
+.PP
+.B struct spwd *getspent();
+.PP
+.B struct spwd *getspnam(char
+.IB *name );
+.PP
+.B void setspent();
+.PP
+.B void endspent();
+.PP
+.B struct spwd *fgetspent(FILE
+.IB *fp );
+.PP
+.B struct spwd *sgetspent(char
+.IB *cp );
+.PP
+.B int putspent(struct spwd
+.I *p,
+.B FILE
+.IB *fp );
+.PP
+.B int lckpwdf();
+.PP
+.B int ulckpwdf();
+.SH 説明
+.I shadow
+は shadow パスワードファイル
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR の内容を操作するルーチンである。
+\fI#include\fR ファイルに与えられている構造体は以下の通り。
+.sp
+struct spwd {
+.in +.5i
+.br
+	char	*sp_namp; /* user login name */
+.br
+	char	*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */
+.br
+	long	sp_lstchg; /* last password change */
+.br
+	int	sp_min; /* days until change allowed. */
+.br
+	int	sp_max; /* days before change required */
+.br
+	int	sp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */
+.br
+	int	sp_inact; /* days before account inactive */
+.br
+	int	sp_expire; /* date when account expires */
+.br
+	int	sp_flag; /* reserved for future use */
+.br
+.in \-.5i
+}
+.PP
+各フィールドの意味は:
+.sp
+sp_namp \- ヌル終端されたユーザ名文字列へのポインタ
+.br
+sp_pwdp \- ヌル終端されたパスワード文字列へのポインタ
+.br
+sp_lstchg \- 1970年1月1日からパスワード最終変更日時迄の日数
+.br
+sp_min \- パスワード変更が出来るようになるまでの日数
+.br
+sp_max \- パスワードを変更しなくても良い日数
+.br
+sp_warn \- パスワードが期限切れになる前に、
+期限切れが近づいている旨の警告をユーザに出す期間の日数
+.br
+sp_inact \- パスワードが期限切れになってから、
+アカウントが不能となり使用できなくなるまでの日数
+.br
+sp_expire \- 1970年1月1からアカウントが使用不能となる日迄の日数
+.br
+sp_flag \- 将来使うときに向けて予約
+.SH 説明
+\fBgetspent\fR, \fBgetspname\fR, \fBfgetspent\fR, \fBsgetspent\fR
+は、それぞれ \fBstruct spwd\fR へのポインタを返す。
+\fBgetspent\fR はファイルから次のエントリを、
+\fBfgetspent\fR は指定されたストリーム
+(正しい書式のファイルとみなされる)
+から次のエントリを返す。
+\fBsgetspent\fR は入力として与えられた文字列を用いて
+\fBstruct spwd\fR へのポインタを返す。
+\fBgetspnam\fR はファイル中の現在の位置から
+\fBname\fR にマッチするエントリを探す。
+.PP
+\fBsetspent\fR は
+shadow パスワードファイルへのアクセスを開始するために、
+\fBendspent\fR は終了するために用いられる。
+.PP
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR ファイルに対する排他的なアクセスを保証したい場合には、
+\fBlckpwdf\fR ルーチンと \fBulckpwdf\fR ルーチンを用いる。
+\fBlckpwdf\fR は \fBpw_lock\fR を用いて最大 15 秒間ロックを取得しようとする。
+そして最初の 15 秒の残りの間、
+\fBspw_lock\fR によって二度目のロックをしようと試み続ける。
+計 15 秒間の間にいずれかの試みが失敗した場合は、
+\fBlckpwdf\fR は \-1 を返す。
+いずれのロックも成功した場合は 0 が返される。
+.SH 返り値
+これらのルーチンは、エントリが残っていない場合や、
+処理の過程でエラーが発生した場合には NULL を返す。
+返り値が \fBint\fR であるルーチンは、
+成功したら 0 を、失敗したら \-1 を返す。
+.SH 警告
+shadowされたパスワードファイルへのアクセスは制限されているので、
+これらのルーチンはスーパーユーザだけが利用できる。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR \- 暗号化されたユーザパスワード
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR getpwent (3),
+.BR shadow (5)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man5/faillog.5 b/man/ja/man5/faillog.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4fdcf73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man5/faillog.5
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1989 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Modified Tue 18 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH FAILLOG 5
+.SH 名前
+faillog \- ログイン失敗を記録するファイル
+.SH 説明
+.I faillog
+は個々のアカウントに対するログイン失敗回数とその限度を記録する。
+ファイルは固定長レコードであり、UID 番号でインデックス付けされている。
+各レコードには、最後にログインに成功して以降のログイン失敗回数、
+アカウントが使用不能となるまでに許されるログイン失敗回数、
+最後にログインに失敗したときの接続デバイス、
+最後にログインに失敗した日付、
+が記録されている。
+.PP
+このファイルの構造は以下の通り。
+.DS
+
+        struct	faillog {
+                short   fail_cnt;
+                short   fail_max;
+                char    fail_line[12];
+                time_t  fail_time;
+        };
+
+.DE
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/var/log/faillog\fR \- ログイン失敗の記録
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR faillog (8)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man5/limits.5 b/man/ja/man5/limits.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8c8329
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man5/limits.5
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 2001 Maki KURODA
+.\"     all right reserved,
+.\" Translated Mon Nov  5 18:12:16 JST 2001
+.\" by Maki KURODA <mkuroda@aisys-jp.com>
+.\" Modified Tue 18 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH LIMITS 5
+.SH 名前
+limits \- リソース制限の定義
+.SH 説明
+.I limits
+ファイル (デフォルトでは /etc/limits。
+あるいは config.h で定義した LIMITS_FILE)
+には、設定したいリソース制限を記述する。
+このファイルは root が所有し、
+root アカウントのみが読み込み可能とするべきである．
+.PP
+デフォルトでは root に対する制限は設定できない。
+実は、root と同等のアカウント (UID 0 のアカウント)
+をこの手段によって制限することはできない。
+.PP
+各行には以下の形式でユーザに対する制限を記述する。
+.sp
+.I	user LIMITS_STRING
+.PP
+\fBLIMITS_STRING\fP はリソース制限の定義を連結させた文字列である。
+各制限の定義は、1 文字の識別子と、それに続く制限数値からなる。
+.PP
+有効な識別子は以下の通り。
+.sp
+A: アドレス空間の最大値 (KB)
+.br
+C: コアファイルサイズの最大値 (KB)
+.br
+D: データサイズの最大値 (KB)
+.br
+F: ファイルサイズの最大値 (KB)
+.br
+M: メモリ上にロックできるアドレス空間の最大値 (KB)
+.br
+N: ファイルオープン数の最大値
+.br
+R: レジデントセットサイズの最大値 (KB)
+.br
+S: スタックサイズの最大値 (KB)
+.br
+T: CPU 時間の最大値 (分)
+.br
+U: プロセス数の最大値
+.br
+K: \fBumask\fR(2) により設定される、ファイル作成時の mask
+.br
+L: このユーザの同時ログイン数の最大値
+.br
+P: \fBsetpriority\fR(2) によって設定されるプロセス優先度
+.PP
+例えば、\fIL2D2048N5\fP は正しい \fBLIMITS_STRING\fP である。
+以下の 2 つの例は等価である。2 番目のように読み易く書くこともできる。
+.sp
+username L2D2048N5
+.br
+username L2 D2048 N5
+.PP
+\fIusername\fP 以降の行の残りが制限用の文字列として扱われるので、
+コメントは書くことができない。
+login プログラムは、正しくない制限文字列は拒絶する (無視する)。
+.PP
+デフォルトのエントリは、ユーザ名が "\fB*\fP" となっているものである。
+\fBLIMITS_FILE\fP に複数の\fIデフォルト\fPを登録すると、
+最後のものがデフォルト指定として使用される。
+.PP
+あるユーザへの制限を完全に無効にするには、
+シングルダッシュ "\fB\-\fP" を使用する。
+.PP
+さらに、全ての制限の設定は「ログイン単位」で設定されていることに注意すること。
+制限はグローバルではなく、永続的でもない。
+グローバルな制限はいずれ可能になるだろうが、
+今のところは「TO DO」である。;)
+.\"nakano 二番目の文これでいいのかなあ。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/limits\fR
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR login (1),
+.BR setpriority (2),
+.BR setrlimit (2)
+.SH 著者
+Cristian Gafton (gafton@sorosis.ro)
diff --git a/man/ja/man5/login.access.5 b/man/ja/man5/login.access.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6ec97b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man5/login.access.5
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" this is comment
+.\"
+.\" This page is originally in the shadow package.
+.\" Translated Fri 14 Feb 1997
+.\"   by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Modified Tue 18 Sep 2002 by NAKNAO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH LOGIN.ACCESS 5
+.\" .Dt SKEY.ACCESS 5
+.\" .Os FreeBSD 1.2
+.SH 名前
+login.access \- ログインアクセスの制御表
+.SH 説明
+.I login.access
+ファイルには、ログインを許可または拒絶する、
+(ユーザ, ホスト) や (ユーザ, tty) の組み合わせを指定する。
+.PP
+誰かがログインすると、
+.I login.access
+ファイルがスキャンされ、最初にマッチする
+(ユーザ,ホスト) の組、
+あるいはネットワーク経由のログインでない場合は最初にマッチする
+(ユーザ, tty) の組を探す。
+このテーブルの許可フィールドによって、
+ログインが許可されるか拒絶されるかが決まる。
+.PP
+ログインアクセス制御表の各行は 3 つのフィールドからなり、
+文字 ":" で分割される。
+.sp 1
+.IR 	permission : users : origins
+.sp 1
+最初のフィールドは "\fB+\fR" (アクセスを許可する) か
+"\fB\-\fR" (アクセスを拒否する) でなければならない。
+二番目のフィールドは、一つ以上のログイン名やグループ名、
+もしくは
+.B ALL
+(必ずマッチする)
+でなければならない。
+三番目のフィールドは、
+tty 名 (ネットワーク経由でないログインの場合)、
+ホスト名、
+ドメイン名 ("\fB.\fR"で始まる)、
+ホストアドレス、
+インターネットのネットワーク番号 ("\fB.\fR"で終わる)、
+のひとつ以上の構成要素からなるリストであるか、
+.B ALL
+(必ずマッチする) または
+.B LOCAL
+("\fB.\fR"を全く含まない文字列全てにマッチする)
+のいずれかでなくてはならない。
+NIS を運用している場合は、ホストやユーザのパターンで
+@netgroupname が使える。
+.PP
+.B EXCEPT
+オペレータを用いると、
+非常に簡略にルールを指定できる。
+.PP
+group ファイルが検索されるのは、
+ログインするユーザ名が名前にマッチしなかった場合に限られる。
+マッチするグループは、
+group ファイル中でユーザ名が明示的にリストされているものに限られる。
+このプログラムはユーザの主グループの ID 番号までは見ない。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/login.access\fR
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR login (1)
+.SH 著者
+Guido van Rooij
diff --git a/man/ja/man5/login.defs.5 b/man/ja/man5/login.defs.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb9566e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man5/login.defs.5
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+.\" Copyright 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh and Chip Rosenthal
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	$Id$
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Updated Wed Apr 26 17:22:36 JST 2000
+.\"         by Kentaro Shirakata <argrath@ub32.org>
+.\" Updated Sat Jan 13 09:24:04 JST 2001
+.\"         by Kentaro Shirakata <argrath@ub32.org>
+.\" Updated Tue 18 Sep 2002 by NAKNAO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.\" WORD: shadow login suite	shadow ログイン機能
+.TH LOGIN.DEFS 5
+.SH 名前
+/etc/login.defs \- shadow パスワード機能の設定
+.SH 説明
+.I /etc/login.defs
+ファイルは shadow ログイン機能に対するサイト固有の設定を定義する。
+このファイルは必ず存在しなければならない。
+このファイルが無くてもシステム運用は可能であるが、
+おそらく望まない結果となるだろう。
+.PP
+このファイルは読み取り可能なテキストファイルで、
+ファイル中の一行につき一つの設定パラメータを設定している。
+各行では、設定パラメータの名前とその値が空白で区切られて示される。
+空行とコメント行は無視される。
+コメント行は `#' 記号で始まる。
+記号`#'はその行での空白以外の最初の文字でなければならない。
+.PP
+パラメータ値は四つの型を取ることができる。
+文字列・ブール型・数値・倍精度数値、である。
+文字列には全ての印字可能文字を使える。
+ブール型パラメータの値は ``yes'' か ``no'' のいずれかでなければならない。
+値の指定されていないブール型パラメータや、
+``yes'', ``no'' 以外が指定されたブール型パラメータの値は ``no''とされる。
+(単精度および倍精度) 数値は、
+10 進数、
+(数値の前に ``0'' を付けた) 8 進数、
+(数値の前に ``0x'' を付けた) 16 進数のいずれかで指定する。
+単精度・倍精度数値パラメータの最大値は計算機に依存する。
+.PP
+以下に示すような設定項目がある:
+.\"
+.IP "CHFN_AUTH (ブール値)"
+もし
+.I yes
+なら、
+.BR chfn ", " chsh
+両プログラムは、スーパーユーザが起動したのでない限り
+何らかの変更を行なう前にパスワードを尋ねる。
+.\"
+.IP "CHFN_RESTRICT (文字列)"
+このパラメータは
+.I passwd
+ファイルの
+.I gecos
+フィールドのうち、
+一般ユーザが
+.B chfn
+を使って変更できるフィールドを指定する。
+指定する文字列は
+.IR f ,
+.IR r ,
+.IR w ,
+.I h
+各文字の任意の組み合わせで、それぞれフルネーム、部屋番号、
+職場電話番号、自宅電話番号を意味する。
+指定されなかった場合は、スーパーユーザだけが全ての項目を変更できる。
+最も制限をきつくしたい場合は、
+chfn を SUID ではインストールしなければよい。
+.\"
+.IP "GID_MAX (数値)"
+.IP "GID_MIN (数値)"
+.B useradd
+プログラムおよび
+.B groupadd
+プログラムがグループ ID を選択する時の範囲。
+.\"
+.IP "MAIL_DIR (文字列)"
+メールスプールディレクトリ。
+あるユーザアカウントが修正・削除された際に、
+そのユーザのメールボックスに対する作業のために必要となる。
+指定されないと、コンパイル時のデフォルト値が用いられる。
+.\"
+.IP "PASS_MAX_DAYS (数値)"
+一つのパスワードを使える最長日数。
+パスワードがこの日数よりも古い場合は、変更するよう強制される。
+指定されていない場合は \-1 となる (この制限機能を無効にする)。
+.IP "PASS_MIN_DAYS (数値)"
+パスワードを変更してから次に変更できるようになるまでの最短日数。
+この日数が経たないうちにパスワードを変更しようとしても拒否される。
+指定されていない場合は \-1 となる (この制限機能を無効にする)。
+.IP "PASS_WARN_AGE (数値)"
+パスワードの有効期限が来る前に警告を発する期間の日数。
+ゼロにしておくと、期限切れの当日にのみ警告を行い、
+負の数を指定した場合は一切警告を行わない。
+指定されていない場合は警告を行わない。
+.PP
+PASS_MAX_DAYS, PASS_MIN_DAYS, PASS_WARN_AGE
+はアカウントを作るときにだけ利用される。
+これらの設定を変更しても、既存のアカウントには影響しない。
+.\"
+.IP "UID_MAX (数値)"
+.IP "UID_MIN (数値)"
+.B useradd
+プログラムがユーザ ID を選択する時の範囲。
+.\"
+.IP "UMASK (数値)"
+許可属性マスクをこの値に初期化する。
+指定されていない場合は、許可属性マスクは 077 に初期化される。
+.\"
+.IP "USERDEL_CMD (文字列)"
+定義されていると、ユーザを削除するときにこのコマンドが実行される。
+削除されるユーザ (最初の引き数に渡される) の at/cron/print
+ジョブなどを削除するコマンドにしておくとよい。
+.\"
+.SH 参照表
+以下の参照表は、
+shadow パスワード機能のどのプログラムが
+どのパラメータを使用するかを示したものである。
+.na
+.IP chfn 12
+CHFN_AUTH CHFN_RESTRICT
+.IP chsh 12
+CHFN_AUTH
+.IP groupadd 12
+GID_MAX GID_MIN
+.IP newusers 12
+PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+UMASK
+.IP pwconv 12
+PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+.IP useradd 12
+GID_MAX GID_MIN
+PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+UID_MAX UID_MIN
+UMASK
+.IP userdel 12
+MAIL_DIR
+USERDEL_CMD
+.IP usermod 12
+MAIL_DIR
+.ad
+.SH バグ
+shadow パスワード機能によって提供されてきた機能の大部分は、
+現在は PAM によって処理されている。
+したがって、
+.BR login (1),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR su (1)
+などのプログラムは、もはや
+\fI/etc/login.defs\fR
+を用いない。
+対応する PAM の設定ファイルを調べるようにしてほしい。
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR login (1),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR su (1),
+.BR passwd (5),
+.BR shadow (5),
+.BR pam (8)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
+.br
+Chip Rosenthal (chip@unicom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man5/passwd.5 b/man/ja/man5/passwd.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..438f499
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man5/passwd.5
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1989 - 1990, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Modified Tue 18 Sep 2002 by NAKNAO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH PASSWD 5
+.SH 名前
+passwd \- パスワードファイル
+.SH 説明
+.I passwd
+ファイルには各ユーザアカウントの様々な情報が記録されている。
+書かれているのは次の通り。
+.IP "" .5i
+ログイン名
+.IP "" .5i
+暗号化されたパスワード (無いこともある)
+.IP "" .5i
+ユーザ ID 番号
+.IP "" .5i
+グループ ID 番号
+.IP "" .5i
+ユーザ名またはコメントのフィールド
+.IP "" .5i
+ユーザのホームディレクトリ
+.IP "" .5i
+ユーザのコマンドインタプリタ
+.PP
+パスワードが shadow 化されている場合は、
+パスワードフィールドを埋めてはならない。
+shadow パスワードを用いている場合、暗号化されたパスワードは
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR に書かれている。
+暗号化されたパスワードは、
+アルファベット a から z、A から Z、0 から 9、\. と / の
+64 文字から作られた 13 文字からなる。
+この文字列がどのように解釈されるかの詳細は
+\fBcrypt\fR(3) を参照のこと。
+.PP
+オプションとして、パスワードの後に、
+コンマに続いてパスワードの有効期限文字列が記されていることもある。
+この文字列はパスワードと同じ文字セットからなる。
+最初の文字は、パスワードが何週間有効かを示す。
+二番目の文字は、何週間経てばユーザがパスワードを変更できるかを示す。
+最後の二文字は、
+最後にパスワードを変更したのが
+1970 年 1 月から何週間経過した時点であるかを表す。
+パスワードの有効期限が過ぎた時は、
+ユーザは新しいパスワードを設定しなければならない。
+.PP
+コメントフィールドは
+\fBfinger\fR(1) のような様々なシステムユーティリティから利用される。
+コメントフィールドには、追加情報として、
+次のような 3 つの数値が記入されていることもある。
+.IP "" .5i
+pri= \- nice の初期設定値
+.IP "" .5i
+umask= \- umask の初期設定値
+.IP "" .5i
+ulimit= \- ulimit の初期設定値
+.PP
+これらのフィールドは互いに、また他のコメントフィールドと、
+コンマを用いて分離される。
+.PP
+ホームディレクトリフィールドは、
+初期作業ディレクトリの名前を与える。
+\fBlogin\fR はこの情報を用いて環境変数 \fBHOME\fR の内容を設定する。
+.PP
+コマンドインタプリタのフィールドには、
+ユーザのコマンド言語インタプリタか、
+最初に実行するプログラムの名前を記す。
+\fBlogin\fR はこの情報を用いて環境変数 \fBSHELL\fR の内容を設定する。
+このフィールドに何も記されていない場合は、
+デフォルト値として \fB/bin/sh\fR を使用する。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- ユーザアカウント情報
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR login (1),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR su (1),
+.BR shadow (5),
+.BR pwconv (8),
+.BR pwunconv (8),
+.BR sulogin (8)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man5/porttime.5 b/man/ja/man5/porttime.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b6b035
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man5/porttime.5
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" Copyright 1989 - 1990, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Modified Tue 18 Sep 2002 by NAKNAO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH PORTTIME 5
+.SH 名前
+porttime \- ポートアクセス時間設定ファイル
+.SH 説明
+.I porttime
+は tty デバイス・ユーザ名・ログイン可能時間、のリストからなる。
+.PP
+それぞれのエントリは、コロンで区切られた三つのフィールドからなる。
+最初のフィールドはコンマで区切られた tty デバイスのリストで、
+アスタリスクを指定した場合はあらゆる tty デバイスにマッチする。
+二番目のフィールドはコンマで区切られたユーザ名のリストで、
+アスタリスクを指定した場合はあらゆるユーザにマッチする。
+三番目のフィールドは、
+コンマで区切られたログインを許可時間のリストである。
+.PP
+アクセス時間の各エントリは、
+\fBSu\fR, \fBMo\fR, \fBTu\fR, \fBWe\fR, \fBTh\fR, \fBFr\fR, \fBSa\fR
+で略記されたゼロ個以上の曜日と、
+ハイフンで区切られた 2 つの時刻とからなる。
+月曜日から金曜日までを指定する \fBWk\fR や、
+全ての日を指定する \fBAl\fR という略記法を用いることもできる。
+曜日の指定が無い場合は \fBAl\fR だとみなされる。
+.SH 例
+次のエントリは、ユーザ \fBjfh\fR が平日の午前9時から午後5時まで、
+全てのポートからアクセス可能であることを示す。
+.br
+.sp 1
+	*:jfh:Wk0900\-1700
+.br
+.sp 1
+次のエントリは、
+\fBroot\fR と \fBoper\fR 以外のユーザには、どの時間帯にも
+/dev/console からのアクセスを許可しない。
+この例は、\fI/etc/porttime\fR
+ファイルがアクセス可能時間のリストを
+どういう順序で扱うかも示している。
+他の全てのユーザは二番目のエントリにマッチし、
+したがって console からのアクセスは許可されない。
+.br
+.sp 1
+	console:root,oper:Al0000\-2400
+.br
+	console:*:
+.br
+.sp 1
+次のエントリは、
+ユーザ \fBgames\fR が、就業時間外なら
+あらゆるポートからアクセスできるように指定している。
+.br
+.sp 1
+	*:games:Wk1700\-0900,SaSu0000\-2400
+.br
+.sp 1
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/porttime\fR \- ポートへのアクセス可能時間を記したファイル
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR login (1)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man5/shadow.5 b/man/ja/man5/shadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8885990
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man5/shadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1989 - 1990, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Modified Tue 18 Sep 2002 by NAKNAO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH SHADOW 5
+.SH 名前
+shadow \- 暗号化されたパスワードファイル
+.SH 説明
+.I shadow
+にはユーザのアカウントに対する暗号化されたパスワード情報、
+およびオプションとしてパスワードの有効期限の情報が記されている。
+含まれている内容は
+.IP "" .5i
+ログイン名
+.IP "" .5i
+暗号化されたパスワード
+.IP "" .5i
+1970 年 1 月 1 日から、最後にパスワードが変更された日までの日数
+.IP "" .5i
+パスワードが変更可能となるまでの日数
+.IP "" .5i
+パスワードを変更しなくてはならなくなる日までの日数
+.IP "" .5i
+パスワード有効期限が来る前に、ユーザが警告を受ける日数
+.IP "" .5i
+パスワード有効期限が過ぎてからアカウントが使用不能になるまでの日数
+.IP "" .5i
+1970 年 1 月 1 日からアカウントが使用不能になる日までの日数
+.IP "" .5i
+予約フィールド
+.PP
+パスワードフィールドは必ず記入されていなくてはならない。
+暗号化されたパスワードは、
+a から z、A から Z のアルファベット、
+0 から 9 までの数字、 \. と / の 64 文字のうちの、
+13 文字以上 24 文字以下である。
+この文字列がどのように解釈されるかの詳細は \fBcrypt\fR(3) を参照せよ。
+.PP
+最後にパスワードを変更した日時は
+1970 年 1 月 1 日からの日数として記述される。
+パスワードは十分な日数が経過してからでないと変更できず、
+また最大日数が経過した後は必ず変更しなければならない。
+変更可能となるまでに要する日数が有効期限よりも大きい場合は、
+ユーザがパスワードを変更することは出来ない。
+.PP
+パスワードの有効期限が過ぎてから、
+指定日数のうちにパスワードを変更しなかった場合は、
+そのアカウントは無効になり、使えなくなる。
+また、アカウントを指定した期日に、
+(その他のパスワード有効期限情報にはよらず)
+使用不能とすることもできる。
+.PP
+この情報は、\fI/etc/passwd\fR 中の
+あらゆるパスワード情報・有効期限情報よりも優先される。
+.PP
+パスワードの安全性を保つためには、
+このファイルを一般ユーザが読めるようにしてはならない。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- ユーザアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR \- 暗号化されたユーザパスワード
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR chage (1),
+.BR login (1),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR su (1),
+.BR passwd (5),
+.BR pwconv (8),
+.BR pwunconv (8),
+.BR sulogin (8)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man5/suauth.5 b/man/ja/man5/suauth.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b379d03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man5/suauth.5
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri 14 Feb 1997
+.\"     by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Modified Tue 18 Sep 2002 by NAKNAO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH SUAUTH 5 "Feb 14, 1996"
+.UC 5
+.SH 名前
+suauth \- su を詳細に制御するためのファイル
+.SH 書式
+.B /etc/suauth
+.SH 説明
+.I /etc/suauth
+ファイルは、
+su コマンドが実行されるたびに参照される。
+このファイルを用いると、
+以下の情報に基づいて su コマンドの動作を変更できる。
+.PP
+.RS
+.nf
+1) su で成り代わろうとしているユーザ
+.fi
+2) su コマンドを実行しているユーザ
+(もしくはそのユーザが属するグループのいずれか)
+.RE
+.PP
+このファイルは次の様な書式をしている。
+# で始まる行はコメントとして扱われ、無視される。
+.PP
+.RS
+to\-id:from\-id:ACTION
+.RE
+.PP
+ここで to\-id は、
+.B ALL
+という単語、
+コンマで区切られたユーザ名のリスト、
+.B ALL EXCEPT
+という単語以降に置かれた "," 区切りのユーザ名リスト、
+のいずれかである。
+.PP
+from\-id は to\-id と同じ書式であり、更に
+.B GROUP
+という単語も使用できる。
+.B ALL EXCEPT GROUP
+という使い方も同様に利用できる。
+.B GROUP
+の後には一つ以上のグループ名を "," で区切って記す。
+そのグループを主グループ id として持つだけではだめで、
+\fI/etc/group\fR のエントリにユーザ名が記されていなければならない。
+.PP
+ACTION には、以下のオプションのいずれか一つを指定できる。
+.TP 10
+.B DENY
+パスワードを聞く前に su 動作を中止する。
+.TP
+.B NOPASS
+自動的に su は成功し、パスワードは尋ねない。
+.TP
+.B OWNPASS
+su が成功するためには、
+ユーザが自分のパスワードを入力しなくてはならない。
+パスワードを入力するように要求される。
+.PP
+コロンによって区切られた別々のフィールドが三つある点に注意すること。
+コロンの前後に空白があってはならない。
+ファイルは一行毎に順番に吟味され、
+最初にマッチした規則が用いられ、
+ファイルの残りはそれ以上捜査されない。
+これによって、
+システム管理者は望む限りの微調整を行うことが可能となる。
+.SH 例
+.PP
+.nf
+# /etc/suauthファイルの例
+#
+# 二人の特権ユーザが、自分のパスワードを
+# 用いて root に su できる。
+#
+root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS
+# 
+# 他のユーザは wheel グループに属していない限り
+# root に su できない。これは BSD と同じ動作である。
+#
+root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY
+#
+# おそらく terry と birddog は同じ人間が
+# 所有するアカウントである。
+# パスワード無しで互いに他方に su できる。
+#
+terry:birddog:NOPASS
+birddog:terry:NOPASS
+#
+.fi
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/suauth\fR
+.SH バグ
+多くのバグが潜んでいる可能性がある。
+とりわけ、ファイルパーザは書式エラーに寛大ではなく、
+(行の始め及び終わり以外に) 無駄な空白があってはならないし、
+特定のトークンが別々のものを区切るようになっている。
+.SH 返り値
+ファイルをパースする際のエラーは
+.BR syslogd (8)
+を通して、AUTH ファシリティの ERR レベルで通知される。
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR su (1)
+.SH 著者
+.nf
+Chris Evans (lady0110@sable.ox.ac.uk)
+Lady Margaret Hall
+Oxford University
+England
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/chpasswd.8 b/man/ja/man8/chpasswd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e5dc43e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/chpasswd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Updated Wed Apr 26 18:06:10 JST 2000
+.\"         by Kentaro Shirakata <argrath@ub32.org>
+.\" Updated & Modified Sat 21 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH CHPASSWD 8
+.SH 名前
+\fBchpasswd\fR \- パスワードファイルをバッチ処理で更新する
+.SH 書式
+\fBchpasswd\fR [\fB\-e\fR]
+.SH 説明
+\fBchpasswd\fR コマンドは
+標準入力からユーザ名とパスワードの組が記されているファイルを読み込み、
+その情報を用いて既存のユーザ群のパスワード情報を更新する。
+\-e オプションがない場合は、パスワードは平文とみなされる。
+\-e オプションがある場合は、パスワードは暗号化されているとみなされる。
+各行の書式は次の通り。
+.sp 1
+	  \fIuser_name\fR:\fIpassword\fR
+.sp 1
+指定したユーザは既に存在していなければならない。
+与えられたパスワードは必要に応じて暗号化され、
+パスワードの有効期限がある場合はそれも更新される。
+.PP
+このコマンドは、同時に大量のアカウントを作成するような、
+大規模なシステム環境で用いるために作られた。
+.SH 警告
+.\" The \fBmkpasswd\fR command must be executed afterwards to update the
+.\" DBM password files.
+入力ファイルに暗号化されていないパスワードが記されている場合は、
+適切に保護しておかなければならない。
+.\" This command may be discarded in favor of the newusers(8) command.
+.SH 関連項目
+.\" mkpasswd(8), passwd(1), useradd(1)
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR newusers (8),
+.BR useradd (8)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/faillog.8 b/man/ja/man8/faillog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..222043a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/faillog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1989 \- 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Modified Sat 21 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH FAILLOG 8
+.SH 名前
+faillog \- faillog を調べ、login 失敗の制限を設定する
+.SH 書式
+\fBfaillog\fR [\fB\-u\fR \fIlogin\-name\fR] [\fB\-a\fR] [\fB\-t\fR \fIdays\fR]
+[\fB\-m\fR \fImax\fR] [\fB\-pr\fR] 
+.SH 説明
+\fBfaillog\fR はログインの失敗を記録するログファイル
+\fI/var/log/faillog\fR の内容を整形し、
+失敗の回数と制限値を記録・管理する。
+\fBfaillog\fR に与える引数の順序は重要であり、
+各引数は与えられた順に直ちに処理される。
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR フラグを指定するとログイン失敗のエントリを UID 順に表示する。
+\fB\-u \fIlogin\-name\fR と入力すると、
+\fIlogin\-name\fR のログイン失敗記録のみを表示する。
+\fB\-t \fIdays\fR と入力すると、
+最近 \fIdays\fR 日以内のログイン失敗の記録を表示する。
+\fB\-u\fR フラグを指定すると \fB\-t\fR フラグは無視される。
+.\"nakano というのが実際の動作のような気がするのだけど...
+\fB\-a\fR フラグを用いると全ユーザに対する記録が表示される。
+このフラグを \fB\-p\fR フラグとともに用いると、
+これまでにログインに失敗した全てのユーザが表示される。
+\fB\-a\fR は \fB\-r\fR フラグと用いても意味が無い。
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR フラグはログイン失敗回数の記録をリセットする。
+このオプションを用いるには
+\fI/var/log/faillog\fR への書き込み権限が必要である。
+\fB\-u \fIlogin\-name\fR と入力すると、
+\fIlogin\-name\fR のログイン失敗回数のみをリセットする。
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR フラグは、
+アカウントが使用不能になるまでの最大のログイン失敗回数を設定する。
+このオプションを用いるには
+\fI/var/log/faillog\fR への書き込み権限が必要である。
+\fB\-m \fImax\fR と入力すると、
+全てのアカウントはログイン失敗回数が \fImax\fR になると使用不能になる。
+.\"nakano double meaning...
+\fB\-u \fIlogin\-name\fR を同時に用いると、
+この機能を \fIlogin\-name\fR だけに作用させることができる。
+\fImax\fR の値を 0 にするとログインの失敗回数には制限が無くなる。
+システムに対するサービス不能攻撃を防ぐため、
+\fBroot\fR の最大ログイン失敗回数は常に 0 にしておくべきである。
+.PP
+オプションはほぼどのように組み合わせても良い。
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-r\fR, \fB\-m\fR
+の各オプションは、
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-t\fR の指定による修正を受け、
+指定した順に実行される。
+.SH 警告
+\fBfaillog\fR は、
+最後に失敗して以降ログインに成功していないユーザのみを表示する。
+ログインに失敗した後に正しくログインできたユーザも表示させるには、
+\fB\-u\fR フラグを用いてそのユーザを明示的に指定するか、
+\fB\-a\fR フラグを用いて全ユーザを表示させなければならない。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/var/log/faillog\fR \- 失敗を記録したファイル
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR login (1),
+.BR faillog (5)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/groupadd.8 b/man/ja/man8/groupadd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4bdf73d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/groupadd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Updated & Modified Sat 21 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH GROUPADD 8
+.SH 名前
+groupadd \- 新しいグループを作成する
+.SH 書式
+\fBgroupadd\fR [\fB\-g\fR \fIgid \fR[\fB\-o\fR]] [\fB\-f\fR] \fIgroup\fR
+.SH 説明
+\fBgroupadd\fR コマンドは、
+コマンドライン上で指定された値と
+システムのデフォルト値とを用いて新しいグループを作成する。
+新しいグループが必要に応じてシステムファイルに記入される。
+\fBgroupadd\fR コマンドに指定できるオプションは次の通り。
+.IP "\fB\-g \fIgid\fR"
+新規グループの ID 番号。
+この値は、\fB\-o\fR オプションを用いる場合を除き、他と重複してはならない。
+また非負値でなければならない。
+デフォルトでは、99 および他のあらゆる既存グループの ID よりも大きい、
+最小の数値となる。
+0 から 999 までの値は、
+通常システム用のアカウントに予約されている。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/group\fR \- グループアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR \- 安全なグループアカウント情報
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR chfn (1),
+.BR chsh (1),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR groupdel (8),
+.BR groupmod (8),
+.BR useradd (8),
+.BR userdel (8),
+.BR usermod (8)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/groupdel.8 b/man/ja/man8/groupdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f24453
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/groupdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Updated & Modified Sat 21 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH GROUPDEL 8
+.SH 名前
+groupdel \- グループを削除する
+.SH 書式
+\fBgroupdel\fR \fIgroup\fR
+.SH 説明
+\fBgroupdel\fR コマンドは、システムアカウントファイルを修正し、
+グループ \fIgroup\fR に対応するすべてのエントリを削除する。
+指定されたグループは存在していなければならない。
+.PP
+全てのファイルシステムに、
+指定したグループの ID を持つファイルが残っていないことを、
+手作業で確認しなくてはならない。
+.SH 警告
+存在するユーザの主グループを削除してはならない。
+グループを削除する前にそのユーザを削除しなければならない。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/group\fR \- グループ情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR \- 安全なグループ情報
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR chfn (1),
+.BR chsh (1),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR groupadd (8),
+.BR groupmod (8),
+.BR useradd (8),
+.BR userdel (8),
+.BR usermod (8)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/groupmod.8 b/man/ja/man8/groupmod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb0f7cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/groupmod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Updated & Modified Sat 21 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH GROUPMOD 8
+.SH 名前
+groupmod \- グループを修正する
+.SH 書式
+\fBgroupmod\fR [\fB\-g\fR \fIgid\fR [\fB\-o\fR]] [\fB\-n\fR \fIgroup_name\fR]
+\fIgroup\fR
+.SH 説明
+\fBgroupmod\fR コマンドは、
+コマンドラインからの指定によって、
+システムアカウントファイルを修正する。
+\fIgroupmod\fR コマンドに指定できるオプションは次の通り。
+.IP "\fB\-g \fIgid\fR"
+変更を受けるグループの ID 番号。
+この値は、\fB\-o\fR オプションを用いる場合を除き、他と重複してはならない。
+また非負値でなくてはならない。
+デフォルトは、999 および他のあらゆる既存グループの ID よりも大きい、
+最小の数値となる。
+変更前のグループ ID を持つ全てのファイルは、
+手作業で新しいグループ ID へと変更しなければならない。
+.IP "\fB\-n \fIgroup_name\fR"
+グループの名前が \fIgroup\fR から \fIgroup_name\fR に変更される。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/group\fR \- グループ情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR \- 安全なグループ情報
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR chfn (1),
+.BR chsh (1),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR groupadd (8),
+.BR groupdel (8),
+.BR useradd (8),
+.BR userdel (8),
+.BR usermod (8)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/grpck.8 b/man/ja/man8/grpck.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c570c28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/grpck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1992 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Updated & Modified Sat 21 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH GRPCK 8
+.SH 名前
+grpck \- グループファイルが正しいかどうか検査する
+.SH 書式
+\fBgrpck\fR [\fB\-r\fR] [\fIgroup\fR \fIshadow\fR]
+.SH 説明
+\fBgrpck\fR コマンドはシステムの認証情報が正しいかどうか検査する。
+\fI/etc/group\fR と \fI/etc/gshadow\fR
+各ファイルの全てのエントリに対し、
+各フィールドの書式が正しいか、
+そのデータが有効なものかどうかを検証する。
+書式が正しくないエントリや、
+修正不能な誤りを含むエントリは削除するようプロンプトを出す。
+.P
+各々のエントリに対して
+.sp
+.in +.5i
+\- フィールドの数が正しいか
+.br
+\- グループ名に重複がないか
+.br
+\- メンバーのリストと管理者のリストが正しいか
+.in -.5i
+.sp
+がチェックされる。
+.P
+フィールドの数が間違っていたり、
+グループ名が重複しているのは致命的なエラーである。
+フィールドの数が正しくない場合、
+ユーザーはそのエントリ行を削除するよう促される。
+削除に同意しなかった場合は、それ以降のチェックは行われない。
+重複したグループ名があった場合も削除を促されるが、
+この場合は削除しなくてもそれ以降のチェックは続行される。
+他の全てのエラーに対しては警告がなされる。
+\fBgroupmod\fR コマンドを実行してそのエラーを修正すると良いだろう。
+.P
+\fI/etc/group\fR ファイルを操作するコマンドは、
+壊れたエントリや重複したエントリを変更できない。
+そのような際に誤りのあるエントリを削除するには
+\fBgrpck\fR を用いるとよい。
+.SH オプション
+デフォルトでは \fBgrpck\fR は \fI/etc/group\fR ファイルと
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR に対して動作する。
+\fIgroup\fR パラメータと \fIshadow\fR パラメータを用いて、
+別のファイルを選択することもできる。
+さらに \fB\-r\fR フラグを指定すれば、
+リードオンリーモードでコマンドを実行することもできる。
+この場合、変更を行うかどうかはユーザへ問い合わされず、
+自動的に \fBno\fR と回答される。
+.B grpck
+は
+\fI/etc/group\fR と \fI/etc/gshadow\fR
+のエントリを GID でソートすることもできる。
+ソートモードで動作させるには \fB\-s\fR フラグを与える。
+この場合チェックは行われず、単にソートするだけである。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/group\fR \  \- グループアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR \- 暗号化されたパスワードとグループ管理者情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \ \- ユーザー情報
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR group (5),
+.BR passwd (5),
+.BR shadow (5),
+.BR groupmod (8)
+.SH 返り値
+\fBgrpck\fR コマンドは終了時に以下の値を返す:
+.IP 0 5
+成功
+.IP 1 5
+構文エラー
+.IP 2 5
+誤ったグループエントリが存在する
+.IP 3 5
+グループファイルをオープンできない
+.IP 4 5
+グループファイルをロックできない
+.IP 5 5
+グループファイルを更新できない
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/grpconv.8 b/man/ja/man8/grpconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/grpconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/grpunconv.8 b/man/ja/man8/grpunconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/grpunconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/lastlog.8 b/man/ja/man8/lastlog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..171d6a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/lastlog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1992, Phillip Street and Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"	@(#)lastlog.8	3.3	08:24:58	29 Sep 1993 (National Guard Release)
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Updated & Modified Thu Oct 14 1997 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\" Updated Fri Jan 12 2001 by Kentaro Shirakata <argrath@ub32.org>
+.\" Updated Mon Mar  4 2002 by kentaro Shirakata <argrath@ub32.org>
+.\" Modified Sat 21 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH LASTLOG 8
+.SH 名前
+lastlog \- lastlog ファイルを調べる
+.SH 書式
+.TP 8
+\fBlastlog\fR [(\fB\-u\fR|\fB\-\-user\fR) \fIlogin\fR]
+[(\fB\-t\fR|\fB\-\-time\fR) \fIdays\fR] [(\fB\-h\fR|\fB\-\-help\fR)]
+.SH 説明
+\fBlastlog\fR は最終ログインの記録ファイル
+\fI/var/log/lastlog\fR の内容を整形して表示する。
+\fBログイン名\fR・\fBポート\fR・\fB最終ログイン時刻\fR、が表示される。
+オプションを指定しなかった場合、デフォルトでは
+lastlog エントリを UID の数値でソートして表示する。
+.TP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR \fIlogin\-name\fR
+\fIlogin\-name\fR の記録だけを表示する。
+.TP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR \fIdays\fR
+最近 \fIdays\fR 日以内の最終ログインを表示する。
+.TP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+オンラインヘルプを表示して終了する。
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR フラグを用いると \fB\-t\fR は無視される。
+.\"nakano というのが実際の動作のように見えるのだが。
+.PP
+一度もログインしていないユーザに対しては、
+ポートと時刻の代わりに
+\fB"**Never logged in**"\fR
+というメッセージが表示される。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/var/log/lastlog\fR \- lastlog 記録ファイル
+.SH 警告
+UID 番号に大きな飛びがあると、
+lastlog プログラムは長時間画面に何も出力しないまま
+実行を続ける (例えば mmdf が 800 で最後の UID が 170 の場合、
+UID が 171\-799 の間プログラムは何も出力しないので、
+ハングしたように見える)。
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
+.BR
+Phillip Street
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/logoutd.8 b/man/ja/man8/logoutd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c8215a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/logoutd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Modified Sat 21 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH LOGOUTD 8
+.SH 名前
+logoutd \- ログイン時間の制限を実施する
+.SH 書式
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+.SH 説明
+\fBlogoutd\fR は \fI/etc/porttime\fR
+に記されているログイン時間・ポートに対する制限を実施する。
+.B logoutd
+は \fI/etc/rc\fR によって起動されるようにする。
+\fI/etc/utmp\fR ファイルが定期的にスキャンされ、
+ログインしている各ユーザが
+\fI/etc/porttime\fR 中でのそのユーザの許可
+(ポートと時刻) に反していないか調べる。
+\fI/etc/porttime\fR の制限に反するログインセッションは終了させられる。
+.SH ファイル
+/etc/porttime \- ログインとポートの許可
+.br
+/etc/utmp \- 現在のログインセッション
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/newusers.8 b/man/ja/man8/newusers.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..630660d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/newusers.8
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1996 HANATAKA Shinya
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Wed Nov 20 17:42:39 JST 1996
+.\"         by HANATAKA Shinya
+.\" Modified Sun 22 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH NEWUSERS 8
+.SH 名前
+newusers \- ユーザの新規作成や情報更新をバッチ処理で行う
+.SH 書式
+\fBnewusers\fR [\fInew_users\fR]
+.SH 説明
+\fBnewusers\fR はユーザ名と平文パスワードとの組を記したファイルを読み、
+その情報をもとに既存のユーザ情報の変更や新規ユーザの作成を行う。
+このファイルの書式は、
+下記の点を除き標準的なパスワードファイル
+(\fBpasswd\fR(5) 参照) と同じである。
+.IP "\fIpw_passwd\fR" 10
+このフィールドが暗号化され、新しい暗号化パスワードとなる。
+.IP "\fIpw_age\fR"
+このフィールドは shadow ファイル向けの情報であるが、
+ユーザがすでに存在する場合は無視される。
+.IP "\fIpw_gid\fR"
+このフィールドに既存のグループを指定した場合は、
+ユーザはそのグループに加えられる。
+存在しないグループ ID を指定した場合は、
+そのグループ ID で新たなグループが作成される。
+.IP "\fIpw_dir\fR"
+このフィールドで指定したディレクトリがすでに存在するかチェックし、
+もし存在しなければ新たにディレクトリが作られる。
+このディレクトリの所有者は、
+新規作成されたユーザ、あるいは情報が変更されたユーザとなる。
+.PP
+このコマンドは、同時に大量のアカウントを作成するような、
+大規模なシステム環境で用いるために作られた。
+.SH 警告
+入力ファイルには暗号化されていないパスワードが含まれるため、
+適切に保護しておかなければならない。
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR useradd (8)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/pwck.8 b/man/ja/man8/pwck.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e59972f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/pwck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1992, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Updated  Sun 3 Mar 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\" Modified Sun 22 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo
+.\"
+.TH PWCK 8
+.SH 名前
+pwck \- パスワードファイルが正しいかどうか検査する
+.SH 書式
+\fBpwck\fR [\fB\-sr\fR] [\fIpasswd\fR \fIshadow\fR]
+.SH 説明
+\fBpwck\fR コマンドはシステムの認証情報が正しいかどうか検査する。
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR と \fI/etc/shadow\fR
+各ファイルのすべてのエントリに対し、
+各フィールドの書式が正しいか、
+そのデータが有効なものかどうかを検証する。
+書式が正しくないエントリや、
+修正不能な誤りを含むエントリは削除するようプロンプトを出す。
+.P
+各々のエントリに対して
+.sp
+.in +.5i
+\- フィールドの数が正しいか
+.br
+\- ユーザ名に重複がないか
+.br
+\- ユーザやグループの ID が正しいか
+.br
+\- プライマリグループが正しいか
+.br
+\- ホームディレクトリが正しいか
+.br
+\- ログインシェルが正しいか
+.in -.5i
+.sp
+がチェックされる。
+.P
+フィールドの数が間違っていたり、
+グループ名が重複しているのは致命的なエラーである。
+フィールドの数が正しくない場合、
+ユーザーはそのエントリ行を削除するよう促される。
+削除に同意しなかった場合は、それ以降のチェックは行われない。
+重複したグループ名があった場合も削除を促されるが、
+この場合は削除しなくてもそれ以降のチェックは続行される。
+他のすべてのエラーに対しては警告がなされる。
+\fBusermod\fR コマンドを実行してそのエラーを修正すると良いだろう。
+.P
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR ファイルを操作するコマンドは、
+壊れたエントリや重複したエントリを変更できない。
+そのような際に誤りのあるエントリを削除するには
+\fBpwck\fR を用いるとよい。
+.SH オプション
+デフォルトでは \fBpwck\fR は \fI/etc/passwd\fR ファイルと
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR に対して動作する。
+\fIpasswd\fR パラメータと \fIshadow\fR パラメータを用いて、
+別のファイルを選択することもできる。
+さらに \fB\-r\fR フラグを指定すれば、
+リードオンリーモードでコマンドを実行することもできる。
+この場合、変更を行うかどうかはユーザへ問い合わされず、
+自動的に \fBno\fR と回答される。
+\fBpwck\fR は \fI/etc/passwd\fR と \fI/etc/shadow\fR
+のエントリを UID でソートすることもできる。
+ソートモードで動作させるには \fB\-s\fR フラグを与える。
+この場合チェックは行われず、単にソートするだけである。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- ユーザーアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR \- 暗号化されたパスワード情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/group\fR \ \- グループ情報
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR group (5),
+.BR passwd (5),
+.BR shadow (5),
+.BR usermod (8)
+.SH 返り値
+\fBpwck\fR コマンドは以下の値を返して終了する:
+.IP 0 5
+成功
+.IP 1 5
+構文エラー
+.IP 2 5
+誤ったパスワードエントリーが存在する
+.IP 3 5
+パスワードファイルをオープンできない
+.IP 4 5
+パスワードファイルをロックできない
+.IP 5 5
+パスワードファイルを更新出来ない
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/pwconv.8 b/man/ja/man8/pwconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e48a926
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/pwconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 2001 Yuichi SATO
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Sat Dec  1 20:09:17 JST 2001
+.\"         by Yuichi SATO <ysato@h4.dion.ne.jp>
+.\" Modified Sun 22 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH PWCONV 8 "26 Sep 1997"
+.SH 名前
+pwconv, pwunconv, grpconv, grpunconv \- パスワード・グループの shadow 化と、通常ファイルへの逆変換
+.SH 書式
+.B pwconv
+.br
+.B pwunconv
+.br
+.B grpconv
+.br
+.B grpunconv
+.SH 説明
+これら 4 つのプログラムは、
+通常のパスワードファイル・グループファイルと、
+shadow 化されたパスワードファイル・グループファイルである
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR ", " \fI/etc/group\fR ", " \fI/etc/shadow\fR ", " \fI/etc/gshadow\fR
+を操作する。
+
+\fBpwconv\fR は \fIpasswd\fR から \fIshadow\fR を作成する
+(すでに存在する場合は \fIshadow\fR の情報も用いる)。
+\fBpwunconv\fR は \fIpasswd\fR と \fIshadow\fR から
+\fIpasswd\fR を作成し、\fIshadow\fR を削除する。
+\fBgrpconv\fR は \fIgroup\fR から \fIgshadow\fR を作成する
+(すでに存在する場合は \fIgshadow\fR の情報も用いる)。
+\fBgrpunconv\fR は \fIgroup\fR と \fIgshadow\fR から
+\fIgroup\fR を作成し、\fIgshadow\fR を削除する。
+
+各プログラムは変換前に、必要なロックを要求する。
+
+.B pwconv 
+と
+.B grpconv
+とは以下の点で類似している。
+まず、shadow 化ファイルにあるエントリのうち、
+通常ファイルにないものは、削除される。
+また、shadow 化ファイルにあるエントリのうち、
+通常ファイルでパスワードが `x' になっていないものは、更新される。
+最後に、通常ファイルに書かれたパスワードは `x' に置き換えられる。
+これらのプログラムは、初めて変換を行うときにも、
+また通常のファイルを手動で編集した際に、
+shadow 化ファイルを更新するときにも利用できる。
+
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR に新しいエントリを追加するとき、
+\fBpwconv\fR は \fI/etc/login.defs\fR
+の
+.BR PASS_MIN_DAYS ", " PASS_MAX_DAYS ", " PASS_WARN_AGE
+の値を使う。
+
+同じように、
+\fBpwunconv\fR と \fBgrpunconv\fR
+とは以下の点で類似している。
+通常ファイルのパスワードは、
+shadow 化ファイルのもので更新される。
+通常ファイルにあるエントリは、
+shadow 化ファイルにはそのエントリがなくても、
+そのまま置かれ続ける。
+最後に、 shadow 化ファイルは削除される。
+
+パスワードの有効期限情報の一部は、
+.B pwunconv 
+によって失われる。変換できるものは変換される。
+.SH バグ
+(不正なエントリや重複したエントリといった)
+エラーがパスワードファイルやグループファイルにあると、
+プログラムは永遠にループしたり、おかしな形で失敗するかもしれない。
+shadow パスワード・グループへの変換や
+shadow 化ファイルからの逆変換を行う前に、
+\fBpwck\fR と \fBgrpck\fR を実行してエラーを修正すること。
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR login.defs (5),
+.BR grpck (8),
+.BR pwck (8)
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/pwunconv.8 b/man/ja/man8/pwunconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/pwunconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/sulogin.8 b/man/ja/man8/sulogin.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4b0fd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/sulogin.8
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" Copyright 1989 - 1992, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Modified Sun 22 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH SULOGIN 8
+.SH 名前
+sulogin \- シングルユーザ login
+.SH 書式
+\fBsulogin\fR [\fItty\-device\fR]
+.SH 説明
+.B sulogin
+は、シングルユーザモードの時、
+ユーザがシステムにアクセス可能となる前に、
+\fI/etc/init\fR によって起動される。
+この機能は、\fBinit\fR が適切に変更されているシステムか、
+あるいは \fI/etc/inittab\fR にシングルユーザ login
+のエントリがあるシステムでのみ利用できる。
+.PP
+次のようなプロンプトが出る。
+.IP "" .5i
+Type control\-d to proceed with normal startup,
+.br
+(or give root password for system maintenance):
+.PP
+オプションのデバイス名引数が指定された場合を除き、
+標準のファイルディスクリプタを用いて入出力を行なう。
+.PP
+ユーザが正しい root のパスワードを入力した場合は、
+ログインセッションが開始される。
+\fBEOF\fR が押された場合は、
+システムはマルチユーザモードに入る。
+.PP
+ユーザがシングルユーザシェルを抜けた、
+あるいは (シェルに入る前に) \fBEOF\fR を押した後には、
+システムはマルチユーザモードに入るために必要な初期化処理を開始する。
+.SH 警告
+このコマンドが利用できるようにするには、
+\fBinit\fR が \fB/bin/sh\fR ではなく
+\fBsulogin\fR を呼ぶようになっているか、
+または
+\fIinittab\fR
+中にシングルユーザログインに対する設定がされている必要がある。
+例えば、
+.br
+.sp 1
+co:s:respawn:/etc/sulogin /dev/console
+.br
+.sp 1
+という行を書いておけば、
+シングルユーザモードでは sulogin コマンドが実行される。
+.PP
+可能な限り完全な環境が提供される。
+しかし、
+様々なデバイスがマウントされていなかったり初期化されていなかったりするため、
+多くのユーザコマンドが使えなかったり機能しないかもしれない。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- ユーザアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR \- 暗号化されたパスワードと有効期限の情報
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR login (1),
+.BR sh (1),
+.BR init (8)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/useradd.8 b/man/ja/man8/useradd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40ae9f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/useradd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1996 HANATAKA Shinya
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Wed Nov 20 17:42:39 JST 1996
+.\"         by HANATAKA Shinya 
+.\" Updated Mon Mar  5 JST 2002 by Kentaro Shirakata <argrath@ub32.org>
+.\" Modified Sun 22 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.\"WORD:        initial group           主グループ
+.\"WORD:        supplementary group     補助グループ
+.\"
+.TH USERADD 8
+.SH 名前
+useradd \- 新規ユーザの作成・新規ユーザのデフォルト情報の更新
+.SH 書式
+.TP 8
+\fBuseradd\fR [\fB\-c\fR \fIcomment\fR] [\fB\-d\fR \fIhome_dir\fR]
+.br
+[\fB\-e\fR \fIexpire_date\fR] [\fB\-f\fR \fIinactive_time\fR]
+.br
+[\fB\-g\fR \fIinitial_group\fR] [\fB\-G\fR \fIgroup\fR[,...]]
+.br
+[\fB\-m\fR [\fB\-k\fR \fIskeleton_dir\fR]] [\fB\-o\fR] [\fB\-p\fR \fIpasswd\fR]
+.br
+[\fB\-s\fR \fIshell\fR] [\fB\-u\fR \fIuid\fR] \fIlogin\fR
+.TP 8
+\fBuseradd\fR \fB\-D\fR [\fB\-g\fR \fIdefault_group\fR] [\fB\-b\fR \fIdefault_home\fR]
+.br
+[\fB\-e\fR \fIdefault_expire_date\fR] [\fB\-f\fR \fIdefault_inactive\fR]
+.br
+[\fB\-s\fR \fIdefault_shell\fR]
+.SH 説明
+.SS 新規ユーザの作成
+\fB\-D\fR オプションなしで実行された場合、
+\fBuseradd\fR コマンドは
+コマンドラインの値とデフォルトの設定値をもとに
+新規ユーザのアカウントを作成する。
+コマンドラインオプションに応じて、
+新規ユーザのアカウントが必要なシステムファイルに追加され、
+ホームディレクトリが作成され、
+設定ファイルがコピーされる。
+\fBuseradd\fR コマンドのオプションは次の通り。
+.IP "\fB\-c\fR \fIcomment\fR"
+パスワードファイルに追加する新規ユーザのコメントフィールド。
+.IP "\fB\-d\fR \fIhome_dir\fR"
+新規ユーザのログインディレクトリを \fIhome_dir\fR にする。
+デフォルトでは \fIlogin\fR を
+\fIdefault_home\fR に付け加えたものがログインディレクトリとなる。
+.IP "\fB\-e\fR \fIexpire_date\fR"
+ユーザアカウントが使用不能になる日付。
+日付は \fIYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR という書式で指定する。
+.IP "\fB\-f\fR \fIinactive_days\fR"
+パスワードの使用期限が切れてからアカウントが永久に使用不能になるまでの日数。
+0 にすると、
+パスワードの期限が切れると同時にこのアカウントは使用不能になる。
+\-1 にするとこの機能が無効になる。デフォルト値は \-1。
+.IP "\fB\-g\fR \fIinitial_group\fR"
+ユーザの属する主グループのグループ名または ID。
+グループ名はすでに存在していなければならない。
+グループ ID は既存のグループに対応するものでなければならない。
+デフォルトのグループ ID は 1 か、
+または \fI/etc/default/useradd\fR
+で指定されているものがあればそれに従う。
+.IP "\fB\-G\fR \fIgroup,[...]\fR"
+ユーザの属する補助グループ (supplementary groups) のリスト。
+グループはコンマで区切り、間に空白を入れてはならない。
+指定できるグループには \fB\-g\fR オプションと同様の制限がある。
+デフォルトでは、ユーザは主グループのみに属する。
+.IP \fB\-m\fR
+ホームディレクトリが存在しない場合には、ホームディレクトリを作成する。
+\fB\-k\fR オプションを同時に指定すると \fIskeleton_dir\fR 以下のファイルが、
+指定しないと \fI/etc/skel\fR 以下のファイルが、
+ホームディレクトリにコピーされる。
+ホームディレクトリには、
+\fIskeleton_dir\fR または \fI/etc/skel\fR
+に含まれるすべてのディレクトリも作成される。
+\fB\-k\fR オプションは、
+\fB\-m\fR オプションとともに使われる場合のみ有効である。
+デフォルトでは、ホームディレクトリを作らず、ファイルのコピーもしない。
+.IP "\fB\-o\fR"
+重複した (固有でない) UID でユーザを作成できるようにする。
+.IP "\fB\-p\fR \fIpasswd\fR"
+\fBcrypt\fR(3) の返り値である暗号化パスワード。
+デフォルトでは、アカウントは使えない状態となる。
+.IP "\fB\-s\fR \fIshell\fR"
+ユーザのログインシェルの名前。
+デフォルトではこのフィールドは空白となり、
+システムがデフォルトのログインシェルを選ぶ。
+.IP "\fB\-u\fR \fIuid\fR"
+ユーザの ID 番号。
+この値は、\fB\-o\fR オプションを用いる場合を除き、他と重複してはならない。
+また非負値でなくてはならない。
+デフォルトでは、 999 および他のあらゆる既存ユーザの ID よりも大きい、
+最小の数値となる。
+0 から 999 までの値は、
+通常システム用のアカウントに予約されている。
+.SS デフォルト値の変更
+\fB\-D\fR オプションを指定すると、
+\fBuseradd\fR は現在のデフォルト値を表示するか、
+またはオプションで与えられた値に応じてデフォルト値を変更する。
+使用可能なオプションは次の通り。
+.IP "\fB\-b\fR \fIdefault_home\fR"
+新規ユーザのホームディレクトリのパスのプレフィックス。
+新規ユーザアカウントの作成時に \fB\-d\fI オプションが指定されないと、
+\fIdefault_home\fR の後にユーザ名を付け加えたものが
+新規ディレクトリ名として使われる。
+.IP "\fB\-e\fR \fIdefault_expire_date\fR"
+ユーザアカウントが使用不能となる日付。
+.IP "\fB\-f\fR \fIdefault_inactive\fR"
+パスワードの使用期限が切れてからアカウントが使用不能となるまでの日数。
+.IP "\fB\-g\fR \fIdefault_group\fR"
+新規ユーザの属する主グループのグループ名またはグループ ID。
+グループ名はすでに存在するものでなければならない。
+グループ ID は既存のグループに対応するものでなければならない。
+.IP "\fB\-s\fR \fIdefault_shell\fR"
+新規ユーザのログインシェル。
+指定されたプログラムは、
+今後作られるすべての新規ユーザアカウントに適用される。
+.PP
+オプションを指定しないと、
+\fBuseradd\fR は現在のデフォルト値を表示する。
+.SH 注意
+\fI/etc/skel\fR ディレクトリにデフォルトのユーザファイルを置くのは
+システム管理者の行うべき作業である。
+.SH 警告
+NIS のグループにユーザを加えてはならない。
+これは必ず NIS サーバ上で行うこと。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- ユーザアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR \- 安全なユーザアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/group\fR \ \- グループ情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/default/useradd\fR \- デフォルト情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/skel/\fR \ \- ファイルの雛形が置かれるディレクトリ
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR chfn (1),
+.BR chsh (1),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR crypt (3),
+.BR groupadd (8),
+.BR groupdel (8),
+.BR groupmod (8),
+.BR userdel (8),
+.BR usermod (8)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/userdel.8 b/man/ja/man8/userdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8cbb218
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/userdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Updated Fri Jan 12 JST 2000 by Kentaro Shirakata <argrath@ub32.org>
+.\" Updated Fri Mar  1 JST 2002 by Kentaro Shirakata <argrath@ub32.org>
+.\" Modified Sun 22 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH USERDEL 8
+.SH 名前
+userdel \- ユーザのアカウントと関連ファイルを削除する
+.SH 書式
+.B userdel
+[\fB\-r\fR]
+.I login
+.SH 説明
+\fBuserdel\fR コマンドは、システムアカウントファイルを修正し、
+ユーザ \fIlogin\fR に対応するすべてのエントリを削除する。
+削除されるユーザは存在していなければならない。
+\fBuserdel\fR コマンドに適用できるオプションは以下の通り。
+.IP \fB\-r\fR
+ユーザのホームディレクトリ中のファイルを削除する。
+ホームディレクトリ自体とユーザのメールスプールも消去する。
+ファイルシステム中のほかの場所にあるそのユーザのファイルは、
+手作業で探し出して削除しなければならない。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- ユーザアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR \- 安全なユーザアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/group\fR \ \- グループ情報
+.SH 警告
+\fBuserdel\fR は、削除されるユーザが現在ログインしている場合は、
+そのアカウントの削除を許可しない。
+削除しようとしているアカウントに属する実行中のプロセスは、
+すべて kill しなければならない。
+NIS のクライアントからは、NIS の属性値は削除できない。
+削除は NIS のサーバで行わなければならない。
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR chfn (1),
+.BR chsh (1),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR groupadd (8),
+.BR groupdel (8),
+.BR groupmod (8),
+.BR useradd (8),
+.BR usermod (8)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/usermod.8 b/man/ja/man8/usermod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd2f604
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/usermod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 1997 Kazuyoshi Furutaka
+.\"         all rights reserved.
+.\" Translated Fri Feb 14 23:06:00 JST 1997
+.\"         by Kazuyoshi Furutaka <furutaka@Flux.tokai.jaeri.go.jp>
+.\" Updated Tue Jan 23 17:21:08 JST 2001
+.\"         by Kentaro Shirakata <argrath@ub32.org>
+.\" Modified Sun 22 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.\"WORD:        initial group           主グループ
+.\"WORD:        supplementary group     補助グループ
+.\"
+.TH USERMOD 8
+.SH 名前
+usermod \- ユーザアカウントを修正する
+.SH 書式
+\fBusermod\fR [\fB\-c\fR \fIcomment\fR] [\fB\-d\fR \fIhome_dir\fR [\fB\-m\fR]]
+.br
+[\fB\-e\fR \fIexpire_date\fR] [\fB\-f\fR \fIinactive_time\fR]
+.br
+[\fB\-g\fR \fIinitial_group\fR] [\fB\-G\fR \fIgroup\fR [,...]]
+.br
+[\fB\-l\fR \fIlogin_name\fR] [\fB\-p\fR \fIpasswd\fR]
+.br
+[\fB\-s\fR \fIshell\fR] [\fB\-u\fR \fIuid\fR [\fB\-o\fR]] [\fB\-L\fR|\fB\-U\fR]
+\fIlogin\fR
+.SH 説明
+\fBusermod\fR コマンドは、
+コマンドライン上での指定によって、
+システムアカウントファイルを修正する。
+\fBusermod\fR コマンドに指定できるオプションは次の通り。
+.IP "\fB\-c\fR \fIcomment\fR"
+パスワードファイルのコメントフィールドに与える新しい値。
+通常は
+.BR chfn (1)
+ユーティリティによって変更される。
+.IP "\fB\-d\fR \fIhome_dir\fR"
+新しいログインディレクトリ。
+\fB\-m\fR オプションを用いると、
+現在のホームディレクトリの中身が新しいホームディレクトリに移動される
+(後者が存在しない場合は新たに作成される)。
+.IP "\fB\-e\fR \fIexpire_date\fR"
+そのユーザアカウントが使用不能になる日付。
+日付は \fIYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR という書式で指定する。
+.IP "\fB\-f\fR \fIinactive_days\fR"
+パスワードの使用期限が切れてからアカウントが永久に使用不能になるまでの日数。
+0 にすると、
+パスワードの期限が切れると同時にこのアカウントは使用不能になる。
+\-1 にするとこの機能が無効になる。デフォルト値は \-1。
+.IP "\fB\-g\fR \fIinitial_group\fR"
+
+新たにそのユーザのログイン時初期グループとするグループ名または ID。
+グループ名は既に存在していなければならない。
+グループ番号は既存のグループを参照していなければならない。
+デフォルトのグループ番号は 1。
+.IP "\fB\-G\fR \fIgroup,[...]\fR"
+ユーザが属する補助グループ (supplementary groups) のリスト。
+グループはコンマで区切り、間に空白文字を入れてはならない。
+指定できるグループには \fB\-g\fR オプションと同様の制限がある。
+現在そのユーザが、
+新しいリストにないグループのメンバーになっている場合は、
+そのグループから削除される。
+.IP "\fB\-l\fR \fIlogin_name\fR"
+ユーザのログイン名を \fIlogin\fR から \fIlogin_name\fR に変更する。
+他は何も変更しないので、
+おそらく新しいログイン名に合わせて
+ホームディレクトリの名前を変更する必要があるだろう。
+.IP "\fB\-p\fR \fIpasswd\fR"                                                
+\fBcrypt\fR(3) の返り値である暗号化パスワード。
+.IP "\fB\-s\fR \fIshell\fR"
+ユーザの新しいログインシェルの名前。
+このフィールドを空白にした場合は、
+システムがデフォルトのログインシェルを選択する。
+.IP "\fB\-u\fR \fIuid\fR"
+ユーザの ID 番号。
+この値は、\fB\-o\fR オプションを用いる場合を除き、他と重複してはならない。
+また非負値でなくてはならない。
+0 から 999 までの値は、通常システムアカウント用に予約されている。
+ホームディレクトリ以下の、
+そのユーザ所有のすべてのファイルのユーザ ID は、
+自動的に新しい値に変更される。
+ホームディレクトリ以下にないファイルは手作業で変更しなければならない。
+.IP "\fB\-L\fR"
+ユーザのパスワードをロックする。
+これは暗号化されたパスワードの前に '!' を追加し、
+実質的にパスワードを無効にする。
+このオプションを \fI\-p\fR や \fI\-U\fR と同時に用いることはできない。
+.IP "\fB\-U\fR"
+ユーザのパスワードをアンロックする。
+これは暗号化されたパスワードの先頭の '!' を取り除く。
+このオプションを \fI\-p\fR や \fI\-L\fR と同時に用いることはできない。
+.SH 警告
+\fBusermod\fR
+は現在ログインしているユーザの名前を変更できない。
+このコマンドを使用してユーザの ID 番号を変更する際には、
+指定したユーザのプロセスが一つも実行されていないことを
+事前に確認しなければならない。
+crontab ファイルの所有者は手作業で変更しなければならない。
+at ジョブの所有者は手作業で変更しなければならない。
+NIS に関する作業は NIS サーバ上で行なわなければならない。
+.SH ファイル
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- ユーザアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR \- 安全なユーザアカウント情報
+.br
+\fI/etc/group\fR \ \- グループ情報
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR chfn (1),
+.BR chsh (1),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR crypt (3),
+.BR groupadd (8),
+.BR groupdel (8),
+.BR groupmod (8),
+.BR useradd (8),
+.BR userdel (8)
+.SH 著者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jockgrrl@ix.netcom.com)
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/vigr.8 b/man/ja/man8/vigr.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff72d7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/vigr.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/vipw.8
diff --git a/man/ja/man8/vipw.8 b/man/ja/man8/vipw.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..205d121
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ja/man8/vipw.8
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\"
+.\" Japanese Version Copyright (c) 2001 Maki KURODA
+.\"     all right reserved,
+.\" Translated Tue Oct 30 11:55:56 JST 2001
+.\"     by Maki KURODA <mkuroda@aisys-jp.com>
+.\" Modified Sun 22 Sep 2002 by NAKANO Takeo <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>
+.\"
+.TH VIPW 8 "26 Sep 1997"
+.SH 名前
+vipw, vigr \- password, group とそれぞれの shadow ファイルを編集する
+.SH 書式
+\fBvipw\fR [\fB\-s\fR]
+.br
+\fBvigr\fR [\fB\-s\fR]
+.SH 説明
+.BR vipw " と " vigr
+は、それぞれ
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR " と " \fI/etc/group\fR
+を編集する。
+.B \-s
+フラグが指定されると、これらのファイルの shadow 化版である
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR と \fI/etc/gshadow\fR
+をそれぞれ編集する。
+これらのプログラムはファイルが壊れないよう適切なロックを設定する。
+
+これらのプログラムは、利用するエディタとしてまず
+環境変数
+.BR VISUAL ,
+環境変数
+.BR EDITOR ,
+を順に試し、最後にデフォルトのエディタである
+.BR vi 
+を用いようとする。
+.SH 関連項目
+.BR group (5),
+.BR passwd (5),
+.BR shadow (5)
diff --git a/man/ko/Makefile.am b/man/ko/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c269f0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ko/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+
+mandir = @mandir@/ko
+
+man_MANS = \
+	man1/chfn.1 \
+	man1/chsh.1 \
+	man1/groups.1 \
+	man1/login.1 \
+	man5/passwd.5 \
+	man1/su.1 \
+	man8/vigr.8 \
+	man8/vipw.8
+# newgrp.1 must be updated
+#	newgrp.1
+
+EXTRA_DIST = $(man_MANS)
diff --git a/man/ko/Makefile.in b/man/ko/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7dba217
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ko/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,658 @@
+# Makefile.in generated by automake 1.16.1 from Makefile.am.
+# @configure_input@
+
+# Copyright (C) 1994-2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+# This Makefile.in is free software; the Free Software Foundation
+# gives unlimited permission to copy and/or distribute it,
+# with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
+
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law; without
+# even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
+# PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
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+    n|no|NO) false;; \
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+am__vpath_adj = case $$p in \
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+  for p in $$list; do echo "$$p $$p"; done | \
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+  $(AWK) 'BEGIN { files["."] = "" } { files[$$2] = files[$$2] " " $$1; \
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+  sed '$$!N;$$!N;$$!N;$$!N;$$!N;$$!N;$$!N;s/\n/ /g' | \
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+mandir = @mandir@/ko
+mkdir_p = @mkdir_p@
+oldincludedir = @oldincludedir@
+pdfdir = @pdfdir@
+prefix = @prefix@
+program_transform_name = @program_transform_name@
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+man_MANS = \
+	man1/chfn.1 \
+	man1/chsh.1 \
+	man1/groups.1 \
+	man1/login.1 \
+	man5/passwd.5 \
+	man1/su.1 \
+	man8/vigr.8 \
+	man8/vipw.8
+
+# newgrp.1 must be updated
+#	newgrp.1
+EXTRA_DIST = $(man_MANS)
+all: all-am
+
+.SUFFIXES:
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+	@for dep in $?; do \
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+	    *$$dep*) \
+	      ( cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh ) \
+	        && { if test -f $@; then exit 0; else break; fi; }; \
+	      exit 1;; \
+	  esac; \
+	done; \
+	echo ' cd $(top_srcdir) && $(AUTOMAKE) --foreign man/ko/Makefile'; \
+	$(am__cd) $(top_srcdir) && \
+	  $(AUTOMAKE) --foreign man/ko/Makefile
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+	@case '$?' in \
+	  *config.status*) \
+	    cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh;; \
+	  *) \
+	    echo ' cd $(top_builddir) && $(SHELL) ./config.status $(subdir)/$@ $(am__maybe_remake_depfiles)'; \
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+	esac;
+
+$(top_builddir)/config.status: $(top_srcdir)/configure $(CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES)
+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
+
+$(top_srcdir)/configure: @MAINTAINER_MODE_TRUE@ $(am__configure_deps)
+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
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+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
+$(am__aclocal_m4_deps):
+
+mostlyclean-libtool:
+	-rm -f *.lo
+
+clean-libtool:
+	-rm -rf .libs _libs
+install-man1: $(man_MANS)
+	@$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
+	@list1=''; \
+	list2='$(man_MANS)'; \
+	test -n "$(man1dir)" \
+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
+	  || exit 0; \
+	echo " $(MKDIR_P) '$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)'"; \
+	$(MKDIR_P) "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)" || exit 1; \
+	{ for i in $$list1; do echo "$$i"; done;  \
+	if test -n "$$list2"; then \
+	  for i in $$list2; do echo "$$i"; done \
+	    | sed -n '/\.1[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	fi; \
+	} | while read p; do \
+	  if test -f $$p; then d=; else d="$(srcdir)/"; fi; \
+	  echo "$$d$$p"; echo "$$p"; \
+	done | \
+	sed -e 'n;s,.*/,,;p;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^1][0-9a-z]*$$,1,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,' | \
+	sed 'N;N;s,\n, ,g' | { \
+	list=; while read file base inst; do \
+	  if test "$$base" = "$$inst"; then list="$$list $$file"; else \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) '$$file' '$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/$$inst'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) "$$file" "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/$$inst" || exit $$?; \
+	  fi; \
+	done; \
+	for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done | $(am__base_list) | \
+	while read files; do \
+	  test -z "$$files" || { \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files '$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)" || exit $$?; }; \
+	done; }
+
+uninstall-man1:
+	@$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL)
+	@list=''; test -n "$(man1dir)" || exit 0; \
+	files=`{ for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done; \
+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do echo "$$i"; done | \
+	  sed -n '/\.1[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^1][0-9a-z]*$$,1,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,'`; \
+	dir='$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)'; $(am__uninstall_files_from_dir)
+install-man5: $(man_MANS)
+	@$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
+	@list1=''; \
+	list2='$(man_MANS)'; \
+	test -n "$(man5dir)" \
+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
+	  || exit 0; \
+	echo " $(MKDIR_P) '$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)'"; \
+	$(MKDIR_P) "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)" || exit 1; \
+	{ for i in $$list1; do echo "$$i"; done;  \
+	if test -n "$$list2"; then \
+	  for i in $$list2; do echo "$$i"; done \
+	    | sed -n '/\.5[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	fi; \
+	} | while read p; do \
+	  if test -f $$p; then d=; else d="$(srcdir)/"; fi; \
+	  echo "$$d$$p"; echo "$$p"; \
+	done | \
+	sed -e 'n;s,.*/,,;p;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^5][0-9a-z]*$$,5,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,' | \
+	sed 'N;N;s,\n, ,g' | { \
+	list=; while read file base inst; do \
+	  if test "$$base" = "$$inst"; then list="$$list $$file"; else \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) '$$file' '$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)/$$inst'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) "$$file" "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)/$$inst" || exit $$?; \
+	  fi; \
+	done; \
+	for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done | $(am__base_list) | \
+	while read files; do \
+	  test -z "$$files" || { \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files '$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)" || exit $$?; }; \
+	done; }
+
+uninstall-man5:
+	@$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL)
+	@list=''; test -n "$(man5dir)" || exit 0; \
+	files=`{ for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done; \
+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do echo "$$i"; done | \
+	  sed -n '/\.5[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^5][0-9a-z]*$$,5,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,'`; \
+	dir='$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)'; $(am__uninstall_files_from_dir)
+install-man8: $(man_MANS)
+	@$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
+	@list1=''; \
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+	test -n "$(man8dir)" \
+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
+	  || exit 0; \
+	echo " $(MKDIR_P) '$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)'"; \
+	$(MKDIR_P) "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)" || exit 1; \
+	{ for i in $$list1; do echo "$$i"; done;  \
+	if test -n "$$list2"; then \
+	  for i in $$list2; do echo "$$i"; done \
+	    | sed -n '/\.8[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	fi; \
+	} | while read p; do \
+	  if test -f $$p; then d=; else d="$(srcdir)/"; fi; \
+	  echo "$$d$$p"; echo "$$p"; \
+	done | \
+	sed -e 'n;s,.*/,,;p;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^8][0-9a-z]*$$,8,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,' | \
+	sed 'N;N;s,\n, ,g' | { \
+	list=; while read file base inst; do \
+	  if test "$$base" = "$$inst"; then list="$$list $$file"; else \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) '$$file' '$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)/$$inst'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) "$$file" "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)/$$inst" || exit $$?; \
+	  fi; \
+	done; \
+	for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done | $(am__base_list) | \
+	while read files; do \
+	  test -z "$$files" || { \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files '$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)" || exit $$?; }; \
+	done; }
+
+uninstall-man8:
+	@$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL)
+	@list=''; test -n "$(man8dir)" || exit 0; \
+	files=`{ for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done; \
+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do echo "$$i"; done | \
+	  sed -n '/\.8[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^8][0-9a-z]*$$,8,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,'`; \
+	dir='$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)'; $(am__uninstall_files_from_dir)
+tags TAGS:
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+ctags CTAGS:
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+cscope cscopelist:
+
+
+distdir: $(BUILT_SOURCES)
+	$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) distdir-am
+
+distdir-am: $(DISTFILES)
+	@srcdirstrip=`echo "$(srcdir)" | sed 's/[].[^$$\\*]/\\\\&/g'`; \
+	topsrcdirstrip=`echo "$(top_srcdir)" | sed 's/[].[^$$\\*]/\\\\&/g'`; \
+	list='$(DISTFILES)'; \
+	  dist_files=`for file in $$list; do echo $$file; done | \
+	  sed -e "s|^$$srcdirstrip/||;t" \
+	      -e "s|^$$topsrcdirstrip/|$(top_builddir)/|;t"`; \
+	case $$dist_files in \
+	  */*) $(MKDIR_P) `echo "$$dist_files" | \
+			   sed '/\//!d;s|^|$(distdir)/|;s,/[^/]*$$,,' | \
+			   sort -u` ;; \
+	esac; \
+	for file in $$dist_files; do \
+	  if test -f $$file || test -d $$file; then d=.; else d=$(srcdir); fi; \
+	  if test -d $$d/$$file; then \
+	    dir=`echo "/$$file" | sed -e 's,/[^/]*$$,,'`; \
+	    if test -d "$(distdir)/$$file"; then \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    if test -d $(srcdir)/$$file && test $$d != $(srcdir); then \
+	      cp -fpR $(srcdir)/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    cp -fpR $$d/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	  else \
+	    test -f "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || cp -p $$d/$$file "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || exit 1; \
+	  fi; \
+	done
+check-am: all-am
+check: check-am
+all-am: Makefile $(MANS)
+installdirs:
+	for dir in "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)" "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)" "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)"; do \
+	  test -z "$$dir" || $(MKDIR_P) "$$dir"; \
+	done
+install: install-am
+install-exec: install-exec-am
+install-data: install-data-am
+uninstall: uninstall-am
+
+install-am: all-am
+	@$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) install-exec-am install-data-am
+
+installcheck: installcheck-am
+install-strip:
+	if test -z '$(STRIP)'; then \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	      install; \
+	else \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	    "INSTALL_PROGRAM_ENV=STRIPPROG='$(STRIP)'" install; \
+	fi
+mostlyclean-generic:
+
+clean-generic:
+
+distclean-generic:
+	-test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)
+	-test . = "$(srcdir)" || test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)
+
+maintainer-clean-generic:
+	@echo "This command is intended for maintainers to use"
+	@echo "it deletes files that may require special tools to rebuild."
+clean: clean-am
+
+clean-am: clean-generic clean-libtool mostlyclean-am
+
+distclean: distclean-am
+	-rm -f Makefile
+distclean-am: clean-am distclean-generic
+
+dvi: dvi-am
+
+dvi-am:
+
+html: html-am
+
+html-am:
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+info: info-am
+
+info-am:
+
+install-data-am: install-man
+
+install-dvi: install-dvi-am
+
+install-dvi-am:
+
+install-exec-am:
+
+install-html: install-html-am
+
+install-html-am:
+
+install-info: install-info-am
+
+install-info-am:
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+install-man: install-man1 install-man5 install-man8
+
+install-pdf: install-pdf-am
+
+install-pdf-am:
+
+install-ps: install-ps-am
+
+install-ps-am:
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+installcheck-am:
+
+maintainer-clean: maintainer-clean-am
+	-rm -f Makefile
+maintainer-clean-am: distclean-am maintainer-clean-generic
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+mostlyclean: mostlyclean-am
+
+mostlyclean-am: mostlyclean-generic mostlyclean-libtool
+
+pdf: pdf-am
+
+pdf-am:
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+ps: ps-am
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+ps-am:
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+uninstall-am: uninstall-man
+
+uninstall-man: uninstall-man1 uninstall-man5 uninstall-man8
+
+.MAKE: install-am install-strip
+
+.PHONY: all all-am check check-am clean clean-generic clean-libtool \
+	cscopelist-am ctags-am distclean distclean-generic \
+	distclean-libtool distdir dvi dvi-am html html-am info info-am \
+	install install-am install-data install-data-am install-dvi \
+	install-dvi-am install-exec install-exec-am install-html \
+	install-html-am install-info install-info-am install-man \
+	install-man1 install-man5 install-man8 install-pdf \
+	install-pdf-am install-ps install-ps-am install-strip \
+	installcheck installcheck-am installdirs maintainer-clean \
+	maintainer-clean-generic mostlyclean mostlyclean-generic \
+	mostlyclean-libtool pdf pdf-am ps ps-am tags-am uninstall \
+	uninstall-am uninstall-man uninstall-man1 uninstall-man5 \
+	uninstall-man8
+
+.PRECIOUS: Makefile
+
+
+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
diff --git a/man/ko/man1/chfn.1 b/man/ko/man1/chfn.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6d3fae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ko/man1/chfn.1
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" (c) 1994 by salvatore valente <svalente@athena.mit.edu>
+.\"
+.\" this program is free software.  you can redistribute it and
+.\" modify it under the terms of the gnu general public license.
+.\" there is no warranty.
+.TH CHFN 1 "October 13 1994" "chfn" "Linux Reference Manual"
+.SH NAME
+chfn \- 사용자 finger 정보를 바꾼다.
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+\fBchfn\fR [\fB\-f\fR \fIfull\-name\fR] [\fB\-o\fR \fIoffice\fR] [\fB\-p\fR \fIoffice\-phone\fR]
+[\ \-h\ home\-phone\ ] [\ \-u\ ] [\ \-v\ ] [\ username\ ]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.B chfn
+명령은 사용자의 finger 정보를 바꾼다. 이것은 
+.I /etc/passwd
+파일의 정보를 바꾼다. 
+.B finger
+명령이 사용될 때 바로 이 파일을 참조하기 때문이다.
+.B finger
+명령은 
+.B chfn
+명령에서 바뀐 실재이름, 직장, 직장전화, 집전화번호를 보여준다.
+.SS COMMAND LINE
+아무 옵션 없이 이 명령을 사용하면, 직접 사용자에게 각각의 바꿀 정보를 
+물어보지만, 이 정보들을 명령행에서 직접 입력할 수도 있다.
+.SS INTERACTIVE MODE
+아무 옵션 없이 이 명령을 사용하면, 직접 사용자에게 각각의 바꿀 정보를 
+물어본다. 이때 정당한 값을 지정해 주고, 원래의 값을 바꾸지 않으려면, 
+그냥 Enter 글쇠를 누르면 된다.
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+.I "\-f, \-\-full\-name"
+사용자 실재 이름
+.TP
+.I "\-o, \-\-office"
+사용자 직장
+.TP
+.I "\-p, \-\-office\-phone"
+사용자 직장 전화번호
+.TP
+.I "\-h, \-\-home\-phone"
+사용자 집 전화 번호
+.TP
+.I "\-u, \-\-help"
+도움말을 보여주고 마친다.
+.TP
+.I "\-v, \-\-version"
+버전 정보를 보여주고 마친다.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.BR finger (1),
+.BR passwd (5)
+.SH AUTHOR
+Salvatore Valente <svalente@mit.edu>
diff --git a/man/ko/man1/chsh.1 b/man/ko/man1/chsh.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fd5d3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ko/man1/chsh.1
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" (c) 1994 by salvatore valente <svalente@athena.mit.edu>
+.\"
+.\" this program is free software.  you can redistribute it and
+.\" modify it under the terms of the gnu general public license.
+.\" there is no warranty.
+.TH CHSH 1 "October 13 1994" "chsh" "Linux Reference Manual"
+.SH NAME
+chsh \- 사용자 로그인 쉘을 바꾼다.
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B chsh
+[\ \-s\ shell\ ] [\ \-l\ ] [\ \-u\ ] [\ \-v\ ] [\ username\ ]
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.B chsh
+명령은 사용자가 사용하고 있는 로그인 쉘을 바꾸는데, 사용된다. 
+(이말은 exit 명령을 사용했을 때 로그아웃되는 쉘을 말한다.)
+명령행에서 쉘을 지정하지 않으면, 사용자에게 물어본다.
+.SS VALID SHELLS
+.B chsh
+명령에서는 절대 경로를 지정하는 어떠한 실행파일도 지정이 가능하다. 
+하지만, 
+.I /etc/shells
+파일에서 지정되어 있지 않는 풀그림을 사용할 경우에는 경고 메시지를 보여준다.
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+.I "\-s, \-\-shell"
+지정하는 쉘을 앞으로 사용할 로그인 쉘로 바꾼다.
+.TP
+.I "\-l, \-\-list\-shells"
+.I /etc/shells
+파일 안에 지정된 쉘을 나열하고 마친다.
+.TP
+.I "\-u, \-\-help"
+도움말을 보여주고 마친다.
+.TP
+.I "\-v, \-\-version"
+버전 정보를 보여주고 마친다.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.BR login (1),
+.BR passwd (5),
+.BR shells (5)
+.SH AUTHOR
+Salvatore Valente <svalente@mit.edu>
diff --git a/man/ko/man1/groups.1 b/man/ko/man1/groups.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d407d3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ko/man1/groups.1
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.TH GROUPS 1L "GNU 쉘 유틸리티" "FSF" \" \-*\- nroff \-*\-
+.SH 이름
+groups \- 사용자가 속한 그룹들을 출력한다
+.SH 개요
+.B groups
+[사용자명...]
+.br
+.B groups
+{\-\-help,\-\-version}
+.SH 설명
+이 맨페이지는 GNU 버전의
+.BR groups 
+를 다룬다.
+.B groups
+는 주어진 각 
+.IR username
+또는 프로세스
+가 속한 추가 그룹의 이름을 출력해준다.
+만약 사용자명이 주어졌다면 각 사용자명이 소속된 그룹 목록 앞에 표시된다.
+.PP
+그룹 목록은 `id \-Gn'의 결과와 같다.
+.SS 옵션
+GNU
+.B groups
+가 단 한 개의 인수를 가지고 실행되면 다음 옵션들을 인식한다:
+.TP
+.I "\-\-help"
+표준출력으로 사용법을 출력하고 정상적으로 종료한다.
+.TP
+.I "\-\-version"
+표준출력으로 버전정보를 출력하고 정상적으로 종료한다.
diff --git a/man/ko/man1/login.1 b/man/ko/man1/login.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4533beb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ko/man1/login.1
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+.\" Copyright 1993 Rickard E. Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
+.\" May be distributed under the GNU General Public License
+.TH LOGIN 1 "1 February 1993" "Linux 0.99" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
+.SH 이름
+login \- 시스템 접속
+.SH 사용법
+.BR "login [ " 이름 " ]"
+.br
+.B "login \-p"
+.br
+.BR "login \-h " 호스트이름
+.br
+.BR "login \-f " 이름
+.SH 설명
+.B login
+풀그림은 한 시스템에 접속처리를 하는 풀그림이다. 
+또한 현재 접속 중에서도 한 사용자에서 다른 사용자로 바꾸고자 할 때도 
+사용될 수 있다. (한편, 대부분의 요즘 만들어진 쉘은 그 쉘 내부적으로
+이러한 기능을 제공하고 있기도 하다.)
+
+아무 옵션 없이 사용하면, 
+사용자 계정을 물어보는 프롬프트가 나타난다.
+
+이때 입력되는 계정이 root가 아니고, 
+.I /etc/nologin
+파일이 있으면 그 파일안에 내용이 보여지고 
+이 풀그림은 종료된다. 이것은 시스템 검사나 기타 사정상 일반 사용자 
+접속을 하지 못하도록 할때 사용된다.
+
+.IR /etc/usertty 
+파일에서 특정 사용자의 로그인 허용과 거부가 지정되어 있을 때, 
+만일 그 사용자가 접속하고자 할 때는 그에 따른 접속처리를 한다.
+이때, 접속거부되면 로그인은 끝나고 
+.B syslog
+명령이 작동되어 그 상황을 기록한다. 
+자세한 이야기는 아래 "특별 접근 거부" 부분에서 다룬다.
+
+
+.IR /etc/securetty 
+파일에서는 root로 접속할 수 있는 터미날들이 나열되어 있다. 
+이때 접속 실패가 일어나면 
+.B syslog
+명령이 작동되어 그 상황을 기록한다.
+
+사용자 계정의 확인 절차가 끝나면, 비밀번호를 물어보는 프롬프트가 
+나타난다. (그 사용자의 계정에서 비밀번호가 필요하면 나타난다.)
+이때, 10번동안 비밀번호를 틀리게 입력하면 login은 종료된다. 
+그런데, 처음 세번은 바로 다시 물어보지만, 다음부터는 매우 느리게 
+반복된다. (로그인 과정이)
+물론 이 과정들도 
+.B syslog
+명령에 의해 그 상황이 기록된다. 
+
+.I .hushlogin
+파일 $HOME 경로안에 있으면, 새로 도착한 편지가 있을 때 보여주는 
+메시지와 마지막 로그인한 시간을 알리는 메시지를 보여주지 않는다.
+이 파일이 없고, 
+.I /var/log/lastlog
+파일이 있으면, 그 파일에서 마지막 로그인 시간을 읽어 보여주고, 
+그 파일에, 현재 로그인을 기록한다.
+
+로그인 계정, 비밀번호 확인철자가 끝나면, 
+다음은 터미날의 UID, GID 설정같은 관리작업들을 무작위로
+수행한다. TERM 환경변수가 사용되고 있으면, 이 환경변수를 지정하고, 
+(
+.B \-p
+옵션이 사용되면 다른 환경변수가 지정된다)
+HOME, PATH, SHELL, TERM, MAIL, LOGNAME 환경변수들을 지정한다.
+일반 사용자라면 경로를 초기값으로 아래와 같이 지정하고, 
+.br
+.I /usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:.
+root라면 초기값으로 아래와 같이 지정한다.
+.br
+.I /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
+.br
+마지막으로 "조용한" 로그인이 아니라면, 그날의 메시지를 출력하고, 
+.I /usr/spool/mail
+경로안에 그 사용자 이름으로 된 파일의 크기가 0이 아닌지 확인해서 
+0이 아니면, 편지가 있다고 알려준다.
+
+다음 사용자 쉘을 지정하는데, 
+.BR /etc/passwd 
+파일에서 그 사용자의 쉘이 지정되어 있지 않으면, 
+.B /bin/sh
+쉘을 사용한다. 
+또한,
+.IR /etc/passwd 
+파일에서 홈 경로가 지정되어 있지 않으며,
+.I /
+경로로 로그인된다.(홈 경로는 위에서 설명한 
+.I .hushlogin
+파일이 있는지 확인할 때 검사된다.)
+.SH 옵션
+.TP
+.B \-p
+.B login
+실행할 때 이전 환경들을 그대로 사용하도록 
+.BR getty (8)
+명령에 의해 사용된다.
+.TP
+.B \-f
+두번째 로그인일 경우에는 그 인증(계정확인절차)을 통과한다.
+root 계정일 경우에는 작동되지 않으며, 리눅스에서는 바르게 
+작동되지 않을 수도 있다.
+.TP
+.B \-h
+리모트 호스트 로그인시(가령, telnetd(8) 사용) 계정 입력을 통과한다.
+물론 utmp, wtmp 기록은 있다. 이 옵션은 단지 root만이 사용할 수 있다.
+
+.SH "특별 접근 거부"
+.I /etc/securetty
+파일에는 root가 접속 할 수 터미날이 나열되어 있다. 
+이 터미날 이름은 /dev/ 글자를 생략한 터미날 이름만이다.
+이 파일이 없다면 root는 모든 터미날에서 접속이 가능하다.
+.PP
+.I /etc/usertty
+파일에는 특정 사용자의 접속에 대한 특별한 설정 내용이 있다. 
+이 파일이 없다면, 어떠한 특정 사용자의 접속 거부같은 없다. 
+이 파일의 세부분으로 구성되어 있는데, 각각 그 부분들의 이름은 
+CLASSES, GROUPS, USERS 이다. CLASSES 부분에서는 터미날의 클래스와 
+호스트이름 패턴이 정의되고,  GROUPS 부분에서는 그룹 단위의 허락되는
+터미날과 호스트가 정의되고, USERS 부분에서는 사용자 단위의 허락되는
+터미날과 호스트가 정의된다.
+.PP
+이 파일의 각 줄은 255 문자를 넘을 수 없으며,
+# 문자로 시작하는 그 줄 전체는 주석으로 처리된다.
+.PP
+.SS "CLASSES 섹션"
+CLASSES 섹션은 대문자로 첫칸부터 CLASSES라고 씀으로 정의된다. 
+이 부분은 다음 섹션이 정의되기 전까지 모든 부분이 포함된다.
+각 단어의 구분은 공백문자나 탭문자로 한다.
+각 줄에는 터미날과 호스트 패턴의 클래스가 정의된다.
+.PP
+각 줄의 처음은 관리자가 정의하는 클래스 이름이 오고, 
+그 다음에는 그 클래스에서 사용하는 터미날과 호스트 패턴이 온다. 
+이 클래스 이름은 다음에 오는 GROUPS, USERS 섹션에서 사용될 수 있다. 
+.PP
+CLASSES 섹션 예제:
+.PP
+.nf
+.in +.5
+CLASSES
+myclass1		tty1 tty2
+myclass2		tty3 @.foo.com
+.in -.5
+.fi
+.PP
+윗 예제는 
+.I myclass1
+과
+.I myclass2
+클래스를 오른쪽 부분과 같이 정의한 것이다.
+.PP
+.SS "GROUPS 섹션"
+GROUPS 섹션에서는 유닉스 그룹 단위의 허락되는 터미날과 호스트가 정의된다.
+접속하는 사용자의 그룹이(이것은 
+.I /etc/passwd
+파일과 
+.I /etc/group
+파일에서 확인됨)이 
+.I /etc/usertty
+파일의 GROUPS 섹션 부분에서 정의된 그룹이라면, 그에 해당되는 
+터미날과 호스트에만 접속이 가능해 진다.
+.PP
+GROUPS 섹션은 첫칸에 대문자로 GROUPS 이라고 씀으로 정의가 시작되고, 
+다음섹션의 정의가 나타나기 전까지 이 섹션으로 가정한다. 
+각 단어의 구분은 공백문자나 탭문자로 하며, 
+각 줄의 처음에는 그룹이 오고 다음에는 그 그룹에서 접근할 수 있는
+터미날과 호스트가 온다. 또한 허락되는 터미날과 호스트 부분에서 
+앞 CLASSES 섹션에서 정의한 클래스 이름이 사용될 수도 있다. 
+.PP
+GROUPS 섹션의 예제:
+.PP
+.nf
+.in +0.5
+GROUPS
+sys		tty1 @.bar.edu
+stud		myclass1 tty4
+.in -0.5
+.fi
+.PP
+윗 예제는 
+.I sys
+그룹의 사용자는 bar.edu 도메인을 가진 호스트에서, tty1로만 
+접속이 가능하다. 
+.I stud 
+그룹의 사용자는 myclass1 클래스 또는 tty4로만 접속이 가능하다.
+.PP
+
+.SS "USERS 섹션"
+USERS 섹션은 첫칸에 USERS 라고 대문자로 씀으로 정의된다. 
+각 단어의 구분은 공백문자와 탭문자로 하며, 
+첫칸에는 사용자 계정, 다음에는 그 계정 사용자가 접속 할 수 있는 
+터미날과 그 사용자가 접속 시도하는 호스트가 정의된다. 
+물론 터미날과 호스트 정의부분에서 앞 CLASSES 섹션에서 정의한 클래스가 
+사용될 수도 있다. 
+.PP
+USERS 섹션 예제:
+.PP
+.nf
+.in +0.5
+USERS
+zacho		tty1 @130.225.16.0/255.255.255.0
+blue		tty3 myclass2
+.in -0.5
+.fi
+.PP
+윗 예제는 zacho 계정 사용자는 IP 주소가 130.225.16.0 부터 130.225.16.255
+범위 안의 호스트에서 이 컴의 tty1로 접속 하고자 할 때만 접속을 할 수 있다. 
+blue 계정 사용자는 myclass2에서 정의된 환경과 tty3으로만 접속할 수 있다.
+.PP
+USERS 섹션안에서 사용자 계정 부분에 * 문자가 올 수도 있다. 
+이것은 초기값 지정이며, 모든 사용자에게 적용된다.
+.PP
+접속하고자 하는 사용자의 계정과 그룹이 USERS, GROUPS 섹션 두 부분에서 모두
+적용되면 각 섹션에서 정의된 모든 터미날/호스트가 적용된다.
+
+.SS Origins
+터미날과 호스트 정의 부분에는 클래스, origin이라고 부르는 
+일군의 문자열이 사용된다. 이 origin 문자열은 다음과 같은 형식을 취한다.
+.IP o 
+터미날의 이름에는 /dev/ 부분이 빠진다. 즉, tty1, ttyS0 형식으로 사용된다.
+.PP
+.IP o
+@localhost 문자열은 로칼 호스트에서 telnet/rlogin으로 접속하는 사용자를 
+의미한다. 즉 `xterm \-e /bin/login' 명령같은 것이 실행된다는 것을 의미한다.
+.PP
+.IP o
+@.some.dom 문자열은 리모트 호스트 접속시 그 사용자가 rlogin/telnet으로
+도메인이 .some.dom로 끝나는 호스트에서만 접속할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다.
+.PP
+.IP o
+IP 주소의 영역은 @x.x.x.x/y.y.y.y 이런 식으로 정의하는데, 
+이것은 x.x.x.x 에서 y.y.y.y 범위의 IP 주소를 가진 호스트에서만 
+접속이 가능하다. 예를 들어, @130.225.16.0/255.255.254.0
+으로 정의하면, IP의 범위가 130.225.16.0 \- 130.225.17.255인 
+호스트에서만 접속이 가능하다.
+.PP
+기타 origin 에서 사용되는 문자열로 시간을 정할수 있는데, 
+그 형식은 다음과 같다.
+.PP
+.nf
+timespec    ::= '[' <day\-or\-hour> [':' <day\-or\-hour>]* ']'
+day         ::= 'mon' | 'tue' | 'wed' | 'thu' | 'fri' | 'sat' | 'sun'
+hour        ::= '0' | '1' | ... | '23'
+hourspec    ::= <hour> | <hour> '\-' <hour>
+day\-or\-hour ::= <day> | <hourspec>
+.fi
+.PP
+예를 들어, [mon:tue:wed:thu:fri:8\-17]tty3 문자열은 
+월요일부터 금요일까지, 오전 8시 00분부터 오후 5시 59분까지만
+tty3으로 접속할 수 있음을 의미한다. 시간 지정에서는 단지, 
+a\-b 식으로 정의되면 a시 00분 부터 b시 59분까지를 의미하며,
+단지 단일 숫자만 있으면(가령 10) 그 시간만(10시 00분부터 10시 59분까지)을
+의미한다.
+.PP
+시간부분의 설정이 지정되지 않으면 어떠한 시간에도 접속이 가능하다.
+각 요일별로 그 시간을 따로 정하고 싶으면 각 요일 정의다음에 시간을 
+각각 따로 정의 할 수도 있다.
+시간지정에서는 공백문자를 사용할 수 없다.
+.PP
+만약 
+.I /etc/usertty
+파일에서 각 정의들이 바르지 못하게 정의된다면, 
+모든 사용자의 특별 접속 거부 같은 것은 없다. 
+.PP
+.SH "관련 파일"
+.nf
+\fI/var/run/utmp\fR
+\fI/var/log/wtmp\fR
+\fI/var/log/lastlog\fR
+\fI/etc/motd\fR
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR
+\fI/etc/nologin\fR
+\fI/etc/usertty\fR
+\fI$HOME/.hushlogin\fR
+.fi
+.SH "관련 항목"
+.BR init (8),
+.BR getty (8),
+.BR mail (1),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR passwd (5),
+.BR environ (7),
+.BR shutdown (8)
+.SH 벌레
+리눅스에서는 다른 옛날 운영체제와 달리 한 사용자의 중복 로그인을 
+제한하지 않는다.
+
+설명되지 않은 BSD의 
+.B \-r
+옵션은 지원되지 않는다. 
+이 옵션은 
+어떠한 
+.BR rlogind (8)
+풀그림에서 필요할 지도 모른다.
+.SH 만든이
+Derived from BSD login 5.40 (5/9/89) by Michael Glad (glad@daimi.dk) for HP\-UX
+.br
+Ported to Linux 0.12: Peter Orbaek (poe@daimi.aau.dk)
diff --git a/man/ko/man1/su.1 b/man/ko/man1/su.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e509c70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ko/man1/su.1
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+.TH SU 1 "GNU 쉘 유틸리티" "FSF" \" \-*\- nroff \-*\-
+.SH 이름
+su \- 사용자와 그룹 ID 를 교체하여 쉘을 실행한다
+.SH 개요
+.B su
+[\-flmp] [\-c 명령] [\-s 쉘] [\-\-login] [\-\-fast]
+[\-\-preserve\-environment] [\-\-command=명령] [\-\-shell=쉘] [\-]
+[\-\-help] [\-\-version] [사용자 [인수...]]
+.SH 설명
+이 맨페이지는 GNU 버전의
+.BR su 
+를 설명한다.
+.B su
+는 한 사용자가 잠시 다른 사용자가 될 수 있도록 해준다.
+실제 사용자 ID, 그룹 ID, USER의 보충적인 그룹으로 쉘을 실행한다.
+USER가 주어지지 않으면 기본적으로 수퍼유저인 root 로 설정된다.
+실행되는 쉘은 USER의 패스워드 목록에서 찾아오거나 없으면 /bin/sh 를 수행한다.
+만약 USER에 패스워드가 있다면
+.B su
+는 실제 사용자 ID 0 (수퍼유저)가 아닌 한 패스워드를 물어온다.
+.PP
+기본적으로,
+.B su
+는 현재 디렉토리를 변경하지 않는다. USER 의 패스워드 항목으로부터 `HOME',
+`SHELL' 등의 변수를 설정하고 만약 수퍼유저가 아니라면 `USER'와 `LOGNAME'을
+USER로 설정한다. 기본적으로 이 쉘은 로그인 쉘이 아니다.
+.PP
+만약 한 개 이상의 인수가 주어지면 쉘에 대한 인수로 전달된다.
+.PP
+.B su
+는 /bin/sh나 다른 쉘을 특별히 다루지는 않는다.
+(argv[0]를 "\-su"로 하고 \-c 를 특정 쉘로 지정하지 않는 한... )
+.PP
+syslog를 가지고 있는 시스템에서는,
+.B su
+가 실패하는 경우 보고를 하도록, 그리고 성공의 경우에는 선택적으로 보고하도록
+컴파일하면
+.B su
+가 syslog를 사용한다.
+.SS 옵션
+.TP
+.I "\-c COMMAND, \-\-command=COMMAND"
+대화형 쉘을 시작하지 않고 
+.I \-c
+옵션을 쉘에 주어서 한 개의 명령만을 수행하도록 한다.
+.TP
+.I "\-f, \-\-fast"
+쉘에
+.I \-f
+옵션을 전달한다.
+.B csh
+와
+.BR tcsh 
+에만 해당되는 것으로서,
+.I \-f
+옵션은 시작 화일(.cshrc)를 읽지 않도록 한다. 본쉘의 경우,
+.I \-f
+옵션은 화일 패턴 확장을 불능으로 설정하는 것으로서 일반적으로 그렇게 하지
+않는다.
+.TP
+.I "\-\-help"
+표준출력으로 사용법을 출력하고 정상적으로 종료한다.
+.TP
+.I "\-, \-l, \-\-login"
+쉘을 로그인 쉘로 만든다. 그 의미는 다음과 같다. `TERM', `HOME', `SHELL'
+(위에서 설명) 그리고 `USER', `LOGNAME'(위에서 설명하였듯 수퍼유저라 할 지라도
+설정된다)을 제외하고 나머지 환경 변수를 제거한다. 그리고 `PATH'를 컴파일 기본
+설정값으로 설정한다. USER의 홈 디렉토리로 이동한다. 쉘 이름에 "\-" 를 추가하여
+로그인 스크립트 화일들을 읽을 수 있게 할 수 있다.
+.TP
+.I "\-m, \-p, \-\-preserve\-environment"
+`HOME', `USER', `LOGNAME', `SHELL' 등의 환경변수값을 변경하지 않는다.
+만약 
+.B su
+를 실행하는 사용자가 수퍼유저이거나 사용자의 쉘이 제한된 쉘일 때는
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR에 기재된 USER의 쉘이 아니라 `SHELL' 환경변수에 설정된 쉘을
+실행한다.
+제한된 쉘이란 /etc/shells에 등록되어 있지 않거나 /etc/shells 화일이 존재하지
+않을 때 내장 컴파일된 목록에 들어있지 않는 경우를 말한다.
+이 옵션의 일부는 다음
+.I \-\-login
+과
+.IR \-\-shell 
+옵션에 의해 무시될 수 있다.
+.TP
+.I "\-s, \-\-shell shell"
+.B su
+를 실행하는 사용자가 수퍼유저가 아니거나 사용자의 쉘이 제한된 쉘일 때는
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR에 등록된 USER의 쉘을 수행하지 않고 지정한 쉘을 수행한다.
+.TP
+.I "\-\-version"
+표준출력으로 버전정보를 출력하고 정상적으로 종료한다.
diff --git a/man/ko/man5/passwd.5 b/man/ko/man5/passwd.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52d7f0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ko/man5/passwd.5
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+.\"$Id$
+.\" This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
+.\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+.\" published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+.\" the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+.\"
+.\" The GNU General Public License's references to "object code"
+.\" and "executables" are to be interpreted as the output of any
+.\" document formatting or typesetting system, including
+.\" intermediate and printed output.
+.\"
+.\" This manual is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
+.\"
+.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+.\" License along with this manual; if not, write to the Free
+.\" Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111,
+.\" USA.
+.\"
+.\" Modified Sun Jul 25 10:46:28 1993 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
+.\" Modified Sun Aug 21 18:12:27 1994 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
+.\" Modified Sun Jun 18 01:53:57 1995 by Andries Brouwer (aeb@cwi.nl)
+.\" Modified Mon Jan  5 20:24:40 MET 1998 by Michael Haardt
+.\"  (michael@cantor.informatik.rwth-aachen.de)
+.\"
+.\" 한국어 번역 : ASPLINUX<man@asp-linux.co.kr>    2000년 7월 29일
+.\"
+.TH PASSWD 5 "January 5, 1998" "" "File formats"
+.SH 이름
+passwd \- 패스워드 파일 
+.SH 설명
+.B Passwd
+는 텍스트 파일로서, 시스템 계정의 목록을 포함하고 있고, 사용자 ID, 그룹 
+ID, 홈 디렉토리, 쉘 등의 각 계정에 대한 매우 유용한 정보를 제공한다. 
+종종, 각 계정에 대한 암호화된 패스워드를 포함한다. 
+Passwd는 일반적인 읽기 권한을 가져야 하지만, 수퍼 유저에게만 쓰기 접근이
+가능하다. 
+.PP
+예전에는 일반적인 읽기 권한으로인한 문제들이 없었다. 모든 사람들이
+암호화된 패스워드를 읽을 수 있었지만, 패스워드를 크랙하기에는 하드웨어가
+너무나 느렸고, 더우기, 기본적인 가정은 그들은 아주 친숙한 사용자
+공동체의 패스워드들이었다. 
+
+오늘날 많은 사람들이 쉐도우 패스워드의 일부 버전을 실행한다.
+ .I /etc/passwd는 암호화된  패스워드 대신 *로 된
+패스워드를 지니고, 암호화된 패스워드들은 수퍼유저만이 읽을 수 있는
+.I /etc/shadow에 저장된다. 
+.PP
+쉐도우 패스우드가 사용되는지에 상관없이, 많은 시스템 관리자들은 사용자가
+자기 자신을 패스워드를 사용하여 인증할 수 없도록 패스워드 필드내에 
+별표를 사용한다. 
+
+.PP
+만일 새로운 로그인을 만들면, 우선 패스워드 필드에 별표를 놓고, 이를
+설정하기 위해 .BR passwd (1)을 사용한다. 
+PP
+각 행마다 하나의 항목이 있고, 각 행은 다음의 형식을 지닌다. 
+.sp
+.RS
+계정:패스워드:UID:GID:GECOS:디렉토리:쉘
+.RE
+.sp
+각 필드에 대한 설명은 다음과 같다. 
+.sp
+.RS
+.TP 1.0in
+.I 계정
+시스템에서의 사용자 이름. 대문자를 사용해서는 안된다. 
+.TP
+.I 패스워드
+암호화된 사용자의 패스워드 혹은 별표
+.TP
+.I UID
+숫자로 표현되는 사용자 id
+.TP
+.I GID
+이 사용자에 대한 주 그룹 ID, 숫자로 표현됨
+.TP
+.I GECOS
+이 필드는 선택적이고, 오직 정보적인 목적으로만 사용된다. 보통, 이는
+사용자의 전체 이름을 포함한다. GECOS는 일반 전자 통합 운영체제로서, 
+GE의 거대 시스템이 Honeywell에 판매된 GCOS,로 다시 명명되었다. Dennis
+Ritchie는 말하기를, 때때로 우리는 프린터 출력 혹은 일괄 처리 작업들을
+GCOS 머신으로 전송하였다. 패스워드 파일에서 GCOS 필드는 $IDENTcard에 대한 
+정보를 숨겨두는 장소이다.
+.TP
+.I directory 
+사용자의 $HOME 디렉토리
+.TP
+.I shell(쉘)
+로그인시 실행하는 프로그램(만일 비었다면, .BR /bin/sh을 사용한다.)
+만일 존재하지 않는 실행파일로 설정되었다면, 사용자는 .BR login (1)을 통해
+로그인 할 수 없을 것이다.
+
+.RE
+.SH 주의
+여러분이 사용자 그룹을 만들고 싶다면, GID는 이와 동일하여야 하며, 
+\fI/etc/group\fP내에 항목들이 있거나, 그룹이 존재하지 않아야 한다. 
+.PP
+암호화된 패스워드가 별표로 설정된 경우, 사용자는 .BR login (1)로 로그일 할 수 없지만, 
+.BR rlogin (1)을 사용하여 로그인할 수 있을 수도 있다. 존재하는 프로세스들을 실행하고,
+.BR rsh (1)
+혹은
+.BR cron (1)
+혹은
+.BR at (1)
+을 초기화시키거나, 메일 필터를 시작한다. 
+단순히 쉘 필드를 변경시켜서 계정을 잠그는 것은 똑같은 결과를 가져오고, 
+.BR su (1)의 사용을 허용한다..
+.SH 파일
+.I /etc/passwd
+.SH 관련 항목
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR login (1),
+.BR su (1),
+.BR group (5),
+.BR shadow (5)
diff --git a/man/ko/man8/vigr.8 b/man/ko/man8/vigr.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff72d7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ko/man8/vigr.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/vipw.8
diff --git a/man/ko/man8/vipw.8 b/man/ko/man8/vipw.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c36f908
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ko/man8/vipw.8
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1991 The Regents of the University of California.
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"     from: @(#)vipw.8	6.7 (Berkeley) 3/16/91
+.\"	$Id$
+.\"
+.Dd March 16, 1991
+.Dt VIPW 8
+.Os BSD 4
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm vipw
+.Nd 패스워드 파일 편집
+.Sh 사용법
+.Nm vipw
+.Sh 설명
+.Nm Vipw
+명령은 /etc/passwd 파일을 잠그고(lock) 편집하고, 
+편집이 끝나면, /etc/passwd 파일을 잠금해제(unlock)한다.
+이미 /etc/passwd 파일이 잠겨 있으면, 다음에 사용하라고 
+메시지를 보여준다.
+\fBvipw\fR에서 사용하는 기본 편집기는 \fBvi(1)\fR이다.
+.Sh 환경변수
+\fBvipw\fR는 다음 환경 변수를 사용한다.
+.Bl -tag -width EDITOR
+.It Ev EDITOR
+사용할 편집기 지정. 초기값은 vi
+.El
+.Sh 관련 항목
+.Xr passwd 1 ,
+.Xr vi 1 ,
+.Xr passwd 5
+.Sh 발자취
+.Nm
+명령은 
+.Bx 4.0 
+에서 처음 나타났다.
diff --git a/man/lastlog.8.xml b/man/lastlog.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc096c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/lastlog.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1992       , Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1992       , Phillip Street
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY LASTLOG_UID_MAX       SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LASTLOG_UID_MAX.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='lastlog.8'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1992</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>lastlog</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>lastlog</refname>
+    <refpurpose>reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <!-- body begins here -->
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>lastlog</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      <command>lastlog</command> formats and prints the contents of the last
+      login log <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file. The
+      <emphasis>login-name</emphasis>, <emphasis>port</emphasis>, and
+      <emphasis>last login time</emphasis> will be printed.  The default (no
+      flags) causes lastlog entries to be printed, sorted by their order in
+      <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>lastlog</command> command are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Print only lastlog records older than <emphasis remap='I'>DAYS</emphasis>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-C</option>, <option>--clear</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Clear lastlog record of a user. This option can be used only together
+	    with <option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>)).
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-S</option>, <option>--set</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Set lastlog record of a user to the current time. This option can be
+	    used only together with <option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>)).
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Print the lastlog records more recent than
+	    <emphasis remap='I'>DAYS</emphasis>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Print the lastlog record of the specified user(s).
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID,
+	    or a <replaceable>RANGE</replaceable> of users. This
+	    <replaceable>RANGE</replaceable> of users can be specified with a
+	    min and max values (<replaceable>UID_MIN-UID_MAX</replaceable>), a
+	    max value (<replaceable>-UID_MAX</replaceable>), or a min value
+	    (<replaceable>UID_MIN-</replaceable>).
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+
+    <para>
+      If the user has never logged in the message <emphasis>** Never logged
+      in**</emphasis> will be displayed instead of the port and time.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      Only the entries for the current users of the system will be
+      displayed.  Other entries may exist for users that were deleted
+      previously.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='note'>
+    <title>NOTE</title>
+    <para>
+      The <filename>lastlog</filename> file is a database which contains info
+      on the last login of each user. You should not rotate it. It is a sparse
+      file, so its size on the disk is usually much smaller than the one shown
+      by "<command>ls -l</command>" (which can indicate a really big file if
+      you have in <filename>passwd</filename> users with a high UID). You can
+      display its real size with "<command>ls -s</command>".
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &LASTLOG_UID_MAX;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Database times of previous user logins.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='caveats'>
+    <title>CAVEATS</title>
+    <para>
+      Large gaps in UID numbers will cause the lastlog program to run
+      longer with no output to the screen (i.e. if in lastlog database there
+      is no entries for users with UID between 170 and 800 lastlog will appear
+      to hang as it processes entries with UIDs 171-799).
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/limits.5.xml b/man/limits.5.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1215f13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/limits.5.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,219 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1997       , Luca Berra
+   Copyright (c) 2001 - 2007, Tomasz Kłoczko
+   Copyright (c) 2005 - 2006, Yuri Kozlov
+   Copyright (c) 2005 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='limits.5'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Luca</firstname>
+      <surname>Berra</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1997</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>limits</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">File Formats and Conversions</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>limits</refname>
+    <refpurpose>resource limits definition</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <!-- body begins here -->
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <emphasis remap='I'>limits</emphasis> file 
+      (<filename>/etc/limits</filename> by default
+      or LIMITS_FILE defined <filename>config.h</filename>) describes 
+      the resource limits you wish to impose. It should be owned by 
+      root and readable by root account only.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      By default no quota is imposed on 'root'. In fact, there is no way to
+      impose limits via this procedure to root-equiv accounts (accounts with
+      UID 0).
+    </para>
+
+    <para>Each line describes a limit for a user in the form:</para>
+
+    <para>
+      <emphasis remap='I'>user LIMITS_STRING</emphasis>
+    </para>
+
+    <para>or in the form:</para>
+
+    <para>
+      <emphasis remap='I'>@group LIMITS_STRING</emphasis>
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The <emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis> is a string of a concatenated
+      list of resource limits. Each limit consists of a letter identifier
+      followed by a numerical limit.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>The valid identifiers are:</para>
+
+    <itemizedlist>
+      <listitem><para>A: max address space (KB)</para></listitem>
+      <listitem><para>C: max core file size (KB)</para></listitem>
+      <listitem><para>D: max data size (KB)</para></listitem>
+      <listitem><para>F: maximum file size (KB)</para></listitem>
+      <listitem><para>K: file creation mask, set by
+	<citerefentry>
+	  <refentrytitle>umask</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
+	</citerefentry>.</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem><para>I: max nice value (0..39 which translates to
+      20..-19)</para></listitem>
+      <listitem><para>L: max number of logins for this user</para></listitem>
+      <listitem><para>M: max locked-in-memory address space (KB)</para></listitem>
+      <listitem><para>N: max number of open files</para></listitem>
+      <listitem><para>O: max real time priority</para></listitem>
+      <listitem><para>P: process priority, set by
+	<citerefentry>
+	  <refentrytitle>setpriority</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
+	</citerefentry>.</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem><para>R: max resident set size (KB)</para></listitem>
+      <listitem><para>S: max stack size (KB)</para></listitem>
+      <listitem><para>T: max CPU time (MIN)</para></listitem>
+      <listitem><para>U: max number of processes</para></listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
+
+    <para>
+      For example, <emphasis remap='I'>L2D2048N5</emphasis> is a valid
+      <emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis>. For reading convenience, the
+      following entries are equivalent:
+    </para>
+
+    <programlisting>
+      username L2D2048N5
+      username L2 D2048 N5
+    </programlisting>
+
+    <para>
+      Be aware that after <emphasis remap='I'>username</emphasis> the rest
+      of the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not
+      allowed. An invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by
+      the <command>login</command> program.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The default entry is denoted by username "<emphasis>*</emphasis>". If
+      you have multiple <emphasis remap='I'>default</emphasis> entries in
+      your <emphasis>LIMITS_FILE</emphasis>, then the last one will be used
+      as the default entry.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The limits specified in the form "<replaceable>@group</replaceable>"
+      apply to the members of the specified
+      <replaceable>group</replaceable>.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      If more than one line with limits for a user exist, only the first line for
+      this user will be considered.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      If no lines are specified for a user, the last
+      <replaceable>@group</replaceable> line matching a group whose the
+      user is a member of will be considered, or the last line with
+      default limits if no groups contain the user.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      To completely disable limits for a user, a single dash
+      "<emphasis>-</emphasis>" will do.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      To disable a limit for a user, a single dash
+      "<replaceable>-</replaceable>" can be used instead of the numerical
+      value for this limit.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      Also, please note that all limit settings are set PER LOGIN. They are
+      not global, nor are they permanent. Perhaps global limits will come,
+      but for now this will have to do ;)
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/limits</filename></term>
+	<listitem><para></para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>setpriority</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/login.1.xml b/man/login.1.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bca536
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.1.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,429 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1989 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2009, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY CONSOLE               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/CONSOLE.xml">
+<!ENTITY CONSOLE_GROUPS        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/CONSOLE_GROUPS.xml">
+<!ENTITY DEFAULT_HOME          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/DEFAULT_HOME.xml">
+<!ENTITY ENV_HZ                SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENV_HZ.xml">
+<!ENTITY ENV_PATH              SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENV_PATH.xml">
+<!ENTITY ENV_SUPATH            SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENV_SUPATH.xml">
+<!ENTITY ENV_TZ                SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENV_TZ.xml">
+<!ENTITY ENVIRON_FILE          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENVIRON_FILE.xml">
+<!ENTITY ERASECHAR             SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ERASECHAR.xml">
+<!ENTITY FAIL_DELAY            SYSTEM "login.defs.d/FAIL_DELAY.xml">
+<!ENTITY FAILLOG_ENAB          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/FAILLOG_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY FAKE_SHELL            SYSTEM "login.defs.d/FAKE_SHELL.xml">
+<!ENTITY FTMP_FILE             SYSTEM "login.defs.d/FTMP_FILE.xml">
+<!ENTITY HUSHLOGIN_FILE        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/HUSHLOGIN_FILE.xml">
+<!ENTITY ISSUE_FILE            SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ISSUE_FILE.xml">
+<!ENTITY KILLCHAR              SYSTEM "login.defs.d/KILLCHAR.xml">
+<!ENTITY LASTLOG_ENAB          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LASTLOG_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY LOGIN_RETRIES         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LOGIN_RETRIES.xml">
+<!ENTITY LOGIN_STRING          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LOGIN_STRING.xml">
+<!ENTITY LOGIN_TIMEOUT         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LOGIN_TIMEOUT.xml">
+<!ENTITY LOG_OK_LOGINS         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LOG_OK_LOGINS.xml">
+<!ENTITY LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB      SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY MAIL_CHECK_ENAB       SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAIL_CHECK_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY MAIL_DIR              SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAIL_DIR.xml">
+<!ENTITY MOTD_FILE             SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MOTD_FILE.xml">
+<!ENTITY NOLOGINS_FILE         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/NOLOGINS_FILE.xml">
+<!ENTITY PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB  SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY QUOTAS_ENAB           SYSTEM "login.defs.d/QUOTAS_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY TTYGROUP              SYSTEM "login.defs.d/TTYGROUP.xml">
+<!ENTITY TTYTYPE_FILE          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/TTYTYPE_FILE.xml">
+<!ENTITY ULIMIT                SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ULIMIT.xml">
+<!ENTITY UMASK                 SYSTEM "login.defs.d/UMASK.xml">
+<!ENTITY USERGROUPS_ENAB       SYSTEM "login.defs.d/USERGROUPS_ENAB.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='login.1'>
+  <!--  $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1989</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">User Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>login</refname>
+    <refpurpose>begin session on the system</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <!-- body begins here -->
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>login</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>-p</arg>
+      <arg choice='opt'>-h <replaceable>host</replaceable></arg>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+      <replaceable>username</replaceable></arg>
+      <arg choice='opt' rep='repeat'> <replaceable>ENV=VAR</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>login</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>-p</arg>
+      <arg choice='opt'>-h <replaceable>host</replaceable></arg>
+      <arg choice='plain'>-f</arg>
+      <arg choice='plain'><replaceable>username</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>login</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>-p</arg>
+      <arg choice='plain'>-r <replaceable>host</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>login</command> program is used to establish a new session
+      with the system. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to
+      the <emphasis remap='I'>login:</emphasis> prompt on the user's
+      terminal. <command>login</command> may be special to the shell and may
+      not be invoked as a sub-process. When called from a shell,
+      <command>login</command> should be executed as
+      <emphasis remap='B'>exec login</emphasis> which will cause the user
+      to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new logged
+      in user to return to the session of the caller). Attempting to
+      execute <command>login</command> from any shell but the login shell
+      will produce an error message.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate. Echoing
+      is disabled to prevent revealing the password. Only a small number of
+      password failures are permitted before <command>login</command> exits
+      and the communications link is severed.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be
+      prompted for a new password before proceeding. You will be forced to
+      provide your old password and the new password before continuing. 
+      Please refer to <citerefentry>
+      <refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry> for more information.
+    </para>
+
+    <para condition="no_pam">
+      After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages
+      and the presence of mail. You may turn off the printing of the system
+      message file, <filename>/etc/motd</filename>, by creating a
+      zero-length file <filename>.hushlogin</filename> in your login directory. 
+      The mail message will be one of "<emphasis>You have new
+      mail.</emphasis>", "<emphasis>You have mail.</emphasis>", or
+      "<emphasis>No Mail.</emphasis>" according to the condition of your
+      mailbox.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the
+      <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file. The value for
+      <envar>$HOME</envar>, <envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>,
+      <envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, and <envar>$MAIL</envar> are set according
+      to the appropriate fields in the password entry. Ulimit, umask and nice
+      values may also be set according to entries in the GECOS field.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      On some installations, the environmental variable
+      <envar>$TERM</envar> will be initialized to the terminal type on
+      your tty line, as specified in <filename>/etc/ttytype</filename>.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      An initialization script for your command interpreter may also be
+      executed. Please see the appropriate manual section for more
+      information on this function.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      A subsystem login is indicated by the presence of a "*" as the first
+      character of the login shell. The given home directory will be used as
+      the root of a new file system which the user is actually logged into.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The <command>login</command> program is NOT responsible for removing
+      users from the utmp file. It is the responsibility of
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle>
+      <manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle>
+      <manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to clean up apparent ownership
+      of a terminal session. If you use <command>login</command> from the
+      shell prompt without <command>exec</command>, the user you use will
+      continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the
+      "subsession".
+    </para>
+
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-f</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Do not perform authentication, user is preauthenticated.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Note: In that case, <replaceable>username</replaceable> is
+	    mandatory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-h</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Name of the remote host for this login.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-p</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Preserve environment.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-r</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Perform autologin protocol for rlogin.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+
+    <para>
+      The <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> and <option>-f</option>
+      options are only used when <command>login</command> is invoked by
+      root.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='caveats'>
+    <title>CAVEATS</title>
+    <para>
+      This version of <command>login</command> has many compilation options,
+      only some of which may be in use at any particular site.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>The location of files is subject to differences in system
+      configuration.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The <command>login</command> program is NOT responsible for removing
+      users from the utmp file. It is the responsibility of <citerefentry>
+      <refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry> and <citerefentry>
+      <refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry> to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session. 
+      If you use <command>login</command> from the shell prompt without
+      <command>exec</command>, the user you use will continue to appear to
+      be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession".
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      As with any program, <command>login</command>'s appearance can be faked. 
+      If non-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an
+      attacker could use this to obtain the password of the next person
+      coming to sit in front of the machine. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be
+      used by users to initiate a trusted path and prevent this kind of
+      attack.
+    </para>
+
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &CONSOLE;
+      &CONSOLE_GROUPS;
+      &DEFAULT_HOME;
+      <phrase condition="no_pam">&ENV_HZ;</phrase>
+      <phrase>&ENV_PATH;</phrase>
+      <phrase>&ENV_SUPATH;</phrase>
+      &ENV_TZ;
+      &ENVIRON_FILE;
+      &ERASECHAR;
+      &FAIL_DELAY;
+      &FAILLOG_ENAB;
+      &FAKE_SHELL;
+      &FTMP_FILE;
+      &HUSHLOGIN_FILE;
+      &ISSUE_FILE;
+      &KILLCHAR;
+      &LASTLOG_ENAB;
+      &LOGIN_RETRIES;
+      &LOGIN_STRING;
+      &LOGIN_TIMEOUT;
+      &LOG_OK_LOGINS;
+      &LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB;
+      &MAIL_CHECK_ENAB;
+      <phrase condition="no_pam">&MAIL_DIR;</phrase>
+      &MOTD_FILE;
+      &NOLOGINS_FILE;
+      &PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB;
+      &QUOTAS_ENAB;
+      &TTYGROUP; <!-- documents also TTYPERM -->
+      &TTYTYPE_FILE;
+      &ULIMIT;
+      <phrase condition="no_pam">&UMASK;</phrase>
+      &USERGROUPS_ENAB;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/var/run/utmp</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>List of current login sessions.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>List of previous login sessions.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure user account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/motd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>System message of the day file.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/nologin</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Prevent non-root users from logging in.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/ttytype</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>List of terminal types.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>$HOME/.hushlogin</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Suppress printing of system messages.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/login.defs</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Shadow password suite configuration.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>mail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/login.access.5.xml b/man/login.access.5.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb3e77c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.access.5.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1996 - 2000, Marek Michałkiewicz
+   Copyright (c) 2001 - 2006, Tomasz Kłoczko
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='login.access.5'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Marek</firstname>
+      <surname>Michałkiewicz</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1996</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>login.access</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">File Formats and Conversions</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>login.access</refname>
+    <refpurpose>login access control table</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <emphasis remap='I'>login.access</emphasis> file specifies (user,
+      host) combinations and/or (user, tty) combinations for which a login
+      will be either accepted or refused.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      When someone logs in, the <emphasis remap='I'>login.access</emphasis>
+      is scanned for the first entry that matches the (user, host)
+      combination, or, in case of non-networked logins, the first entry that
+      matches the (user, tty) combination. The permissions field of that
+      table entry determines whether the login will be accepted or refused.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      Each line of the login access control table has three fields separated
+      by a ":" character:
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      <emphasis remap='I'>permission</emphasis>:<emphasis remap='I'>users</emphasis>:<emphasis remap='I'>origins</emphasis>
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The first field should be a "<emphasis>+</emphasis>" (access granted)
+      or "<emphasis>-</emphasis>" (access denied) character. The second
+      field should be a list of one or more login names, group names, or
+      <emphasis>ALL</emphasis> (always matches). The third field should be a
+      list of one or more tty names (for non-networked logins), host names,
+      domain names (begin with "<literal>.</literal>"), host addresses,
+      internet network numbers (end with "<literal>.</literal>"),
+      <emphasis>ALL</emphasis> (always matches) or
+      <emphasis>LOCAL</emphasis> (matches any string that does not contain a
+      "<literal>.</literal>" character). If you run NIS you can use
+      @netgroupname in host or user patterns.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The <emphasis>EXCEPT</emphasis> operator makes it possible to write
+      very compact rules.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The group file is searched only when a name does not match that of the
+      logged-in user. Only groups are matched in which users are explicitly
+      listed: the program does not look at a user's primary group id value.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/login.defs</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Shadow password suite configuration.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.5.xml b/man/login.defs.5.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e95da2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.5.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,569 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2009, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN" 
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY CHFN_AUTH             SYSTEM "login.defs.d/CHFN_AUTH.xml">
+<!ENTITY CHFN_RESTRICT         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/CHFN_RESTRICT.xml">
+<!ENTITY CHSH_AUTH             SYSTEM "login.defs.d/CHSH_AUTH.xml">
+<!ENTITY CONSOLE               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/CONSOLE.xml">
+<!ENTITY CONSOLE_GROUPS        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/CONSOLE_GROUPS.xml">
+<!ENTITY CREATE_HOME           SYSTEM "login.defs.d/CREATE_HOME.xml">
+<!ENTITY DEFAULT_HOME          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/DEFAULT_HOME.xml">
+<!ENTITY ENCRYPT_METHOD        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENCRYPT_METHOD.xml">
+<!ENTITY ENV_HZ                SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENV_HZ.xml">
+<!ENTITY ENV_PATH              SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENV_PATH.xml">
+<!ENTITY ENV_SUPATH            SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENV_SUPATH.xml">
+<!ENTITY ENV_TZ                SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENV_TZ.xml">
+<!ENTITY ENVIRON_FILE          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENVIRON_FILE.xml">
+<!ENTITY ERASECHAR             SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ERASECHAR.xml">
+<!ENTITY FAIL_DELAY            SYSTEM "login.defs.d/FAIL_DELAY.xml">
+<!ENTITY FAILLOG_ENAB          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/FAILLOG_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY FAKE_SHELL            SYSTEM "login.defs.d/FAKE_SHELL.xml">
+<!ENTITY FTMP_FILE             SYSTEM "login.defs.d/FTMP_FILE.xml">
+<!ENTITY GID_MAX               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/GID_MAX.xml">
+<!ENTITY HOME_MODE             SYSTEM "login.defs.d/HOME_MODE.xml">
+<!ENTITY HUSHLOGIN_FILE        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/HUSHLOGIN_FILE.xml">
+<!ENTITY ISSUE_FILE            SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ISSUE_FILE.xml">
+<!ENTITY KILLCHAR              SYSTEM "login.defs.d/KILLCHAR.xml">
+<!ENTITY LASTLOG_ENAB          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LASTLOG_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY LASTLOG_UID_MAX       SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LASTLOG_UID_MAX.xml">
+<!ENTITY LOG_OK_LOGINS         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LOG_OK_LOGINS.xml">
+<!ENTITY LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB      SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY LOGIN_RETRIES         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LOGIN_RETRIES.xml">
+<!ENTITY LOGIN_STRING          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LOGIN_STRING.xml">
+<!ENTITY LOGIN_TIMEOUT         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LOGIN_TIMEOUT.xml">
+<!ENTITY MAIL_CHECK_ENAB       SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAIL_CHECK_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY MAIL_DIR              SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAIL_DIR.xml">
+<!ENTITY MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP.xml">
+<!ENTITY MD5_CRYPT_ENAB        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY MOTD_FILE             SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MOTD_FILE.xml">
+<!ENTITY NOLOGINS_FILE         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/NOLOGINS_FILE.xml">
+<!ENTITY OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB   SYSTEM "login.defs.d/OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_ALWAYS_WARN      SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_ALWAYS_WARN.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_CHANGE_TRIES     SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_CHANGE_TRIES.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_MAX_LEN          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_MAX_LEN.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_MAX_DAYS         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_MAX_DAYS.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_MIN_DAYS         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_MIN_DAYS.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_WARN_AGE         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_WARN_AGE.xml">
+<!ENTITY PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB  SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY QUOTAS_ENAB           SYSTEM "login.defs.d/QUOTAS_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS  SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS.xml">
+<!ENTITY SULOG_FILE            SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SULOG_FILE.xml">
+<!ENTITY SU_NAME               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SU_NAME.xml">
+<!ENTITY SU_WHEEL_ONLY         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SU_WHEEL_ONLY.xml">
+<!ENTITY SUB_GID_COUNT         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SUB_GID_COUNT.xml">
+<!ENTITY SUB_UID_COUNT         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SUB_UID_COUNT.xml">
+<!ENTITY SYS_GID_MAX           SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SYS_GID_MAX.xml">
+<!ENTITY SYSLOG_SG_ENAB        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SYSLOG_SG_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY SYSLOG_SU_ENAB        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SYSLOG_SU_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY SYS_UID_MAX           SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SYS_UID_MAX.xml">
+<!ENTITY TCB_AUTH_GROUP        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/TCB_AUTH_GROUP.xml">
+<!ENTITY TCB_SYMLINKS          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/TCB_SYMLINKS.xml">
+<!ENTITY TTYGROUP              SYSTEM "login.defs.d/TTYGROUP.xml">
+<!ENTITY TTYTYPE_FILE          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/TTYTYPE_FILE.xml">
+<!ENTITY UID_MAX               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/UID_MAX.xml">
+<!ENTITY ULIMIT                SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ULIMIT.xml">
+<!ENTITY UMASK                 SYSTEM "login.defs.d/UMASK.xml">
+<!ENTITY USERDEL_CMD           SYSTEM "login.defs.d/USERDEL_CMD.xml">
+<!ENTITY USERGROUPS_ENAB       SYSTEM "login.defs.d/USERGROUPS_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY USE_TCB               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/USE_TCB.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+
+<refentry id='login.defs.5'>
+  <!--  $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1991</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">File Formats and Conversions</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>login.defs</refname>
+    <refpurpose>shadow password suite configuration</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> file defines the
+      site-specific configuration for the shadow password suite. This file
+      is required. Absence of this file will not prevent system operation,
+      but will probably result in undesirable operation.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      This file is a readable text file, each line of the file describing
+      one configuration parameter. The lines consist of a configuration name
+      and value, separated by whitespace. Blank lines and comment lines are
+      ignored. Comments are introduced with a "#" pound sign and the pound
+      sign must be the first non-white character of the line.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      Parameter values may be of four types: strings, booleans, numbers, and
+      long numbers. A string is comprised of any printable characters. A
+      boolean should be either the value <replaceable>yes</replaceable> or
+      <replaceable>no</replaceable>. An undefined boolean
+      parameter or one with a value other than these will be given a
+      <replaceable>no</replaceable>
+      value. Numbers (both regular and long) may be either decimal values,
+      octal values (precede the value with <replaceable>0</replaceable>) or
+      hexadecimal values
+      (precede the value with <replaceable>0x</replaceable>).
+      The maximum value of the regular and
+      long numeric parameters is machine-dependent.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>The following configuration items are provided:</para>
+
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      &CHFN_AUTH;
+      &CHFN_RESTRICT;
+      &CHSH_AUTH;
+      &CONSOLE;
+      &CONSOLE_GROUPS;
+      &CREATE_HOME;
+      &DEFAULT_HOME;
+      &ENCRYPT_METHOD;
+      &ENV_HZ;
+      &ENV_PATH;
+      &ENV_SUPATH;
+      &ENV_TZ;
+      &ENVIRON_FILE;
+      &ERASECHAR;
+      &FAIL_DELAY;
+      &FAILLOG_ENAB;
+      &FAKE_SHELL;
+      &FTMP_FILE;
+      &GID_MAX; <!-- documents also GID_MIN -->
+      &HOME_MODE;
+      &HUSHLOGIN_FILE;
+      &ISSUE_FILE;
+      &KILLCHAR;
+      &LASTLOG_ENAB;
+      &LASTLOG_UID_MAX;
+      &LOG_OK_LOGINS;
+      &LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB;
+      &LOGIN_RETRIES;
+      &LOGIN_STRING;
+      &LOGIN_TIMEOUT;
+      &MAIL_CHECK_ENAB;
+      &MAIL_DIR;
+      &MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP;
+      &MD5_CRYPT_ENAB;
+      &MOTD_FILE;
+      &NOLOGINS_FILE;
+      &OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB;
+      &PASS_ALWAYS_WARN;
+      &PASS_CHANGE_TRIES;
+      &PASS_MAX_DAYS;
+      &PASS_MIN_DAYS;
+      &PASS_WARN_AGE;
+      <para> 
+        <option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option>, <option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> and
+        <option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> are only used at the
+        time of account creation. Any changes to these settings won't affect
+        existing accounts.
+      </para>
+      &PASS_MAX_LEN; <!-- documents also PASS_MIN_LEN -->
+      &PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB;
+      &QUOTAS_ENAB;
+      &SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS; <!-- documents also SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS -->
+      &SULOG_FILE;
+      &SU_NAME;
+      &SU_WHEEL_ONLY;
+      &SUB_GID_COUNT; <!-- documents also SUB_GID_MIN SUB_GID_MAX -->
+      &SUB_UID_COUNT; <!-- documents also SUB_UID_MIN SUB_UID_MAX -->
+      &SYS_GID_MAX; <!-- documents also SYS_GID_MIN -->
+      &SYS_UID_MAX; <!-- documents also SYS_UID_MIN -->
+      &SYSLOG_SG_ENAB;
+      &SYSLOG_SU_ENAB;
+      &TCB_AUTH_GROUP;
+      &TCB_SYMLINKS;
+      &TTYGROUP;
+      &TTYTYPE_FILE;
+      &UID_MAX; <!-- documents also UID_MIN -->
+      &ULIMIT;
+      &UMASK;
+      &USERDEL_CMD;
+      &USERGROUPS_ENAB;
+      &USE_TCB;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='cross_references'>
+    <title>CROSS REFERENCES</title>
+    <para>
+      The following cross references show which programs in the shadow
+      password suite use which parameters.
+    </para>
+    <!-- .na -->
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry condition="tcb">
+	<term>chage</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>USE_TCB</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>chfn</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    <phrase condition="no_pam">CHFN_AUTH</phrase>
+	    CHFN_RESTRICT
+	    <phrase condition="no_pam">LOGIN_STRING</phrase>
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>chgpasswd</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+	    <phrase condition="sha_crypt">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS
+	    SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>chpasswd</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    <phrase condition="no_pam">ENCRYPT_METHOD
+	    MD5_CRYPT_ENAB </phrase>
+	    <phrase condition="sha_crypt">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS
+	    SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+	<term>chsh</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <!-- expiry: no variables (CONSOLE_GROUPS linked, but not used) -->
+      <!-- faillog: no variables -->
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>gpasswd</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+	    <phrase condition="sha_crypt">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS
+	    SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>groupadd</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+	    SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>groupdel</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>groupmems</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>groupmod</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <!-- groups: no variables -->
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>grpck</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>grpconv</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>grpunconv</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <!-- id: no variables -->
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>lastlog</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>login</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    <phrase condition="no_pam">CONSOLE</phrase>
+	    CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME
+	    <phrase condition="no_pam">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH
+	    ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE</phrase>
+	    ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY
+	    <phrase condition="no_pam">FAILLOG_ENAB</phrase>
+	    FAKE_SHELL
+	    <phrase condition="no_pam">FTMP_FILE</phrase>
+	    HUSHLOGIN_FILE
+	    <phrase condition="no_pam">ISSUE_FILE</phrase>
+	    KILLCHAR
+	    <phrase condition="no_pam">LASTLOG_ENAB LASTLOG_UID_MAX</phrase>
+	    LOGIN_RETRIES
+	    <phrase condition="no_pam">LOGIN_STRING</phrase>
+	    LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB
+	    <phrase condition="no_pam">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE
+	    MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB
+	    QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase>
+	    TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE
+	    <phrase condition="no_pam">ULIMIT UMASK</phrase>
+	    USERGROUPS_ENAB
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <!-- logoutd: no variables -->
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>newgrp / sg</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    SYSLOG_SG_ENAB
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>newusers</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    ENCRYPT_METHOD
+	    GID_MAX GID_MIN
+	    MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+	    HOME_MODE
+	    PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+	    <phrase condition="sha_crypt">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS
+	    SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>
+	    SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN
+	    SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN
+	    SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN
+	    UMASK
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <!-- nologin: no variables -->
+      <varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+	<term>passwd</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB
+	    PASS_ALWAYS_WARN PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN
+	    <phrase condition="sha_crypt">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS
+	    SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>pwck</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+	    <phrase condition="tcb">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>pwconv</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+	    <phrase condition="tcb">USE_TCB</phrase>
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="tcb">
+	<term>pwunconv</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    <phrase condition="tcb">USE_TCB</phrase>
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>su</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    <phrase condition="no_pam">CONSOLE</phrase>
+	    CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME
+	    <phrase condition="no_pam">ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE</phrase>
+	    ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH
+	    <phrase condition="no_pam">ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB
+	    MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase>
+	    SULOG_FILE SU_NAME
+	    <phrase condition="no_pam">SU_WHEEL_ONLY</phrase>
+	    SYSLOG_SU_ENAB
+	    <phrase condition="no_pam">USERGROUPS_ENAB</phrase>
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>sulogin</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    ENV_HZ
+	    <phrase condition="no_pam">ENV_TZ</phrase>
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>useradd</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    CREATE_HOME
+	    GID_MAX GID_MIN
+	    HOME_MODE
+	    LASTLOG_UID_MAX
+	    MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+	    PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+	    SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN
+	    SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN
+	    SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN
+	    UMASK
+	    <phrase condition="tcb">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK USE_TCB</phrase>
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>userdel</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD
+	    USERGROUPS_ENAB
+	    <phrase condition="tcb">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>usermod</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    LASTLOG_UID_MAX
+	    MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+	    <phrase condition="tcb">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="tcb">
+	<term>vipw</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    <phrase condition="tcb">USE_TCB</phrase>
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='bugs' condition="pam">
+    <title>BUGS</title>
+    <para>
+      Much of the functionality that used to be provided by the shadow
+      password suite is now handled by PAM. Thus,
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> is no longer used by <citerefentry>
+      <refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>, or less used by <citerefentry>
+      <refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>, and <citerefentry>
+      <refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>. Please refer to the corresponding PAM configuration
+      files instead.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/CHFN_AUTH.xml b/man/login.defs.d/CHFN_AUTH.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..941e5f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/CHFN_AUTH.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>CHFN_AUTH</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chfn</command>
+      program will require authentication before making any changes,
+      unless run by the superuser.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/CHFN_RESTRICT.xml b/man/login.defs.d/CHFN_RESTRICT.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ecc21b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/CHFN_RESTRICT.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>CHFN_RESTRICT</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      This parameter specifies which values in the <emphasis
+      remap='I'>gecos</emphasis> field of the
+      <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file may be changed by regular
+      users using the <command>chfn</command> program. It can be any
+      combination of letters <replaceable>f</replaceable>,
+      <replaceable>r</replaceable>, <replaceable>w</replaceable>,
+      <replaceable>h</replaceable>, for Full name, Room number, Work
+      phone, and Home phone, respectively. For backward compatibility,
+      <replaceable>yes</replaceable> is equivalent to
+      <replaceable>rwh</replaceable> and <replaceable>no</replaceable> is
+      equivalent to <replaceable>frwh</replaceable>. If not specified,
+      only the superuser can make any changes. The most restrictive
+      setting is better achieved by not installing <command>chfn</command>
+      SUID.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/CHSH_AUTH.xml b/man/login.defs.d/CHSH_AUTH.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0d7139f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/CHSH_AUTH.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>CHSH_AUTH</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chsh</command>
+      program will require authentication before making any changes,
+      unless run by the superuser.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/CONSOLE.xml b/man/login.defs.d/CONSOLE.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5f6932
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/CONSOLE.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>CONSOLE</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If defined, either full pathname of a file containing device names
+      (one per line) or a ":" delimited list of device names.  Root logins will be
+      allowed only upon these devices.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      If not defined, root will be allowed on any device.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      The device should be specified without the /dev/ prefix.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/CONSOLE_GROUPS.xml b/man/login.defs.d/CONSOLE_GROUPS.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f464153
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/CONSOLE_GROUPS.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>CONSOLE_GROUPS</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      List of groups to add to the user's supplementary groups set when
+      logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting).
+      Default is none.
+    <para>
+    </para>
+      Use with caution - it is possible for users to gain permanent access
+      to these groups, even when not logged in on the console.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/CREATE_HOME.xml b/man/login.defs.d/CREATE_HOME.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe40477
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/CREATE_HOME.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 2009       , Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>CREATE_HOME</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Indicate if a home directory should be created by default for new
+      users.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      This setting does not apply to system users, and can be overridden on
+      the command line.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/DEFAULT_HOME.xml b/man/login.defs.d/DEFAULT_HOME.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb9982b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/DEFAULT_HOME.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>DEFAULT_HOME</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Indicate if login is allowed if we can't cd to the home directory.
+      Default is no.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user will login in
+      the root (<filename>/</filename>) directory if it is not possible to
+      cd to her home directory.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/ENCRYPT_METHOD.xml b/man/login.defs.d/ENCRYPT_METHOD.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..325d025
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/ENCRYPT_METHOD.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting
+      passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line).
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      It can take one of these values:
+      <replaceable>DES</replaceable> (default),
+      <replaceable>MD5</replaceable><phrase condition="sha_crypt">,
+      <replaceable>SHA256</replaceable>,
+      <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable></phrase>.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      Note: this parameter overrides the <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option>
+      variable.
+    </para>
+    <para condition="pam">
+      Note: This only affect the generation of group passwords.
+      The generation of user passwords is done by PAM and subject to the
+      PAM configuration. It is recommended to set this variable
+      consistently with the PAM configuration.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/ENVIRON_FILE.xml b/man/login.defs.d/ENVIRON_FILE.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee85d8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/ENVIRON_FILE.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2009, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If this file exists and is readable, login environment will be
+      read from it.  Every line should be in the form name=value.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      Lines starting with a # are treated as comment lines and ignored.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/ENV_HZ.xml b/man/login.defs.d/ENV_HZ.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9bbc255
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/ENV_HZ.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <!-- XXX: When compiled with PAM support, only sulogin uses ENV_HZ -->
+  <term><option>ENV_HZ</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when
+      a user login. The value must be preceded by
+      <replaceable>HZ=</replaceable>. A common value on Linux is
+      <replaceable>HZ=100</replaceable>.
+    </para>
+    <para condition="pam">
+      The <envar>HZ</envar> environment variable is only set when the user
+      (the superuser) logs in with <command>sulogin</command>.
+    </para>
+    <!-- TODO: it can in fact be used to set any other variable-->
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/ENV_PATH.xml b/man/login.defs.d/ENV_PATH.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a3852fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/ENV_PATH.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>ENV_PATH</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when
+      a regular user login. The value is a colon separated list of paths
+      (for example <replaceable>/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be
+      preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is
+      <replaceable>PATH=/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>.
+    </para>
+    <!-- TODO: it can in fact be used to set any other variable-->
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/ENV_SUPATH.xml b/man/login.defs.d/ENV_SUPATH.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bbd07f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/ENV_SUPATH.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2009, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when
+      the superuser login. The value is a colon separated list of paths 
+      (for example
+      <replaceable>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be
+      preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is
+      <replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>.
+    </para>
+    <!-- TODO: it can in fact be used to set any other variable-->
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/ENV_TZ.xml b/man/login.defs.d/ENV_TZ.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90c8bca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/ENV_TZ.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>ENV_TZ</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when
+      a user login. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+      <replaceable>TZ=</replaceable> (for example
+      <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>), or the full path to the file
+      containing the timezone specification (for example
+      <filename>/etc/tzname</filename>).
+    </para>
+    <!-- TODO: it can in fact be used to set any other variable-->
+    <para>
+      If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be
+      read, the default is to use <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/ERASECHAR.xml b/man/login.defs.d/ERASECHAR.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fad4d72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/ERASECHAR.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>ERASECHAR</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Terminal ERASE character (<replaceable>010</replaceable> =
+      backspace, <replaceable>0177</replaceable> = DEL).
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      The value can be prefixed "0" for an octal value, or "0x" for an
+      hexadecimal value.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/FAILLOG_ENAB.xml b/man/login.defs.d/FAILLOG_ENAB.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a52557
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/FAILLOG_ENAB.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>FAILLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Enable logging and display of <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>
+      login failure info.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/FAIL_DELAY.xml b/man/login.defs.d/FAIL_DELAY.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..060ca0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/FAIL_DELAY.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>FAIL_DELAY</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Delay in seconds before being allowed another attempt after a login
+      failure.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/FAKE_SHELL.xml b/man/login.defs.d/FAKE_SHELL.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..967acaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/FAKE_SHELL.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>FAKE_SHELL</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If set, <command>login</command> will execute this shell instead of
+      the users' shell specified in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/FTMP_FILE.xml b/man/login.defs.d/FTMP_FILE.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..255569a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/FTMP_FILE.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>FTMP_FILE</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If defined, login failures will be logged in this file in a utmp format.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/GID_MAX.xml b/man/login.defs.d/GID_MAX.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..639eafb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/GID_MAX.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>GID_MAX</option> (number)</term>
+  <term><option>GID_MIN</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+      <command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or
+      <command>newusers</command>.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      The default value for <option>GID_MIN</option> (resp.
+      <option>GID_MAX</option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000).
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/HUSHLOGIN_FILE.xml b/man/login.defs.d/HUSHLOGIN_FILE.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..edb0262
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/HUSHLOGIN_FILE.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>HUSHLOGIN_FILE</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If defined, this file can inhibit all the usual chatter during the
+      login sequence.  If a full pathname is specified, then hushed mode
+      will be enabled if the user's name or shell are found in the file.
+      If not a full pathname, then hushed mode will be enabled if the file
+      exists in the user's home directory.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/ISSUE_FILE.xml b/man/login.defs.d/ISSUE_FILE.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12c22a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/ISSUE_FILE.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>ISSUE_FILE</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If defined, this file will be displayed before each login prompt.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/KILLCHAR.xml b/man/login.defs.d/KILLCHAR.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fea9f87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/KILLCHAR.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>KILLCHAR</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Terminal KILL character (<replaceable>025</replaceable> = CTRL/U).
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      The value can be prefixed "0" for an octal value, or "0x" for an
+      hexadecimal value.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/LASTLOG_ENAB.xml b/man/login.defs.d/LASTLOG_ENAB.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c264a89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/LASTLOG_ENAB.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>LASTLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Enable logging and display of /var/log/lastlog login time info.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/LASTLOG_UID_MAX.xml b/man/login.defs.d/LASTLOG_UID_MAX.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba3025a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/LASTLOG_UID_MAX.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   Copyright (c) 2018, Red Hat, inc.
+   All rights reserved.
+
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be
+      updated. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user
+      identity and authentication services there is no need to create
+      a huge sparse lastlog file for them.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      No <option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> option present in the configuration
+      means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/LOGIN_RETRIES.xml b/man/login.defs.d/LOGIN_RETRIES.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3de450d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/LOGIN_RETRIES.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>LOGIN_RETRIES</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Maximum number of login retries in case of bad password.
+    </para>
+    <para condition="pam">
+      This will most likely be overridden by PAM, since the default
+      pam_unix module has its own built in of 3 retries. However, this is
+      a safe fallback in case you are using an authentication module that
+      does not enforce PAM_MAXTRIES.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/LOGIN_STRING.xml b/man/login.defs.d/LOGIN_STRING.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3743afe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/LOGIN_STRING.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>LOGIN_STRING</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      The string used for prompting a password. The default is to use
+      "Password: ", or a translation of that string. If you set this
+      variable, the prompt will not be translated.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      If the string contains <replaceable>%s</replaceable>, this will be
+      replaced by the user's name.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/LOGIN_TIMEOUT.xml b/man/login.defs.d/LOGIN_TIMEOUT.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05b7cff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/LOGIN_TIMEOUT.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>LOGIN_TIMEOUT</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Max time in seconds for login.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/LOG_OK_LOGINS.xml b/man/login.defs.d/LOG_OK_LOGINS.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec11580
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/LOG_OK_LOGINS.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>LOG_OK_LOGINS</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Enable logging of successful logins.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB.xml b/man/login.defs.d/LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2bc0ca2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Enable display of unknown usernames when login failures are
+      recorded.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      Note: logging unknown usernames may be a security issue if an user
+      enter her password instead of her login name.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/MAIL_CHECK_ENAB.xml b/man/login.defs.d/MAIL_CHECK_ENAB.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62dece0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/MAIL_CHECK_ENAB.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Enable checking and display of mailbox status upon login.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      You should disable it if the shell startup files already check for
+      mail ("mailx -e" or equivalent).
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/MAIL_DIR.xml b/man/login.defs.d/MAIL_DIR.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..60b82d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/MAIL_DIR.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>MAIL_DIR</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      The mail spool directory. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox
+      when its corresponding user account is modified or deleted. If not
+      specified, a compile-time default is used.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry><varlistentry>
+  <term><option>MAIL_FILE</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to
+      their home directory.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
+<!-- FIXME: MAIL_FILE not used in useradd -->
+<para>
+  The <option>MAIL_DIR</option> and <option>MAIL_FILE</option> variables
+  are used by <command>useradd</command>, <command>usermod</command>, and
+  <command>userdel</command> to create, move, or delete the user's mail
+  spool.
+</para>
+<para condition="no_pam">
+  If <option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> is set to
+  <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, they are also used to define the
+  <envar>MAIL</envar> environment variable.
+</para>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP.xml b/man/login.defs.d/MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45975d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Maximum members per group entry. When the maximum is reached, a new
+      group entry (line) is started in <filename>/etc/group</filename>
+      (with the same name, same password, and same GID).
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the
+      number of members in a group.
+    </para>
+    <!-- Note: on HP, split groups have the same ID, but different
+               names. -->
+    <para>
+      This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in
+      the group file. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS
+      groups are not larger than 1024 characters.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the
+      Shadow toolsuite). You should not use this variable unless you really
+      need it.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.xml b/man/login.defs.d/MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be9426e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5-based
+      algorithm. If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, new passwords
+      will be encrypted using the MD5-based algorithm compatible with the
+      one used by recent releases of FreeBSD. It supports passwords of
+      unlimited length and longer salt strings. Set to
+      <replaceable>no</replaceable> if you need to copy encrypted
+      passwords to other systems which don't understand the new algorithm.
+      Default is <replaceable>no</replaceable>.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      This variable is superseded by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>
+      variable or by any command line option used to configure the
+      encryption algorithm.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      This variable is deprecated. You should use
+      <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>.
+    </para>
+    <para condition="pam">
+      Note: This only affect the generation of group passwords.
+      The generation of user passwords is done by PAM and subject to the
+      PAM configuration. It is recommended to set this variable
+      consistently with the PAM configuration.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/MOTD_FILE.xml b/man/login.defs.d/MOTD_FILE.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b472e71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/MOTD_FILE.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>MOTD_FILE</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If defined, ":" delimited list of "message of the day" files to be
+      displayed upon login.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/NOLOGINS_FILE.xml b/man/login.defs.d/NOLOGINS_FILE.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fde79f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/NOLOGINS_FILE.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>NOLOGINS_FILE</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If defined, name of file whose presence will inhibit non-root
+      logins.  The contents of this file should be a message indicating
+      why logins are inhibited.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB.xml b/man/login.defs.d/OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5eb1d65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Enable additional checks upon password changes.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/PASS_ALWAYS_WARN.xml b/man/login.defs.d/PASS_ALWAYS_WARN.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8687488
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/PASS_ALWAYS_WARN.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>PASS_ALWAYS_WARN</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Warn about weak passwords (but still allow them) if you are root.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/PASS_CHANGE_TRIES.xml b/man/login.defs.d/PASS_CHANGE_TRIES.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6f6d1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/PASS_CHANGE_TRIES.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>PASS_CHANGE_TRIES</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Maximum number of attempts to change password if rejected (too
+      easy).
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/PASS_MAX_DAYS.xml b/man/login.defs.d/PASS_MAX_DAYS.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7df51a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/PASS_MAX_DAYS.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      The maximum number of days a password may be used. If the password
+      is older than this, a password change will be forced.  If not
+      specified, -1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction).
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/PASS_MAX_LEN.xml b/man/login.defs.d/PASS_MAX_LEN.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b9e024
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/PASS_MAX_LEN.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> (number)</term>
+  <term><option>PASS_MIN_LEN</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Number of significant characters in the password for crypt().
+      <option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> is 8 by default. Don't change unless
+      your crypt() is better. This is ignored if
+      <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> set to
+      <replaceable>yes</replaceable>.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/PASS_MIN_DAYS.xml b/man/login.defs.d/PASS_MIN_DAYS.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14f68eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/PASS_MIN_DAYS.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      The minimum number of days allowed between password changes.  Any
+      password changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected. If not
+      specified, -1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction).
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/PASS_WARN_AGE.xml b/man/login.defs.d/PASS_WARN_AGE.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc03f1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/PASS_WARN_AGE.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      The number of days warning given before a password expires. A zero
+      means warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative
+      value means no warning is given. If not specified, no warning will
+      be provided.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB.xml b/man/login.defs.d/PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ba7c3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Enable checking of time restrictions specified in
+      <filename>/etc/porttime</filename>.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/QUOTAS_ENAB.xml b/man/login.defs.d/QUOTAS_ENAB.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a68b21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/QUOTAS_ENAB.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Enable setting of resource limits from
+      <filename>/etc/limits</filename> and ulimit, umask, and niceness
+      from the user's passwd gecos field.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS.xml b/man/login.defs.d/SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0755e69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="sha_crypt">
+  <term><option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> (number)</term>
+  <term><option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      When <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> is set to
+      <replaceable>SHA256</replaceable> or
+      <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable>, this defines the number of SHA
+      rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number
+      of rounds is not specified on the command line).
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute forcing the
+      password. But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to
+      authenticate users.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds
+      (5000).
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      The values must be inside the 1000-999,999,999 range.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      If only one of the <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> or
+      <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> values is set, then this value
+      will be used.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      If <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> &gt;
+      <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option>, the highest value will be
+      used.
+    </para>
+    <para condition="pam">
+      Note: This only affect the generation of group passwords.
+      The generation of user passwords is done by PAM and subject to the
+      PAM configuration. It is recommended to set this variable
+      consistently with the PAM configuration.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/SUB_GID_COUNT.xml b/man/login.defs.d/SUB_GID_COUNT.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93fe742
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/SUB_GID_COUNT.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 2013, Eric W. Biederman
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="subids">
+  <term><option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> (number)</term>
+  <term><option>SUB_GID_MAX</option> (number)</term>
+  <term><option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands
+      <command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless
+      the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+      <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> unused group IDs from the range
+      <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_GID_MAX</option> for each
+      new user.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      The default values for <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>,
+      <option>SUB_GID_MAX</option>, <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option>
+      are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/SUB_UID_COUNT.xml b/man/login.defs.d/SUB_UID_COUNT.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..516417b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/SUB_UID_COUNT.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 2013, Eric W. Biederman
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="subids">
+  <term><option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> (number)</term>
+  <term><option>SUB_UID_MAX</option> (number)</term>
+  <term><option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands
+      <command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless
+      the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+      <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> unused user IDs from the range
+      <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_UID_MAX</option> for each
+      new user.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      The default values for <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>,
+      <option>SUB_UID_MAX</option>, <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option>
+      are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/SULOG_FILE.xml b/man/login.defs.d/SULOG_FILE.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5d07c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/SULOG_FILE.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>SULOG_FILE</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If defined, all su activity is logged to this file.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/SU_NAME.xml b/man/login.defs.d/SU_NAME.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a9dfdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/SU_NAME.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>SU_NAME</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If defined, the command name to display when running "su -".  For
+      example, if this is defined as "su" then a "ps" will display the
+      command is "-su".  If not defined, then "ps" would display the name
+      of the shell actually being run, e.g. something like "-sh".
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/SU_WHEEL_ONLY.xml b/man/login.defs.d/SU_WHEEL_ONLY.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7b8e0bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/SU_WHEEL_ONLY.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!-- TODO: TBC -->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>SU_WHEEL_ONLY</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user must be listed as a
+      member of the first gid 0 group in <filename>/etc/group</filename>
+      (called <replaceable>root</replaceable> on most Linux systems) to be
+      able to <command>su</command> to uid 0 accounts.  If the group
+      doesn't exist or is empty, no one will be able to
+      <command>su</command> to uid 0.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/SYSLOG_SG_ENAB.xml b/man/login.defs.d/SYSLOG_SG_ENAB.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0705537
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/SYSLOG_SG_ENAB.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>SYSLOG_SG_ENAB</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Enable "syslog" logging of <command>sg</command> activity.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/SYSLOG_SU_ENAB.xml b/man/login.defs.d/SYSLOG_SU_ENAB.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af94a23
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/SYSLOG_SU_ENAB.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>SYSLOG_SU_ENAB</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Enable "syslog" logging of <command>su</command> activity - in
+      addition to sulog file logging.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/SYS_GID_MAX.xml b/man/login.defs.d/SYS_GID_MAX.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a9ed28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/SYS_GID_MAX.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (number)</term>
+  <term><option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+      <command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or
+      <command>newusers</command>.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      The default value for <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (resp.
+      <option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>GID_MIN</option>-1).
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/SYS_UID_MAX.xml b/man/login.defs.d/SYS_UID_MAX.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ca6cee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/SYS_UID_MAX.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)</term>
+  <term><option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+      <command>useradd</command> or <command>newusers</command>.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      The default value for <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (resp.
+      <option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>UID_MIN</option>-1).
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/TCB_AUTH_GROUP.xml b/man/login.defs.d/TCB_AUTH_GROUP.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f9c9f72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/TCB_AUTH_GROUP.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 2010, Pawel Hajdan
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="tcb">
+  <term><option>TCB_AUTH_GROUP</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, newly created tcb shadow files
+      will be group owned by the <replaceable>auth</replaceable> group.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/TCB_SYMLINKS.xml b/man/login.defs.d/TCB_SYMLINKS.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76b34fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/TCB_SYMLINKS.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 2010, Pawel Hajdan
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="tcb">
+  <term><option>TCB_SYMLINKS</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the location of the user tcb
+      directory to be created will not be automatically set to /etc/tcb/user,
+      but will be computed depending on the UID of the user, according to
+      the following algorithm:
+      <programlisting>
+if ( UID is less than 1000) {
+  use /etc/tcb/user
+} else if ( UID is less than 1000000) {
+  kilos = UID / 1000
+  use /etc/tcb/:kilos/user
+  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory
+} else {
+  megas = UID / 1000000
+  kilos = ( UID / megas * 1000000 ) / 1000
+  use /etc/tcb/:megas/:kilos/user
+  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory
+}
+      </programlisting>
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/TTYGROUP.xml b/man/login.defs.d/TTYGROUP.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..474f31b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/TTYGROUP.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>TTYGROUP</option> (string)</term>
+  <term><option>TTYPERM</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the
+      <option>TTYGROUP</option> group, and the permissions will be set to
+      <option>TTYPERM</option>.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user's
+      primary group and the permissions are set to
+      <replaceable>0600</replaceable>.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      <option>TTYGROUP</option> can be either the name of a group or a
+      numeric group identifier.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      If you have a <command>write</command> program which is "setgid" to
+      a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the
+      group number and TTYPERM to 0620.  Otherwise leave TTYGROUP
+      commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/TTYTYPE_FILE.xml b/man/login.defs.d/TTYTYPE_FILE.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3e8509
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/TTYTYPE_FILE.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>TTYTYPE_FILE</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If defined, file which maps tty line to TERM environment parameter.
+      Each line of the file is in a format something like "vt100  tty01".
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/UID_MAX.xml b/man/login.defs.d/UID_MAX.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77cf41f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/UID_MAX.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>UID_MAX</option> (number)</term>
+  <term><option>UID_MIN</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+      <command>useradd</command> or <command>newusers</command>.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      The default value for <option>UID_MIN</option> (resp.
+      <option>UID_MAX</option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000).
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/ULIMIT.xml b/man/login.defs.d/ULIMIT.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3cf4267
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/ULIMIT.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+  <term><option>ULIMIT</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      Default <command>ulimit</command> value.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/UMASK.xml b/man/login.defs.d/UMASK.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0f061db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/UMASK.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2009, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>UMASK</option> (number)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value. If not
+      specified, the mask will be initialized to 022.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      <command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this
+      mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+      <option>HOME_MODE</option> is not set.
+    </para>
+    <para condition="no_pam">
+      It is also used by <command>login</command> to define users' initial
+      umask.  Note that this mask can be overridden by the user's GECOS
+      line (if <option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> is set) or by the
+      specification of a limit with the <emphasis>K</emphasis> identifier
+      in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>limits</refentrytitle>
+      <manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+    <para condition="pam">
+      It is also used by <command>pam_umask</command> as the default umask
+      value.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/USERDEL_CMD.xml b/man/login.defs.d/USERDEL_CMD.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40800b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/USERDEL_CMD.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 1996 - 2000, Marek Michałkiewicz
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2009, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>USERDEL_CMD</option> (string)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If defined, this command is run when removing a user. It should
+      remove any at/cron/print jobs etc. owned by the user to be removed
+      (passed as the first argument).
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      The return code of the script is not taken into account.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      Here is an example script, which removes the user's
+      cron, at and print jobs:
+      <programlisting>
+#! /bin/sh
+
+# Check for the required argument.
+if [ $# != 1 ]; then
+	echo "Usage: $0 username"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Remove cron jobs.
+crontab -r -u $1
+
+# Remove at jobs.
+# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,
+# even if it was shared by a different username.
+AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs
+find $AT_SPOOL_DIR -name "[^.]*" -type f -user $1 -delete \;
+
+# Remove print jobs.
+lprm $1
+
+# All done.
+exit 0
+      </programlisting>
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/USERGROUPS_ENAB.xml b/man/login.defs.d/USERGROUPS_ENAB.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..daa8892
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/USERGROUPS_ENAB.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1993, Chip Rosenthal
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry>
+  <term><option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para condition="no_pam">
+      Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits
+      (examples: 022 -> 002, 077 -> 007) for non-root users, if the uid is
+      the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, <command>userdel</command>
+      will remove the user's group if it contains no more members, and
+      <command>useradd</command> will create by default a group with the
+      name of the user.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/login.defs.d/USE_TCB.xml b/man/login.defs.d/USE_TCB.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fbe4d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/login.defs.d/USE_TCB.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 2010, Pawel Hajdan
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<varlistentry condition="tcb">
+  <term><option>USE_TCB</option> (boolean)</term>
+  <listitem>
+    <para>
+      If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <citerefentry>
+      <refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+      password shadowing scheme will be used.
+    </para>
+  </listitem>
+</varlistentry>
diff --git a/man/logoutd.8.xml b/man/logoutd.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13b1337
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/logoutd.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991       , Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='logoutd.8'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1991</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>logoutd</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>logoutd</refname>
+    <refpurpose>enforce login time restrictions</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <!-- body begins here -->
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>logoutd</command>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      <command>logoutd</command> enforces the login time and port
+      restrictions specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</filename>. 
+      <command>logoutd</command> should be started from
+      <filename>/etc/rc</filename>. The <filename>/var/run/utmp</filename>
+      file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked to see if
+      the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time. 
+      Any login session which is violating the restrictions in
+      <filename>/etc/porttime</filename> is terminated.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/porttime</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>File containing port access.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/var/run/utmp</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>List of current login sessions.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/man1/chage.1 b/man/man1/chage.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4dc105
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/chage.1
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chage
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "CHAGE" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+chage \- change user password expiry information
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBchage\fR\ 'u
+\fBchage\fR [\fIoptions\fR] \fILOGIN\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command changes the number of days between password changes and the date of the last password change\&. This information is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchage\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-lastday\fR\ \&\fILAST_DAY\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days since January 1st, 1970 when the password was last changed\&. The date may also be expressed in the format YYYY\-MM\-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-E\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the date or number of days since January 1, 1970 on which the user\*(Aqs account will no longer be accessible\&. The date may also be expressed in the format YYYY\-MM\-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area)\&. A user whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being able to use the system again\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+will remove an account expiration date\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-iso8601\fR
+.RS 4
+When printing dates, use YYYY\-MM\-DD format\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the account is locked\&. The
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+option is the number of days of inactivity\&. A user whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being able to use the system again\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+will remove an account\*(Aqs inactivity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+.RS 4
+Show account aging information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid\&. When
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+plus
+\fILAST_DAY\fR
+is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their password before being able to use their account\&. This occurrence can be planned for in advance by use of the
+\fB\-W\fR
+option, which provides the user with advance warning\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchage\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "NOTE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+program requires a shadow password file to be available\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command is restricted to the root user, except for the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option, which may be used by an unprivileged user to determine when their password or account is due to expire\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Secure user account information\&.
+.RE
+.SH "EXIT VALUES"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI15\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt find the shadow password file
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/man1/chfn.1 b/man/man1/chfn.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95d88be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/chfn.1
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chfn
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "CHFN" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+chfn \- change real user name and information
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBchfn\fR\ 'u
+\fBchfn\fR [\fIoptions\fR] [\fILOGIN\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchfn\fR
+command changes user fullname, office room number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user\*(Aqs account\&. This information is typically printed by
+\fBfinger\fR(1)
+and similar programs\&. A normal user may only change the fields for her own account, subject to the restrictions in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&. (The default configuration is to prevent users from changing their fullname\&.) The superuser may change any field for any account\&. Additionally, only the superuser may use the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option to change the undefined portions of the GECOS field\&.
+.PP
+These fields must not contain any colons\&. Except for the
+\fIother\fR
+field, they should not contain any comma or equal sign\&. It is also recommended to avoid non\-US\-ASCII characters, but this is only enforced for the phone numbers\&. The
+\fIother\fR
+field is used to store accounting information used by other applications\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchfn\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-full\-name\fR\ \&\fIFULL_NAME\fR
+.RS 4
+Change the user\*(Aqs full name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-home\-phone\fR\ \&\fIHOME_PHONE\fR
+.RS 4
+Change the user\*(Aqs home phone number\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-other\fR\ \&\fIOTHER\fR
+.RS 4
+Change the user\*(Aqs other GECOS information\&. This field is used to store accounting information used by other applications, and can be changed only by a superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-room\fR\ \&\fIROOM_NUMBER\fR
+.RS 4
+Change the user\*(Aqs room number\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-work\-phone\fR\ \&\fIWORK_PHONE\fR
+.RS 4
+Change the user\*(Aqs office phone number\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchfn\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fB[ ]\fR
+marks\&. Without options,
+\fBchfn\fR
+prompts for the current user account\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_RESTRICT\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This parameter specifies which values in the
+\fIgecos\fR
+field of the
+/etc/passwd
+file may be changed by regular users using the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program\&. It can be any combination of letters
+\fIf\fR,
+\fIr\fR,
+\fIw\fR,
+\fIh\fR, for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively\&. For backward compatibility,
+\fIyes\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIrwh\fR
+and
+\fIno\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIfrwh\fR\&. If not specified, only the superuser can make any changes\&. The most restrictive setting is better achieved by not installing
+\fBchfn\fR
+SUID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The string used for prompting a password\&. The default is to use "Password: ", or a translation of that string\&. If you set this variable, the prompt will not be translated\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/man1/chsh.1 b/man/man1/chsh.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..efa216f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/chsh.1
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chsh
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "CHSH" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+chsh \- change login shell
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBchsh\fR\ 'u
+\fBchsh\fR [\fIoptions\fR] [\fILOGIN\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchsh\fR
+command changes the user login shell\&. This determines the name of the user\*(Aqs initial login command\&. A normal user may only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change the login shell for any account\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchsh\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the user\*(Aqs new login shell\&. Setting this field to blank causes the system to select the default login shell\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If the
+\fB\-s\fR
+option is not selected,
+\fBchsh\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current login shell\&. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line blank to use the current one\&. The current shell is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "NOTE"
+.PP
+The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must be listed in
+/etc/shells, unless the invoker is the superuser, and then any value may be added\&. An account with a restricted login shell may not change her login shell\&. For this reason, placing
+/bin/rsh
+in
+/etc/shells
+is discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHSH_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchsh\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The string used for prompting a password\&. The default is to use "Password: ", or a translation of that string\&. If you set this variable, the prompt will not be translated\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shells
+.RS 4
+List of valid login shells\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/man1/expiry.1 b/man/man1/expiry.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1fc96b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/expiry.1
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: expiry
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "EXPIRY" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+expiry \- check and enforce password expiration policy
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBexpiry\fR\ 'u
+\fBexpiry\fR \fIoption\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command checks (\fB\-c\fR) the current password expiration and forces (\fB\-f\fR) changes when required\&. It is callable as a normal user command\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR
+.RS 4
+Check the password expiration of the current user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+Force a password change if the current user has an expired password\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Secure user account information\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/man1/gpasswd.1 b/man/man1/gpasswd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c80cfb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/gpasswd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: gpasswd
+.\"    Author: Rafal Maszkowski
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "GPASSWD" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+gpasswd \- administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBgpasswd\fR [\fIoption\fR] \fIgroup\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+command is used to administer
+/etc/group, and /etc/gshadow\&. Every group can have
+administrators,
+members and a password\&.
+.PP
+System administrators can use the
+\fB\-A\fR
+option to define group administrator(s) and the
+\fB\-M\fR
+option to define members\&. They have all rights of group administrators and members\&.
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+called by
+a group administrator
+with a group name only prompts for the new password of the
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.PP
+If a password is set the members can still use
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1)
+without a password, and non\-members must supply the password\&.
+.SS "Notes about group passwords"
+.PP
+Group passwords are an inherent security problem since more than one person is permitted to know the password\&. However, groups are a useful tool for permitting co\-operation between different users\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+Except for the
+\fB\-A\fR
+and
+\fB\-M\fR
+options, the options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-add\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR
+.RS 4
+Add the
+\fIuser\fR
+to the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove the
+\fIuser\fR
+from the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Q\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-remove\-password\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove the password from the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&. The group password will be empty\&. Only group members will be allowed to use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+to join the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-restrict\fR
+.RS 4
+Restrict the access to the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&. The group password is set to "!"\&. Only group members with a password will be allowed to use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+to join the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-administrators\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR,\&.\&.\&.
+.RS 4
+Set the list of administrative users\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-members\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR,\&.\&.\&.
+.RS 4
+Set the list of group members\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+This tool only operates on the
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow files\&.
+Thus you cannot change any NIS or LDAP group\&. This must be performed on the corresponding server\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute forcing the password\&. But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users\&.
+.sp
+If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000)\&.
+.sp
+The values must be inside the 1000\-999,999,999 range\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Secure group account information\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/man1/groups.1 b/man/man1/groups.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99312b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/groups.1
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groups
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPS" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+groups \- display current group names
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgroups\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroups\fR [\fIuser\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroups\fR
+command displays the current group names or ID values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value\&. The optional
+\fIuser\fR
+parameter will display the groups for the named
+\fIuser\fR\&.
+.SH "NOTE"
+.PP
+Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information from
+/etc/group
+reported\&. The user must use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+or
+\fBsg\fR
+to change his current real and effective group ID\&.
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Group account information\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)\&.
diff --git a/man/man1/id.1 b/man/man1/id.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6843c09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/id.1
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: id
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "ID" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+id \- display current user and group ID names
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBid\fR\ 'u
+\fBid\fR [\-a]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBid\fR
+command displays the current real and effective user and group ID names or values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/passwd
+or
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed without the corresponding name\&. The optional
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag will display the group set on systems which support multiple concurrent group membership\&.
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)
diff --git a/man/man1/login.1 b/man/man1/login.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ccfacc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/login.1
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "LOGIN" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+login \- begin session on the system
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] [\-h\ \fIhost\fR] [\fIusername\fR] [\fIENV=VAR\fR...]
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] [\-h\ \fIhost\fR] \-f \fIusername\fR
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] \-r\ \fIhost\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is used to establish a new session with the system\&. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the
+\fIlogin:\fR
+prompt on the user\*(Aqs terminal\&.
+\fBlogin\fR
+may be special to the shell and may not be invoked as a sub\-process\&. When called from a shell,
+\fBlogin\fR
+should be executed as
+\fBexec login\fR
+which will cause the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new logged in user to return to the session of the caller)\&. Attempting to execute
+\fBlogin\fR
+from any shell but the login shell will produce an error message\&.
+.PP
+The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate\&. Echoing is disabled to prevent revealing the password\&. Only a small number of password failures are permitted before
+\fBlogin\fR
+exits and the communications link is severed\&.
+.PP
+If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for a new password before proceeding\&. You will be forced to provide your old password and the new password before continuing\&. Please refer to
+\fBpasswd\fR(1)
+for more information\&.
+.PP
+After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and the presence of mail\&. You may turn off the printing of the system message file,
+/etc/motd, by creating a zero\-length file
+\&.hushlogin
+in your login directory\&. The mail message will be one of "\fIYou have new mail\&.\fR", "\fIYou have mail\&.\fR", or "\fINo Mail\&.\fR" according to the condition of your mailbox\&.
+.PP
+Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the
+/etc/passwd
+file\&. The value for
+\fB$HOME\fR,
+\fB$SHELL\fR,
+\fB$PATH\fR,
+\fB$LOGNAME\fR, and
+\fB$MAIL\fR
+are set according to the appropriate fields in the password entry\&. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to entries in the GECOS field\&.
+.PP
+On some installations, the environmental variable
+\fB$TERM\fR
+will be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in
+/etc/ttytype\&.
+.PP
+An initialization script for your command interpreter may also be executed\&. Please see the appropriate manual section for more information on this function\&.
+.PP
+A subsystem login is indicated by the presence of a "*" as the first character of the login shell\&. The given home directory will be used as the root of a new file system which the user is actually logged into\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file\&. It is the responsibility of
+\fBgetty\fR(8)
+and
+\fBinit\fR(8)
+to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session\&. If you use
+\fBlogin\fR
+from the shell prompt without
+\fBexec\fR, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession"\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR
+.RS 4
+Do not perform authentication, user is preauthenticated\&.
+.sp
+Note: In that case,
+\fIusername\fR
+is mandatory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR
+.RS 4
+Name of the remote host for this login\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR
+.RS 4
+Preserve environment\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR
+.RS 4
+Perform autologin protocol for rlogin\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR,
+\fB\-h\fR
+and
+\fB\-f\fR
+options are only used when
+\fBlogin\fR
+is invoked by root\&.
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+This version of
+\fBlogin\fR
+has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site\&.
+.PP
+The location of files is subject to differences in system configuration\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file\&. It is the responsibility of
+\fBgetty\fR(8)
+and
+\fBinit\fR(8)
+to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session\&. If you use
+\fBlogin\fR
+from the shell prompt without
+\fBexec\fR, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession"\&.
+.PP
+As with any program,
+\fBlogin\fR\*(Aqs appearance can be faked\&. If non\-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the machine\&. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a trusted path and prevent this kind of attack\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, either full pathname of a file containing device names (one per line) or a ":" delimited list of device names\&. Root logins will be allowed only upon these devices\&.
+.sp
+If not defined, root will be allowed on any device\&.
+.sp
+The device should be specified without the /dev/ prefix\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if login is allowed if we can\*(Aqt cd to the home directory\&. Default is no\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If this file exists and is readable, login environment will be read from it\&. Every line should be in the form name=value\&.
+.sp
+Lines starting with a # are treated as comment lines and ignored\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBERASECHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal ERASE character (\fI010\fR
+= backspace,
+\fI0177\fR
+= DEL)\&.
+.sp
+The value can be prefixed "0" for an octal value, or "0x" for an hexadecimal value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAIL_DELAY\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Delay in seconds before being allowed another attempt after a login failure\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAILLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable logging and display of
+/var/log/faillog
+login failure info\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAKE_SHELL\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set,
+\fBlogin\fR
+will execute this shell instead of the users\*(Aq shell specified in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFTMP_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, login failures will be logged in this file in a utmp format\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHUSHLOGIN_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, this file can inhibit all the usual chatter during the login sequence\&. If a full pathname is specified, then hushed mode will be enabled if the user\*(Aqs name or shell are found in the file\&. If not a full pathname, then hushed mode will be enabled if the file exists in the user\*(Aqs home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBISSUE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, this file will be displayed before each login prompt\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBKILLCHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal KILL character (\fI025\fR
+= CTRL/U)\&.
+.sp
+The value can be prefixed "0" for an octal value, or "0x" for an hexadecimal value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable logging and display of /var/log/lastlog login time info\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_RETRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum number of login retries in case of bad password\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The string used for prompting a password\&. The default is to use "Password: ", or a translation of that string\&. If you set this variable, the prompt will not be translated\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_TIMEOUT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Max time in seconds for login\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_OK_LOGINS\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable logging of successful logins\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable display of unknown usernames when login failures are recorded\&.
+.sp
+Note: logging unknown usernames may be a security issue if an user enter her password instead of her login name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable checking and display of mailbox status upon login\&.
+.sp
+You should disable it if the shell startup files already check for mail ("mailx \-e" or equivalent)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The mail spool directory\&. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its corresponding user account is modified or deleted\&. If not specified, a compile\-time default is used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMOTD_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, ":" delimited list of "message of the day" files to be displayed upon login\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBNOLOGINS_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, name of file whose presence will inhibit non\-root logins\&. The contents of this file should be a message indicating why logins are inhibited\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable checking of time restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR (string), \fBTTYPERM\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+group, and the permissions will be set to
+\fBTTYPERM\fR\&.
+.sp
+By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user\*(Aqs primary group and the permissions are set to
+\fI0600\fR\&.
+.sp
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+can be either the name of a group or a numeric group identifier\&.
+.sp
+If you have a
+\fBwrite\fR
+program which is "setgid" to a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and TTYPERM to 0620\&. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYTYPE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, file which maps tty line to TERM environment parameter\&. Each line of the file is in a format something like "vt100 tty01"\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBULIMIT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Default
+\fBulimit\fR
+value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value\&. If not specified, the mask will be initialized to 022\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits (examples: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) for non\-root users, if the uid is the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/var/run/utmp
+.RS 4
+List of current login sessions\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/var/log/wtmp
+.RS 4
+List of previous login sessions\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Secure user account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/motd
+.RS 4
+System message of the day file\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/nologin
+.RS 4
+Prevent non\-root users from logging in\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/ttytype
+.RS 4
+List of terminal types\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+$HOME/\&.hushlogin
+.RS 4
+Suppress printing of system messages\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBmail\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnologin\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBsecuretty\fR(5),
+\fBgetty\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man1/newgidmap.1 b/man/man1/newgidmap.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30384f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/newgidmap.1
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newgidmap
+.\"    Author: Eric Biederman
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "NEWGIDMAP" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+newgidmap \- set the gid mapping of a user namespace
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBnewgidmap\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewgidmap\fR \fIpid\fR \fIgid\fR \fIlowergid\fR \fIcount\fR [\fIgid\fR\ \fIlowergid\fR\ \fIcount\fR\ [\ \fI\&.\&.\&.\fR\ ]]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewgidmap\fR
+sets
+/proc/[pid]/gid_map
+based on its command line arguments and the gids allowed in
+/etc/subgid\&. Note that the root user is not exempted from the requirement for a valid
+/etc/subgid
+entry\&.
+.PP
+After the pid argument,
+\fBnewgidmap\fR
+expects sets of 3 integers:
+.PP
+gid
+.RS 4
+Beginning of the range of GIDs inside the user namespace\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+lowergid
+.RS 4
+Beginning of the range of GIDs outside the user namespace\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+count
+.RS 4
+Length of the ranges (both inside and outside the user namespace)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBnewgidmap\fR
+verifies that the caller is the owner of the process indicated by
+\fBpid\fR
+and that for each of the above sets, each of the GIDs in the range [lowergid, lowergid+count] is allowed to the caller according to
+/etc/subgid
+before setting
+/proc/[pid]/gid_map\&.
+.PP
+Note that newgidmap may be used only once for a given process\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+There currently are no options to the
+\fBnewgidmap\fR
+command\&.
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+List of user\*(Aqs subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/proc/[pid]/gid_map
+.RS 4
+Mapping of gids from one between user namespaces\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man1/newgrp.1 b/man/man1/newgrp.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..48414af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/newgrp.1
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newgrp
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "NEWGRP" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+newgrp \- log in to a new group
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBnewgrp\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewgrp\fR [\-] [\fIgroup\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+command is used to change the current group ID during a login session\&. If the optional
+\fB\-\fR
+flag is given, the user\*(Aqs environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, remains unchanged\&.
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+changes the current real group ID to the named group, or to the default group listed in
+/etc/passwd
+if no group name is given\&.
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+also tries to add the group to the user groupset\&. If not root, the user will be prompted for a password if she does not have a password (in
+/etc/shadow
+if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in
+/etc/passwd
+otherwise) and the group does, or if the user is not listed as a member and the group has a password\&. The user will be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed as a member\&.
+.PP
+If there is an entry for this group in
+/etc/gshadow, then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from this file, otherwise, the entry in
+/etc/group
+is considered\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Secure user account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Secure group account information\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/man1/newuidmap.1 b/man/man1/newuidmap.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75363d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/newuidmap.1
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newuidmap
+.\"    Author: Eric Biederman
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "NEWUIDMAP" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+newuidmap \- set the uid mapping of a user namespace
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBnewuidmap\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewuidmap\fR \fIpid\fR \fIuid\fR \fIloweruid\fR \fIcount\fR [\fIuid\fR\ \fIloweruid\fR\ \fIcount\fR\ [\ \fI\&.\&.\&.\fR\ ]]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewuidmap\fR
+sets
+/proc/[pid]/uid_map
+based on its command line arguments and the uids allowed in
+/etc/subuid\&. Note that the root user is not exempted from the requirement for a valid
+/etc/subuid
+entry\&.
+.PP
+After the pid argument,
+\fBnewuidmap\fR
+expects sets of 3 integers:
+.PP
+uid
+.RS 4
+Beginning of the range of UIDs inside the user namespace\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+loweruid
+.RS 4
+Beginning of the range of UIDs outside the user namespace\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+count
+.RS 4
+Length of the ranges (both inside and outside the user namespace)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBnewuidmap\fR
+verifies that the caller is the owner of the process indicated by
+\fBpid\fR
+and that for each of the above sets, each of the UIDs in the range [loweruid, loweruid+count] is allowed to the caller according to
+/etc/subuid
+before setting
+/proc/[pid]/uid_map\&.
+.PP
+Note that newuidmap may be used only once for a given process\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+There currently are no options to the
+\fBnewuidmap\fR
+command\&.
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+List of user\*(Aqs subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/proc/[pid]/uid_map
+.RS 4
+Mapping of uids from one between user namespaces\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man1/passwd.1 b/man/man1/passwd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aaef7e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/passwd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: passwd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "PASSWD" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+passwd \- change user password
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBpasswd\fR [\fIoptions\fR] [\fILOGIN\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command changes passwords for user accounts\&. A normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the superuser may change the password for any account\&.
+\fBpasswd\fR
+also changes the account or associated password validity period\&.
+.SS "Password Changes"
+.PP
+The user is first prompted for their old password, if one is present\&. This password is then encrypted and compared against the stored password\&. The user has only one chance to enter the correct password\&. The superuser is permitted to bypass this step so that forgotten passwords may be changed\&.
+.PP
+After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time\&. If not,
+\fBpasswd\fR
+refuses to change the password and exits\&.
+.PP
+The user is then prompted twice for a replacement password\&. The second entry is compared against the first and both are required to match in order for the password to be changed\&.
+.PP
+Then, the password is tested for complexity\&. As a general guideline, passwords should consist of 6 to 8 characters including one or more characters from each of the following sets:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+lower case alphabetics
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+digits 0 thru 9
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+punctuation marks
+.RE
+.PP
+Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill characters\&.
+\fBpasswd\fR
+will reject any password which is not suitably complex\&.
+.SS "Hints for user passwords"
+.PP
+The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption algorithm and the size of the key space\&. The legacy
+\fIUNIX\fR
+System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm\&. More recent methods are now recommended (see
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR)\&. The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which is selected\&.
+.PP
+Compromises in password security normally result from careless password selection or handling\&. For this reason, you should not select a password which appears in a dictionary or which must be written down\&. The password should also not be a proper name, your license number, birth date, or street address\&. Any of these may be used as guesses to violate system security\&.
+.PP
+You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en\&.wikipedia\&.org/wiki/Password_strength
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+.RS 4
+This option can be used only with
+\fB\-S\fR
+and causes show status for all users\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR
+.RS 4
+Delete a user\*(Aqs password (make it empty)\&. This is a quick way to disable a password for an account\&. It will set the named account passwordless\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expire\fR
+.RS 4
+Immediately expire an account\*(Aqs password\&. This in effect can force a user to change their password at the user\*(Aqs next login\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+This option is used to disable an account after the password has been expired for a number of days\&. After a user account has had an expired password for
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+days, the user may no longer sign on to the account\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-keep\-tokens\fR
+.RS 4
+Indicate password change should be performed only for expired authentication tokens (passwords)\&. The user wishes to keep their non\-expired tokens as before\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\fR
+.RS 4
+Lock the password of the named account\&. This option disables a password by changing it to a value which matches no possible encrypted value (it adds a \(aa!\(aa at the beginning of the password)\&.
+.sp
+Note that this does not disable the account\&. The user may still be able to login using another authentication token (e\&.g\&. an SSH key)\&. To disable the account, administrators should use
+\fBusermod \-\-expiredate 1\fR
+(this set the account\*(Aqs expire date to Jan 2, 1970)\&.
+.sp
+Users with a locked password are not allowed to change their password\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+Quiet mode\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-repository\fR\ \&\fIREPOSITORY\fR
+.RS 4
+change password in
+\fIREPOSITORY\fR
+repository
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-status\fR
+.RS 4
+Display account status information\&. The status information consists of 7 fields\&. The first field is the user\*(Aqs login name\&. The second field indicates if the user account has a locked password (L), has no password (NP), or has a usable password (P)\&. The third field gives the date of the last password change\&. The next four fields are the minimum age, maximum age, warning period, and inactivity period for the password\&. These ages are expressed in days\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-unlock\fR
+.RS 4
+Unlock the password of the named account\&. This option re\-enables a password by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before using the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-x\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid\&. After
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR, the password is required to be changed\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+Password complexity checking may vary from site to site\&. The user is urged to select a password as complex as he or she feels comfortable with\&.
+.PP
+Users may not be able to change their password on a system if NIS is enabled and they are not logged into the NIS server\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBOBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable additional checks upon password changes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_ALWAYS_WARN\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Warn about weak passwords (but still allow them) if you are root\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_CHANGE_TRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum number of attempts to change password if rejected (too easy)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR (number), \fBPASS_MIN_LEN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Number of significant characters in the password for crypt()\&.
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR
+is 8 by default\&. Don\*(Aqt change unless your crypt() is better\&. This is ignored if
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute forcing the password\&. But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users\&.
+.sp
+If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000)\&.
+.sp
+The values must be inside the 1000\-999,999,999 range\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Secure user account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.SH "EXIT VALUES"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid combination of options
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+unexpected failure, nothing done
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+unexpected failure,
+passwd
+file missing
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+passwd
+file busy, try again
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBchpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man1/sg.1 b/man/man1/sg.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e7d4ac4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/sg.1
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: sg
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "SG" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+sg \- execute command as different group ID
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBsg\fR\ 'u
+\fBsg\fR [\-] [group\ [\-c\ ]\ command]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsg\fR
+command works similar to
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+but accepts a command\&. The command will be executed with the
+/bin/sh
+shell\&. With most shells you may run
+\fBsg\fR
+from, you need to enclose multi\-word commands in quotes\&. Another difference between
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+and
+\fBsg\fR
+is that some shells treat
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+specially, replacing themselves with a new instance of a shell that
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+creates\&. This doesn\*(Aqt happen with
+\fBsg\fR, so upon exit from a
+\fBsg\fR
+command you are returned to your previous group ID\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Secure user account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Secure group account information\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/man1/su.1 b/man/man1/su.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7639e76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man1/su.1
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: su
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: User Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "SU" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "User Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+su \- change user ID or become superuser
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBsu\fR\ 'u
+\fBsu\fR [\fIoptions\fR] [\fI\-\fR] [\fIusername\fR\ [\ \fIargs\fR\ ]]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsu\fR
+command is used to become another user during a login session\&. Invoked without a
+\fBusername\fR,
+\fBsu\fR
+defaults to becoming the superuser\&. The
+\fB\-\fR
+option may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly\&. The
+\fB\-c\fR
+option may be used to treat the next argument as a command by most shells\&.
+.PP
+Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list\&. You can use the
+\fB\-\-\fR
+argument to stop option parsing\&. The
+\fB\-\fR
+option is special: it is also recognized after
+\fB\-\-\fR, but has to be placed before
+\fBusername\fR\&.
+.PP
+The user will be prompted for a password, if appropriate\&. Invalid passwords will produce an error message\&. All attempts, both valid and invalid, are logged to detect abuse of the system\&.
+.PP
+The current environment is passed to the new shell\&. The value of
+\fB$PATH\fR
+is reset to
+/bin:/usr/bin
+for normal users, or
+/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
+for the superuser\&. This may be changed with the
+\fBENV_PATH\fR
+and
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR
+definitions in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.PP
+A subsystem login is indicated by the presence of a "*" as the first character of the login shell\&. The given home directory will be used as the root of a new file system which the user is actually logged into\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBsu\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-command\fR\ \&\fICOMMAND\fR
+.RS 4
+Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its
+\fB\-c\fR\&.
+.sp
+The executed command will have no controlling terminal\&. This option cannot be used to execute interactive programs which need a controlling TTY\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-\fR, \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR
+.RS 4
+Provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly\&.
+.sp
+When
+\fB\-\fR
+is used, it must be specified before any
+\fBusername\fR\&. For portability it is recommended to use it as last option, before any
+\fBusername\fR\&. The other forms (\fB\-l\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-login\fR) do not have this restriction\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+The shell that will be invoked\&.
+.sp
+The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first):
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The shell specified with \-\-shell\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+is used, the shell specified by the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The shell indicated in the
+/etc/passwd
+entry for the target user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+/bin/sh
+if a shell could not be found by any above method\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+If the target user has a restricted shell (i\&.e\&. the shell field of this user\*(Aqs entry in
+/etc/passwd
+is not listed in
+/etc/shells), then the
+\fB\-\-shell\fR
+option or the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environment variable won\*(Aqt be taken into account, unless
+\fBsu\fR
+is called by root\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+.RS 4
+Preserve the current environment, except for:
+.PP
+\fB$PATH\fR
+.RS 4
+reset according to the
+/etc/login\&.defs
+options
+\fBENV_PATH\fR
+or
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR
+(see below);
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB$IFS\fR
+.RS 4
+reset to
+\(lq<space><tab><newline>\(rq, if it was set\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless
+\fBsu\fR
+is called by root)\&.
+.sp
+Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following:
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The
+\fB$HOME\fR,
+\fB$SHELL\fR,
+\fB$USER\fR,
+\fB$LOGNAME\fR,
+\fB$PATH\fR, and
+\fB$IFS\fR
+environment variables are reset\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is not used, the environment is copied, except for the variables above\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, the
+\fB$TERM\fR,
+\fB$COLORTERM\fR,
+\fB$DISPLAY\fR, and
+\fB$XAUTHORITY\fR
+environment variables are copied if they were set\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, the
+\fB$TZ\fR,
+\fB$HZ\fR, and
+\fB$MAIL\fR
+environment variables are set according to the
+/etc/login\&.defs
+options
+\fBENV_TZ\fR,
+\fBENV_HZ\fR,
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR, and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+(see below)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, other environment variables might be set by the
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR
+file (see below)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+This version of
+\fBsu\fR
+has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, either full pathname of a file containing device names (one per line) or a ":" delimited list of device names\&. Root logins will be allowed only upon these devices\&.
+.sp
+If not defined, root will be allowed on any device\&.
+.sp
+The device should be specified without the /dev/ prefix\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if login is allowed if we can\*(Aqt cd to the home directory\&. Default is no\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If this file exists and is readable, login environment will be read from it\&. Every line should be in the form name=value\&.
+.sp
+Lines starting with a # are treated as comment lines and ignored\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The string used for prompting a password\&. The default is to use "Password: ", or a translation of that string\&. If you set this variable, the prompt will not be translated\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable checking and display of mailbox status upon login\&.
+.sp
+You should disable it if the shell startup files already check for mail ("mailx \-e" or equivalent)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The mail spool directory\&. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its corresponding user account is modified or deleted\&. If not specified, a compile\-time default is used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSULOG_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, all su activity is logged to this file\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_NAME\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, the command name to display when running "su \-"\&. For example, if this is defined as "su" then a "ps" will display the command is "\-su"\&. If not defined, then "ps" would display the name of the shell actually being run, e\&.g\&. something like "\-sh"\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_WHEEL_ONLY\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the user must be listed as a member of the first gid 0 group in
+/etc/group
+(called
+\fIroot\fR
+on most Linux systems) to be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0 accounts\&. If the group doesn\*(Aqt exist or is empty, no one will be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SU_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsu\fR
+activity \- in addition to sulog file logging\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits (examples: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) for non\-root users, if the uid is the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Secure user account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.SH "EXIT VALUES"
+.PP
+On success,
+\fBsu\fR
+returns the exit value of the command it executed\&.
+.PP
+If this command was terminated by a signal,
+\fBsu\fR
+returns the number of this signal plus 128\&.
+.PP
+If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the command did not terminate in time),
+\fBsu\fR
+returns 255\&.
+.PP
+Some exit values from
+\fBsu\fR
+are independent from the executed command:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success (\fB\-\-help\fR
+only)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+System or authentication failure
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI126\fR
+.RS 4
+The requested command was not found
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI127\fR
+.RS 4
+The requested command could not be executed
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/man3/getspnam.3 b/man/man3/getspnam.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd473da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man3/getspnam.3
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man3/shadow.3
diff --git a/man/man3/shadow.3 b/man/man3/shadow.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9ee6f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man3/shadow.3
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: shadow
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Library Calls
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "SHADOW" "3" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Library Calls"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+shadow, getspnam \- encrypted password file routines
+.SH "SYNTAX"
+.PP
+\fI#include <shadow\&.h>\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *getspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *getspnam(char\fR
+\fI*name\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIvoid setspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIvoid endspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *fgetspent(FILE\fR
+\fI*fp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *sgetspent(char\fR
+\fI*cp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIint putspent(struct spwd\fR
+\fI*p,\fR
+\fIFILE\fR
+\fI*fp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIint lckpwdf();\fR
+.PP
+\fIint ulckpwdf();\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+\fIshadow\fR
+manipulates the contents of the shadow password file,
+/etc/shadow\&. The structure in the
+\fI#include\fR
+file is:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+struct spwd {
+      char		*sp_namp; /* user login name */
+      char		*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */
+      long int		sp_lstchg; /* last password change */
+      long int		sp_min; /* days until change allowed\&. */
+      long int		sp_max; /* days before change required */
+      long int		sp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */
+      long int		sp_inact; /* days before account inactive */
+      long int		sp_expire; /* date when account expires */
+      unsigned long int	sp_flag; /* reserved for future use */
+}
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+The meanings of each field are:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_namp \- pointer to null\-terminated user name
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_pwdp \- pointer to null\-terminated password
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_lstchg \- days since Jan 1, 1970 password was last changed
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_min \- days before which password may not be changed
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_max \- days after which password must be changed
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_warn \- days before password is to expire that user is warned of pending password expiration
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_inact \- days after password expires that account is considered inactive and disabled
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_expire \- days since Jan 1, 1970 when account will be disabled
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_flag \- reserved for future use
+.RE
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+\fIgetspent\fR,
+\fIgetspname\fR,
+\fIfgetspent\fR, and
+\fIsgetspent\fR
+each return a pointer to a
+\fIstruct spwd\fR\&.
+\fIgetspent\fR
+returns the next entry from the file, and
+\fIfgetspent\fR
+returns the next entry from the given stream, which is assumed to be a file of the proper format\&.
+\fIsgetspent\fR
+returns a pointer to a
+\fIstruct spwd\fR
+using the provided string as input\&.
+\fIgetspnam\fR
+searches from the current position in the file for an entry matching
+\fIname\fR\&.
+.PP
+\fIsetspent\fR
+and
+\fIendspent\fR
+may be used to begin and end, respectively, access to the shadow password file\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+and
+\fIulckpwdf\fR
+routines should be used to insure exclusive access to the
+/etc/shadow
+file\&.
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+attempts to acquire a lock using
+\fIpw_lock\fR
+for up to 15 seconds\&. It continues by attempting to acquire a second lock using
+\fIspw_lock\fR
+for the remainder of the initial 15 seconds\&. Should either attempt fail after a total of 15 seconds,
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+returns \-1\&. When both locks are acquired 0 is returned\&.
+.SH "DIAGNOSTICS"
+.PP
+Routines return NULL if no more entries are available or if an error occurs during processing\&. Routines which have
+\fIint\fR
+as the return value return 0 for success and \-1 for failure\&.
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+These routines may only be used by the superuser as access to the shadow password file is restricted\&.
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Secure user account information\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBgetpwent\fR(3),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/man5/faillog.5 b/man/man5/faillog.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1264619
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man5/faillog.5
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: faillog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual:  File Formats and Conversions
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "FAILLOG" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "File Formats and Conversions"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+faillog \- login failure logging file
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+maintains a count of login failures and the limits for each account\&.
+.PP
+The file contains fixed length records, indexed by numerical UID\&. Each record contains the count of login failures since the last successful login; the maximum number of failures before the account is disabled; the line on which the last login failure occurred; the date of the last login failure; and the duration (in seconds) during which the account will be locked after a failure\&.
+.PP
+The structure of the file is:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+struct	faillog {
+	short   fail_cnt;
+	short   fail_max;
+	char    fail_line[12];
+	time_t  fail_time;
+	long    fail_locktime;
+};
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+.RS 4
+Failure logging file\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR(8)
diff --git a/man/man5/gshadow.5 b/man/man5/gshadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d657c58
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man5/gshadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: gshadow
+.\"    Author: Nicolas François <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: File Formats and Conversions
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "GSHADOW" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "File Formats and Conversions"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+gshadow \- shadowed group file
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+contains the shadowed information for group accounts\&.
+.PP
+This file must not be readable by regular users if password security is to be maintained\&.
+.PP
+Each line of this file contains the following colon\-separated fields:
+.PP
+\fBgroup name\fR
+.RS 4
+It must be a valid group name, which exist on the system\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBencrypted password\fR
+.RS 4
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.sp
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, users will not be able to use a unix password to access the group (but group members do not need the password)\&.
+.sp
+The password is used when a user who is not a member of the group wants to gain the permissions of this group (see
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1))\&.
+.sp
+This field may be empty, in which case only the group members can gain the group permissions\&.
+.sp
+A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the password field before the password was locked\&.
+.sp
+This password supersedes any password specified in
+/etc/group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBadministrators\fR
+.RS 4
+It must be a comma\-separated list of user names\&.
+.sp
+Administrators can change the password or the members of the group\&.
+.sp
+Administrators also have the same permissions as the members (see below)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBmembers\fR
+.RS 4
+It must be a comma\-separated list of user names\&.
+.sp
+Members can access the group without being prompted for a password\&.
+.sp
+You should use the same list of users as in
+/etc/group\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Secure group account information\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBgrpconv\fR(8),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/man5/limits.5 b/man/man5/limits.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad3f734
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man5/limits.5
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: limits
+.\"    Author: Luca Berra
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: File Formats and Conversions
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "LIMITS" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "File Formats and Conversions"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+limits \- resource limits definition
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fIlimits\fR
+file (/etc/limits
+by default or LIMITS_FILE defined
+config\&.h) describes the resource limits you wish to impose\&. It should be owned by root and readable by root account only\&.
+.PP
+By default no quota is imposed on \*(Aqroot\*(Aq\&. In fact, there is no way to impose limits via this procedure to root\-equiv accounts (accounts with UID 0)\&.
+.PP
+Each line describes a limit for a user in the form:
+.PP
+\fIuser LIMITS_STRING\fR
+.PP
+or in the form:
+.PP
+\fI@group LIMITS_STRING\fR
+.PP
+The
+\fILIMITS_STRING\fR
+is a string of a concatenated list of resource limits\&. Each limit consists of a letter identifier followed by a numerical limit\&.
+.PP
+The valid identifiers are:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+A: max address space (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+C: max core file size (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+D: max data size (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+F: maximum file size (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+K: file creation mask, set by
+\fBumask\fR(2)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+I: max nice value (0\&.\&.39 which translates to 20\&.\&.\-19)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+L: max number of logins for this user
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+M: max locked\-in\-memory address space (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+N: max number of open files
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+O: max real time priority
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+P: process priority, set by
+\fBsetpriority\fR(2)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+R: max resident set size (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+S: max stack size (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+T: max CPU time (MIN)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+U: max number of processes
+.RE
+.PP
+For example,
+\fIL2D2048N5\fR
+is a valid
+\fILIMITS_STRING\fR\&. For reading convenience, the following entries are equivalent:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      username L2D2048N5
+      username L2 D2048 N5
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+Be aware that after
+\fIusername\fR
+the rest of the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed\&. An invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the
+\fBlogin\fR
+program\&.
+.PP
+The default entry is denoted by username "\fI*\fR"\&. If you have multiple
+\fIdefault\fR
+entries in your
+\fILIMITS_FILE\fR, then the last one will be used as the default entry\&.
+.PP
+The limits specified in the form "\fI@group\fR" apply to the members of the specified
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.PP
+If more than one line with limits for a user exist, only the first line for this user will be considered\&.
+.PP
+If no lines are specified for a user, the last
+\fI@group\fR
+line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the user\&.
+.PP
+To completely disable limits for a user, a single dash "\fI\-\fR" will do\&.
+.PP
+To disable a limit for a user, a single dash "\fI\-\fR" can be used instead of the numerical value for this limit\&.
+.PP
+Also, please note that all limit settings are set PER LOGIN\&. They are not global, nor are they permanent\&. Perhaps global limits will come, but for now this will have to do ;)
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/limits
+.RS 4
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsetpriority\fR(2),
+\fBsetrlimit\fR(2)\&.
diff --git a/man/man5/login.access.5 b/man/man5/login.access.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81e79ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man5/login.access.5
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login.access
+.\"    Author: Marek Michałkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: File Formats and Conversions
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "LOGIN\&.ACCESS" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "File Formats and Conversions"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+login.access \- login access control table
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fIlogin\&.access\fR
+file specifies (user, host) combinations and/or (user, tty) combinations for which a login will be either accepted or refused\&.
+.PP
+When someone logs in, the
+\fIlogin\&.access\fR
+is scanned for the first entry that matches the (user, host) combination, or, in case of non\-networked logins, the first entry that matches the (user, tty) combination\&. The permissions field of that table entry determines whether the login will be accepted or refused\&.
+.PP
+Each line of the login access control table has three fields separated by a ":" character:
+.PP
+\fIpermission\fR:\fIusers\fR:\fIorigins\fR
+.PP
+The first field should be a "\fI+\fR" (access granted) or "\fI\-\fR" (access denied) character\&. The second field should be a list of one or more login names, group names, or
+\fIALL\fR
+(always matches)\&. The third field should be a list of one or more tty names (for non\-networked logins), host names, domain names (begin with "\&."), host addresses, internet network numbers (end with "\&."),
+\fIALL\fR
+(always matches) or
+\fILOCAL\fR
+(matches any string that does not contain a "\&." character)\&. If you run NIS you can use @netgroupname in host or user patterns\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fIEXCEPT\fR
+operator makes it possible to write very compact rules\&.
+.PP
+The group file is searched only when a name does not match that of the logged\-in user\&. Only groups are matched in which users are explicitly listed: the program does not look at a user\*(Aqs primary group id value\&.
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/man5/login.defs.5 b/man/man5/login.defs.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ac322f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man5/login.defs.5
@@ -0,0 +1,854 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login.defs
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: File Formats and Conversions
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "LOGIN\&.DEFS" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "File Formats and Conversions"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+login.defs \- shadow password suite configuration
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+/etc/login\&.defs
+file defines the site\-specific configuration for the shadow password suite\&. This file is required\&. Absence of this file will not prevent system operation, but will probably result in undesirable operation\&.
+.PP
+This file is a readable text file, each line of the file describing one configuration parameter\&. The lines consist of a configuration name and value, separated by whitespace\&. Blank lines and comment lines are ignored\&. Comments are introduced with a "#" pound sign and the pound sign must be the first non\-white character of the line\&.
+.PP
+Parameter values may be of four types: strings, booleans, numbers, and long numbers\&. A string is comprised of any printable characters\&. A boolean should be either the value
+\fIyes\fR
+or
+\fIno\fR\&. An undefined boolean parameter or one with a value other than these will be given a
+\fIno\fR
+value\&. Numbers (both regular and long) may be either decimal values, octal values (precede the value with
+\fI0\fR) or hexadecimal values (precede the value with
+\fI0x\fR)\&. The maximum value of the regular and long numeric parameters is machine\-dependent\&.
+.PP
+The following configuration items are provided:
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_RESTRICT\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This parameter specifies which values in the
+\fIgecos\fR
+field of the
+/etc/passwd
+file may be changed by regular users using the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program\&. It can be any combination of letters
+\fIf\fR,
+\fIr\fR,
+\fIw\fR,
+\fIh\fR, for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively\&. For backward compatibility,
+\fIyes\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIrwh\fR
+and
+\fIno\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIfrwh\fR\&. If not specified, only the superuser can make any changes\&. The most restrictive setting is better achieved by not installing
+\fBchfn\fR
+SUID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHSH_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchsh\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, either full pathname of a file containing device names (one per line) or a ":" delimited list of device names\&. Root logins will be allowed only upon these devices\&.
+.sp
+If not defined, root will be allowed on any device\&.
+.sp
+The device should be specified without the /dev/ prefix\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCREATE_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if a home directory should be created by default for new users\&.
+.sp
+This setting does not apply to system users, and can be overridden on the command line\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if login is allowed if we can\*(Aqt cd to the home directory\&. Default is no\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If this file exists and is readable, login environment will be read from it\&. Every line should be in the form name=value\&.
+.sp
+Lines starting with a # are treated as comment lines and ignored\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBERASECHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal ERASE character (\fI010\fR
+= backspace,
+\fI0177\fR
+= DEL)\&.
+.sp
+The value can be prefixed "0" for an octal value, or "0x" for an hexadecimal value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAIL_DELAY\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Delay in seconds before being allowed another attempt after a login failure\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAILLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable logging and display of
+/var/log/faillog
+login failure info\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAKE_SHELL\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set,
+\fBlogin\fR
+will execute this shell instead of the users\*(Aq shell specified in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFTMP_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, login failures will be logged in this file in a utmp format\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
+\fBUMASK\fR
+is used to create the mode\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHUSHLOGIN_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, this file can inhibit all the usual chatter during the login sequence\&. If a full pathname is specified, then hushed mode will be enabled if the user\*(Aqs name or shell are found in the file\&. If not a full pathname, then hushed mode will be enabled if the file exists in the user\*(Aqs home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBISSUE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, this file will be displayed before each login prompt\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBKILLCHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal KILL character (\fI025\fR
+= CTRL/U)\&.
+.sp
+The value can be prefixed "0" for an octal value, or "0x" for an hexadecimal value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable logging and display of /var/log/lastlog login time info\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_OK_LOGINS\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable logging of successful logins\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable display of unknown usernames when login failures are recorded\&.
+.sp
+Note: logging unknown usernames may be a security issue if an user enter her password instead of her login name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_RETRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum number of login retries in case of bad password\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The string used for prompting a password\&. The default is to use "Password: ", or a translation of that string\&. If you set this variable, the prompt will not be translated\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_TIMEOUT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Max time in seconds for login\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable checking and display of mailbox status upon login\&.
+.sp
+You should disable it if the shell startup files already check for mail ("mailx \-e" or equivalent)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The mail spool directory\&. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its corresponding user account is modified or deleted\&. If not specified, a compile\-time default is used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMOTD_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, ":" delimited list of "message of the day" files to be displayed upon login\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBNOLOGINS_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, name of file whose presence will inhibit non\-root logins\&. The contents of this file should be a message indicating why logins are inhibited\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBOBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable additional checks upon password changes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_ALWAYS_WARN\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Warn about weak passwords (but still allow them) if you are root\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_CHANGE_TRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum number of attempts to change password if rejected (too easy)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The maximum number of days a password may be used\&. If the password is older than this, a password change will be forced\&. If not specified, \-1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The minimum number of days allowed between password changes\&. Any password changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected\&. If not specified, \-1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The number of days warning given before a password expires\&. A zero means warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no warning is given\&. If not specified, no warning will be provided\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR,
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR
+and
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR
+are only used at the time of account creation\&. Any changes to these settings won\*(Aqt affect existing accounts\&.
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR (number), \fBPASS_MIN_LEN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Number of significant characters in the password for crypt()\&.
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR
+is 8 by default\&. Don\*(Aqt change unless your crypt() is better\&. This is ignored if
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable checking of time restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute forcing the password\&. But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users\&.
+.sp
+If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000)\&.
+.sp
+The values must be inside the 1000\-999,999,999 range\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSULOG_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, all su activity is logged to this file\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_NAME\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, the command name to display when running "su \-"\&. For example, if this is defined as "su" then a "ps" will display the command is "\-su"\&. If not defined, then "ps" would display the name of the shell actually being run, e\&.g\&. something like "\-sh"\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_WHEEL_ONLY\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the user must be listed as a member of the first gid 0 group in
+/etc/group
+(called
+\fIroot\fR
+on most Linux systems) to be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0 accounts\&. If the group doesn\*(Aqt exist or is empty, no one will be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SU_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsu\fR
+activity \- in addition to sulog file logging\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR (string), \fBTTYPERM\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+group, and the permissions will be set to
+\fBTTYPERM\fR\&.
+.sp
+By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user\*(Aqs primary group and the permissions are set to
+\fI0600\fR\&.
+.sp
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+can be either the name of a group or a numeric group identifier\&.
+.sp
+If you have a
+\fBwrite\fR
+program which is "setgid" to a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and TTYPERM to 0620\&. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYTYPE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, file which maps tty line to TERM environment parameter\&. Each line of the file is in a format something like "vt100 tty01"\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBULIMIT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Default
+\fBulimit\fR
+value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value\&. If not specified, the mask will be initialized to 022\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERDEL_CMD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, this command is run when removing a user\&. It should remove any at/cron/print jobs etc\&. owned by the user to be removed (passed as the first argument)\&.
+.sp
+The return code of the script is not taken into account\&.
+.sp
+Here is an example script, which removes the user\*(Aqs cron, at and print jobs:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+#! /bin/sh
+
+# Check for the required argument\&.
+if [ $# != 1 ]; then
+	echo "Usage: $0 username"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Remove cron jobs\&.
+crontab \-r \-u $1
+
+# Remove at jobs\&.
+# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,
+# even if it was shared by a different username\&.
+AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs
+find $AT_SPOOL_DIR \-name "[^\&.]*" \-type f \-user $1 \-delete \e;
+
+# Remove print jobs\&.
+lprm $1
+
+# All done\&.
+exit 0
+      
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.sp
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits (examples: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) for non\-root users, if the uid is the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CROSS REFERENCES"
+.PP
+The following cross references show which programs in the shadow password suite use which parameters\&.
+.PP
+chfn
+.RS 4
+CHFN_AUTH
+CHFN_RESTRICT
+LOGIN_STRING
+.RE
+.PP
+chgpasswd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+chpasswd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+chsh
+.RS 4
+CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING
+.RE
+.PP
+gpasswd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+groupadd
+.RS 4
+GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN
+.RE
+.PP
+groupdel
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+groupmems
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+groupmod
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+grpck
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+grpconv
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+grpunconv
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+lastlog
+.RS 4
+LASTLOG_UID_MAX
+.RE
+.PP
+login
+.RS 4
+CONSOLE
+CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME
+ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE
+ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY
+FAILLOG_ENAB
+FAKE_SHELL
+FTMP_FILE
+HUSHLOGIN_FILE
+ISSUE_FILE
+KILLCHAR
+LASTLOG_ENAB LASTLOG_UID_MAX
+LOGIN_RETRIES
+LOGIN_STRING
+LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB
+MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB
+TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE
+ULIMIT UMASK
+USERGROUPS_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+newgrp / sg
+.RS 4
+SYSLOG_SG_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+newusers
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB HOME_MODE PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK
+.RE
+.PP
+passwd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+pwck
+.RS 4
+PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+.RE
+.PP
+pwconv
+.RS 4
+PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+.RE
+.PP
+su
+.RS 4
+CONSOLE
+CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME
+ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE
+ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH
+ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB
+SULOG_FILE SU_NAME
+SU_WHEEL_ONLY
+SYSLOG_SU_ENAB
+USERGROUPS_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+sulogin
+.RS 4
+ENV_HZ
+ENV_TZ
+.RE
+.PP
+useradd
+.RS 4
+CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN HOME_MODE LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK
+.RE
+.PP
+userdel
+.RS 4
+MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+usermod
+.RS 4
+LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBpam\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man5/passwd.5 b/man/man5/passwd.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c66e932
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man5/passwd.5
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: passwd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: File Formats and Conversions
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "PASSWD" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "File Formats and Conversions"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+passwd \- the password file
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+contains one line for each user account, with seven fields delimited by colons (\(lq:\(rq)\&. These fields are:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+login name
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+optional encrypted password
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+numerical user ID
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+numerical group ID
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+user name or comment field
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+user home directory
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+optional user command interpreter
+.RE
+.PP
+If the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field is a lower\-case
+\(lqx\(rq, then the encrypted password is actually stored in the
+\fBshadow\fR(5)
+file instead; there
+\fImust\fR
+be a corresponding line in the
+/etc/shadow
+file, or else the user account is invalid\&.
+.PP
+The encrypted
+\fIpassword\fR
+field may be empty, in which case no password is required to authenticate as the specified login name\&. However, some applications which read the
+/etc/passwd
+file may decide not to permit
+\fIany\fR
+access at all if the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field is blank\&.
+.PP
+A
+\fIpassword\fR
+field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field before the password was locked\&.
+.PP
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.PP
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)\&.
+.PP
+The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as
+\fBfinger\fR(1)\&.
+.PP
+The home directory field provides the name of the initial working directory\&. The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program uses this information to set the value of the
+\fB$HOME\fR
+environmental variable\&.
+.PP
+The command interpreter field provides the name of the user\*(Aqs command language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute\&. The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program uses this information to set the value of the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environmental variable\&. If this field is empty, it defaults to the value
+/bin/sh\&.
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+optional encrypted password file
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd\-
+.RS 4
+Backup file for /etc/passwd\&.
+.sp
+Note that this file is used by the tools of the shadow toolsuite, but not by all user and password management tools\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgetent\fR(1),
+\fBgetpwnam\fR(3),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBpwconv\fR(8),
+\fBpwunconv\fR(8),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsulogin\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man5/porttime.5 b/man/man5/porttime.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38105cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man5/porttime.5
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: porttime
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: File Formats and Conversions
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "PORTTIME" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "File Formats and Conversions"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+porttime \- port access time file
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+\fIporttime\fR
+contains a list of tty devices, user names, and permitted login times\&.
+.PP
+Each entry consists of three colon separated fields\&. The first field is a comma separated list of tty devices, or an asterisk to indicate that all tty devices are matched by this entry\&. The second field is a comma separated list of user names, or an asterisk to indicated that all user names are matched by this entry\&. The third field is a comma separated list of permitted access times\&.
+.PP
+Each access time entry consists of zero or more days of the week, abbreviated
+\fISu\fR,
+\fIMo\fR,
+\fITu\fR,
+\fIWe\fR,
+\fITh\fR,
+\fIFr\fR, and
+\fISa\fR, followed by a pair of times separated by a hyphen\&. The abbreviation
+\fIWk\fR
+may be used to represent Monday thru Friday, and
+\fIAl\fR
+may be used to indicate every day\&. If no days are given,
+\fIAl\fR
+is assumed\&.
+.SH "EXAMPLES"
+.PP
+The following entry allows access to user
+\fBjfh\fR
+on every port during weekdays from 9am to 5pm\&.
+.PP
+*:jfh:Wk0900\-1700
+.PP
+The following entries allow access only to the users
+\fIroot\fR
+and
+\fIoper\fR
+on
+/dev/console
+at any time\&. This illustrates how the
+/etc/porttime
+file is an ordered list of access times\&. Any other user would match the second entry which does not permit access at any time\&.
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      console:root,oper:Al0000\-2400
+      console:*:
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+The following entry allows access for the user
+\fIgames\fR
+on any port during non\-working hours\&.
+.PP
+*:games:Wk1700\-0900,SaSu0000\-2400
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/porttime
+.RS 4
+File containing port access\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/man5/shadow.5 b/man/man5/shadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b4a707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man5/shadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: shadow
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: File Formats and Conversions
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "SHADOW" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "File Formats and Conversions"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+shadow \- shadowed password file
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+shadow
+is a file which contains the password information for the system\*(Aqs accounts and optional aging information\&.
+.PP
+This file must not be readable by regular users if password security is to be maintained\&.
+.PP
+Each line of this file contains 9 fields, separated by colons (\(lq:\(rq), in the following order:
+.PP
+\fBlogin name\fR
+.RS 4
+It must be a valid account name, which exist on the system\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBencrypted password\fR
+.RS 4
+This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to authenticate as the specified login name\&. However, some applications which read the
+/etc/shadow
+file may decide not to permit any access at all if the password field is empty\&.
+.sp
+A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the password field before the password was locked\&.
+.sp
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.sp
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBdate of last password change\fR
+.RS 4
+The date of the last password change, expressed as the number of days since Jan 1, 1970\&.
+.sp
+The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user should change her password the next time she will log in the system\&.
+.sp
+An empty field means that password aging features are disabled\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBminimum password age\fR
+.RS 4
+The minimum password age is the number of days the user will have to wait before she will be allowed to change her password again\&.
+.sp
+An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no minimum password age\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBmaximum password age\fR
+.RS 4
+The maximum password age is the number of days after which the user will have to change her password\&.
+.sp
+After this number of days is elapsed, the password may still be valid\&. The user should be asked to change her password the next time she will log in\&.
+.sp
+An empty field means that there are no maximum password age, no password warning period, and no password inactivity period (see below)\&.
+.sp
+If the maximum password age is lower than the minimum password age, the user cannot change her password\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBpassword warning period\fR
+.RS 4
+The number of days before a password is going to expire (see the maximum password age above) during which the user should be warned\&.
+.sp
+An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no password warning period\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBpassword inactivity period\fR
+.RS 4
+The number of days after a password has expired (see the maximum password age above) during which the password should still be accepted (and the user should update her password during the next login)\&.
+.sp
+After expiration of the password and this expiration period is elapsed, no login is possible using the current user\*(Aqs password\&. The user should contact her administrator\&.
+.sp
+An empty field means that there are no enforcement of an inactivity period\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBaccount expiration date\fR
+.RS 4
+The date of expiration of the account, expressed as the number of days since Jan 1, 1970\&.
+.sp
+Note that an account expiration differs from a password expiration\&. In case of an account expiration, the user shall not be allowed to login\&. In case of a password expiration, the user is not allowed to login using her password\&.
+.sp
+An empty field means that the account will never expire\&.
+.sp
+The value 0 should not be used as it is interpreted as either an account with no expiration, or as an expiration on Jan 1, 1970\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBreserved field\fR
+.RS 4
+This field is reserved for future use\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Secure user account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow\-
+.RS 4
+Backup file for /etc/shadow\&.
+.sp
+Note that this file is used by the tools of the shadow toolsuite, but not by all user and password management tools\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBchage\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBpwconv\fR(8),
+\fBpwunconv\fR(8),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsulogin\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man5/suauth.5 b/man/man5/suauth.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b5ad03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man5/suauth.5
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: suauth
+.\"    Author: Marek Michałkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: File Formats and Conversions
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "SUAUTH" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "File Formats and Conversions"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+suauth \- detailed su control file
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fB/etc/suauth\fR\ 'u
+\fB/etc/suauth\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The file
+/etc/suauth
+is referenced whenever the su command is called\&. It can change the behaviour of the su command, based upon:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      1) the user su is targeting
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+2) the user executing the su command (or any groups he might be a member of)
+.PP
+The file is formatted like this, with lines starting with a # being treated as comment lines and ignored;
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      to\-id:from\-id:ACTION
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+Where to\-id is either the word
+\fIALL\fR, a list of usernames delimited by "," or the words
+\fIALL EXCEPT\fR
+followed by a list of usernames delimited by ","\&.
+.PP
+from\-id is formatted the same as to\-id except the extra word
+\fIGROUP\fR
+is recognized\&.
+\fIALL EXCEPT GROUP\fR
+is perfectly valid too\&. Following
+\fIGROUP\fR
+appears one or more group names, delimited by ","\&. It is not sufficient to have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in
+\fB/etc/group\fR(5)
+is necessary\&.
+.PP
+Action can be one only of the following currently supported options\&.
+.PP
+\fIDENY\fR
+.RS 4
+The attempt to su is stopped before a password is even asked for\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fINOPASS\fR
+.RS 4
+The attempt to su is automatically successful; no password is asked for\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIOWNPASS\fR
+.RS 4
+For the su command to be successful, the user must enter his or her own password\&. They are told this\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+Note there are three separate fields delimited by a colon\&. No whitespace must surround this colon\&. Also note that the file is examined sequentially line by line, and the first applicable rule is used without examining the file further\&. This makes it possible for a system administrator to exercise as fine control as he or she wishes\&.
+.SH "EXAMPLE"
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      # sample /etc/suauth file
+      #
+      # A couple of privileged usernames may
+      # su to root with their own password\&.
+      #
+      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS
+      #
+      # Anyone else may not su to root unless in
+      # group wheel\&. This is how BSD does things\&.
+      #
+      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY
+      #
+      # Perhaps terry and birddog are accounts
+      # owned by the same person\&.
+      # Access can be arranged between them
+      # with no password\&.
+      #
+      terry:birddog:NOPASS
+      birddog:terry:NOPASS
+      #
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/suauth
+.RS 4
+.RE
+.SH "BUGS"
+.PP
+There could be plenty lurking\&. The file parser is particularly unforgiving about syntax errors, expecting no spurious whitespace (apart from beginning and end of lines), and a specific token delimiting different things\&.
+.SH "DIAGNOSTICS"
+.PP
+An error parsing the file is reported using
+\fBsyslogd\fR(8)
+as level ERR on facility AUTH\&.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBsu\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/man5/subgid.5 b/man/man5/subgid.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8db1f45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man5/subgid.5
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: subgid
+.\"    Author: Eric Biederman
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: File Formats and Conversions
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "SUBGID" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "File Formats and Conversions"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+subgid \- the subordinate gid file
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+Each line in
+/etc/subgid
+contains a user name and a range of subordinate group ids that user is allowed to use\&. This is specified with three fields delimited by colons (\(lq:\(rq)\&. These fields are:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+login name or UID
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+numerical subordinate group ID
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+numerical subordinate group ID count
+.RE
+.PP
+This file specifies the group IDs that ordinary users can use, with the
+\fBnewgidmap\fR
+command, to configure gid mapping in a user namespace\&.
+.PP
+Multiple ranges may be specified per user\&.
+.PP
+When large number of entries (10000\-100000 or more) are defined in
+/etc/subgid, parsing performance penalty will become noticeable\&. In this case it is recommended to use UIDs instead of login names\&. Benchmarks have shown speed\-ups up to 20x\&.
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid\-
+.RS 4
+Backup file for /etc/subgid\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnewgidmap\fR(1),
+\fBnewuidmap\fR(1),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8),
+\fBuser_namespaces\fR(7)\&.
diff --git a/man/man5/subuid.5 b/man/man5/subuid.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0876ecb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man5/subuid.5
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: subuid
+.\"    Author: Eric Biederman
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: File Formats and Conversions
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "SUBUID" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "File Formats and Conversions"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+subuid \- the subordinate uid file
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+Each line in
+/etc/subuid
+contains a user name and a range of subordinate user ids that user is allowed to use\&. This is specified with three fields delimited by colons (\(lq:\(rq)\&. These fields are:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+login name or UID
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+numerical subordinate user ID
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+numerical subordinate user ID count
+.RE
+.PP
+This file specifies the user IDs that ordinary users can use, with the
+\fBnewuidmap\fR
+command, to configure uid mapping in a user namespace\&.
+.PP
+Multiple ranges may be specified per user\&.
+.PP
+When large number of entries (10000\-100000 or more) are defined in
+/etc/subuid, parsing performance penalty will become noticeable\&. In this case it is recommended to use UIDs instead of login names\&. Benchmarks have shown speed\-ups up to 20x\&.
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid\-
+.RS 4
+Backup file for /etc/subuid\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnewgidmap\fR(1),
+\fBnewuidmap\fR(1),
+\fBnewusers\fR(1),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8),
+\fBuser_namespaces\fR(7)\&.
diff --git a/man/man8/chgpasswd.8 b/man/man8/chgpasswd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bc9dff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/chgpasswd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chgpasswd
+.\"    Author: Thomas Kłoczko <kloczek@pld.org.pl>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "CHGPASSWD" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+chgpasswd \- update group passwords in batch mode
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBchgpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBchgpasswd\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchgpasswd\fR
+command reads a list of group name and password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a set of existing groups\&. Each line is of the format:
+.PP
+\fIgroup_name\fR:\fIpassword\fR
+.PP
+By default the supplied password must be in clear\-text, and is encrypted by
+\fBchgpasswd\fR\&.
+.PP
+The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable of
+/etc/login\&.defs, and can be overwritten with the
+\fB\-e\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-c\fR
+options\&.
+.PP
+This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many accounts are created at a single time\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchgpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR
+.RS 4
+Use the specified method to encrypt the passwords\&.
+.sp
+The available methods are DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 or SHA512 if your libc support these methods\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-encrypted\fR
+.RS 4
+Supplied passwords are in encrypted form\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-md5\fR
+.RS 4
+Use MD5 encryption instead of DES when the supplied passwords are not encrypted\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR
+.RS 4
+Use the specified number of rounds to encrypt the passwords\&.
+.sp
+The value 0 means that the system will choose the default number of rounds for the crypt method (5000)\&.
+.sp
+A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999 will be enforced\&.
+.sp
+You can only use this option with the SHA256 or SHA512 crypt method\&.
+.sp
+By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+Remember to set permissions or umask to prevent readability of unencrypted files by other users\&.
+.PP
+You should make sure the passwords and the encryption method respect the system\*(Aqs password policy\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute forcing the password\&. But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users\&.
+.sp
+If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000)\&.
+.sp
+The values must be inside the 1000\-999,999,999 range\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Secure group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/man8/chpasswd.8 b/man/man8/chpasswd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c15630a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/chpasswd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chpasswd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "CHPASSWD" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+chpasswd \- update passwords in batch mode
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBchpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBchpasswd\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchpasswd\fR
+command reads a list of user name and password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a group of existing users\&. Each line is of the format:
+.PP
+\fIuser_name\fR:\fIpassword\fR
+.PP
+By default the passwords must be supplied in clear\-text, and are encrypted by
+\fBchpasswd\fR\&. Also the password age will be updated, if present\&.
+.PP
+The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+or
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variables of
+/etc/login\&.defs, and can be overwritten with the
+\fB\-e\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-c\fR
+options\&.
+.PP
+\fBchpasswd\fR
+first updates all the passwords in memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no errors occurred for any user\&.
+.PP
+This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many accounts are created at a single time\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR\ \&\fIMETHOD\fR
+.RS 4
+Use the specified method to encrypt the passwords\&.
+.sp
+The available methods are DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 or SHA512 if your libc support these methods\&.
+.sp
+By default (if none of the
+\fB\-c\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-e\fR
+options are specified), the encryption method is defined by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+or
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variables of
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-encrypted\fR
+.RS 4
+Supplied passwords are in encrypted form\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-md5\fR
+.RS 4
+Use MD5 encryption instead of DES when the supplied passwords are not encrypted\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR\ \&\fIROUNDS\fR
+.RS 4
+Use the specified number of rounds to encrypt the passwords\&.
+.sp
+The value 0 means that the system will choose the default number of rounds for the crypt method (5000)\&.
+.sp
+A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999 will be enforced\&.
+.sp
+You can only use this option with the SHA256 or SHA512 crypt method\&.
+.sp
+By default, the number of rounds is defined by the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+and
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+Remember to set permissions or umask to prevent readability of unencrypted files by other users\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute forcing the password\&. But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users\&.
+.sp
+If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000)\&.
+.sp
+The values must be inside the 1000\-999,999,999 range\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Secure user account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man8/faillog.8 b/man/man8/faillog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b220088
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/faillog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: faillog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "FAILLOG" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+faillog \- display faillog records or set login failure limits
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBfaillog\fR\ 'u
+\fBfaillog\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR
+displays the contents of the failure log database (/var/log/faillog)\&. It can also set the failure counters and limits\&. When
+\fBfaillog\fR
+is run without arguments, it only displays the faillog records of the users who had a login failure\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBfaillog\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+.RS 4
+Display (or act on) faillog records for all users having an entry in the
+faillog
+database\&.
+.sp
+The range of users can be restricted with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option\&.
+.sp
+In display mode, this is still restricted to existing users but forces the display of the faillog entries even if they are empty\&.
+.sp
+With the
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR,
+\fB\-r\fR,
+\fB\-t\fR
+options, the users\*(Aq records are changed, even if the user does not exist on the system\&. This is useful to reset records of users that have been deleted or to set a policy in advance for a range of users\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\-secs\fR\ \&\fISEC\fR
+.RS 4
+Lock account for
+\fISEC\fR
+seconds after failed login\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-maximum\fR\ \&\fIMAX\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of login failures after the account is disabled to
+\fIMAX\fR\&.
+.sp
+Selecting a
+\fIMAX\fR
+value of 0 has the effect of not placing a limit on the number of failed logins\&.
+.sp
+The maximum failure count should always be 0 for
+\fIroot\fR
+to prevent a denial of services attack against the system\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reset\fR
+.RS 4
+Reset the counters of login failures\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Display faillog records more recent than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR\ \&\fILOGIN\fR|\fIRANGE\fR
+.RS 4
+Display faillog record or maintains failure counters and limits (if used with
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR
+or
+\fB\-r\fR
+options) only for the specified user(s)\&.
+.sp
+The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users\&. This
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users can be specified with a min and max values (\fIUID_MIN\-UID_MAX\fR), a max value (\fI\-UID_MAX\fR), or a min value (\fIUID_MIN\-\fR)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+When none of the
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-r\fR
+options are used,
+\fBfaillog\fR
+displays the faillog record of the specified user(s)\&.
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR
+only prints out users with no successful login since the last failure\&. To print out a user who has had a successful login since their last failure, you must explicitly request the user with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+flag, or print out all users with the
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag\&.
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+.RS 4
+Failure logging file\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBfaillog\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/man8/groupadd.8 b/man/man8/groupadd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af5778f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/groupadd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupadd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPADD" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+groupadd \- create a new group
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupadd\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupadd\fR [\fIoptions\fR] \fIgroup\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command creates a new group account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system\&. The new group will be entered into the system files as needed\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+This option causes the command to simply exit with success status if the specified group already exists\&. When used with
+\fB\-g\fR, and the specified GID already exists, another (unique) GID is chosen (i\&.e\&.
+\fB\-g\fR
+is turned off)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGID\fR
+.RS 4
+The numerical value of the group\*(Aqs ID\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+and greater than every other group\&.
+.sp
+See also the
+\fB\-r\fR
+option and the
+\fBGID_MAX\fR
+description\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-K\fR, \fB\-\-key\fR\ \&\fIKEY\fR=\fIVALUE\fR
+.RS 4
+Overrides
+/etc/login\&.defs
+defaults (GID_MIN, GID_MAX and others)\&. Multiple
+\fB\-K\fR
+options can be specified\&.
+.sp
+Example:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MIN\fR=\fI100\fR\ \&
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+.sp
+Note:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MIN\fR=\fI10\fR,\fIGID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+doesn\*(Aqt work yet\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+This option permits to add a group with a non\-unique GID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&. The default is to disable the password\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+You should make sure the password respects the system\*(Aqs password policy\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+Create a system group\&.
+.sp
+The numeric identifiers of new system groups are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-\fBGID_MAX\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Secure group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+Groupnames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes\&. They can end with a dollar sign\&. In regular expression terms: [a\-z_][a\-z0\-9_\-]*[$]?
+.PP
+Groupnames may only be up to 16 characters long\&.
+.PP
+You may not add a NIS or LDAP group\&. This must be performed on the corresponding server\&.
+.PP
+If the groupname already exists in an external group database such as NIS or LDAP,
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+will deny the group creation request\&.
+.SH "EXIT VALUES"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+GID not unique (when
+\fB\-o\fR
+not used)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+group name not unique
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man8/groupdel.8 b/man/man8/groupdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50addae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/groupdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupdel
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPDEL" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+groupdel \- delete a group
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupdel\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupdel\fR [\fIoptions\fR] \fIGROUP\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to
+\fIGROUP\fR\&. The named group must exist\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+You may not remove the primary group of any existing user\&. You must remove the user before you remove the group\&.
+.PP
+You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain owned by this group\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Secure group account information\&.
+.RE
+.SH "EXIT VALUES"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI8\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt remove user\*(Aqs primary group
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man8/groupmems.8 b/man/man8/groupmems.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1d01d31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/groupmems.8
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupmems
+.\"    Author: George Kraft, IV
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPMEMS" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+groupmems \- administer members of a user\*(Aqs primary group
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupmems\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupmems\fR \-a\ \fIuser_name\fR | \-d\ \fIuser_name\fR | [\-g\ \fIgroup_name\fR] | \-l | \-p 
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+command allows a user to administer their own group membership list without the requirement of superuser privileges\&. The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+utility is for systems that configure its users to be in their own name sake primary group (i\&.e\&., guest / guest)\&.
+.PP
+Only the superuser, as administrator, can use
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+to alter the memberships of other groups\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-add\fR\ \&\fIuser_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a user to the group membership list\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR\ \&\fIuser_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Delete a user from the group membership list\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, the user will be removed from the list of members and administrators of the group\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR\ \&\fIgroup_name\fR
+.RS 4
+The superuser can specify which group membership list to modify\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+.RS 4
+List the group membership list\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-purge\fR
+.RS 4
+Purge all users from the group membership list\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SETUP"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+executable should be in mode
+2710
+as user
+\fIroot\fR
+and in group
+\fIgroups\fR\&. The system administrator can add users to group
+\fIgroups\fR
+to allow or disallow them using the
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+utility to manage their own group membership list\&.
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+	$ groupadd \-r groups
+	$ chmod 2710 groupmems
+	$ chown root\&.groups groupmems
+	$ groupmems \-g groups \-a gk4
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+secure group account information
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man8/groupmod.8 b/man/man8/groupmod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b76f6a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/groupmod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupmod
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPMOD" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+groupmod \- modify a group definition on the system
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupmod\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupmod\fR [\fIoptions\fR] \fIGROUP\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command modifies the definition of the specified
+\fIGROUP\fR
+by modifying the appropriate entry in the group database\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGID\fR
+.RS 4
+The group ID of the given
+\fIGROUP\fR
+will be changed to
+\fIGID\fR\&.
+.sp
+The value of
+\fIGID\fR
+must be a non\-negative decimal integer\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&.
+.sp
+Users who use the group as primary group will be updated to keep the group as their primary group\&.
+.sp
+Any files that have the old group ID and must continue to belong to
+\fIGROUP\fR, must have their group ID changed manually\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to the
+\fBGID_MIN\fR,
+\fBGID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR, or
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-new\-name\fR\ \&\fINEW_GROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the group will be changed from
+\fIGROUP\fR
+to
+\fINEW_GROUP\fR
+name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+When used with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option, allow to change the group
+\fIGID\fR
+to a non\-unique value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+You should make sure the password respects the system\*(Aqs password policy\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Secure group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.SH "EXIT VALUES"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+E_SUCCESS: success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+E_USAGE: invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+E_BAD_ARG: invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+E_GID_IN_USE: specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+E_NOTFOUND: specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+E_NAME_IN_USE: group name already in use
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+E_GRP_UPDATE: can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI11\fR
+.RS 4
+E_CLEANUP_SERVICE: can\*(Aqt setup cleanup service
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+E_PAM_USERNAME: can\*(Aqt determine your username for use with pam
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI13\fR
+.RS 4
+E_PAM_ERROR: pam returned an error, see syslog facility id groupmod for the PAM error message
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man8/grpck.8 b/man/man8/grpck.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9094e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/grpck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: grpck
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "GRPCK" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+grpck \- verify integrity of group files
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgrpck\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpck\fR [options] [\fIgroup\fR\ [\ \fIshadow\fR\ ]]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command verifies the integrity of the groups information\&. It checks that all entries in
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow
+have the proper format and contain valid data\&. The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors\&.
+.PP
+Checks are made to verify that each entry has:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+the correct number of fields
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a unique and valid group name
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid group identifier
+(/etc/group only)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid list of members
+and administrators
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a corresponding entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file (respectively
+/etc/group
+for the
+gshadow
+checks)
+.RE
+.PP
+The checks for correct number of fields and unique group name are fatal\&. If an entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete the entire line\&. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed\&. An entry with a duplicated group name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made\&. All other errors are warnings and the user is encouraged to run the
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command to correct the error\&.
+.PP
+The commands which operate on the
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow files
+are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries\&.
+\fBgrpck\fR
+should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entries\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR
+and
+\fB\-s\fR
+options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-read\-only\fR
+.RS 4
+Execute the
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command in read\-only mode\&. This causes all questions regarding changes to be answered
+\fIno\fR
+without user intervention\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sort\fR
+.RS 4
+Sort entries in
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow
+by GID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+By default,
+\fBgrpck\fR
+operates on
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow\&. The user may select alternate files with the
+\fIgroup\fR
+and \fIshadow\fR parameters\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Secure group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.SH "EXIT VALUES"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+one or more bad group entries
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt open group files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt lock group files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group files
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/man8/grpconv.8 b/man/man8/grpconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/grpconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/man8/grpunconv.8 b/man/man8/grpunconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/grpunconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/man8/lastlog.8 b/man/man8/lastlog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3ca8650
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/lastlog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: lastlog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "LASTLOG" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+lastlog \- reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBlastlog\fR\ 'u
+\fBlastlog\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+\fBlastlog\fR
+formats and prints the contents of the last login log
+/var/log/lastlog
+file\&. The
+\fIlogin\-name\fR,
+\fIport\fR, and
+\fIlast login time\fR
+will be printed\&. The default (no flags) causes lastlog entries to be printed, sorted by their order in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBlastlog\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-before\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Print only lastlog records older than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-C\fR, \fB\-\-clear\fR
+.RS 4
+Clear lastlog record of a user\&. This option can be used only together with
+\fB\-u\fR
+(\fB\-\-user\fR))\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-set\fR
+.RS 4
+Set lastlog record of a user to the current time\&. This option can be used only together with
+\fB\-u\fR
+(\fB\-\-user\fR))\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Print the lastlog records more recent than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR\ \&\fILOGIN\fR|\fIRANGE\fR
+.RS 4
+Print the lastlog record of the specified user(s)\&.
+.sp
+The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users\&. This
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users can be specified with a min and max values (\fIUID_MIN\-UID_MAX\fR), a max value (\fI\-UID_MAX\fR), or a min value (\fIUID_MIN\-\fR)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If the user has never logged in the message
+\fI** Never logged in**\fR
+will be displayed instead of the port and time\&.
+.PP
+Only the entries for the current users of the system will be displayed\&. Other entries may exist for users that were deleted previously\&.
+.SH "NOTE"
+.PP
+The
+lastlog
+file is a database which contains info on the last login of each user\&. You should not rotate it\&. It is a sparse file, so its size on the disk is usually much smaller than the one shown by "\fBls \-l\fR" (which can indicate a really big file if you have in
+passwd
+users with a high UID)\&. You can display its real size with "\fBls \-s\fR"\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/var/log/lastlog
+.RS 4
+Database times of previous user logins\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+Large gaps in UID numbers will cause the lastlog program to run longer with no output to the screen (i\&.e\&. if in lastlog database there is no entries for users with UID between 170 and 800 lastlog will appear to hang as it processes entries with UIDs 171\-799)\&.
diff --git a/man/man8/logoutd.8 b/man/man8/logoutd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88fbc04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/logoutd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: logoutd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "LOGOUTD" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+logoutd \- enforce login time restrictions
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBlogoutd\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+enforces the login time and port restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+should be started from
+/etc/rc\&. The
+/var/run/utmp
+file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked to see if the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time\&. Any login session which is violating the restrictions in
+/etc/porttime
+is terminated\&.
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/porttime
+.RS 4
+File containing port access\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/var/run/utmp
+.RS 4
+List of current login sessions\&.
+.RE
diff --git a/man/man8/newusers.8 b/man/man8/newusers.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df37f7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/newusers.8
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newusers
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "NEWUSERS" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+newusers \- update and create new users in batch
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBnewusers\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewusers\fR [\fIoptions\fR] [\fIfile\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewusers\fR
+command reads a
+\fIfile\fR
+(or the standard input by default) and uses this information to update a set of existing users or to create new users\&. Each line is in the same format as the standard password file (see
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)) with the exceptions explained below:
+.PP
+pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell
+.PP
+\fIpw_name\fR
+.RS 4
+This is the name of the user\&.
+.sp
+It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR)\&. In case of an existing user, the user\*(Aqs information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_passwd\fR
+.RS 4
+This field will be encrypted and used as the new value of the encrypted password\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_uid\fR
+.RS 4
+This field is used to define the UID of the user\&.
+.sp
+If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+If this field contains a number, this number will be used as the UID\&.
+.sp
+If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR), the UID of the specified user will be used\&.
+.sp
+If the UID of an existing user is changed, the files ownership of the user\*(Aqs file should be fixed manually\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_gid\fR
+.RS 4
+This field is used to define the primary group ID for the user\&.
+.sp
+If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR), the GID of this group will be used as the primary group ID for the user\&.
+.sp
+If this field is a number, this number will be used as the primary group ID of the user\&. If no groups exist with this GID, a new group will be created with this GID, and the name of the user\&.
+.sp
+If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the user and a GID will be automatically defined by
+\fBnewusers\fR
+to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new group\&.
+.sp
+If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR), a new group will be created with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by
+\fBnewusers\fR
+to be used as the primary group ID for the user and GID for the new group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_gecos\fR
+.RS 4
+This field is copied in the GECOS field of the user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_dir\fR
+.RS 4
+This field is used to define the home directory of the user\&.
+.sp
+If this field does not specify an existing directory, the specified directory is created, with ownership set to the user being created or updated and its primary group\&.
+.sp
+If the home directory of an existing user is changed,
+\fBnewusers\fR
+does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new location\&. This should be done manually\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_shell\fR
+.RS 4
+This field defines the shell of the user\&. No checks are performed on this field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBnewusers\fR
+first tries to create or change all the specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group databases\&. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), no changes are committed to the databases\&.
+.PP
+This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many accounts are updated at a single time\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBnewusers\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR
+.RS 4
+Use the specified method to encrypt the passwords\&.
+.sp
+The available methods are DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 or SHA512 if your libc support these methods\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+Create a system account\&.
+.sp
+System users will be created with no aging information in
+/etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-\fBUID_MAX\fR
+(and their
+\fBGID\fR
+counterparts for the creation of groups)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR
+.RS 4
+Use the specified number of rounds to encrypt the passwords\&.
+.sp
+The value 0 means that the system will choose the default number of rounds for the crypt method (5000)\&.
+.sp
+A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999 will be enforced\&.
+.sp
+You can only use this option with the SHA256 or SHA512 crypt method\&.
+.sp
+By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+The input file must be protected since it contains unencrypted passwords\&.
+.PP
+You should make sure the passwords and the encryption method respect the system\*(Aqs password policy\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
+\fBUMASK\fR
+is used to create the mode\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The maximum number of days a password may be used\&. If the password is older than this, a password change will be forced\&. If not specified, \-1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The minimum number of days allowed between password changes\&. Any password changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected\&. If not specified, \-1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The number of days warning given before a password expires\&. A zero means warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no warning is given\&. If not specified, no warning will be provided\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute forcing the password\&. But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users\&.
+.sp
+If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000)\&.
+.sp
+The values must be inside the 1000\-999,999,999 range\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value\&. If not specified, the mask will be initialized to 022\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Secure user account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Secure group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man8/nologin.8 b/man/man8/nologin.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e02954a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/nologin.8
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: nologin
+.\"    Author: Nicolas François <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "NOLOGIN" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+nologin \- politely refuse a login
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBnologin\fR\ 'u
+\fBnologin\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnologin\fR
+command displays a message that an account is not available and exits non\-zero\&. It is intended as a replacement shell field for accounts that have been disabled\&.
+.PP
+To disable all logins, investigate
+\fBnologin\fR(5)\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBSSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND\fR
+is populated it will be logged\&.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnologin\fR(5)\&.
+.SH "HISTORY"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnologin\fR
+command appeared in BSD 4\&.4\&.
diff --git a/man/man8/pwck.8 b/man/man8/pwck.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aacc2e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/pwck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: pwck
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "PWCK" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+pwck \- verify integrity of password files
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBpwck\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwck\fR [options] [\fIpasswd\fR\ [\ \fIshadow\fR\ ]]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwck\fR
+command verifies the integrity of the users and authentication information\&. It checks that all entries in
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow
+have the proper format and contain valid data\&. The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors\&.
+.PP
+Checks are made to verify that each entry has:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+the correct number of fields
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a unique and valid user name
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid user and group identifier
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid primary group
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid home directory
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid login shell
+.RE
+.PP
+shadow
+checks are enabled when a second file parameter is specified or when
+/etc/shadow
+exists on the system\&.
+.PP
+These checks are the following:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+every passwd entry has a matching shadow entry, and every shadow entry has a matching passwd entry
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+passwords are specified in the shadowed file
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+shadow entries have the correct number of fields
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+shadow entries are unique in shadow
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+the last password changes are not in the future
+.RE
+.PP
+The checks for correct number of fields and unique user name are fatal\&. If the entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete the entire line\&. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed\&. An entry with a duplicated user name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made\&. All other errors are warning and the user is encouraged to run the
+\fBusermod\fR
+command to correct the error\&.
+.PP
+The commands which operate on the
+/etc/passwd
+file are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries\&.
+\fBpwck\fR
+should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entry\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR
+and
+\fB\-s\fR
+options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpwck\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+Report errors only\&. The warnings which do not require any action from the user won\*(Aqt be displayed\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-read\-only\fR
+.RS 4
+Execute the
+\fBpwck\fR
+command in read\-only mode\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sort\fR
+.RS 4
+Sort entries in
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow
+by UID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+By default,
+\fBpwck\fR
+operates on the files
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow\&. The user may select alternate files with the
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and
+\fIshadow\fR
+parameters\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The maximum number of days a password may be used\&. If the password is older than this, a password change will be forced\&. If not specified, \-1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The minimum number of days allowed between password changes\&. Any password changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected\&. If not specified, \-1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The number of days warning given before a password expires\&. A zero means warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no warning is given\&. If not specified, no warning will be provided\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Secure user account information\&.
+.RE
+.SH "EXIT VALUES"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwck\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+one or more bad password entries
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt open password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt lock password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt sort password files
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man8/pwconv.8 b/man/man8/pwconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a63a95d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/pwconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: pwconv
+.\"    Author: Marek Michałkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "PWCONV" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+pwconv, pwunconv, grpconv, grpunconv \- convert to and from shadow passwords and groups
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBpwconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwconv\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBpwunconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwunconv\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBgrpconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpconv\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBgrpunconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpunconv\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIshadow\fR
+from
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and an optionally existing
+\fIshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwunconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIpasswd\fR
+from
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and
+\fIshadow\fR
+and then removes
+\fIshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIgshadow\fR
+from
+\fIgroup\fR
+and an optionally existing
+\fIgshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpunconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIgroup\fR
+from
+\fIgroup\fR
+and
+\fIgshadow\fR
+and then removes
+\fIgshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+These four programs all operate on the normal and shadow password and group files:
+/etc/passwd,
+/etc/group,
+/etc/shadow, and
+/etc/gshadow\&.
+.PP
+Each program acquires the necessary locks before conversion\&.
+\fBpwconv\fR
+and
+\fBgrpconv\fR
+are similar\&. First, entries in the shadowed file which don\*(Aqt exist in the main file are removed\&. Then, shadowed entries which don\*(Aqt have `x\*(Aq as the password in the main file are updated\&. Any missing shadowed entries are added\&. Finally, passwords in the main file are replaced with `x\*(Aq\&. These programs can be used for initial conversion as well to update the shadowed file if the main file is edited by hand\&.
+.PP
+\fBpwconv\fR
+will use the values of
+\fIPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR,
+\fIPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR, and
+\fIPASS_WARN_AGE\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs
+when adding new entries to
+/etc/shadow\&.
+.PP
+Likewise
+\fBpwunconv\fR
+and
+\fBgrpunconv\fR
+are similar\&. Passwords in the main file are updated from the shadowed file\&. Entries which exist in the main file but not in the shadowed file are left alone\&. Finally, the shadowed file is removed\&. Some password aging information is lost by
+\fBpwunconv\fR\&. It will convert what it can\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpwconv\fR,
+\fBpwunconv\fR,
+\fBgrpconv\fR, and
+\fBgrpunconv\fR
+commands are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.SH "BUGS"
+.PP
+Errors in the password or group files (such as invalid or duplicate entries) may cause these programs to loop forever or fail in other strange ways\&. Please run
+\fBpwck\fR
+and
+\fBgrpck\fR
+to correct any such errors before converting to or from shadow passwords or groups\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+changes the behavior of
+\fBgrpconv\fR
+and
+\fBgrpunconv\fR:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of
+\fBpwconv\fR:
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The maximum number of days a password may be used\&. If the password is older than this, a password change will be forced\&. If not specified, \-1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The minimum number of days allowed between password changes\&. Any password changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected\&. If not specified, \-1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The number of days warning given before a password expires\&. A zero means warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no warning is given\&. If not specified, no warning will be provided\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man8/pwunconv.8 b/man/man8/pwunconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/pwunconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/man8/sulogin.8 b/man/man8/sulogin.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37f25bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/sulogin.8
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: sulogin
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "SULOGIN" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+sulogin \- Single\-user login
+.SH "SYNTAX"
+.PP
+\fBsulogin\fR
+[\fItty\-device\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsulogin\fR
+command is invoked by
+\fBinit\fR
+prior to allowing the user access to the system when in single user mode\&. This feature may only be available on certain systems where
+\fBinit\fR
+has been modified accordingly, or where the
+/etc/inittab
+has an entry for a single user login\&.
+.PP
+The user is prompted
+.PP
+Type control\-d to proceed with normal startup,
+(or give root password for system maintenance):
+.PP
+Input and output will be performed with the standard file descriptors unless the optional device name argument is provided\&.
+.PP
+If the user enters the correct root password, a login session is initiated\&. When
+\fIEOF\fR
+is pressed instead, the system enters multi\-user mode\&.
+.PP
+After the user exits the single\-user shell, or presses
+\fIEOF\fR, the system begins the initialization process required to enter multi\-user mode\&.
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+This command can only be used if
+\fBinit\fR
+has been modified to call
+\fBsulogin\fR
+instead of
+/bin/sh, or if the user has set the
+\fIinittab\fR
+to support a single user login\&. For example, the line:
+.PP
+co:s:respawn:/etc/sulogin /dev/console
+.PP
+should execute the sulogin command in single user mode\&.
+.PP
+As complete an environment as possible is created\&. However, various devices may be unmounted or uninitialized and many of the user commands may be unavailable or nonfunctional as a result\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Secure user account information\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1),
+\fBinit\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man8/useradd.8 b/man/man8/useradd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21426cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/useradd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: useradd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "USERADD" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+useradd \- create a new user or update default new user information
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
+\fBuseradd\fR [\fIoptions\fR] \fILOGIN\fR
+.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
+\fBuseradd\fR \-D
+.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
+\fBuseradd\fR \-D [\fIoptions\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+When invoked without the
+\fB\-D\fR
+option, the
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command creates a new user account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system\&. Depending on command line options, the
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command will update system files and may also create the new user\*(Aqs home directory and copy initial files\&.
+.PP
+By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see
+\fB\-g\fR,
+\fB\-N\fR,
+\fB\-U\fR, and
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR)\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-base\-dir\fR\ \&\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The default base directory for the system if
+\fB\-d\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+is not specified\&.
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+is concatenated with the account name to define the home directory\&. If the
+\fB\-m\fR
+option is not used,
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+must exist\&.
+.sp
+If this option is not specified,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will use the base directory specified by the
+\fBHOME\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or
+/home
+by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-comment\fR\ \&\fICOMMENT\fR
+.RS 4
+Any text string\&. It is generally a short description of the login, and is currently used as the field for the user\*(Aqs full name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-home\-dir\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The new user will be created using
+\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+as the value for the user\*(Aqs login directory\&. The default is to append the
+\fILOGIN\fR
+name to
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+and use that as the login directory name\&. The directory
+\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+does not have to exist but will not be created if it is missing\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-defaults\fR
+.RS 4
+See below, the subsection "Changing the default values"\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+The date on which the user account will be disabled\&. The date is specified in the format
+\fIYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR\&.
+.sp
+If not specified,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will use the default expiry date specified by the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or an empty string (no expiry) by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently disabled\&. A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has expired, and a value of \-1 disables the feature\&.
+.sp
+If not specified,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will use the default inactivity period specified by the
+\fBINACTIVE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or \-1 by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+The group name or number of the user\*(Aqs initial login group\&. The group name must exist\&. A group number must refer to an already existing group\&.
+.sp
+If not specified, the behavior of
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will depend on the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&. If this variable is set to
+\fIyes\fR
+(or
+\fB\-U/\-\-user\-group\fR
+is specified on the command line), a group will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname\&. If the variable is set to
+\fIno\fR
+(or
+\fB\-N/\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
+is specified on the command line), useradd will set the primary group of the new user to the value specified by the
+\fBGROUP\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or 100 by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-groups\fR\ \&\fIGROUP1\fR[\fI,GROUP2,\&.\&.\&.\fR[\fI,GROUPN\fR]]]
+.RS 4
+A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of\&. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace\&. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option\&. The default is for the user to belong only to the initial group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-skel\fR\ \&\fISKEL_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in the user\*(Aqs home directory, when the home directory is created by
+\fBuseradd\fR\&.
+.sp
+This option is only valid if the
+\fB\-m\fR
+(or
+\fB\-\-create\-home\fR) option is specified\&.
+.sp
+If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the
+\fBSKEL\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd
+or, by default,
+/etc/skel\&.
+.sp
+If possible, the ACLs and extended attributes are copied\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-K\fR, \fB\-\-key\fR\ \&\fIKEY\fR=\fIVALUE\fR
+.RS 4
+Overrides
+/etc/login\&.defs
+defaults (\fBUID_MIN\fR,
+\fBUID_MAX\fR,
+\fBUMASK\fR,
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR
+and others)\&.
+
+Example:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR=\fI\-1\fR
+can be used when creating system account to turn off password aging, even though system account has no password at all\&. Multiple
+\fB\-K\fR
+options can be specified, e\&.g\&.:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIUID_MIN\fR=\fI100\fR\ \&
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIUID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-no\-log\-init\fR
+.RS 4
+Do not add the user to the lastlog and faillog databases\&.
+.sp
+By default, the user\*(Aqs entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are reset to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-create\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+Create the user\*(Aqs home directory if it does not exist\&. The files and directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with the
+\fB\-k\fR
+option) will be copied to the home directory\&.
+.sp
+By default, if this option is not specified and
+\fBCREATE_HOME\fR
+is not enabled, no home directories are created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-no\-create\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+Do no create the user\*(Aqs home directory, even if the system wide setting from
+/etc/login\&.defs
+(\fBCREATE_HOME\fR) is set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to the group specified by the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option or by the
+\fBGROUP\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.sp
+The default behavior (if the
+\fB\-g\fR,
+\fB\-N\fR, and
+\fB\-U\fR
+options are not specified) is defined by the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+Allow the creation of a user account with a duplicate (non\-unique) UID\&.
+.sp
+This option is only valid in combination with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&. The default is to disable the password\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+You should make sure the password respects the system\*(Aqs password policy\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+Create a system account\&.
+.sp
+System users will be created with no aging information in
+/etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+/etc/login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-\fBUID_MAX\fR
+(and their
+\fBGID\fR
+counterparts for the creation of groups)\&.
+.sp
+Note that
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will not create a home directory for such a user, regardless of the default setting in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+(\fBCREATE_HOME\fR)\&. You have to specify the
+\fB\-m\fR
+options if you want a home directory for a system account to be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the user\*(Aqs login shell\&. The default is to leave this field blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified by the
+\fBSHELL\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or an empty string by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-uid\fR\ \&\fIUID\fR
+.RS 4
+The numerical value of the user\*(Aqs ID\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+and greater than every other user\&.
+.sp
+See also the
+\fB\-r\fR
+option and the
+\fBUID_MAX\fR
+description\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-U\fR, \fB\-\-user\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+Create a group with the same name as the user, and add the user to this group\&.
+.sp
+The default behavior (if the
+\fB\-g\fR,
+\fB\-N\fR, and
+\fB\-U\fR
+options are not specified) is defined by the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR\ \&\fISEUSER\fR
+.RS 4
+The SELinux user for the user\*(Aqs login\&. The default is to leave this field blank, which causes the system to select the default SELinux user\&.
+.RE
+.SS "Changing the default values"
+.PP
+When invoked with only the
+\fB\-D\fR
+option,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will display the current default values\&. When invoked with
+\fB\-D\fR
+plus other options,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will update the default values for the specified options\&. Valid default\-changing options are:
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-base\-dir\fR\ \&\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The path prefix for a new user\*(Aqs home directory\&. The user\*(Aqs name will be affixed to the end of
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+to form the new user\*(Aqs home directory name, if the
+\fB\-d\fR
+option is not used when creating a new account\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBHOME\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+The date on which the user account is disabled\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+The number of days after a password has expired before the account will be disabled\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBINACTIVE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+The group name or ID for a new user\*(Aqs initial group (when the
+\fB\-N/\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
+is used or when the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable is set to
+\fIno\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs)\&. The named group must exist, and a numerical group ID must have an existing entry\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBGROUP\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of a new user\*(Aqs login shell\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBSHELL\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.SH "NOTES"
+.PP
+The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files in the
+/etc/skel/
+directory (or any other skeleton directory specified in
+/etc/default/useradd
+or on the command line)\&.
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+You may not add a user to a NIS or LDAP group\&. This must be performed on the corresponding server\&.
+.PP
+Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such as NIS or LDAP,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will deny the user account creation request\&.
+.PP
+Usernames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes\&. They can end with a dollar sign\&. In regular expression terms: [a\-z_][a\-z0\-9_\-]*[$]?
+.PP
+Usernames may only be up to 32 characters long\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCREATE_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if a home directory should be created by default for new users\&.
+.sp
+This setting does not apply to system users, and can be overridden on the command line\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
+\fBUMASK\fR
+is used to create the mode\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The mail spool directory\&. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its corresponding user account is modified or deleted\&. If not specified, a compile\-time default is used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The maximum number of days a password may be used\&. If the password is older than this, a password change will be forced\&. If not specified, \-1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The minimum number of days allowed between password changes\&. Any password changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected\&. If not specified, \-1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The number of days warning given before a password expires\&. A zero means warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no warning is given\&. If not specified, no warning will be provided\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value\&. If not specified, the mask will be initialized to 022\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits (examples: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) for non\-root users, if the uid is the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Secure user account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Secure group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/default/useradd
+.RS 4
+Default values for account creation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/skel/
+.RS 4
+Directory containing default files\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.SH "EXIT VALUES"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+UID already in use (and no
+\fB\-o\fR)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+username already in use
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt create home directory
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI14\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update SELinux user mapping
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man8/userdel.8 b/man/man8/userdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ada52f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/userdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: userdel
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "USERDEL" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+userdel \- delete a user account and related files
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBuserdel\fR\ 'u
+\fBuserdel\fR [options] \fILOGIN\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to the user name
+\fILOGIN\fR\&. The named user must exist\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+This option forces the removal of the user account, even if the user is still logged in\&. It also forces
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to remove the user\*(Aqs home directory and mail spool, even if another user uses the same home directory or if the mail spool is not owned by the specified user\&. If
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+is defined to
+\fIyes\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+and if a group exists with the same name as the deleted user, then this group will be removed, even if it is still the primary group of another user\&.
+.sp
+\fINote:\fR
+This option is dangerous and may leave your system in an inconsistent state\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-remove\fR
+.RS 4
+Files in the user\*(Aqs home directory will be removed along with the home directory itself and the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&. Files located in other file systems will have to be searched for and deleted manually\&.
+.sp
+The mail spool is defined by the
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+variable in the
+login\&.defs
+file\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove any SELinux user mapping for the user\*(Aqs login\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The mail spool directory\&. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its corresponding user account is modified or deleted\&. If not specified, a compile\-time default is used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERDEL_CMD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, this command is run when removing a user\&. It should remove any at/cron/print jobs etc\&. owned by the user to be removed (passed as the first argument)\&.
+.sp
+The return code of the script is not taken into account\&.
+.sp
+Here is an example script, which removes the user\*(Aqs cron, at and print jobs:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+#! /bin/sh
+
+# Check for the required argument\&.
+if [ $# != 1 ]; then
+	echo "Usage: $0 username"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Remove cron jobs\&.
+crontab \-r \-u $1
+
+# Remove at jobs\&.
+# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,
+# even if it was shared by a different username\&.
+AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs
+find $AT_SPOOL_DIR \-name "[^\&.]*" \-type f \-user $1 \-delete \e;
+
+# Remove print jobs\&.
+lprm $1
+
+# All done\&.
+exit 0
+      
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.sp
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits (examples: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) for non\-root users, if the uid is the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Secure user account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "EXIT VALUES"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified user doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI8\fR
+.RS 4
+user currently logged in
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt remove home directory
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will not allow you to remove an account if there are running processes which belong to this account\&. In that case, you may have to kill those processes or lock the user\*(Aqs password or account and remove the account later\&. The
+\fB\-f\fR
+option can force the deletion of this account\&.
+.PP
+You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain owned by this user\&.
+.PP
+You may not remove any NIS attributes on a NIS client\&. This must be performed on the NIS server\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+is defined to
+\fIyes\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will delete the group with the same name as the user\&. To avoid inconsistencies in the passwd and group databases,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will check that this group is not used as a primary group for another user, and will just warn without deleting the group otherwise\&. The
+\fB\-f\fR
+option can force the deletion of this group\&.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man8/usermod.8 b/man/man8/usermod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea9adce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/usermod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: usermod
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "USERMOD" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+usermod \- modify a user account
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBusermod\fR\ 'u
+\fBusermod\fR [\fIoptions\fR] \fILOGIN\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBusermod\fR
+command modifies the system account files to reflect the changes that are specified on the command line\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBusermod\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-append\fR
+.RS 4
+Add the user to the supplementary group(s)\&. Use only with the
+\fB\-G\fR
+option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-badnames\fR
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-comment\fR\ \&\fICOMMENT\fR
+.RS 4
+The new value of the user\*(Aqs password file comment field\&. It is normally modified using the
+\fBchfn\fR(1)
+utility\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-home\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The user\*(Aqs new login directory\&.
+.sp
+If the
+\fB\-m\fR
+option is given, the contents of the current home directory will be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it does not already exist\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+The date on which the user account will be disabled\&. The date is specified in the format
+\fIYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR\&.
+.sp
+An empty
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+argument will disable the expiration of the account\&.
+.sp
+This option requires a
+/etc/shadow
+file\&. A
+/etc/shadow
+entry will be created if there were none\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently disabled\&.
+.sp
+A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has expired, and a value of \-1 disables the feature\&.
+.sp
+This option requires a
+/etc/shadow
+file\&. A
+/etc/shadow
+entry will be created if there were none\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+The group name or number of the user\*(Aqs new initial login group\&. The group must exist\&.
+.sp
+Any file from the user\*(Aqs home directory owned by the previous primary group of the user will be owned by this new group\&.
+.sp
+The group ownership of files outside of the user\*(Aqs home directory must be fixed manually\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-groups\fR\ \&\fIGROUP1\fR[\fI,GROUP2,\&.\&.\&.\fR[\fI,GROUPN\fR]]]
+.RS 4
+A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of\&. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace\&. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option\&.
+.sp
+If the user is currently a member of a group which is not listed, the user will be removed from the group\&. This behaviour can be changed via the
+\fB\-a\fR
+option, which appends the user to the current supplementary group list\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR\ \&\fINEW_LOGIN\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the user will be changed from
+\fILOGIN\fR
+to
+\fINEW_LOGIN\fR\&. Nothing else is changed\&. In particular, the user\*(Aqs home directory or mail spool should probably be renamed manually to reflect the new login name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-lock\fR
+.RS 4
+Lock a user\*(Aqs password\&. This puts a \*(Aq!\*(Aq in front of the encrypted password, effectively disabling the password\&. You can\*(Aqt use this option with
+\fB\-p\fR
+or
+\fB\-U\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: if you wish to lock the account (not only access with a password), you should also set the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+to
+\fI1\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-move\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+Move the content of the user\*(Aqs home directory to the new location\&.
+.sp
+This option is only valid in combination with the
+\fB\-d\fR
+(or
+\fB\-\-home\fR) option\&.
+.sp
+\fBusermod\fR
+will try to adapt the ownership of the files and to copy the modes, ACL and extended attributes, but manual changes might be needed afterwards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+When used with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option, this option allows to change the user ID to a non\-unique value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+You should make sure the password respects the system\*(Aqs password policy\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the user\*(Aqs new login shell\&. Setting this field to blank causes the system to select the default login shell\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-uid\fR\ \&\fIUID\fR
+.RS 4
+The new numerical value of the user\*(Aqs ID\&.
+.sp
+This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&.
+.sp
+The user\*(Aqs mailbox, and any files which the user owns and which are located in the user\*(Aqs home directory will have the file user ID changed automatically\&.
+.sp
+The ownership of files outside of the user\*(Aqs home directory must be fixed manually\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to the
+\fBUID_MIN\fR,
+\fBUID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR, or
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-U\fR, \fB\-\-unlock\fR
+.RS 4
+Unlock a user\*(Aqs password\&. This removes the \*(Aq!\*(Aq in front of the encrypted password\&. You can\*(Aqt use this option with
+\fB\-p\fR
+or
+\fB\-L\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: if you wish to unlock the account (not only access with a password), you should also set the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+(for example to
+\fI99999\fR, or to the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+value from
+/etc/default/useradd)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-add\-subuids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a range of subordinate uids to the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a users account\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-V\fR, \fB\-\-del\-subuids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove a range of subordinate uids from the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a users account\&. When both
+\fB\-\-del\-subuids\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-add\-subuids\fR
+are specified, the removal of all subordinate uid ranges happens before any subordinate uid range is added\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-add\-subgids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a range of subordinate gids to the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a users account\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-del\-subgids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove a range of subordinate gids from the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a users account\&. When both
+\fB\-\-del\-subgids\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-add\-subgids\fR
+are specified, the removal of all subordinate gid ranges happens before any subordinate gid range is added\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR\ \&\fISEUSER\fR
+.RS 4
+The new SELinux user for the user\*(Aqs login\&.
+.sp
+A blank
+\fISEUSER\fR
+will remove the SELinux user mapping for user
+\fILOGIN\fR
+(if any)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes when this command is being executed if the user\*(Aqs numerical user ID, the user\*(Aqs name, or the user\*(Aqs home directory is being changed\&.
+\fBusermod\fR
+checks this on Linux\&. On other platforms it only uses utmp to check if the user is logged in\&.
+.PP
+You must change the owner of any
+\fBcrontab\fR
+files or
+\fBat\fR
+jobs manually\&.
+.PP
+You must make any changes involving NIS on the NIS server\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The mail spool directory\&. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its corresponding user account is modified or deleted\&. If not specified, a compile\-time default is used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Secure group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Secure user account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/man8/vigr.8 b/man/man8/vigr.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff72d7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/vigr.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/vipw.8
diff --git a/man/man8/vipw.8 b/man/man8/vipw.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8f175e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/man8/vipw.8
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: vipw
+.\"    Author: Marek Michałkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: System Management Commands
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: English
+.\"
+.TH "VIPW" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "System Management Commands"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAME"
+vipw, vigr \- edit the password, group, shadow\-password or shadow\-group file
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBvipw\fR\ 'u
+\fBvipw\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBvigr\fR\ 'u
+\fBvigr\fR [\fIoptions\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBvipw\fR
+and
+\fBvigr\fR
+commands edits the files
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/group, respectively\&. With the
+\fB\-s\fR
+flag, they will edit the shadow versions of those files,
+/etc/shadow
+and
+/etc/gshadow, respectively\&. The programs will set the appropriate locks to prevent file corruption\&. When looking for an editor, the programs will first try the environment variable
+\fB$VISUAL\fR, then the environment variable
+\fB$EDITOR\fR, and finally the default editor,
+\fBvi\fR(1)\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBvipw\fR
+and
+\fBvigr\fR
+commands are:
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+Edit group database\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Display help message and exit\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-passwd\fR
+.RS 4
+Edit passwd database\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+Quiet mode\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shadow\fR
+.RS 4
+Edit shadow or gshadow database\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ENVIRONMENT"
+.PP
+\fBVISUAL\fR
+.RS 4
+Editor to be used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBEDITOR\fR
+.RS 4
+Editor to be used if
+\fBVISUAL\fR
+is not set\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILES"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Secure group account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+User account information\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Secure user account information\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.PP
+\fBvi\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5)
+,
+\fBpasswd\fR(5), ,
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/newgidmap.1.xml b/man/newgidmap.1.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5fff36f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/newgidmap.1.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 2013 Eric W. Biederman
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+
+<refentry id='newgidmap.1'>
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Eric</firstname>
+      <surname>Biederman</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 2013</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>newgidmap</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">User Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>newgidmap</refname>
+    <refpurpose>set the gid mapping of a user namespace</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>newgidmap</command>
+      <arg choice='plain'>
+	<replaceable>pid</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='plain'>
+	<replaceable>gid</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='plain'>
+	<replaceable>lowergid</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='plain'>
+	<replaceable>count</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<arg choice='plain'>
+	  <replaceable>gid</replaceable>
+	</arg>
+	<arg choice='plain'>
+	  <replaceable>lowergid</replaceable>
+	</arg>
+	<arg choice='plain'>
+	  <replaceable>count</replaceable>
+	</arg>
+	<arg choice='opt'>
+	  <replaceable>...</replaceable>
+	</arg>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>newgidmap</command> sets <filename>/proc/[pid]/gid_map</filename> based on its
+      command line arguments and the gids allowed in <filename>/etc/subgid</filename>.
+      Note that the root user is not exempted from the requirement for a valid
+      <filename>/etc/subgid</filename> entry.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      After the pid argument, <command>newgidmap</command> expects sets of 3 integers:
+      <variablelist>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term>gid</term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>
+	      Beginning of the range of GIDs inside the user namespace.
+	    </para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term>lowergid</term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>
+	      Beginning of the range of GIDs outside the user namespace.
+	    </para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term>count</term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>
+	      Length of the ranges (both inside and outside the user namespace).
+	    </para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+      </variablelist>
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      <command>newgidmap</command> verifies that the caller is the owner
+      of the process indicated by <option>pid</option> and that for each
+      of the above sets, each of the GIDs in the range [lowergid,
+      lowergid+count] is allowed to the caller according to
+      <filename>/etc/subgid</filename> before setting
+      <filename>/proc/[pid]/gid_map</filename>.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      Note that newgidmap may be used only once for a given process.
+    </para>
+
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      There currently are no options to the <command>newgidmap</command> command.
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/subgid</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>List of user's subordinate group IDs.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/proc/[pid]/gid_map</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Mapping of gids from one between user namespaces.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/newgrp.1.xml b/man/newgrp.1.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62f0625
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/newgrp.1.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991       , Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY SYSLOG_SG_ENAB        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SYSLOG_SG_ENAB.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='newgrp.1'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1991</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">User Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>newgrp</refname>
+    <refpurpose>log in to a new group</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <!-- body begins here -->
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>newgrp</command>    <arg choice='opt'>- </arg>
+      <arg choice='opt'><replaceable>group</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+  <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>newgrp</command> command is used to change the current
+      group ID during a login session. If the optional <option>-</option>
+      flag is given, the user's environment will be reinitialized as though
+      the user had logged in, otherwise the current environment, including
+      current working directory, remains unchanged.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      <command>newgrp</command> changes the current real group ID to the
+      named group, or to the default group listed in
+      <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> if no group name is given. 
+      <command>newgrp</command> also tries to add the group to the user
+      groupset. If not root, the user will be prompted for a password if she
+      does not have a password (in <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> if this
+      user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in
+      <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> otherwise) and the group does, or if
+      the user is not listed as a member and the group has a password. The
+      user will be denied access if the group password is empty and the user
+      is not listed as a member.
+    </para>
+
+    <para condition="gshadow">
+      If there is an entry for this group in
+      <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, then the list of members and the
+      password of this group will be taken from this file, otherwise, the
+      entry in <filename>/etc/group</filename> is considered.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &SYSLOG_SG_ENAB;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure user account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/group</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Group account information.</para>
+	 </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="gshadow">
+	<term><filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry><phrase condition="gshadow">,
+	<citerefentry condition="gshadow">
+	  <refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+	</citerefentry>
+      </phrase>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/newuidmap.1.xml b/man/newuidmap.1.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..faa2373
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/newuidmap.1.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 2013 Eric W. Biederman
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+
+<refentry id='newuidmap.1'>
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Eric</firstname>
+      <surname>Biederman</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 2013</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>newuidmap</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">User Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>newuidmap</refname>
+    <refpurpose>set the uid mapping of a user namespace</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>newuidmap</command>
+      <arg choice='plain'>
+	<replaceable>pid</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='plain'>
+	<replaceable>uid</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='plain'>
+	<replaceable>loweruid</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='plain'>
+	<replaceable>count</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<arg choice='plain'>
+	  <replaceable>uid</replaceable>
+	</arg>
+	<arg choice='plain'>
+	  <replaceable>loweruid</replaceable>
+	</arg>
+	<arg choice='plain'>
+	  <replaceable>count</replaceable>
+	</arg>
+	<arg choice='opt'>
+	  <replaceable>...</replaceable>
+	</arg>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>newuidmap</command> sets <filename>/proc/[pid]/uid_map</filename> based on its
+      command line arguments and the uids allowed in <filename>/etc/subuid</filename>.
+      Note that the root user is not exempted from the requirement for a valid
+      <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> entry.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      After the pid argument, <command>newuidmap</command> expects sets of 3 integers:
+      <variablelist>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term>uid</term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>
+	      Beginning of the range of UIDs inside the user namespace.
+	    </para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term>loweruid</term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>
+	      Beginning of the range of UIDs outside the user namespace.
+	    </para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term>count</term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>
+	      Length of the ranges (both inside and outside the user namespace).
+	    </para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+      </variablelist>
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      <command>newuidmap</command> verifies that the caller is the owner
+      of the process indicated by <option>pid</option> and that for each
+      of the above sets, each of the UIDs in the range [loweruid,
+      loweruid+count] is allowed to the caller according to
+      <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> before setting
+      <filename>/proc/[pid]/uid_map</filename>.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      Note that newuidmap may be used only once for a given process.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      There currently are no options to the <command>newuidmap</command> command.
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/subuid</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>List of user's subordinate user IDs.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/proc/[pid]/uid_map</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Mapping of uids from one between user namespaces.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>subuid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/newusers.8.xml b/man/newusers.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..13307cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/newusers.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,486 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY ENCRYPT_METHOD        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENCRYPT_METHOD.xml">
+<!ENTITY GID_MAX               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/GID_MAX.xml">
+<!ENTITY HOME_MODE             SYSTEM "login.defs.d/HOME_MODE.xml">
+<!ENTITY MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP.xml">
+<!ENTITY MD5_CRYPT_ENAB        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_MAX_DAYS         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_MAX_DAYS.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_MIN_DAYS         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_MIN_DAYS.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_WARN_AGE         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_WARN_AGE.xml">
+<!ENTITY SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS  SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS.xml">
+<!ENTITY SUB_GID_COUNT         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SUB_GID_COUNT.xml">
+<!ENTITY SUB_UID_COUNT         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SUB_UID_COUNT.xml">
+<!ENTITY SYS_GID_MAX           SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SYS_GID_MAX.xml">
+<!ENTITY SYS_UID_MAX           SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SYS_UID_MAX.xml">
+<!ENTITY UID_MAX               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/UID_MAX.xml">
+<!ENTITY UMASK                 SYSTEM "login.defs.d/UMASK.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+
+<refentry id='newusers.8'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1991</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>newusers</refname>
+    <refpurpose>update and create new users in batch</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <!-- body begins here -->
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>newusers</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>file</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>newusers</command> command reads a <replaceable>file</replaceable> (or the standard input by default)
+      and uses this information to update a set
+      of existing users or to create new users. Each line is in the same format
+      as the standard password file (see
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>) with the exceptions explained below:
+    </para>
+    <para>pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell</para>
+
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <emphasis remap='I'>pw_name</emphasis>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    This is the name of the user.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing
+	    user (or a user created before by
+	    <command>newusers</command>).  In case of an existing user,
+	    the user's information will be changed, otherwise a new user
+	    will be created.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <emphasis remap='I'>pw_passwd</emphasis>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    This field will be encrypted and used as the new value of the
+	    encrypted password.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <emphasis remap='I'>pw_uid</emphasis>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    This field is used to define the UID of the user.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined
+	    automatically by <command>newusers</command>.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If this field contains a number, this number will be used as
+	    the UID.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the
+	    name of a user created before by
+	    <command>newusers</command>), the UID of the specified user
+	    will be used.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If the UID of an existing user is changed, the files ownership
+	    of the user's file should be fixed manually.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <emphasis remap='I'>pw_gid</emphasis>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    This field is used to define the primary group ID for the user.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a
+	    group created before by <command>newusers</command>), the GID
+	    of this group will be used as the primary group ID for the
+	    user.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If this field is a number, this number will be used as the
+	    primary group ID of the user.  If no groups exist with this
+	    GID, a new group will be created with this GID, and the name
+	    of the user.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the
+	    name of the user and a GID will be automatically defined by
+	    <command>newusers</command> to be used as the primary group ID
+	    for the user and as the GID for the new group.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If this field contains the name of a group which does not
+	    exist (and was not created before by
+	    <command>newusers</command>), a new group will be created with
+	    the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by
+	    <command>newusers</command> to be used as the primary group ID
+	    for the user and GID for the new group.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <emphasis remap='I'>pw_gecos</emphasis>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    This field is copied in the GECOS field of the user.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <emphasis remap='I'>pw_dir</emphasis>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    This field is used to define the home directory of the user.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If this field does not specify an existing directory, the
+	    specified directory is created, with ownership set to the
+	    user being created or updated and its primary group.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If the home directory of an existing user is changed,
+	    <command>newusers</command> does not move or copy the content
+	    of the old directory to the new location. This should be done
+	    manually.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <emphasis remap='I'>pw_shell</emphasis>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    This field defines the shell of the user.
+	    No checks are performed on this field.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+
+    <para>
+      <command>newusers</command> first tries to create or change all the
+      specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group
+      databases. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the
+      databases), no changes are committed to the databases.
+    </para>
+    <para condition="pam">
+      During this first pass, users are created with a locked password
+      (and passwords are not changed for the users which are not created).
+      A second pass is used to update the passwords using PAM.  Failures
+      to update a password are reported, but will not stop the other
+      password updates.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      This command is intended to be used in a large system environment
+      where many accounts are updated at a single time.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>newusers</command> command are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>--badname</option>&nbsp;
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+        Allow names that do not conform to standards.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+    <variablelist remap='IP' condition="no_pam">
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Use the specified method to encrypt the passwords.</para>
+	  <para>
+	    The available methods are DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 or SHA512
+	    if your libc support these methods.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-r</option>, <option>--system</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Create a system account.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    System users will be created with no aging information in
+	    <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, and their numeric
+	    identifiers are chosen in the
+	    <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>
+	    range, defined in <filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of
+	    <option>UID_MIN</option>-<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their
+	    <option>GID</option> counterparts for the creation of groups).
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+    <variablelist remap='IP' condition="no_pam">
+      <varlistentry condition="sha_crypt">
+	<term><option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Use the specified number of rounds to encrypt the passwords.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The value 0 means that the system will choose the default
+	    number of rounds for the crypt method (5000).
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999
+	    will be enforced.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    You can only use this option with the SHA256 or SHA512
+	    crypt method.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    By default, the number of rounds is defined by the
+	    SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
+	    <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='caveats'>
+    <title>CAVEATS</title>
+    <para>
+      The input file must be protected since it contains unencrypted
+      passwords.
+    </para>
+    <para condition="no_pam">
+      You should make sure the passwords and the encryption method respect
+      the system's password policy.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist condition="no_pam">
+      &ENCRYPT_METHOD;
+    </variablelist>
+    <variablelist>
+      &GID_MAX; <!-- documents also GID_MIN -->
+      &HOME_MODE;
+      &MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP;
+    </variablelist>
+    <variablelist condition="no_pam">
+      &MD5_CRYPT_ENAB;
+    </variablelist>
+    <variablelist>
+      &PASS_MAX_DAYS;
+      &PASS_MIN_DAYS;
+      &PASS_WARN_AGE;
+    </variablelist>
+    <variablelist condition="no_pam">
+      &SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS; <!-- documents also SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS-->
+    </variablelist>
+    <variablelist>
+      &SUB_GID_COUNT; <!-- documents also SUB_GID_MAX and SUB_GID_MIN -->
+      &SUB_UID_COUNT; <!-- documents also SUB_UID_MAX and SUB_UID_MIN -->
+      &SYS_GID_MAX; <!-- documents also SYS_GID_MIN -->
+      &SYS_UID_MAX; <!-- documents also SYS_UID_MIN -->
+      &UID_MAX; <!-- documents also UID_MIN -->
+      &UMASK;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure user account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/group</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="gshadow">
+	<term><filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/login.defs</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Shadow password suite configuration.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="pam">
+	<term><filename>/etc/pam.d/newusers</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>PAM configuration for <command>newusers</command>.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="subids">
+	<term><filename>/etc/subgid</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Per user subordinate group IDs.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="subids">
+	<term><filename>/etc/subuid</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Per user subordinate user IDs.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <phrase condition="subids">
+	<citerefentry>
+	  <refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+	</citerefentry>,
+	<citerefentry>
+	  <refentrytitle>subuid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+	</citerefentry>,
+      </phrase>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/nologin.8.xml b/man/nologin.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30d4f1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/nologin.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1993       , The Regents of the University of California
+   Copyright (c) 2006 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='nologin.8'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>nologin</refname>
+    <refpurpose>politely refuse a login</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <!-- body begins here -->
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>nologin</command>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>nologin</command> command displays a message that an account
+      is not available and exits non-zero. It is intended as a replacement shell
+      field for accounts that have been disabled.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      To disable all logins, investigate
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      If <command>SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND</command> is populated it will be logged.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='history'>
+    <title>HISTORY</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>nologin</command> command appeared in BSD 4.4.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/passwd.1.xml b/man/passwd.1.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e8ba32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/passwd.1.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1989 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY ENCRYPT_METHOD        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENCRYPT_METHOD.xml">
+<!ENTITY MD5_CRYPT_ENAB        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB   SYSTEM "login.defs.d/OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_ALWAYS_WARN      SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_ALWAYS_WARN.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_CHANGE_TRIES     SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_CHANGE_TRIES.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_MAX_LEN          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_MAX_LEN.xml">
+<!ENTITY SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS  SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='passwd.1'>
+  <!--  $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1989</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">User Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>passwd</refname>
+    <refpurpose>change user password</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>passwd</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+        <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>passwd</command> command changes passwords for user accounts.
+      A normal user may only change the password for their own account, while
+      the superuser may change the password for any account.
+      <command>passwd</command> also changes the account or associated
+      password validity period.
+    </para>
+
+    <refsect2 id='password_changes'>
+      <title>Password Changes</title>
+      <para>
+	The user is first prompted for their old password, if one is
+	present. This password is then encrypted and compared against the
+	stored password. The user has only one chance to enter the correct
+	password. The superuser is permitted to bypass this step so that
+	forgotten passwords may be changed.
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+	After the password has been entered, password aging information is
+	checked to see if the user is permitted to change the password at
+	this time. If not, <command>passwd</command> refuses to change the
+	password and exits.
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+	The user is then prompted twice for a replacement password. The
+	second entry is compared against the first and both are required to
+	match in order for the password to be changed.
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+	Then, the password is tested for complexity. As a general guideline,
+	passwords should consist of 6 to 8 characters including one or more
+	characters from each of the following sets:
+      </para>
+
+      <itemizedlist mark='bullet'>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>lower case alphabetics</para>
+	</listitem>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>digits 0 thru 9</para>
+	</listitem>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>punctuation marks</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </itemizedlist>
+
+      <para>
+	Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill
+	characters. <command>passwd</command> will reject any password which
+	is not suitably complex.
+      </para>
+
+    </refsect2>
+
+    <refsect2 id='hints_for_user_passwords'>
+      <title>Hints for user passwords</title>
+      <para>
+	The security of a password depends upon the strength of the
+	encryption algorithm and the size of the key space. The legacy
+	<emphasis>UNIX</emphasis> System encryption method is based on the
+	NBS DES algorithm. More recent methods are now recommended (see
+	<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>). The size of the key space
+	depends upon the randomness of the password which is selected.
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+	Compromises in password security normally result from careless
+	password selection or handling. For this reason, you should not
+	select a password which appears in a dictionary or which must be
+	written down. The password should also not be a proper name, your
+	license number, birth date, or street address. Any of these may be
+	used as guesses to violate system security.
+      </para>
+
+      <para>
+	You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on
+	http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength
+      </para>
+    </refsect2>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>passwd</command> command are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    This option can be used only with <option>-S</option> and causes show
+	    status for all users.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Delete a user's password (make it empty). This is a quick way
+	    to disable a password for an account. It will set the named
+	    account passwordless.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Immediately expire an account's password. This in effect can
+	    force a user to change their password at the user's next login.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    This option is used to disable an account after the password has
+	    been expired for a number of days. After a user account has had
+	    an expired password for <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable>
+	    days, the user may no longer sign on to the account.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Indicate password change should be performed only for expired
+	    authentication tokens (passwords). The user wishes to keep their
+	    non-expired tokens as before.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-l</option>, <option>--lock</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Lock the password of the named account. This option disables a
+	    password by changing it to a value which matches no possible
+	    encrypted value (it adds a ´!´ at the beginning of the
+	    password).
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Note that this does not disable the account. The user may
+	    still be able to login using another authentication token
+	    (e.g. an SSH key). To disable the account, administrators
+	    should use <command>usermod --expiredate 1</command> (this set
+	    the account's expire date to Jan 2, 1970).
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Users with a locked password are not allowed to change their
+	    password.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-n</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+	    <replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>. A value of zero for this field
+	    indicates that the user may change their password at any time.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Quiet mode.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-r</option>, <option>--repository</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    change password in <replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable> repository
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-S</option>, <option>--status</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Display account status information. The status information
+	    consists of 7 fields. The first field is the user's login name. 
+	    The second field indicates if the user account has a locked
+	    password (L),
+	    has no password (NP), or has a usable password (P). The third
+	    field gives the date of the last password change. The next four
+	    fields are the minimum age, maximum age, warning period, and
+	    inactivity period for the password. These ages are expressed in
+	    days.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-u</option>, <option>--unlock</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Unlock the password of the named account. This option
+	    re-enables a password by changing the password back to its
+	    previous value (to the value before using the
+	    <option>-l</option> option).
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Set the number of days of warning before a password change is
+	    required. The <replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is
+	    the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user
+	    will be warned that their password is about to expire.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-x</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid. After
+	    <replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable>, the password is required
+	    to be changed.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Passing the number <emphasis remap='I'>-1</emphasis> as
+	    <replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> will remove checking a
+	    password's validity.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='caveats'>
+    <title>CAVEATS</title>
+    <para>
+      Password complexity checking may
+      vary from site to site. The user is urged to select a password as
+      complex as he or she feels comfortable with.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      Users may not be able to 
+      change their password on a system if NIS is enabled and they are not 
+      logged into the NIS server.
+    </para>
+    <para condition="pam">
+      <command>passwd</command> uses PAM to authenticate users and to
+      change their passwords.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration' condition="no_pam">
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &ENCRYPT_METHOD;
+      &MD5_CRYPT_ENAB;
+      &OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB;
+      &PASS_ALWAYS_WARN;
+      &PASS_CHANGE_TRIES;
+      &PASS_MAX_LEN; <!-- documents also PASS_MIN_LEN -->
+      &SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure user account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="no_pam">
+	<term><filename>/etc/login.defs</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Shadow password suite configuration.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="pam">
+	<term><filename>/etc/pam.d/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>PAM configuration for <command>passwd</command>.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='exit_values'>
+    <title>EXIT VALUES</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>passwd</command> command exits with the following values:
+      <variablelist>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>0</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>success</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>1</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>permission denied</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>2</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>invalid combination of options</para>
+	    </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>3</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>unexpected failure, nothing done</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>4</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>unexpected failure, <filename>passwd</filename> file missing</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>5</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para><filename>passwd</filename> file busy, try again</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>6</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>invalid argument to option</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+      </variablelist>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>chpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <phrase condition="no_pam">
+	<citerefentry>
+	  <refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+	</citerefentry>,
+      </phrase>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/passwd.5.xml b/man/passwd.5.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7738d09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/passwd.5.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1989 - 1990, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='passwd.5'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1989</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">File Formats and Conversions</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>passwd</refname>
+    <refpurpose>the password file</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> contains one line for each
+      user account, with seven fields delimited by colons
+      (<quote>:</quote>).
+      These fields are:
+    </para>
+    <itemizedlist mark='bullet'>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>login name</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>optional encrypted password</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>numerical user ID</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>numerical group ID</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>user name or comment field</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>user home directory</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>optional user command interpreter</para>
+      </listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
+
+    <para>
+      If the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field is a lower-case
+      <quote>x</quote>, then the encrypted password is actually stored in the
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle>
+      <manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> file instead; there
+      <emphasis>must</emphasis> be a corresponding line in the
+      <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file, or else the user account is invalid. 
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The encrypted <emphasis>password</emphasis> field may be empty,
+      in which case no password is required to authenticate as the
+      specified login name. However, some applications which read the
+      <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file may decide not to permit
+      <emphasis>any</emphasis> access at all if the
+      <emphasis>password</emphasis> field is blank.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      A <emphasis>password</emphasis> field which starts with an
+      exclamation mark means that the password is locked.  The
+      remaining characters on the line represent the
+      <emphasis>password</emphasis> field before the password was
+      locked.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      Refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle>
+      <manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details on how
+      this string is interpreted.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      If the password field contains some string that is not a valid
+      result of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle>
+      <manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, for instance ! or *,
+      the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in
+      (but the user may log in the system by other means).
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle>
+      <manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The home directory field provides the name of the initial working
+      directory. The <command>login</command> program uses this information
+      to set the value of the <envar>$HOME</envar> environmental variable.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The command interpreter field provides the name of the user's command
+      language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute. 
+      The <command>login</command> program uses this information to set the
+      value of the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environmental variable. If this
+      field is empty, it defaults to the value <filename>/bin/sh</filename>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>optional encrypted password file</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd-</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Backup file for /etc/passwd.</para>
+	  <para>
+	    Note that this file is used by the tools of the shadow
+	    toolsuite, but not by all user and password management tools.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>getent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>getpwnam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/pl/Makefile.am b/man/pl/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..724d25f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+
+mandir = @mandir@/pl
+
+# 2012.01.28 - activate manpages with more than 50% translated messages
+man_MANS = \
+	man1/chage.1 \
+	man1/chsh.1 \
+	man1/expiry.1 \
+	man5/faillog.5 \
+	man8/faillog.8 \
+	man3/getspnam.3 \
+	man8/groupadd.8 \
+	man8/groupdel.8 \
+	man8/groupmems.8 \
+	man8/groupmod.8 \
+	man1/groups.1 \
+	man8/grpck.8 \
+	man8/lastlog.8 \
+	man8/logoutd.8 \
+	man1/newgrp.1 \
+	man1/sg.1 \
+	man3/shadow.3 \
+	man8/userdel.8 \
+	man8/usermod.8 \
+	man8/vigr.8 \
+	man8/vipw.8
+
+man_nopam = \
+	man5/porttime.5
+
+if !USE_PAM
+man_MANS += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+EXTRA_DIST = \
+	$(man_MANS) \
+	man1/id.1
+
+if USE_PAM
+EXTRA_DIST += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+include ../generate_translations.mak
+
diff --git a/man/pl/Makefile.in b/man/pl/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c9d408f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,768 @@
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+
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+
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+# with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
+
+# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law; without
+# even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
+# PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+
+@SET_MAKE@
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+am__base_list = \
+  sed '$$!N;$$!N;$$!N;$$!N;$$!N;$$!N;$$!N;s/\n/ /g' | \
+  sed '$$!N;$$!N;$$!N;$$!N;s/\n/ /g'
+am__uninstall_files_from_dir = { \
+  test -z "$$files" \
+    || { test ! -d "$$dir" && test ! -f "$$dir" && test ! -r "$$dir"; } \
+    || { echo " ( cd '$$dir' && rm -f" $$files ")"; \
+         $(am__cd) "$$dir" && rm -f $$files; }; \
+  }
+man1dir = $(mandir)/man1
+am__installdirs = "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)" "$(DESTDIR)$(man3dir)" \
+	"$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)" "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)"
+man3dir = $(mandir)/man3
+man5dir = $(mandir)/man5
+man8dir = $(mandir)/man8
+NROFF = nroff
+MANS = $(man_MANS)
+am__tagged_files = $(HEADERS) $(SOURCES) $(TAGS_FILES) $(LISP)
+am__DIST_COMMON = $(srcdir)/../generate_mans.mak \
+	$(srcdir)/../generate_translations.mak $(srcdir)/Makefile.in
+DISTFILES = $(DIST_COMMON) $(DIST_SOURCES) $(TEXINFOS) $(EXTRA_DIST)
+ACLOCAL = @ACLOCAL@
+AMTAR = @AMTAR@
+AM_DEFAULT_VERBOSITY = @AM_DEFAULT_VERBOSITY@
+AR = @AR@
+AUTOCONF = @AUTOCONF@
+AUTOHEADER = @AUTOHEADER@
+AUTOMAKE = @AUTOMAKE@
+AWK = @AWK@
+CC = @CC@
+CCDEPMODE = @CCDEPMODE@
+CFLAGS = @CFLAGS@
+CPP = @CPP@
+CPPFLAGS = @CPPFLAGS@
+CYGPATH_W = @CYGPATH_W@
+DEFS = @DEFS@
+DEPDIR = @DEPDIR@
+DLLTOOL = @DLLTOOL@
+DSYMUTIL = @DSYMUTIL@
+DUMPBIN = @DUMPBIN@
+ECHO_C = @ECHO_C@
+ECHO_N = @ECHO_N@
+ECHO_T = @ECHO_T@
+ECONF_CPPFLAGS = @ECONF_CPPFLAGS@
+EGREP = @EGREP@
+EXEEXT = @EXEEXT@
+FGREP = @FGREP@
+GETTEXT_MACRO_VERSION = @GETTEXT_MACRO_VERSION@
+GMSGFMT = @GMSGFMT@
+GMSGFMT_015 = @GMSGFMT_015@
+GREP = @GREP@
+GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH = @GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH@
+INSTALL = @INSTALL@
+INSTALL_DATA = @INSTALL_DATA@
+INSTALL_PROGRAM = @INSTALL_PROGRAM@
+INSTALL_SCRIPT = @INSTALL_SCRIPT@
+INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM = @INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM@
+INTLLIBS = @INTLLIBS@
+INTL_MACOSX_LIBS = @INTL_MACOSX_LIBS@
+LD = @LD@
+LDFLAGS = @LDFLAGS@
+LIBACL = @LIBACL@
+LIBATTR = @LIBATTR@
+LIBAUDIT = @LIBAUDIT@
+LIBCRACK = @LIBCRACK@
+LIBCRYPT = @LIBCRYPT@
+LIBECONF = @LIBECONF@
+LIBICONV = @LIBICONV@
+LIBINTL = @LIBINTL@
+LIBMD = @LIBMD@
+LIBOBJS = @LIBOBJS@
+LIBPAM = @LIBPAM@
+LIBS = @LIBS@
+LIBSELINUX = @LIBSELINUX@
+LIBSEMANAGE = @LIBSEMANAGE@
+LIBSKEY = @LIBSKEY@
+LIBTCB = @LIBTCB@
+LIBTOOL = @LIBTOOL@
+LIPO = @LIPO@
+LN_S = @LN_S@
+LTLIBICONV = @LTLIBICONV@
+LTLIBINTL = @LTLIBINTL@
+LTLIBOBJS = @LTLIBOBJS@
+LT_SYS_LIBRARY_PATH = @LT_SYS_LIBRARY_PATH@
+MAINT = @MAINT@
+MAKEINFO = @MAKEINFO@
+MANIFEST_TOOL = @MANIFEST_TOOL@
+MKDIR_P = @MKDIR_P@
+MSGFMT = @MSGFMT@
+MSGFMT_015 = @MSGFMT_015@
+MSGMERGE = @MSGMERGE@
+NM = @NM@
+NMEDIT = @NMEDIT@
+OBJDUMP = @OBJDUMP@
+OBJEXT = @OBJEXT@
+OTOOL = @OTOOL@
+OTOOL64 = @OTOOL64@
+PACKAGE = @PACKAGE@
+PACKAGE_BUGREPORT = @PACKAGE_BUGREPORT@
+PACKAGE_NAME = @PACKAGE_NAME@
+PACKAGE_STRING = @PACKAGE_STRING@
+PACKAGE_TARNAME = @PACKAGE_TARNAME@
+PACKAGE_URL = @PACKAGE_URL@
+PACKAGE_VERSION = @PACKAGE_VERSION@
+PATH_SEPARATOR = @PATH_SEPARATOR@
+POSUB = @POSUB@
+RANLIB = @RANLIB@
+SED = @SED@
+SET_MAKE = @SET_MAKE@
+SHELL = @SHELL@
+STRIP = @STRIP@
+USE_NLS = @USE_NLS@
+VENDORDIR = @VENDORDIR@
+VERSION = @VERSION@
+XGETTEXT = @XGETTEXT@
+XGETTEXT_015 = @XGETTEXT_015@
+XGETTEXT_EXTRA_OPTIONS = @XGETTEXT_EXTRA_OPTIONS@
+XMLCATALOG = @XMLCATALOG@
+XML_CATALOG_FILE = @XML_CATALOG_FILE@
+XSLTPROC = @XSLTPROC@
+YACC = @YACC@
+YFLAGS = @YFLAGS@
+abs_builddir = @abs_builddir@
+abs_srcdir = @abs_srcdir@
+abs_top_builddir = @abs_top_builddir@
+abs_top_srcdir = @abs_top_srcdir@
+ac_ct_AR = @ac_ct_AR@
+ac_ct_CC = @ac_ct_CC@
+ac_ct_DUMPBIN = @ac_ct_DUMPBIN@
+am__include = @am__include@
+am__leading_dot = @am__leading_dot@
+am__quote = @am__quote@
+am__tar = @am__tar@
+am__untar = @am__untar@
+bindir = @bindir@
+build = @build@
+build_alias = @build_alias@
+build_cpu = @build_cpu@
+build_os = @build_os@
+build_vendor = @build_vendor@
+builddir = @builddir@
+capcmd = @capcmd@
+datadir = @datadir@
+datarootdir = @datarootdir@
+docdir = @docdir@
+dvidir = @dvidir@
+exec_prefix = @exec_prefix@
+host = @host@
+host_alias = @host_alias@
+host_cpu = @host_cpu@
+host_os = @host_os@
+host_vendor = @host_vendor@
+htmldir = @htmldir@
+includedir = @includedir@
+infodir = @infodir@
+install_sh = @install_sh@
+libdir = @libdir@
+libexecdir = @libexecdir@
+localedir = @localedir@
+localstatedir = @localstatedir@
+mandir = @mandir@/pl
+mkdir_p = @mkdir_p@
+oldincludedir = @oldincludedir@
+pdfdir = @pdfdir@
+prefix = @prefix@
+program_transform_name = @program_transform_name@
+psdir = @psdir@
+runstatedir = @runstatedir@
+sbindir = @sbindir@
+sharedstatedir = @sharedstatedir@
+srcdir = @srcdir@
+sysconfdir = @sysconfdir@
+target_alias = @target_alias@
+top_build_prefix = @top_build_prefix@
+top_builddir = @top_builddir@
+top_srcdir = @top_srcdir@
+
+# 2012.01.28 - activate manpages with more than 50% translated messages
+man_MANS = man1/chage.1 man1/chsh.1 man1/expiry.1 man5/faillog.5 \
+	man8/faillog.8 man3/getspnam.3 man8/groupadd.8 man8/groupdel.8 \
+	man8/groupmems.8 man8/groupmod.8 man1/groups.1 man8/grpck.8 \
+	man8/lastlog.8 man8/logoutd.8 man1/newgrp.1 man1/sg.1 \
+	man3/shadow.3 man8/userdel.8 man8/usermod.8 man8/vigr.8 \
+	man8/vipw.8 $(am__append_1)
+man_nopam = \
+	man5/porttime.5
+
+EXTRA_DIST = $(man_MANS) man1/id.1 $(am__append_2)
+LANG = $(notdir $(CURDIR))
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@USE_PAM_FALSE@PAM_COND = no_pam
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@USE_PAM_TRUE@PAM_COND = pam
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@SHADOWGRP_FALSE@SHADOWGRP_COND = no_gshadow
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@SHADOWGRP_TRUE@SHADOWGRP_COND = gshadow
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@WITH_TCB_FALSE@TCB_COND = no_tcb
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@WITH_TCB_TRUE@TCB_COND = tcb
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@USE_SHA_CRYPT_FALSE@SHA_CRYPT_COND = no_sha_crypt
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@USE_SHA_CRYPT_TRUE@SHA_CRYPT_COND = sha_crypt
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@ENABLE_SUBIDS_FALSE@SUBIDS_COND = no_subids
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@@ENABLE_SUBIDS_TRUE@SUBIDS_COND = subids
+CLEANFILES = messages.mo login.defs.d $(EXTRA_DIST) $(addsuffix .xml,$(EXTRA_DIST)) config.xml
+all: all-am
+
+.SUFFIXES:
+$(srcdir)/Makefile.in: @MAINTAINER_MODE_TRUE@ $(srcdir)/Makefile.am $(srcdir)/../generate_translations.mak $(srcdir)/../generate_mans.mak $(am__configure_deps)
+	@for dep in $?; do \
+	  case '$(am__configure_deps)' in \
+	    *$$dep*) \
+	      ( cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh ) \
+	        && { if test -f $@; then exit 0; else break; fi; }; \
+	      exit 1;; \
+	  esac; \
+	done; \
+	echo ' cd $(top_srcdir) && $(AUTOMAKE) --foreign man/pl/Makefile'; \
+	$(am__cd) $(top_srcdir) && \
+	  $(AUTOMAKE) --foreign man/pl/Makefile
+Makefile: $(srcdir)/Makefile.in $(top_builddir)/config.status
+	@case '$?' in \
+	  *config.status*) \
+	    cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh;; \
+	  *) \
+	    echo ' cd $(top_builddir) && $(SHELL) ./config.status $(subdir)/$@ $(am__maybe_remake_depfiles)'; \
+	    cd $(top_builddir) && $(SHELL) ./config.status $(subdir)/$@ $(am__maybe_remake_depfiles);; \
+	esac;
+$(srcdir)/../generate_translations.mak $(srcdir)/../generate_mans.mak $(am__empty):
+
+$(top_builddir)/config.status: $(top_srcdir)/configure $(CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES)
+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
+
+$(top_srcdir)/configure: @MAINTAINER_MODE_TRUE@ $(am__configure_deps)
+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
+$(ACLOCAL_M4): @MAINTAINER_MODE_TRUE@ $(am__aclocal_m4_deps)
+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
+$(am__aclocal_m4_deps):
+
+mostlyclean-libtool:
+	-rm -f *.lo
+
+clean-libtool:
+	-rm -rf .libs _libs
+install-man1: $(man_MANS)
+	@$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
+	@list1=''; \
+	list2='$(man_MANS)'; \
+	test -n "$(man1dir)" \
+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
+	  || exit 0; \
+	echo " $(MKDIR_P) '$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)'"; \
+	$(MKDIR_P) "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)" || exit 1; \
+	{ for i in $$list1; do echo "$$i"; done;  \
+	if test -n "$$list2"; then \
+	  for i in $$list2; do echo "$$i"; done \
+	    | sed -n '/\.1[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	fi; \
+	} | while read p; do \
+	  if test -f $$p; then d=; else d="$(srcdir)/"; fi; \
+	  echo "$$d$$p"; echo "$$p"; \
+	done | \
+	sed -e 'n;s,.*/,,;p;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^1][0-9a-z]*$$,1,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,' | \
+	sed 'N;N;s,\n, ,g' | { \
+	list=; while read file base inst; do \
+	  if test "$$base" = "$$inst"; then list="$$list $$file"; else \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) '$$file' '$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/$$inst'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) "$$file" "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)/$$inst" || exit $$?; \
+	  fi; \
+	done; \
+	for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done | $(am__base_list) | \
+	while read files; do \
+	  test -z "$$files" || { \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files '$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)" || exit $$?; }; \
+	done; }
+
+uninstall-man1:
+	@$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL)
+	@list=''; test -n "$(man1dir)" || exit 0; \
+	files=`{ for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done; \
+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do echo "$$i"; done | \
+	  sed -n '/\.1[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^1][0-9a-z]*$$,1,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,'`; \
+	dir='$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)'; $(am__uninstall_files_from_dir)
+install-man3: $(man_MANS)
+	@$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
+	@list1=''; \
+	list2='$(man_MANS)'; \
+	test -n "$(man3dir)" \
+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
+	  || exit 0; \
+	echo " $(MKDIR_P) '$(DESTDIR)$(man3dir)'"; \
+	$(MKDIR_P) "$(DESTDIR)$(man3dir)" || exit 1; \
+	{ for i in $$list1; do echo "$$i"; done;  \
+	if test -n "$$list2"; then \
+	  for i in $$list2; do echo "$$i"; done \
+	    | sed -n '/\.3[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	fi; \
+	} | while read p; do \
+	  if test -f $$p; then d=; else d="$(srcdir)/"; fi; \
+	  echo "$$d$$p"; echo "$$p"; \
+	done | \
+	sed -e 'n;s,.*/,,;p;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^3][0-9a-z]*$$,3,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,' | \
+	sed 'N;N;s,\n, ,g' | { \
+	list=; while read file base inst; do \
+	  if test "$$base" = "$$inst"; then list="$$list $$file"; else \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) '$$file' '$(DESTDIR)$(man3dir)/$$inst'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) "$$file" "$(DESTDIR)$(man3dir)/$$inst" || exit $$?; \
+	  fi; \
+	done; \
+	for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done | $(am__base_list) | \
+	while read files; do \
+	  test -z "$$files" || { \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files '$(DESTDIR)$(man3dir)'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files "$(DESTDIR)$(man3dir)" || exit $$?; }; \
+	done; }
+
+uninstall-man3:
+	@$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL)
+	@list=''; test -n "$(man3dir)" || exit 0; \
+	files=`{ for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done; \
+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do echo "$$i"; done | \
+	  sed -n '/\.3[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^3][0-9a-z]*$$,3,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,'`; \
+	dir='$(DESTDIR)$(man3dir)'; $(am__uninstall_files_from_dir)
+install-man5: $(man_MANS)
+	@$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
+	@list1=''; \
+	list2='$(man_MANS)'; \
+	test -n "$(man5dir)" \
+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
+	  || exit 0; \
+	echo " $(MKDIR_P) '$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)'"; \
+	$(MKDIR_P) "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)" || exit 1; \
+	{ for i in $$list1; do echo "$$i"; done;  \
+	if test -n "$$list2"; then \
+	  for i in $$list2; do echo "$$i"; done \
+	    | sed -n '/\.5[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	fi; \
+	} | while read p; do \
+	  if test -f $$p; then d=; else d="$(srcdir)/"; fi; \
+	  echo "$$d$$p"; echo "$$p"; \
+	done | \
+	sed -e 'n;s,.*/,,;p;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^5][0-9a-z]*$$,5,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,' | \
+	sed 'N;N;s,\n, ,g' | { \
+	list=; while read file base inst; do \
+	  if test "$$base" = "$$inst"; then list="$$list $$file"; else \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) '$$file' '$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)/$$inst'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) "$$file" "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)/$$inst" || exit $$?; \
+	  fi; \
+	done; \
+	for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done | $(am__base_list) | \
+	while read files; do \
+	  test -z "$$files" || { \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files '$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)" || exit $$?; }; \
+	done; }
+
+uninstall-man5:
+	@$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL)
+	@list=''; test -n "$(man5dir)" || exit 0; \
+	files=`{ for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done; \
+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do echo "$$i"; done | \
+	  sed -n '/\.5[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^5][0-9a-z]*$$,5,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,'`; \
+	dir='$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)'; $(am__uninstall_files_from_dir)
+install-man8: $(man_MANS)
+	@$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
+	@list1=''; \
+	list2='$(man_MANS)'; \
+	test -n "$(man8dir)" \
+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
+	  || exit 0; \
+	echo " $(MKDIR_P) '$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)'"; \
+	$(MKDIR_P) "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)" || exit 1; \
+	{ for i in $$list1; do echo "$$i"; done;  \
+	if test -n "$$list2"; then \
+	  for i in $$list2; do echo "$$i"; done \
+	    | sed -n '/\.8[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	fi; \
+	} | while read p; do \
+	  if test -f $$p; then d=; else d="$(srcdir)/"; fi; \
+	  echo "$$d$$p"; echo "$$p"; \
+	done | \
+	sed -e 'n;s,.*/,,;p;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^8][0-9a-z]*$$,8,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,' | \
+	sed 'N;N;s,\n, ,g' | { \
+	list=; while read file base inst; do \
+	  if test "$$base" = "$$inst"; then list="$$list $$file"; else \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) '$$file' '$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)/$$inst'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) "$$file" "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)/$$inst" || exit $$?; \
+	  fi; \
+	done; \
+	for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done | $(am__base_list) | \
+	while read files; do \
+	  test -z "$$files" || { \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files '$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)" || exit $$?; }; \
+	done; }
+
+uninstall-man8:
+	@$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL)
+	@list=''; test -n "$(man8dir)" || exit 0; \
+	files=`{ for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done; \
+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do echo "$$i"; done | \
+	  sed -n '/\.8[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^8][0-9a-z]*$$,8,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,'`; \
+	dir='$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)'; $(am__uninstall_files_from_dir)
+tags TAGS:
+
+ctags CTAGS:
+
+cscope cscopelist:
+
+
+distdir: $(BUILT_SOURCES)
+	$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) distdir-am
+
+distdir-am: $(DISTFILES)
+	@srcdirstrip=`echo "$(srcdir)" | sed 's/[].[^$$\\*]/\\\\&/g'`; \
+	topsrcdirstrip=`echo "$(top_srcdir)" | sed 's/[].[^$$\\*]/\\\\&/g'`; \
+	list='$(DISTFILES)'; \
+	  dist_files=`for file in $$list; do echo $$file; done | \
+	  sed -e "s|^$$srcdirstrip/||;t" \
+	      -e "s|^$$topsrcdirstrip/|$(top_builddir)/|;t"`; \
+	case $$dist_files in \
+	  */*) $(MKDIR_P) `echo "$$dist_files" | \
+			   sed '/\//!d;s|^|$(distdir)/|;s,/[^/]*$$,,' | \
+			   sort -u` ;; \
+	esac; \
+	for file in $$dist_files; do \
+	  if test -f $$file || test -d $$file; then d=.; else d=$(srcdir); fi; \
+	  if test -d $$d/$$file; then \
+	    dir=`echo "/$$file" | sed -e 's,/[^/]*$$,,'`; \
+	    if test -d "$(distdir)/$$file"; then \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    if test -d $(srcdir)/$$file && test $$d != $(srcdir); then \
+	      cp -fpR $(srcdir)/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    cp -fpR $$d/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	  else \
+	    test -f "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || cp -p $$d/$$file "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || exit 1; \
+	  fi; \
+	done
+check-am: all-am
+check: check-am
+all-am: Makefile $(MANS)
+installdirs:
+	for dir in "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)" "$(DESTDIR)$(man3dir)" "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)" "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)"; do \
+	  test -z "$$dir" || $(MKDIR_P) "$$dir"; \
+	done
+install: install-am
+install-exec: install-exec-am
+install-data: install-data-am
+uninstall: uninstall-am
+
+install-am: all-am
+	@$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) install-exec-am install-data-am
+
+installcheck: installcheck-am
+install-strip:
+	if test -z '$(STRIP)'; then \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	      install; \
+	else \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	    "INSTALL_PROGRAM_ENV=STRIPPROG='$(STRIP)'" install; \
+	fi
+mostlyclean-generic:
+
+clean-generic:
+	-test -z "$(CLEANFILES)" || rm -f $(CLEANFILES)
+
+distclean-generic:
+	-test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)
+	-test . = "$(srcdir)" || test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)
+
+maintainer-clean-generic:
+	@echo "This command is intended for maintainers to use"
+	@echo "it deletes files that may require special tools to rebuild."
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_FALSE@clean-local:
+clean: clean-am
+
+clean-am: clean-generic clean-libtool clean-local mostlyclean-am
+
+distclean: distclean-am
+	-rm -f Makefile
+distclean-am: clean-am distclean-generic
+
+dvi: dvi-am
+
+dvi-am:
+
+html: html-am
+
+html-am:
+
+info: info-am
+
+info-am:
+
+install-data-am: install-man
+
+install-dvi: install-dvi-am
+
+install-dvi-am:
+
+install-exec-am:
+
+install-html: install-html-am
+
+install-html-am:
+
+install-info: install-info-am
+
+install-info-am:
+
+install-man: install-man1 install-man3 install-man5 install-man8
+
+install-pdf: install-pdf-am
+
+install-pdf-am:
+
+install-ps: install-ps-am
+
+install-ps-am:
+
+installcheck-am:
+
+maintainer-clean: maintainer-clean-am
+	-rm -f Makefile
+maintainer-clean-am: distclean-am maintainer-clean-generic
+
+mostlyclean: mostlyclean-am
+
+mostlyclean-am: mostlyclean-generic mostlyclean-libtool
+
+pdf: pdf-am
+
+pdf-am:
+
+ps: ps-am
+
+ps-am:
+
+uninstall-am: uninstall-man
+
+uninstall-man: uninstall-man1 uninstall-man3 uninstall-man5 \
+	uninstall-man8
+
+.MAKE: install-am install-strip
+
+.PHONY: all all-am check check-am clean clean-generic clean-libtool \
+	clean-local cscopelist-am ctags-am distclean distclean-generic \
+	distclean-libtool distdir dvi dvi-am html html-am info info-am \
+	install install-am install-data install-data-am install-dvi \
+	install-dvi-am install-exec install-exec-am install-html \
+	install-html-am install-info install-info-am install-man \
+	install-man1 install-man3 install-man5 install-man8 \
+	install-pdf install-pdf-am install-ps install-ps-am \
+	install-strip installcheck installcheck-am installdirs \
+	maintainer-clean maintainer-clean-generic mostlyclean \
+	mostlyclean-generic mostlyclean-libtool pdf pdf-am ps ps-am \
+	tags-am uninstall uninstall-am uninstall-man uninstall-man1 \
+	uninstall-man3 uninstall-man5 uninstall-man8
+
+.PRECIOUS: Makefile
+
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@config.xml: ../config.xml.in
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	$(MAKE) -C .. config.xml
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	cp ../config.xml $@
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@messages.mo: ../po/$(LANG).po
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	msgfmt ../po/$(LANG).po -o messages.mo
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@login.defs.d:
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	ln -sf ../login.defs.d login.defs.d
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@%.xml: ../%.xml messages.mo login.defs.d
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	if grep -q SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE $< ; then \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	    sed -e 's/^<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->/<!ENTITY % config SYSTEM "config.xml">%config;/' $< > $@; \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	else \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	    sed -e 's/^\(<!DOCTYPE .*docbookx.dtd"\)>/\1 [<!ENTITY % config SYSTEM "config.xml">%config;]>/' $< > $@; \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	fi
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	itstool -d -l $(LANG) -m messages.mo -o . $@
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	sed -i 's:\(^<refentry .*\)>:\1 lang="$(LANG)">:' $@
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@%.xml-config: %.xml
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	if grep -q SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE $<; then \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@		sed -e 's/^<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->/<!ENTITY % config SYSTEM "config.xml">%config;/' $< > $@; \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	else \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@		sed -e 's/^\(<!DOCTYPE .*docbookx.dtd"\)>/\1 [<!ENTITY % config SYSTEM "config.xml">%config;]>/' $< > $@; \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	fi
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man1/% man3/% man5/% man8/%: %.xml-config Makefile config.xml
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	$(XSLTPROC) --stringparam profile.condition "$(PAM_COND);$(SHADOWGRP_COND);$(TCB_COND);$(SHA_CRYPT_COND);$(SUBIDS_COND)" \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	            --param "man.authors.section.enabled" "0" \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	            --stringparam "man.output.base.dir" "" \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	            --param "man.output.in.separate.dir" "1" \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	            -nonet http://docbook.sourceforge.net/release/xsl/current/manpages/profile-docbook.xsl $<
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@clean-local:
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	rm -rf man1 man3 man5 man8
+
+#$(man_MANS):
+#	@echo you need to run configure with --enable-man to generate man pages
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man8/grpconv.8 man8/grpunconv.8 man8/pwunconv.8: man8/pwconv.8
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man3/getspnam.3: man3/shadow.3
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man8/vigr.8: man8/vipw.8
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_FALSE@$(man_MANS):
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_FALSE@	@echo you need to run configure with --enable-man to generate man pages
+
+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
diff --git a/man/pl/man1/chage.1 b/man/pl/man1/chage.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..135c808
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man1/chage.1
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chage
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Polecenia użytkownik\('ow
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "CHAGE" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Polecenia użytkownik\('ow"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+chage \- zmiana informacji o terminie ważności has\(/la użytkownika
+.SH "STRESZCZENIE"
+.HP \w'\fBchage\fR\ 'u
+\fBchage\fR [\fIopcje\fR] \fILOGIN\fR
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command changes the number of days between password changes and the date of the last password change\&. This information is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password\&.
+.SH "OPCJE"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchage\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-lastday\fR\ \&\fILAST_DAY\fR
+.RS 4
+Ustawia ilość dni od 1 stycznia 1970 kiedy ha\(/lo by\(/lo ostani raz zmieniane\&. Data ważności może być takze prezekazana w formacie RRRR\-MM\-DD (lub formacie używanym lokalnie)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-E\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+Ustawia datę, począwszy od kt\('orej konto użytkownika nie będzie już dostępne\&.
+\fIDATA_WAŻN\fR
+jest liczbą dni od 1 stycznia 1970, od kt\('orej konto jest blokowane\&. Data może być też wyrażona w formacie RRRR\-MM\-DD (lub innej, powszechniej używanej w danym regionie)\&. Użytkownik, kt\('orego konto jest zablokowane musi skontaktować się z administratorem systemu zanim będzie m\('og\(/l z niego ponownie skorzystać\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+will remove an account expiration date\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Wyświetlenie komunikatu pomocy i zakończenie dzia\(/lania\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-iso8601\fR
+.RS 4
+When printing dates, use YYYY\-MM\-DD format\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the account is locked\&. The
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+option is the number of days of inactivity\&. A user whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being able to use the system again\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+will remove an account\*(Aqs inactivity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+.RS 4
+Wyświetlenie informacji o terminach ważności konta i has\(/la\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid\&. When
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+plus
+\fILAST_DAY\fR
+is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their password before being able to use their account\&. This occurrence can be planned for in advance by use of the
+\fB\-W\fR
+option, which provides the user with advance warning\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchage\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "UWAGI"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+program requires a shadow password file to be available\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command is restricted to the root user, except for the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option, which may be used by an unprivileged user to determine when their password or account is due to expire\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informacja o kontach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informacje chronione o użytkownikach\&.
+.RE
+.SH "KOD ZAKOŃCZENIA"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI15\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt find the shadow password file
+.RE
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/pl/man1/chsh.1 b/man/pl/man1/chsh.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cc33e46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man1/chsh.1
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chsh
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Polecenia użytkownik\('ow
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "CHSH" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Polecenia użytkownik\('ow"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+chsh \- zmiana pow\(/loki zg\(/loszeniowej
+.SH "STRESZCZENIE"
+.HP \w'\fBchsh\fR\ 'u
+\fBchsh\fR [\fIopcje\fR] [\fILOGIN\fR]
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchsh\fR
+command changes the user login shell\&. This determines the name of the user\*(Aqs initial login command\&. A normal user may only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change the login shell for any account\&.
+.SH "OPCJE"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchsh\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Wyświetlenie komunikatu pomocy i zakończenie dzia\(/lania\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+Nazwa nowej pow\(/loki (shell) użytkownika\&. Ustawienie tego pola na puste powoduje, że system wybierze domyślną pow\(/lokę logowania\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If the
+\fB\-s\fR
+option is not selected,
+\fBchsh\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current login shell\&. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line blank to use the current one\&. The current shell is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "UWAGI"
+.PP
+The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must be listed in
+/etc/shells, unless the invoker is the superuser, and then any value may be added\&. An account with a restricted login shell may not change her login shell\&. For this reason, placing
+/bin/rsh
+in
+/etc/shells
+is discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHSH_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchsh\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The string used for prompting a password\&. The default is to use "Password: ", or a translation of that string\&. If you set this variable, the prompt will not be translated\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informacja o kontach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shells
+.RS 4
+Lista dozwolonych pow\(/lok zg\(/loszeniowych\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguracja pakietu shadow\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/pl/man1/expiry.1 b/man/pl/man1/expiry.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8bb203b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man1/expiry.1
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: expiry
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Polecenia użytkownik\('ow
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "EXPIRY" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Polecenia użytkownik\('ow"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+expiry \- sprawdzenie ważności i wymuszenie zmiany has\(/la
+.SH "STRESZCZENIE"
+.HP \w'\fBexpiry\fR\ 'u
+\fBexpiry\fR \fIoption\fR
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+The
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command checks (\fB\-c\fR) the current password expiration and forces (\fB\-f\fR) changes when required\&. It is callable as a normal user command\&.
+.SH "OPCJE"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR
+.RS 4
+Check the password expiration of the current user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+Force a password change if the current user has an expired password\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Wyświetlenie komunikatu pomocy i zakończenie dzia\(/lania\&.
+.RE
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informacja o kontach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informacje chronione o użytkownikach\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/pl/man1/groups.1 b/man/pl/man1/groups.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..05f7a8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man1/groups.1
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groups
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Polecenia użytkownik\('ow
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPS" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Polecenia użytkownik\('ow"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+groups \- display current group names
+.SH "STRESZCZENIE"
+.HP \w'\fBgroups\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroups\fR [\fIuser\fR]
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroups\fR
+command displays the current group names or ID values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value\&. The optional
+\fIuser\fR
+parameter will display the groups for the named
+\fIuser\fR\&.
+.SH "UWAGI"
+.PP
+Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information from
+/etc/group
+reported\&. The user must use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+or
+\fBsg\fR
+to change his current real and effective group ID\&.
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informacje o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)\&.
diff --git a/man/pl/man1/id.1 b/man/pl/man1/id.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4afbfc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man1/id.1
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: id
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Polecenia użytkownik\('ow
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "ID" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Polecenia użytkownik\('ow"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+id \- display current user and group ID names
+.SH "STRESZCZENIE"
+.HP \w'\fBid\fR\ 'u
+\fBid\fR [\-a]
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+The
+\fBid\fR
+command displays the current real and effective user and group ID names or values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/passwd
+or
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed without the corresponding name\&. The optional
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag will display the group set on systems which support multiple concurrent group membership\&.
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informacje o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informacja o kontach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)
diff --git a/man/pl/man1/newgrp.1 b/man/pl/man1/newgrp.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6fdb3b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man1/newgrp.1
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newgrp
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Polecenia użytkownik\('ow
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "NEWGRP" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Polecenia użytkownik\('ow"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+newgrp \- log in to a new group
+.SH "STRESZCZENIE"
+.HP \w'\fBnewgrp\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewgrp\fR [\-] [\fIgroup\fR]
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+command is used to change the current group ID during a login session\&. If the optional
+\fB\-\fR
+flag is given, the user\*(Aqs environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, remains unchanged\&.
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+changes the current real group ID to the named group, or to the default group listed in
+/etc/passwd
+if no group name is given\&.
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+also tries to add the group to the user groupset\&. If not root, the user will be prompted for a password if she does not have a password (in
+/etc/shadow
+if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in
+/etc/passwd
+otherwise) and the group does, or if the user is not listed as a member and the group has a password\&. The user will be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed as a member\&.
+.PP
+If there is an entry for this group in
+/etc/gshadow, then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from this file, otherwise, the entry in
+/etc/group
+is considered\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informacja o kontach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informacje chronione o użytkownikach\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informacje o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informacje chronione o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/pl/man1/sg.1 b/man/pl/man1/sg.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82c1ee9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man1/sg.1
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: sg
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Polecenia użytkownik\('ow
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "SG" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Polecenia użytkownik\('ow"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+sg \- execute command as different group ID
+.SH "STRESZCZENIE"
+.HP \w'\fBsg\fR\ 'u
+\fBsg\fR [\-] [group\ [\-c\ ]\ command]
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsg\fR
+command works similar to
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+but accepts a command\&. The command will be executed with the
+/bin/sh
+shell\&. With most shells you may run
+\fBsg\fR
+from, you need to enclose multi\-word commands in quotes\&. Another difference between
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+and
+\fBsg\fR
+is that some shells treat
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+specially, replacing themselves with a new instance of a shell that
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+creates\&. This doesn\*(Aqt happen with
+\fBsg\fR, so upon exit from a
+\fBsg\fR
+command you are returned to your previous group ID\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informacja o kontach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informacje chronione o użytkownikach\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informacje o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informacje chronione o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/pl/man3/getspnam.3 b/man/pl/man3/getspnam.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd473da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man3/getspnam.3
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man3/shadow.3
diff --git a/man/pl/man3/shadow.3 b/man/pl/man3/shadow.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e27ab5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man3/shadow.3
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: shadow
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Library Calls
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "SHADOW" "3" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Library Calls"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+shadow, getspnam \- encrypted password file routines
+.SH "SK\(/LADNIA"
+.PP
+\fI#include <shadow\&.h>\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *getspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *getspnam(char\fR
+\fI*name\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIvoid setspent()\fR
+.PP
+\fIvoid endspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *fgetspent(FILE\fR
+\fI*fp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *sgetspent(char\fR
+\fI*cp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIint putspent(struct spwd\fR
+\fI*p,\fR
+\fIFILE\fR
+\fI*fp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIint lckpwdf();\fR
+.PP
+\fIint ulckpwdf();\fR
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+\fIshadow\fR
+manipulates the contents of the shadow password file,
+/etc/shadow\&. The structure in the
+\fI#include\fR
+file is:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+struct spwd {
+      char		*sp_namp; /* user login name */
+      char		*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */
+      long int		sp_lstchg; /* last password change */
+      long int		sp_min; /* days until change allowed\&. */
+      long int		sp_max; /* days before change required */
+      long int		sp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */
+      long int		sp_inact; /* days before account inactive */
+      long int		sp_expire; /* date when account expires */
+      unsigned long int	sp_flag; /* reserved for future use */
+}
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+The meanings of each field are:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_namp \- pointer to null\-terminated user name
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_pwdp \- pointer to null\-terminated password
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_lstchg \- days since Jan 1, 1970 password was last changed
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_min \- days before which password may not be changed
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_max \- days after which password must be changed
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_warn \- days before password is to expire that user is warned of pending password expiration
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_inact \- days after password expires that account is considered inactive and disabled
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_expire \- days since Jan 1, 1970 when account will be disabled
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_flag \- reserved for future use
+.RE
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+\fIgetspent\fR,
+\fIgetspname\fR,
+\fIfgetspent\fR, and
+\fIsgetspent\fR
+each return a pointer to a
+\fIstruct spwd\fR\&.
+\fIgetspent\fR
+returns the next entry from the file, and
+\fIfgetspent\fR
+returns the next entry from the given stream, which is assumed to be a file of the proper format\&.
+\fIsgetspent\fR
+returns a pointer to a
+\fIstruct spwd\fR
+using the provided string as input\&.
+\fIgetspnam\fR
+searches from the current position in the file for an entry matching
+\fIname\fR\&.
+.PP
+\fIsetspent\fR
+and
+\fIendspent\fR
+may be used to begin and end, respectively, access to the shadow password file\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+and
+\fIulckpwdf\fR
+routines should be used to insure exclusive access to the
+/etc/shadow
+file\&.
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+attempts to acquire a lock using
+\fIpw_lock\fR
+for up to 15 seconds\&. It continues by attempting to acquire a second lock using
+\fIspw_lock\fR
+for the remainder of the initial 15 seconds\&. Should either attempt fail after a total of 15 seconds,
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+returns \-1\&. When both locks are acquired 0 is returned\&.
+.SH "DIAGNOSTYKA"
+.PP
+Routines return NULL if no more entries are available or if an error occurs during processing\&. Routines which have
+\fIint\fR
+as the return value return 0 for success and \-1 for failure\&.
+.SH "OSTRZEŻENIA"
+.PP
+These routines may only be used by the superuser as access to the shadow password file is restricted\&.
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informacje chronione o użytkownikach\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBgetpwent\fR(3),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/pl/man5/faillog.5 b/man/pl/man5/faillog.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..84aff2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man5/faillog.5
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: faillog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual:  File Formats and Conversions
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "FAILLOG" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "File Formats and Conversions"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+faillog \- login failure logging file
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+maintains a count of login failures and the limits for each account\&.
+.PP
+The file contains fixed length records, indexed by numerical UID\&. Each record contains the count of login failures since the last successful login; the maximum number of failures before the account is disabled; the line on which the last login failure occurred; the date of the last login failure; and the duration (in seconds) during which the account will be locked after a failure\&.
+.PP
+Struktura tego pliku to:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+struct	faillog {
+	short   fail_cnt;
+	short   fail_max;
+	char    fail_line[12];
+	time_t  fail_time;
+	long    fail_locktime;
+};
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+.RS 4
+Failure logging file\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR(8)
diff --git a/man/pl/man5/porttime.5 b/man/pl/man5/porttime.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1be9aa7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man5/porttime.5
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: porttime
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: File Formats and Conversions
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "PORTTIME" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "File Formats and Conversions"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+porttime \- port access time file
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+\fIporttime\fR
+contains a list of tty devices, user names, and permitted login times\&.
+.PP
+Each entry consists of three colon separated fields\&. The first field is a comma separated list of tty devices, or an asterisk to indicate that all tty devices are matched by this entry\&. The second field is a comma separated list of user names, or an asterisk to indicated that all user names are matched by this entry\&. The third field is a comma separated list of permitted access times\&.
+.PP
+Each access time entry consists of zero or more days of the week, abbreviated
+\fISu\fR,
+\fIMo\fR,
+\fITu\fR,
+\fIWe\fR,
+\fITh\fR,
+\fIFr\fR, and
+\fISa\fR, followed by a pair of times separated by a hyphen\&. The abbreviation
+\fIWk\fR
+may be used to represent Monday thru Friday, and
+\fIAl\fR
+may be used to indicate every day\&. If no days are given,
+\fIAl\fR
+is assumed\&.
+.SH "PRZYK\(/LADY"
+.PP
+The following entry allows access to user
+\fBjfh\fR
+on every port during weekdays from 9am to 5pm\&.
+.PP
+*:jfh:Wk0900\-1700
+.PP
+The following entries allow access only to the users
+\fIroot\fR
+and
+\fIoper\fR
+on
+/dev/console
+at any time\&. This illustrates how the
+/etc/porttime
+file is an ordered list of access times\&. Any other user would match the second entry which does not permit access at any time\&.
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      console:root,oper:Al0000\-2400
+      console:*:
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+The following entry allows access for the user
+\fIgames\fR
+on any port during non\-working hours\&.
+.PP
+*:games:Wk1700\-0900,SaSu0000\-2400
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/etc/porttime
+.RS 4
+Plik zawierający ustawienia dostępu do port\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/pl/man8/faillog.8 b/man/pl/man8/faillog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed99808
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man8/faillog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: faillog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "FAILLOG" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+faillog \- display faillog records or set login failure limits
+.SH "STRESZCZENIE"
+.HP \w'\fBfaillog\fR\ 'u
+\fBfaillog\fR [\fIopcje\fR]
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR
+displays the contents of the failure log database (/var/log/faillog)\&. It can also set the failure counters and limits\&. When
+\fBfaillog\fR
+is run without arguments, it only displays the faillog records of the users who had a login failure\&.
+.SH "OPCJE"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBfaillog\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+.RS 4
+Display (or act on) faillog records for all users having an entry in the
+faillog
+database\&.
+.sp
+The range of users can be restricted with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option\&.
+.sp
+In display mode, this is still restricted to existing users but forces the display of the faillog entries even if they are empty\&.
+.sp
+With the
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR,
+\fB\-r\fR,
+\fB\-t\fR
+options, the users\*(Aq records are changed, even if the user does not exist on the system\&. This is useful to reset records of users that have been deleted or to set a policy in advance for a range of users\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Wyświetlenie komunikatu pomocy i zakończenie dzia\(/lania\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\-secs\fR\ \&\fISEC\fR
+.RS 4
+Lock account for
+\fISEC\fR
+seconds after failed login\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-maximum\fR\ \&\fIMAX\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of login failures after the account is disabled to
+\fIMAX\fR\&.
+.sp
+Selecting a
+\fIMAX\fR
+value of 0 has the effect of not placing a limit on the number of failed logins\&.
+.sp
+The maximum failure count should always be 0 for
+\fIroot\fR
+to prevent a denial of services attack against the system\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reset\fR
+.RS 4
+Reset the counters of login failures\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Display faillog records more recent than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR\ \&\fILOGIN\fR|\fIRANGE\fR
+.RS 4
+Display faillog record or maintains failure counters and limits (if used with
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR
+or
+\fB\-r\fR
+options) only for the specified user(s)\&.
+.sp
+The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users\&. This
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users can be specified with a min and max values (\fIUID_MIN\-UID_MAX\fR), a max value (\fI\-UID_MAX\fR), or a min value (\fIUID_MIN\-\fR)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+When none of the
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-r\fR
+options are used,
+\fBfaillog\fR
+displays the faillog record of the specified user(s)\&.
+.SH "OSTRZEŻENIA"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR
+only prints out users with no successful login since the last failure\&. To print out a user who has had a successful login since their last failure, you must explicitly request the user with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+flag, or print out all users with the
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag\&.
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+.RS 4
+Failure logging file\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBfaillog\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/pl/man8/groupadd.8 b/man/pl/man8/groupadd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..128a601
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man8/groupadd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupadd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPADD" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+groupadd \- utw\('orz nową grupę
+.SH "STRESZCZENIE"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupadd\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupadd\fR [\fIopcje\fR] \fIgroup\fR
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command creates a new group account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system\&. The new group will be entered into the system files as needed\&.
+.SH "OPCJE"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+This option causes the command to simply exit with success status if the specified group already exists\&. When used with
+\fB\-g\fR, and the specified GID already exists, another (unique) GID is chosen (i\&.e\&.
+\fB\-g\fR
+is turned off)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGID\fR
+.RS 4
+The numerical value of the group\*(Aqs ID\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+and greater than every other group\&.
+.sp
+See also the
+\fB\-r\fR
+option and the
+\fBGID_MAX\fR
+description\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Wyświetlenie komunikatu pomocy i zakończenie dzia\(/lania\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-K\fR, \fB\-\-key\fR\ \&\fIKEY\fR=\fIVALUE\fR
+.RS 4
+Overrides
+/etc/login\&.defs
+defaults (GID_MIN, GID_MAX and others)\&. Multiple
+\fB\-K\fR
+options can be specified\&.
+.sp
+Example:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MIN\fR=\fI100\fR\ \&
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+.sp
+Note:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MIN\fR=\fI10\fR,\fIGID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+doesn\*(Aqt work yet\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+This option permits to add a group with a non\-unique GID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&. The default is to disable the password\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+You should make sure the password respects the system\*(Aqs password policy\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+Create a system group\&.
+.sp
+The numeric identifiers of new system groups are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-\fBGID_MAX\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informacje o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informacje chronione o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguracja pakietu shadow\&.
+.RE
+.SH "OSTRZEŻENIA"
+.PP
+Groupnames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes\&. They can end with a dollar sign\&. In regular expression terms: [a\-z_][a\-z0\-9_\-]*[$]?
+.PP
+Groupnames may only be up to 16 characters long\&.
+.PP
+You may not add a NIS or LDAP group\&. This must be performed on the corresponding server\&.
+.PP
+If the groupname already exists in an external group database such as NIS or LDAP,
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+will deny the group creation request\&.
+.SH "KOD ZAKOŃCZENIA"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+GID not unique (when
+\fB\-o\fR
+not used)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+group name not unique
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/pl/man8/groupdel.8 b/man/pl/man8/groupdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43e9de0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man8/groupdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupdel
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPDEL" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+groupdel \- delete a group
+.SH "STRESZCZENIE"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupdel\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupdel\fR [\fIopcje\fR] \fIGRUPA\fR
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to
+\fIGROUP\fR\&. The named group must exist\&.
+.SH "OPCJE"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Wyświetlenie komunikatu pomocy i zakończenie dzia\(/lania\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "OSTRZEŻENIA"
+.PP
+You may not remove the primary group of any existing user\&. You must remove the user before you remove the group\&.
+.PP
+You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain owned by this group\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informacje o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informacje chronione o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.SH "KOD ZAKOŃCZENIA"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI8\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt remove user\*(Aqs primary group
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/pl/man8/groupmems.8 b/man/pl/man8/groupmems.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9136efa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man8/groupmems.8
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupmems
+.\"    Author: George Kraft, IV
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPMEMS" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+groupmems \- administer members of a user\*(Aqs primary group
+.SH "STRESZCZENIE"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupmems\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupmems\fR \-a\ \fIuser_name\fR | \-d\ \fIuser_name\fR | [\-g\ \fIgroup_name\fR] | \-l | \-p 
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+command allows a user to administer their own group membership list without the requirement of superuser privileges\&. The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+utility is for systems that configure its users to be in their own name sake primary group (i\&.e\&., guest / guest)\&.
+.PP
+Only the superuser, as administrator, can use
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+to alter the memberships of other groups\&.
+.SH "OPCJE"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-add\fR\ \&\fIuser_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a user to the group membership list\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR\ \&\fIuser_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Delete a user from the group membership list\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, the user will be removed from the list of members and administrators of the group\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR\ \&\fIgroup_name\fR
+.RS 4
+The superuser can specify which group membership list to modify\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Wyświetlenie komunikatu pomocy i zakończenie dzia\(/lania\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+.RS 4
+List the group membership list\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-purge\fR
+.RS 4
+Purge all users from the group membership list\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SETUP"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+executable should be in mode
+2710
+as user
+\fIroot\fR
+and in group
+\fIgroups\fR\&. The system administrator can add users to group
+\fIgroups\fR
+to allow or disallow them using the
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+utility to manage their own group membership list\&.
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+	$ groupadd \-r groups
+	$ chmod 2710 groupmems
+	$ chown root\&.groups groupmems
+	$ groupmems \-g groups \-a gk4
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informacje o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+secure group account information
+.RE
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/pl/man8/groupmod.8 b/man/pl/man8/groupmod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0bfd86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man8/groupmod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupmod
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPMOD" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+groupmod \- modyfikuj definicję grupy systemowej
+.SH "STRESZCZENIE"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupmod\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupmod\fR [\fIopcje\fR] \fIGRUPA\fR
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command modifies the definition of the specified
+\fIGROUP\fR
+by modifying the appropriate entry in the group database\&.
+.SH "OPCJE"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGID\fR
+.RS 4
+The group ID of the given
+\fIGROUP\fR
+will be changed to
+\fIGID\fR\&.
+.sp
+The value of
+\fIGID\fR
+must be a non\-negative decimal integer\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&.
+.sp
+Users who use the group as primary group will be updated to keep the group as their primary group\&.
+.sp
+Any files that have the old group ID and must continue to belong to
+\fIGROUP\fR, must have their group ID changed manually\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to the
+\fBGID_MIN\fR,
+\fBGID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR, or
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Wyświetlenie komunikatu pomocy i zakończenie dzia\(/lania\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-new\-name\fR\ \&\fINEW_GROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the group will be changed from
+\fIGROUP\fR
+to
+\fINEW_GROUP\fR
+name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+When used with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option, allow to change the group
+\fIGID\fR
+to a non\-unique value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+You should make sure the password respects the system\*(Aqs password policy\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informacje o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informacje chronione o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguracja pakietu shadow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informacja o kontach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.SH "KOD ZAKOŃCZENIA"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+E_SUCCESS: success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+E_USAGE: invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+E_BAD_ARG: invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+E_GID_IN_USE: specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+E_NOTFOUND: specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+E_NAME_IN_USE: group name already in use
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+E_GRP_UPDATE: can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI11\fR
+.RS 4
+E_CLEANUP_SERVICE: can\*(Aqt setup cleanup service
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+E_PAM_USERNAME: can\*(Aqt determine your username for use with pam
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI13\fR
+.RS 4
+E_PAM_ERROR: pam returned an error, see syslog facility id groupmod for the PAM error message
+.RE
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/pl/man8/grpck.8 b/man/pl/man8/grpck.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ebd5014
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man8/grpck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: grpck
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "GRPCK" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+grpck \- verify integrity of group files
+.SH "STRESZCZENIE"
+.HP \w'\fBgrpck\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpck\fR [opcje] [\fIgroup\fR\ [\ \fIshadow\fR\ ]]
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command verifies the integrity of the groups information\&. It checks that all entries in
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow
+have the proper format and contain valid data\&. The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors\&.
+.PP
+Checks are made to verify that each entry has:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+the correct number of fields
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a unique and valid group name
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid group identifier
+(/etc/group only)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid list of members
+and administrators
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a corresponding entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file (respectively
+/etc/group
+for the
+gshadow
+checks)
+.RE
+.PP
+The checks for correct number of fields and unique group name are fatal\&. If an entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete the entire line\&. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed\&. An entry with a duplicated group name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made\&. All other errors are warnings and the user is encouraged to run the
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command to correct the error\&.
+.PP
+The commands which operate on the
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow files
+are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries\&.
+\fBgrpck\fR
+should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entries\&.
+.SH "OPCJE"
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR
+and
+\fB\-s\fR
+options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Wyświetlenie komunikatu pomocy i zakończenie dzia\(/lania\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-read\-only\fR
+.RS 4
+Execute the
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command in read\-only mode\&. This causes all questions regarding changes to be answered
+\fIno\fR
+without user intervention\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sort\fR
+.RS 4
+Sort entries in
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow
+by GID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+By default,
+\fBgrpck\fR
+operates on
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow\&. The user may select alternate files with the
+\fIgroup\fR
+and \fIshadow\fR parameters\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informacje o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informacje chronione o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informacja o kontach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.SH "KOD ZAKOŃCZENIA"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+one or more bad group entries
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt open group files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt lock group files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group files
+.RE
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/pl/man8/lastlog.8 b/man/pl/man8/lastlog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d68951a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man8/lastlog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: lastlog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "LASTLOG" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+lastlog \- wyświetla informacje o ostanim logowaniu dla wybranego lub wszystkich użytkowanik\('ow
+.SH "STRESZCZENIE"
+.HP \w'\fBlastlog\fR\ 'u
+\fBlastlog\fR [\fIopcje\fR]
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+\fBlastlog\fR
+formats and prints the contents of the last login log
+/var/log/lastlog
+file\&. The
+\fIlogin\-name\fR,
+\fIport\fR, and
+\fIlast login time\fR
+will be printed\&. The default (no flags) causes lastlog entries to be printed, sorted by their order in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.SH "OPCJE"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBlastlog\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-before\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Print only lastlog records older than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-C\fR, \fB\-\-clear\fR
+.RS 4
+Clear lastlog record of a user\&. This option can be used only together with
+\fB\-u\fR
+(\fB\-\-user\fR))\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Wyświetlenie komunikatu pomocy i zakończenie dzia\(/lania\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-set\fR
+.RS 4
+Set lastlog record of a user to the current time\&. This option can be used only together with
+\fB\-u\fR
+(\fB\-\-user\fR))\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Print the lastlog records more recent than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR\ \&\fILOGIN\fR|\fIRANGE\fR
+.RS 4
+Print the lastlog record of the specified user(s)\&.
+.sp
+The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users\&. This
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users can be specified with a min and max values (\fIUID_MIN\-UID_MAX\fR), a max value (\fI\-UID_MAX\fR), or a min value (\fIUID_MIN\-\fR)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If the user has never logged in the message
+\fI** Never logged in**\fR
+will be displayed instead of the port and time\&.
+.PP
+Only the entries for the current users of the system will be displayed\&. Other entries may exist for users that were deleted previously\&.
+.SH "UWAGI"
+.PP
+The
+lastlog
+file is a database which contains info on the last login of each user\&. You should not rotate it\&. It is a sparse file, so its size on the disk is usually much smaller than the one shown by "\fBls \-l\fR" (which can indicate a really big file if you have in
+passwd
+users with a high UID)\&. You can display its real size with "\fBls \-s\fR"\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/var/log/lastlog
+.RS 4
+Baza danych ostatnich logowań użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.SH "OSTRZEŻENIA"
+.PP
+Duże luki w numeracji UID powodują, że program będzie pracowa\(/l d\(/lużej, nie wyświetlając wynik\('ow (np\&. jeśli w bazie lastlog nie ma wpis\('ow dla o UID pomiedzy 170, a 800, to program będzie sprawia\(/l wrażenie zawieszonego w trakcie przetwarzania wpis\('ow dla użytkowanik\('o\(/l o UID 171\-799)\&.
diff --git a/man/pl/man8/logoutd.8 b/man/pl/man8/logoutd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8072d5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man8/logoutd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: logoutd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "LOGOUTD" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+logoutd \- wymuszenie ograniczeń czasu logowania
+.SH "STRESZCZENIE"
+.HP \w'\fBlogoutd\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+enforces the login time and port restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+should be started from
+/etc/rc\&. The
+/var/run/utmp
+file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked to see if the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time\&. Any login session which is violating the restrictions in
+/etc/porttime
+is terminated\&.
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/etc/porttime
+.RS 4
+Plik zawierający ustawienia dostępu do port\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/var/run/utmp
+.RS 4
+List bieżących sesji pracy\&.
+.RE
diff --git a/man/pl/man8/userdel.8 b/man/pl/man8/userdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..43f0eea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man8/userdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: userdel
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "USERDEL" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+userdel \- plik chroniony informacji o użytkownikach
+.SH "STRESZCZENIE"
+.HP \w'\fBuserdel\fR\ 'u
+\fBuserdel\fR [opcje] \fILOGIN\fR
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to the user name
+\fILOGIN\fR\&. The named user must exist\&.
+.SH "OPCJE"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+This option forces the removal of the user account, even if the user is still logged in\&. It also forces
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to remove the user\*(Aqs home directory and mail spool, even if another user uses the same home directory or if the mail spool is not owned by the specified user\&. If
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+is defined to
+\fIyes\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+and if a group exists with the same name as the deleted user, then this group will be removed, even if it is still the primary group of another user\&.
+.sp
+\fINote:\fR
+This option is dangerous and may leave your system in an inconsistent state\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Wyświetlenie komunikatu pomocy i zakończenie dzia\(/lania\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-remove\fR
+.RS 4
+Files in the user\*(Aqs home directory will be removed along with the home directory itself and the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&. Files located in other file systems will have to be searched for and deleted manually\&.
+.sp
+The mail spool is defined by the
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+variable in the
+login\&.defs
+file\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove any SELinux user mapping for the user\*(Aqs login\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The mail spool directory\&. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its corresponding user account is modified or deleted\&. If not specified, a compile\-time default is used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERDEL_CMD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, this command is run when removing a user\&. It should remove any at/cron/print jobs etc\&. owned by the user to be removed (passed as the first argument)\&.
+.sp
+The return code of the script is not taken into account\&.
+.sp
+Here is an example script, which removes the user\*(Aqs cron, at and print jobs:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+#! /bin/sh
+
+# Check for the required argument\&.
+if [ $# != 1 ]; then
+	echo "Usage: $0 username"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Remove cron jobs\&.
+crontab \-r \-u $1
+
+# Remove at jobs\&.
+# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,
+# even if it was shared by a different username\&.
+AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs
+find $AT_SPOOL_DIR \-name "[^\&.]*" \-type f \-user $1 \-delete \e;
+
+# Remove print jobs\&.
+lprm $1
+
+# All done\&.
+exit 0
+      
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.sp
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits (examples: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) for non\-root users, if the uid is the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informacje o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguracja pakietu shadow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informacja o kontach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informacje chronione o użytkownikach\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "KOD ZAKOŃCZENIA"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified user doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI8\fR
+.RS 4
+user currently logged in
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt remove home directory
+.RE
+.SH "OSTRZEŻENIA"
+.PP
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will not allow you to remove an account if there are running processes which belong to this account\&. In that case, you may have to kill those processes or lock the user\*(Aqs password or account and remove the account later\&. The
+\fB\-f\fR
+option can force the deletion of this account\&.
+.PP
+You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain owned by this user\&.
+.PP
+You may not remove any NIS attributes on a NIS client\&. This must be performed on the NIS server\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+is defined to
+\fIyes\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will delete the group with the same name as the user\&. To avoid inconsistencies in the passwd and group databases,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will check that this group is not used as a primary group for another user, and will just warn without deleting the group otherwise\&. The
+\fB\-f\fR
+option can force the deletion of this group\&.
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/pl/man8/usermod.8 b/man/pl/man8/usermod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3123a31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man8/usermod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: usermod
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "USERMOD" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+usermod \- zmiana danych konta użytkownika
+.SH "STRESZCZENIE"
+.HP \w'\fBusermod\fR\ 'u
+\fBusermod\fR [\fIopcje\fR] \fILOGIN\fR
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+The
+\fBusermod\fR
+command modifies the system account files to reflect the changes that are specified on the command line\&.
+.SH "OPCJE"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBusermod\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-append\fR
+.RS 4
+Add the user to the supplementary group(s)\&. Use only with the
+\fB\-G\fR
+option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-badnames\fR
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-comment\fR\ \&\fICOMMENT\fR
+.RS 4
+The new value of the user\*(Aqs password file comment field\&. It is normally modified using the
+\fBchfn\fR(1)
+utility\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-home\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The user\*(Aqs new login directory\&.
+.sp
+If the
+\fB\-m\fR
+option is given, the contents of the current home directory will be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it does not already exist\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+The date on which the user account will be disabled\&. The date is specified in the format
+\fIYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR\&.
+.sp
+An empty
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+argument will disable the expiration of the account\&.
+.sp
+This option requires a
+/etc/shadow
+file\&. A
+/etc/shadow
+entry will be created if there were none\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently disabled\&.
+.sp
+A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has expired, and a value of \-1 disables the feature\&.
+.sp
+This option requires a
+/etc/shadow
+file\&. A
+/etc/shadow
+entry will be created if there were none\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+The group name or number of the user\*(Aqs new initial login group\&. The group must exist\&.
+.sp
+Any file from the user\*(Aqs home directory owned by the previous primary group of the user will be owned by this new group\&.
+.sp
+The group ownership of files outside of the user\*(Aqs home directory must be fixed manually\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-groups\fR\ \&\fIGROUP1\fR[\fI,GROUP2,\&.\&.\&.\fR[\fI,GROUPN\fR]]]
+.RS 4
+A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of\&. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace\&. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option\&.
+.sp
+If the user is currently a member of a group which is not listed, the user will be removed from the group\&. This behaviour can be changed via the
+\fB\-a\fR
+option, which appends the user to the current supplementary group list\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR\ \&\fINEW_LOGIN\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the user will be changed from
+\fILOGIN\fR
+to
+\fINEW_LOGIN\fR\&. Nothing else is changed\&. In particular, the user\*(Aqs home directory or mail spool should probably be renamed manually to reflect the new login name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-lock\fR
+.RS 4
+Lock a user\*(Aqs password\&. This puts a \*(Aq!\*(Aq in front of the encrypted password, effectively disabling the password\&. You can\*(Aqt use this option with
+\fB\-p\fR
+or
+\fB\-U\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: if you wish to lock the account (not only access with a password), you should also set the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+to
+\fI1\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-move\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+Move the content of the user\*(Aqs home directory to the new location\&.
+.sp
+This option is only valid in combination with the
+\fB\-d\fR
+(or
+\fB\-\-home\fR) option\&.
+.sp
+\fBusermod\fR
+will try to adapt the ownership of the files and to copy the modes, ACL and extended attributes, but manual changes might be needed afterwards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+When used with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option, this option allows to change the user ID to a non\-unique value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+You should make sure the password respects the system\*(Aqs password policy\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+Nazwa nowej pow\(/loki (shell) użytkownika\&. Ustawienie tego pola na puste powoduje, że system wybierze domyślną pow\(/lokę logowania\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-uid\fR\ \&\fIUID\fR
+.RS 4
+The new numerical value of the user\*(Aqs ID\&.
+.sp
+This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&.
+.sp
+The user\*(Aqs mailbox, and any files which the user owns and which are located in the user\*(Aqs home directory will have the file user ID changed automatically\&.
+.sp
+The ownership of files outside of the user\*(Aqs home directory must be fixed manually\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to the
+\fBUID_MIN\fR,
+\fBUID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR, or
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-U\fR, \fB\-\-unlock\fR
+.RS 4
+Unlock a user\*(Aqs password\&. This removes the \*(Aq!\*(Aq in front of the encrypted password\&. You can\*(Aqt use this option with
+\fB\-p\fR
+or
+\fB\-L\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: if you wish to unlock the account (not only access with a password), you should also set the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+(for example to
+\fI99999\fR, or to the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+value from
+/etc/default/useradd)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-add\-subuids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a range of subordinate uids to the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a users account\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-V\fR, \fB\-\-del\-subuids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove a range of subordinate uids from the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a users account\&. When both
+\fB\-\-del\-subuids\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-add\-subuids\fR
+are specified, the removal of all subordinate uid ranges happens before any subordinate uid range is added\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-add\-subgids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a range of subordinate gids to the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a users account\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-del\-subgids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove a range of subordinate gids from the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a users account\&. When both
+\fB\-\-del\-subgids\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-add\-subgids\fR
+are specified, the removal of all subordinate gid ranges happens before any subordinate gid range is added\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR\ \&\fISEUSER\fR
+.RS 4
+The new SELinux user for the user\*(Aqs login\&.
+.sp
+A blank
+\fISEUSER\fR
+will remove the SELinux user mapping for user
+\fILOGIN\fR
+(if any)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "OSTRZEŻENIA"
+.PP
+You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes when this command is being executed if the user\*(Aqs numerical user ID, the user\*(Aqs name, or the user\*(Aqs home directory is being changed\&.
+\fBusermod\fR
+checks this on Linux\&. On other platforms it only uses utmp to check if the user is logged in\&.
+.PP
+You must change the owner of any
+\fBcrontab\fR
+files or
+\fBat\fR
+jobs manually\&.
+.PP
+You must make any changes involving NIS on the NIS server\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The mail spool directory\&. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its corresponding user account is modified or deleted\&. If not specified, a compile\-time default is used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informacje o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informacje chronione o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Konfiguracja pakietu shadow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informacja o kontach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informacje chronione o użytkownikach\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/pl/man8/vigr.8 b/man/pl/man8/vigr.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff72d7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man8/vigr.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/vipw.8
diff --git a/man/pl/man8/vipw.8 b/man/pl/man8/vipw.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..198c1e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pl/man8/vipw.8
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: vipw
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Polish
+.\"
+.TH "VIPW" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAZWA"
+vipw, vigr \- edytuj plik hase\(/l, grup lub ich wersji chronionych
+.SH "STRESZCZENIE"
+.HP \w'\fBvipw\fR\ 'u
+\fBvipw\fR [\fIopcje\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBvigr\fR\ 'u
+\fBvigr\fR [\fIopcje\fR]
+.SH "OPIS"
+.PP
+The
+\fBvipw\fR
+and
+\fBvigr\fR
+commands edits the files
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/group, respectively\&. With the
+\fB\-s\fR
+flag, they will edit the shadow versions of those files,
+/etc/shadow
+and
+/etc/gshadow, respectively\&. The programs will set the appropriate locks to prevent file corruption\&. When looking for an editor, the programs will first try the environment variable
+\fB$VISUAL\fR, then the environment variable
+\fB$EDITOR\fR, and finally the default editor,
+\fBvi\fR(1)\&.
+.SH "OPCJE"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBvipw\fR
+and
+\fBvigr\fR
+commands are:
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+Edycja bazy grup\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Wyświetlenie komunikatu pomocy i zakończenie dzia\(/lania\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-passwd\fR
+.RS 4
+Edycja bazy passwd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+Cichy tryb pracy\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shadow\fR
+.RS 4
+Edycja bazy shadow lub gshadow\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ENVIRONMENT"
+.PP
+\fBVISUAL\fR
+.RS 4
+Editor to be used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBEDITOR\fR
+.RS 4
+Editor to be used if
+\fBVISUAL\fR
+is not set\&.
+.RE
+.SH "PLIKI"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informacje o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informacje chronione o grupach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informacja o kontach użytkownik\('ow\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informacje chronione o użytkownikach\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+.PP
+\fBvi\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5)
+,
+\fBpasswd\fR(5), ,
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/po/LINGUAS b/man/po/LINGUAS
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bf026a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/po/LINGUAS
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# LINGUAS
+
+LINGUAS = da de fr it pl ru sv zh_CN
+
+# These variables are generated based on the LINGUAS list
+POFILES = $(patsubst %,$(srcdir)/%.po,$(LINGUAS))
+UPDATEPOFILES = $(patsubst %,%.po-update,$(LINGUAS))
+DUMMYPOFILES = $(patsubst %,%.nop,$(LINGUAS))
diff --git a/man/po/Makefile.in b/man/po/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..deaa870
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/po/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+# Makefile for PO directory in any package using GNU gettext.
+# Copyright (C) 1995-1997, 2000-2006 by Ulrich Drepper <drepper@gnu.ai.mit.edu>
+#
+# This file can be copied and used freely without restrictions.  It can
+# be used in projects which are not available under the GNU General Public
+# License but which still want to provide support for the GNU gettext
+# functionality.
+# Please note that the actual code of GNU gettext is covered by the GNU
+# General Public License and is *not* in the public domain.
+#
+# Origin: gettext-0.16
+# Modified to handle translations with xml2po by Nicolas François - 2007
+
+PACKAGE = @PACKAGE@
+VERSION = @VERSION@
+PACKAGE_BUGREPORT = @PACKAGE_BUGREPORT@
+
+SHELL = /bin/sh
+@SET_MAKE@
+
+srcdir = @srcdir@
+top_srcdir = @top_srcdir@
+VPATH = @srcdir@
+
+MSGFMT_ = @MSGFMT@
+MSGFMT_no = @MSGFMT@
+MSGFMT_yes = @MSGFMT_015@
+MSGFMT = $(MSGFMT_$(USE_MSGCTXT))
+XGETTEXT_ = @XGETTEXT@
+XGETTEXT_no = @XGETTEXT@
+XGETTEXT_yes = @XGETTEXT_015@
+XGETTEXT = $(XGETTEXT_$(USE_MSGCTXT))
+MSGMERGE = @MSGMERGE@ --previous
+MSGMERGE_UPDATE = @MSGMERGE@ --update --previous
+MSGINIT = msginit
+MSGCONV = msgconv
+MSGFILTER = msgfilter
+
+include $(srcdir)/LINGUAS
+DISTFILES = $(srcdir)/Makevars $(srcdir)/XMLFILES $(srcdir)/LINGUAS $(POFILES)
+
+include $(srcdir)/XMLFILES
+
+include $(srcdir)/Makevars
+
+.SUFFIXES:
+.SUFFIXES: .po .sed .sin .nop .po-create .po-update
+
+remove-potcdate.sin: $(top_srcdir)/po/remove-potcdate.sin
+	cp $? $@
+
+.sin.sed:
+	sed -e '/^#/d' $< > t-$@
+	mv t-$@ $@
+
+all: all-yes
+
+all-yes: stamp-po
+all-no:
+
+# $(srcdir)/$(DOMAIN).pot is only created when needed. When xgettext finds no
+# internationalized messages, no $(srcdir)/$(DOMAIN).pot is created (because
+# we don't want to bother translators with empty POT files). We assume that
+# LINGUAS is empty in this case, i.e. $(POFILES) and $(GMOFILES) are empty.
+# In this case, stamp-po is a nop (i.e. a phony target).
+
+# stamp-po is a timestamp denoting the last time at which the CATALOGS have
+# been loosely updated. Its purpose is that when a developer or translator
+# checks out the package via CVS, and the $(DOMAIN).pot file is not in CVS,
+# "make" will update the $(DOMAIN).pot and the $(CATALOGS), but subsequent
+# invocations of "make" will do nothing. This timestamp would not be necessary
+# if updating the $(CATALOGS) would always touch them; however, the rule for
+# $(POFILES) has been designed to not touch files that don't need to be
+# changed.
+stamp-po: $(srcdir)/$(DOMAIN).pot
+	@test ! -f $(srcdir)/$(DOMAIN).pot || { \
+	  echo "touch stamp-po" && \
+	  echo timestamp > stamp-poT && \
+	  mv stamp-poT stamp-po; \
+	}
+
+# Note: Target 'all' must not depend on target '$(DOMAIN).pot-update',
+# otherwise packages like GCC can not be built if only parts of the source
+# have been downloaded.
+
+# This target rebuilds $(DOMAIN).pot; it is an expensive operation.
+# Note that $(DOMAIN).pot is not touched if it doesn't need to be changed.
+# TODO: set MSGID_BUGS_ADDRESS, COPYRIGHT_HOLDER
+$(DOMAIN).pot-update: $(XMLFILES) $(srcdir)/XMLFILES remove-potcdate.sed
+	@set -e; tmpdir=`pwd`; \
+	echo "cd $(top_srcdir)/man"; \
+	cd $(top_srcdir)/man; \
+	echo "xml2po --expand-all-entities -o $$tmpdir/$(DOMAIN).po $(notdir $(XMLFILES))"; \
+	xml2po --expand-all-entities -o $$tmpdir/$(DOMAIN).po $(notdir $(XMLFILES)); \
+	cd $$tmpdir
+	test ! -f $(DOMAIN).po || { \
+	  if test -f $(srcdir)/$(DOMAIN).pot; then \
+	    sed -f remove-potcdate.sed < $(srcdir)/$(DOMAIN).pot > $(DOMAIN).1po && \
+	    sed -f remove-potcdate.sed < $(DOMAIN).po > $(DOMAIN).2po && \
+	    if cmp $(DOMAIN).1po $(DOMAIN).2po >/dev/null 2>&1; then \
+	      rm -f $(DOMAIN).1po $(DOMAIN).2po $(DOMAIN).po; \
+	    else \
+	      rm -f $(DOMAIN).1po $(DOMAIN).2po $(srcdir)/$(DOMAIN).pot && \
+	      mv $(DOMAIN).po $(srcdir)/$(DOMAIN).pot; \
+	    fi; \
+	  else \
+	    mv $(DOMAIN).po $(srcdir)/$(DOMAIN).pot; \
+	  fi; \
+	}
+
+# This rule has no dependencies: we don't need to update $(DOMAIN).pot at
+# every "make" invocation, only create it when it is missing.
+# Only "make $(DOMAIN).pot-update" or "make dist" will force an update.
+$(srcdir)/$(DOMAIN).pot:
+	$(MAKE) $(DOMAIN).pot-update
+
+# This target rebuilds a PO file if $(DOMAIN).pot has changed.
+# Note that a PO file is not touched if it doesn't need to be changed.
+$(POFILES): $(srcdir)/$(DOMAIN).pot
+	@lang=`echo $@ | sed -e 's,.*/,,' -e 's/\.po$$//'`; \
+	if test -f "$(srcdir)/$${lang}.po"; then \
+	  test "$(srcdir)" = . && cdcmd="" || cdcmd="cd $(srcdir) && "; \
+	  echo "$${cdcmd}$(MSGMERGE_UPDATE) $${lang}.po $(DOMAIN).pot"; \
+	  cd $(srcdir) && $(MSGMERGE_UPDATE) $${lang}.po $(DOMAIN).pot; \
+	else \
+	  $(MAKE) $${lang}.po-create; \
+	fi
+
+
+install: install-exec install-data
+install-exec:
+install-data:
+
+install-strip: install
+
+installdirs: installdirs-exec installdirs-data
+installdirs-exec:
+installdirs-data:
+
+# Define this as empty until I found a useful application.
+installcheck:
+
+uninstall: uninstall-exec uninstall-data
+uninstall-exec:
+uninstall-data:
+
+check: all
+
+info dvi ps pdf html tags TAGS ctags CTAGS ID:
+
+mostlyclean:
+	rm -f remove-potcdate.sed remove-potcdate.sin
+	rm -f stamp-poT
+	rm -f core core.* $(DOMAIN).po $(DOMAIN).1po $(DOMAIN).2po *.new.po
+
+clean: mostlyclean
+
+distclean: clean
+	rm -f Makefile
+
+maintainer-clean: distclean
+	@echo "This command is intended for maintainers to use;"
+	@echo "it deletes files that may require special tools to rebuild."
+	rm -f stamp-po
+
+distdir = $(top_builddir)/$(PACKAGE)-$(VERSION)/$(subdir)
+dist distdir:
+	$(MAKE) update-po
+	@$(MAKE) dist2
+# This is a separate target because 'update-po' must be executed before.
+dist2: stamp-po $(DISTFILES)
+	dists="$(DISTFILES)"; \
+	if test -f $(srcdir)/$(DOMAIN).pot; then \
+	  dists="$$dists $(DOMAIN).pot stamp-po"; \
+	fi; \
+	if test -f $(srcdir)/ChangeLog; then \
+	  dists="$$dists ChangeLog"; \
+	fi; \
+	for i in 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9; do \
+	  if test -f $(srcdir)/ChangeLog.$$i; then \
+	    dists="$$dists ChangeLog.$$i"; \
+	  fi; \
+	done; \
+	for file in $$dists; do \
+	  if test -f $$file; then \
+	    cp -p $$file $(distdir) || exit 1; \
+	  else \
+	    cp -p $(srcdir)/$$file $(distdir) || exit 1; \
+	  fi; \
+	done
+
+update-po: Makefile
+	$(MAKE) $(DOMAIN).pot-update
+	test -z "$(UPDATEPOFILES)" || $(MAKE) $(UPDATEPOFILES)
+
+# General rule for creating PO files.
+
+.nop.po-create:
+	@lang=`echo $@ | sed -e 's/\.po-create$$//'`; \
+	echo "File $$lang.po does not exist. If you are a translator, you can create it through 'msginit'." 1>&2; \
+	exit 1
+
+# General rule for updating PO files.
+
+.nop.po-update:
+	@lang=`echo $@ | sed -e 's/\.po-update$$//'`; \
+	tmpdir=`pwd`; \
+	echo "$$lang:"; \
+	test "$(srcdir)" = . && cdcmd="" || cdcmd="cd $(srcdir) && "; \
+	echo "$${cdcmd}$(MSGMERGE) $$lang.po $(DOMAIN).pot -o $$lang.new.po"; \
+	cd $(srcdir); \
+	if $(MSGMERGE) $$lang.po $(DOMAIN).pot -o $$tmpdir/$$lang.new.po; then \
+	  if cmp $$lang.po $$tmpdir/$$lang.new.po >/dev/null 2>&1; then \
+	    rm -f $$tmpdir/$$lang.new.po; \
+	  else \
+	    if mv -f $$tmpdir/$$lang.new.po $$lang.po; then \
+	      :; \
+	    else \
+	      echo "msgmerge for $$lang.po failed: cannot move $$tmpdir/$$lang.new.po to $$lang.po" 1>&2; \
+	      exit 1; \
+	    fi; \
+	  fi; \
+	else \
+	  echo "msgmerge for $$lang.po failed!" 1>&2; \
+	  rm -f $$tmpdir/$$lang.new.po; \
+	fi
+
+$(DUMMYPOFILES):
+
+.PRECIOUS: Makefile
+Makefile: $(srcdir)/Makefile.in $(top_builddir)/config.status
+	@case '$?' in \
+	  *config.status*) \
+	    cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh;; \
+	  *) \
+	    echo ' cd $(top_builddir) && $(SHELL) ./config.status $(subdir)/$@ $(am__depfiles_maybe)'; \
+	    cd $(top_builddir) && $(SHELL) ./config.status $(subdir)/$@ $(am__depfiles_maybe);; \
+	esac;
+
+$(top_builddir)/config.status: $(top_srcdir)/configure $(CONFIG_STATUS_DEPENDENCIES)
+	cd $(top_builddir) && $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) am--refresh
+
+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make not to export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
diff --git a/man/po/Makevars b/man/po/Makevars
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c78c646
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/po/Makevars
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# Makefile variables for PO directory in any package using GNU gettext.
+
+# Usually the message domain is the same as the package name.
+DOMAIN = $(PACKAGE)-man-pages
+
+# These two variables depend on the location of this directory.
+subdir = man/po
+top_builddir = ../..
+
+# These options get passed to xgettext.
+XGETTEXT_OPTIONS = --keyword=_ --keyword=N_ --no-location
+
+# This is the copyright holder that gets inserted into the header of the
+# $(DOMAIN).pot file.  Set this to the copyright holder of the surrounding
+# package.  (Note that the msgstr strings, extracted from the package's
+# sources, belong to the copyright holder of the package.)  Translators are
+# expected to transfer the copyright for their translations to this person
+# or entity, or to disclaim their copyright.  The empty string stands for
+# the public domain; in this case the translators are expected to disclaim
+# their copyright.
+COPYRIGHT_HOLDER = Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+# This is the list of locale categories, beyond LC_MESSAGES, for which the
+# message catalogs shall be used.  It is usually empty.
+EXTRA_LOCALE_CATEGORIES =
+
+MSGID_BUGS_ADDRESS = pkg-shadow-devel@lists.alioth.debian.org
diff --git a/man/po/XMLFILES b/man/po/XMLFILES
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..de7925d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/po/XMLFILES
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# List of xml which contain translatable strings.
+XMLFILES = \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/chage.1.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/chfn.1.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/chgpasswd.8.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/chpasswd.8.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/chsh.1.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/expiry.1.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/faillog.5.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/faillog.8.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/gpasswd.1.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/groupadd.8.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/groupdel.8.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/groupmems.8.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/groupmod.8.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/groups.1.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/grpck.8.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/gshadow.5.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/lastlog.8.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/limits.5.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/login.1.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/login.access.5.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/login.defs.5.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/logoutd.8.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/newgrp.1.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/newusers.8.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/nologin.8.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/passwd.1.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/passwd.5.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/porttime.5.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/pwck.8.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/pwconv.8.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/shadow.3.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/shadow.5.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/sg.1.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/su.1.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/suauth.5.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/useradd.8.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/userdel.8.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/usermod.8.xml \
+	$(top_srcdir)/man/vipw.8.xml
+
diff --git a/man/po/da.po b/man/po/da.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2bb6aed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/po/da.po
@@ -0,0 +1,8304 @@
+# Danish translation shadow-man.
+# Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the shadow package.
+# Joe Hansen (joedalton2@yahoo.dk), 2012.
+#
+# konventioner:
+# audit -> overvågning
+# entry, entries -> punkt, punkter
+# exist -> findes
+# Home Phone -> telefon (telefonnr. hvor det er mere præcist)
+# locktime -> låsetid
+# mapping -> oversættelse eller kortlægning?
+# quiet -> tavs
+# record -> post
+# scratch -> scratch
+# shadow -> skygge
+# stat -> køre stat
+# unlock -> åbne
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: shadow-man\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-01-23 15:00-0600\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-08-23 01:35+0200\n"
+"Last-Translator: Joe Hansen <joedalton2@yahoo.dk>\n"
+"Language-Team: Danish <debian-l10n-danish@lists.debian.org>\n"
+"Language: \n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:41(firstname) suauth.5.xml:39(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:45(firstname) login.access.5.xml:40(firstname)
+msgid "Marek"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:42(surname) suauth.5.xml:40(surname) pwconv.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:41(surname)
+msgid "Michałkiewicz"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:43(contrib) limits.5.xml:43(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1997"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:46(firstname) usermod.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:50(firstname) useradd.8.xml:63(firstname)
+#: suauth.5.xml:44(firstname) su.1.xml:61(firstname) sg.1.xml:45(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:44(firstname) shadow.3.xml:44(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:50(firstname) pwck.8.xml:50(firstname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:44(firstname) passwd.5.xml:44(firstname)
+#: passwd.1.xml:51(firstname) newusers.8.xml:60(firstname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:45(firstname) logoutd.8.xml:44(firstname)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:111(firstname) login.access.5.xml:45(firstname)
+#: login.1.xml:77(firstname) limits.5.xml:46(firstname)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:46(firstname) grpck.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groups.1.xml:44(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:48(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:47(firstname) gpasswd.1.xml:49(firstname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:44(firstname) faillog.5.xml:44(firstname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:48(firstname) chsh.1.xml:47(firstname)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:48(firstname) chgpasswd.8.xml:44(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:47(firstname) chage.1.xml:45(firstname)
+msgid "Thomas"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:47(surname) usermod.8.xml:52(surname) userdel.8.xml:51(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:64(surname) suauth.5.xml:45(surname) su.1.xml:62(surname)
+#: sg.1.xml:46(surname) shadow.5.xml:45(surname) shadow.3.xml:45(surname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:51(surname) pwck.8.xml:51(surname) porttime.5.xml:45(surname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:45(surname) passwd.1.xml:52(surname) newusers.8.xml:61(surname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:46(surname) logoutd.8.xml:45(surname)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:112(surname) login.access.5.xml:46(surname)
+#: login.1.xml:78(surname) limits.5.xml:47(surname) lastlog.8.xml:47(surname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:46(surname) groups.1.xml:45(surname) groupmod.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:49(surname) groupdel.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:48(surname) gpasswd.1.xml:50(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:45(surname) faillog.5.xml:45(surname) expiry.1.xml:49(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:48(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:49(surname)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:45(surname) chfn.1.xml:48(surname) chage.1.xml:46(surname)
+msgid "Kłoczko"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:48(email) usermod.8.xml:53(email) userdel.8.xml:52(email)
+#: useradd.8.xml:65(email) suauth.5.xml:46(email) su.1.xml:63(email)
+#: sg.1.xml:47(email) shadow.5.xml:46(email) shadow.3.xml:46(email)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:52(email) pwck.8.xml:52(email) porttime.5.xml:46(email)
+#: passwd.5.xml:46(email) passwd.1.xml:53(email) newusers.8.xml:62(email)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:47(email) logoutd.8.xml:46(email) login.defs.5.xml:113(email)
+#: login.access.5.xml:47(email) login.1.xml:79(email) limits.5.xml:48(email)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:48(email) grpck.8.xml:47(email) groups.1.xml:46(email)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:47(email) groupmems.8.xml:50(email) groupdel.8.xml:47(email)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:49(email) gpasswd.1.xml:51(email) faillog.8.xml:46(email)
+#: faillog.5.xml:46(email) expiry.1.xml:50(email) chsh.1.xml:49(email)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:50(email) chgpasswd.8.xml:46(email) chfn.1.xml:49(email)
+#: chage.1.xml:47(email)
+msgid "kloczek@pld.org.pl"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:49(contrib) usermod.8.xml:54(contrib) userdel.8.xml:53(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:66(contrib) suauth.5.xml:47(contrib) su.1.xml:64(contrib)
+#: sg.1.xml:48(contrib) shadow.5.xml:47(contrib) shadow.3.xml:47(contrib)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:53(contrib) pwck.8.xml:53(contrib) porttime.5.xml:47(contrib)
+#: passwd.5.xml:47(contrib) passwd.1.xml:54(contrib) newusers.8.xml:63(contrib)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:48(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:114(contrib) login.access.5.xml:48(contrib)
+#: login.1.xml:80(contrib) limits.5.xml:49(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:49(contrib)
+#: grpck.8.xml:48(contrib) groups.1.xml:47(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:48(contrib)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:51(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:48(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:50(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:52(contrib)
+#: faillog.8.xml:47(contrib) faillog.5.xml:47(contrib) expiry.1.xml:51(contrib)
+#: chsh.1.xml:50(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:51(contrib) chfn.1.xml:50(contrib)
+#: chage.1.xml:48(contrib)
+msgid "shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:52(firstname) usermod.8.xml:57(firstname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:56(firstname) useradd.8.xml:69(firstname)
+#: suauth.5.xml:50(firstname) su.1.xml:67(firstname) sg.1.xml:51(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:50(firstname) shadow.3.xml:50(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:56(firstname) pwck.8.xml:56(firstname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:50(firstname) passwd.5.xml:50(firstname)
+#: passwd.1.xml:57(firstname) nologin.8.xml:39(firstname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:66(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:51(firstname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:50(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:117(firstname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:51(firstname) login.1.xml:83(firstname)
+#: limits.5.xml:52(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:52(firstname)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:38(firstname) grpck.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groups.1.xml:50(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:54(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:53(firstname) gpasswd.1.xml:55(firstname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:50(firstname) faillog.5.xml:50(firstname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:54(firstname) chsh.1.xml:53(firstname)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:54(firstname) chgpasswd.8.xml:50(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:53(firstname) chage.1.xml:51(firstname)
+msgid "Nicolas"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:53(surname) usermod.8.xml:58(surname) userdel.8.xml:57(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:70(surname) suauth.5.xml:51(surname) su.1.xml:68(surname)
+#: sg.1.xml:52(surname) shadow.5.xml:51(surname) shadow.3.xml:51(surname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:57(surname) pwck.8.xml:57(surname) porttime.5.xml:51(surname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:51(surname) passwd.1.xml:58(surname) nologin.8.xml:40(surname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:67(surname) newgrp.1.xml:52(surname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:51(surname) login.defs.5.xml:118(surname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:52(surname) login.1.xml:84(surname)
+#: limits.5.xml:53(surname) lastlog.8.xml:53(surname) gshadow.5.xml:39(surname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:52(surname) groups.1.xml:51(surname) groupmod.8.xml:52(surname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:55(surname) groupdel.8.xml:52(surname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:54(surname) gpasswd.1.xml:56(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:51(surname) faillog.5.xml:51(surname) expiry.1.xml:55(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:54(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:55(surname)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:51(surname) chfn.1.xml:54(surname) chage.1.xml:52(surname)
+msgid "François"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:54(email) usermod.8.xml:59(email) userdel.8.xml:58(email)
+#: useradd.8.xml:71(email) suauth.5.xml:52(email) su.1.xml:69(email)
+#: sg.1.xml:53(email) shadow.5.xml:52(email) shadow.3.xml:52(email)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:58(email) pwck.8.xml:58(email) porttime.5.xml:52(email)
+#: passwd.5.xml:52(email) passwd.1.xml:59(email) nologin.8.xml:41(email)
+#: newusers.8.xml:68(email) newgrp.1.xml:53(email) logoutd.8.xml:52(email)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:119(email) login.access.5.xml:53(email)
+#: login.1.xml:85(email) limits.5.xml:54(email) lastlog.8.xml:54(email)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:40(email) grpck.8.xml:53(email) groups.1.xml:52(email)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:53(email) groupmems.8.xml:56(email) groupdel.8.xml:53(email)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:55(email) gpasswd.1.xml:57(email) faillog.8.xml:52(email)
+#: faillog.5.xml:52(email) expiry.1.xml:56(email) chsh.1.xml:55(email)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:56(email) chgpasswd.8.xml:52(email) chfn.1.xml:55(email)
+#: chage.1.xml:53(email)
+msgid "nicolas.francois@centraliens.net"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:55(contrib) usermod.8.xml:60(contrib) userdel.8.xml:59(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:72(contrib) suauth.5.xml:53(contrib) su.1.xml:70(contrib)
+#: sg.1.xml:54(contrib) shadow.5.xml:53(contrib) shadow.3.xml:53(contrib)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:59(contrib) pwck.8.xml:59(contrib) porttime.5.xml:53(contrib)
+#: passwd.5.xml:53(contrib) passwd.1.xml:60(contrib) nologin.8.xml:42(contrib)
+#: newusers.8.xml:69(contrib) newgrp.1.xml:54(contrib)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:53(contrib) login.defs.5.xml:120(contrib)
+#: login.access.5.xml:54(contrib) login.1.xml:86(contrib)
+#: limits.5.xml:55(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:55(contrib) gshadow.5.xml:42(contrib)
+#: grpck.8.xml:54(contrib) groups.1.xml:53(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:54(contrib)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:57(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:54(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:56(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:58(contrib)
+#: faillog.8.xml:53(contrib) faillog.5.xml:53(contrib) expiry.1.xml:57(contrib)
+#: chsh.1.xml:56(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:57(contrib)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:53(contrib) chfn.1.xml:56(contrib) chage.1.xml:54(contrib)
+msgid "shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:59(refentrytitle) vipw.8.xml:66(refname) vipw.8.xml:75(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:520(term)
+msgid "vipw"
+msgstr "vipw"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:60(manvolnum) usermod.8.xml:65(manvolnum)
+#: userdel.8.xml:64(manvolnum) userdel.8.xml:276(replaceable)
+#: useradd.8.xml:77(manvolnum) pwconv.8.xml:64(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:64(manvolnum) nologin.8.xml:47(manvolnum)
+#: newusers.8.xml:74(manvolnum) logoutd.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:60(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupmems.8.xml:62(manvolnum)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupdel.8.xml:198(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:61(manvolnum) faillog.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: faillog.5.xml:111(manvolnum) chpasswd.8.xml:62(manvolnum)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+msgid "8"
+msgstr "8"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) usermod.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo)
+#: userdel.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) useradd.8.xml:78(refmiscinfo)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) pwck.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo)
+#: nologin.8.xml:48(refmiscinfo) newusers.8.xml:75(refmiscinfo)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo) lastlog.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+#: grpck.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) groupmod.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) groupdel.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) faillog.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chgpasswd.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "System Management Commands"
+msgstr "Kommandoer for systemhåndtering"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) usermod.8.xml:67(refmiscinfo)
+#: userdel.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) useradd.8.xml:79(refmiscinfo)
+#: suauth.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) su.1.xml:77(refmiscinfo)
+#: sg.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo) shadow.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: shadow.3.xml:60(refmiscinfo) pwconv.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo)
+#: pwck.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) porttime.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: passwd.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) passwd.1.xml:67(refmiscinfo)
+#: nologin.8.xml:49(refmiscinfo) newusers.8.xml:76(refmiscinfo)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo) logoutd.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:127(refmiscinfo) login.access.5.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.1.xml:93(refmiscinfo) limits.5.xml:62(refmiscinfo)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) gshadow.5.xml:49(refmiscinfo)
+#: grpck.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groups.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groupmems.8.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groupadd.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:65(refmiscinfo) faillog.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: faillog.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) expiry.1.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: chsh.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chpasswd.8.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) chfn.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: chage.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "shadow-utils"
+msgstr "shadow-utils"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:67(refname) vipw.8.xml:81(command)
+msgid "vigr"
+msgstr "vigr"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "edit the password, group, shadow-password or shadow-group file"
+msgstr ""
+"rediger adgangskoden, gruppe, shadow-adgangskode- eller shadow-gruppe-fil"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:77(replaceable) vipw.8.xml:83(replaceable)
+#: usermod.8.xml:79(replaceable) userdel.8.xml:76(arg)
+#: useradd.8.xml:90(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:102(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:88(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:81(replaceable)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:87(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:93(replaceable)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:99(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:77(arg) passwd.1.xml:79(replaceable)
+#: newusers.8.xml:88(replaceable) lastlog.8.xml:74(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:72(arg) groupmod.8.xml:73(replaceable)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:73(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:75(replaceable)
+#: faillog.8.xml:72(replaceable) chsh.1.xml:75(replaceable)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:76(replaceable) chgpasswd.8.xml:72(replaceable)
+#: chfn.1.xml:75(replaceable) chage.1.xml:72(replaceable)
+msgid "options"
+msgstr "tilvalg"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:89(title) usermod.8.xml:86(title) userdel.8.xml:84(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:108(title) suauth.5.xml:75(title) su.1.xml:103(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:81(title) shadow.5.xml:69(title) shadow.3.xml:118(title)
+#: shadow.3.xml:174(title) pwconv.8.xml:105(title) pwck.8.xml:92(title)
+#: porttime.5.xml:69(title) passwd.5.xml:69(title) passwd.1.xml:88(title)
+#: nologin.8.xml:64(title) newusers.8.xml:97(title) newgrp.1.xml:77(title)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:75(title) login.defs.5.xml:136(title)
+#: login.access.5.xml:70(title) login.1.xml:125(title) limits.5.xml:72(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:80(title) gshadow.5.xml:58(title) grpck.8.xml:83(title)
+#: groups.1.xml:78(title) groupmod.8.xml:80(title) groupmems.8.xml:85(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:80(title) groupadd.8.xml:84(title) gpasswd.1.xml:94(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:78(title) faillog.5.xml:69(title) expiry.1.xml:82(title)
+#: chsh.1.xml:84(title) chpasswd.8.xml:82(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:78(title)
+#: chfn.1.xml:84(title) chage.1.xml:81(title)
+msgid "DESCRIPTION"
+msgstr "BESKRIVELSE"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</command> commands edits the "
+"files <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"respectively. With the <option>-s</option> flag, they will edit the shadow "
+"versions of those files, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and <filename>/etc/"
+"gshadow</filename>, respectively. The programs will set the appropriate "
+"locks to prevent file corruption. When looking for an editor, the programs "
+"will first try the environment variable <envar>$VISUAL</envar>, then the "
+"environment variable <envar>$EDITOR</envar>, and finally the default editor, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandoerne <command>vipw</command> og <command>vigr</command> redigerer "
+"filerne <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> og <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"respektivt. Med flaget <option>-s</option> vil de redigere versionerne for "
+"Shadow for disse filer, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> og <filename>/etc/"
+"gshadow</filename>, respektivt. Programmerne vil sætte de passende låse for "
+"at forhindre filødelæggelse. Når der kigges efter et redigerngsprogram, så "
+"vil programmet øfrst forsøge med miljøvariablen <envar>$VISUAL</envar>, "
+"derefter miljøvariablen <envar>$EDITOR</envar>, og endelig "
+"standardredigeringsprogrammet, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:107(title) usermod.8.xml:94(title) userdel.8.xml:93(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:126(title) su.1.xml:144(title) pwconv.8.xml:187(title)
+#: pwck.8.xml:176(title) passwd.1.xml:174(title) newusers.8.xml:266(title)
+#: login.1.xml:210(title) lastlog.8.xml:92(title) grpck.8.xml:147(title)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:89(title) groupmems.8.xml:100(title) groupdel.8.xml:88(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:93(title) gpasswd.1.xml:134(title) faillog.8.xml:89(title)
+#: expiry.1.xml:91(title) chsh.1.xml:95(title) chpasswd.8.xml:130(title)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:105(title) chfn.1.xml:111(title) chage.1.xml:91(title)
+msgid "OPTIONS"
+msgstr "TILVALG"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</"
+"command> commands are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Tilvalgene som gælder for kommandoerne <command>vipw</command> og "
+"<command>vigr</command> er:"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:114(term)
+msgid "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:116(para)
+msgid "Edit group database."
+msgstr "Rediger gruppedatabase."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:120(term) userdel.8.xml:123(term) useradd.8.xml:278(term)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:195(term) pwck.8.xml:196(term) passwd.1.xml:214(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:296(term) lastlog.8.xml:119(term) grpck.8.xml:157(term)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:129(term) groupmems.8.xml:142(term) groupdel.8.xml:95(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:131(term) gpasswd.1.xml:173(term) faillog.8.xml:122(term)
+#: expiry.1.xml:112(term) chsh.1.xml:101(term) chpasswd.8.xml:171(term)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:131(term) chage.1.xml:129(term)
+msgid "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:122(para) userdel.8.xml:125(para) useradd.8.xml:280(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:197(para) pwck.8.xml:198(para) passwd.1.xml:216(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:298(para) lastlog.8.xml:123(para) grpck.8.xml:159(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:131(para) groupmems.8.xml:144(para) groupdel.8.xml:97(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:133(para) gpasswd.1.xml:175(para) faillog.8.xml:124(para)
+#: expiry.1.xml:114(para) chsh.1.xml:103(para) chpasswd.8.xml:173(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:133(para) chfn.1.xml:169(para) chage.1.xml:131(para)
+msgid "Display help message and exit."
+msgstr "Vis hjælpeteksten og afslut."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:126(term)
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--passwd</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-p</option>, <option>--passwd</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:128(para)
+msgid "Edit passwd database."
+msgstr "Rediger passwd-database."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:132(term) pwck.8.xml:202(term) passwd.1.xml:281(term)
+msgid "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:134(para) passwd.1.xml:285(para)
+msgid "Quiet mode."
+msgstr "Stille tilstand."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:138(term) usermod.8.xml:322(term) userdel.8.xml:146(term)
+#: useradd.8.xml:457(term) pwconv.8.xml:201(term) pwck.8.xml:219(term)
+#: passwd.1.xml:301(term) newusers.8.xml:321(term) lastlog.8.xml:127(term)
+#: grpck.8.xml:173(term) groupmod.8.xml:178(term) groupmems.8.xml:165(term)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:101(term) groupadd.8.xml:204(term) faillog.8.xml:180(term)
+#: chsh.1.xml:107(term) chpasswd.8.xml:188(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:146(term)
+#: chfn.1.xml:153(term) chage.1.xml:203(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:142(para) usermod.8.xml:326(para) userdel.8.xml:150(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:461(para) pwconv.8.xml:205(para) pwck.8.xml:223(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:305(para) newusers.8.xml:325(para) lastlog.8.xml:131(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:177(para) groupmod.8.xml:182(para) groupmems.8.xml:169(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:105(para) groupadd.8.xml:208(para) gpasswd.1.xml:185(para)
+#: faillog.8.xml:184(para) chsh.1.xml:111(para) chpasswd.8.xml:192(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:150(para) chfn.1.xml:157(para) chage.1.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory and use "
+"the configuration files from the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Brug ændringer i mappen <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> og brug "
+"konfigurationsfilerne fra mappen <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:150(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "Edit shadow or gshadow database."
+msgstr "Rediger shadow- eller gshadow-database."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:156(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:158(para)
+msgid "Indicates which user's tcb shadow file to edit."
+msgstr "Indikerer hvilken brugers tcb-shadowfil at redigere."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:165(title) usermod.8.xml:524(title) userdel.8.xml:188(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:676(title) su.1.xml:338(title) sg.1.xml:98(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:227(title) pwck.8.xml:262(title) passwd.1.xml:395(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:375(title) newgrp.1.xml:109(title) login.1.xml:294(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:205(title) grpck.8.xml:209(title) groupmod.8.xml:210(title)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:199(title) groupdel.8.xml:145(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:236(title) gpasswd.1.xml:264(title) chsh.1.xml:154(title)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:239(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:198(title) chfn.1.xml:193(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:250(title)
+msgid "CONFIGURATION"
+msgstr "KONFIGURATION"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:166(para) usermod.8.xml:525(para) userdel.8.xml:189(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:677(para) su.1.xml:339(para) sg.1.xml:99(para)
+#: pwck.8.xml:263(para) passwd.1.xml:396(para) newusers.8.xml:376(para)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:110(para) login.1.xml:295(para) lastlog.8.xml:206(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:210(para) groupmod.8.xml:211(para) groupmems.8.xml:200(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:146(para) groupadd.8.xml:237(para) gpasswd.1.xml:265(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:155(para) chpasswd.8.xml:240(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:199(para)
+#: chfn.1.xml:194(para) chage.1.xml:251(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> change the behavior of this tool:"
+msgstr ""
+"De følgende konfigurationsvariabler i <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"ændrer opførelsen for dette værktøj:"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:30(term) usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term)
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwconv.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term) chage.1.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>USE_TCB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>USE_TCB</option> (boolesk)"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:32(para) usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwconv.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(para) chage.1.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> password shadowing "
+"scheme will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis <replaceable>ja</replaceable>, så vil skemaet for adgangskodeskygge "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> blive brugt."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:177(title)
+msgid "ENVIRONMENT"
+msgstr "MILJØ"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:180(option)
+msgid "VISUAL"
+msgstr "VISUEL"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:182(para)
+msgid "Editor to be used."
+msgstr "Redigeringsprogram der skal bruges."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:186(option)
+msgid "EDITOR"
+msgstr "REDIGERINGSPROGRAM"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:188(para)
+msgid "Editor to be used if <option>VISUAL</option> is not set."
+msgstr ""
+"Redigeringsprogram der skal bruges hvis <option>VISUAL</option> ikke er "
+"angivet."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:195(title) usermod.8.xml:542(title) userdel.8.xml:205(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:706(title) suauth.5.xml:193(title) su.1.xml:366(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:110(title) shadow.5.xml:255(title) shadow.3.xml:226(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:250(title) pwck.8.xml:279(title) porttime.5.xml:130(title)
+#: passwd.5.xml:160(title) passwd.1.xml:413(title) newusers.8.xml:411(title)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:121(title) logoutd.8.xml:89(title)
+#: login.access.5.xml:121(title) login.1.xml:338(title) limits.5.xml:196(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:217(title) gshadow.5.xml:156(title) grpck.8.xml:221(title)
+#: groups.1.xml:100(title) groupmod.8.xml:222(title) groupmems.8.xml:211(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:157(title) groupadd.8.xml:250(title) gpasswd.1.xml:279(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:243(title) faillog.5.xml:96(title) expiry.1.xml:121(title)
+#: chsh.1.xml:167(title) chpasswd.8.xml:255(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:213(title)
+#: chfn.1.xml:207(title) chage.1.xml:262(title)
+msgid "FILES"
+msgstr "FILER"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:198(filename) usermod.8.xml:545(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:208(filename) useradd.8.xml:721(filename)
+#: sg.1.xml:125(filename) pwck.8.xml:282(filename) newusers.8.xml:426(filename)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:136(filename) gshadow.5.xml:159(filename)
+#: grpck.8.xml:224(filename) groups.1.xml:103(filename)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:225(filename) groupmems.8.xml:214(filename)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:160(filename) groupadd.8.xml:253(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:72(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:75(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:282(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:216(filename)
+msgid "/etc/group"
+msgstr "/etc/group"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:200(para) usermod.8.xml:547(para) userdel.8.xml:210(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:723(para) sg.1.xml:127(para) pwck.8.xml:284(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:428(para) newgrp.1.xml:138(para) gshadow.5.xml:161(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:226(para) groups.1.xml:105(para) groupmod.8.xml:227(para)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:216(para) groupdel.8.xml:162(para) groupadd.8.xml:255(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:284(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:218(para)
+msgid "Group account information."
+msgstr "Information om gruppekonto."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:204(filename) usermod.8.xml:551(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:727(filename) sg.1.xml:131(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:432(filename) newgrp.1.xml:142(filename)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:165(filename) grpck.8.xml:230(filename)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:231(filename) groupmems.8.xml:220(filename)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:166(filename) groupadd.8.xml:259(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:76(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:288(filename)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:222(filename)
+msgid "/etc/gshadow"
+msgstr "/etc/gshadow"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:206(para) usermod.8.xml:553(para) useradd.8.xml:729(para)
+#: sg.1.xml:133(para) newusers.8.xml:434(para) newgrp.1.xml:144(para)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:167(para) grpck.8.xml:232(para) groupmod.8.xml:233(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:168(para) groupadd.8.xml:261(para) gpasswd.1.xml:290(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid "Secure group account information."
+msgstr "Information om sikret gruppekonto."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:210(filename) usermod.8.xml:563(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:220(filename) useradd.8.xml:709(filename)
+#: su.1.xml:369(filename) sg.1.xml:113(filename) shadow.5.xml:258(filename)
+#: pwck.8.xml:288(filename) passwd.5.xml:163(filename)
+#: passwd.1.xml:416(filename) newusers.8.xml:414(filename)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:124(filename) login.1.xml:353(filename)
+#: grpck.8.xml:236(filename) groupmod.8.xml:243(filename)
+#: expiry.1.xml:124(filename) chsh.1.xml:170(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:258(filename) chfn.1.xml:216(filename)
+#: chage.1.xml:266(filename)
+msgid "/etc/passwd"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:212(para) usermod.8.xml:565(para) userdel.8.xml:222(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:711(para) su.1.xml:371(para) sg.1.xml:115(para)
+#: shadow.5.xml:260(para) pwck.8.xml:290(para) passwd.5.xml:165(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:418(para) newusers.8.xml:416(para) newgrp.1.xml:126(para)
+#: login.1.xml:355(para) grpck.8.xml:238(para) groupmod.8.xml:245(para)
+#: expiry.1.xml:126(para) chsh.1.xml:172(para) chpasswd.8.xml:260(para)
+#: chfn.1.xml:218(para) chage.1.xml:269(para)
+msgid "User account information."
+msgstr "Information om brugerkonto."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:216(filename) usermod.8.xml:569(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:226(filename) useradd.8.xml:715(filename)
+#: su.1.xml:375(filename) sg.1.xml:119(filename) shadow.5.xml:264(filename)
+#: shadow.3.xml:229(filename) pwck.8.xml:294(filename)
+#: passwd.5.xml:169(filename) passwd.1.xml:422(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:420(filename) newgrp.1.xml:130(filename)
+#: login.1.xml:359(filename) expiry.1.xml:130(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:264(filename) chage.1.xml:274(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shadow"
+msgstr "/etc/shadow"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:218(para) usermod.8.xml:571(para) userdel.8.xml:228(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:717(para) su.1.xml:377(para) sg.1.xml:121(para)
+#: shadow.5.xml:266(para) shadow.3.xml:231(para) pwck.8.xml:296(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:424(para) newusers.8.xml:422(para) newgrp.1.xml:132(para)
+#: login.1.xml:361(para) expiry.1.xml:132(para) chpasswd.8.xml:266(para)
+#: chage.1.xml:277(para)
+msgid "Secure user account information."
+msgstr "Information om sikret brugerkonto."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:225(title) usermod.8.xml:590(title) userdel.8.xml:325(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:835(title) suauth.5.xml:222(title) su.1.xml:437(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:140(title) shadow.5.xml:283(title) shadow.3.xml:238(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:262(title) pwck.8.xml:354(title) porttime.5.xml:142(title)
+#: passwd.5.xml:188(title) passwd.1.xml:494(title) nologin.8.xml:81(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:465(title) newgrp.1.xml:151(title)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:547(title) login.access.5.xml:133(title)
+#: login.1.xml:398(title) limits.5.xml:206(title) gshadow.5.xml:174(title)
+#: grpck.8.xml:290(title) groups.1.xml:112(title) groupmod.8.xml:321(title)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:229(title) groupdel.8.xml:214(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:341(title) gpasswd.1.xml:297(title) faillog.8.xml:255(title)
+#: faillog.5.xml:108(title) expiry.1.xml:139(title) chsh.1.xml:191(title)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:285(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:237(title) chfn.1.xml:225(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:317(title)
+msgid "SEE ALSO"
+msgstr "SE OGSÅ"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:226(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+"\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+"condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gruppe</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+"\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+"condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:46(firstname) userdel.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:58(firstname) su.1.xml:56(firstname) sg.1.xml:40(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:39(firstname) shadow.3.xml:39(firstname)
+#: pwck.8.xml:45(firstname) porttime.5.xml:39(firstname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:39(firstname) passwd.1.xml:46(firstname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:55(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:40(firstname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:39(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:106(firstname)
+#: login.1.xml:72(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:41(firstname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:40(firstname) groups.1.xml:39(firstname)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:40(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:40(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:42(firstname) faillog.8.xml:39(firstname)
+#: faillog.5.xml:39(firstname) expiry.1.xml:43(firstname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:42(firstname) chpasswd.8.xml:43(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:42(firstname) chage.1.xml:40(firstname)
+msgid "Julianne Frances"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:47(surname) userdel.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:59(surname) su.1.xml:57(surname) sg.1.xml:41(surname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:40(surname) shadow.3.xml:40(surname) pwck.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:40(surname) passwd.5.xml:40(surname) passwd.1.xml:47(surname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:56(surname) newgrp.1.xml:41(surname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:40(surname) login.defs.5.xml:107(surname)
+#: login.1.xml:73(surname) lastlog.8.xml:42(surname) grpck.8.xml:41(surname)
+#: groups.1.xml:40(surname) groupmod.8.xml:41(surname)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:41(surname) groupadd.8.xml:43(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:40(surname) faillog.5.xml:40(surname) expiry.1.xml:44(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:43(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:44(surname) chfn.1.xml:43(surname)
+#: chage.1.xml:41(surname)
+msgid "Haugh"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:48(contrib) userdel.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:60(contrib) sg.1.xml:42(contrib) newusers.8.xml:57(contrib)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:42(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:41(contrib)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:108(contrib) groups.1.xml:41(contrib)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:42(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:42(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:44(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:45(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1991"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:64(refentrytitle) usermod.8.xml:71(refname)
+#: usermod.8.xml:77(command) login.defs.5.xml:510(term)
+msgid "usermod"
+msgstr "usermod"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:72(refpurpose)
+msgid "modify a user account"
+msgstr "ændre en brugerkonto"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:81(replaceable) userdel.8.xml:78(replaceable)
+#: useradd.8.xml:92(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:82(replaceable)
+#: chsh.1.xml:78(replaceable) chfn.1.xml:78(replaceable)
+#: chage.1.xml:75(replaceable)
+msgid "LOGIN"
+msgstr "LOGIND"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:87(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>usermod</command> command modifies the system account files to "
+"reflect the changes that are specified on the command line."
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandoen <command>usermod</command> ændrer systemkontofilerne så de "
+"reflekterer ændringerne som angives på kommandolinjen."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:95(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>usermod</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Tilvalgene som kan bruges for kommandoen <command>usermod</command> er:"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:101(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--append</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-a</option>, <option>--append</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:105(para)
+msgid ""
+"Add the user to the supplementary group(s). Use only with the <option>-G</"
+"option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"Tilføj brugeren til de supplementære grupper. Brug kun med tilvalget "
+"<option>-G</option>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:112(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+msgid "<option>-b</option>, <option>--badnames</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:116(para) useradd.8.xml:135(para) pwck.8.xml:190(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "Allow names that do not conform to standards."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:122(term) useradd.8.xml:162(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMENT</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KOMMENTAR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:126(para)
+msgid ""
+"The new value of the user's password file comment field. It is normally "
+"modified using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utility."
+msgstr ""
+"Den nye værdi for brugerens kommentar kommentarfelt i adgangskodefilen. Den "
+"ændres normalt med redskabet <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:135(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HJEMMEMAPPE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The user's new login directory."
+msgstr "Brugerens nye logindmappe."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <option>-m</option> option is given, the contents of the current home "
+"directory will be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it "
+"does not already exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis tilvalget <option>-m</option> er angivet, vil indholdet af den aktuelle "
+"hjemmemappe blive flyttet til den nye hjemmemappe, som oprettes hvis denne "
+"ikke allerede findes."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:151(term) useradd.8.xml:200(term) useradd.8.xml:577(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UDLØBSDATO</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:155(para) useradd.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date on which the user account will be disabled. The date is specified "
+"in the format <emphasis remap=\"I\">YYYY-MM-DD</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Datoen hvorpå brugerkontoen vil blive deaktiveret. Datoen er angivet i "
+"formatet <emphasis remap=\"I\">ÅÅÅÅ-MM-DD</emphasis>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> argument will disable the "
+"expiration of the account."
+msgstr ""
+"Et tomt argument for <replaceable>UDLØBSDATO</replaceable> vil deaktivere "
+"udløb for kontoen."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:163(para) usermod.8.xml:184(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option requires a <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. A <filename>/"
+"etc/shadow</filename> entry will be created if there were none."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette tilvalg kræver en <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>-fil. Et <filename>/"
+"etc/shadow</filename>-punkt vil blive oprettet hvis et sådant ikke fandtes."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:171(term) useradd.8.xml:217(term) useradd.8.xml:589(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INAKTIV</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently "
+"disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Antallet af dage fra en adgangskode udløber til kontoen bliver permanent "
+"deaktiveret."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid ""
+"A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has expired, and a "
+"value of -1 disables the feature."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:192(term) useradd.8.xml:236(term) useradd.8.xml:604(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:196(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or number of the user's new initial login group. The group "
+"must exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:200(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any file from the user's home directory owned by the previous primary group "
+"of the user will be owned by this new group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group ownership of files outside of the user's home directory must be "
+"fixed manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:211(term) useradd.8.xml:263(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-G</option>, <option>--groups</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP1</"
+"replaceable>[<emphasis remap=\"I\">,GROUP2,...</emphasis>[<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">,GROUPN</emphasis>]]]"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each "
+"group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. "
+"The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the "
+"<option>-g</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the user is currently a member of a group which is not listed, the user "
+"will be removed from the group. This behaviour can be changed via the "
+"<option>-a</option> option, which appends the user to the current "
+"supplementary group list."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:231(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:235(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user will be changed from <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> "
+"to <replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</replaceable>. Nothing else is changed. In "
+"particular, the user's home directory or mail spool should probably be "
+"renamed manually to reflect the new login name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:245(term)
+msgid "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:249(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock a user's password. This puts a '!' in front of the encrypted password, "
+"effectively disabling the password. You can't use this option with <option>-"
+"p</option> or <option>-U</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:255(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: if you wish to lock the account (not only access with a password), you "
+"should also set the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> to "
+"<replaceable>1</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:264(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--move-home</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:268(para)
+msgid "Move the content of the user's home directory to the new location."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:272(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-d</option> (or "
+"<option>--home</option>) option."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>usermod</command> will try to adapt the ownership of the files and "
+"to copy the modes, ACL and extended attributes, but manual changes might be "
+"needed afterwards."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:284(term) useradd.8.xml:397(term) groupmod.8.xml:146(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:157(term)
+msgid "<option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"When used with the <option>-u</option> option, this option allows to change "
+"the user ID to a non-unique value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:295(term) useradd.8.xml:409(term) groupmod.8.xml:157(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:167(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASSWORD</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:299(para) groupmod.8.xml:161(para)
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:304(para) useradd.8.xml:418(para) groupmod.8.xml:166(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"bold\">Note:</emphasis> This option is not recommended "
+"because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users "
+"listing the processes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"The password will be written in the local <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+"or <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. This might differ from the "
+"password database configured in your PAM configuration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:315(para) useradd.8.xml:423(para) groupmod.8.xml:171(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should make sure the password respects the system's password policy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:334(term) userdel.8.xml:158(term) useradd.8.xml:469(term)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:190(term) groupdel.8.xml:113(term) groupadd.8.xml:216(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-P</option>, <option>--prefix</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HJEMMEMAPPE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:338(para) userdel.8.xml:162(para) useradd.8.xml:473(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:194(para) groupdel.8.xml:117(para) groupadd.8.xml:220(para)
+msgid ""
+"Apply changes in the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> directory and use "
+"the configuration files from the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> "
+"directory. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross-"
+"compilation target. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not "
+"verified. PAM authentication is using the host files. No SELINUX support."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:351(term) useradd.8.xml:486(term) useradd.8.xml:624(term)
+#: su.1.xml:186(term) chsh.1.xml:119(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:355(para) chsh.1.xml:123(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user's new login shell. Setting this field to blank causes "
+"the system to select the default login shell."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:362(term) useradd.8.xml:500(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:366(para)
+msgid "The new numerical value of the user's ID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:369(para)
+msgid ""
+"This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is used. "
+"The value must be non-negative."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:374(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user's mailbox, and any files which the user owns and which are located "
+"in the user's home directory will have the file user ID changed "
+"automatically."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:379(para)
+msgid ""
+"The ownership of files outside of the user's home directory must be fixed "
+"manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:383(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>, or "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:392(term)
+msgid "<option>-U</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:396(para)
+msgid ""
+"Unlock a user's password. This removes the '!' in front of the encrypted "
+"password. You can't use this option with <option>-p</option> or <option>-L</"
+"option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:401(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: if you wish to unlock the account (not only access with a password), "
+"you should also set the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> (for example "
+"to <replaceable>99999</replaceable>, or to the <option>EXPIRE</option> value "
+"from <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:412(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-v</option>, <option>--add-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INAKTIV</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:416(para)
+msgid "Add a range of subordinate uids to the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:419(para) usermod.8.xml:457(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a "
+"users account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:422(para) usermod.8.xml:442(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option>, or <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> from /etc/"
+"login.defs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:430(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-V</option>, <option>--del-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UDLØBSDATO</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:434(para)
+msgid "Remove a range of subordinate uids from the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:437(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a "
+"users account. When both <option>--del-subuids</option> and <option>--add-"
+"subuids</option> are specified, the removal of all subordinate uid ranges "
+"happens before any subordinate uid range is added."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:450(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--add-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INAKTIV</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:454(para)
+msgid "Add a range of subordinate gids to the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:460(para) usermod.8.xml:480(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option>, or <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> from /etc/"
+"login.defs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:468(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--del-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UDLØBSDATO</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:472(para)
+msgid "Remove a range of subordinate gids from the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:475(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a "
+"users account. When both <option>--del-subgids</option> and <option>--add-"
+"subgids</option> are specified, the removal of all subordinate gid ranges "
+"happens before any subordinate gid range is added."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:488(term) useradd.8.xml:535(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:492(para)
+msgid "The new SELinux user for the user's login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:495(para)
+msgid ""
+"A blank <replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable> will remove the SELinux user "
+"mapping for user <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> (if any)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:506(title) userdel.8.xml:298(title) useradd.8.xml:652(title)
+#: su.1.xml:330(title) shadow.3.xml:218(title) passwd.1.xml:377(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:363(title) login.1.xml:260(title) lastlog.8.xml:229(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:133(title) groupadd.8.xml:274(title) gpasswd.1.xml:252(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:232(title) chpasswd.8.xml:231(title)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:186(title)
+msgid "CAVEATS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:507(para)
+msgid ""
+"You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes "
+"when this command is being executed if the user's numerical user ID, the "
+"user's name, or the user's home directory is being changed. "
+"<command>usermod</command> checks this on Linux. On other platforms it only "
+"uses utmp to check if the user is logged in."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:514(para)
+msgid ""
+"You must change the owner of any <command>crontab</command> files or "
+"<command>at</command> jobs manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:518(para)
+msgid "You must make any changes involving NIS on the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:33(term) useradd.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MAX</option> (nummer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:35(para) useradd.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated. As "
+"higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and "
+"authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog "
+"file for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:41(para) useradd.8.xml:41(para) login.defs.5.xml:41(para)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:41(para)
+msgid ""
+"No <option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> option present in the configuration "
+"means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) userdel.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term)
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_DIR</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) userdel.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para)
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mail spool directory. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its "
+"corresponding user account is modified or deleted. If not specified, a "
+"compile-time default is used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:41(term) userdel.8.xml:41(term) useradd.8.xml:41(term)
+#: su.1.xml:41(term) login.defs.5.xml:41(term) login.1.xml:41(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:43(para) userdel.8.xml:43(para) useradd.8.xml:43(para)
+#: su.1.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. FIXME: MAIL_FILE not used in useradd
+#: usermod.8.xml:50(para) userdel.8.xml:50(para) useradd.8.xml:50(para)
+#: su.1.xml:50(para) login.defs.5.xml:50(para) login.1.xml:50(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>MAIL_DIR</option> and <option>MAIL_FILE</option> variables are "
+"used by <command>useradd</command>, <command>usermod</command>, and "
+"<command>userdel</command> to create, move, or delete the user's mail spool."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:56(para) userdel.8.xml:56(para) useradd.8.xml:56(para)
+#: su.1.xml:56(para) login.defs.5.xml:56(para) login.1.xml:56(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> is set to <replaceable>yes</"
+"replaceable>, they are also used to define the <envar>MAIL</envar> "
+"environment variable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: grpck.8.xml:30(term) groupmod.8.xml:30(term) groupmems.8.xml:30(term)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:30(term) groupadd.8.xml:30(term) gpasswd.1.xml:30(term)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:32(para) newusers.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:32(para) groupmod.8.xml:32(para) groupmems.8.xml:32(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:32(para) groupadd.8.xml:32(para) gpasswd.1.xml:32(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"Maximum members per group entry. When the maximum is reached, a new group "
+"entry (line) is started in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (with the same "
+"name, same password, and same GID)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:37(para) userdel.8.xml:37(para) useradd.8.xml:37(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:37(para) newusers.8.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:37(para) groupmod.8.xml:37(para) groupmems.8.xml:37(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:37(para) groupadd.8.xml:37(para) gpasswd.1.xml:37(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of "
+"members in a group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. Note: on HP, split groups have the same ID, but different
+#.                names.
+#: usermod.8.xml:43(para) userdel.8.xml:43(para) useradd.8.xml:43(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:43(para) groupmod.8.xml:43(para) groupmems.8.xml:43(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:43(para) groupadd.8.xml:43(para) gpasswd.1.xml:43(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group "
+"file. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger "
+"than 1024 characters."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:48(para) userdel.8.xml:48(para) useradd.8.xml:48(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:48(para) newusers.8.xml:48(para) login.defs.5.xml:48(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:48(para) groupmod.8.xml:48(para) groupmems.8.xml:48(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:48(para) groupadd.8.xml:48(para) gpasswd.1.xml:48(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:48(para)
+msgid "If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:51(para) userdel.8.xml:51(para) useradd.8.xml:51(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:51(para) newusers.8.xml:51(para) login.defs.5.xml:51(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:51(para) groupmod.8.xml:51(para) groupmems.8.xml:51(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:51(para) groupadd.8.xml:51(para) gpasswd.1.xml:51(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:51(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow "
+"toolsuite). You should not use this variable unless you really need it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MIN</option> (nummer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:31(term) useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MAX</option> (nummer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MIN</option> (nummer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands <command>useradd</"
+"command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless the user already have "
+"subordinate group IDs) allocate <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> unused group "
+"IDs from the range <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_GID_MAX</"
+"option> for each new user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:42(para) useradd.8.xml:42(para) newusers.8.xml:42(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:42(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default value for <option>GID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>GID_MAX</"
+#| "option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgid ""
+"The default values for <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_GID_MAX</"
+"option>, <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> are respectively 100000, 600100000 "
+"and 65536."
+msgstr ""
+"Standardværdien for <option>GID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>GID_MAX</"
+"option>) er 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MIN</option> (nummer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:31(term) useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MAX</option> (nummer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MIN</option> (nummer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands <command>useradd</"
+"command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless the user already have "
+"subordinate user IDs) allocate <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> unused user "
+"IDs from the range <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_UID_MAX</"
+"option> for each new user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:42(para) useradd.8.xml:42(para) newusers.8.xml:42(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:42(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default value for <option>GID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>GID_MAX</"
+#| "option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgid ""
+"The default values for <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_UID_MAX</"
+"option>, <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> are respectively 100000, 600100000 "
+"and 65536."
+msgstr ""
+"Standardværdien for <option>GID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>GID_MAX</"
+"option>) er 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term)
+#: pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>TCB_SYMLINKS</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:37(programlisting) userdel.8.xml:37(programlisting)
+#: useradd.8.xml:37(programlisting) pwck.8.xml:37(programlisting)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:37(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"if ( UID is less than 1000) {\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/user\n"
+"} else if ( UID is less than 1000000) {\n"
+"  kilos = UID / 1000\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/:kilos/user\n"
+"  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n"
+"} else {\n"
+"  megas = UID / 1000000\n"
+"  kilos = ( UID / megas * 1000000 ) / 1000\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/:megas/:kilos/user\n"
+"  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n"
+"}\n"
+"      "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para)
+#: pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the location of the user tcb directory to "
+"be created will not be automatically set to /etc/tcb/user, but will be "
+"computed depending on the UID of the user, according to the following "
+"algorithm: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:557(filename) userdel.8.xml:214(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:757(filename) su.1.xml:381(filename)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:253(filename) passwd.1.xml:428(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:438(filename) login.access.5.xml:124(filename)
+#: login.1.xml:389(filename) groupmod.8.xml:237(filename)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:265(filename) chsh.1.xml:182(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:270(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:228(filename)
+#: chfn.1.xml:210(filename)
+msgid "/etc/login.defs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:559(para) userdel.8.xml:216(para) useradd.8.xml:759(para)
+#: su.1.xml:383(para) pwconv.8.xml:255(para) passwd.1.xml:430(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:440(para) login.access.5.xml:126(para) login.1.xml:391(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:239(para) groupadd.8.xml:267(para) chsh.1.xml:184(para)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:272(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:230(para) chfn.1.xml:212(para)
+msgid "Shadow password suite configuration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:575(filename) userdel.8.xml:232(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:745(filename) newusers.8.xml:450(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgid "/etc/subgid"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:577(para) userdel.8.xml:234(para) useradd.8.xml:747(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:452(para)
+msgid "Per user subordinate group IDs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:581(filename) userdel.8.xml:238(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:751(filename) newusers.8.xml:456(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgid "/etc/subuid"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:583(para) userdel.8.xml:240(para) useradd.8.xml:753(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:458(para)
+msgid "Per user subordinate user IDs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:591(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+#| "\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+#| "condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gruppe</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+"\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+"condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) userdel.8.xml:70(refname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:75(command) login.defs.5.xml:500(term)
+msgid "userdel"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:71(refpurpose)
+msgid "delete a user account and related files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>userdel</command> command modifies the system account files, "
+"deleting all entries that refer to the user name <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">LOGIN</emphasis>. The named user must exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>userdel</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:99(term) groupadd.8.xml:100(term) expiry.1.xml:103(term)
+msgid "<option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option forces the removal of the user account, even if the user is "
+"still logged in. It also forces <command>userdel</command> to remove the "
+"user's home directory and mail spool, even if another user uses the same "
+"home directory or if the mail spool is not owned by the specified user. If "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> and if a group exists with "
+"the same name as the deleted user, then this group will be removed, even if "
+"it is still the primary group of another user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:116(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Note:</emphasis> This option is dangerous and may leave your "
+"system in an inconsistent state."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:129(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:133(para)
+msgid ""
+"Files in the user's home directory will be removed along with the home "
+"directory itself and the user's mail spool. Files located in other file "
+"systems will have to be searched for and deleted manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mail spool is defined by the <option>MAIL_DIR</option> variable in the "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename> file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:175(term)
+msgid "<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid "Remove any SELinux user mapping for the user's login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>USERDEL_CMD</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, this command is run when removing a user. It should remove any "
+"at/cron/print jobs etc. owned by the user to be removed (passed as the first "
+"argument)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+msgid "The return code of the script is not taken into account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:46(programlisting) login.defs.5.xml:46(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"#! /bin/sh\n"
+"\n"
+"# Check for the required argument.\n"
+"if [ $# != 1 ]; then\n"
+"\techo \"Usage: $0 username\"\n"
+"\texit 1\n"
+"fi\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove cron jobs.\n"
+"crontab -r -u $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove at jobs.\n"
+"# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,\n"
+"# even if it was shared by a different username.\n"
+"AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs\n"
+"find $AT_SPOOL_DIR -name \"[^.]*\" -type f -user $1 -delete \\;\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove print jobs.\n"
+"lprm $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# All done.\n"
+"exit 0\n"
+"      "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Here is an example script, which removes the user's cron, at and print jobs: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) su.1.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) su.1.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits "
+"(examples: 022 -&gt; 002, 077 -&gt; 007) for non-root users, if the uid is "
+"the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:39(para) useradd.8.xml:39(para) su.1.xml:39(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, <command>userdel</command> will "
+"remove the user's group if it contains no more members, and "
+"<command>useradd</command> will create by default a group with the name of "
+"the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:247(title) useradd.8.xml:766(title) su.1.xml:390(title)
+#: pwck.8.xml:303(title) passwd.1.xml:443(title) grpck.8.xml:245(title)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:252(title) groupdel.8.xml:175(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:296(title) chage.1.xml:284(title)
+msgid "EXIT VALUES"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:252(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:771(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:409(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:308(replaceable)
+#: passwd.1.xml:448(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:250(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:257(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:180(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:301(replaceable) chage.1.xml:289(replaceable)
+msgid "0"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:254(para) useradd.8.xml:773(para) pwck.8.xml:310(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:450(para) grpck.8.xml:252(para) groupdel.8.xml:182(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:303(para) chage.1.xml:291(para)
+msgid "success"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:258(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:777(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:75(manvolnum) su.1.xml:415(replaceable) sg.1.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:314(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:65(manvolnum)
+#: passwd.1.xml:454(replaceable) newgrp.1.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: login.1.xml:91(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:256(replaceable)
+#: groups.1.xml:58(manvolnum) gpasswd.1.xml:63(manvolnum)
+#: expiry.1.xml:62(manvolnum) chsh.1.xml:61(manvolnum) chfn.1.xml:61(manvolnum)
+#: chage.1.xml:59(manvolnum) chage.1.xml:295(replaceable)
+msgid "1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:260(para) useradd.8.xml:779(para)
+msgid "can't update password file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:264(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:783(replaceable)
+#: pwck.8.xml:320(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:460(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:262(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:263(replaceable)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:186(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:307(replaceable)
+#: chage.1.xml:301(replaceable)
+msgid "2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:266(para) useradd.8.xml:785(para) pwck.8.xml:316(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:258(para) groupdel.8.xml:188(para) groupadd.8.xml:309(para)
+#: chage.1.xml:303(para)
+msgid "invalid command syntax"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:270(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:801(replaceable)
+#: pwck.8.xml:344(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:484(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:281(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:192(replaceable)
+msgid "6"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:272(para)
+msgid "specified user doesn't exist"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:278(para)
+msgid "user currently logged in"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:282(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:813(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:293(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:204(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:331(replaceable)
+msgid "10"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:284(para) useradd.8.xml:815(para) groupdel.8.xml:206(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:333(para)
+msgid "can't update group file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:288(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:819(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:305(replaceable)
+msgid "12"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:290(para)
+msgid "can't remove home directory"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:248(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>userdel</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:299(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>userdel</command> will not allow you to remove an account if there "
+"are running processes which belong to this account. In that case, you may "
+"have to kill those processes or lock the user's password or account and "
+"remove the account later. The <option>-f</option> option can force the "
+"deletion of this account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:306(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain "
+"owned by this user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:310(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not remove any NIS attributes on a NIS client. This must be "
+"performed on the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, <command>userdel</"
+"command> will delete the group with the same name as the user. To avoid "
+"inconsistencies in the passwd and group databases, <command>userdel</"
+"command> will check that this group is not used as a primary group for "
+"another user, and will just warn without deleting the group otherwise. The "
+"<option>-f</option> option can force the deletion of this group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:326(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+#| "\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+#| "condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gruppe</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+"\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+"condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:76(refentrytitle) useradd.8.xml:83(refname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:88(command) useradd.8.xml:95(command)
+#: useradd.8.xml:99(command) login.defs.5.xml:482(term)
+msgid "useradd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:84(refpurpose)
+msgid "create a new user or update default new user information"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:96(arg) useradd.8.xml:100(arg)
+msgid "-D"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:109(para)
+msgid ""
+"When invoked without the <option>-D</option> option, the <command>useradd</"
+"command> command creates a new user account using the values specified on "
+"the command line plus the default values from the system. Depending on "
+"command line options, the <command>useradd</command> command will update "
+"system files and may also create the new user's home directory and copy "
+"initial files."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see <option>-g</"
+"option>, <option>-N</option>, <option>-U</option>, and "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>useradd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:132(option) pwck.8.xml:187(option) newusers.8.xml:273(option)
+msgid "--badname"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:141(term) useradd.8.xml:559(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--base-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>BASE_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default base directory for the system if <option>-d</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> is not specified. <replaceable>BASE_DIR</"
+"replaceable> is concatenated with the account name to define the home "
+"directory. If the <option>-m</option> option is not used, "
+"<replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> must exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this option is not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the "
+"base directory specified by the <option>HOME</option> variable in <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>, or <filename>/home</filename> by default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any text string. It is generally a short description of the login, and is "
+"currently used as the field for the user's full name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:174(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HJEMMEMAPPE</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:178(para)
+msgid ""
+"The new user will be created using <replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> as "
+"the value for the user's login directory. The default is to append the "
+"<replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> name to <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> "
+"and use that as the login directory name. The directory "
+"<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> does not have to exist but will not be "
+"created if it is missing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:190(term)
+msgid "<option>-D</option>, <option>--defaults</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid "See below, the subsection \"Changing the default values\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:208(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the default expiry "
+"date specified by the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>, or an empty string (no expiry) by default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:221(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently "
+"disabled. A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has "
+"expired, and a value of -1 disables the feature."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:227(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the default inactivity "
+"period specified by the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>, or -1 by default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:240(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or number of the user's initial login group. The group name "
+"must exist. A group number must refer to an already existing group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:245(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, the behavior of <command>useradd</command> will depend on "
+"the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>. If this variable is set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable> (or "
+"<option>-U/--user-group</option> is specified on the command line), a group "
+"will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname. If the "
+"variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> (or <option>-N/--no-user-"
+"group</option> is specified on the command line), useradd will set the "
+"primary group of the new user to the value specified by the <option>GROUP</"
+"option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, or 100 by "
+"default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:267(para)
+msgid ""
+"A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each "
+"group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. "
+"The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the "
+"<option>-g</option> option. The default is for the user to belong only to "
+"the initial group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:284(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-k</option>, <option>--skel</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SKEL_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in "
+"the user's home directory, when the home directory is created by "
+"<command>useradd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:293(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid if the <option>-m</option> (or <option>--create-"
+"home</option>) option is specified."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:297(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the "
+"<option>SKEL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> "
+"or, by default, <filename>/etc/skel</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:303(para)
+msgid "If possible, the ACLs and extended attributes are copied."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:309(term) groupadd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (<option>UID_MIN</"
+"option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>UMASK</option>, "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> and others). <placeholder-1/> Example: "
+"<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</replaceable> can be used when creating system "
+"account to turn off password aging, even though system account has no "
+"password at all. Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified, e."
+"g.: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:334(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--no-log-init</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:336(para)
+msgid "Do not add the user to the lastlog and faillog databases."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:339(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the user's entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are "
+"reset to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:347(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:351(para)
+msgid ""
+"Create the user's home directory if it does not exist. The files and "
+"directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with "
+"the <option>-k</option> option) will be copied to the home directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:357(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, if this option is not specified and <option>CREATE_HOME</option> "
+"is not enabled, no home directories are created."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:365(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>"
+msgid "<option>-M</option>, <option>--no-create-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:369(para)
+msgid ""
+"Do no create the user's home directory, even if the system wide setting from "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>) is set "
+"to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:378(term)
+msgid "<option>-N</option>, <option>--no-user-group</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:382(para)
+msgid ""
+"Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to "
+"the group specified by the <option>-g</option> option or by the "
+"<option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:388(para) useradd.8.xml:526(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default behavior (if the <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option>, and "
+"<option>-U</option> options are not specified) is defined by the "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:401(para)
+msgid "Allow the creation of a user account with a duplicate (non-unique) UID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:402(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-u</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:413(para) groupadd.8.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. The default is to "
+"disable the password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:430(term) newusers.8.xml:302(term) groupadd.8.xml:188(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--system</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:434(para) newusers.8.xml:306(para)
+msgid "Create a system account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:437(para)
+msgid ""
+"System users will be created with no aging information in <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</option> counterparts for "
+"the creation of groups)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:446(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that <command>useradd</command> will not create a home directory for "
+"such a user, regardless of the default setting in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>). You have to specify the <option>-"
+"m</option> options if you want a home directory for a system account to be "
+"created."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:490(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user's login shell. The default is to leave this field "
+"blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified "
+"by the <option>SHELL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+"filename>, or an empty string by default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:504(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numerical value of the user's ID. This value must be unique, unless the "
+"<option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. The "
+"default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to "
+"<option>UID_MIN</option> and greater than every other user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:511(para)
+msgid ""
+"See also the <option>-r</option> option and the <option>UID_MAX</option> "
+"description."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:518(term)
+msgid "<option>-U</option>, <option>--user-group</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:522(para)
+msgid ""
+"Create a group with the same name as the user, and add the user to this "
+"group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:539(para)
+msgid ""
+"The SELinux user for the user's login. The default is to leave this field "
+"blank, which causes the system to select the default SELinux user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:549(title)
+msgid "Changing the default values"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:550(para)
+msgid ""
+"When invoked with only the <option>-D</option> option, <command>useradd</"
+"command> will display the current default values. When invoked with <option>-"
+"D</option> plus other options, <command>useradd</command> will update the "
+"default values for the specified options. Valid default-changing options are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:563(para)
+msgid ""
+"The path prefix for a new user's home directory. The user's name will be "
+"affixed to the end of <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> to form the new "
+"user's home directory name, if the <option>-d</option> option is not used "
+"when creating a new account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:570(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>HOME</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:581(para)
+msgid "The date on which the user account is disabled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:582(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:593(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password has expired before the account will be "
+"disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Antallet af dage efter en adgangskode er udløbet før kontoen vil blive "
+"deaktiveret."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:597(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette tilvalg sætter variablen <option>INACTIVE</option> i <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:608(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or ID for a new user's initial group (when the <option>-N/--"
+"no-user-group</option> is used or when the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> "
+"variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>). The named group must exist, and a numerical group ID must "
+"have an existing entry."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:617(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:628(para)
+msgid "The name of a new user's login shell."
+msgstr "Navnet på en ny brugers logindskal."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:631(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>SHELL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:643(title)
+msgid "NOTES"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:644(para)
+msgid ""
+"The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files "
+"in the <filename>/etc/skel/</filename> directory (or any other skeleton "
+"directory specified in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> or on the "
+"command line)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:653(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not add a user to a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the "
+"corresponding server."
+msgstr ""
+"Du kan ikke tilføje en bruger til en NIS eller LDAP-gruppe. Dette skal "
+"udføres på den tilsvarende server."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:658(para)
+msgid ""
+"Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such "
+"as NIS or LDAP, <command>useradd</command> will deny the user account "
+"creation request."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:664(para)
+msgid ""
+"Usernames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by "
+"lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a "
+"dollar sign. In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:670(para)
+msgid "Usernames may only be up to 32 characters long."
+msgstr "Brugernavne må kun være op til 32 tegn lange."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>CREATE_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>CREATE_HOME</option> (boolesk)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if a home directory should be created by default for new users."
+msgstr ""
+"Indikerer om en hjemmemappe skal oprettes som standard for nye brugere."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:36(para) login.defs.5.xml:36(para)
+msgid ""
+"This setting does not apply to system users, and can be overridden on the "
+"command line."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne indstilling gælder ikke for systembrugere og kan overskrives på "
+"kommandolinjen."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MAX</option> (nummer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(term) newusers.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MIN</option> (nummer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:35(para) newusers.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:40(para) newusers.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>GID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>GID_MAX</"
+"option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgstr ""
+"Standardværdien for <option>GID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>GID_MAX</"
+"option>) er 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>HOME_MODE</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MAX</option> (nummer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mode for new home directories. If not specified, the <option>UMASK</"
+"option> is used to create the mode."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this to set "
+"the mode of the home directory they create."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum number of days a password may be used. If the password is older "
+"than this, a password change will be forced. If not specified, -1 will be "
+"assumed (which disables the restriction)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The minimum number of days allowed between password changes. Any password "
+"changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected. If not specified, -1 "
+"will be assumed (which disables the restriction)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days warning given before a password expires. A zero means "
+"warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no "
+"warning is given. If not specified, no warning will be provided."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>GID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by <command>useradd</"
+"command> or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:37(para) newusers.8.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>UID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>TCB_AUTH_GROUP</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, newly created tcb shadow files will be "
+"group owned by the <replaceable>auth</replaceable> group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(term) newusers.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:35(para) newusers.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by "
+"<command>useradd</command> or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:39(para) newusers.8.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>UID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>UID_MAX</"
+"option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>UMASK</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+#: login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value. If not specified, "
+"the mask will be initialized to 022."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#: login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask to "
+"set the mode of the home directory they create if <option>HOME_MODE</option> "
+"is not set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"It is also used by <command>login</command> to define users' initial umask. "
+"Note that this mask can be overridden by the user's GECOS line (if "
+"<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> is set) or by the specification of a limit with "
+"the <emphasis>K</emphasis> identifier in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>limits</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:51(para) newusers.8.xml:51(para) login.defs.5.xml:51(para)
+#: login.1.xml:51(para)
+msgid ""
+"It is also used by <command>pam_umask</command> as the default umask value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:733(filename)
+msgid "/etc/default/useradd"
+msgstr "/etc/default/useradd"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:735(para)
+msgid "Default values for account creation."
+msgstr "Standardværdier for kontooprettelse."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:739(filename)
+msgid "/etc/skel/"
+msgstr "/etc/skel/"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:741(para)
+msgid "Directory containing default files."
+msgstr "Mappe indeholdende standardfiler."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:789(replaceable) shadow.3.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:326(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:466(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:268(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:269(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:313(replaceable)
+msgid "3"
+msgstr "3"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:791(para) passwd.1.xml:486(para) groupadd.8.xml:315(para)
+msgid "invalid argument to option"
+msgstr "Ugyldigt argument for tilvalg"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:795(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:332(replaceable)
+#: passwd.1.xml:472(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:274(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:275(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:319(replaceable)
+msgid "4"
+msgstr "4"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:797(para)
+msgid "UID already in use (and no <option>-o</option>)"
+msgstr "UID er allerede i brug (og intet <option>-o</option>)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:803(para) groupdel.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "angivet gruppe findes ikke"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:807(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:287(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:325(replaceable)
+msgid "9"
+msgstr "9"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:809(para)
+msgid "username already in use"
+msgstr "brugernavn er allerede i brug"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:821(para)
+msgid "can't create home directory"
+msgstr "kan ikke oprette hjemmemappe"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:825(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "4"
+msgid "14"
+msgstr "4"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:827(para)
+msgid "can't update SELinux user mapping"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:767(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>useradd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandoen <command>useradd</command> findes med de følgende værdier: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:836(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+#| "\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+#| "condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gruppe</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+"\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+"condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:41(contrib) pwconv.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: login.access.5.xml:42(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:46(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1996"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) suauth.5.xml:64(refname)
+msgid "suauth"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:58(manvolnum) shadow.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:338(replaceable) porttime.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: passwd.5.xml:58(manvolnum) passwd.1.xml:478(replaceable)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:125(manvolnum) login.access.5.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: limits.5.xml:60(manvolnum) gshadow.5.xml:47(manvolnum)
+#: grpck.8.xml:280(replaceable) faillog.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+msgid "5"
+msgstr "5"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) shadow.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: porttime.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) passwd.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:126(refmiscinfo) login.access.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: limits.5.xml:61(refmiscinfo) gshadow.5.xml:48(refmiscinfo)
+#: faillog.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "File Formats and Conversions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "detailed su control file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:70(command) suauth.5.xml:196(filename)
+msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:76(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file <filename>/etc/suauth</filename> is referenced whenever the su "
+"command is called. It can change the behaviour of the su command, based upon:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. .RS
+#: suauth.5.xml:83(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      1) the user su is targeting\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#. .fi
+#: suauth.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid ""
+"2) the user executing the su command (or any groups he might be a member of)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:92(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file is formatted like this, with lines starting with a # being treated "
+"as comment lines and ignored;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:97(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      to-id:from-id:ACTION\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"Where to-id is either the word <emphasis>ALL</emphasis>, a list of usernames "
+"delimited by \",\" or the words <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT</emphasis> followed by "
+"a list of usernames delimited by \",\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"from-id is formatted the same as to-id except the extra word "
+"<emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> is recognized. <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</"
+"emphasis> is perfectly valid too. Following <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> "
+"appears one or more group names, delimited by \",\". It is not sufficient to "
+"have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> is necessary."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:118(para)
+msgid "Action can be one only of the following currently supported options."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:124(emphasis)
+msgid "DENY"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The attempt to su is stopped before a password is even asked for."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:134(emphasis)
+msgid "NOPASS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"The attempt to su is automatically successful; no password is asked for."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:145(emphasis)
+msgid "OWNPASS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"For the su command to be successful, the user must enter his or her own "
+"password. They are told this."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note there are three separate fields delimited by a colon. No whitespace "
+"must surround this colon. Also note that the file is examined sequentially "
+"line by line, and the first applicable rule is used without examining the "
+"file further. This makes it possible for a system administrator to exercise "
+"as fine control as he or she wishes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:166(title)
+msgid "EXAMPLE"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:167(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      # sample /etc/suauth file\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # A couple of privileged usernames may\n"
+"      # su to root with their own password.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Anyone else may not su to root unless in\n"
+"      # group wheel. This is how BSD does things.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Perhaps terry and birddog are accounts\n"
+"      # owned by the same person.\n"
+"      # Access can be arranged between them\n"
+"      # with no password.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      terry:birddog:NOPASS\n"
+"      birddog:terry:NOPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:203(title) pwconv.8.xml:216(title) login.defs.5.xml:531(title)
+msgid "BUGS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"There could be plenty lurking. The file parser is particularly unforgiving "
+"about syntax errors, expecting no spurious whitespace (apart from beginning "
+"and end of lines), and a specific token delimiting different things."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:213(title) shadow.3.xml:208(title)
+msgid "DIAGNOSTICS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"An error parsing the file is reported using "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> as level ERR on facility AUTH."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:223(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:58(contrib) shadow.5.xml:41(contrib) shadow.3.xml:41(contrib)
+#: porttime.5.xml:41(contrib) passwd.5.xml:41(contrib) passwd.1.xml:48(contrib)
+#: login.1.xml:74(contrib) faillog.8.xml:41(contrib) faillog.5.xml:41(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1989"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:74(refentrytitle) su.1.xml:81(refname) su.1.xml:86(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:456(term)
+msgid "su"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:76(refmiscinfo) sg.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: passwd.1.xml:66(refmiscinfo) newgrp.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.1.xml:92(refmiscinfo) groups.1.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:64(refmiscinfo) expiry.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: chsh.1.xml:62(refmiscinfo) chfn.1.xml:62(refmiscinfo)
+#: chage.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "User Commands"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:82(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user ID or become superuser"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:91(replaceable) sg.1.xml:72(arg) newgrp.1.xml:71(arg)
+msgid "-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:94(replaceable) login.1.xml:107(replaceable)
+#: login.1.xml:115(replaceable)
+msgid "username"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:96(replaceable)
+msgid "args"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>su</command> command is used to become another user during a "
+"login session. Invoked without a <option>username</option>, <command>su</"
+"command> defaults to becoming the superuser. The <option>-</option> option "
+"may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect "
+"had the user logged in directly. The <option>-c</option> option may be used "
+"to treat the next argument as a command by most shells."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list. You can use the "
+"<option>--</option> argument to stop option parsing. The <option>-</option> "
+"option is special: it is also recognized after <option>--</option>, but has "
+"to be placed before <option>username</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:122(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user will be prompted for a password, if appropriate. Invalid passwords "
+"will produce an error message. All attempts, both valid and invalid, are "
+"logged to detect abuse of the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Brugeren vil blive spurgt om sin adgangskode, hvis det er relevant. Ugyldige "
+"adgangskoder vil medføre en fejlbesked. Alle forsøg, både gyldige og "
+"ugyldige, logges for at deteketere misbrug af systemet."
+
+#: su.1.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"The current environment is passed to the new shell. The value of <envar>"
+"$PATH</envar> is reset to <filename>/bin:/usr/bin</filename> for normal "
+"users, or <filename>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</filename> for the "
+"superuser. This may be changed with the <option>ENV_PATH</option> and "
+"<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> definitions in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:136(para) login.1.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"A subsystem login is indicated by the presence of a \"*\" as the first "
+"character of the login shell. The given home directory will be used as the "
+"root of a new file system which the user is actually logged into."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:145(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>su</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:149(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--command</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMAND</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:153(para)
+msgid ""
+"Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its <option>-c</"
+"option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"The executed command will have no controlling terminal. This option cannot "
+"be used to execute interactive programs which need a controlling TTY."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:167(term)
+msgid "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"Provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user "
+"logged in directly."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"When <option>-</option> is used, it must be specified before any "
+"<option>username</option>. For portability it is recommended to use it as "
+"last option, before any <option>username</option>. The other forms (<option>-"
+"l</option> and <option>--login</option>) do not have this restriction."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:190(para)
+msgid "The shell that will be invoked."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:198(para)
+msgid "The shell specified with --shell."
+msgstr "Skallen angivet med --shell."
+
+#: su.1.xml:201(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--preserve-environment</option> is used, the shell specified by "
+"the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environment variable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:208(para)
+msgid ""
+"The shell indicated in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> entry for the "
+"target user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/bin/sh</filename> if a shell could not be found by any above "
+"method."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first): <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the target user has a restricted shell (i.e. the shell field of this "
+"user's entry in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> is not listed in <filename>/"
+"etc/shells</filename>), then the <option>--shell</option> option or the "
+"<envar>$SHELL</envar> environment variable won't be taken into account, "
+"unless <command>su</command> is called by root."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:230(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>-p</option>, <option>--preserve-environment</"
+"option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:239(envar)
+msgid "$PATH"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:241(para)
+msgid ""
+"reset according to the <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options "
+"<option>ENV_PATH</option> or <option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (see below);"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:250(envar)
+msgid "$IFS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:252(para)
+msgid ""
+"reset to <quote>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</quote>, if it was "
+"set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:235(para)
+msgid "Preserve the current environment, except for: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless "
+"<command>su</command> is called by root)."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis målbrugeren har en begrænset skal, så har dette tilvalg ingen effekt "
+"(med mindre <command>su</command> kaldes af root)."
+
+#: su.1.xml:270(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <envar>$HOME</envar>, <envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$USER</envar>, "
+"<envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, and <envar>$IFS</envar> "
+"environment variables are reset."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:279(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is not used, the environment is copied, except "
+"for the variables above."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:286(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, the <envar>$TERM</envar>, <envar>"
+"$COLORTERM</envar>, <envar>$DISPLAY</envar>, and <envar>$XAUTHORITY</envar> "
+"environment variables are copied if they were set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:296(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, the <envar>$TZ</envar>, <envar>$HZ</"
+"envar>, and <envar>$MAIL</envar> environment variables are set according to "
+"the <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options <option>ENV_TZ</option>, "
+"<option>ENV_HZ</option>, <option>MAIL_DIR</option>, and <option>MAIL_FILE</"
+"option> (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, other environment variables might be "
+"set by the <option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> file (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:317(para)
+msgid "Other environments might be set by PAM modules."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:265(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:331(para)
+msgid ""
+"This version of <command>su</command> has many compilation options, only "
+"some of which may be in use at any particular site."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CONSOLE</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, either full pathname of a file containing device names (one per "
+"line) or a \":\" delimited list of device names. Root logins will be allowed "
+"only upon these devices."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid "If not defined, root will be allowed on any device."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis ikke defineret så vil administrator (root) være tilladt på alle enheder"
+
+#: su.1.xml:42(para) login.defs.5.xml:42(para) login.1.xml:42(para)
+msgid "The device should be specified without the /dev/ prefix."
+msgstr "Enheden skal angives uden præfikset /dev/."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CONSOLE_GROUPS</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"List of groups to add to the user's supplementary groups set when logging in "
+"on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting). Default is none. "
+"<placeholder-1/> Use with caution - it is possible for users to gain "
+"permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>DEFAULT_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if login is allowed if we can't cd to the home directory. Default "
+"is no."
+msgstr ""
+"Indiker om logind er tilladt, hvis vi ikke kan cd til hjemmemappen. "
+"Standarden er nej."
+
+#: su.1.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user will login in the root "
+"(<filename>/</filename>) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. XXX: When compiled with PAM support, only sulogin uses ENV_HZ
+#: su.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term) login.1.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_HZ</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_HZ</option> (streng)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para) login.1.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user "
+"login. The value must be preceded by <replaceable>HZ=</replaceable>. A "
+"common value on Linux is <replaceable>HZ=100</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:41(para) login.defs.5.xml:41(para) login.1.xml:41(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <envar>HZ</envar> environment variable is only set when the user (the "
+"superuser) logs in with <command>sulogin</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this file exists and is readable, login environment will be read from it. "
+"Every line should be in the form name=value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid "Lines starting with a # are treated as comment lines and ignored."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_PATH</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a "
+"regular user login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for "
+"example <replaceable>/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be preceded by "
+"<replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is <replaceable>PATH=/"
+"bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the "
+"superuser login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example "
+"<replaceable>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be "
+"preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is "
+"<replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_TZ</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user "
+"login. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by <replaceable>TZ=</"
+"replaceable> (for example <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>), or the "
+"full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example "
+"<filename>/etc/tzname</filename>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TODO: it can in fact be used to set any other variable
+#: su.1.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, "
+"the default is to use <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#: chsh.1.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_STRING</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The string used for prompting a password. The default is to use \"Password: "
+"\", or a translation of that string. If you set this variable, the prompt "
+"will not be translated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:39(para) chfn.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the string contains <replaceable>%s</replaceable>, this will be replaced "
+"by the user's name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable checking and display of mailbox status upon login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should disable it if the shell startup files already check for mail "
+"(\"mailx -e\" or equivalent)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable setting of resource limits from <filename>/etc/limits</filename> and "
+"ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user's passwd gecos field."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SULOG_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, all su activity is logged to this file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SU_NAME</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, the command name to display when running \"su -\". For example, "
+"if this is defined as \"su\" then a \"ps\" will display the command is \"-su"
+"\". If not defined, then \"ps\" would display the name of the shell actually "
+"being run, e.g. something like \"-sh\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>SU_WHEEL_ONLY</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user must be listed as a member of "
+"the first gid 0 group in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (called "
+"<replaceable>root</replaceable> on most Linux systems) to be able to "
+"<command>su</command> to uid 0 accounts. If the group doesn't exist or is "
+"empty, no one will be able to <command>su</command> to uid 0."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SYSLOG_SU_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable \"syslog\" logging of <command>su</command> activity - in addition to "
+"sulog file logging."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:391(para)
+msgid ""
+"On success, <command>su</command> returns the exit value of the command it "
+"executed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:395(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this command was terminated by a signal, <command>su</command> returns "
+"the number of this signal plus 128."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:399(para)
+msgid ""
+"If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the "
+"command did not terminate in time), <command>su</command> returns 255."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:411(para)
+msgid "success (<option>--help</option> only)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:417(para)
+msgid "System or authentication failure"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:421(replaceable)
+msgid "126"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:423(para)
+msgid "The requested command was not found"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:427(replaceable)
+msgid "127"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:429(para)
+msgid "The requested command could not be executed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:404(para)
+msgid ""
+"Some exit values from <command>su</command> are independent from the "
+"executed command: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:438(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) sg.1.xml:65(refname) sg.1.xml:71(command)
+msgid "sg"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "execute command as different group ID"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:74(arg)
+msgid "-c"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:73(arg)
+msgid "group <placeholder-1/> command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>sg</command> command works similar to <command>newgrp</command> "
+"but accepts a command. The command will be executed with the <filename>/bin/"
+"sh</filename> shell. With most shells you may run <command>sg</command> "
+"from, you need to enclose multi-word commands in quotes. Another difference "
+"between <command>newgrp</command> and <command>sg</command> is that some "
+"shells treat <command>newgrp</command> specially, replacing themselves with "
+"a new instance of a shell that <command>newgrp</command> creates. This "
+"doesn't happen with <command>sg</command>, so upon exit from a <command>sg</"
+"command> command you are returned to your previous group ID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:32(term) newgrp.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SYSLOG_SG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:34(para) newgrp.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable \"syslog\" logging of <command>sg</command> activity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) shadow.5.xml:64(refname)
+#: shadow.3.xml:57(refentrytitle) shadow.3.xml:64(refname)
+#: pwck.8.xml:84(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:76(replaceable)
+msgid "shadow"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadowed password file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> is a file which contains the password "
+"information for the system's accounts and optional aging information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:76(para) gshadow.5.xml:64(para)
+msgid ""
+"This file must not be readable by regular users if password security is to "
+"be maintained."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each line of this file contains 9 fields, separated by colons (<quote>:</"
+"quote>), in the following order:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:88(emphasis) passwd.5.xml:78(para)
+msgid "login name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "It must be a valid account name, which exist on the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:96(emphasis) gshadow.5.xml:83(emphasis)
+msgid "encrypted password"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to "
+"authenticate as the specified login name. However, some applications which "
+"read the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file may decide not to permit any "
+"access at all if the password field is empty."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:105(para) gshadow.5.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the "
+"password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the "
+"password field before the password was locked."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:111(para) passwd.5.xml:126(para) gshadow.5.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"Refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> for details on how this string is interpreted."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:116(para) passwd.5.xml:131(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix "
+"password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:127(emphasis)
+msgid "date of last password change"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date of the last password change, expressed as the number of days since "
+"Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user should change her "
+"password the next time she will log in the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:139(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that password aging features are disabled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:146(emphasis)
+msgid "minimum password age"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The minimum password age is the number of days the user will have to wait "
+"before she will be allowed to change her password again."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:153(para)
+msgid "An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no minimum password age."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:160(emphasis)
+msgid "maximum password age"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:162(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum password age is the number of days after which the user will "
+"have to change her password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"After this number of days is elapsed, the password may still be valid. The "
+"user should be asked to change her password the next time she will log in."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field means that there are no maximum password age, no password "
+"warning period, and no password inactivity period (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the maximum password age is lower than the minimum password age, the user "
+"cannot change her password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:184(emphasis)
+msgid "password warning period"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days before a password is going to expire (see the maximum "
+"password age above) during which the user should be warned."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:192(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no password warning period."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:200(emphasis)
+msgid "password inactivity period"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:203(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password has expired (see the maximum password "
+"age above) during which the password should still be accepted (and the user "
+"should update her password during the next login)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:209(para)
+msgid ""
+"After expiration of the password and this expiration period is elapsed, no "
+"login is possible using the current user's password. The user should contact "
+"her administrator."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field means that there are no enforcement of an inactivity period."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:222(emphasis)
+msgid "account expiration date"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:225(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date of expiration of the account, expressed as the number of days since "
+"Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:229(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that an account expiration differs from a password expiration. In case "
+"of an account expiration, the user shall not be allowed to login. In case of "
+"a password expiration, the user is not allowed to login using her password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:235(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that the account will never expire."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 should not be used as it is interpreted as either an account "
+"with no expiration, or as an expiration on Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:246(emphasis)
+msgid "reserved field"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:248(para)
+msgid "This field is reserved for future use."
+msgstr "Dette felt er reserveret for fremtidig brug."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:270(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shadow-"
+msgstr "/etc/shadow-"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:272(para)
+msgid "Backup file for /etc/shadow."
+msgstr "Sikkerhedskopi for /etc/shadow."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:273(para) passwd.5.xml:178(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that this file is used by the tools of the shadow toolsuite, but not by "
+"all user and password management tools."
+msgstr ""
+"Bemærk at denne fil bruges af værktøjer fra shodows værktøjssæt, men ikke af "
+"alle håndteringsværktøjer for brugere og adgangskoder."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:284(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "Library Calls"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:65(refname)
+msgid "getspnam"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "encrypted password file routines"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:70(title)
+msgid "SYNTAX"
+msgstr "SYNTAKS"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:72(emphasis)
+msgid "#include &lt;shadow.h&gt;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:76(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *getspent();"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:80(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *getspnam(char"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:81(emphasis)
+msgid "*name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:81(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:94(emphasis)
+#: shadow.3.xml:99(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:105(emphasis)
+msgid ");"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:85(emphasis)
+msgid "void setspent();"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:89(emphasis)
+msgid "void endspent();"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:93(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *fgetspent(FILE"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:94(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:105(emphasis)
+msgid "*fp"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:98(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *sgetspent(char"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:99(emphasis)
+msgid "*cp"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:103(emphasis)
+msgid "int putspent(struct spwd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:104(emphasis)
+msgid "*p,"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:104(emphasis)
+msgid "FILE"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:109(emphasis)
+msgid "int lckpwdf();"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:113(emphasis)
+msgid "int ulckpwdf();"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:119(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> manipulates the contents of the "
+"shadow password file, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. The structure in the "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">#include</emphasis> file is:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:124(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"struct spwd {\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_namp; /* user login name */\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_lstchg; /* last password change */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_min; /* days until change allowed. */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_max; /* days before change required */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_inact; /* days before account inactive */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_expire; /* date when account expires */\n"
+"      unsigned long int\tsp_flag; /* reserved for future use */\n"
+"}\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The meanings of each field are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:139(para)
+msgid "sp_namp - pointer to null-terminated user name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:142(para)
+msgid "sp_pwdp - pointer to null-terminated password"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:145(para)
+msgid "sp_lstchg - days since Jan 1, 1970 password was last changed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:148(para)
+msgid "sp_min - days before which password may not be changed"
+msgstr "sp_min - antal dage hvor adgangskode ikke må ændres"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:151(para)
+msgid "sp_max - days after which password must be changed"
+msgstr "sp_max - antal dage hvorefter adgangskode skal ændres"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:154(para)
+msgid ""
+"sp_warn - days before password is to expire that user is warned of pending "
+"password expiration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"sp_inact - days after password expires that account is considered inactive "
+"and disabled"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:164(para)
+msgid "sp_expire - days since Jan 1, 1970 when account will be disabled"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:167(para)
+msgid "sp_flag - reserved for future use"
+msgstr "sp_flag - reserveret for fremtidig brug"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>getspent</emphasis>, <emphasis>getspname</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis>, and <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> each "
+"return a pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis>. <emphasis>getspent</"
+"emphasis> returns the next entry from the file, and <emphasis>fgetspent</"
+"emphasis> returns the next entry from the given stream, which is assumed to "
+"be a file of the proper format. <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> returns a "
+"pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis> using the provided string as "
+"input. <emphasis>getspnam</emphasis> searches from the current position in "
+"the file for an entry matching <emphasis>name</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>setspent</emphasis> and <emphasis>endspent</emphasis> may be used "
+"to begin and end, respectively, access to the shadow password file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:194(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> and <emphasis>ulckpwdf</emphasis> routines "
+"should be used to insure exclusive access to the <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> file. <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> attempts to acquire a lock "
+"using <emphasis>pw_lock</emphasis> for up to 15 seconds. It continues by "
+"attempting to acquire a second lock using <emphasis>spw_lock</emphasis> for "
+"the remainder of the initial 15 seconds. Should either attempt fail after a "
+"total of 15 seconds, <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> returns -1. When both "
+"locks are acquired 0 is returned."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:209(para)
+msgid ""
+"Routines return NULL if no more entries are available or if an error occurs "
+"during processing. Routines which have <emphasis>int</emphasis> as the "
+"return value return 0 for success and -1 for failure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"These routines may only be used by the superuser as access to the shadow "
+"password file is restricted."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:239(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) pwconv.8.xml:70(refname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:79(command) login.defs.5.xml:439(term)
+msgid "pwconv"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:71(refname) pwconv.8.xml:85(command) login.defs.5.xml:448(term)
+msgid "pwunconv"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:72(refname) pwconv.8.xml:91(command) login.defs.5.xml:344(term)
+msgid "grpconv"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:73(refname) pwconv.8.xml:97(command) login.defs.5.xml:350(term)
+msgid "grpunconv"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:74(refpurpose)
+msgid "convert to and from shadow passwords and groups"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</"
+"emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> and an optionally "
+"existing <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> does not work with <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"enabled. To convert to tcb passwords, you should first use <command>pwconv</"
+"command> to convert to shadowed passwords by disabling <option>USE_TCB</"
+"option> in <filename>login.defs</filename> and then convert to tcb password "
+"using <command>tcb_convert</command> (and re-enable <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"in <filename>login.defs</filename>.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwunconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">passwd</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> and "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">shadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwunconv</command> does not work with <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"enabled. You should first switch back from tcb to shadowed passwords using "
+"<command>tcb_unconvert</command>, and then disable <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"in <filename>login.defs</filename> before using <command>pwunconv</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> and an "
+"optionally existing <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpunconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">group</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> and "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid ""
+"These four programs all operate on the normal and shadow password and group "
+"files: <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>, <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each program acquires the necessary locks before conversion. "
+"<command>pwconv</command> and <command>grpconv</command> are similar. First, "
+"entries in the shadowed file which don't exist in the main file are removed. "
+"Then, shadowed entries which don't have `x' as the password in the main file "
+"are updated. Any missing shadowed entries are added. Finally, passwords in "
+"the main file are replaced with `x'. These programs can be used for initial "
+"conversion as well to update the shadowed file if the main file is edited by "
+"hand."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> will use the values of <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">PASS_MIN_DAYS</emphasis>, <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_MAX_DAYS</emphasis>, "
+"and <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_WARN_AGE</emphasis> from <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename> when adding new entries to <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"Likewise <command>pwunconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</command> are "
+"similar. Passwords in the main file are updated from the shadowed file. "
+"Entries which exist in the main file but not in the shadowed file are left "
+"alone. Finally, the shadowed file is removed. Some password aging "
+"information is lost by <command>pwunconv</command>. It will convert what it "
+"can."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>pwconv</command>, <command>pwunconv</"
+"command>, <command>grpconv</command>, and <command>grpunconv</command> "
+"commands are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:217(para)
+msgid ""
+"Errors in the password or group files (such as invalid or duplicate entries) "
+"may cause these programs to loop forever or fail in other strange ways. "
+"Please run <command>pwck</command> and <command>grpck</command> to correct "
+"any such errors before converting to or from shadow passwords or groups."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:228(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"changes the behavior of <command>grpconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</"
+"command>:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:236(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> change the behavior of <command>pwconv</command>:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:263(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"tcb\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_convert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_unconvert</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:47(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:43(contrib) grpck.8.xml:42(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1992"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) pwck.8.xml:70(refname) pwck.8.xml:76(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:430(term)
+msgid "pwck"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:71(refpurpose)
+msgid "verify integrity of password files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:80(replaceable) passwd.5.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: passwd.5.xml:64(refname) passwd.1.xml:64(refentrytitle)
+#: passwd.1.xml:71(refname) passwd.1.xml:77(command) login.defs.5.xml:419(term)
+msgid "passwd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:93(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwck</command> command verifies the integrity of the users and "
+"authentication information. It checks that all entries in <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">(or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>, when <option>USE_TCB</"
+"option> is enabled)</phrase> have the proper format and contain valid data. "
+"The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or "
+"which have other uncorrectable errors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:105(para) grpck.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "Checks are made to verify that each entry has:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:108(para) grpck.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid "the correct number of fields"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid "a unique and valid user name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "a valid user and group identifier"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid "a valid primary group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "a valid home directory"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:123(para)
+msgid "a valid login shell"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> checks are enabled when a second file parameter "
+"is specified or when <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> exists on the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:132(para)
+msgid "These checks are the following:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"every passwd entry has a matching shadow entry, and every shadow entry has a "
+"matching passwd entry"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:143(para)
+msgid "passwords are specified in the shadowed file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:146(para)
+msgid "shadow entries have the correct number of fields"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "shadow entries are unique in shadow"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "the last password changes are not in the future"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"The checks for correct number of fields and unique user name are fatal. If "
+"the entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to "
+"delete the entire line. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all "
+"further checks are bypassed. An entry with a duplicated user name is "
+"prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made. All "
+"other errors are warning and the user is encouraged to run the "
+"<command>usermod</command> command to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file are "
+"not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries. <command>pwck</command> "
+"should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entry."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:177(para) grpck.8.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>-r</option> and <option>-s</option> options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>pwck</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"Report errors only. The warnings which do not require any action from the "
+"user won't be displayed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:211(term) grpck.8.xml:163(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--read-only</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:213(para)
+msgid "Execute the <command>pwck</command> command in read-only mode."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:231(term) grpck.8.xml:185(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:233(para)
+msgid ""
+"Sort entries in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> by UID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:237(para)
+msgid "This option has no effect when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:244(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, <command>pwck</command> operates on the files <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\"> (or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>)</phrase>. The user may "
+"select alternate files with the <replaceable>passwd</replaceable> and "
+"<replaceable>shadow</replaceable> parameters."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled, you cannot specify an "
+"alternative <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> file. In future releases, this "
+"parameter could be replaced by an alternate TCB directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:322(para)
+msgid "one or more bad password entries"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:328(para)
+msgid "can't open password files"
+msgstr "kan ikke åbne adgangskodefiler"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:334(para)
+msgid "can't lock password files"
+msgstr "kan ikke låse adgangskodefiler"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:340(para)
+msgid "can't update password files"
+msgstr "kan ikke opdatere adgangskodefiler"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:346(para)
+msgid "can't sort password files"
+msgstr "kan ikke sortere adgangskodefiler"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:304(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwck</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandoen <command>pwck</command> findes med de følgende værdier: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:355(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) porttime.5.xml:64(refname)
+msgid "porttime"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "port access time file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">porttime</emphasis> contains a list of tty devices, "
+"user names, and permitted login times."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:75(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each entry consists of three colon separated fields. The first field is a "
+"comma separated list of tty devices, or an asterisk to indicate that all tty "
+"devices are matched by this entry. The second field is a comma separated "
+"list of user names, or an asterisk to indicated that all user names are "
+"matched by this entry. The third field is a comma separated list of "
+"permitted access times."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each access time entry consists of zero or more days of the week, "
+"abbreviated <emphasis>Su</emphasis>, <emphasis>Mo</emphasis>, <emphasis>Tu</"
+"emphasis>, <emphasis>We</emphasis>, <emphasis>Th</emphasis>, <emphasis>Fr</"
+"emphasis>, and <emphasis>Sa</emphasis>, followed by a pair of times "
+"separated by a hyphen. The abbreviation <emphasis>Wk</emphasis> may be used "
+"to represent Monday thru Friday, and <emphasis>Al</emphasis> may be used to "
+"indicate every day. If no days are given, <emphasis>Al</emphasis> is assumed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:98(title)
+msgid "EXAMPLES"
+msgstr "EKSEMPLER"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entry allows access to user <emphasis remap=\"B\">jfh</"
+"emphasis> on every port during weekdays from 9am to 5pm."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:105(para)
+msgid "*:jfh:Wk0900-1700"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entries allow access only to the users <emphasis>root</"
+"emphasis> and <emphasis>oper</emphasis> on <filename>/dev/console</filename> "
+"at any time. This illustrates how the <filename>/etc/porttime</filename> "
+"file is an ordered list of access times. Any other user would match the "
+"second entry which does not permit access at any time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:116(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      console:root,oper:Al0000-2400\n"
+"      console:*:\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entry allows access for the user <emphasis>games</emphasis> on "
+"any port during non-working hours."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:126(para)
+msgid "*:games:Wk1700-0900,SaSu0000-2400"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:133(filename) logoutd.8.xml:92(filename)
+msgid "/etc/porttime"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:135(para) logoutd.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "File containing port access."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:143(para) login.access.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "the password file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> contains one line for each user account, "
+"with seven fields delimited by colons (<quote>:</quote>). These fields are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid "optional encrypted password"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "numerical user ID"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "numerical group ID"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "user name or comment field"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:93(para)
+msgid "user home directory"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:96(para)
+msgid "optional user command interpreter"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field is a lower-case <quote>x</quote>, "
+"then the encrypted password is actually stored in the "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> file instead; there <emphasis>must</emphasis> be a "
+"corresponding line in the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file, or else the "
+"user account is invalid."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:109(para)
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted <emphasis>password</emphasis> field may be empty, in which "
+"case no password is required to authenticate as the specified login name. "
+"However, some applications which read the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+"file may decide not to permit <emphasis>any</emphasis> access at all if the "
+"<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is blank."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"A <emphasis>password</emphasis> field which starts with an exclamation mark "
+"means that the password is locked. The remaining characters on the line "
+"represent the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field before the password was "
+"locked."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:144(para)
+msgid ""
+"The home directory field provides the name of the initial working directory. "
+"The <command>login</command> program uses this information to set the value "
+"of the <envar>$HOME</envar> environmental variable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"The command interpreter field provides the name of the user's command "
+"language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute. The "
+"<command>login</command> program uses this information to set the value of "
+"the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environmental variable. If this field is empty, it "
+"defaults to the value <filename>/bin/sh</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:171(para)
+msgid "optional encrypted password file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:175(filename)
+msgid "/etc/passwd-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:177(para)
+msgid "Backup file for /etc/passwd."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:189(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:72(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user password"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:89(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>passwd</command> command changes passwords for user accounts. A "
+"normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the "
+"superuser may change the password for any account. <command>passwd</command> "
+"also changes the account or associated password validity period."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:98(title)
+msgid "Password Changes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is first prompted for their old password, if one is present. This "
+"password is then encrypted and compared against the stored password. The "
+"user has only one chance to enter the correct password. The superuser is "
+"permitted to bypass this step so that forgotten passwords may be changed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked "
+"to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time. If not, "
+"<command>passwd</command> refuses to change the password and exits."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is then prompted twice for a replacement password. The second entry "
+"is compared against the first and both are required to match in order for "
+"the password to be changed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:120(para)
+msgid ""
+"Then, the password is tested for complexity. As a general guideline, "
+"passwords should consist of 6 to 8 characters including one or more "
+"characters from each of the following sets:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:128(para)
+msgid "lower case alphabetics"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:131(para)
+msgid "digits 0 thru 9"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:134(para)
+msgid "punctuation marks"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill "
+"characters. <command>passwd</command> will reject any password which is not "
+"suitably complex."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:147(title)
+msgid "Hints for user passwords"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption "
+"algorithm and the size of the key space. The legacy <emphasis>UNIX</"
+"emphasis> System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm. More "
+"recent methods are now recommended (see <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>). "
+"The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which "
+"is selected."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"Compromises in password security normally result from careless password "
+"selection or handling. For this reason, you should not select a password "
+"which appears in a dictionary or which must be written down. The password "
+"should also not be a proper name, your license number, birth date, or street "
+"address. Any of these may be used as guesses to violate system security."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:166(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "You can find advices on how to choose a strong password on http://en."
+#| "wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength"
+msgid ""
+"You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en."
+"wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength"
+msgstr ""
+"Du kan finde råd om hvordan du vælger en god adgangskode på http://en."
+"wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:175(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>passwd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Tilvalgene som gælder for kommandoen <command>passwd</command> er:"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:180(term) faillog.8.xml:96(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:184(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option can be used only with <option>-S</option> and causes show status "
+"for all users."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette tilvalg kan kun bruges med <option>-S</option> medfører vis status for "
+"alle brugere."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:191(term)
+msgid "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Delete a user's password (make it empty). This is a quick way to disable a "
+"password for an account. It will set the named account passwordless."
+msgstr ""
+"Slet en brugers adgangskode (gør den tom). Dette er en hurtig måde at "
+"deaktivere en adgangskode for en konto. Den vil sætte den navngivne konto "
+"uden adgangskode."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:203(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"Immediately expire an account's password. This in effect can force a user to "
+"change their password at the user's next login."
+msgstr ""
+"Angiv øjeblikkelig en kontos adgangskode som udløbet. Dette kan tvinge en "
+"bruger til at ændre sin adgangskode ved brugerens næste logind."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:220(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INAKTIV</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is used to disable an account after the password has been "
+"expired for a number of days. After a user account has had an expired "
+"password for <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> days, the user may no "
+"longer sign on to the account."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne indstilling bruges til at deaktivere en konto efter at adgangskoden er "
+"udløbet i et antal dage. Efter at en brugerkonto har haft en udløbet "
+"adgangskode for <replaceable>INAKTIV</replaceable> dage, kan brugeren ikke "
+"længere logge ind på kontoen."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:233(term)
+msgid "<option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:237(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate password change should be performed only for expired authentication "
+"tokens (passwords). The user wishes to keep their non-expired tokens as "
+"before."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:245(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:249(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock the password of the named account. This option disables a password by "
+"changing it to a value which matches no possible encrypted value (it adds a "
+"´!´ at the beginning of the password)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:255(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that this does not disable the account. The user may still be able to "
+"login using another authentication token (e.g. an SSH key). To disable the "
+"account, administrators should use <command>usermod --expiredate 1</command> "
+"(this set the account's expire date to Jan 2, 1970)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:262(para)
+msgid "Users with a locked password are not allowed to change their password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:269(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:273(para) chage.1.xml:174(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the minimum number of days between password changes to "
+"<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>. A value of zero for this field "
+"indicates that the user may change their password at any time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:291(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--repository</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:295(para)
+msgid "change password in <replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable> repository"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:313(term)
+msgid "<option>-S</option>, <option>--status</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:317(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display account status information. The status information consists of 7 "
+"fields. The first field is the user's login name. The second field indicates "
+"if the user account has a locked password (L), has no password (NP), or has "
+"a usable password (P). The third field gives the date of the last password "
+"change. The next four fields are the minimum age, maximum age, warning "
+"period, and inactivity period for the password. These ages are expressed in "
+"days."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:331(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:335(para)
+msgid ""
+"Unlock the password of the named account. This option re-enables a password "
+"by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before "
+"using the <option>-l</option> option)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:344(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:348(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The "
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the number of days prior to "
+"the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is "
+"about to expire."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:357(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-x</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:361(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid. After "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable>, the password is required to be changed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:366(para) chage.1.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> will remove checking a password's "
+"validity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:378(para)
+msgid ""
+"Password complexity checking may vary from site to site. The user is urged "
+"to select a password as complex as he or she feels comfortable with."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:383(para)
+msgid ""
+"Users may not be able to change their password on a system if NIS is enabled "
+"and they are not logged into the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:388(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>passwd</command> uses PAM to authenticate users and to change their "
+"passwords."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chpasswd.8.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(para) newusers.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:32(para) chpasswd.8.xml:32(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting "
+"passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:36(para) newusers.8.xml:36(para) login.defs.5.xml:36(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:36(para) chpasswd.8.xml:36(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:36(para)
+msgid ""
+"It can take one of these values: <replaceable>DES</replaceable> (default), "
+"<replaceable>MD5</replaceable><phrase condition=\"sha_crypt\">, "
+"<replaceable>SHA256</replaceable>, <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable></"
+"phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:43(para) chpasswd.8.xml:43(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: this parameter overrides the <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:47(para) passwd.1.xml:53(para) passwd.1.xml:62(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:47(para) newusers.8.xml:53(para) newusers.8.xml:62(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:47(para) login.defs.5.xml:53(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:62(para) gpasswd.1.xml:47(para) gpasswd.1.xml:53(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:62(para) chpasswd.8.xml:47(para) chpasswd.8.xml:53(para)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:62(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:47(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:53(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:62(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: This only affect the generation of group passwords. The generation of "
+"user passwords is done by PAM and subject to the PAM configuration. It is "
+"recommended to set this variable consistently with the PAM configuration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:32(term) chpasswd.8.xml:32(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:34(para) chpasswd.8.xml:34(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5-based algorithm. If "
+"set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, new passwords will be encrypted using "
+"the MD5-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of "
+"FreeBSD. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings. "
+"Set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> if you need to copy encrypted passwords "
+"to other systems which don't understand the new algorithm. Default is "
+"<replaceable>no</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:44(para) newusers.8.xml:44(para) login.defs.5.xml:44(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:44(para) chpasswd.8.xml:44(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:44(para)
+msgid ""
+"This variable is superseded by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable "
+"or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:49(para) newusers.8.xml:49(para) login.defs.5.xml:49(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:49(para) chpasswd.8.xml:49(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:49(para)
+msgid ""
+"This variable is deprecated. You should use <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne variabel er forældet, du skal bruge <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolesk)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable additional checks upon password changes."
+msgstr "Aktiver yderligere kontroller før ændringer af adgangskode."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_ALWAYS_WARN</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_ALWAYS_WARN</option> (boolesk)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Warn about weak passwords (but still allow them) if you are root."
+msgstr ""
+"Advar om svage adgangskoder (men tillad dem stadig) hvis du er administrator "
+"(root)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_CHANGE_TRIES</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_CHANGE_TRIES</option> (antal)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Maximum number of attempts to change password if rejected (too easy)."
+msgstr "Maksimalt antal forsøg at ændre adgangskode hvis afvist (for nemt)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> (antal)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MIN_LEN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MIN_LEN</option> (antal)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Number of significant characters in the password for crypt(). "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> is 8 by default. Don't change unless your "
+"crypt() is better. This is ignored if <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> set to "
+"<replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chpasswd.8.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> (antal)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:31(term) chpasswd.8.xml:31(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:33(para) chpasswd.8.xml:33(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"When <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> is set to <replaceable>SHA256</"
+"replaceable> or <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable>, this defines the number "
+"of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number "
+"of rounds is not specified on the command line)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:40(para) newusers.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:40(para) chpasswd.8.xml:40(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute forcing the password. "
+"But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:45(para) newusers.8.xml:45(para) login.defs.5.xml:45(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:45(para) chpasswd.8.xml:45(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:45(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:49(para) newusers.8.xml:49(para) login.defs.5.xml:49(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:49(para) chpasswd.8.xml:49(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:49(para)
+msgid "The values must be inside the 1000-999,999,999 range."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:52(para) newusers.8.xml:52(para) login.defs.5.xml:52(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:52(para) chpasswd.8.xml:52(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:52(para)
+msgid ""
+"If only one of the <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> or "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> values is set, then this value will be "
+"used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:57(para) newusers.8.xml:57(para) login.defs.5.xml:57(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:57(para) chpasswd.8.xml:57(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:57(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> &gt; <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option>, the highest value will be used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:434(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/passwd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:436(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>passwd</command>."
+msgstr "PAM-konfiguration for <command>passwd</command>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:456(para) chage.1.xml:297(para)
+msgid "permission denied"
+msgstr "tilladelse nægtet"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:462(para)
+msgid "invalid combination of options"
+msgstr "Ugyldig kombination af tilvalg"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:468(para)
+msgid "unexpected failure, nothing done"
+msgstr "uventet fejl, intet udført"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:474(para)
+msgid "unexpected failure, <filename>passwd</filename> file missing"
+msgstr "uventet fejl, <filename>passwd</filename>-filen mangler"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:480(para)
+msgid "<filename>passwd</filename> file busy, try again"
+msgstr "<filename>passwd</filename>-filen er optaget, forsøg igen"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:444(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>passwd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandoen <command>passwd</command> afsluttedes med de følgende værdier: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:495(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:46(refentrytitle) nologin.8.xml:53(refname)
+#: nologin.8.xml:59(command)
+msgid "nologin"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:54(refpurpose)
+msgid "politely refuse a login"
+msgstr "nægt venligt et logind"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:65(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>nologin</command> command displays a message that an account is "
+"not available and exits non-zero. It is intended as a replacement shell "
+"field for accounts that have been disabled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"To disable all logins, investigate <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:75(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <command>SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND</command> is populated it will be logged."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:93(title)
+msgid "HISTORY"
+msgstr "HISTORIK"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:94(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "The <command>nologin</command> command appearred in BSD 4.4."
+msgid "The <command>nologin</command> command appeared in BSD 4.4."
+msgstr "Kommandoen <command>nologin</command> fremkom i BSD 4.4."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:73(refentrytitle) newusers.8.xml:80(refname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:86(command) login.defs.5.xml:400(term)
+msgid "newusers"
+msgstr "newusers"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:81(refpurpose)
+msgid "update and create new users in batch"
+msgstr "opdater og opret nye brugere i et job"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:91(replaceable)
+msgid "file"
+msgstr "fil"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>newusers</command> command reads a <replaceable>file</"
+"replaceable> (or the standard input by default) and uses this information to "
+"update a set of existing users or to create new users. Each line is in the "
+"same format as the standard password file (see "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>) with the exceptions explained below:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid "pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:111(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "This is the name of the user."
+msgstr "Dette er navnet på brugeren."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:117(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of an "
+#| "user created before by <command>newusers</command>), the UID of the "
+#| "specified user will be used."
+msgid ""
+"It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>). In case of an existing user, "
+"the user's information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis dette felt indeholder navnet på en eksisterende bruger (eller navnet på "
+"en bruger oprettet før af <command>newusers</command>), så vil UID'en for "
+"den angivne bruger blive brugt."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:128(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_passwd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:131(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field will be encrypted and used as the new value of the encrypted "
+"password."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette felt vil være krypteret og brugt som den nye værdi for den krypterede "
+"adgangskode."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:139(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_uid"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the UID of the user."
+msgstr "Dette flet bruges til at definere UID for brugeren."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:145(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If the field is empty, an new (unused) UID will be defined automatically "
+#| "by <command>newusers</command>."
+msgid ""
+"If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis feltet er tomt, vil en ny (ubrugt) UID blive defineret automatisk af "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "If this field contains a number, this number will be used as the UID."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis dette felt indeholer et tal, så vil dette tal blive brugt som UID'en."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:153(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of an "
+#| "user created before by <command>newusers</command>), the UID of the "
+#| "specified user will be used."
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>), the UID of the specified "
+"user will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis dette felt indeholder navnet på en eksisterende bruger (eller navnet på "
+"en bruger oprettet før af <command>newusers</command>), så vil UID'en for "
+"den angivne bruger blive brugt."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the UID of an existing user is changed, the files ownership of the user's "
+"file should be fixed manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis UID'en for en eksisterende bruger har ændret sig, så skal filens "
+"ejerskab for brugerens fil rettes manuelt."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:167(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_gid"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:170(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the primary group ID for the user."
+msgstr "Dette felt bruges til at definere det primære gruppe-id for brugeren."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:173(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created "
+"before by <command>newusers</command>), the GID of this group will be used "
+"as the primary group ID for the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field is a number, this number will be used as the primary group ID "
+"of the user. If no groups exist with this GID, a new group will be created "
+"with this GID, and the name of the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:185(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the "
+"user and a GID will be automatically defined by <command>newusers</command> "
+"to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new "
+"group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>), a new group will be created "
+"with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by "
+"<command>newusers</command> to be used as the primary group ID for the user "
+"and GID for the new group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:203(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_gecos"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:206(para)
+msgid "This field is copied in the GECOS field of the user."
+msgstr "Dette felt er kopieret i GECOS-feltet for brugeren."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:213(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_dir"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:216(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the home directory of the user."
+msgstr "Dette felt bruges til at definere hjemmemappen for brugeren."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field does not specify an existing directory, the specified "
+"directory is created, with ownership set to the user being created or "
+"updated and its primary group."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis feltet ikke angiver en eksisterende mappe, så oprettes den angiven "
+"mappe, med ejerskab angivet for brugeren der oprettes elelr opdateres og "
+"dennes primære gruppe."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the home directory of an existing user is changed, <command>newusers</"
+"command> does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new "
+"location. This should be done manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis hjemmemappen for en eksisterende bruger ændres så flytter eller "
+"kopierer <command>newusers</command> ikke indholdet fra den gamle mappe til "
+"den nye placering. Dette ksal gøres manuelt."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:234(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_shell"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:237(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field defines the shell of the user. No checks are performed on this "
+"field."
+msgstr ""
+"Dette felt definerer brugerens skal. Ingen kontrollerer udføres på dette "
+"felt."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:245(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>newusers</command> first tries to create or change all the "
+"specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group "
+"databases. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), "
+"no changes are committed to the databases."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:251(para)
+msgid ""
+"During this first pass, users are created with a locked password (and "
+"passwords are not changed for the users which are not created). A second "
+"pass is used to update the passwords using PAM. Failures to update a "
+"password are reported, but will not stop the other password updates."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:259(para)
+msgid ""
+"This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many "
+"accounts are updated at a single time."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne kommando skal bruges i store systemmiljøer hvor mange kontoer "
+"opdateres på en gang."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:267(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>newusers</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Tilvalgene som gælder for kommandoen <command>newusers</command> er:"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:284(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:112(term)
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:286(para) chpasswd.8.xml:141(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "Use the specified method to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr "Brug den angivne metode til at kryptere adgangskoderne."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:287(para) chpasswd.8.xml:145(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"The available methods are DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 or SHA512 if your libc "
+"support these methods."
+msgstr ""
+"De tilgængelige metoder er DES, Md5, NONE og SHA256 eller SHA512 hvis din "
+"libc understøtter disse metoder."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"System users will be created with no aging information in <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</option> counterparts for "
+"the creation of groups)."
+msgstr ""
+"Systembrugere vil blive oprettet uden aldersinformation i <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, og deres numeriske identifikatører vælges i intervallet "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>, defineret i "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, i stedet for <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (og deres <option>GID</option>-modparte for "
+"oprettelsen af grupper.)."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:335(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:158(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:337(para) chpasswd.8.xml:204(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:160(para)
+msgid "Use the specified number of rounds to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr "Brug det angivet antal rundet til at kryhptere adgangskoderne."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:340(para) chpasswd.8.xml:207(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:163(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 means that the system will choose the default number of rounds "
+"for the crypt method (5000)."
+msgstr ""
+"Værdien 0 betyder at systemet vil vælge antallet af standardrunder for "
+"krypteringsmetoden (5000)."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:344(para) chpasswd.8.xml:211(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999 will be enforced."
+msgstr ""
+"En minimusværdi på 1000 og en maksimumsværdi på 999.999.999 vil blive "
+"påtvunget."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:348(para) chpasswd.8.xml:215(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:171(para)
+msgid "You can only use this option with the SHA256 or SHA512 crypt method."
+msgstr ""
+"Du kan kun bruge dette tilvalg med SHA256- eller SHA512-krypteringsmetoden."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:352(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and "
+"SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Som standard er antallet af runder defineret af variablerne "
+"SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS og SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS i <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:364(para)
+msgid ""
+"The input file must be protected since it contains unencrypted passwords."
+msgstr ""
+"Inddatafilen skal beskyttes da den indeholder adgangskoder der ikke er "
+"krypteret."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:368(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should make sure the passwords and the encryption method respect the "
+"system's password policy."
+msgstr ""
+"Du skal sikre dig at adgangskoderne og krypteringsmetoden respekterer "
+"systemets adgangskodepolitik."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:444(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/newusers"
+msgstr "/etc/pam.d/newusers"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:446(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr "PAM-konfiguration for <command>newusers</command>."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:466(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+#| "\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+#| "condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gruppe</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+"\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+"condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) newgrp.1.xml:65(refname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:71(command)
+msgid "newgrp"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "log in to a new group"
+msgstr "log ind på en ny gruppe"
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:72(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:74(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:78(replaceable) gpasswd.1.xml:88(replaceable)
+msgid "group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:78(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>newgrp</command> command is used to change the current group ID "
+"during a login session. If the optional <option>-</option> flag is given, "
+"the user's environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged "
+"in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, "
+"remains unchanged."
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandoen <command>newgrp</command> bruges til at ændre den aktuelle grupp-"
+"id under en logindsession. Hvis det valgfrie flag <option>-</option> er "
+"angivet, så vil brugerens miljø blive geninitialiseres som om at brugeren "
+"havde logget ind, ellers bevares det aktuelle miljø, inklusiv aktuel "
+"arbejdsmappe, uændret."
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:86(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>newgrp</command> changes the current real group ID to the named "
+"group, or to the default group listed in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> if "
+"no group name is given. <command>newgrp</command> also tries to add the "
+"group to the user groupset. If not root, the user will be prompted for a "
+"password if she does not have a password (in <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> otherwise) and the group does, or if the "
+"user is not listed as a member and the group has a password. The user will "
+"be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed "
+"as a member."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"If there is an entry for this group in <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, "
+"then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from "
+"this file, otherwise, the entry in <filename>/etc/group</filename> is "
+"considered."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) logoutd.8.xml:64(refname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:70(command)
+msgid "logoutd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "enforce login time restrictions"
+msgstr "påtving restriktioner for logindperiode"
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:76(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>logoutd</command> enforces the login time and port restrictions "
+"specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</filename>. <command>logoutd</command> "
+"should be started from <filename>/etc/rc</filename>. The <filename>/var/run/"
+"utmp</filename> file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked "
+"to see if the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time. "
+"Any login session which is violating the restrictions in <filename>/etc/"
+"porttime</filename> is terminated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:98(filename) login.1.xml:341(filename)
+msgid "/var/run/utmp"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:100(para) login.1.xml:343(para)
+msgid "List of current login sessions."
+msgstr "Liste over aktuelle logindsessioner."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:124(refentrytitle) login.defs.5.xml:131(refname)
+msgid "login.defs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:132(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadow password suite configuration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> file defines the site-specific "
+"configuration for the shadow password suite. This file is required. Absence "
+"of this file will not prevent system operation, but will probably result in "
+"undesirable operation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:144(para)
+msgid ""
+"This file is a readable text file, each line of the file describing one "
+"configuration parameter. The lines consist of a configuration name and "
+"value, separated by whitespace. Blank lines and comment lines are ignored. "
+"Comments are introduced with a \"#\" pound sign and the pound sign must be "
+"the first non-white character of the line."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne fil er en læsbar tekstfil, hvier linje i filen beskriver en "
+"konfigurationsparameter. Linjerne består af et konfigurationsnavn og -værdi, "
+"adskilt af mellemrum. Tomme linjer og kommentarlinjer ignoreres. Kommentarer "
+"indledes med tegnet »#« og tegnet skal være det første tegn på linjen, som "
+"ikke er et mellemrum."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"Parameter values may be of four types: strings, booleans, numbers, and long "
+"numbers. A string is comprised of any printable characters. A boolean should "
+"be either the value <replaceable>yes</replaceable> or <replaceable>no</"
+"replaceable>. An undefined boolean parameter or one with a value other than "
+"these will be given a <replaceable>no</replaceable> value. Numbers (both "
+"regular and long) may be either decimal values, octal values (precede the "
+"value with <replaceable>0</replaceable>) or hexadecimal values (precede the "
+"value with <replaceable>0x</replaceable>). The maximum value of the regular "
+"and long numeric parameters is machine-dependent."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:167(para)
+msgid "The following configuration items are provided:"
+msgstr "De følgende konfigurationspunkter tilbydes:"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHFN_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>CHFN_AUTH</option> (boolesk)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chfn</command> program will "
+"require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the "
+"superuser."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHFN_RESTRICT</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"This parameter specifies which values in the <emphasis remap=\"I\">gecos</"
+"emphasis> field of the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file may be changed "
+"by regular users using the <command>chfn</command> program. It can be any "
+"combination of letters <replaceable>f</replaceable>, <replaceable>r</"
+"replaceable>, <replaceable>w</replaceable>, <replaceable>h</replaceable>, "
+"for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively. For "
+"backward compatibility, <replaceable>yes</replaceable> is equivalent to "
+"<replaceable>rwh</replaceable> and <replaceable>no</replaceable> is "
+"equivalent to <replaceable>frwh</replaceable>. If not specified, only the "
+"superuser can make any changes. The most restrictive setting is better "
+"achieved by not installing <command>chfn</command> SUID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chsh.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHSH_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chsh.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chsh</command> program will "
+"require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the "
+"superuser."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ERASECHAR</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Terminal ERASE character (<replaceable>010</replaceable> = backspace, "
+"<replaceable>0177</replaceable> = DEL)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+#: login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value can be prefixed \"0\" for an octal value, or \"0x\" for an "
+"hexadecimal value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAIL_DELAY</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>FAIL_DELAY</option> (antal)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Delay in seconds before being allowed another attempt after a login failure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAILLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable logging and display of <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> login "
+"failure info."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAKE_SHELL</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, <command>login</command> will execute this shell instead of the "
+"users' shell specified in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FTMP_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, login failures will be logged in this file in a utmp format."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>HUSHLOGIN_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, this file can inhibit all the usual chatter during the login "
+"sequence. If a full pathname is specified, then hushed mode will be enabled "
+"if the user's name or shell are found in the file. If not a full pathname, "
+"then hushed mode will be enabled if the file exists in the user's home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ISSUE_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, this file will be displayed before each login prompt."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>KILLCHAR</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Terminal KILL character (<replaceable>025</replaceable> = CTRL/U)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LASTLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging and display of /var/log/lastlog login time info."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOG_OK_LOGINS</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging of successful logins."
+msgstr "Aktiver logning af succesfulde logind."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB</option> (boolesk)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable display of unknown usernames when login failures are recorded."
+msgstr "Aktiver visning af ukendte brugernavne når logindfejl optages."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: logging unknown usernames may be a security issue if an user enter her "
+"password instead of her login name."
+msgstr ""
+"Bemærk: Logning af ukendte brugernaven kan udgøre en sikkerhedsmæssig risiko "
+"såfremt en bruger indtatser sin adgangskode i stedet for sit logindnavn."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_RETRIES</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>LOGIN_RETRIES</option> (antal)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Maximum number of login retries in case of bad password."
+msgstr "Maksimalt antal logindforsøg i tilfælde af ugyldig adgangskode."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"This will most likely be overridden by PAM, since the default pam_unix "
+"module has its own built in of 3 retries. However, this is a safe fallback "
+"in case you are using an authentication module that does not enforce "
+"PAM_MAXTRIES."
+msgstr ""
+"Denne vil højst sandsynlig blive overskrevet af PAM, da standardmodulet "
+"pam_unix har sin egen indbygget 3 forsøg. Dette er dog en ekstra sikkerhed i "
+"tilfælde af at du bruger et godkendelsesmodul som ikke påtvinger "
+"PAM_MAXTRiES."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_TIMEOUT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>LOGIN_TIMEOUT</option> (antal)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Max time in seconds for login."
+msgstr "Maks. tidsforbrug i sekunder for logind."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MOTD_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>MOTD_FILE</option> (streng)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, \":\" delimited list of \"message of the day\" files to be "
+"displayed upon login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>NOLOGINS_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, name of file whose presence will inhibit non-root logins. The "
+"contents of this file should be a message indicating why logins are "
+"inhibited."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:212(para)
+msgid ""
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option>, <option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> and "
+"<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> are only used at the time of account "
+"creation. Any changes to these settings won't affect existing accounts."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable checking of time restrictions specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYGROUP</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>TTYGROUP</option> (streng)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:33(term) login.1.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYPERM</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>TTYPERM</option> (streng)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:35(para) login.1.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the "
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> group, and the permissions will be set to "
+"<option>TTYPERM</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:40(para) login.1.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user's primary group "
+"and the permissions are set to <replaceable>0600</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Som standard er ejerskabet af terminalen angivet til brugerens primære "
+"gruppe og rettighederne er angivet til <replaceable>0600</replaceable>."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:45(para) login.1.xml:45(para)
+msgid ""
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> can be either the name of a group or a numeric "
+"group identifier."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:49(para) login.1.xml:49(para)
+msgid ""
+"If you have a <command>write</command> program which is \"setgid\" to a "
+"special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number "
+"and TTYPERM to 0620. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign "
+"TTYPERM to either 622 or 600."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYTYPE_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>TTYTYPE_FILE</option> (streng)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, file which maps tty line to TERM environment parameter. Each "
+"line of the file is in a format something like \"vt100 tty01\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ULIMIT</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Default <command>ulimit</command> value."
+msgstr "Standardværdi for <command>ulimit</command>."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:245(title)
+msgid "CROSS REFERENCES"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:246(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following cross references show which programs in the shadow password "
+"suite use which parameters."
+msgstr ""
+"De følgende krydsreferencer viser hvilke programmer i shadows "
+"adgangskodeprogrampakke der bruger hvilke parametre."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:253(term) chage.1.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: chage.1.xml:65(refname) chage.1.xml:70(command)
+msgid "chage"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:255(para) login.defs.5.xml:451(phrase)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:523(phrase)
+msgid "USE_TCB"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:259(term) chfn.1.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: chfn.1.xml:67(refname) chfn.1.xml:73(command)
+msgid "chfn"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CHFN_AUTH</phrase> CHFN_RESTRICT <phrase "
+"condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:269(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:64(refname) chgpasswd.8.xml:70(command)
+msgid "chgpasswd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:271(para) login.defs.5.xml:302(para)
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:279(term) chpasswd.8.xml:61(refentrytitle)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:68(refname) chpasswd.8.xml:74(command)
+msgid "chpasswd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:282(phrase)
+msgid "ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:284(phrase)
+msgid "SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:290(term) chsh.1.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: chsh.1.xml:67(refname) chsh.1.xml:73(command)
+msgid "chsh"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:292(para)
+msgid "CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:300(term) gpasswd.1.xml:62(refentrytitle)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:69(refname) gpasswd.1.xml:83(command)
+msgid "gpasswd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:310(term) groupadd.8.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:67(refname) groupadd.8.xml:73(command)
+msgid "groupadd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:312(para)
+msgid "GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:319(term) groupdel.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:65(refname) groupdel.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "groupdel"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:321(para) login.defs.5.xml:327(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:333(para) login.defs.5.xml:340(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:346(para) login.defs.5.xml:352(para)
+msgid "MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:325(term) groupmems.8.xml:61(refentrytitle)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:68(refname) groupmems.8.xml:74(command)
+msgid "groupmems"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:331(term) groupmod.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:65(refname) groupmod.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "groupmod"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:338(term) grpck.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: grpck.8.xml:65(refname) grpck.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "grpck"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:357(term) lastlog.8.xml:59(refentrytitle)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:66(refname) lastlog.8.xml:72(command)
+msgid "lastlog"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:359(para)
+msgid "LASTLOG_UID_MAX"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:363(term) login.1.xml:90(refentrytitle)
+#: login.1.xml:97(refname) login.1.xml:103(command) login.1.xml:111(command)
+#: login.1.xml:118(command)
+msgid "login"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:365(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE</"
+"phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FAILLOG_ENAB</"
+"phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> "
+"HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LASTLOG_ENAB LASTLOG_UID_MAX</phrase> "
+"LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> "
+"LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE "
+"PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</phrase> USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:392(term)
+msgid "newgrp / sg"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:394(para)
+msgid "SYSLOG_SG_ENAB"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:402(para)
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB "
+"HOME_MODE PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> "
+"SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN "
+"SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:421(para)
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN "
+"PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:432(para)
+msgid ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:441(para)
+msgid ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb\">USE_TCB</"
+"phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:458(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ENV_PATH "
+"ENV_SUPATH <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB "
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> SULOG_FILE SU_NAME <phrase condition="
+"\"no_pam\">SU_WHEEL_ONLY</phrase> SYSLOG_SU_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">USERGROUPS_ENAB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:473(term)
+msgid "sulogin"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:475(para)
+msgid "ENV_HZ <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:484(para)
+msgid ""
+"CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN HOME_MODE LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR "
+"MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE "
+"SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN "
+"SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK "
+"<phrase condition=\"tcb\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:502(para)
+msgid ""
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB <phrase "
+"condition=\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:512(para)
+msgid ""
+"LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition="
+"\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:532(para)
+msgid ""
+"Much of the functionality that used to be provided by the shadow password "
+"suite is now handled by PAM. Thus, <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> is "
+"no longer used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, or less used by "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Please refer to the "
+"corresponding PAM configuration files instead."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:548(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:58(refentrytitle) login.access.5.xml:65(refname)
+msgid "login.access"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "login access control table"
+msgstr "kontroltabel for logindadgang"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:71(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> file specifies (user, "
+"host) combinations and/or (user, tty) combinations for which a login will be "
+"either accepted or refused."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:77(para)
+msgid ""
+"When someone logs in, the <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> is "
+"scanned for the first entry that matches the (user, host) combination, or, "
+"in case of non-networked logins, the first entry that matches the (user, "
+"tty) combination. The permissions field of that table entry determines "
+"whether the login will be accepted or refused."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each line of the login access control table has three fields separated by a "
+"\":\" character:"
+msgstr ""
+"Hver linje i kontroltabellen for logindadagng har tre felter adskilt af "
+"tegnet »:«:"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">permission</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">users</"
+"emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">origins</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:94(para)
+msgid ""
+"The first field should be a \"<emphasis>+</emphasis>\" (access granted) or "
+"\"<emphasis>-</emphasis>\" (access denied) character. The second field "
+"should be a list of one or more login names, group names, or <emphasis>ALL</"
+"emphasis> (always matches). The third field should be a list of one or more "
+"tty names (for non-networked logins), host names, domain names (begin with "
+"\"<literal>.</literal>\"), host addresses, internet network numbers (end "
+"with \"<literal>.</literal>\"), <emphasis>ALL</emphasis> (always matches) or "
+"<emphasis>LOCAL</emphasis> (matches any string that does not contain a "
+"\"<literal>.</literal>\" character). If you run NIS you can use "
+"@netgroupname in host or user patterns."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>EXCEPT</emphasis> operator makes it possible to write very "
+"compact rules."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group file is searched only when a name does not match that of the "
+"logged-in user. Only groups are matched in which users are explicitly "
+"listed: the program does not look at a user's primary group id value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:98(refpurpose)
+msgid "begin session on the system"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:104(arg) login.1.xml:112(arg) login.1.xml:119(arg)
+#: login.1.xml:236(option) groupmems.8.xml:79(arg)
+msgid "-p"
+msgstr "-p"
+
+#: login.1.xml:105(replaceable) login.1.xml:113(replaceable)
+#: login.1.xml:120(replaceable)
+msgid "host"
+msgstr "vært"
+
+#: login.1.xml:105(arg) login.1.xml:113(arg)
+msgid "-h <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-h <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: login.1.xml:108(replaceable)
+msgid "ENV=VAR"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:114(arg) login.1.xml:214(option)
+msgid "-f"
+msgstr "-f"
+
+#: login.1.xml:120(arg)
+msgid "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: login.1.xml:126(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>login</command> program is used to establish a new session with "
+"the system. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">login:</emphasis> prompt on the user's terminal. "
+"<command>login</command> may be special to the shell and may not be invoked "
+"as a sub-process. When called from a shell, <command>login</command> should "
+"be executed as <emphasis remap=\"B\">exec login</emphasis> which will cause "
+"the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new "
+"logged in user to return to the session of the caller). Attempting to "
+"execute <command>login</command> from any shell but the login shell will "
+"produce an error message."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:140(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate. Echoing is "
+"disabled to prevent revealing the password. Only a small number of password "
+"failures are permitted before <command>login</command> exits and the "
+"communications link is severed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:147(para)
+msgid ""
+"If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for "
+"a new password before proceeding. You will be forced to provide your old "
+"password and the new password before continuing. Please refer to "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> for more information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and "
+"the presence of mail. You may turn off the printing of the system message "
+"file, <filename>/etc/motd</filename>, by creating a zero-length file "
+"<filename>.hushlogin</filename> in your login directory. The mail message "
+"will be one of \"<emphasis>You have new mail.</emphasis>\", \"<emphasis>You "
+"have mail.</emphasis>\", or \"<emphasis>No Mail.</emphasis>\" according to "
+"the condition of your mailbox."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file. The value for <envar>$HOME</envar>, "
+"<envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, <envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, and "
+"<envar>$MAIL</envar> are set according to the appropriate fields in the "
+"password entry. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to "
+"entries in the GECOS field."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"On some installations, the environmental variable <envar>$TERM</envar> will "
+"be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in "
+"<filename>/etc/ttytype</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:182(para)
+msgid ""
+"An initialization script for your command interpreter may also be executed. "
+"Please see the appropriate manual section for more information on this "
+"function."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:194(para) login.1.xml:270(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>login</command> program is NOT responsible for removing users "
+"from the utmp file. It is the responsibility of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to clean up apparent "
+"ownership of a terminal session. If you use <command>login</command> from "
+"the shell prompt without <command>exec</command>, the user you use will "
+"continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the \"subsession"
+"\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:217(para)
+msgid "Do not perform authentication, user is preauthenticated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:220(para)
+msgid "Note: In that case, <replaceable>username</replaceable> is mandatory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:228(option)
+msgid "-h"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:231(para)
+msgid "Name of the remote host for this login."
+msgstr "Navn på den eksterne vært for dette logind."
+
+#: login.1.xml:239(para)
+msgid "Preserve environment."
+msgstr "Bevar miljø."
+
+#: login.1.xml:244(option)
+msgid "-r"
+msgstr "-r"
+
+#: login.1.xml:247(para)
+msgid "Perform autologin protocol for rlogin."
+msgstr "Udfør autologin-protokol for rlogin."
+
+#: login.1.xml:252(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> and <option>-f</option> options "
+"are only used when <command>login</command> is invoked by root."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"This version of <command>login</command> has many compilation options, only "
+"some of which may be in use at any particular site."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:266(para)
+msgid ""
+"The location of files is subject to differences in system configuration."
+msgstr "Placeringen af filer er underlagt forskelle i systemkonfiguration."
+
+#: login.1.xml:282(para)
+msgid ""
+"As with any program, <command>login</command>'s appearance can be faked. If "
+"non-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use "
+"this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the "
+"machine. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a "
+"trusted path and prevent this kind of attack."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:347(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/wtmp"
+msgstr "/var/log/wtmp"
+
+#: login.1.xml:349(para)
+msgid "List of previous login sessions."
+msgstr "Liste over tidligere logindsessioner."
+
+#: login.1.xml:365(filename)
+msgid "/etc/motd"
+msgstr "/etc/motd"
+
+#: login.1.xml:367(para)
+msgid "System message of the day file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:371(filename)
+msgid "/etc/nologin"
+msgstr "/etc/nologin"
+
+#: login.1.xml:373(para)
+msgid "Prevent non-root users from logging in."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:377(filename)
+msgid "/etc/ttytype"
+msgstr "/etc/ttytype"
+
+#: login.1.xml:379(para)
+msgid "List of terminal types."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:383(filename)
+msgid "$HOME/.hushlogin"
+msgstr "$HOME/.hushlogin"
+
+#: login.1.xml:385(para)
+msgid "Suppress printing of system messages."
+msgstr "Undertryk udskrivning af systembeskeder."
+
+#: login.1.xml:399(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:41(firstname)
+msgid "Luca"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:42(surname)
+msgid "Berra"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:59(refentrytitle) limits.5.xml:66(refname)
+msgid "limits"
+msgstr "limits"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:67(refpurpose)
+msgid "resource limits definition"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:73(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis remap=\"I\">limits</emphasis> file (<filename>/etc/limits</"
+"filename> by default or LIMITS_FILE defined <filename>config.h</filename>) "
+"describes the resource limits you wish to impose. It should be owned by root "
+"and readable by root account only."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default no quota is imposed on 'root'. In fact, there is no way to impose "
+"limits via this procedure to root-equiv accounts (accounts with UID 0)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "Each line describes a limit for a user in the form:"
+msgstr "Hver linje beskriver en begrænsning for en bruger i formen:"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:90(emphasis)
+msgid "user LIMITS_STRING"
+msgstr "bruger LIMITS_STRING"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:93(para)
+msgid "or in the form:"
+msgstr "eller i formen:"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:96(emphasis)
+msgid "@group LIMITS_STRING"
+msgstr "@group LIMITS_STRING"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis> is a string of a concatenated list of "
+"resource limits. Each limit consists of a letter identifier followed by a "
+"numerical limit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:105(para)
+msgid "The valid identifiers are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:108(para)
+msgid "A: max address space (KB)"
+msgstr "A: Maks. adresserum (KB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:109(para)
+msgid "C: max core file size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:110(para)
+msgid "D: max data size (KB)"
+msgstr "D: Maks. datastørrelse (KB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:111(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "F: maximum filesize (KB)"
+msgid "F: maximum file size (KB)"
+msgstr "F: Maks filstørrelse (KB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:112(para)
+msgid ""
+"K: file creation mask, set by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:117(para)
+msgid "I: max nice value (0..39 which translates to 20..-19)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:119(para)
+msgid "L: max number of logins for this user"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:120(para)
+msgid "M: max locked-in-memory address space (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:121(para)
+msgid "N: max number of open files"
+msgstr "N: Maks antal åbne filer"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:122(para)
+msgid "O: max real time priority"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:123(para)
+msgid ""
+"P: process priority, set by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:128(para)
+msgid "R: max resident set size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:129(para)
+msgid "S: max stack size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid "T: max CPU time (MIN)"
+msgstr "T: Maks CPU-tid (MIN)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:131(para)
+msgid "U: max number of processes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"For example, <emphasis remap=\"I\">L2D2048N5</emphasis> is a valid "
+"<emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis>. For reading convenience, the following "
+"entries are equivalent:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:140(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      username L2D2048N5\n"
+"      username L2 D2048 N5\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"Be aware that after <emphasis remap=\"I\">username</emphasis> the rest of "
+"the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed. An "
+"invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the "
+"<command>login</command> program."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default entry is denoted by username \"<emphasis>*</emphasis>\". If you "
+"have multiple <emphasis remap=\"I\">default</emphasis> entries in your "
+"<emphasis>LIMITS_FILE</emphasis>, then the last one will be used as the "
+"default entry."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"The limits specified in the form \"<replaceable>@group</replaceable>\" apply "
+"to the members of the specified <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:165(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If more than one line with limits for an user exist, only the first line "
+#| "for this user will be considered."
+msgid ""
+"If more than one line with limits for a user exist, only the first line for "
+"this user will be considered."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis mere end en linje med begrænsninger for en bruger findes, så vil kun "
+"den første linje for denne bruger indgå."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:170(para)
+msgid ""
+"If no lines are specified for a user, the last <replaceable>@group</"
+"replaceable> line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be "
+"considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the "
+"user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:177(para)
+msgid ""
+"To completely disable limits for a user, a single dash \"<emphasis>-</"
+"emphasis>\" will do."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:182(para)
+msgid ""
+"To disable a limit for a user, a single dash \"<replaceable>-</replaceable>"
+"\" can be used instead of the numerical value for this limit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"Also, please note that all limit settings are set PER LOGIN. They are not "
+"global, nor are they permanent. Perhaps global limits will come, but for now "
+"this will have to do ;)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:199(filename)
+msgid "/etc/limits"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:67(refpurpose)
+msgid "reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>lastlog</command> formats and prints the contents of the last login "
+"log <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file. The <emphasis>login-name</"
+"emphasis>, <emphasis>port</emphasis>, and <emphasis>last login time</"
+"emphasis> will be printed. The default (no flags) causes lastlog entries to "
+"be printed, sorted by their order in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:93(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>lastlog</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:98(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:102(para)
+msgid ""
+"Print only lastlog records older than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:108(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+msgid "<option>-C</option>, <option>--clear</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:112(para)
+msgid ""
+"Clear lastlog record of a user. This option can be used only together with "
+"<option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>))."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:139(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+msgid "<option>-S</option>, <option>--set</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:143(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set lastlog record of a user to the current time. This option can be used "
+"only together with <option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>))."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:150(term) faillog.8.xml:192(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:154(para)
+msgid ""
+"Print the lastlog records more recent than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</"
+"emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:161(term) faillog.8.xml:202(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:165(para)
+msgid "Print the lastlog record of the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:168(para) faillog.8.xml:211(para)
+msgid ""
+"The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a "
+"<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable> of users. This <replaceable>RANGE</"
+"replaceable> of users can be specified with a min and max values "
+"(<replaceable>UID_MIN-UID_MAX</replaceable>), a max value (<replaceable>-"
+"UID_MAX</replaceable>), or a min value (<replaceable>UID_MIN-</replaceable>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:180(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the user has never logged in the message <emphasis>** Never logged in**</"
+"emphasis> will be displayed instead of the port and time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:185(para)
+msgid ""
+"Only the entries for the current users of the system will be displayed. "
+"Other entries may exist for users that were deleted previously."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:193(title) groups.1.xml:90(title) chsh.1.xml:140(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:237(title)
+msgid "NOTE"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <filename>lastlog</filename> file is a database which contains info on "
+"the last login of each user. You should not rotate it. It is a sparse file, "
+"so its size on the disk is usually much smaller than the one shown by "
+"\"<command>ls -l</command>\" (which can indicate a really big file if you "
+"have in <filename>passwd</filename> users with a high UID). You can display "
+"its real size with \"<command>ls -s</command>\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:220(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/lastlog"
+msgstr "/var/log/lastlog"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "Database times of previous user logins."
+msgstr "Databasetider for tidligere brugerlogind."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:230(para)
+msgid ""
+"Large gaps in UID numbers will cause the lastlog program to run longer with "
+"no output to the screen (i.e. if in lastlog database there is no entries for "
+"users with UID between 170 and 800 lastlog will appear to hang as it "
+"processes entries with UIDs 171-799)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:41(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2005"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:46(refentrytitle) gshadow.5.xml:53(refname)
+msgid "gshadow"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:54(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadowed group file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:59(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> contains the shadowed information for "
+"group accounts."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:69(para)
+msgid "Each line of this file contains the following colon-separated fields:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:75(emphasis)
+msgid "group name"
+msgstr "gruppenavn"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:77(para)
+msgid "It must be a valid group name, which exist on the system."
+msgstr "Det skal være et gyldigt gruppenavn, som findes på systemet."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, for instance ! or *, users will not be able to use a unix "
+"password to access the group (but group members do not need the password)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:97(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The new value of the user's password file comment field. It is normally "
+#| "modified using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utility."
+msgid ""
+"The password is used when a user who is not a member of the group wants to "
+"gain the permissions of this group (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Den nye værdi for brugerens kommentar kommentarfelt i adgangskodefilen. Den "
+"ændres normalt med redskabet <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field may be empty, in which case only the group members can gain the "
+"group permissions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"This password supersedes any password specified in <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:121(emphasis)
+msgid "administrators"
+msgstr "administratorer"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:123(para) gshadow.5.xml:139(para)
+msgid "It must be a comma-separated list of user names."
+msgstr "Det skal være en kommaadskilt liste af brugernavne."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:126(para)
+msgid "Administrators can change the password or the members of the group."
+msgstr "Administratorer kan ændre adgangskoden eller medlemmerne af gruppen."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"Administrators also have the same permissions as the members (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"Administratorer har også de samme rettigheder som medlemmerne (se nedenfor)."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:137(emphasis)
+msgid "members"
+msgstr "medlemmer"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:142(para)
+msgid "Members can access the group without being prompted for a password."
+msgstr "Medlemmer kan tilgå gruppen uden at blive spurgt efter en adgangskode."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:146(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should use the same list of users as in <filename>/etc/group</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Du skal bruge den samme liste over brugere som i <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename>."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "verify integrity of group files"
+msgstr "verificer integritet for gruppefiler"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpck</command> command verifies the integrity of the groups "
+"information. It checks that all entries in <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase> have the proper format and contain valid data. The user "
+"is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have "
+"other uncorrectable errors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:101(para)
+msgid "a unique and valid group name"
+msgstr "et unikt og gyldigt gruppenavn"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"a valid group identifier <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> (<filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename> only)</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"a valid list of members <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> and administrators</"
+"phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"a corresponding entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file "
+"(respectively <filename>/etc/group</filename> for the <filename>gshadow</"
+"filename> checks)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:125(para)
+msgid ""
+"The checks for correct number of fields and unique group name are fatal. If "
+"an entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete "
+"the entire line. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further "
+"checks are bypassed. An entry with a duplicated group name is prompted for "
+"deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made. All other errors are "
+"warnings and the user is encouraged to run the <command>groupmod</command> "
+"command to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid ""
+"The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"no_gshadow\">file</phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and "
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</phrase> are not able to alter "
+"corrupted or duplicated entries. <command>grpck</command> should be used in "
+"those circumstances to remove the offending entries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>grpck</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Tilvalgen som gælder for kommandoen <command>grpck</command> er:"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:165(para)
+msgid ""
+"Execute the <command>grpck</command> command in read-only mode. This causes "
+"all questions regarding changes to be answered <emphasis>no</emphasis> "
+"without user intervention."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"Sort entries in <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase> by GID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:196(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, <command>grpck</command> operates on <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. The user may select alternate files with the <emphasis "
+"remap=\"I\">group</emphasis><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">parameter.</"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</"
+"emphasis> parameters.</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:264(para)
+msgid "one or more bad group entries"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:270(para)
+msgid "can't open group files"
+msgstr "kan ikke åbne gruppefiler"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "can't lock group files"
+msgstr "kan ikke låse gruppefiler"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:282(para)
+msgid "can't update group files"
+msgstr "kan ikke opdatere gruppefiler"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:246(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpck</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandoen <command>grpck</command> findes med de følgende værdier: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:291(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>, </citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groups.1.xml:57(refentrytitle) groups.1.xml:64(refname)
+#: groups.1.xml:70(command)
+msgid "groups"
+msgstr "groups"
+
+#: groups.1.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "display current group names"
+msgstr "vis aktuelle gruppenavne"
+
+#: groups.1.xml:72(replaceable)
+msgid "user"
+msgstr "bruger"
+
+#: groups.1.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groups</command> command displays the current group names or ID "
+"values. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename>, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value. "
+"The optional <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis> parameter will display "
+"the groups for the named <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groups.1.xml:91(para)
+msgid ""
+"Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information "
+"from <filename>/etc/group</filename> reported. The user must use "
+"<command>newgrp</command> or <command>sg</command> to change his current "
+"real and effective group ID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groups.1.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgroups</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "modify a group definition on the system"
+msgstr "ændr en gruppedefinition på systemet"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:75(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:75(replaceable)
+msgid "GROUP"
+msgstr "GRUPPE"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmod</command> command modifies the definition of the "
+"specified <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> by modifying the appropriate "
+"entry in the group database."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupmod</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:96(term) groupadd.8.xml:114(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group ID of the given <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> will be changed "
+"to <replaceable>GID</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value of <replaceable>GID</replaceable> must be a non-negative decimal "
+"integer. This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is "
+"used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:110(para)
+msgid ""
+"Users who use the group as primary group will be updated to keep the group "
+"as their primary group."
+msgstr ""
+"Brugere som bruger gruppen som primær gruppe vil blive opdateret for at "
+"beholde gruppen som deres primære gruppe."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any files that have the old group ID and must continue to belong to "
+"<replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>, must have their group ID changed manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>GID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>, or "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:135(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--new-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the group will be changed from <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> "
+"to <replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable> name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"When used with the <option>-g</option> option, allow to change the group "
+"<replaceable>GID</replaceable> to a non-unique value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:259(para)
+msgid "E_SUCCESS: success"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:265(para)
+msgid "E_USAGE: invalid command syntax"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:271(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "invalid argument to option"
+msgid "E_BAD_ARG: invalid argument to option"
+msgstr "Ugyldigt argument for tilvalg"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:277(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgid "E_GID_IN_USE: specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "angivet gruppe findes ikke"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:283(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgid "E_NOTFOUND: specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "angivet gruppe findes ikke"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:289(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "group name already in use"
+msgid "E_NAME_IN_USE: group name already in use"
+msgstr "gruppenavn er allerede i brug"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:295(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "can't update group files"
+msgid "E_GRP_UPDATE: can't update group file"
+msgstr "kan ikke opdatere gruppefiler"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:299(replaceable)
+msgid "11"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:301(para)
+msgid "E_CLEANUP_SERVICE: can't setup cleanup service"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:307(para)
+msgid "E_PAM_USERNAME: can't determine your username for use with pam"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:311(replaceable)
+msgid "13"
+msgstr "13"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"E_PAM_ERROR: pam returned an error, see syslog facility id groupmod for the "
+"PAM error message"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmod</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandoen <command>groupmod</command> findes med de følgende værdier: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:322(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:42(firstname)
+msgid "George"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:43(surname)
+msgid "Kraft"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:44(lineage)
+msgid "IV"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:45(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "administer members of a user's primary group"
+msgstr "administrer medlemmer for en brugers primære gruppe"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:76(replaceable) groupmems.8.xml:77(replaceable)
+msgid "user_name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:76(arg)
+msgid "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:77(arg)
+msgid "-d <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-d <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:78(replaceable)
+msgid "group_name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:78(arg)
+msgid "-g <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:79(arg)
+msgid "-l"
+msgstr "-l"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:86(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmems</command> command allows a user to administer their "
+"own group membership list without the requirement of superuser privileges. "
+"The <command>groupmems</command> utility is for systems that configure its "
+"users to be in their own name sake primary group (i.e., guest / guest)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid ""
+"Only the superuser, as administrator, can use <command>groupmems</command> "
+"to alter the memberships of other groups."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>groupmems</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:107(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:109(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Add an user to the group membership list."
+msgid "Add a user to the group membership list."
+msgstr "Tilføj en bruger til listen over gruppemedlemmer."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:110(para) groupmems.8.xml:126(para)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, and the group has no "
+"entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file, a new entry will be "
+"created."
+msgstr ""
+"Hvis filen <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> findes, og gruppen ikke har et "
+"punkt i filen <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, så vil et nyt punkt blive "
+"oprettet."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:118(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "Delete a user from the group membership list."
+msgstr "Slet en bruger fra listen over gruppemedlemskab."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, the user will be "
+"removed from the list of members and administrators of the group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:134(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>group_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The superuser can specify which group membership list to modify."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:148(term) chage.1.xml:160(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid "List the group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:154(term)
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--purge</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-p</option>, <option>--purge</option>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid "Purge all users from the group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:180(title)
+msgid "SETUP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmems</command> executable should be in mode <literal>2710</"
+"literal> as user <emphasis>root</emphasis> and in group <emphasis>groups</"
+"emphasis>. The system administrator can add users to group <emphasis>groups</"
+"emphasis> to allow or disallow them using the <command>groupmems</command> "
+"utility to manage their own group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:190(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"\t$ groupadd -r groups\n"
+"\t$ chmod 2710 groupmems\n"
+"\t$ chown root.groups groupmems\n"
+"\t$ groupmems -g groups -a gk4\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "secure group account information"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:230(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "delete a group"
+msgstr "slet en gruppe"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupdel</command> command modifies the system account files, "
+"deleting all entries that refer to <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>. The "
+"named group must exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:89(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupdel</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Tilvalgene som gælder for kommandoen <command>groupdel</command> er:"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not remove the primary group of any existing user. You must remove "
+"the user before you remove the group."
+msgstr ""
+"De kan ikke fjerne den primære gruppe for en eksisterende bruger. Du skal "
+"fjerne brugeren før du fjerner gruppen."
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain "
+"owned by this group."
+msgstr ""
+"Du skal manuelt kontrollere alle filsystemer for at sikre dig, at ingen "
+"filer fortsat er ejet af denne gruppe."
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:200(para)
+msgid "can't remove user's primary group"
+msgstr "Kan ikke fjerne brugers primære gruppe"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupdel</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandoen <command>groupdel</command> findes med de følgende værdier: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "create a new group"
+msgstr "opret en ny gruppe"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupadd</command> command creates a new group account using "
+"the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the "
+"system. The new group will be entered into the system files as needed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupadd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Tilvalgene som gælder for kommandoen <command>groupadd</command> er:"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option causes the command to simply exit with success status if the "
+"specified group already exists. When used with <option>-g</option>, and the "
+"specified GID already exists, another (unique) GID is chosen (i.e. <option>-"
+"g</option> is turned off)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numerical value of the group's ID. This value must be unique, unless the "
+"<option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. The "
+"default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to "
+"<option>GID_MIN</option> and greater than every other group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:124(para)
+msgid ""
+"See also the <option>-r</option> option and the <option>GID_MAX</option> "
+"description."
+msgstr ""
+"Se også tilvalget <option>-r</option> og beskrivelsen <option>GID_MAX</"
+"option>."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (GID_MIN, GID_MAX "
+"and others). Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:146(para)
+msgid ""
+"Example: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>GID_MAX</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> doesn't work yet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:161(para)
+msgid "This option permits to add a group with a non-unique GID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:192(para)
+msgid "Create a system group."
+msgstr "Opret en systemgruppe."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numeric identifiers of new system groups are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>GID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:275(para)
+msgid ""
+"Groupnames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by "
+"lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a "
+"dollar sign. In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:281(para)
+msgid "Groupnames may only be up to &GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH; characters long."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:284(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not add a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the "
+"corresponding server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the groupname already exists in an external group database such as NIS or "
+"LDAP, <command>groupadd</command> will deny the group creation request."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:321(para)
+msgid "GID not unique (when <option>-o</option> not used)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:327(para)
+msgid "group name not unique"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:297(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupadd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:342(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:44(firstname)
+msgid "Rafal"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:45(surname)
+msgid "Maszkowski"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:71(phrase)
+msgid "administer <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:74(phrase)
+msgid "administer <placeholder-1/> and <placeholder-2/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:85(replaceable) expiry.1.xml:76(replaceable)
+msgid "option"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:95(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>gpasswd</command> command is used to administer <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. Every group can have <phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">administrators,</phrase> members and a password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"System administrators can use the <option>-A</option> option to define group "
+"administrator(s) and the <option>-M</option> option to define members. They "
+"have all rights of group administrators and members."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>gpasswd</command> called by <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">a group "
+"administrator</phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">a system "
+"administrator</phrase> with a group name only prompts for the new password "
+"of the <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:115(para)
+msgid ""
+"If a password is set the members can still use "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> without a password, and non-members must supply the password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:123(title)
+msgid "Notes about group passwords"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:124(para)
+msgid ""
+"Group passwords are an inherent security problem since more than one person "
+"is permitted to know the password. However, groups are a useful tool for "
+"permitting co-operation between different users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:135(para)
+msgid ""
+"Except for the <option>-A</option> and <option>-M</option> options, the "
+"options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:142(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>gpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:147(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:151(para)
+msgid ""
+"Add the <replaceable>user</replaceable> to the named <replaceable>group</"
+"replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:160(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:164(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remove the <replaceable>user</replaceable> from the named "
+"<replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:181(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-Q</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:195(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove-password</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:199(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remove the password from the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>. The "
+"group password will be empty. Only group members will be allowed to use "
+"<command>newgrp</command> to join the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:211(term)
+msgid "<option>-R</option>, <option>--restrict</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"Restrict the access to the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>. The group "
+"password is set to \"!\". Only group members with a password will be allowed "
+"to use <command>newgrp</command> to join the named <replaceable>group</"
+"replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:227(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-A</option>, <option>--administrators</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>user</replaceable>,..."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:231(para)
+msgid "Set the list of administrative users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:239(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--members</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>,..."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:243(para)
+msgid "Set the list of group members."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"This tool only operates on the <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"gshadow\"> and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files.</"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">file.</phrase> Thus you cannot "
+"change any NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the corresponding "
+"server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:298(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry><phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) faillog.8.xml:64(refname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:70(command) faillog.5.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: faillog.5.xml:64(refname) faillog.5.xml:111(refentrytitle)
+msgid "faillog"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "display faillog records or set login failure limits"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>faillog</command> displays the contents of the failure log database "
+"(<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>). It can also set the failure "
+"counters and limits. When <command>faillog</command> is run without "
+"arguments, it only displays the faillog records of the users who had a login "
+"failure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>faillog</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display (or act on) faillog records for all users having an entry in the "
+"<filename>faillog</filename> database."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:102(para)
+msgid ""
+"The range of users can be restricted with the <option>-u</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"In display mode, this is still restricted to existing users but forces the "
+"display of the faillog entries even if they are empty."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"With the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, <option>-r</option>, "
+"<option>-t</option> options, the users' records are changed, even if the "
+"user does not exist on the system. This is useful to reset records of users "
+"that have been deleted or to set a policy in advance for a range of users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:128(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-secs</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEC</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:132(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock account for <replaceable>SEC</replaceable> seconds after failed login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:136(para) faillog.8.xml:161(para) faillog.8.xml:173(para)
+msgid ""
+"Write access to <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> is required for this "
+"option."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:143(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--maximum</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:147(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of login failures after the account is disabled to "
+"<replaceable>MAX</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:151(para)
+msgid ""
+"Selecting a <replaceable>MAX</replaceable> value of 0 has the effect of not "
+"placing a limit on the number of failed logins."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum failure count should always be 0 for <emphasis>root</emphasis> "
+"to prevent a denial of services attack against the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:168(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:170(para)
+msgid "Reset the counters of login failures."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display faillog records more recent than <replaceable>DAYS</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:206(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display faillog record or maintains failure counters and limits (if used "
+"with <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option> or <option>-r</option> "
+"options) only for the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"When none of the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-r</"
+"option> options are used, <command>faillog</command> displays the faillog "
+"record of the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:233(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>faillog</command> only prints out users with no successful login "
+"since the last failure. To print out a user who has had a successful login "
+"since their last failure, you must explicitly request the user with the "
+"<option>-u</option> flag, or print out all users with the <option>-a</"
+"option> flag."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:246(filename) faillog.5.xml:99(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/faillog"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:248(para) faillog.5.xml:101(para)
+msgid "Failure logging file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:256(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>faillog</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "login failure logging file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> maintains a count of login failures "
+"and the limits for each account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:74(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file contains fixed length records, indexed by numerical UID. Each "
+"record contains the count of login failures since the last successful login; "
+"the maximum number of failures before the account is disabled; the line on "
+"which the last login failure occurred; the date of the last login failure; "
+"and the duration (in seconds) during which the account will be locked after "
+"a failure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "The structure of the file is:"
+msgstr "Strukturen for filen er:"
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:85(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"struct\tfaillog {\n"
+"\tshort   fail_cnt;\n"
+"\tshort   fail_max;\n"
+"\tchar    fail_line[12];\n"
+"\ttime_t  fail_time;\n"
+"\tlong    fail_locktime;\n"
+"};"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:45(contrib) chsh.1.xml:44(contrib) chfn.1.xml:44(contrib)
+#: chage.1.xml:42(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1990"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:61(refentrytitle) expiry.1.xml:68(refname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:74(command)
+msgid "expiry"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "check and enforce password expiration policy"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:83(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>expiry</command> command checks (<option>-c</option>) the "
+"current password expiration and forces (<option>-f</option>) changes when "
+"required. It is callable as a normal user command."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:92(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>expiry</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:97(term)
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--check</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid "Check the password expiration of the current user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:105(para)
+msgid "Force a password change if the current user has an expired password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:140(para) chage.1.xml:318(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "change login shell"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chsh</command> command changes the user login shell. This "
+"determines the name of the user's initial login command. A normal user may "
+"only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change "
+"the login shell for any account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:96(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chsh</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <option>-s</option> option is not selected, <command>chsh</command> "
+"operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current "
+"login shell. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line "
+"blank to use the current one. The current shell is displayed between a pair "
+"of <emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must "
+"be listed in <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, unless the invoker is the "
+"superuser, and then any value may be added. An account with a restricted "
+"login shell may not change her login shell. For this reason, placing "
+"<filename>/bin/rsh</filename> in <filename>/etc/shells</filename> is "
+"discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent "
+"the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:176(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shells"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:178(para)
+msgid "List of valid login shells."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:192(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "update passwords in batch mode"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:83(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chpasswd</command> command reads a list of user name and "
+"password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a "
+"group of existing users. Each line is of the format:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:88(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">user_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:92(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default the passwords must be supplied in clear-text, and are encrypted "
+"by <command>chpasswd</command>. Also the password age will be updated, if "
+"present."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:97(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variables "
+"of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, and can be overwritten with the "
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:105(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, passwords are encrypted by PAM, but (even if not recommended) "
+"you can select a different encryption method with the <option>-e</option>, "
+"<option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"pam\">Except when PAM is used to encrypt the passwords,</"
+"phrase><command>chpasswd</command> first updates all the passwords in "
+"memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no errors occurred for "
+"any user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"When PAM is used to encrypt the passwords (and update the passwords in the "
+"system database) then if a password cannot be updated <command>chpasswd</"
+"command> continues updating the passwords of the next users, and will return "
+"an error code on exit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:123(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many "
+"accounts are created at a single time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:131(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>METHOD</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:142(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:115(para)
+msgid "The available methods are DES, MD5, and NONE."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "By default, PAM is used to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default (if none of the <option>-c</option>, <option>-m</option>, or "
+"<option>-e</option> options are specified), the encryption method is defined "
+"by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> "
+"variables of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:163(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:125(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:165(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "Supplied passwords are in encrypted form."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:179(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--md5</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:181(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"Use MD5 encryption instead of DES when the supplied passwords are not "
+"encrypted."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:200(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROUNDS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the number of rounds is defined by the "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> and <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option> variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:232(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remember to set permissions or umask to prevent readability of unencrypted "
+"files by other users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:276(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/chpasswd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:278(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>chpasswd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:286(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:47(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2006"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "update group passwords in batch mode"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chgpasswd</command> command reads a list of group name and "
+"password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a set "
+"of existing groups. Each line is of the format:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">group_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:88(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default the supplied password must be in clear-text, and is encrypted by "
+"<command>chgpasswd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:92(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable of <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>, and can be overwritten with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</"
+"option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>chgpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "change real user name and information"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chfn</command> command changes user fullname, office room "
+"number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user's "
+"account. This information is typically printed by "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> and similar programs. A normal user may only change the fields "
+"for her own account, subject to the restrictions in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>. (The default configuration is to prevent users from "
+"changing their fullname.) The superuser may change any field for any "
+"account. Additionally, only the superuser may use the <option>-o</option> "
+"option to change the undefined portions of the GECOS field."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"These fields must not contain any colons. Except for the <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">other</emphasis> field, they should not contain any comma or equal sign. "
+"It is also recommended to avoid non-US-ASCII characters, but this is only "
+"enforced for the phone numbers. The <emphasis remap=\"I\">other</emphasis> "
+"field is used to store accounting information used by other applications."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:112(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chfn</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Tilvalgende som gælder for kommandoen <command>chfn</command> er:"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:117(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--full-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>FULL_NAME</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--full-name</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NAVN</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:121(para)
+msgid "Change the user's full name."
+msgstr "Ændr brugerens navn."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:125(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-h</option>, <option>--home-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HOME_PHONE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-h</option>, <option>--home-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>TELEFONNUMMER</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:129(para)
+msgid "Change the user's home phone number."
+msgstr "Ændr brugerens telefonnummer."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:133(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-o</option>, <option>--other</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>OTHER</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-o</option>, <option>--other</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ANDEN</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"Change the user's other GECOS information. This field is used to store "
+"accounting information used by other applications, and can be changed only "
+"by a superuser."
+msgstr ""
+"Ændr brugerens anden GECOS-information. Dette felt bruges til at gemme "
+"kontoinformation brugt af andre programmer, og kan kun ændres af en "
+"superbruger."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:145(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--room</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROOM_NUMBER</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--room</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>VÆRELSESNUMMER</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:149(para)
+msgid "Change the user's room number."
+msgstr "Ændr brugerens værelsesnummer."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:165(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:173(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--work-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WORK_PHONE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--work-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>ARBEJDSTELEFON</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:177(para)
+msgid "Change the user's office phone number."
+msgstr "Ændr brugerens arbejdsnummer."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"If none of the options are selected, <command>chfn</command> operates in an "
+"interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of "
+"the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank "
+"to use the current value. The current value is displayed between a pair of "
+"<emphasis remap=\"B\">[ ]</emphasis> marks. Without options, <command>chfn</"
+"command> prompts for the current user account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:226(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user password expiry information"
+msgstr "ændr udløbsinformation om brugeradgangskode"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command changes the number of days between "
+"password changes and the date of the last password change. This information "
+"is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:92(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chage</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Tilvalgene som gælder for kommandoen <command>chage</command> er:"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:97(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--lastday</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LAST_DAY</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days since January 1st, 1970 when the password was last "
+"changed. The date may also be expressed in the format YYYY-MM-DD (or the "
+"format more commonly used in your area)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:109(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-E</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the date or number of days since January 1, 1970 on which the user's "
+"account will no longer be accessible. The date may also be expressed in the "
+"format YYYY-MM-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area). A user "
+"whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being "
+"able to use the system again."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as the "
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> will remove an account expiration "
+"date."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:135(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+msgid "<option>-i</option>, <option>--iso8601</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:137(para)
+msgid "When printing dates, use YYYY-MM-DD format."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:141(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-I</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the "
+"account is locked. The <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> option is the "
+"number of days of inactivity. A user whose account is locked must contact "
+"the system administrator before being able to use the system again."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as the "
+"<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> will remove an account's inactivity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:164(para)
+msgid "Show account aging information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:170(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:182(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:186(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid. When "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> plus <replaceable>LAST_DAY</replaceable> "
+"is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their "
+"password before being able to use their account. This occurrence can be "
+"planned for in advance by use of the <option>-W</option> option, which "
+"provides the user with advance warning."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:215(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The "
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the number of days prior to "
+"the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to "
+"expire."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:228(para)
+msgid ""
+"If none of the options are selected, <command>chage</command> operates in an "
+"interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of "
+"the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank "
+"to use the current value. The current value is displayed between a pair of "
+"<emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> program requires a shadow password file to be "
+"available."
+msgstr ""
+"Programmet <command>chage</command> kræver at en adgangskodefil for shadow "
+"er tilgængelig."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:242(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command is restricted to the root user, except "
+"for the <option>-l</option> option, which may be used by an unprivileged "
+"user to determine when their password or account is due to expire."
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandoen <command>chage</command> er begrænset til administratorbrugeren "
+"(root), undtaget for tilvalget <option>-l</option>, som kan bruges af en "
+"upriviligeret bruger til at bestemme hvornår denne brugers adgangskode eller "
+"konto står til at udløbe."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:307(replaceable)
+msgid "15"
+msgstr "15"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:309(para)
+msgid "can't find the shadow password file"
+msgstr "Kan ikke finde shadows adgangskodefil"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:285(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandoen <command>chage</command> findes med de følgende værdier: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#. Put one translator per line, in the form of NAME <EMAIL>, YEAR1, YEAR2
+#: chage.1.xml:0(None)
+msgid "translator-credits"
+msgstr ""
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "You can use the <option>--</option> argument to separate <command>su</"
+#~ "command> options from the arguments supplied to the shell."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Du kan bruge argumentet <option>--</option> til at adskille <command>su</"
+#~ "command>-tilvalg fra argumenterne angivet til skallen."
+
+#~ msgid "can't create mail spool"
+#~ msgstr "kan ikke oprette postkø"
diff --git a/man/po/de.po b/man/po/de.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7bb0d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/po/de.po
@@ -0,0 +1,10879 @@
+# German translation of shadow-man-pages
+# Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# Simon Brandmair <sbrandmair@gmx.net>, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2011, 2012.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: shadow-man-pages\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-01-23 15:00-0600\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-08-23 01:36+0200\n"
+"Last-Translator: Simon Brandmair <sbrandmair@gmx.net>\n"
+"Language-Team: debian-l10n-german <http://lists.debian.org/debian-l10n-"
+"german/>\n"
+"Language: \n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:41(firstname) suauth.5.xml:39(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:45(firstname) login.access.5.xml:40(firstname)
+msgid "Marek"
+msgstr "Marek"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:42(surname) suauth.5.xml:40(surname) pwconv.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:41(surname)
+msgid "Michałkiewicz"
+msgstr "Michałkiewicz"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:43(contrib) limits.5.xml:43(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1997"
+msgstr "ursprünglicher Autor, 1997"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:46(firstname) usermod.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:50(firstname) useradd.8.xml:63(firstname)
+#: suauth.5.xml:44(firstname) su.1.xml:61(firstname) sg.1.xml:45(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:44(firstname) shadow.3.xml:44(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:50(firstname) pwck.8.xml:50(firstname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:44(firstname) passwd.5.xml:44(firstname)
+#: passwd.1.xml:51(firstname) newusers.8.xml:60(firstname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:45(firstname) logoutd.8.xml:44(firstname)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:111(firstname) login.access.5.xml:45(firstname)
+#: login.1.xml:77(firstname) limits.5.xml:46(firstname)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:46(firstname) grpck.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groups.1.xml:44(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:48(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:47(firstname) gpasswd.1.xml:49(firstname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:44(firstname) faillog.5.xml:44(firstname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:48(firstname) chsh.1.xml:47(firstname)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:48(firstname) chgpasswd.8.xml:44(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:47(firstname) chage.1.xml:45(firstname)
+msgid "Thomas"
+msgstr "Thomas"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:47(surname) usermod.8.xml:52(surname) userdel.8.xml:51(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:64(surname) suauth.5.xml:45(surname) su.1.xml:62(surname)
+#: sg.1.xml:46(surname) shadow.5.xml:45(surname) shadow.3.xml:45(surname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:51(surname) pwck.8.xml:51(surname) porttime.5.xml:45(surname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:45(surname) passwd.1.xml:52(surname) newusers.8.xml:61(surname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:46(surname) logoutd.8.xml:45(surname)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:112(surname) login.access.5.xml:46(surname)
+#: login.1.xml:78(surname) limits.5.xml:47(surname) lastlog.8.xml:47(surname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:46(surname) groups.1.xml:45(surname) groupmod.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:49(surname) groupdel.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:48(surname) gpasswd.1.xml:50(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:45(surname) faillog.5.xml:45(surname) expiry.1.xml:49(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:48(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:49(surname)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:45(surname) chfn.1.xml:48(surname) chage.1.xml:46(surname)
+msgid "Kłoczko"
+msgstr "Kłoczko"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:48(email) usermod.8.xml:53(email) userdel.8.xml:52(email)
+#: useradd.8.xml:65(email) suauth.5.xml:46(email) su.1.xml:63(email)
+#: sg.1.xml:47(email) shadow.5.xml:46(email) shadow.3.xml:46(email)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:52(email) pwck.8.xml:52(email) porttime.5.xml:46(email)
+#: passwd.5.xml:46(email) passwd.1.xml:53(email) newusers.8.xml:62(email)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:47(email) logoutd.8.xml:46(email) login.defs.5.xml:113(email)
+#: login.access.5.xml:47(email) login.1.xml:79(email) limits.5.xml:48(email)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:48(email) grpck.8.xml:47(email) groups.1.xml:46(email)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:47(email) groupmems.8.xml:50(email) groupdel.8.xml:47(email)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:49(email) gpasswd.1.xml:51(email) faillog.8.xml:46(email)
+#: faillog.5.xml:46(email) expiry.1.xml:50(email) chsh.1.xml:49(email)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:50(email) chgpasswd.8.xml:46(email) chfn.1.xml:49(email)
+#: chage.1.xml:47(email)
+msgid "kloczek@pld.org.pl"
+msgstr "kloczek@pld.org.pl"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:49(contrib) usermod.8.xml:54(contrib) userdel.8.xml:53(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:66(contrib) suauth.5.xml:47(contrib) su.1.xml:64(contrib)
+#: sg.1.xml:48(contrib) shadow.5.xml:47(contrib) shadow.3.xml:47(contrib)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:53(contrib) pwck.8.xml:53(contrib) porttime.5.xml:47(contrib)
+#: passwd.5.xml:47(contrib) passwd.1.xml:54(contrib) newusers.8.xml:63(contrib)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:48(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:114(contrib) login.access.5.xml:48(contrib)
+#: login.1.xml:80(contrib) limits.5.xml:49(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:49(contrib)
+#: grpck.8.xml:48(contrib) groups.1.xml:47(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:48(contrib)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:51(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:48(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:50(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:52(contrib)
+#: faillog.8.xml:47(contrib) faillog.5.xml:47(contrib) expiry.1.xml:51(contrib)
+#: chsh.1.xml:50(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:51(contrib) chfn.1.xml:50(contrib)
+#: chage.1.xml:48(contrib)
+msgid "shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007"
+msgstr "shadow-utils-Betreuer, 2000 - 2007"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:52(firstname) usermod.8.xml:57(firstname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:56(firstname) useradd.8.xml:69(firstname)
+#: suauth.5.xml:50(firstname) su.1.xml:67(firstname) sg.1.xml:51(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:50(firstname) shadow.3.xml:50(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:56(firstname) pwck.8.xml:56(firstname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:50(firstname) passwd.5.xml:50(firstname)
+#: passwd.1.xml:57(firstname) nologin.8.xml:39(firstname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:66(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:51(firstname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:50(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:117(firstname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:51(firstname) login.1.xml:83(firstname)
+#: limits.5.xml:52(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:52(firstname)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:38(firstname) grpck.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groups.1.xml:50(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:54(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:53(firstname) gpasswd.1.xml:55(firstname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:50(firstname) faillog.5.xml:50(firstname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:54(firstname) chsh.1.xml:53(firstname)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:54(firstname) chgpasswd.8.xml:50(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:53(firstname) chage.1.xml:51(firstname)
+msgid "Nicolas"
+msgstr "Nicolas"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:53(surname) usermod.8.xml:58(surname) userdel.8.xml:57(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:70(surname) suauth.5.xml:51(surname) su.1.xml:68(surname)
+#: sg.1.xml:52(surname) shadow.5.xml:51(surname) shadow.3.xml:51(surname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:57(surname) pwck.8.xml:57(surname) porttime.5.xml:51(surname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:51(surname) passwd.1.xml:58(surname) nologin.8.xml:40(surname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:67(surname) newgrp.1.xml:52(surname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:51(surname) login.defs.5.xml:118(surname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:52(surname) login.1.xml:84(surname)
+#: limits.5.xml:53(surname) lastlog.8.xml:53(surname) gshadow.5.xml:39(surname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:52(surname) groups.1.xml:51(surname) groupmod.8.xml:52(surname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:55(surname) groupdel.8.xml:52(surname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:54(surname) gpasswd.1.xml:56(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:51(surname) faillog.5.xml:51(surname) expiry.1.xml:55(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:54(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:55(surname)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:51(surname) chfn.1.xml:54(surname) chage.1.xml:52(surname)
+msgid "François"
+msgstr "François"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:54(email) usermod.8.xml:59(email) userdel.8.xml:58(email)
+#: useradd.8.xml:71(email) suauth.5.xml:52(email) su.1.xml:69(email)
+#: sg.1.xml:53(email) shadow.5.xml:52(email) shadow.3.xml:52(email)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:58(email) pwck.8.xml:58(email) porttime.5.xml:52(email)
+#: passwd.5.xml:52(email) passwd.1.xml:59(email) nologin.8.xml:41(email)
+#: newusers.8.xml:68(email) newgrp.1.xml:53(email) logoutd.8.xml:52(email)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:119(email) login.access.5.xml:53(email)
+#: login.1.xml:85(email) limits.5.xml:54(email) lastlog.8.xml:54(email)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:40(email) grpck.8.xml:53(email) groups.1.xml:52(email)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:53(email) groupmems.8.xml:56(email) groupdel.8.xml:53(email)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:55(email) gpasswd.1.xml:57(email) faillog.8.xml:52(email)
+#: faillog.5.xml:52(email) expiry.1.xml:56(email) chsh.1.xml:55(email)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:56(email) chgpasswd.8.xml:52(email) chfn.1.xml:55(email)
+#: chage.1.xml:53(email)
+msgid "nicolas.francois@centraliens.net"
+msgstr "nicolas.francois@centraliens.net"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:55(contrib) usermod.8.xml:60(contrib) userdel.8.xml:59(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:72(contrib) suauth.5.xml:53(contrib) su.1.xml:70(contrib)
+#: sg.1.xml:54(contrib) shadow.5.xml:53(contrib) shadow.3.xml:53(contrib)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:59(contrib) pwck.8.xml:59(contrib) porttime.5.xml:53(contrib)
+#: passwd.5.xml:53(contrib) passwd.1.xml:60(contrib) nologin.8.xml:42(contrib)
+#: newusers.8.xml:69(contrib) newgrp.1.xml:54(contrib)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:53(contrib) login.defs.5.xml:120(contrib)
+#: login.access.5.xml:54(contrib) login.1.xml:86(contrib)
+#: limits.5.xml:55(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:55(contrib) gshadow.5.xml:42(contrib)
+#: grpck.8.xml:54(contrib) groups.1.xml:53(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:54(contrib)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:57(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:54(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:56(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:58(contrib)
+#: faillog.8.xml:53(contrib) faillog.5.xml:53(contrib) expiry.1.xml:57(contrib)
+#: chsh.1.xml:56(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:57(contrib)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:53(contrib) chfn.1.xml:56(contrib) chage.1.xml:54(contrib)
+msgid "shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now"
+msgstr "shadow-utils-Betreuer, 2007 - heute"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:59(refentrytitle) vipw.8.xml:66(refname) vipw.8.xml:75(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:520(term)
+msgid "vipw"
+msgstr "vipw"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:60(manvolnum) usermod.8.xml:65(manvolnum)
+#: userdel.8.xml:64(manvolnum) userdel.8.xml:276(replaceable)
+#: useradd.8.xml:77(manvolnum) pwconv.8.xml:64(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:64(manvolnum) nologin.8.xml:47(manvolnum)
+#: newusers.8.xml:74(manvolnum) logoutd.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:60(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupmems.8.xml:62(manvolnum)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupdel.8.xml:198(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:61(manvolnum) faillog.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: faillog.5.xml:111(manvolnum) chpasswd.8.xml:62(manvolnum)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+msgid "8"
+msgstr "8"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) usermod.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo)
+#: userdel.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) useradd.8.xml:78(refmiscinfo)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) pwck.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo)
+#: nologin.8.xml:48(refmiscinfo) newusers.8.xml:75(refmiscinfo)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo) lastlog.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+#: grpck.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) groupmod.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) groupdel.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) faillog.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chgpasswd.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "System Management Commands"
+msgstr "Befehle zur Systemverwaltung"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) usermod.8.xml:67(refmiscinfo)
+#: userdel.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) useradd.8.xml:79(refmiscinfo)
+#: suauth.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) su.1.xml:77(refmiscinfo)
+#: sg.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo) shadow.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: shadow.3.xml:60(refmiscinfo) pwconv.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo)
+#: pwck.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) porttime.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: passwd.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) passwd.1.xml:67(refmiscinfo)
+#: nologin.8.xml:49(refmiscinfo) newusers.8.xml:76(refmiscinfo)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo) logoutd.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:127(refmiscinfo) login.access.5.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.1.xml:93(refmiscinfo) limits.5.xml:62(refmiscinfo)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) gshadow.5.xml:49(refmiscinfo)
+#: grpck.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groups.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groupmems.8.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groupadd.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:65(refmiscinfo) faillog.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: faillog.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) expiry.1.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: chsh.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chpasswd.8.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) chfn.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: chage.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "shadow-utils"
+msgstr "shadow-utils"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:67(refname) vipw.8.xml:81(command)
+msgid "vigr"
+msgstr "vigr"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "edit the password, group, shadow-password or shadow-group file"
+msgstr ""
+"bearbeitet die Passwort-, Gruppen-, Shadow-Passwort- oder Shadow-Gruppen-"
+"Datei"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:77(replaceable) vipw.8.xml:83(replaceable)
+#: usermod.8.xml:79(replaceable) userdel.8.xml:76(arg)
+#: useradd.8.xml:90(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:102(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:88(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:81(replaceable)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:87(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:93(replaceable)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:99(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:77(arg) passwd.1.xml:79(replaceable)
+#: newusers.8.xml:88(replaceable) lastlog.8.xml:74(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:72(arg) groupmod.8.xml:73(replaceable)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:73(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:75(replaceable)
+#: faillog.8.xml:72(replaceable) chsh.1.xml:75(replaceable)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:76(replaceable) chgpasswd.8.xml:72(replaceable)
+#: chfn.1.xml:75(replaceable) chage.1.xml:72(replaceable)
+msgid "options"
+msgstr "Optionen"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:89(title) usermod.8.xml:86(title) userdel.8.xml:84(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:108(title) suauth.5.xml:75(title) su.1.xml:103(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:81(title) shadow.5.xml:69(title) shadow.3.xml:118(title)
+#: shadow.3.xml:174(title) pwconv.8.xml:105(title) pwck.8.xml:92(title)
+#: porttime.5.xml:69(title) passwd.5.xml:69(title) passwd.1.xml:88(title)
+#: nologin.8.xml:64(title) newusers.8.xml:97(title) newgrp.1.xml:77(title)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:75(title) login.defs.5.xml:136(title)
+#: login.access.5.xml:70(title) login.1.xml:125(title) limits.5.xml:72(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:80(title) gshadow.5.xml:58(title) grpck.8.xml:83(title)
+#: groups.1.xml:78(title) groupmod.8.xml:80(title) groupmems.8.xml:85(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:80(title) groupadd.8.xml:84(title) gpasswd.1.xml:94(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:78(title) faillog.5.xml:69(title) expiry.1.xml:82(title)
+#: chsh.1.xml:84(title) chpasswd.8.xml:82(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:78(title)
+#: chfn.1.xml:84(title) chage.1.xml:81(title)
+msgid "DESCRIPTION"
+msgstr "BESCHREIBUNG"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</command> commands edits the "
+"files <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"respectively. With the <option>-s</option> flag, they will edit the shadow "
+"versions of those files, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and <filename>/etc/"
+"gshadow</filename>, respectively. The programs will set the appropriate "
+"locks to prevent file corruption. When looking for an editor, the programs "
+"will first try the environment variable <envar>$VISUAL</envar>, then the "
+"environment variable <envar>$EDITOR</envar>, and finally the default editor, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Befehle <command>vipw</command> und <command>vigr</command> bearbeiten "
+"die Dateien <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> beziehungsweise <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename>. Mit der Option <option>-s</option> bearbeiten Sie die "
+"Shadow-Versionen beider Dateien, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> und "
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>. Die Programme werden die geeigneten "
+"Sperren setzen, um eine Beschädigung der Dateien zu verhindern. Wenn ein "
+"Editor benötigt wird, wird zuerst die Umgebungsvariable <envar>$VISUAL</"
+"envar> ausgewertet, danach die Umgebungsvariable <envar>$EDITOR</envar>. "
+"Zuletzt wird der Standard-Editor <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> verwendet."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:107(title) usermod.8.xml:94(title) userdel.8.xml:93(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:126(title) su.1.xml:144(title) pwconv.8.xml:187(title)
+#: pwck.8.xml:176(title) passwd.1.xml:174(title) newusers.8.xml:266(title)
+#: login.1.xml:210(title) lastlog.8.xml:92(title) grpck.8.xml:147(title)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:89(title) groupmems.8.xml:100(title) groupdel.8.xml:88(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:93(title) gpasswd.1.xml:134(title) faillog.8.xml:89(title)
+#: expiry.1.xml:91(title) chsh.1.xml:95(title) chpasswd.8.xml:130(title)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:105(title) chfn.1.xml:111(title) chage.1.xml:91(title)
+msgid "OPTIONS"
+msgstr "OPTIONEN"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</"
+"command> commands are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die von den Befehlen <command>vipw</command> und "
+"<command>vigr</command> unterstützt werden, sind:"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:114(term)
+msgid "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:116(para)
+msgid "Edit group database."
+msgstr "bearbeitet die Gruppendatenbank"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:120(term) userdel.8.xml:123(term) useradd.8.xml:278(term)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:195(term) pwck.8.xml:196(term) passwd.1.xml:214(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:296(term) lastlog.8.xml:119(term) grpck.8.xml:157(term)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:129(term) groupmems.8.xml:142(term) groupdel.8.xml:95(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:131(term) gpasswd.1.xml:173(term) faillog.8.xml:122(term)
+#: expiry.1.xml:112(term) chsh.1.xml:101(term) chpasswd.8.xml:171(term)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:131(term) chage.1.xml:129(term)
+msgid "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:122(para) userdel.8.xml:125(para) useradd.8.xml:280(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:197(para) pwck.8.xml:198(para) passwd.1.xml:216(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:298(para) lastlog.8.xml:123(para) grpck.8.xml:159(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:131(para) groupmems.8.xml:144(para) groupdel.8.xml:97(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:133(para) gpasswd.1.xml:175(para) faillog.8.xml:124(para)
+#: expiry.1.xml:114(para) chsh.1.xml:103(para) chpasswd.8.xml:173(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:133(para) chfn.1.xml:169(para) chage.1.xml:131(para)
+msgid "Display help message and exit."
+msgstr "zeigt die Hilfe an und beendet das Programm"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:126(term)
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--passwd</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-p</option>, <option>--passwd</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:128(para)
+msgid "Edit passwd database."
+msgstr "bearbeitet die Passwd-Datenbank"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:132(term) pwck.8.xml:202(term) passwd.1.xml:281(term)
+msgid "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:134(para) passwd.1.xml:285(para)
+msgid "Quiet mode."
+msgstr "stiller Modus"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:138(term) usermod.8.xml:322(term) userdel.8.xml:146(term)
+#: useradd.8.xml:457(term) pwconv.8.xml:201(term) pwck.8.xml:219(term)
+#: passwd.1.xml:301(term) newusers.8.xml:321(term) lastlog.8.xml:127(term)
+#: grpck.8.xml:173(term) groupmod.8.xml:178(term) groupmems.8.xml:165(term)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:101(term) groupadd.8.xml:204(term) faillog.8.xml:180(term)
+#: chsh.1.xml:107(term) chpasswd.8.xml:188(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:146(term)
+#: chfn.1.xml:153(term) chage.1.xml:203(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_VERZ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:142(para) usermod.8.xml:326(para) userdel.8.xml:150(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:461(para) pwconv.8.xml:205(para) pwck.8.xml:223(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:305(para) newusers.8.xml:325(para) lastlog.8.xml:131(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:177(para) groupmod.8.xml:182(para) groupmems.8.xml:169(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:105(para) groupadd.8.xml:208(para) gpasswd.1.xml:185(para)
+#: faillog.8.xml:184(para) chsh.1.xml:111(para) chpasswd.8.xml:192(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:150(para) chfn.1.xml:157(para) chage.1.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory and use "
+"the configuration files from the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"führt die Veränderungen in dem Verzeichnis  <replaceable>CHROOT_VERZ</"
+"replaceable> durch und verwendet die Konfigurationsdateien aus dem "
+"Verzeichnis <replaceable>CHROOT_VERZ</replaceable>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:150(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "Edit shadow or gshadow database."
+msgstr "bearbeitet die Shadow- oder Gshadow-Datenbank"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:156(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:158(para)
+msgid "Indicates which user's tcb shadow file to edit."
+msgstr "bestimmt, welche Tcb-Shadow-Datei des Benutzers bearbeitet werden soll"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:165(title) usermod.8.xml:524(title) userdel.8.xml:188(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:676(title) su.1.xml:338(title) sg.1.xml:98(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:227(title) pwck.8.xml:262(title) passwd.1.xml:395(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:375(title) newgrp.1.xml:109(title) login.1.xml:294(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:205(title) grpck.8.xml:209(title) groupmod.8.xml:210(title)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:199(title) groupdel.8.xml:145(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:236(title) gpasswd.1.xml:264(title) chsh.1.xml:154(title)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:239(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:198(title) chfn.1.xml:193(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:250(title)
+msgid "CONFIGURATION"
+msgstr "KONFIGURATION"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:166(para) usermod.8.xml:525(para) userdel.8.xml:189(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:677(para) su.1.xml:339(para) sg.1.xml:99(para)
+#: pwck.8.xml:263(para) passwd.1.xml:396(para) newusers.8.xml:376(para)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:110(para) login.1.xml:295(para) lastlog.8.xml:206(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:210(para) groupmod.8.xml:211(para) groupmems.8.xml:200(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:146(para) groupadd.8.xml:237(para) gpasswd.1.xml:265(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:155(para) chpasswd.8.xml:240(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:199(para)
+#: chfn.1.xml:194(para) chage.1.xml:251(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> change the behavior of this tool:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die folgenden Konfigurationsvariablen in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> beeinflussen das Verhalten dieses Werkzeugs:"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:30(term) usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term)
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwconv.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term) chage.1.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>USE_TCB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>USE_TCB</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:32(para) usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwconv.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(para) chage.1.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> password shadowing "
+"scheme will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn auf <replaceable>yes</replaceable> gesetzt, wird das "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>-Passwort-Shadowing-Schema verwendet."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:177(title)
+msgid "ENVIRONMENT"
+msgstr "UMGEBUNGSVARIABLEN"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:180(option)
+msgid "VISUAL"
+msgstr "VISUAL"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:182(para)
+msgid "Editor to be used."
+msgstr "der verwendete Editor"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:186(option)
+msgid "EDITOR"
+msgstr "EDITOR"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:188(para)
+msgid "Editor to be used if <option>VISUAL</option> is not set."
+msgstr "der verwendete Editor, wenn <option>VISUAL</option> nicht gesetzt ist"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:195(title) usermod.8.xml:542(title) userdel.8.xml:205(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:706(title) suauth.5.xml:193(title) su.1.xml:366(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:110(title) shadow.5.xml:255(title) shadow.3.xml:226(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:250(title) pwck.8.xml:279(title) porttime.5.xml:130(title)
+#: passwd.5.xml:160(title) passwd.1.xml:413(title) newusers.8.xml:411(title)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:121(title) logoutd.8.xml:89(title)
+#: login.access.5.xml:121(title) login.1.xml:338(title) limits.5.xml:196(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:217(title) gshadow.5.xml:156(title) grpck.8.xml:221(title)
+#: groups.1.xml:100(title) groupmod.8.xml:222(title) groupmems.8.xml:211(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:157(title) groupadd.8.xml:250(title) gpasswd.1.xml:279(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:243(title) faillog.5.xml:96(title) expiry.1.xml:121(title)
+#: chsh.1.xml:167(title) chpasswd.8.xml:255(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:213(title)
+#: chfn.1.xml:207(title) chage.1.xml:262(title)
+msgid "FILES"
+msgstr "DATEIEN"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:198(filename) usermod.8.xml:545(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:208(filename) useradd.8.xml:721(filename)
+#: sg.1.xml:125(filename) pwck.8.xml:282(filename) newusers.8.xml:426(filename)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:136(filename) gshadow.5.xml:159(filename)
+#: grpck.8.xml:224(filename) groups.1.xml:103(filename)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:225(filename) groupmems.8.xml:214(filename)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:160(filename) groupadd.8.xml:253(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:72(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:75(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:282(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:216(filename)
+msgid "/etc/group"
+msgstr "/etc/group"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:200(para) usermod.8.xml:547(para) userdel.8.xml:210(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:723(para) sg.1.xml:127(para) pwck.8.xml:284(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:428(para) newgrp.1.xml:138(para) gshadow.5.xml:161(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:226(para) groups.1.xml:105(para) groupmod.8.xml:227(para)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:216(para) groupdel.8.xml:162(para) groupadd.8.xml:255(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:284(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:218(para)
+msgid "Group account information."
+msgstr "Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:204(filename) usermod.8.xml:551(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:727(filename) sg.1.xml:131(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:432(filename) newgrp.1.xml:142(filename)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:165(filename) grpck.8.xml:230(filename)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:231(filename) groupmems.8.xml:220(filename)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:166(filename) groupadd.8.xml:259(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:76(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:288(filename)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:222(filename)
+msgid "/etc/gshadow"
+msgstr "/etc/gshadow"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: vipw.8.xml:206(para) usermod.8.xml:553(para) useradd.8.xml:729(para)
+#: sg.1.xml:133(para) newusers.8.xml:434(para) newgrp.1.xml:144(para)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:167(para) grpck.8.xml:232(para) groupmod.8.xml:233(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:168(para) groupadd.8.xml:261(para) gpasswd.1.xml:290(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid "Secure group account information."
+msgstr "sichere Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:210(filename) usermod.8.xml:563(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:220(filename) useradd.8.xml:709(filename)
+#: su.1.xml:369(filename) sg.1.xml:113(filename) shadow.5.xml:258(filename)
+#: pwck.8.xml:288(filename) passwd.5.xml:163(filename)
+#: passwd.1.xml:416(filename) newusers.8.xml:414(filename)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:124(filename) login.1.xml:353(filename)
+#: grpck.8.xml:236(filename) groupmod.8.xml:243(filename)
+#: expiry.1.xml:124(filename) chsh.1.xml:170(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:258(filename) chfn.1.xml:216(filename)
+#: chage.1.xml:266(filename)
+msgid "/etc/passwd"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:212(para) usermod.8.xml:565(para) userdel.8.xml:222(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:711(para) su.1.xml:371(para) sg.1.xml:115(para)
+#: shadow.5.xml:260(para) pwck.8.xml:290(para) passwd.5.xml:165(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:418(para) newusers.8.xml:416(para) newgrp.1.xml:126(para)
+#: login.1.xml:355(para) grpck.8.xml:238(para) groupmod.8.xml:245(para)
+#: expiry.1.xml:126(para) chsh.1.xml:172(para) chpasswd.8.xml:260(para)
+#: chfn.1.xml:218(para) chage.1.xml:269(para)
+msgid "User account information."
+msgstr "Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:216(filename) usermod.8.xml:569(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:226(filename) useradd.8.xml:715(filename)
+#: su.1.xml:375(filename) sg.1.xml:119(filename) shadow.5.xml:264(filename)
+#: shadow.3.xml:229(filename) pwck.8.xml:294(filename)
+#: passwd.5.xml:169(filename) passwd.1.xml:422(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:420(filename) newgrp.1.xml:130(filename)
+#: login.1.xml:359(filename) expiry.1.xml:130(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:264(filename) chage.1.xml:274(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shadow"
+msgstr "/etc/shadow"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: vipw.8.xml:218(para) usermod.8.xml:571(para) userdel.8.xml:228(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:717(para) su.1.xml:377(para) sg.1.xml:121(para)
+#: shadow.5.xml:266(para) shadow.3.xml:231(para) pwck.8.xml:296(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:424(para) newusers.8.xml:422(para) newgrp.1.xml:132(para)
+#: login.1.xml:361(para) expiry.1.xml:132(para) chpasswd.8.xml:266(para)
+#: chage.1.xml:277(para)
+msgid "Secure user account information."
+msgstr "verschlüsselte Informationen zu den Benutzerkonten"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:225(title) usermod.8.xml:590(title) userdel.8.xml:325(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:835(title) suauth.5.xml:222(title) su.1.xml:437(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:140(title) shadow.5.xml:283(title) shadow.3.xml:238(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:262(title) pwck.8.xml:354(title) porttime.5.xml:142(title)
+#: passwd.5.xml:188(title) passwd.1.xml:494(title) nologin.8.xml:81(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:465(title) newgrp.1.xml:151(title)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:547(title) login.access.5.xml:133(title)
+#: login.1.xml:398(title) limits.5.xml:206(title) gshadow.5.xml:174(title)
+#: grpck.8.xml:290(title) groups.1.xml:112(title) groupmod.8.xml:321(title)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:229(title) groupdel.8.xml:214(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:341(title) gpasswd.1.xml:297(title) faillog.8.xml:255(title)
+#: faillog.5.xml:108(title) expiry.1.xml:139(title) chsh.1.xml:191(title)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:285(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:237(title) chfn.1.xml:225(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:317(title)
+msgid "SEE ALSO"
+msgstr "SIEHE AUCH"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:226(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+"\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+"condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>,<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+"\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry  "
+"condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:46(firstname) userdel.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:58(firstname) su.1.xml:56(firstname) sg.1.xml:40(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:39(firstname) shadow.3.xml:39(firstname)
+#: pwck.8.xml:45(firstname) porttime.5.xml:39(firstname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:39(firstname) passwd.1.xml:46(firstname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:55(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:40(firstname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:39(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:106(firstname)
+#: login.1.xml:72(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:41(firstname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:40(firstname) groups.1.xml:39(firstname)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:40(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:40(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:42(firstname) faillog.8.xml:39(firstname)
+#: faillog.5.xml:39(firstname) expiry.1.xml:43(firstname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:42(firstname) chpasswd.8.xml:43(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:42(firstname) chage.1.xml:40(firstname)
+msgid "Julianne Frances"
+msgstr "Julianne Frances"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:47(surname) userdel.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:59(surname) su.1.xml:57(surname) sg.1.xml:41(surname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:40(surname) shadow.3.xml:40(surname) pwck.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:40(surname) passwd.5.xml:40(surname) passwd.1.xml:47(surname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:56(surname) newgrp.1.xml:41(surname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:40(surname) login.defs.5.xml:107(surname)
+#: login.1.xml:73(surname) lastlog.8.xml:42(surname) grpck.8.xml:41(surname)
+#: groups.1.xml:40(surname) groupmod.8.xml:41(surname)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:41(surname) groupadd.8.xml:43(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:40(surname) faillog.5.xml:40(surname) expiry.1.xml:44(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:43(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:44(surname) chfn.1.xml:43(surname)
+#: chage.1.xml:41(surname)
+msgid "Haugh"
+msgstr "Haugh"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:48(contrib) userdel.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:60(contrib) sg.1.xml:42(contrib) newusers.8.xml:57(contrib)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:42(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:41(contrib)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:108(contrib) groups.1.xml:41(contrib)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:42(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:42(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:44(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:45(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1991"
+msgstr "ursprünglicher Autor, 1991"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:64(refentrytitle) usermod.8.xml:71(refname)
+#: usermod.8.xml:77(command) login.defs.5.xml:510(term)
+msgid "usermod"
+msgstr "usermod"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:72(refpurpose)
+msgid "modify a user account"
+msgstr "verändert ein Benutzerkonto"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:81(replaceable) userdel.8.xml:78(replaceable)
+#: useradd.8.xml:92(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:82(replaceable)
+#: chsh.1.xml:78(replaceable) chfn.1.xml:78(replaceable)
+#: chage.1.xml:75(replaceable)
+msgid "LOGIN"
+msgstr "ANMELDENAME"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:87(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>usermod</command> command modifies the system account files to "
+"reflect the changes that are specified on the command line."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>usermod</command> verändert die Kontodateien des "
+"Systems, so dass sie die Änderungen enthalten, die in der Befehlszeile "
+"eingegeben wurden."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:95(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>usermod</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>usermod</command> unterstützt werden, "
+"sind:"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:101(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--append</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-a</option>, <option>--append</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:105(para)
+msgid ""
+"Add the user to the supplementary group(s). Use only with the <option>-G</"
+"option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"Fügt den Benutzer weiteren Gruppen hinzu. Kann nur zusammen mit der Option "
+"<option>-G</option> verwendet werden."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:112(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgid "<option>-b</option>, <option>--badnames</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:116(para) useradd.8.xml:135(para) pwck.8.xml:190(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "Allow names that do not conform to standards."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:122(term) useradd.8.xml:162(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMENT</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KOMMENTAR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:126(para)
+msgid ""
+"The new value of the user's password file comment field. It is normally "
+"modified using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utility."
+msgstr ""
+"Der neue Wert des Kommentarfelds in der Passwortdatei des Benutzers. Er wird "
+"normalerweise mit dem Werkzeug <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> verändert."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:135(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_VERZ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The user's new login directory."
+msgstr "das neue Home-Verzeichnis des Benutzers"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <option>-m</option> option is given, the contents of the current home "
+"directory will be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it "
+"does not already exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn die Option <option>-m</option> verwendet wurde, wird der Inhalt des "
+"aktuellen Home-Verzeichnisses in das neue Home-Verzeichnis verschoben. Falls "
+"dieses nicht existiert, wird es angelegt."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:151(term) useradd.8.xml:200(term) useradd.8.xml:577(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>VERFALLS_DATUM</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:155(para) useradd.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date on which the user account will be disabled. The date is specified "
+"in the format <emphasis remap=\"I\">YYYY-MM-DD</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Das Datum, an welchem das Benutzerkonto deaktiviert wird. Das Datum muss im "
+"Format <emphasis remap=\"I\">JJJJ-MM-TT</emphasis> angegeben werden."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> argument will disable the "
+"expiration of the account."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn das Argument <replaceable>VERFALLS_DATUM</replaceable> leer bleibt, "
+"wird der Verfall des Kontos deaktiviert."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:163(para) usermod.8.xml:184(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option requires a <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. A <filename>/"
+"etc/shadow</filename> entry will be created if there were none."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Option benötigt die Datei <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. Falls die "
+"Datei <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> leer sein sollte, wird ein Eintrag "
+"erstellt."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:171(term) useradd.8.xml:217(term) useradd.8.xml:589(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INAKTIV</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently "
+"disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Anzahl von Tagen, nach denen ein Passwort abgelaufen ist, bis das Konto "
+"deaktiviert wird."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid ""
+"A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has expired, and a "
+"value of -1 disables the feature."
+msgstr ""
+"Ein Wert von 0 deaktiviert das Konto, sobald das Passwort abläuft. Ein Wert "
+"von -1 schaltet diese Funktion ab."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:192(term) useradd.8.xml:236(term) useradd.8.xml:604(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GRUPPE</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:196(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or number of the user's new initial login group. The group "
+"must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Name oder die Zahl der anfänglichen Anmeldegruppe eines neuen Benutzers. "
+"Der Gruppenname muss existieren."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:200(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any file from the user's home directory owned by the previous primary group "
+"of the user will be owned by this new group."
+msgstr ""
+"Jede Datei im Home-Verzeichnis des Benutzers, die der alten Hauptgruppe des "
+"Benutzers gehörte, wird dieser neuen Gruppe gehören."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group ownership of files outside of the user's home directory must be "
+"fixed manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Gruppenzugehörigkeit von Dateien außerhalb des Home-Verzeichnisses des "
+"Benutzers muss per Hand angepasst werden."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:211(term) useradd.8.xml:263(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-G</option>, <option>--groups</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP1</"
+"replaceable>[<emphasis remap=\"I\">,GROUP2,...</emphasis>[<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">,GROUPN</emphasis>]]]"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-G</option>, <option>--groups</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GRUPPE_1</"
+"replaceable>[<emphasis remap=\"I\">,GRUPPE_2, ...</emphasis>[<emphasis remap="
+"\"I\">,GRUPPE_N</emphasis>]]]"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each "
+"group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. "
+"The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the "
+"<option>-g</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"Eine Liste zusätzlicher Gruppen, denen der Benutzer ebenfalls angehört. Die "
+"Gruppen sind durch Kommata ohne Leerzeichen von einander zu trennen. Die "
+"Gruppen unterliegen denselben Beschränkungen wie die Gruppe, die mit der "
+"Option <option>-g</option> bestimmt wurde."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the user is currently a member of a group which is not listed, the user "
+"will be removed from the group. This behaviour can be changed via the "
+"<option>-a</option> option, which appends the user to the current "
+"supplementary group list."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn der Benutzer aktuell Mitglied einer Gruppe ist, die nicht angegeben "
+"ist, wird er aus dieser Gruppe entfernt. Dieses Verhalten kann mit der "
+"Option <option>-a</option> abgeschaltet werden. Damit wird der Benutzer nur "
+"den angegebenen Gruppen hinzugefügt, ohne aus den übrigen gelöscht zu werden."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:231(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NEUER_ANMELDENAME</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:235(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user will be changed from <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> "
+"to <replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</replaceable>. Nothing else is changed. In "
+"particular, the user's home directory or mail spool should probably be "
+"renamed manually to reflect the new login name."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Benutzername wird von <replaceable>ANMELDENAME</replaceable> zu "
+"<replaceable>NEUER_ANMELDENAME</replaceable> verändert. Andere Veränderungen "
+"werden nicht vorgenommen. Daher sollte wahrscheinlich der Name des Home-"
+"Verzeichnisses des Benutzers per Hand geändert werden, um dem neuen "
+"Anmeldenamen Rechnung zu tragen."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:245(term)
+msgid "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:249(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock a user's password. This puts a '!' in front of the encrypted password, "
+"effectively disabling the password. You can't use this option with <option>-"
+"p</option> or <option>-U</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Sperrt das Passwort eines Benutzers. Dadurch wird ein »!« vor das "
+"verschlüsselte Passwort gesetzt, wodurch im Ergebnis das Passwort "
+"abgeschaltet wird. Sie können diese Option nicht mit <option>-p</option> "
+"oder <option>-U</option> verwenden."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:255(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: if you wish to lock the account (not only access with a password), you "
+"should also set the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> to "
+"<replaceable>1</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Hinweis: Wenn Sie das Konto sperren wollen (und nicht nur den Zugang mit "
+"einem Passwort), müssen Sie auch das <replaceable>VERFALLSDATUM</"
+"replaceable> auf <replaceable>1</replaceable> setzen."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:264(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--move-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--move-home</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:268(para)
+msgid "Move the content of the user's home directory to the new location."
+msgstr ""
+"verschiebt den Inhalt des Home-Verzeichnisses eines Benutzers zu dem neuen "
+"Ziel"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:272(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-d</option> (or "
+"<option>--home</option>) option."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Option ist nur in Verbindung mit der Option <option>-d</option> (oder "
+"<option>--home</option>) zulässig."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>usermod</command> will try to adapt the ownership of the files and "
+"to copy the modes, ACL and extended attributes, but manual changes might be "
+"needed afterwards."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>usermod</command> versucht, den Eigentümer der Dateien anzupassen "
+"und die Rechte, ACL und erweiterten Attribute zu übernehmen, aber "
+"Anpassungen per Hand können dennoch notwendig sein."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:284(term) useradd.8.xml:397(term) groupmod.8.xml:146(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:157(term)
+msgid "<option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>"
+
+# SB: What is that suppossed to mean? I can assign the UID 1000 twice?
+#: usermod.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"When used with the <option>-u</option> option, this option allows to change "
+"the user ID to a non-unique value."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn es mit der Option <option>-u</option> verwendet wird, kann mit dieser "
+"Option der Wert der Benutzer-ID auf einen nicht eindeutigen Wert gesetzt "
+"werden."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:295(term) useradd.8.xml:409(term) groupmod.8.xml:157(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:167(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASSWORD</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASSWORT</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:299(para) groupmod.8.xml:161(para)
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"das verschlüsselte Passwort, wie es von <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> zurückgegeben wird"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:304(para) useradd.8.xml:418(para) groupmod.8.xml:166(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"bold\">Note:</emphasis> This option is not recommended "
+"because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users "
+"listing the processes."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"bold\">Hinweis:</emphasis> Diese Option ist nicht "
+"empfehlenswert, weil das Passwort (auch wenn es verschlüsselt ist) für "
+"Benutzer sichtbar ist, die sich den Prozess anzeigen lassen."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"The password will be written in the local <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+"or <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. This might differ from the "
+"password database configured in your PAM configuration."
+msgstr ""
+"Das Passwort wird in die lokale Datei <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> oder "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename> geschrieben. Dies könnte von der Passwort-"
+"Datenbank abweichen, die Sie für PAM konfiguriert haben."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:315(para) useradd.8.xml:423(para) groupmod.8.xml:171(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should make sure the password respects the system's password policy."
+msgstr ""
+"Sie sollten sicherstellen, dass das Passwort den Passwortrichtlinien des "
+"Systems entspricht."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:334(term) userdel.8.xml:158(term) useradd.8.xml:469(term)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:190(term) groupdel.8.xml:113(term) groupadd.8.xml:216(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-P</option>, <option>--prefix</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_VERZ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:338(para) userdel.8.xml:162(para) useradd.8.xml:473(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:194(para) groupdel.8.xml:117(para) groupadd.8.xml:220(para)
+msgid ""
+"Apply changes in the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> directory and use "
+"the configuration files from the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> "
+"directory. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross-"
+"compilation target. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not "
+"verified. PAM authentication is using the host files. No SELINUX support."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:351(term) useradd.8.xml:486(term) useradd.8.xml:624(term)
+#: su.1.xml:186(term) chsh.1.xml:119(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:355(para) chsh.1.xml:123(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user's new login shell. Setting this field to blank causes "
+"the system to select the default login shell."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Name der neuen Anmelde-Shell des Benutzers. Falls dieses Feld leer "
+"gelassen wird, verwendet das System die Standard-Anmelde-Shell."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:362(term) useradd.8.xml:500(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:366(para)
+msgid "The new numerical value of the user's ID."
+msgstr "der neue numerische Wert der UID des Benutzers"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:369(para)
+msgid ""
+"This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is used. "
+"The value must be non-negative."
+msgstr ""
+"Dieser Wert muss eindeutig sein, sofern nicht die Option <option>-o</option> "
+"verwendet wird. Der Wert darf nicht negativ sein."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:374(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user's mailbox, and any files which the user owns and which are located "
+"in the user's home directory will have the file user ID changed "
+"automatically."
+msgstr ""
+"Für die Mailbox des Benutzers und alle Dateien, die ihm gehören und sich in "
+"seinem Home-Verzeichnis befinden, wird die ID des Eigentümers automatisch "
+"angepasst."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:379(para)
+msgid ""
+"The ownership of files outside of the user's home directory must be fixed "
+"manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Eigentümer von Dateien außerhalb des Home-Verzeichnisses des Benutzers "
+"muss per Hand angepasst werden."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:383(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>, or "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Werte von <option>UID_MIN</option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> und <option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> aus <filename>/"
+"etc/login.defs</filename> werden nicht geprüft."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:392(term)
+msgid "<option>-U</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-U</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:396(para)
+msgid ""
+"Unlock a user's password. This removes the '!' in front of the encrypted "
+"password. You can't use this option with <option>-p</option> or <option>-L</"
+"option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Gibt das Passwort eines Benutzers frei. Dies entfernt das »!« vor dem "
+"verschlüsselten Passwort. Sie können diese Option nicht mit <option>-p</"
+"option> oder <option>-U</option> verwenden."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:401(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: if you wish to unlock the account (not only access with a password), "
+"you should also set the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> (for example "
+"to <replaceable>99999</replaceable>, or to the <option>EXPIRE</option> value "
+"from <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Hinweis: Falls Sie das Benutzerkonto freigeben wollen (und nicht nur den "
+"Zugang mit einem Passwort), sollten Sie auch das <replaceable>VERFALLSDATUM</"
+"replaceable> bearbeiten (zum Beispiel auf <replaceable>99999</replaceable> "
+"oder den Wert von <option>EXPIRE</option> aus <filename>/etc/default/"
+"useradd</filename> setzen)."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:412(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+#| "replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-v</option>, <option>--add-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>MENGE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:416(para)
+msgid "Add a range of subordinate uids to the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:419(para) usermod.8.xml:457(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a "
+"users account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:422(para) usermod.8.xml:442(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>UID_MIN</option>, "
+#| "<option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>, or "
+#| "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option>, or <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> from /etc/"
+"login.defs."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Werte von <option>UID_MIN</option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> und <option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> aus <filename>/"
+"etc/login.defs</filename> werden nicht geprüft."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:430(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+#| "replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-V</option>, <option>--del-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>MENGE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:434(para)
+msgid "Remove a range of subordinate uids from the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:437(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a "
+"users account. When both <option>--del-subuids</option> and <option>--add-"
+"subuids</option> are specified, the removal of all subordinate uid ranges "
+"happens before any subordinate uid range is added."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:450(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+#| "replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--add-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>MENGE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:454(para)
+msgid "Add a range of subordinate gids to the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:460(para) usermod.8.xml:480(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>GID_MIN</option>, "
+#| "<option>GID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>, or "
+#| "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option>, or <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> from /etc/"
+"login.defs."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Werte von <option>GID_MIN</option>, <option>GID_MAX</option>, "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> und <option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> aus <filename>/"
+"etc/login.defs</filename> werden nicht geprüft."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:468(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+#| "replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--del-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>MENGE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:472(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Remove any SELinux user mapping for the user's login."
+msgid "Remove a range of subordinate gids from the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+"entfernt die Zuordnung von SELinux-Benutzern aus den Anmeldeinformationen "
+"des Benutzers"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:475(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a "
+"users account. When both <option>--del-subgids</option> and <option>--add-"
+"subgids</option> are specified, the removal of all subordinate gid ranges "
+"happens before any subordinate gid range is added."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:488(term) useradd.8.xml:535(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SE-"
+"BENUTZER</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:492(para)
+msgid "The new SELinux user for the user's login."
+msgstr "der neue SELinux-Benutzer für den Anmeldenamen des Benutzers"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:495(para)
+msgid ""
+"A blank <replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable> will remove the SELinux user "
+"mapping for user <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> (if any)."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn <replaceable>SEBENUTZER</replaceable> leer ist, wird die Zuordnung von "
+"SELinux-Benutzern (sofern vorhanden) aus den Anmeldeinformationen des "
+"Benutzers entfernt"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:506(title) userdel.8.xml:298(title) useradd.8.xml:652(title)
+#: su.1.xml:330(title) shadow.3.xml:218(title) passwd.1.xml:377(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:363(title) login.1.xml:260(title) lastlog.8.xml:229(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:133(title) groupadd.8.xml:274(title) gpasswd.1.xml:252(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:232(title) chpasswd.8.xml:231(title)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:186(title)
+msgid "CAVEATS"
+msgstr "WARNUNGEN"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:507(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes "
+#| "when this command is being executed if the user's numerical user ID, the "
+#| "user's name, or the user's home directory is being changed. "
+#| "<command>usermod</command> checks this on Linux, but only check if the "
+#| "user is logged in according to utmp on other architectures."
+msgid ""
+"You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes "
+"when this command is being executed if the user's numerical user ID, the "
+"user's name, or the user's home directory is being changed. "
+"<command>usermod</command> checks this on Linux. On other platforms it only "
+"uses utmp to check if the user is logged in."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn Sie mit diesem Befehl die numerische UID, den Namen oder das Home-"
+"Verzeichnis eines Benutzers verändern wollen, müssen Sie sicherstellen, dass "
+"dieser Benutzer keine Prozesse laufen lässt. Bei Linux stellt dies "
+"<command>usermod</command> sicher, auf anderen Architekturen überprüft es "
+"nur, ob der Benutzer laut utmp eingeloggt ist."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:514(para)
+msgid ""
+"You must change the owner of any <command>crontab</command> files or "
+"<command>at</command> jobs manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Sie müssen den Eigentümer von <command>crontab</command>-Dateien oder "
+"<command>at</command>-Aufträgen per Hand ändern."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:518(para)
+msgid "You must make any changes involving NIS on the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+"Sie müssen alle Änderung in Bezug auf NIS auf dem NIS-Server vornehmen."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:33(term) useradd.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:35(para) useradd.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated. As "
+"higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and "
+"authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog "
+"file for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:41(para) useradd.8.xml:41(para) login.defs.5.xml:41(para)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:41(para)
+msgid ""
+"No <option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> option present in the configuration "
+"means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) userdel.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term)
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_DIR</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>MAIL_DIR</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) userdel.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para)
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mail spool directory. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its "
+"corresponding user account is modified or deleted. If not specified, a "
+"compile-time default is used."
+msgstr ""
+"Das Verzeichnis des Mail-Spools. Diese Angabe wird benötigt, um die Mailbox "
+"zu bearbeiten, nachdem das entsprechende Benutzerkonto verändert oder "
+"gelöscht wurde. Falls nicht angegeben, wird ein Standard verwendet, der beim "
+"Kompilieren festgelegt wurde."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:41(term) userdel.8.xml:41(term) useradd.8.xml:41(term)
+#: su.1.xml:41(term) login.defs.5.xml:41(term) login.1.xml:41(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>MAIL_FILE</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:43(para) userdel.8.xml:43(para) useradd.8.xml:43(para)
+#: su.1.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Legt den Ort der Mail-Spool-Dateien eines Benutzers relativ zu seinem Home-"
+"Verzeichnis fest."
+
+#. FIXME: MAIL_FILE not used in useradd
+#: usermod.8.xml:50(para) userdel.8.xml:50(para) useradd.8.xml:50(para)
+#: su.1.xml:50(para) login.defs.5.xml:50(para) login.1.xml:50(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>MAIL_DIR</option> and <option>MAIL_FILE</option> variables are "
+"used by <command>useradd</command>, <command>usermod</command>, and "
+"<command>userdel</command> to create, move, or delete the user's mail spool."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Variablen <option>MAIL_DIR</option> und <option>MAIL_FILE</option>  "
+"werden von <command>useradd</command>, <command>usermod</command> und "
+"<command>userdel</command> verwendet, um den Mail-Spool eines Benutzers zu "
+"erstellen, zu verschieben oder zu löschen."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:56(para) userdel.8.xml:56(para) useradd.8.xml:56(para)
+#: su.1.xml:56(para) login.defs.5.xml:56(para) login.1.xml:56(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> is set to <replaceable>yes</"
+"replaceable>, they are also used to define the <envar>MAIL</envar> "
+"environment variable."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls <option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> auf <replaceable>yes</replaceable> "
+"gesetzt ist, werden sie auch verwendet, um die Umgebungsvariable "
+"<envar>MAIL</envar> festzulegen."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: grpck.8.xml:30(term) groupmod.8.xml:30(term) groupmems.8.xml:30(term)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:30(term) groupadd.8.xml:30(term) gpasswd.1.xml:30(term)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:32(para) newusers.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:32(para) groupmod.8.xml:32(para) groupmems.8.xml:32(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:32(para) groupadd.8.xml:32(para) gpasswd.1.xml:32(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"Maximum members per group entry. When the maximum is reached, a new group "
+"entry (line) is started in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (with the same "
+"name, same password, and same GID)."
+msgstr ""
+"Maximale Anzahl von Mitgliedern je Gruppeneintrag. Wenn das Maximum erreicht "
+"wird, wird ein weiterer Eintrag in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (mit dem "
+"gleichen Namen, dem gleichen Passwort und der gleichen GID) erstellt."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:37(para) userdel.8.xml:37(para) useradd.8.xml:37(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:37(para) newusers.8.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:37(para) groupmod.8.xml:37(para) groupmems.8.xml:37(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:37(para) groupadd.8.xml:37(para) gpasswd.1.xml:37(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of "
+"members in a group."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Standardwert ist 0, was zur Folge hat, dass die Anzahl der Mitglieder "
+"einer Gruppe nicht begrenzt ist."
+
+#. Note: on HP, split groups have the same ID, but different
+#.                names.
+#: usermod.8.xml:43(para) userdel.8.xml:43(para) useradd.8.xml:43(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:43(para) groupmod.8.xml:43(para) groupmems.8.xml:43(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:43(para) groupadd.8.xml:43(para) gpasswd.1.xml:43(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group "
+"file. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger "
+"than 1024 characters."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Fähigkeit (der aufgeteilten Gruppe) ermöglicht es, die Zeilenlänge in "
+"der Gruppendatei zu begrenzen. Damit kann sichergestellt werden, dass die "
+"Zeilen für NIS-Gruppen nicht länger als 1024 Zeichen sind."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:48(para) userdel.8.xml:48(para) useradd.8.xml:48(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:48(para) newusers.8.xml:48(para) login.defs.5.xml:48(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:48(para) groupmod.8.xml:48(para) groupmems.8.xml:48(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:48(para) groupadd.8.xml:48(para) gpasswd.1.xml:48(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:48(para)
+msgid "If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25."
+msgstr "Falls Sie eine solche Begrenzung benötigen, können Sie 25 verwenden."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:51(para) userdel.8.xml:51(para) useradd.8.xml:51(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:51(para) newusers.8.xml:51(para) login.defs.5.xml:51(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:51(para) groupmod.8.xml:51(para) groupmems.8.xml:51(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:51(para) groupadd.8.xml:51(para) gpasswd.1.xml:51(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:51(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow "
+"toolsuite). You should not use this variable unless you really need it."
+msgstr ""
+"Hinweis: Aufgeteilte Gruppen werden möglicherweise nicht von allen "
+"Werkzeugen unterstützt, selbst nicht aus der Shadow-Werkzeugsammlung. Sie "
+"sollten diese Variable nur setzen, falls Sie zwingend darauf angewiesen sind."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:31(term) useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands <command>useradd</"
+"command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless the user already have "
+"subordinate group IDs) allocate <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> unused group "
+"IDs from the range <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_GID_MAX</"
+"option> for each new user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:42(para) useradd.8.xml:42(para) newusers.8.xml:42(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:42(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default value for <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+#| "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>GID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgid ""
+"The default values for <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_GID_MAX</"
+"option>, <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> are respectively 100000, 600100000 "
+"and 65536."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Standardwert für <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> ist 101, für  "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> <option>GID_MIN</option>-1."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:31(term) useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands <command>useradd</"
+"command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless the user already have "
+"subordinate user IDs) allocate <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> unused user "
+"IDs from the range <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_UID_MAX</"
+"option> for each new user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:42(para) useradd.8.xml:42(para) newusers.8.xml:42(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:42(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default value for <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+#| "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>UID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgid ""
+"The default values for <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_UID_MAX</"
+"option>, <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> are respectively 100000, 600100000 "
+"and 65536."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Standardwert für <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> ist 101, für "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> <option>UID_MIN</option>-1."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term)
+#: pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>TCB_SYMLINKS</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>TCB_SYMLINKS</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:37(programlisting) userdel.8.xml:37(programlisting)
+#: useradd.8.xml:37(programlisting) pwck.8.xml:37(programlisting)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:37(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"if ( UID is less than 1000) {\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/user\n"
+"} else if ( UID is less than 1000000) {\n"
+"  kilos = UID / 1000\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/:kilos/user\n"
+"  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n"
+"} else {\n"
+"  megas = UID / 1000000\n"
+"  kilos = ( UID / megas * 1000000 ) / 1000\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/:megas/:kilos/user\n"
+"  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n"
+"}\n"
+"      "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"falls ( UID kleiner als 1000) {\n"
+"  verwende /etc/tcb/user\n"
+"} anderenfalls, falls ( UID kleiner als 1000000) {\n"
+"  kilos = UID / 1000\n"
+"  verwende /etc/tcb/:kilos/user\n"
+"  erstelle symbolischen Verweis /etc/tcb/user zu dem genannten Verzeichnis\n"
+"} anderenfalls {\n"
+"  megas = UID / 1000000\n"
+"  kilos = ( UID / megas * 1000000 ) / 1000\n"
+"  verwende /etc/tcb/:megas/:kilos/user\n"
+"  erstelle symbolischen Verweis /etc/tcb/user zu dem genannten Verzeichnis\n"
+"}\n"
+"      "
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para)
+#: pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the location of the user tcb directory to "
+"be created will not be automatically set to /etc/tcb/user, but will be "
+"computed depending on the UID of the user, according to the following "
+"algorithm: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Falls der Wert <replaceable>yes</replaceable> ist, wird der Ort des Tcb-"
+"Verzeichnisses des Benutzers nicht automatisch /etc/tcb/user sein, sondern "
+"nach dem folgenden Algorithmus aus der UID des Benutzers errechnet: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:557(filename) userdel.8.xml:214(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:757(filename) su.1.xml:381(filename)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:253(filename) passwd.1.xml:428(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:438(filename) login.access.5.xml:124(filename)
+#: login.1.xml:389(filename) groupmod.8.xml:237(filename)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:265(filename) chsh.1.xml:182(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:270(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:228(filename)
+#: chfn.1.xml:210(filename)
+msgid "/etc/login.defs"
+msgstr "/etc/login.defs"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:559(para) userdel.8.xml:216(para) useradd.8.xml:759(para)
+#: su.1.xml:383(para) pwconv.8.xml:255(para) passwd.1.xml:430(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:440(para) login.access.5.xml:126(para) login.1.xml:391(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:239(para) groupadd.8.xml:267(para) chsh.1.xml:184(para)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:272(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:230(para) chfn.1.xml:212(para)
+msgid "Shadow password suite configuration."
+msgstr "Konfiguration der Shadow-Passwort-Werkzeugsammlung"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:575(filename) userdel.8.xml:232(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:745(filename) newusers.8.xml:450(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgid "/etc/subgid"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:577(para) userdel.8.xml:234(para) useradd.8.xml:747(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:452(para)
+msgid "Per user subordinate group IDs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:581(filename) userdel.8.xml:238(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:751(filename) newusers.8.xml:456(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgid "/etc/subuid"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:583(para) userdel.8.xml:240(para) useradd.8.xml:753(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:458(para)
+msgid "Per user subordinate user IDs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:591(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) userdel.8.xml:70(refname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:75(command) login.defs.5.xml:500(term)
+msgid "userdel"
+msgstr "userdel"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:71(refpurpose)
+msgid "delete a user account and related files"
+msgstr "löscht ein Benutzerkonto und die dazugehörigen Dateien"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>userdel</command> command modifies the system account files, "
+"deleting all entries that refer to the user name <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">LOGIN</emphasis>. The named user must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>userdel</command> bearbeitet die Kontodateien des "
+"Systems und löscht darin alle Einträge, die auf den <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">ANMELDENAMEN</emphasis> verweisen. Der bezeichnete Benutzer muss "
+"existieren."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>userdel</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>userdel</command> unterstützt werden, "
+"sind:"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:99(term) groupadd.8.xml:100(term) expiry.1.xml:103(term)
+msgid "<option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option forces the removal of the user account, even if the user is "
+"still logged in. It also forces <command>userdel</command> to remove the "
+"user's home directory and mail spool, even if another user uses the same "
+"home directory or if the mail spool is not owned by the specified user. If "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> and if a group exists with "
+"the same name as the deleted user, then this group will be removed, even if "
+"it is still the primary group of another user."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Option erzwingt, dass der Benutzer entfernt wird, selbst wenn er noch "
+"angemeldet ist. Sie führt auch dazu, dass <command>userdel</command> das "
+"Home-Verzeichnis und den Mailspool des Benutzers entfernt, sogar wenn ein "
+"anderer Benutzer dasselbe Home-Verzeichnis hat oder der Mailspool nicht dem "
+"angegebenen Benutzer gehört. Falls in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> auf <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</emphasis> "
+"gesetzt ist und eine Gruppe mit dem gleichen Namen wie der gelöschte "
+"Benutzer vorhanden ist, wird auch diese Gruppe entfernt, selbst wenn sie die "
+"Hauptgruppe anderer Benutzer ist."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:116(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Note:</emphasis> This option is dangerous and may leave your "
+"system in an inconsistent state."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>Hinweis:</emphasis> Diese Option ist gefährlich und kann dazu "
+"führen, dass Ihr System nicht mehr ordnungsgemäß funktioniert."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:129(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:133(para)
+msgid ""
+"Files in the user's home directory will be removed along with the home "
+"directory itself and the user's mail spool. Files located in other file "
+"systems will have to be searched for and deleted manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Dateien im Home-Verzeichnis des Benutzers werden zusammen mit dem Home-"
+"Verzeichnis und dem Mailspool entfernt. Dateien, die sich nicht unterhalb "
+"des Home-Verzeichnisses befinden, müssen per Hand gesucht und gelöscht "
+"werden."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mail spool is defined by the <option>MAIL_DIR</option> variable in the "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename> file."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Mailspool wird durch die Variable <option>MAIL_DIR</option> in der Datei "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename> definiert."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:175(term)
+msgid "<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid "Remove any SELinux user mapping for the user's login."
+msgstr ""
+"entfernt die Zuordnung von SELinux-Benutzern aus den Anmeldeinformationen "
+"des Benutzers"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>USERDEL_CMD</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>USERDEL_CMD</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, this command is run when removing a user. It should remove any "
+"at/cron/print jobs etc. owned by the user to be removed (passed as the first "
+"argument)."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls angegeben, wird dieser Befehl ausgeführt, wenn ein Benutzer entfernt "
+"wird. Damit können At-, Cron- und Druckaufträge etc. des entfernten "
+"Benutzers (wird als erstes Argument übergeben) gelöscht werden."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+msgid "The return code of the script is not taken into account."
+msgstr "Der Rückgabewert des Skripts wird nicht ausgewertet."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:46(programlisting) login.defs.5.xml:46(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"#! /bin/sh\n"
+"\n"
+"# Check for the required argument.\n"
+"if [ $# != 1 ]; then\n"
+"\techo \"Usage: $0 username\"\n"
+"\texit 1\n"
+"fi\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove cron jobs.\n"
+"crontab -r -u $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove at jobs.\n"
+"# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,\n"
+"# even if it was shared by a different username.\n"
+"AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs\n"
+"find $AT_SPOOL_DIR -name \"[^.]*\" -type f -user $1 -delete \\;\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove print jobs.\n"
+"lprm $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# All done.\n"
+"exit 0\n"
+"      "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"#! /bin/sh\n"
+"\n"
+"# Prüfen, ob das benötigte Argument angegeben wurde\n"
+"if [ $# != 1 ]; then\n"
+"\techo \"Verwendungsweise: $0 Benutzername\"\n"
+"\texit 1\n"
+"fi\n"
+"\n"
+"# cron-Aufträge entfernen\n"
+"crontab -r -u $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# at-Aufträge entfernen.\n"
+"# Hinweis: Dies wird alle Aufträge entfernen, die der gleichen UID\n"
+"# gehören, selbst wenn sie von einem Benutzer mit einem anderen Namen\n"
+"# eingerichtet wurden.\n"
+"AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs\n"
+"find $AT_SPOOL_DIR -name \"[^.]*\" -type f -user $1 -delete \\;\n"
+"\n"
+"# Druck-Aufträge entfernen\n"
+"lprm $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# Fertig\n"
+"exit 0\n"
+"      "
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Here is an example script, which removes the user's cron, at and print jobs: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Dies ist ein Beispielsskript, das die cron-, at- und Druckaufträge des "
+"Benutzers entfernt:<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) su.1.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) su.1.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits "
+"(examples: 022 -&gt; 002, 077 -&gt; 007) for non-root users, if the uid is "
+"the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name."
+msgstr ""
+"Erlaubt Benutzern, die nicht Root sind, die Umask-Gruppen-Bits auf ihre "
+"Umask-Bits zu setzen (Beispiel: 022 -&gt; 002, 077 -&gt; 007), falls die UID "
+"mit der GID identisch ist sowie der Benutzername mit dem Gruppennamen "
+"übereinstimmt."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:39(para) useradd.8.xml:39(para) su.1.xml:39(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, <command>userdel</command> will "
+"remove the user's group if it contains no more members, and "
+"<command>useradd</command> will create by default a group with the name of "
+"the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn der Wert <replaceable>yes</replaceable> ist, wird <command>userdel</"
+"command> die Gruppe des Benutzers entfernen, falls sie keine Mitglieder mehr "
+"hat, und <command>useradd</command> wird standardmäßig eine Gruppe mit dem "
+"Namen des Benutzers erstellen."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:247(title) useradd.8.xml:766(title) su.1.xml:390(title)
+#: pwck.8.xml:303(title) passwd.1.xml:443(title) grpck.8.xml:245(title)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:252(title) groupdel.8.xml:175(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:296(title) chage.1.xml:284(title)
+msgid "EXIT VALUES"
+msgstr "RÜCKGABEWERTE"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:252(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:771(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:409(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:308(replaceable)
+#: passwd.1.xml:448(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:250(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:257(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:180(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:301(replaceable) chage.1.xml:289(replaceable)
+msgid "0"
+msgstr "0"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:254(para) useradd.8.xml:773(para) pwck.8.xml:310(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:450(para) grpck.8.xml:252(para) groupdel.8.xml:182(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:303(para) chage.1.xml:291(para)
+msgid "success"
+msgstr "Erfolg"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:258(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:777(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:75(manvolnum) su.1.xml:415(replaceable) sg.1.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:314(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:65(manvolnum)
+#: passwd.1.xml:454(replaceable) newgrp.1.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: login.1.xml:91(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:256(replaceable)
+#: groups.1.xml:58(manvolnum) gpasswd.1.xml:63(manvolnum)
+#: expiry.1.xml:62(manvolnum) chsh.1.xml:61(manvolnum) chfn.1.xml:61(manvolnum)
+#: chage.1.xml:59(manvolnum) chage.1.xml:295(replaceable)
+msgid "1"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:260(para) useradd.8.xml:779(para)
+msgid "can't update password file"
+msgstr "Die Passwortdatei kann nicht aktualisieren werden."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:264(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:783(replaceable)
+#: pwck.8.xml:320(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:460(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:262(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:263(replaceable)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:186(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:307(replaceable)
+#: chage.1.xml:301(replaceable)
+msgid "2"
+msgstr "2"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:266(para) useradd.8.xml:785(para) pwck.8.xml:316(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:258(para) groupdel.8.xml:188(para) groupadd.8.xml:309(para)
+#: chage.1.xml:303(para)
+msgid "invalid command syntax"
+msgstr "unzulässige Syntax für diesen Befehl"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:270(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:801(replaceable)
+#: pwck.8.xml:344(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:484(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:281(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:192(replaceable)
+msgid "6"
+msgstr "6"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:272(para)
+msgid "specified user doesn't exist"
+msgstr "Der angegebene Benutzer ist nicht vorhanden."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:278(para)
+msgid "user currently logged in"
+msgstr "Benutzer ist im Moment angemeldet."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:282(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:813(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:293(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:204(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:331(replaceable)
+msgid "10"
+msgstr "10"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:284(para) useradd.8.xml:815(para) groupdel.8.xml:206(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:333(para)
+msgid "can't update group file"
+msgstr "Die Gruppendatei kann nicht aktualisieren werden."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:288(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:819(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:305(replaceable)
+msgid "12"
+msgstr "12"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:290(para)
+msgid "can't remove home directory"
+msgstr "Das Home-Verzeichnis kann nicht gelöscht werden."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:248(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>userdel</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>userdel</command> gibt beim Beenden folgende Werte "
+"zurück: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:299(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>userdel</command> will not allow you to remove an account if there "
+"are running processes which belong to this account. In that case, you may "
+"have to kill those processes or lock the user's password or account and "
+"remove the account later. The <option>-f</option> option can force the "
+"deletion of this account."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>userdel</command> löscht ein Benutzerkonto nicht, wenn Prozesse "
+"laufen, die diesem Konto gehören. In diesem Fall müssen Sie entweder diese "
+"Prozesse beenden oder das Passwort oder Konto des Benutzers sperren und das "
+"Konto später entfernen. Die Option <option>-f</option> erzwingt das Löschen "
+"eines Kontos."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:306(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain "
+"owned by this user."
+msgstr ""
+"Sie sollten von Hand alle Systemdateien überprüfen, um sicherzustellen, dass "
+"keine Dateien vorhanden sind, die dem gelöschten Benutzer gehören."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:310(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not remove any NIS attributes on a NIS client. This must be "
+"performed on the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+"Sie sollten keine NIS-Attribute auf einem NIS-Client löschen. Dies muss auf "
+"dem NIS-Server durchgeführt werden."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, <command>userdel</"
+"command> will delete the group with the same name as the user. To avoid "
+"inconsistencies in the passwd and group databases, <command>userdel</"
+"command> will check that this group is not used as a primary group for "
+"another user, and will just warn without deleting the group otherwise. The "
+"<option>-f</option> option can force the deletion of this group."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</"
+"option> auf <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</emphasis> gesetzt ist, wird "
+"<command>userdel</command> die Gruppe mit dem gleichen Namen wie der "
+"Benutzer entfernen. Um Unstimmigkeiten in der Passwort- und Gruppendatenbank "
+"zu vermeiden, überprüft <command>userdel</command>, ob diese Gruppe die "
+"Hauptgruppe für andere Benutzer ist. Gegebenenfalls wird eine Warnung "
+"angezeigt und die betreffende Gruppe nicht entfernt. Mit der Option <option>-"
+"f</option> kann das Löschen dieser Gruppe erzwungen werden."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:326(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:76(refentrytitle) useradd.8.xml:83(refname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:88(command) useradd.8.xml:95(command)
+#: useradd.8.xml:99(command) login.defs.5.xml:482(term)
+msgid "useradd"
+msgstr "useradd"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:84(refpurpose)
+msgid "create a new user or update default new user information"
+msgstr ""
+"erstellt einen neuen Benutzer oder aktualisiert die Standardwerte für neue "
+"Benutzer"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:96(arg) useradd.8.xml:100(arg)
+msgid "-D"
+msgstr "-D"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:109(para)
+msgid ""
+"When invoked without the <option>-D</option> option, the <command>useradd</"
+"command> command creates a new user account using the values specified on "
+"the command line plus the default values from the system. Depending on "
+"command line options, the <command>useradd</command> command will update "
+"system files and may also create the new user's home directory and copy "
+"initial files."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn der Befehl <command>useradd</command> ohne die Option <option>-D</"
+"option> aufgerufen wird, wird ein neues Benutzerkonto mit den Werten "
+"erstellt, die auf der Befehlszeile angegeben wurden, und den Standardwerten "
+"des Systems. Je nach den Optionen auf der Befehlszeile aktualisiert der "
+"Befehl <command>useradd</command> Systemdateien, erstellt ein Home-"
+"Verzeichnis für den neuen Benutzer und kopiert Dateien."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see <option>-g</"
+"option>, <option>-N</option>, <option>-U</option>, and "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Standardmäßig wird auch eine Gruppe für den neuen Benutzer erstellt "
+"(vergleiche <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option>, <option>-U</option> "
+"und <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option>)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>useradd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>useradd</command> unterstützt werden, "
+"sind:"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:132(option) pwck.8.xml:187(option) newusers.8.xml:273(option)
+msgid "--badname"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:141(term) useradd.8.xml:559(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--base-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>BASE_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--base-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WURZEL_VERZ</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default base directory for the system if <option>-d</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> is not specified. <replaceable>BASE_DIR</"
+"replaceable> is concatenated with the account name to define the home "
+"directory. If the <option>-m</option> option is not used, "
+"<replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Das standardmäßige Wurzelverzeichnis des Systems, wenn nicht eines mit "
+"<option>-d</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_VERZ</replaceable> festgelegt "
+"wurde. Der Name des Home-Verzeichnisses besteht aus der Verbindung von "
+"<replaceable>WURZEL_VERZ</replaceable> und dem Kontonamen. Wenn die Option "
+"<option>-m</option> nicht verwendet wird, muss <replaceable>WURZEL_VERZ</"
+"replaceable> existieren."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this option is not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the "
+"base directory specified by the <option>HOME</option> variable in <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>, or <filename>/home</filename> by default."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls diese Option nicht angegeben wird, verwendet <command>useradd</"
+"command> das Wurzelverzeichnis, das mit der Variable <option>HOME</option> "
+"in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> festgelegt wurde, anderenfalls "
+"<filename>/home</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any text string. It is generally a short description of the login, and is "
+"currently used as the field for the user's full name."
+msgstr ""
+"Eine beliebige Zeichenkette. Dies ist für gewöhnlich eine kurze Beschreibung "
+"des Logins und wird im Moment im Feld für den vollständigen Namen des "
+"Benutzers gespeichert."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:174(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_VERZ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:178(para)
+msgid ""
+"The new user will be created using <replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> as "
+"the value for the user's login directory. The default is to append the "
+"<replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> name to <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> "
+"and use that as the login directory name. The directory "
+"<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> does not have to exist but will not be "
+"created if it is missing."
+msgstr ""
+"Beim Anlegen des neuen Benutzers wird <replaceable>HOME_VERZ</replaceable> "
+"als das Anmeldeverzeichnis des Benutzers verwendet. Um den Namen des "
+"Anmeldeverzeichnisses zu erhalten, wird standardmäßig der "
+"<replaceable>ANMELDE</replaceable>-Name an <replaceable>WURZEL_VERZ</"
+"replaceable> angehängt. Das Verzeichnis <replaceable>HOME_VERZ</replaceable> "
+"muss nicht vorhanden sein, sondern wird gegebenenfalls angelegt."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:190(term)
+msgid "<option>-D</option>, <option>--defaults</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-D</option>, <option>--defaults</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid "See below, the subsection \"Changing the default values\"."
+msgstr "Lesen Sie dazu unten den Abschnitt »Die Standardwerte verändern«."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:208(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the default expiry "
+"date specified by the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>, or an empty string (no expiry) by default."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls nicht definiert, verwendet <command>useradd</command> das "
+"Standardverfallsdatum, das mit der Variable <option>EXPIRE</option> in "
+"<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> bestimmt wurde, anderenfalls eine "
+"leere Zeichenkette (kein Verfall)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:221(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently "
+"disabled. A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has "
+"expired, and a value of -1 disables the feature."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Anzahl von Tagen nach Ablaufen des Passworts bis das Konto dauerhaft "
+"deaktiviert wird. Ein Wert von 0 deaktiviert das Konto, sobald das Passwort "
+"abläuft. Ein Wert von -1 schaltet diese Funktion ab."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:227(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the default inactivity "
+"period specified by the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>, or -1 by default."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls nicht definiert, verwendet <command>useradd</command> die "
+"Standarddauer der Inaktivität, die mit der Variable <option>INACTIVE</"
+"option> in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> bestimmt wurde, "
+"anderenfalls -1."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:240(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or number of the user's initial login group. The group name "
+"must exist. A group number must refer to an already existing group."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Name oder die Nummer der anfänglichen Anmeldegruppe des Benutzers. Der "
+"Gruppenname muss existieren. Die Gruppenzahl muss auf eine bereits "
+"vorhandene Gruppe verweisen."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:245(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, the behavior of <command>useradd</command> will depend on "
+"the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>. If this variable is set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable> (or "
+"<option>-U/--user-group</option> is specified on the command line), a group "
+"will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname. If the "
+"variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> (or <option>-N/--no-user-"
+"group</option> is specified on the command line), useradd will set the "
+"primary group of the new user to the value specified by the <option>GROUP</"
+"option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, or 100 by "
+"default."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls nicht definiert, hängt das Verhalten von <command>useradd</command> "
+"von der Variable <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename> ab. Wenn diese Variable auf <replaceable>yes</replaceable> "
+"gesetzt ist (oder auf der Befehlszeile <option>-U/--user-group</option> "
+"angegeben wurde), wird für den Benutzer eine Gruppe, die auf seinen Namen "
+"lautet, erstellt. Wenn die Variable auf <replaceable>no</replaceable> "
+"gesetzt ist (oder auf der Befehlszeile <option>-N/--no-user-group</option> "
+"angegeben wurde), legt useradd als Hauptgruppe des neuen Benutzers diejenige "
+"fest, die mit der Variable <option>GROUP</option> in <filename>/etc/default/"
+"useradd</filename> definiert wurde, anderenfalls 100."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:267(para)
+msgid ""
+"A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each "
+"group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. "
+"The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the "
+"<option>-g</option> option. The default is for the user to belong only to "
+"the initial group."
+msgstr ""
+"Eine Liste der zusätzlichen Gruppen, denen der Benutzer ebenfalls angehört. "
+"Die Gruppen sind durch Kommata ohne Leerzeichen voneinander zu trennen. Die "
+"Gruppen unterliegen denselben Beschränkungen wie die Gruppe, die mit der "
+"Option <option>-g</option> bestimmt wurde. Standardmäßig ist der Benutzer "
+"nur Mitglied der Ausgangsgruppe."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:284(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-k</option>, <option>--skel</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SKEL_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-k</option>, <option>--skel</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GERÜST_VERZ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in "
+"the user's home directory, when the home directory is created by "
+"<command>useradd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Das Gerüstverzeichnis, das die Dateien und Verzeichnisse enthält, die in das "
+"Home-Verzeichnis des Benutzers kopiert werden, wenn es von <command>useradd</"
+"command> erstellt wird."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:293(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid if the <option>-m</option> (or <option>--create-"
+"home</option>) option is specified."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Option ist nur zulässig, wenn auch die Option <option>-m</option> "
+"(oder <option>--create-home</option>) angegeben wird."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:297(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the "
+"<option>SKEL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> "
+"or, by default, <filename>/etc/skel</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn diese Option nicht angegeben wird, wird das Gerüstverzeichnis durch die "
+"Variable <option>SKEL</option> in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> "
+"festgelegt, anderenfalls ist dieses <filename>/etc/skel</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:303(para)
+msgid "If possible, the ACLs and extended attributes are copied."
+msgstr "Soweit möglich, werden die ACLs und erweiterten Attribute kopiert."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:309(term) groupadd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SCHLÜSSEL</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>WERT</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:313(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (<option>UID_MIN</"
+#| "option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>UMASK</option>, "
+#| "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> and others). <placeholder-1/> Example: "
+#| "<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</replaceable> can be used when creating "
+#| "system account to turn off password ageing, even though system account "
+#| "has no password at all. Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be "
+#| "specified, e.g.: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (<option>UID_MIN</"
+"option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>UMASK</option>, "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> and others). <placeholder-1/> Example: "
+"<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</replaceable> can be used when creating system "
+"account to turn off password aging, even though system account has no "
+"password at all. Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified, e."
+"g.: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"Überschreibt die Standardwerte aus <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"(<option>UID_MIN</option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>UMASK</option>, "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> und andere). <placeholder-1/> Beispiel: "
+"<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASS_MAX_TAGE</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</replaceable> kann eingesetzt werden, wenn ein "
+"Systemkonto erstellt wird, um den Verfall des Passworts abzuschalten, selbst "
+"wenn das Systemkonto überhaupt kein Passwort besitzt. Die Option <option>-K</"
+"option> kann mehrmals verwendet werden, z.B.: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UID_MIN</replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;"
+"<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MAX</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:334(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--no-log-init</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--no-log-init</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:336(para)
+msgid "Do not add the user to the lastlog and faillog databases."
+msgstr "Fügt den Benutzer nicht zu den Datenbanken lastlog und faillog hinzu."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:339(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "By default, the user's entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are "
+#| "resetted to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user."
+msgid ""
+"By default, the user's entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are "
+"reset to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user."
+msgstr ""
+"Standardmäßig werden die Benutzereinträge in den Datenbanken lastlog und "
+"faillog zurückgesetzt, um zu vermeiden, dass der Eintrag eines früher "
+"gelöschten Benutzers verwendet wird."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:347(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:351(para)
+msgid ""
+"Create the user's home directory if it does not exist. The files and "
+"directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with "
+"the <option>-k</option> option) will be copied to the home directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Erstellt das Home-Verzeichnis des Benutzers, wenn es nicht vorhanden ist. "
+"Die Dateien und Verzeichnisse im Gerüstverzeichnis, das mit der Option "
+"<option>-k</option> festgelegt werden kann, werden in das Home-Verzeichnis "
+"kopiert."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:357(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, if this option is not specified and <option>CREATE_HOME</option> "
+"is not enabled, no home directories are created."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn diese Option nicht angegeben wird und <option>CREATE_HOME</option> "
+"nicht aktiviert wurde, wird standardmäßig kein Home-Verzeichnis erstellt."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:365(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid "<option>-M</option>, <option>--no-create-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:369(para)
+msgid ""
+"Do no create the user's home directory, even if the system wide setting from "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>) is set "
+"to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Erstellt nicht das Home-Verzeichnis des Benutzers, selbst wenn die "
+"systemweite Option <option>CREATE_HOME</option> in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename> auf <replaceable>yes</replaceable> gesetzt ist."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:378(term)
+msgid "<option>-N</option>, <option>--no-user-group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-N</option>, <option>--no-user-group</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:382(para)
+msgid ""
+"Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to "
+"the group specified by the <option>-g</option> option or by the "
+"<option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Erstellt keine Gruppe mit dem gleichen Namen wie der Benutzer, aber fügt ihn "
+"der Gruppe hinzu, die mit der Option <option>-g</option> oder mit der "
+"Variable <option>GROUP</option> in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> "
+"angegeben wurde."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:388(para) useradd.8.xml:526(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default behavior (if the <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option>, and "
+"<option>-U</option> options are not specified) is defined by the "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn die Optionen <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option> und <option>-U</"
+"option> nicht angegeben werden, wird das Verhalten durch die Variable "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"bestimmt."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:401(para)
+msgid "Allow the creation of a user account with a duplicate (non-unique) UID."
+msgstr ""
+"Erlaubt das Erstellen eines Benutzerkontos mit einer schon vergebenen (nicht "
+"eindeutigen) UID."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:402(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-u</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Option kann nur in Verbindung mit der Option <option>-u</option> "
+"verwendet werden."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:413(para) groupadd.8.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. The default is to "
+"disable the password."
+msgstr ""
+"Das verschlüsselte Passwort, wie es von <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> zurückgegeben wird. "
+"Standardmäßig ist das Passwort deaktiviert."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:430(term) newusers.8.xml:302(term) groupadd.8.xml:188(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--system</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--system</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:434(para) newusers.8.xml:306(para)
+msgid "Create a system account."
+msgstr "erstellt ein Systemkonto"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:437(para)
+msgid ""
+"System users will be created with no aging information in <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</option> counterparts for "
+"the creation of groups)."
+msgstr ""
+"Systembenutzer werden ohne Hinterlegung ihres Alters in <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename> erstellt. Ihre numerische Kennung wird aus der Spanne "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> bis <option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> anstelle von "
+"<option>UID_MIN</option> bis <option>UID_MAX</option> gewählt (gleiches gilt "
+"für die GID bei der Erstellung von Gruppen)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:446(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Note that <command>useradd</command> will not create a home directory for "
+#| "such an user, regardless of the default setting in <filename>/etc/login."
+#| "defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>). You have to specify the "
+#| "<option>-m</option> options if you want a home directory for a system "
+#| "account to be created."
+msgid ""
+"Note that <command>useradd</command> will not create a home directory for "
+"such a user, regardless of the default setting in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>). You have to specify the <option>-"
+"m</option> options if you want a home directory for a system account to be "
+"created."
+msgstr ""
+"Beachten Sie, dass <command>useradd</command> für einen solchen Benutzer "
+"unabhängig von der Einstellung in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"(<option>CREATE_HOME</option>) kein Home-Verzeichnis erzeugen wird."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:490(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user's login shell. The default is to leave this field "
+"blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified "
+"by the <option>SHELL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+"filename>, or an empty string by default."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Name der Anmelde-Shell des Benutzers. Standardmäßig wird dieses Feld "
+"leer gelassen. Das System verwendet dann die Standard-Anmelde-Shell, die mit "
+"der Variable <option>SHELL</option> in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+"filename> definiert wird, anderenfalls bleibt das Feld leer."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:504(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numerical value of the user's ID. This value must be unique, unless the "
+"<option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. The "
+"default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to "
+"<option>UID_MIN</option> and greater than every other user."
+msgstr ""
+"Der zahlenmäßige Wert der Benutzer-ID. Dieser Wert muss eindeutig sein, "
+"sofern nicht die Option <option>-o</option> verwendet wird. Der Wert darf "
+"nicht negativ sein. Standardmäßig wird der kleinste Wert größer als oder "
+"gleich <option>UID_MIN</option> und größer als jeder andere Wert eines "
+"Benutzers verwendet."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:511(para)
+msgid ""
+"See also the <option>-r</option> option and the <option>UID_MAX</option> "
+"description."
+msgstr ""
+"Vergleichen Sie auch die Option <option>-r</option> und die Ausführungen zu "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:518(term)
+msgid "<option>-U</option>, <option>--user-group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-U</option>, <option>--user-group</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:522(para)
+msgid ""
+"Create a group with the same name as the user, and add the user to this "
+"group."
+msgstr ""
+"erstellt eine Gruppe mit dem gleichen Name wie der Benutzer und fügt diesen "
+"der Gruppe hinzu"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:539(para)
+msgid ""
+"The SELinux user for the user's login. The default is to leave this field "
+"blank, which causes the system to select the default SELinux user."
+msgstr ""
+"Der SELinux-Benutzer für den Benutzer nach seiner Anmeldung. Standardmäßig "
+"bleibt dieses Feld leer und es wird dem System überlassen, den SELinux-"
+"Benutzer zu bestimmen."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:549(title)
+msgid "Changing the default values"
+msgstr "Die Standardwerte verändern"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:550(para)
+msgid ""
+"When invoked with only the <option>-D</option> option, <command>useradd</"
+"command> will display the current default values. When invoked with <option>-"
+"D</option> plus other options, <command>useradd</command> will update the "
+"default values for the specified options. Valid default-changing options are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn <command>useradd</command> nur mit der Option <option>-D</option> "
+"aufgerufen wird, werden die aktuellen Standardwerte angezeigt.  Wenn "
+"<command>useradd</command> neben der Option <option>-D</option> mit weiteren "
+"Optionen aufgerufen wird, werden deren Standardwerte entsprechend angepasst. "
+"Die gültigen Optionen, um Standardwerte zu ändern, sind:"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:563(para)
+msgid ""
+"The path prefix for a new user's home directory. The user's name will be "
+"affixed to the end of <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> to form the new "
+"user's home directory name, if the <option>-d</option> option is not used "
+"when creating a new account."
+msgstr ""
+"Das Wurzelverzeichnis des Home-Verzeichnisses eines neuen Benutzers. Der "
+"Benutzername wird an <replaceable>WURZEL_VERZ</replaceable> angehängt, um "
+"den Namen des Home-Verzeichnisses zu erhalten, falls nicht die Option "
+"<option>-d</option> bei der Erstellung eines neuen Kontos verwendet wird."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:570(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>HOME</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Option verändert die Variable <option>HOME</option> in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:581(para)
+msgid "The date on which the user account is disabled."
+msgstr "das Datum, an dem das Benutzerkonto abgeschaltet wird"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:582(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Option verändert die Variable <option>EXPIRE</option> in <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:593(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password has expired before the account will be "
+"disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"die Anzahl von Tagen nach dem Ablaufen des Passworts bis das Konto "
+"deaktiviert wird"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:597(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Option verändert die Variable <option>INACTIVE</option> in <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:608(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or ID for a new user's initial group (when the <option>-N/--"
+"no-user-group</option> is used or when the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> "
+"variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>). The named group must exist, and a numerical group ID must "
+"have an existing entry."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Gruppenname oder die GID für die Anfangsgruppe eines neuen Benutzers "
+"(wenn <option>-N/--no-user-group</option> verwendet wird oder wenn in "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> die Variable <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</"
+"option> auf <replaceable>no</replaceable> gesetzt ist). Die bezeichnete "
+"Gruppe und die GID müssen existieren."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:617(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Option verändert die Variable <option>GROUP</option> in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:628(para)
+msgid "The name of a new user's login shell."
+msgstr "der Name der Anmelde-Shell des neuen Benutzers"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:631(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>SHELL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Option verändert die Variable <option>SHELL</option> in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:643(title)
+msgid "NOTES"
+msgstr "ANMERKUNGEN"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:644(para)
+msgid ""
+"The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files "
+"in the <filename>/etc/skel/</filename> directory (or any other skeleton "
+"directory specified in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> or on the "
+"command line)."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Systemadministrator ist dafür verantwortlich, die standardmäßigen "
+"Benutzerdateien im Verzeichnis <filename>/etc/skel/</filename> (oder in "
+"einem anderen Gerüstverzeichnis, das in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+"filename> oder über die Befehlszeile definiert wurde), anzulegen."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:653(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not add a user to a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the "
+"corresponding server."
+msgstr ""
+"Sie dürfen einen Benutzer nicht einer NIS- oder LDAP-Gruppe hinzufügen. Dies "
+"muss auf dem entsprechenden Server durchgeführt werden."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:658(para)
+msgid ""
+"Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such "
+"as NIS or LDAP, <command>useradd</command> will deny the user account "
+"creation request."
+msgstr ""
+"Ebenso wird <command>useradd</command> ablehnen, ein neues Benutzerkonto zu "
+"erstellen, wenn der Benutzername schon in einer externen Benutzerdatenbank "
+"wie z.B. NIS oder LDAP vorhanden ist."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:664(para)
+msgid ""
+"Usernames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by "
+"lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a "
+"dollar sign. In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+msgstr ""
+"Benutzernamen müssen mit einem Kleinbuchstaben oder einem Unterstrich "
+"beginnen. Sie dürfen nur Kleinbuchstaben, Zahlen, Unterstriche oder "
+"Gedankenstriche enthalten. Sie können mit einem Dollarzeichen enden. Als "
+"regulärer Ausdruck: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:670(para)
+msgid "Usernames may only be up to 32 characters long."
+msgstr "Benutzernamen dürfen nur bis zu 32 Zeichen lang sein."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>CREATE_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>CREATE_HOME</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if a home directory should be created by default for new users."
+msgstr ""
+"bestimmt, ob standardmäßig ein Home-Verzeichnis für neue Benutzer erstellt "
+"werden soll"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:36(para) login.defs.5.xml:36(para)
+msgid ""
+"This setting does not apply to system users, and can be overridden on the "
+"command line."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Einstellung trifft nicht auf Systembenutzer zu. Sie kann auf der "
+"Befehlszeile überschrieben werden."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MAX</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(term) newusers.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MIN</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:35(para) newusers.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"der Bereich von Gruppen-IDs, aus dem die Programme <command>useradd</"
+"command>, <command>groupadd</command> oder <command>newusers</command> bei "
+"der Erstellung normaler Gruppen auswählen dürfen"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:40(para) newusers.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>GID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>GID_MAX</"
+"option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Standardwert für <option>GID_MIN</option> ist 1000, für <option>GID_MAX</"
+"option> 60.000."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>HOME_MODE</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MAX</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mode for new home directories. If not specified, the <option>UMASK</"
+"option> is used to create the mode."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask "
+#| "to set the mode of the home directory they create"
+msgid ""
+"<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this to set "
+"the mode of the home directory they create."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>useradd</command> und <command>newusers</command> verwenden diese "
+"Bit-Gruppe, um die Rechte des von ihnen erstellten Home-Verzeichnisses zu "
+"setzen."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum number of days a password may be used. If the password is older "
+"than this, a password change will be forced. If not specified, -1 will be "
+"assumed (which disables the restriction)."
+msgstr ""
+"Die maximale Anzahl von Tagen, für die ein Passwort verwendet werden darf. "
+"Wenn das Passwort älter ist, wird ein Wechsel des Passworts erzwungen. Falls "
+"nicht angegeben, wird -1 angenommen (was zur Folge hat, dass diese "
+"Beschränkung abgeschaltet ist)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The minimum number of days allowed between password changes. Any password "
+"changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected. If not specified, -1 "
+"will be assumed (which disables the restriction)."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Mindestanzahl von Tagen, bevor ein Wechsel des Passworts zugelassen "
+"wird. Ein vorheriger Versuch, das Passwort zu ändern, wird abgelehnt. Falls "
+"nicht angegeben, wird -1 angenommen (was zur Folge hat, dass diese "
+"Beschränkung abgeschaltet ist)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days warning given before a password expires. A zero means "
+"warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no "
+"warning is given. If not specified, no warning will be provided."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Anzahl von Tagen, an denen der Benutzer vorgewarnt wird, bevor das "
+"Passwort verfällt. Eine Null bedeutet, dass eine Warnung nur am Tag des "
+"Verfalls ausgegeben wird. Ein negativer Wert bedeutet, dass keine Vorwarnung "
+"erfolgt. Falls nicht angegeben, wird keine Vorwarnung ausgegeben."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"der Bereich von Gruppen-IDs, aus dem die Programme <command>useradd</"
+"command>, <command>groupadd</command> oder <command>newusers</command> bei "
+"der Erstellung von Systemgruppen auswählen dürfen"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>GID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Standardwert für <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> ist 101, für  "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> <option>GID_MIN</option>-1."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by <command>useradd</"
+"command> or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"der Bereich von Benutzer-IDs, aus dem die Programme <command>useradd</"
+"command> oder <command>newusers</command> bei der Erstellung von "
+"Systembenutzern auswählen dürfen"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:37(para) newusers.8.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>UID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Standardwert für <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> ist 101, für "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> <option>UID_MIN</option>-1."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>TCB_AUTH_GROUP</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>TCB_AUTH_GROUP</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, newly created tcb shadow files will be "
+"group owned by the <replaceable>auth</replaceable> group."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, gehören neu erstellte tcb-shadow-"
+"Dateien der Gruppe <replaceable>auth</replaceable>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>UID_MAX</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(term) newusers.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>UID_MIN</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:35(para) newusers.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by "
+"<command>useradd</command> or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"der Bereich von Benutzer-IDs, aus dem die Programme <command>useradd</"
+"command> oder <command>newusers</command> bei der Erstellung normaler "
+"Benutzer auswählen dürfen"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:39(para) newusers.8.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>UID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>UID_MAX</"
+"option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Standardwert für <option>UID_MIN</option> ist 1000, für <option>UID_MAX</"
+"option> 60.000."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>UMASK</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>UMASK</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+#: login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value. If not specified, "
+"the mask will be initialized to 022."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Bit-Gruppe, welche die Rechte von erstellten Dateien bestimmt, wird "
+"anfänglich auf diesen Wert gesetzt. Falls nicht angegeben, wird sie auf 022 "
+"gesetzt."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#: login.1.xml:38(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask "
+#| "to set the mode of the home directory they create"
+msgid ""
+"<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask to "
+"set the mode of the home directory they create if <option>HOME_MODE</option> "
+"is not set."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>useradd</command> und <command>newusers</command> verwenden diese "
+"Bit-Gruppe, um die Rechte des von ihnen erstellten Home-Verzeichnisses zu "
+"setzen."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"It is also used by <command>login</command> to define users' initial umask. "
+"Note that this mask can be overridden by the user's GECOS line (if "
+"<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> is set) or by the specification of a limit with "
+"the <emphasis>K</emphasis> identifier in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>limits</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"Sie wird auch von <command>login</command> verwendet, um die anfängliche "
+"Umask eines Benutzers zu bestimmen. Beachten Sie, dass diese Bit-Gruppe "
+"durch die GECOS-Zeile des Benutzers (wenn <option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> "
+"gesetzt wurde) oder die Festlegung eines Limits in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>limits</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> mit der Kennung <emphasis>K</emphasis> überschrieben werden "
+"kann."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:51(para) newusers.8.xml:51(para) login.defs.5.xml:51(para)
+#: login.1.xml:51(para)
+msgid ""
+"It is also used by <command>pam_umask</command> as the default umask value."
+msgstr ""
+"Sie wird ebenfalls von <command>pam_umask</command> als die Standard-Umask "
+"verwendet."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:733(filename)
+msgid "/etc/default/useradd"
+msgstr "/etc/default/useradd"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:735(para)
+msgid "Default values for account creation."
+msgstr "Standardwerte für die Erstellung eines Kontos"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:739(filename)
+msgid "/etc/skel/"
+msgstr "/etc/skel/"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:741(para)
+msgid "Directory containing default files."
+msgstr "Verzeichnis, das die Standarddateien enthält"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:789(replaceable) shadow.3.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:326(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:466(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:268(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:269(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:313(replaceable)
+msgid "3"
+msgstr "3"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:791(para) passwd.1.xml:486(para) groupadd.8.xml:315(para)
+msgid "invalid argument to option"
+msgstr "ungültiges Argument für Option"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:795(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:332(replaceable)
+#: passwd.1.xml:472(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:274(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:275(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:319(replaceable)
+msgid "4"
+msgstr "4"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:797(para)
+msgid "UID already in use (and no <option>-o</option>)"
+msgstr "UID ist schon vergeben (und kein <option>-o</option>)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:803(para) groupdel.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "angegebene Gruppe ist nicht vorhanden"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:807(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:287(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:325(replaceable)
+msgid "9"
+msgstr "9"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:809(para)
+msgid "username already in use"
+msgstr "Benutzername ist schon vergeben"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:821(para)
+msgid "can't create home directory"
+msgstr "Home-Verzeichnis kann nicht erstellt werden."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:825(replaceable)
+msgid "14"
+msgstr "14"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:827(para)
+msgid "can't update SELinux user mapping"
+msgstr "Die Zuordnung von SELinux-Benutzern kann nicht aktualisiert werden."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:767(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>useradd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>useradd</command> gibt beim Beenden folgende Werte "
+"zurück: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:836(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:41(contrib) pwconv.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: login.access.5.xml:42(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:46(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1996"
+msgstr "ursprünglicher Autor, 1996"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) suauth.5.xml:64(refname)
+msgid "suauth"
+msgstr "suauth"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:58(manvolnum) shadow.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:338(replaceable) porttime.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: passwd.5.xml:58(manvolnum) passwd.1.xml:478(replaceable)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:125(manvolnum) login.access.5.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: limits.5.xml:60(manvolnum) gshadow.5.xml:47(manvolnum)
+#: grpck.8.xml:280(replaceable) faillog.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+msgid "5"
+msgstr "5"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) shadow.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: porttime.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) passwd.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:126(refmiscinfo) login.access.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: limits.5.xml:61(refmiscinfo) gshadow.5.xml:48(refmiscinfo)
+#: faillog.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "File Formats and Conversions"
+msgstr "Dateiformate und konvertierung"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "detailed su control file"
+msgstr "ausführliche Kontrolldatei für su"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:70(command) suauth.5.xml:196(filename)
+msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:76(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file <filename>/etc/suauth</filename> is referenced whenever the su "
+"command is called. It can change the behaviour of the su command, based upon:"
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn der Befehl su aufgerufen wird, wird die Datei <filename>/etc/suauth</"
+"filename> ausgewertet. Dadurch kann das Verhalten des Befehls su verändert "
+"werden. Dies hängt von Folgendem ab:"
+
+#. .RS
+#: suauth.5.xml:83(literallayout)
+#, fuzzy, no-wrap
+#| msgid ""
+#| "\n"
+#| "      1) the user su is targetting\n"
+#| "    "
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      1) the user su is targeting\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      1) auf welchen Benutzer su gerichtet ist\n"
+"    "
+
+#. .fi
+#: suauth.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid ""
+"2) the user executing the su command (or any groups he might be a member of)"
+msgstr ""
+"2) dem Benutzer, der su ausführt (oder einer Gruppe, deren Mitglied er ist)"
+
+# SB: Shouldn't it be ":" at the end?
+#: suauth.5.xml:92(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file is formatted like this, with lines starting with a # being treated "
+"as comment lines and ignored;"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Datei ist folgendermaßen aufgebaut, wobei Zeilen, die mit einem # "
+"beginnen, als Kommentare behandelt und daher ignoriert werden:"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:97(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      to-id:from-id:ACTION\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      Herkunfts-ID:Ziel-ID:AKTION\n"
+"    "
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"Where to-id is either the word <emphasis>ALL</emphasis>, a list of usernames "
+"delimited by \",\" or the words <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT</emphasis> followed by "
+"a list of usernames delimited by \",\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Hierbei kann to-id <emphasis>ALL</emphasis>, eine Aufzählung von "
+"Benutzernamen, die durch ein »,« getrennt werden, oder <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT</"
+"emphasis>, die von einer Aufzählung von Benutzernamen gefolgt werden, die "
+"durch ein »,« getrennt werden, sein."
+
+# SB: What is the meaning of the last sentence?
+#: suauth.5.xml:107(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "from-id is formatted the same as to-id except the extra word "
+#| "<emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> is recognised. <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</"
+#| "emphasis> is perfectly valid too. Following <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> "
+#| "appears one or more group names, delimited by \",\". It is not sufficient "
+#| "to have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry> is neccessary."
+msgid ""
+"from-id is formatted the same as to-id except the extra word "
+"<emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> is recognized. <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</"
+"emphasis> is perfectly valid too. Following <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> "
+"appears one or more group names, delimited by \",\". It is not sufficient to "
+"have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> is necessary."
+msgstr ""
+"from-id hat das gleiche Format wie to-id mit der Ausnahme, dass zusätzlich "
+"<emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> zulässig ist. Auch <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</"
+"emphasis> ist zulässig. Nach <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> werden ein oder "
+"mehrere Gruppennamen aufgeführt, die durch »,« getrennt sind. Die Haupt-ID "
+"einer Gruppe reicht nicht aus, sondern ein Eintrag in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> ist notwendig."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:118(para)
+msgid "Action can be one only of the following currently supported options."
+msgstr "Als Aktion können nur die folgenden Optionen angegeben werden."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:124(emphasis)
+msgid "DENY"
+msgstr "DENY"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The attempt to su is stopped before a password is even asked for."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Versuch, su auszuführen, wird abgebrochen, ehe nach einem Passwort "
+"gefragt wird."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:134(emphasis)
+msgid "NOPASS"
+msgstr "NOPASS"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"The attempt to su is automatically successful; no password is asked for."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Versuch, su auszuführen, hat automatisch Erfolg. Ein Passwort wird nicht "
+"abgefragt."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:145(emphasis)
+msgid "OWNPASS"
+msgstr "OWNPASS"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"For the su command to be successful, the user must enter his or her own "
+"password. They are told this."
+msgstr ""
+"Damit der Befehl su Erfolg hat, muss der Benutzer sein eigenes Passwort "
+"eingeben. Darauf wird er hingewiesen."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note there are three separate fields delimited by a colon. No whitespace "
+"must surround this colon. Also note that the file is examined sequentially "
+"line by line, and the first applicable rule is used without examining the "
+"file further. This makes it possible for a system administrator to exercise "
+"as fine control as he or she wishes."
+msgstr ""
+"Beachten Sie, dass es sich um drei selbständige Felder handelt, die durch "
+"einen Doppelpunkt getrennt sind. Neben den Doppelpunkten darf sich kein "
+"Leerzeichen befinden. Beachten Sie zudem, dass die Datei von oben nach unten "
+"Zeile für Zeile durchgegangen wird. Die erste Regel, die zutreffend ist, "
+"wird angewendet, ohne dass die Datei weiter ausgewertet wird. Damit kann ein "
+"Systemadministrator eine strenge Kontrolle ausüben."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:166(title)
+msgid "EXAMPLE"
+msgstr "BEISPIEL"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:167(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      # sample /etc/suauth file\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # A couple of privileged usernames may\n"
+"      # su to root with their own password.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Anyone else may not su to root unless in\n"
+"      # group wheel. This is how BSD does things.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Perhaps terry and birddog are accounts\n"
+"      # owned by the same person.\n"
+"      # Access can be arranged between them\n"
+"      # with no password.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      terry:birddog:NOPASS\n"
+"      birddog:terry:NOPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      # /etc/suauth-Beispielsdatei\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Einige besondere Benutzer dürfen su\n"
+"      # auf Root mit ihrem eigenen Passwort ausführen.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Alle anderen Benutzer dürfen nicht su auf Root\n"
+"      # ausführen, falls sie nicht in der Gruppe wheel\n"
+"      # sind. Dies wird bei BSD so gehandhabt.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Die Konten terry und birddog gehören derselben\n"
+"      # Person. Sie können ohne Passwort aufeinander\n"
+"      # zugreifen.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      terry:birddog:NOPASS\n"
+"      birddog:terry:NOPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"    "
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:203(title) pwconv.8.xml:216(title) login.defs.5.xml:531(title)
+msgid "BUGS"
+msgstr "FEHLER"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"There could be plenty lurking. The file parser is particularly unforgiving "
+"about syntax errors, expecting no spurious whitespace (apart from beginning "
+"and end of lines), and a specific token delimiting different things."
+msgstr ""
+"Es gibt zahlreiche Fehlerquellen. Die Auswertung der Datei ist sehr "
+"empfindlich bei Syntaxfehlern, zusätzlichen Leerzeichen (außer am Anfang und "
+"Schluss einer Zeile) und dem besonderen Zeichen, das die verschiedenen "
+"Felder von einander trennt."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:213(title) shadow.3.xml:208(title)
+msgid "DIAGNOSTICS"
+msgstr "DIAGNOSE"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"An error parsing the file is reported using "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> as level ERR on facility AUTH."
+msgstr ""
+"Fehler beim Auswerten der Datei werden an "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> mit der Stufe ERR an das Gerät AUTH gemeldet."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:223(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:58(contrib) shadow.5.xml:41(contrib) shadow.3.xml:41(contrib)
+#: porttime.5.xml:41(contrib) passwd.5.xml:41(contrib) passwd.1.xml:48(contrib)
+#: login.1.xml:74(contrib) faillog.8.xml:41(contrib) faillog.5.xml:41(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1989"
+msgstr "ursprünglicher Autor, 1989"
+
+#: su.1.xml:74(refentrytitle) su.1.xml:81(refname) su.1.xml:86(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:456(term)
+msgid "su"
+msgstr "su"
+
+#: su.1.xml:76(refmiscinfo) sg.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: passwd.1.xml:66(refmiscinfo) newgrp.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.1.xml:92(refmiscinfo) groups.1.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:64(refmiscinfo) expiry.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: chsh.1.xml:62(refmiscinfo) chfn.1.xml:62(refmiscinfo)
+#: chage.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "User Commands"
+msgstr "Dienstprogramme für Benutzer"
+
+#: su.1.xml:82(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user ID or become superuser"
+msgstr "ändert die Benutzer-ID oder wechselt zu Root"
+
+#: su.1.xml:91(replaceable) sg.1.xml:72(arg) newgrp.1.xml:71(arg)
+msgid "-"
+msgstr "-"
+
+#: su.1.xml:94(replaceable) login.1.xml:107(replaceable)
+#: login.1.xml:115(replaceable)
+msgid "username"
+msgstr "Benutzername"
+
+#: su.1.xml:96(replaceable)
+msgid "args"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:104(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The <command>su</command> command is used to become another user during a "
+#| "login session. Invoked without a <option>username</option>, <command>su</"
+#| "command> defaults to becoming the superuser. The optional argument "
+#| "<option>-</option> may be used to provide an environment similar to what "
+#| "the user would expect had the user logged in directly."
+msgid ""
+"The <command>su</command> command is used to become another user during a "
+"login session. Invoked without a <option>username</option>, <command>su</"
+"command> defaults to becoming the superuser. The <option>-</option> option "
+"may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect "
+"had the user logged in directly. The <option>-c</option> option may be used "
+"to treat the next argument as a command by most shells."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>su</command> dient dazu, während einer Sitzung ein "
+"anderer Benutzer zu werden. Wenn <command>su</command> ohne "
+"<option>username</option> aufgerufen wird, wechselt es standardmäßig zu "
+"Root. Zusätzlich kann das Argument <option>-</option> angegeben werden. "
+"Damit wird eine Umgebung zur Verfügung gestellt, die der entspricht, die der "
+"Benutzer nach einer direkten Anmeldung erwartet."
+
+#: su.1.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list. You can use the "
+"<option>--</option> argument to stop option parsing. The <option>-</option> "
+"option is special: it is also recognized after <option>--</option>, but has "
+"to be placed before <option>username</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:122(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user will be prompted for a password, if appropriate. Invalid passwords "
+"will produce an error message. All attempts, both valid and invalid, are "
+"logged to detect abuse of the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Benutzer wird gegebenenfalls nach einem Passwort gefragt. Ungültige "
+"Passworteingaben werden eine Fehlermeldung erzeugen. Sowohl erfolgreiche als "
+"auch misslungene Versuche werden protokolliert, um Missbrauch des Systems zu "
+"entdecken."
+
+#: su.1.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"The current environment is passed to the new shell. The value of <envar>"
+"$PATH</envar> is reset to <filename>/bin:/usr/bin</filename> for normal "
+"users, or <filename>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</filename> for the "
+"superuser. This may be changed with the <option>ENV_PATH</option> and "
+"<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> definitions in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Die aktuelle Umgebung wird an die neue Shell übergeben. Der Wert von <envar>"
+"$PATH</envar> wird für normale Benutzer auf <filename>/bin:/usr/bin</"
+"filename> gesetzt, für Root auf <filename>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</"
+"filename>. Dieses Verhalten kann durch die Definition von <option>ENV_PATH</"
+"option> und <option>ENV_SUPATH</option> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> geändert werden."
+
+# SB: Not quite sure what subsystem logins are.
+#: su.1.xml:136(para) login.1.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"A subsystem login is indicated by the presence of a \"*\" as the first "
+"character of the login shell. The given home directory will be used as the "
+"root of a new file system which the user is actually logged into."
+msgstr ""
+"Eine Subsystem-Anmeldung wird durch einen »*« als erstes Zeichen der Anmelde-"
+"Shell gekennzeichnet. Das angegebene Home-Verzeichnis wird als Wurzel für "
+"das Dateisystem verwendet, auf welchem der Benutzer tatsächlich angemeldet "
+"ist."
+
+#: su.1.xml:145(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>su</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>su</command> unterstützt werden, sind:"
+
+#: su.1.xml:149(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--command</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMAND</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--command</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>BEFEHL</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:153(para)
+msgid ""
+"Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its <option>-c</"
+"option>."
+msgstr ""
+"gibt einen Befehl an, der von der Shell mittels ihrer Option <option>-c</"
+"option> ausgeführt wird"
+
+#: su.1.xml:157(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The executed command will have no controlling terminal. This option "
+#| "cannot be used to execute interractive programs which need a controlling "
+#| "TTY."
+msgid ""
+"The executed command will have no controlling terminal. This option cannot "
+"be used to execute interactive programs which need a controlling TTY."
+msgstr ""
+"Der ausgeführte Befehl hat kein ihn steuerndes Terminal. Mit dieser Option "
+"können keine interaktiven Programme, die ein sie steuerndes TTY benötigen, "
+"ausgeführt werden."
+
+#: su.1.xml:167(term)
+msgid "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"Provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user "
+"logged in directly."
+msgstr ""
+"Eine Umgebung wird zur Verfügung gestellt, die der entspricht, die der "
+"Benutzer nach einer direkten Anmeldung erwartet."
+
+#: su.1.xml:175(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "When <option>-</option> is used, it must be specified as the last "
+#| "<command>su</command> option. The other forms (<option>-l</option> and "
+#| "<option>--login</option>) do not have this restriction."
+msgid ""
+"When <option>-</option> is used, it must be specified before any "
+"<option>username</option>. For portability it is recommended to use it as "
+"last option, before any <option>username</option>. The other forms (<option>-"
+"l</option> and <option>--login</option>) do not have this restriction."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn <option>-</option> verwendet wird, muss es als die letzte Option von "
+"<command>su</command> angegeben werden. Die übrigen Formen ((<option>-l</"
+"option> und <option>--login</option>) unterliegen nicht dieser Beschränkung."
+
+#: su.1.xml:190(para)
+msgid "The shell that will be invoked."
+msgstr "die Shell, die gestartet wird"
+
+#: su.1.xml:198(para)
+msgid "The shell specified with --shell."
+msgstr "die Shell, die mit --shell angegeben wurde"
+
+#: su.1.xml:201(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--preserve-environment</option> is used, the shell specified by "
+"the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environment variable."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls <option>--preserve-environment</option> verwendet wird, die Shell, die "
+"durch die Umgebungsvariable <envar>$SHELL</envar> festgelegt wird."
+
+# SB: Bessere Übersetzung als 'Zielbenutzer'?
+#: su.1.xml:208(para)
+msgid ""
+"The shell indicated in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> entry for the "
+"target user."
+msgstr ""
+"die Shell, die in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> für den Zielbenutzer "
+"angegeben ist"
+
+#: su.1.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/bin/sh</filename> if a shell could not be found by any above "
+"method."
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>/bin/sh</filename>, falls durch die obigen Methoden keine Shell "
+"gefunden werden kann"
+
+#: su.1.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first): <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Die aufgerufene Shell wird bestimmt durch (höchste Priorität zuerst): "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+# SB: Bessere Übersetzung als 'Zielbenutzer'?
+#: su.1.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the target user has a restricted shell (i.e. the shell field of this "
+"user's entry in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> is not listed in <filename>/"
+"etc/shells</filename>), then the <option>--shell</option> option or the "
+"<envar>$SHELL</envar> environment variable won't be taken into account, "
+"unless <command>su</command> is called by root."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls der Zielbenutzer eine beschränkte Shell hat (d.h. das Feld für die "
+"Shell im Eintrag des Benutzers in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> ist nicht "
+"in <filename>/etc/shells</filename>) aufgeführt), werden die Option "
+"<option>--shell</option> und die Umgebungsvariable <envar>$SHELL</envar> "
+"nicht beachtet, sofern <command>su</command> nicht von Root aufgerufen wird."
+
+#: su.1.xml:230(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>-p</option>, <option>--preserve-environment</"
+"option>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>-p</option>, <option>--preserve-environment</"
+"option>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:239(envar)
+msgid "$PATH"
+msgstr "$PATH"
+
+#: su.1.xml:241(para)
+msgid ""
+"reset according to the <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options "
+"<option>ENV_PATH</option> or <option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (see below);"
+msgstr ""
+"auf den Ausgangswert entsprechend der Optionen <option>ENV_PATH</option> "
+"oder <option>ENV_SUPATH</option> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"zurücksetzen (siehe unten);"
+
+#: su.1.xml:250(envar)
+msgid "$IFS"
+msgstr "$IFS"
+
+#: su.1.xml:252(para)
+msgid ""
+"reset to <quote>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</quote>, if it was "
+"set."
+msgstr ""
+"auf <quote>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</quote> zurücksetzen, "
+"falls es verändert wurde"
+
+#: su.1.xml:235(para)
+msgid "Preserve the current environment, except for: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "Erhält die aktuelle Umgebung mit Ausnahme von: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless "
+"<command>su</command> is called by root)."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls der Zielbenutzer eine beschränkte Shell besitzt, hat diese Option "
+"keinen Effekt (sofern <command>su</command> nicht von Root aufgerufen wird)."
+
+#: su.1.xml:270(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <envar>$HOME</envar>, <envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$USER</envar>, "
+"<envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, and <envar>$IFS</envar> "
+"environment variables are reset."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Umgebungsvariablen <envar>$HOME</envar>, <envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>"
+"$USER</envar>, <envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar> und <envar>"
+"$IFS</envar> werden zurückgesetzt."
+
+#: su.1.xml:279(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is not used, the environment is copied, except "
+"for the variables above."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls nicht <option>--login</option> verwendet wurde, wird die Umgebung mit "
+"der Ausnahme der genannten Variablen kopiert."
+
+#: su.1.xml:286(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, the <envar>$TERM</envar>, <envar>"
+"$COLORTERM</envar>, <envar>$DISPLAY</envar>, and <envar>$XAUTHORITY</envar> "
+"environment variables are copied if they were set."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls <option>--login</option> verwendet wurde, werden die Variablen <envar>"
+"$TERM</envar>, <envar>$COLORTERM</envar>, <envar>$DISPLAY</envar> und <envar>"
+"$XAUTHORITY</envar> übernommen, wenn ihnen ein Wert zugewiesen wurde."
+
+#: su.1.xml:296(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, the <envar>$TZ</envar>, <envar>$HZ</"
+"envar>, and <envar>$MAIL</envar> environment variables are set according to "
+"the <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options <option>ENV_TZ</option>, "
+"<option>ENV_HZ</option>, <option>MAIL_DIR</option>, and <option>MAIL_FILE</"
+"option> (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls <option>--login</option> verwendet wurde, werden die "
+"Umgebungsvariablen <envar>$TZ</envar>, <envar>$HZ</envar> und <envar>$MAIL</"
+"envar> auf die in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> definierten Optionen "
+"<option>ENV_TZ</option>, <option>ENV_HZ</option>, <option>MAIL_DIR</option> "
+"und <option>MAIL_FILE</option> (siehe unten) gesetzt."
+
+#: su.1.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, other environment variables might be "
+"set by the <option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> file (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn <option>--login</option> verwendet wird, können andere "
+"Umgebungsvariablen mit der Datei <option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> vergeben "
+"werden (siehe unten)."
+
+#: su.1.xml:317(para)
+msgid "Other environments might be set by PAM modules."
+msgstr "Andere Umgebungen können auch durch PAM-Module eingerichtet werden."
+
+#: su.1.xml:265(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Beachten Sie, dass Folgendes das Standardverhalten für die Umgebung ist: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:331(para)
+msgid ""
+"This version of <command>su</command> has many compilation options, only "
+"some of which may be in use at any particular site."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Version von <command>su</command> hat viele Kompilierungsoptionen. "
+"Deren Nützlichkeit hängt von den Anforderungen der jeweiligen Umgebung ab."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CONSOLE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>CONSOLE</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, either full pathname of a file containing device names (one per "
+"line) or a \":\" delimited list of device names. Root logins will be allowed "
+"only upon these devices."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Konfiguration erfolgt entweder über die Angabe des vollen Pfadnamens "
+"einer Datei, welche die Namen der Geräte enthält (eines pro Zeile), oder mit "
+"einer Liste der Gerätenamen, die mit »:« getrennt sind. Root kann sich nur "
+"auf diesen Geräten anmelden."
+
+#: su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid "If not defined, root will be allowed on any device."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn es unkonfiguriert gelassen wird, kann sich Root auf jedem Gerät "
+"anmelden."
+
+#: su.1.xml:42(para) login.defs.5.xml:42(para) login.1.xml:42(para)
+msgid "The device should be specified without the /dev/ prefix."
+msgstr "Das Gerät soll ohne vorangestelltes /dev/ angegeben werden."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CONSOLE_GROUPS</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>CONSOLE_GROUPS</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"List of groups to add to the user's supplementary groups set when logging in "
+"on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting). Default is none. "
+"<placeholder-1/> Use with caution - it is possible for users to gain "
+"permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console."
+msgstr ""
+"Liste von Gruppen, deren Mitglied der Benutzer wird, wenn der sich auf der "
+"Konsole anmeldet, die mit dem Parameter CONSOLE festgelegt wird. "
+"Standardmäßig ist die Liste leer. <placeholder-1/> Seien Sie vorsichtig. "
+"Benutzer können dauerhaft Zugang zu den Gruppen erlangen, auch wenn sie "
+"nicht auf der Konsole angemeldet sind."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>DEFAULT_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>DEFAULT_HOME</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if login is allowed if we can't cd to the home directory. Default "
+"is no."
+msgstr ""
+"Legt fest, ob ein Login erlaubt wird, wenn mit cd nicht in das Home-"
+"Verzeichnis gewechselt werden kann. Standardmäßig wird dies nicht zugelassen."
+
+#: su.1.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user will login in the root "
+"(<filename>/</filename>) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls auf <replaceable>yes</replaceable> gesetzt, wird der Benutzer mit dem "
+"Wurzelverzeichnis (<filename>/</filename>) angemeldet, wenn mit cd nicht in "
+"sein Home-Verzeichnis gewechselt werden kann."
+
+#. XXX: When compiled with PAM support, only sulogin uses ENV_HZ
+#: su.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term) login.1.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_HZ</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_HZ</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para) login.1.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user "
+"login. The value must be preceded by <replaceable>HZ=</replaceable>. A "
+"common value on Linux is <replaceable>HZ=100</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn vergeben, wird damit die Umgebungsvariable HZ definiert, wenn sich ein "
+"Benutzer anmeldet. Dem Wert muss ein <replaceable>HZ=</replaceable> "
+"vorangestellt werden. Ein üblicher Wert bei Linux ist <replaceable>HZ=100</"
+"replaceable>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:41(para) login.defs.5.xml:41(para) login.1.xml:41(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <envar>HZ</envar> environment variable is only set when the user (the "
+"superuser) logs in with <command>sulogin</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Umgebungsvariable <envar>HZ</envar> wird nur gesetzt, wenn sich der "
+"Benutzer (der Administrator) mit <command>sulogin</command> anmeldet."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this file exists and is readable, login environment will be read from it. "
+"Every line should be in the form name=value."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn diese Datei vorhanden ist, wird die Anmeldeumgebung aus ihr gelesen. "
+"Jede Zeile sollte die Form Name=Wert haben."
+
+#: su.1.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid "Lines starting with a # are treated as comment lines and ignored."
+msgstr ""
+"Zeilen, die mit einem # beginnen, werden als Kommentare behandelt und daher "
+"ignoriert."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_PATH</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_PATH</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a "
+"regular user login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for "
+"example <replaceable>/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be preceded by "
+"<replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is <replaceable>PATH=/"
+"bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn gesetzt, wird damit die Umgebungsvariable PATH definiert, wenn sich ein "
+"normaler Benutzer anmeldet. Der Wert ist eine Liste, deren Einträge durch "
+"Doppelpunkte getrennt sind (zum Beispiel <replaceable>/bin:/usr/bin</"
+"replaceable>). Ihr kann ein <replaceable>PATH=</replaceable> vorangestellt "
+"werden. Der Standardwert ist <replaceable>PATH=/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the "
+"superuser login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example "
+"<replaceable>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be "
+"preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is "
+"<replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn gesetzt, wird damit die Umgebungsvariable PATH definiert, wenn sich der "
+"Superuser anmeldet. Der Wert ist eine Liste, deren Einträge durch "
+"Doppelpunkte getrennt sind (zum Beispiel <replaceable>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/"
+"usr/bin</replaceable>). Ihr kann ein <replaceable>PATH=</replaceable> "
+"vorangestellt werden. Der Standardwert ist <replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/"
+"sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_TZ</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_TZ</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user "
+"login. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by <replaceable>TZ=</"
+"replaceable> (for example <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>), or the "
+"full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example "
+"<filename>/etc/tzname</filename>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn gesetzt, wird damit die Umgebungsvariable TZ definiert, wenn sich ein "
+"Benutzer anmeldet. Der Wert kann der Name der Zeitzone sein, dem "
+"<replaceable>TZ=</replaceable> vorausgeht (zum Beispiel "
+"<replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>), oder der vollständige Pfad der "
+"Datei, welche die Konfiguration der Zeitzone enthält (zum Beispiel "
+"<filename>/etc/tzname</filename>)."
+
+#. TODO: it can in fact be used to set any other variable
+#: su.1.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, "
+"the default is to use <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn ein vollständiger Pfadname angegeben wird, die Datei aber nicht "
+"existiert oder nicht lesbar ist, wird <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable> "
+"verwendet."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#: chsh.1.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_STRING</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>LOGIN_STRING</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The string used for prompting a password. The default is to use \"Password: "
+"\", or a translation of that string. If you set this variable, the prompt "
+"will not be translated."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Zeichenkette wird bei der Eingabeaufforderung des Passworts (Prompt) "
+"verwendet. Standardmäßig wird »Password: « oder eine Übersetzung davon "
+"benutzt. Wenn Sie diese Variable definieren, wird die Eingabeaufforderung "
+"nicht übersetzt."
+
+#: su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:39(para) chfn.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the string contains <replaceable>%s</replaceable>, this will be replaced "
+"by the user's name."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn die Zeichenkette ein <replaceable>%s</replaceable> enthält, wird dies "
+"durch den Benutzernamen ersetzt."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable checking and display of mailbox status upon login."
+msgstr ""
+"aktiviert die Prüfung und Anzeige des Status der Mailbox bei der Anmeldung"
+
+#: su.1.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should disable it if the shell startup files already check for mail "
+"(\"mailx -e\" or equivalent)."
+msgstr ""
+"Sie sollten dies abschalten, wenn schon die Startdateien der Shell die Mails "
+"prüfen (»mailx -e« oder ähnliches)."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable setting of resource limits from <filename>/etc/limits</filename> and "
+"ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user's passwd gecos field."
+msgstr ""
+"aktiviert das Setzen von Resourcenbeschränkungen aus <filename>/etc/limits</"
+"filename> und von ulimit, umask und niceness aus dem gecos-Feld des "
+"Benutzers von passwd"
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SULOG_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>SULOG_FILE</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, all su activity is logged to this file."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn angegeben, wird jeder Aufruf von su in dieser Datei protokolliert."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SU_NAME</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>SU_NAME</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, the command name to display when running \"su -\". For example, "
+"if this is defined as \"su\" then a \"ps\" will display the command is \"-su"
+"\". If not defined, then \"ps\" would display the name of the shell actually "
+"being run, e.g. something like \"-sh\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Damit kann die Anzeige des Namens des Befehls festgelegt werden, wenn »su -« "
+"ausgeführt wird. Wenn beispielsweise dies auf »su« gesetzt wurde, zeigt »ps« "
+"den Befehl als »-su« an. Wenn es dagegen nicht vergeben wurde, wird »ps« den "
+"Namen der Shell anzeigen, die ausgeführt wird, also etwa »-sh«."
+
+#: su.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>SU_WHEEL_ONLY</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>SU_WHEEL_ONLY</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user must be listed as a member of "
+"the first gid 0 group in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (called "
+"<replaceable>root</replaceable> on most Linux systems) to be able to "
+"<command>su</command> to uid 0 accounts. If the group doesn't exist or is "
+"empty, no one will be able to <command>su</command> to uid 0."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, muss der Benutzer Mitglied der ersten "
+"Gruppe mit der GID 0 in <filename>/etc/group</filename> sein (auf den "
+"meisten Linux-Systemen heißt die <replaceable>root</replaceable>), um mit "
+"<command>su</command> zu einem Konto mit der UID 0 wechseln zu können. Falls "
+"die Gruppe nicht existiert oder keine Mitglieder hat, kann niemand mittels "
+"<command>su</command> zur UID 0 wechseln."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SYSLOG_SU_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>SYSLOG_SU_ENAB</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable \"syslog\" logging of <command>su</command> activity - in addition to "
+"sulog file logging."
+msgstr ""
+"aktiviert das Protokollieren der Aktivitäten von <command>su</command> in "
+"»syslog« neben der Protokollierung in der sulog-Datei"
+
+#: su.1.xml:391(para)
+msgid ""
+"On success, <command>su</command> returns the exit value of the command it "
+"executed."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn <command>su</command> erfolgreich ausgeführt wird, gibt es den "
+"Rückgabewert des mit ihm ausgeführten Befehls zurück."
+
+#: su.1.xml:395(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this command was terminated by a signal, <command>su</command> returns "
+"the number of this signal plus 128."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn dieser Befehl mit einem Signal beendet wurde, gibt <command>su</"
+"command> die Nummer des Signals plus 128 zurück."
+
+#: su.1.xml:399(para)
+msgid ""
+"If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the "
+"command did not terminate in time), <command>su</command> returns 255."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn <command>su</command> den Befehl mit kill beenden musste (weil er der "
+"Aufforderung, sich zu beenden, nicht rechtzeitig nachgekommen ist), gibt es "
+"255 zurück."
+
+#: su.1.xml:411(para)
+msgid "success (<option>--help</option> only)"
+msgstr "Erfolg (nur bei <option>--help</option>)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:417(para)
+msgid "System or authentication failure"
+msgstr "System- oder Anmeldefehler"
+
+#: su.1.xml:421(replaceable)
+msgid "126"
+msgstr "126"
+
+#: su.1.xml:423(para)
+msgid "The requested command was not found"
+msgstr "Der angegebene Befehl konnte nicht gefunden werden."
+
+#: su.1.xml:427(replaceable)
+msgid "127"
+msgstr "127"
+
+#: su.1.xml:429(para)
+msgid "The requested command could not be executed"
+msgstr "Der angegebene Befehl konnte nicht ausgeführt werden."
+
+#: su.1.xml:404(para)
+msgid ""
+"Some exit values from <command>su</command> are independent from the "
+"executed command: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Einige Rückgabewerte von <command>su</command> sind unabhängig von dem "
+"ausgeführten Befehl: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:438(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: sg.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) sg.1.xml:65(refname) sg.1.xml:71(command)
+msgid "sg"
+msgstr "sg"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "execute command as different group ID"
+msgstr "führt einen Befehl unter einer anderen Gruppen-ID aus"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:74(arg)
+msgid "-c"
+msgstr "-c"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:73(arg)
+msgid "group <placeholder-1/> command"
+msgstr "Gruppe <placeholder-1/> Befehl"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>sg</command> command works similar to <command>newgrp</command> "
+"but accepts a command. The command will be executed with the <filename>/bin/"
+"sh</filename> shell. With most shells you may run <command>sg</command> "
+"from, you need to enclose multi-word commands in quotes. Another difference "
+"between <command>newgrp</command> and <command>sg</command> is that some "
+"shells treat <command>newgrp</command> specially, replacing themselves with "
+"a new instance of a shell that <command>newgrp</command> creates. This "
+"doesn't happen with <command>sg</command>, so upon exit from a <command>sg</"
+"command> command you are returned to your previous group ID."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>sg</command> funktioniert so ähnlich wie der Befehl "
+"<command>newgrp</command>, übernimmt aber auch einen Befehl. Dieser Befehl "
+"wird in der Shell <filename>/bin/sh</filename> ausgeführt. Bei den meisten "
+"Shells, in denen Sie <command>sg</command> ausführen, müssen Sie die "
+"Befehle, die aus mehrere Wörtern bestehen, in Anführungszeichen einfassen. "
+"Ein weiterer Unterschied zwischen <command>newgrp</command> und <command>sg</"
+"command> ist, dass einige Shells <command>newgrp</command> besonders "
+"behandeln: sie ersetzen sich mit einer neuen Instanz der Shell, die von "
+"<command>newgrp</command> erzeugt wurde. Dies geschieht nicht mit "
+"<command>sg</command>, daher werden Sie nach Beenden des Befehls "
+"<command>sg</command> zu Ihrer vorherigen Gruppen-ID zurückkehren."
+
+#: sg.1.xml:32(term) newgrp.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SYSLOG_SG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>SYSLOG_SG_ENAB</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:34(para) newgrp.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable \"syslog\" logging of <command>sg</command> activity."
+msgstr ""
+"aktiviert das Protokollieren der Aktivitäten von <command>sg</command> in "
+"»syslog«"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) shadow.5.xml:64(refname)
+#: shadow.3.xml:57(refentrytitle) shadow.3.xml:64(refname)
+#: pwck.8.xml:84(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:76(replaceable)
+msgid "shadow"
+msgstr "shadow"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadowed password file"
+msgstr "Shadow-Passwortdatei"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> is a file which contains the password "
+"information for the system's accounts and optional aging information."
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> ist eine Datei, welche die  "
+"Passwortinformationen für die Konten des Systems und fakultativ "
+"Informationen zum Verfall der Passwörter enthält."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:76(para) gshadow.5.xml:64(para)
+msgid ""
+"This file must not be readable by regular users if password security is to "
+"be maintained."
+msgstr ""
+"Um die Sicherheit der Passwörter zu gewährleisten, darf diese Datei nicht "
+"für normale Benutzer lesbar sein."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each line of this file contains 9 fields, separated by colons (<quote>:</"
+"quote>), in the following order:"
+msgstr ""
+"Jede Zeile dieser Datei enthält folgende neun Felder, die durch Doppelpunkt "
+"(<quote>:</quote>) getrennt werden:"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:88(emphasis) passwd.5.xml:78(para)
+msgid "login name"
+msgstr "Anmeldename"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "It must be a valid account name, which exist on the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Dabei muss es sich um eine gültigen Kontonamen handeln, der auf dem System "
+"existiert."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:96(emphasis) gshadow.5.xml:83(emphasis)
+msgid "encrypted password"
+msgstr "verschlüsseltes Passwort"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to "
+"authenticate as the specified login name. However, some applications which "
+"read the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file may decide not to permit any "
+"access at all if the password field is empty."
+msgstr ""
+"Dieses Feld kann leer bleiben. In diesem Fall kann sich der angegebene "
+"Benutzer ohne Passwort anmelden. Möglicherweise verweigern Anwendungen, "
+"welche die Datei <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> auswerten, dennoch den "
+"Zugang, wenn das Passwortfeld leer ist."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:105(para) gshadow.5.xml:107(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "A password field which starts with a exclamation mark means that the "
+#| "password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the "
+#| "password field before the password was locked."
+msgid ""
+"A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the "
+"password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the "
+"password field before the password was locked."
+msgstr ""
+"Ein Passwortfeld, das mit einem Ausrufezeichen beginnt, führt dazu, dass das "
+"Passwort gesperrt ist. Die übrigen Zeichen sind das Passwort vor der "
+"Sperrung."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:111(para) passwd.5.xml:126(para) gshadow.5.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"Refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> for details on how this string is interpreted."
+msgstr ""
+"Sie sollten in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> nachsehen, wenn Sie "
+"mehr über die Bedeutung dieser Zeichenkette wissen wollen."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:116(para) passwd.5.xml:131(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix "
+"password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn das Passwortfeld eine Zeichenkette enthält, die kein zulässiges "
+"Ergebnis von <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> ist, z.B. ! oder *, kann sich der Benutzer nicht "
+"mit einem Unix-Passwort anmelden; eine Anmeldung auf anderem Wege wird "
+"dadurch nicht verhindert."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:127(emphasis)
+msgid "date of last password change"
+msgstr "Datum, an dem das Passwort das letzte Mal geändert wurde"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date of the last password change, expressed as the number of days since "
+"Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+"Das Datum, als das Passwort das letzte Mal geändert wurde, wird als Anzahl "
+"der Tage seit dem 1. Januar 1970 ausgedrückt."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:134(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user should change "
+#| "her pasword the next time she will log in the system."
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user should change her "
+"password the next time she will log in the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Dem Wert 0 kommt eine besondere Bedeutung zu: Der Benutzer sollte sein "
+"Passwort bei der nächsten Anmeldung ändern."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:139(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that password aging features are disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Ein leeres Feld bedeutet, dass das Altern des Passworts abgeschaltet ist."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:146(emphasis)
+msgid "minimum password age"
+msgstr "Mindestalter des Passworts"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The minimum password age is the number of days the user will have to wait "
+"before she will be allowed to change her password again."
+msgstr ""
+"Das Mindestalter des Passworts ist die Anzahl von Tagen, die ein Benutzer "
+"warten muss, bevor er sein Passwort wieder ändern darf."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:153(para)
+msgid "An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no minimum password age."
+msgstr ""
+"Eine leeres Feld oder der Wert 0 bedeuten, dass es kein Mindestalter eines "
+"Passworts gibt."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:160(emphasis)
+msgid "maximum password age"
+msgstr "Höchstalter des Passworts"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:162(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum password age is the number of days after which the user will "
+"have to change her password."
+msgstr ""
+"Das Höchstalter des Passworts ist die Anzahl von Tagen, nach welcher der "
+"Benutzer sein Passwort ändern muss."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"After this number of days is elapsed, the password may still be valid. The "
+"user should be asked to change her password the next time she will log in."
+msgstr ""
+"Auch nach Ablauf dieser Anzahl von Tagen bleibt das Passwort gültig. Der "
+"Benutzer wird bei der nächsten Anmeldung aufgefordert, sein Passwort zu "
+"ändern."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field means that there are no maximum password age, no password "
+"warning period, and no password inactivity period (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"Ein leeres Feld bedeutet, dass es kein Höchstalter für das Passwort, keine "
+"Vorwarnung und keine Dauer der Untätigkeit (siehe unten) gibt."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the maximum password age is lower than the minimum password age, the user "
+"cannot change her password."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn das Höchstalter niedriger als das Mindestalter eines Passworts ist, "
+"kann ein Benutzer sein Passwort nicht ändern."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:184(emphasis)
+msgid "password warning period"
+msgstr "Passwortvorwarndauer"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days before a password is going to expire (see the maximum "
+"password age above) during which the user should be warned."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Anzahl von Tagen, während welcher der Benutzer vorgewarnt wird, bevor "
+"sein Passwort abläuft (siehe das Höchstalter des Passworts)."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:192(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no password warning period."
+msgstr ""
+"Ein leeres Feld oder der Wert 0 bedeutet, dass es keine Vorwarnung gibt."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:200(emphasis)
+msgid "password inactivity period"
+msgstr "Dauer der fehlenden Verwendung des Passworts"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:203(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password has expired (see the maximum password "
+"age above) during which the password should still be accepted (and the user "
+"should update her password during the next login)."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Anzahl von Tagen, für die ein Benutzer sein Passwort, nachdem es "
+"abgelaufen ist (vergleiche oben das Höchstalter des Passworts), noch "
+"verwenden kann (und während des nächsten Logins ändern muss)."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:209(para)
+msgid ""
+"After expiration of the password and this expiration period is elapsed, no "
+"login is possible using the current user's password. The user should contact "
+"her administrator."
+msgstr ""
+"Nachdem das Passwort abgelaufen ist und auch die Dauer der Untätigkeit "
+"verstrichen ist, kann sich der Benutzer mit seinem Passwort nicht mehr "
+"anmelden. Er muss sich dann an den Administrator wenden."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field means that there are no enforcement of an inactivity period."
+msgstr ""
+"Ein leeres Feld bedeutet, dass es keine Höchstdauer zwischen Ablauf des "
+"Passworts und erneuter Anmeldung des Benutzers gibt."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:222(emphasis)
+msgid "account expiration date"
+msgstr "Datum des Verfalls des Kontos"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:225(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date of expiration of the account, expressed as the number of days since "
+"Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+"Das Datum, an dem das Konto verfällt, wird als Anzahl der Tage seit dem 1. "
+"Januar 1970 ausgedrückt."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:229(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Note that an account expiration differs from a password expiration. In "
+#| "case of an acount expiration, the user shall not be allowed to login. In "
+#| "case of a password expiration, the user is not allowed to login using her "
+#| "password."
+msgid ""
+"Note that an account expiration differs from a password expiration. In case "
+"of an account expiration, the user shall not be allowed to login. In case of "
+"a password expiration, the user is not allowed to login using her password."
+msgstr ""
+"Beachten Sie, dass der Verfall eines Kontos sich von dem Ablaufen eines "
+"Passworts unterscheidet. Im ersteren Fall kann sich der Benutzer nicht mehr "
+"anmelden. Im letzteren Fall kann sich der Benutzer nur nicht mehr mit seinem "
+"(alten) Passwort anmelden."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:235(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that the account will never expire."
+msgstr "Ein leeres Feld bedeutet, dass das Konto nicht verfallen wird."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 should not be used as it is interpreted as either an account "
+"with no expiration, or as an expiration on Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Wert 0 sollte nicht verwendet werden, weil er sowohl bedeuten kann, dass "
+"das Konto nicht verfällt als auch, dass das Konto bereits am 1. Januar 1970 "
+"verfallen ist."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:246(emphasis)
+msgid "reserved field"
+msgstr "reserviertes Feld"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:248(para)
+msgid "This field is reserved for future use."
+msgstr "Dieses Feld ist für zukünftigen Gebrauch reserviert."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:270(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shadow-"
+msgstr "/etc/shadow-"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:272(para)
+msgid "Backup file for /etc/shadow."
+msgstr "Sicherungskopie von /etc/shadow"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:273(para) passwd.5.xml:178(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that this file is used by the tools of the shadow toolsuite, but not by "
+"all user and password management tools."
+msgstr ""
+"Beachten Sie, dass diese Datei von Werkzeugen der Shadow-Werkzeugsammlung "
+"verwendet wird, aber nicht von allen sonstigen Programmen zur Benutzer- und "
+"Passwortverwaltung."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:284(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "Library Calls"
+msgstr "Bibliotheksaufrufe"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:65(refname)
+msgid "getspnam"
+msgstr "getspnam"
+
+# SB: Übersetzung iO?
+#: shadow.3.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "encrypted password file routines"
+msgstr "Routinen für die Datei, die die verschlüsselten Passwörter enthält"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:70(title)
+msgid "SYNTAX"
+msgstr "SYNTAX"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:72(emphasis)
+msgid "#include &lt;shadow.h&gt;"
+msgstr "#include &lt;shadow.h&gt;"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:76(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *getspent();"
+msgstr "struct spwd *getspent();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:80(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *getspnam(char"
+msgstr "truct spwd *getspnam(char"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:81(emphasis)
+msgid "*name"
+msgstr "*name"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:81(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:94(emphasis)
+#: shadow.3.xml:99(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:105(emphasis)
+msgid ");"
+msgstr ");"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:85(emphasis)
+msgid "void setspent();"
+msgstr "void setspent();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:89(emphasis)
+msgid "void endspent();"
+msgstr "void endspent();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:93(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *fgetspent(FILE"
+msgstr "struct spwd *fgetspent(FILE"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:94(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:105(emphasis)
+msgid "*fp"
+msgstr "*fp"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:98(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *sgetspent(char"
+msgstr "struct spwd *sgetspent(char"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:99(emphasis)
+msgid "*cp"
+msgstr "*cp"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:103(emphasis)
+msgid "int putspent(struct spwd"
+msgstr "int putspent(struct spwd"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:104(emphasis)
+msgid "*p,"
+msgstr "*p,"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:104(emphasis)
+msgid "FILE"
+msgstr "DATEIEN"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:109(emphasis)
+msgid "int lckpwdf();"
+msgstr "int lckpwdf();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:113(emphasis)
+msgid "int ulckpwdf();"
+msgstr "int ulckpwdf();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:119(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> manipulates the contents of the "
+"shadow password file, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. The structure in the "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">#include</emphasis> file is:"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> verändert den Inhalt der Shadow-"
+"Passwort-Datei <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. Der Aufbau der Datei "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">#include</emphasis> ist:"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:124(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"struct spwd {\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_namp; /* user login name */\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_lstchg; /* last password change */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_min; /* days until change allowed. */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_max; /* days before change required */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_inact; /* days before account inactive */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_expire; /* date when account expires */\n"
+"      unsigned long int\tsp_flag; /* reserved for future use */\n"
+"}\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"struct spwd {\n"
+"      char  *sp_namp; /* Anmeldename des Benutzers */\n"
+"      char  *sp_pwdp; /* verschlüsseltes Passwort */\n"
+"      long int  sp_lstchg; /* letzte Änderung des Passworts */\n"
+"      long int  sp_min; /* Tage, ehe Änderung erlaubt ist */\n"
+"      long int  sp_max; /* Tage, bis Änderung erfolgen muss */\n"
+"      long int  sp_warn; /* Tage für Warnung vor Verfall */\n"
+"      long int  sp_inact; /* Tage, ehe Konto inaktiv wird */\n"
+"      long int  sp_expire; /* Datum, an dem Konto abgeschaltet wird */\n"
+"      unsigned long int  sp_flag; /* reserviert für zukünftigen Gebrauch*/\n"
+"}\n"
+"    "
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The meanings of each field are:"
+msgstr "Die Bedeutung dieser Felder ist:"
+
+# SB: Übersetzung von 'null-terminated'?
+#: shadow.3.xml:139(para)
+msgid "sp_namp - pointer to null-terminated user name"
+msgstr "sp_namp - Verweis auf Benutzername, der mit einer Null endet"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:142(para)
+msgid "sp_pwdp - pointer to null-terminated password"
+msgstr "sp_pwdp - Verweis auf Passwort, das mit einer Null endet"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:145(para)
+msgid "sp_lstchg - days since Jan 1, 1970 password was last changed"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_lstchg - Anzahl der Tage gerechnet ab dem 1. Januar 1970, seitdem das "
+"Passwort das letzte Mal geändert wurde"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:148(para)
+msgid "sp_min - days before which password may not be changed"
+msgstr "sp_min - Anzahl der Tage, ehe das Passwort nicht geändert werden darf"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:151(para)
+msgid "sp_max - days after which password must be changed"
+msgstr "sp_max - Anzahl der Tage, nach denen das Passwort geändert werden muss"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:154(para)
+msgid ""
+"sp_warn - days before password is to expire that user is warned of pending "
+"password expiration"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_warn - Anzahl der Tage ehe das Passwort verfällt, an denen der Benutzer "
+"vor dem Verfall gewarnt wird"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"sp_inact - days after password expires that account is considered inactive "
+"and disabled"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_inact - Anzahl der Tage nach dem Verfall des Passworts, nach denen das "
+"Konto als inaktiv angesehen und abgeschaltet wird"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:164(para)
+msgid "sp_expire - days since Jan 1, 1970 when account will be disabled"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_expire - Anzahl Tage gerechnet ab dem 1. Januar 1970, für die das Konto "
+"abgeschaltet ist"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:167(para)
+msgid "sp_flag - reserved for future use"
+msgstr "sp_flag - für zukünftigen Gebrauch reserviert"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>getspent</emphasis>, <emphasis>getspname</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis>, and <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> each "
+"return a pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis>. <emphasis>getspent</"
+"emphasis> returns the next entry from the file, and <emphasis>fgetspent</"
+"emphasis> returns the next entry from the given stream, which is assumed to "
+"be a file of the proper format. <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> returns a "
+"pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis> using the provided string as "
+"input. <emphasis>getspnam</emphasis> searches from the current position in "
+"the file for an entry matching <emphasis>name</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>getspent</emphasis>, <emphasis>getspname</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis> und <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> geben "
+"einen Verweis auf <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis> zurück. "
+"<emphasis>getspent</emphasis> gibt den nächsten Eintrag der Datei zurück. "
+"<emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis> gibt den nächsten Eintrag im angegebenen "
+"Datenstrom zurück, für den angenommen wird, dass es sich dabei um eine Datei "
+"im zulässigen Format handelt. <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> gibt einen "
+"Verweis auf einen <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis> zurück, wobei die "
+"angegebene Zeichenkette als Eingabe verwendet wird. <emphasis>getspnam</"
+"emphasis> sucht ab der aktuellen Position in der Datei nach einem Eintrag, "
+"der mit <emphasis>name</emphasis> übereinstimmt."
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>setspent</emphasis> and <emphasis>endspent</emphasis> may be used "
+"to begin and end, respectively, access to the shadow password file."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>setspent</emphasis> und <emphasis>endspent</emphasis> können "
+"verwendet werden, um den Zugriff auf die Shadow-Passwort-Datei zu beginnen "
+"oder zu beenden."
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:194(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> and <emphasis>ulckpwdf</emphasis> routines "
+"should be used to insure exclusive access to the <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> file. <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> attempts to acquire a lock "
+"using <emphasis>pw_lock</emphasis> for up to 15 seconds. It continues by "
+"attempting to acquire a second lock using <emphasis>spw_lock</emphasis> for "
+"the remainder of the initial 15 seconds. Should either attempt fail after a "
+"total of 15 seconds, <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> returns -1. When both "
+"locks are acquired 0 is returned."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Routinen <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> und <emphasis>ulckpwdf</emphasis> "
+"sollten eingesetzt werden, da so sichergestellt werden kann, dass exlusiv "
+"auf die Datei <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> zugegriffen wird. "
+"<emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> versucht, eine Sperre durch <emphasis>pw_lock</"
+"emphasis> für bis zu 15 Sekunden zu erhalten. Dann versucht es, eine zweite "
+"Sperre durch <emphasis>spw_lock</emphasis> für den Rest der 15 Sekunden zu "
+"erhalten. Sollte einer der beiden Versuche nach insgesamt 15 Sekunden "
+"scheitern, gibt <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> -1 zurück. Wurden beide Sperren "
+"erhalten, wird 0 zurückgegeben."
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:209(para)
+msgid ""
+"Routines return NULL if no more entries are available or if an error occurs "
+"during processing. Routines which have <emphasis>int</emphasis> as the "
+"return value return 0 for success and -1 for failure."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn kein weiterer Eintrag vorhanden ist oder während der Verarbeitung ein "
+"Fehler auftritt, geben die Routinen NULL zurück. Routinen, die "
+"<emphasis>int</emphasis> als Rückgabewert haben, geben im Erfolgsfall 0 und "
+"beim Scheitern -1 zurück."
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"These routines may only be used by the superuser as access to the shadow "
+"password file is restricted."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Routinen können nur von Root verwendet werden, da der Zugriff auf die "
+"Shadow-Passwort-Datei beschränkt ist."
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:239(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) pwconv.8.xml:70(refname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:79(command) login.defs.5.xml:439(term)
+msgid "pwconv"
+msgstr "pwconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:71(refname) pwconv.8.xml:85(command) login.defs.5.xml:448(term)
+msgid "pwunconv"
+msgstr "pwunconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:72(refname) pwconv.8.xml:91(command) login.defs.5.xml:344(term)
+msgid "grpconv"
+msgstr "grpconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:73(refname) pwconv.8.xml:97(command) login.defs.5.xml:350(term)
+msgid "grpunconv"
+msgstr "grpunconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:74(refpurpose)
+msgid "convert to and from shadow passwords and groups"
+msgstr "konvertiert zu oder von Shadow-Passwörtern und -gruppen"
+
+# SB: Translation ok?
+#: pwconv.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</"
+"emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> and an optionally "
+"existing <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>pwconv</command> erstellt eine <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">shadow</emphasis>-Datei aus einer <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis>-"
+"Datei und gegebenenfalls aus einer bereits vorhandenen <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">shadow</emphasis>-Datei."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> does not work with <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"enabled. To convert to tcb passwords, you should first use <command>pwconv</"
+"command> to convert to shadowed passwords by disabling <option>USE_TCB</"
+"option> in <filename>login.defs</filename> and then convert to tcb password "
+"using <command>tcb_convert</command> (and re-enable <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"in <filename>login.defs</filename>.)"
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> funktioniert nicht, wenn <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"aktiviert ist. Um zu Tcb-Passwörtern zu konvertieren, sollten Sie zuerst mit "
+"<command>pwconv</command> zu Shadowed-Passwörtern konvertieren, wobei Sie in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename> <option>USE_TCB</option> deaktivieren, und "
+"anschließend mit <command>tcb_convert</command> zu Tcb-Passwörtern "
+"konvertieren. Schließlich können Sie <option>USE_TCB</option> in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename> reaktivieren."
+
+# SB: Translation ok?
+#: pwconv.8.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwunconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">passwd</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> and "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">shadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>pwunconv</command> erstellt eine <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">passwd</emphasis>-Datei aus einer <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</"
+"emphasis>- und <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>-Datei und entfernt "
+"anschließend die<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>-Datei."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwunconv</command> does not work with <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"enabled. You should first switch back from tcb to shadowed passwords using "
+"<command>tcb_unconvert</command>, and then disable <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"in <filename>login.defs</filename> before using <command>pwunconv</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwunconv</command> funktioniert nicht, wenn <option>USE_TCB</"
+"option> aktiviert ist. Sie sollten zuerst mit <command>tcb_unconvert</"
+"command> von tcb- zu shadowed-Passwörtern wechseln und anschließend vor der "
+"Verwendung von  <command>pwunconv</command> <option>USE_TCB</option> in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename> deaktivieren."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> and an "
+"optionally existing <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>grconv</command> erstellt eine <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis>-Datei aus einer <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis>-"
+"Datei und gegebenenfalls aus einer bereits vorhandenen <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis>-Datei."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpunconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">group</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> and "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>grpunconv</command> erstellt eine <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">group</emphasis>-Datei aus einer <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis>- "
+"und <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>-Datei und entfernt anschließend "
+"die <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>-Datei."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid ""
+"These four programs all operate on the normal and shadow password and group "
+"files: <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>, <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese vier Programme funktionieren mit der normalen und der Shadow-"
+"Passwortdatei und den Gruppendateien: <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>, "
+"<filename>/etc/group</filename>, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> und "
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each program acquires the necessary locks before conversion. "
+"<command>pwconv</command> and <command>grpconv</command> are similar. First, "
+"entries in the shadowed file which don't exist in the main file are removed. "
+"Then, shadowed entries which don't have `x' as the password in the main file "
+"are updated. Any missing shadowed entries are added. Finally, passwords in "
+"the main file are replaced with `x'. These programs can be used for initial "
+"conversion as well to update the shadowed file if the main file is edited by "
+"hand."
+msgstr ""
+"Jedes dieser Programme erzeugt vor der Konvertierung die notwendigen "
+"Sperren. <command>pwconv</command> und <command>grpconv</command> sind "
+"vergleichbar. Zuerst werden die Einträge aus der Shadow-Datei entfernt, die "
+"nicht in der Hauptdatei enthalten sind. Anschließend werden die Einträge in "
+"der Shadow-Datei aktualisiert, die kein »x« als Passwort haben. Zuletzt "
+"werden die Passwörter in der Hauptdatei durch »x« ersetzt. Diese Programme "
+"können für eine erstmalige Konvertierung genutzt werden als auch, um die "
+"Shadow-Datei zu aktualisieren, falls die Hauptdatei von Hand bearbeitet "
+"wurde."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> will use the values of <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">PASS_MIN_DAYS</emphasis>, <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_MAX_DAYS</emphasis>, "
+"and <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_WARN_AGE</emphasis> from <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename> when adding new entries to <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> verwendet die Werte <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">PASS_MIN_DAYS</emphasis>, <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_MAX_DAYS</emphasis> "
+"und <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_WARN_AGE</emphasis> aus <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>, wenn neue Einträge zu <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> "
+"hinzugefügt werden."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"Likewise <command>pwunconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</command> are "
+"similar. Passwords in the main file are updated from the shadowed file. "
+"Entries which exist in the main file but not in the shadowed file are left "
+"alone. Finally, the shadowed file is removed. Some password aging "
+"information is lost by <command>pwunconv</command>. It will convert what it "
+"can."
+msgstr ""
+"Ebenfalls sind die Befehle <command>pwunconv</command> und "
+"<command>grpunconv</command> ähnlich. Passwörter in der Hauptdatei werden "
+"durch die Shadow-Datei aktualisiert. Einträge, welche in der Hauptdatei, "
+"aber nicht in der Shadow-Datei vorhanden sind, bleiben unberührt. Zuletzt "
+"wird die Shadow-Datei gelöscht. Eine Information für den Verfall von "
+"Passwörtern geht durch <command>pwunconv</command> verloren. Es wird aber so "
+"viel wie möglich umgewandelt."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>pwconv</command>, <command>pwunconv</"
+"command>, <command>grpconv</command>, and <command>grpunconv</command> "
+"commands are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die von den Befehlen <command>pwconv</command>, "
+"<command>pwunconv</command>, <command>grpconv</command> und "
+"<command>grpunconv</command> unterstützt werden, sind:"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:217(para)
+msgid ""
+"Errors in the password or group files (such as invalid or duplicate entries) "
+"may cause these programs to loop forever or fail in other strange ways. "
+"Please run <command>pwck</command> and <command>grpck</command> to correct "
+"any such errors before converting to or from shadow passwords or groups."
+msgstr ""
+"Fehler in der Passwort- oder Gruppendatei (wie z.B. ungültige oder doppelte "
+"Einträge) können zu Endlosschleifen oder anderen seltsamen Fehlern führen. "
+"Sie sollten daher <command>pwck</command> und <command>grpck</command> "
+"ausführen, um solche Fehler zu entfernen, bevor Sie von oder zu Shadow-"
+"Passwörtern oder -gruppen umwandeln."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:228(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"changes the behavior of <command>grpconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</"
+"command>:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die folgende Konfigurationsvariablen in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"beeinflussen das Verhalten von <command>grpconv</command> und "
+"<command>grpunconv</command>:"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:236(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> change the behavior of <command>pwconv</command>:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die folgenden Konfigurationsvariablen in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> beeinflussen das Verhalten von <command>pwconv</command>:"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:263(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"tcb\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_convert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_unconvert</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"tcb\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_convert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_unconvert</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:47(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:43(contrib) grpck.8.xml:42(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1992"
+msgstr "ursprünglicher Autor, 1992"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) pwck.8.xml:70(refname) pwck.8.xml:76(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:430(term)
+msgid "pwck"
+msgstr "pwck"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:71(refpurpose)
+msgid "verify integrity of password files"
+msgstr "überprüft die Stimmigkeit der Passwortdateien"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:80(replaceable) passwd.5.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: passwd.5.xml:64(refname) passwd.1.xml:64(refentrytitle)
+#: passwd.1.xml:71(refname) passwd.1.xml:77(command) login.defs.5.xml:419(term)
+msgid "passwd"
+msgstr "passwd"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:93(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwck</command> command verifies the integrity of the users and "
+"authentication information. It checks that all entries in <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">(or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>, when <option>USE_TCB</"
+"option> is enabled)</phrase> have the proper format and contain valid data. "
+"The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or "
+"which have other uncorrectable errors."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>pwck</command> überprüft die Stimmigkeit der Benutzer- "
+"und Authentifizierungsdaten. Alle Einträge in <filename>/etc/passwd</"
+"filename> und <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb\"> "
+"(oder die Dateien in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>, falls <option>USE_TCB</"
+"option> aktiviert ist)</phrase> werden darauf überprüft, ob der Eintrag das "
+"richtige Format hat und gültige Daten enthält. Der Benutzer wird "
+"aufgefordert, Einträge zu löschen, die falsch formatiert sind oder andere "
+"unbehebbare Fehler enthalten."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:105(para) grpck.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "Checks are made to verify that each entry has:"
+msgstr "Es wird überprüft, ob jeder Eintrag folgende Eigenschaften aufweist:"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:108(para) grpck.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid "the correct number of fields"
+msgstr "die richtige Anzahl von Feldern"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid "a unique and valid user name"
+msgstr "einen eindeutigen und gültigen Benutzernamen"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "a valid user and group identifier"
+msgstr "eine gültige Benutzer- und Gruppenkennung"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid "a valid primary group"
+msgstr "eine gültige Hauptgruppe"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "a valid home directory"
+msgstr "ein gültiges Home-Verzeichnis"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:123(para)
+msgid "a valid login shell"
+msgstr "eine gültige Anmelde-Shell"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> checks are enabled when a second file parameter "
+"is specified or when <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> exists on the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Eine Überprüfung von <filename>shadow</filename> findet statt, wenn ein "
+"zweiter Parameter angegeben wird oder auf dem System <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename>  existiert."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:132(para)
+msgid "These checks are the following:"
+msgstr "Diese Tests umfassen Folgendes:"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"every passwd entry has a matching shadow entry, and every shadow entry has a "
+"matching passwd entry"
+msgstr ""
+"ob jedem Eintrag in passwd ein Eintrag in shadow entspricht und umgekehrt"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:143(para)
+msgid "passwords are specified in the shadowed file"
+msgstr "ob die Passwörter in der Shadow-Datei niedergelegt sind"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:146(para)
+msgid "shadow entries have the correct number of fields"
+msgstr "ob die shadow-Einträge die richtige Anzahl von Feldern haben"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "shadow entries are unique in shadow"
+msgstr "ob die Shadow-Einträge in shadow eindeutig sind"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "the last password changes are not in the future"
+msgstr "dass das Datum der letzten Passwortänderung nicht in der Zukunft liegt"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"The checks for correct number of fields and unique user name are fatal. If "
+"the entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to "
+"delete the entire line. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all "
+"further checks are bypassed. An entry with a duplicated user name is "
+"prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made. All "
+"other errors are warning and the user is encouraged to run the "
+"<command>usermod</command> command to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+"Fehler bei der Überprüfung der richtigen Anzahl der Felder und des "
+"eindeutigen Benutzernames sind schwerwiegend. Wenn ein Eintrag die falsche "
+"Anzahl von Feldern ausweist, wird der Benutzer aufgefordert, die gesamte "
+"Zeile zu löschen. Wenn dies der Benutzer ablehnt, werden alle weiteren Tests "
+"ausgelassen. Bei einem Eintrag mit einem mehrfach verwendeten Benutzernamen "
+"wird der Benutzer aufgefordert, diesen Eintrag zu löschen. Sollte er dies "
+"ablehnen, werden dennoch die übrigen Test ausgeführt. Bei allen anderen "
+"Fehlern wird eine Warnung abgegeben und der Benutzer aufgefordert, den "
+"Fehler mittels des Befehls <command>usermod</command> zu beheben."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file are "
+"not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries. <command>pwck</command> "
+"should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entry."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Befehle, welche die Datei <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> bearbeiten, "
+"können falsche oder doppelte Einträge nicht verändern. In solchen Fällen "
+"sollte <command>pwck</command> verwendet werden, um den betreffenden Eintrag "
+"zu entfernen."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:177(para) grpck.8.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>-r</option> and <option>-s</option> options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen <option>-r</option> und <option>-s</option> können nicht "
+"zusammen verwendet werden."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>pwck</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>pwck</command> unterstützt werden, "
+"sind:"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"Report errors only. The warnings which do not require any action from the "
+"user won't be displayed."
+msgstr ""
+"meldet nur Fehler. Warnungen, die keine Handlung des Benutzers erfordern, "
+"werden nicht angezeigt"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:211(term) grpck.8.xml:163(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--read-only</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--read-only</option>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:213(para)
+msgid "Execute the <command>pwck</command> command in read-only mode."
+msgstr "führt den Befehl <command>pwck</command> im Modus Nur-Lesen aus"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:231(term) grpck.8.xml:185(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:233(para)
+msgid ""
+"Sort entries in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> by UID."
+msgstr ""
+"ordnet die Einträge in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> und <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename> nach der UID"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:237(para)
+msgid "This option has no effect when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Option ist wirkungslos, wenn <option>USE_TCB</option> aktiviert ist."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:244(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, <command>pwck</command> operates on the files <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\"> (or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>)</phrase>. The user may "
+"select alternate files with the <replaceable>passwd</replaceable> and "
+"<replaceable>shadow</replaceable> parameters."
+msgstr ""
+"Standardmäßig bearbeitet <command>pwck</command> die Dateien <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> und <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\"> (oder die Dateien in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>)</phrase>. Der "
+"Benutzer kann andere Dateien mit den Parametern <replaceable>passwd</"
+"replaceable> und <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> auswählen."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:253(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Note that when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled, you cannot specify an "
+#| "alternative <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> file. In future releases, "
+#| "this paramater could be replaced by an alternate TCB directory."
+msgid ""
+"Note that when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled, you cannot specify an "
+"alternative <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> file. In future releases, this "
+"parameter could be replaced by an alternate TCB directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Hinweis: Wenn <option>USE_TCB</option> aktiviert ist, können Sie keine "
+"andere <replaceable>shadow</replaceable>-Datei angeben. In zukünftigen  "
+"Versionen kann dieser Parameter durch ein anderes TCB-Verzeichnis ersetzt "
+"werden."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:322(para)
+msgid "one or more bad password entries"
+msgstr "ein oder mehrere fehlerhafte Passworteinträge"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:328(para)
+msgid "can't open password files"
+msgstr "Die Passwortdatei kann nicht geöffnet werden."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:334(para)
+msgid "can't lock password files"
+msgstr "Die Passwortdatei kann nicht gesperret werden."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:340(para)
+msgid "can't update password files"
+msgstr "Die Passwortdatei kann nicht aktualisieren werden."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:346(para)
+msgid "can't sort password files"
+msgstr "Die Passwortdatei kann nicht sortieren werden."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:304(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwck</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>pwck</command> gibt beim Beenden folgende Werte zurück: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:355(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) porttime.5.xml:64(refname)
+msgid "porttime"
+msgstr "porttime"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "port access time file"
+msgstr "Datei für zeitlich begrenzten Zugang zu Ports"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">porttime</emphasis> contains a list of tty devices, "
+"user names, and permitted login times."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">porttime</emphasis> enthält eine Liste von tty-"
+"Geräten, Benutzernamen und zulässigen Anmeldezeiten."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:75(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each entry consists of three colon separated fields. The first field is a "
+"comma separated list of tty devices, or an asterisk to indicate that all tty "
+"devices are matched by this entry. The second field is a comma separated "
+"list of user names, or an asterisk to indicated that all user names are "
+"matched by this entry. The third field is a comma separated list of "
+"permitted access times."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeder Eintrag besteht aus drei Feldern, die durch Doppelpunkte getrennt "
+"sind. Das erste Feld enthält eine Liste von tty-Geräten, die durch Kommata "
+"getrennt sind, oder einen Stern, was bedeutet, dass dieser Eintrag auf alle "
+"tty-Geräte zutrifft. Das zweite Feld enthält eine Liste von Benutzernamen, "
+"die durch Kommata getrennt sind, oder einen Stern, was bedeutet, dass dieser "
+"Eintrag auf alle Benutzernamen zutrifft. Das dritte Feld ist eine Liste von "
+"Anmeldezeiten, die durch Kommata getrennt sind."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each access time entry consists of zero or more days of the week, "
+"abbreviated <emphasis>Su</emphasis>, <emphasis>Mo</emphasis>, <emphasis>Tu</"
+"emphasis>, <emphasis>We</emphasis>, <emphasis>Th</emphasis>, <emphasis>Fr</"
+"emphasis>, and <emphasis>Sa</emphasis>, followed by a pair of times "
+"separated by a hyphen. The abbreviation <emphasis>Wk</emphasis> may be used "
+"to represent Monday thru Friday, and <emphasis>Al</emphasis> may be used to "
+"indicate every day. If no days are given, <emphasis>Al</emphasis> is assumed."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeder Zeiteintrag kann aus einem oder mehreren Wochentagen bestehen, die mit "
+"<emphasis>Su</emphasis>, <emphasis>Mo</emphasis>, <emphasis>Tu</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>We</emphasis>, <emphasis>Th</emphasis>, <emphasis>Fr</emphasis> "
+"und <emphasis>Sa</emphasis> abgekürzt werden. Danach folgt die Angabe von "
+"zwei Uhrzeiten, die durch einen Bindestrich getrennt sind. Mit der Abkürzung "
+"<emphasis>Wk</emphasis> wird Montag bis Freitag bezeichnet. Mit "
+"<emphasis>Al</emphasis> wird jeder Tag gewählt. Falls keine Tage angegeben "
+"werden, wird <emphasis>Al</emphasis> angenommen."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:98(title)
+msgid "EXAMPLES"
+msgstr "BEISPIELE"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entry allows access to user <emphasis remap=\"B\">jfh</"
+"emphasis> on every port during weekdays from 9am to 5pm."
+msgstr ""
+"Der folgende Eintrag erlaubt dem Benutzer <emphasis remap=\"B\">jfh</"
+"emphasis> Zugriff auf jeden Port während Werktagen von 9 bis 17 Uhr."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:105(para)
+msgid "*:jfh:Wk0900-1700"
+msgstr "*:jfh:Wk0900-1700"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entries allow access only to the users <emphasis>root</"
+"emphasis> and <emphasis>oper</emphasis> on <filename>/dev/console</filename> "
+"at any time. This illustrates how the <filename>/etc/porttime</filename> "
+"file is an ordered list of access times. Any other user would match the "
+"second entry which does not permit access at any time."
+msgstr ""
+"Die folgenden Einträge erlauben nur den Benutzern <emphasis>root</emphasis> "
+"und <emphasis>oper</emphasis> jederzeit Zugriff auf <filename>/dev/console</"
+"filename>. Hier ist auch ersichtlich, dass <filename>/etc/porttime</"
+"filename> eine geordnete Liste der Zugriffszeiten ist. Jeder andere Benutzer "
+"fällt unter den zweiten Eintrag, welcher Zugriff zu keiner Zeit erlaubt."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:116(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      console:root,oper:Al0000-2400\n"
+"      console:*:\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      console:root,oper:Al0000-2400\n"
+"      console:*:\n"
+"    "
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entry allows access for the user <emphasis>games</emphasis> on "
+"any port during non-working hours."
+msgstr ""
+"Der folgende Eintrag erlaubt dem Benutzer <emphasis>games</emphasis> Zugriff "
+"auf jeden Port außerhalb von Arbeitszeiten."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:126(para)
+msgid "*:games:Wk1700-0900,SaSu0000-2400"
+msgstr "*:games:Wk1700-0900,SaSu0000-2400"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:133(filename) logoutd.8.xml:92(filename)
+msgid "/etc/porttime"
+msgstr "/etc/porttime"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:135(para) logoutd.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "File containing port access."
+msgstr "Datei, die den Port-Zugriff enthält."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:143(para) login.access.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "the password file"
+msgstr "die Passwortdatei"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> contains one line for each user account, "
+"with seven fields delimited by colons (<quote>:</quote>). These fields are:"
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> enthält einen Eintrag pro Benutzerkonto, "
+"wobei jeder Eintrag sieben Felder besitzt, die durch Doppelpunkt (<quote>:</"
+"quote>) getrennt sind. Diese Felder sind:"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid "optional encrypted password"
+msgstr "optional verschlüsseltes Passwort"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "numerical user ID"
+msgstr "numerische Benutzer-ID"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "numerical group ID"
+msgstr "numerische Gruppen-ID"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "user name or comment field"
+msgstr "Benutzername oder Kommentarfeld"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:93(para)
+msgid "user home directory"
+msgstr "Home-Verzeichnis des Benutzers"
+
+# SB: Übersetzung von "command interpreter"?
+#: passwd.5.xml:96(para)
+msgid "optional user command interpreter"
+msgstr "optional Befehlsinterpreter des Benutzers"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field is a lower-case <quote>x</quote>, "
+"then the encrypted password is actually stored in the "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> file instead; there <emphasis>must</emphasis> be a "
+"corresponding line in the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file, or else the "
+"user account is invalid."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:109(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to "
+#| "authenticate as the specified login name. However, some applications "
+#| "which read the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file may decide not to "
+#| "permit any access at all if the password field is empty."
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted <emphasis>password</emphasis> field may be empty, in which "
+"case no password is required to authenticate as the specified login name. "
+"However, some applications which read the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+"file may decide not to permit <emphasis>any</emphasis> access at all if the "
+"<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is blank."
+msgstr ""
+"Dieses Feld kann leer bleiben. In diesem Fall kann sich der angegebene "
+"Benutzer ohne Passwort anmelden. Möglicherweise verweigern Anwendungen, "
+"welche die Datei <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> auswerten, dennoch den "
+"Zugang, wenn das Passwortfeld leer ist."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:118(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "A password field which starts with a exclamation mark means that the "
+#| "password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the "
+#| "password field before the password was locked."
+msgid ""
+"A <emphasis>password</emphasis> field which starts with an exclamation mark "
+"means that the password is locked. The remaining characters on the line "
+"represent the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field before the password was "
+"locked."
+msgstr ""
+"Ein Passwortfeld, das mit einem Ausrufezeichen beginnt, führt dazu, dass das "
+"Passwort gesperrt ist. Die übrigen Zeichen sind das Passwort vor der "
+"Sperrung."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"Das Kommentarfeld wird von verschiedenen Systemprogrammen wie z.B. "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> ausgewertet."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:144(para)
+msgid ""
+"The home directory field provides the name of the initial working directory. "
+"The <command>login</command> program uses this information to set the value "
+"of the <envar>$HOME</envar> environmental variable."
+msgstr ""
+"Das Feld für das Home-Verzeichnis gibt den Namen für das anfängliche "
+"Arbeitsverzeichnis an. Das Programm <command>login</command> benutzt diese "
+"Information, um den Wert der Umgebungsvariable <envar>$HOME</envar> zu "
+"setzen."
+
+# SB: Übersetzung von "command language interpreter"?
+#: passwd.5.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"The command interpreter field provides the name of the user's command "
+"language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute. The "
+"<command>login</command> program uses this information to set the value of "
+"the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environmental variable. If this field is empty, it "
+"defaults to the value <filename>/bin/sh</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Das Feld für den Befehlsinterpreter enthält den Namen des Befehlssprachen-"
+"Interpreters des Benutzers oder den Namen des Programms, das zuerst "
+"ausgeführt werden soll. Das Programm <command>login</command> benutzt diese "
+"Information, um den Wert der Umgebungsvariable <envar>$SHELL</envar> zu "
+"setzen. Falls dieses Feld leer ist, wird ihm standardmäßig der Wert "
+"<filename>/bin/sh</filename> zugewiesen."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:171(para)
+msgid "optional encrypted password file"
+msgstr "optionale Datei für verschlüsseltes Passwort"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:175(filename)
+msgid "/etc/passwd-"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd-"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:177(para)
+msgid "Backup file for /etc/passwd."
+msgstr "Sicherungskopie von /etc/passwd"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:189(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:72(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user password"
+msgstr "ändert das Passwort eines Benutzers"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:89(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>passwd</command> command changes passwords for user accounts. A "
+"normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the "
+"superuser may change the password for any account. <command>passwd</command> "
+"also changes the account or associated password validity period."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>passwd</command> ändert die Passwörter von "
+"Benutzerkonten. Ein normaler Benutzer kann nur das Passwort seines Kontos "
+"verändern, der Superuser dagegen kann die Passwörter aller Konten ändern. "
+"Mit <command>passwd</command> können auch die Informationen über das Konto "
+"und die Gültigkeitsdauer des Passworts verändert werden."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:98(title)
+msgid "Password Changes"
+msgstr "Verändern des Passworts"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is first prompted for their old password, if one is present. This "
+"password is then encrypted and compared against the stored password. The "
+"user has only one chance to enter the correct password. The superuser is "
+"permitted to bypass this step so that forgotten passwords may be changed."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Benutzer wird zuerst nach seinem alten Passwort gefragt, falls eines "
+"vorhanden ist. Dieses Passwort wird dann verschlüsselt und mit dem "
+"gespeicherten Passwort verglichen. Der Benutzer hat nur eine Gelegenheit, "
+"das richtige Passwort einzugeben. Der Superuser kann diesen Schritt "
+"überspringen, um so vergessene Passwörter zu ändern."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked "
+"to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time. If not, "
+"<command>passwd</command> refuses to change the password and exits."
+msgstr ""
+"Nachdem das Passwort eingegeben wurde, werden Informationen über die "
+"Gültigkeitsdauer des Passworts abgefragt, um festzustellen, ob der Benutzer "
+"das Passwort zu dieser Zeit verändern darf. Wenn nicht, lehnt "
+"<command>passwd</command> die Änderung des Passworts ab und beendet sich."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is then prompted twice for a replacement password. The second entry "
+"is compared against the first and both are required to match in order for "
+"the password to be changed."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Benutzer wird dann aufgefordert, zweimal ein neues Passwort einzugeben. "
+"Beide Eingaben werden miteinander verglichen. Sie müssen übereinstimmen, "
+"damit das Passwort geändert wird."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:120(para)
+msgid ""
+"Then, the password is tested for complexity. As a general guideline, "
+"passwords should consist of 6 to 8 characters including one or more "
+"characters from each of the following sets:"
+msgstr ""
+"Anschließend wird das Passwort auf seine Komplexität überprüft. Eine "
+"allgemeine Richtlinie besagt, dass Passwörter aus sechs bis acht Zeichen "
+"bestehen sollten und ein oder mehrere Zeichen aus folgenden Mengen enthalten "
+"sollten:"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:128(para)
+msgid "lower case alphabetics"
+msgstr "Kleinbuchstaben"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:131(para)
+msgid "digits 0 thru 9"
+msgstr "Ziffern 0 bis 9"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:134(para)
+msgid "punctuation marks"
+msgstr "Satzzeichen"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill "
+"characters. <command>passwd</command> will reject any password which is not "
+"suitably complex."
+msgstr ""
+"Seien Sie vorsichtig, dass Sie nicht die standardmäßigen Lösch- und Kill-"
+"Zeichen des Systems eingeben. <command>passwd</command> weist Passwörter "
+"zurück, die nicht hinreichend komplex sind."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:147(title)
+msgid "Hints for user passwords"
+msgstr "Hinweise zu Benutzerpasswörtern"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption "
+"algorithm and the size of the key space. The legacy <emphasis>UNIX</"
+"emphasis> System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm. More "
+"recent methods are now recommended (see <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>). "
+"The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which "
+"is selected."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Sicherheit eines Passworts hängt von der Stärke des "
+"Verschlüsselungsalgorithmus und von der Größe des Schlüsselraums ab. Die "
+"hergebrachte Verschlüsselung auf <emphasis>UNIX</emphasis>-Systemen basiert "
+"auf dem NBS-DES-Algorithmus. Heutzutage sind neuere Verschlüsselungsmethoden "
+"zu empfehlen (vergleiche <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>). Die Größe des "
+"Schlüsselraums hängt von der Zufälligkeit des gewählten Passworts ab."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"Compromises in password security normally result from careless password "
+"selection or handling. For this reason, you should not select a password "
+"which appears in a dictionary or which must be written down. The password "
+"should also not be a proper name, your license number, birth date, or street "
+"address. Any of these may be used as guesses to violate system security."
+msgstr ""
+"Gefahren für die Sicherheit von Passwörtern kommen gewöhnlich von sorgloser "
+"Wahl oder Handhabung des Passworts. Daher sollten Sie kein Passwort wählen, "
+"das in einem Wörterbuch auftaucht oder das aufgeschrieben werden muss. Das "
+"Passwort sollte somit kein echter Name, Ihr Autokennzeichen, Geburtstag oder "
+"Ihre Adresse sein. All das kann dazu verwendet werden, das Passwort zu "
+"erraten, und stellt daher eine Gefahr für die Sicherheit Ihres Systems dar."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:166(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "You can find advices on how to choose a strong password on http://en."
+#| "wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength"
+msgid ""
+"You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en."
+"wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength"
+msgstr ""
+"Ratschläge, wie Sie ein sicheres Passwort wählen, finden Sie unter http://de."
+"wikipedia.org/wiki/Passwort#Wahl_von_sicheren_Passw.C3.B6rtern."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:175(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>passwd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>passwd</command> unterstützt werden, "
+"sind:"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:180(term) faillog.8.xml:96(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:184(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option can be used only with <option>-S</option> and causes show status "
+"for all users."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Option kann nur in Verbindung mit <option>-S</option> verwendet werden "
+"und führt dazu, dass der Status aller Benutzer angezeigt wird."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:191(term)
+msgid "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Delete a user's password (make it empty). This is a quick way to disable a "
+"password for an account. It will set the named account passwordless."
+msgstr ""
+"Löscht das Passwort eines Benutzers (macht es leer). Dies ist ein schneller "
+"Weg, um das Passwort eines Kontos zu deaktivieren. Dem Konto ist dann kein "
+"Passwort zugeordnet."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:203(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"Immediately expire an account's password. This in effect can force a user to "
+"change their password at the user's next login."
+msgstr ""
+"Lässt das Passwort eines Kontos sofort verfallen. Im Ergebnis kann damit "
+"erreicht werden, dass ein Benutzer beim nächsten Login das Passwort ändern "
+"muss."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:220(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INAKTIV</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is used to disable an account after the password has been "
+"expired for a number of days. After a user account has had an expired "
+"password for <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> days, the user may no "
+"longer sign on to the account."
+msgstr ""
+"Mit dieser Option wird ein Konto deaktiviert, nachdem das Passwort für eine "
+"bestimmte Anzahl von Tagen abgelaufen ist. Wenn ein Benutzerkonto ein "
+"abgelaufenes Passwort für länger als <replaceable>INAKTIV</replaceable> Tage "
+"hatte, kann sich der Benutzer nicht mehr auf diesem Konto anmelden."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:233(term)
+msgid "<option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option>"
+
+# FIXME: Übersetzung, die näher am Original ist (tokens). SB
+#: passwd.1.xml:237(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate password change should be performed only for expired authentication "
+"tokens (passwords). The user wishes to keep their non-expired tokens as "
+"before."
+msgstr ""
+"Zeigt an, dass nur abgelaufene Passwörter geändert werden sollen. Der "
+"Benutzer möchte seine gültigen Passwörter unverändert lassen."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:245(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:249(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock the password of the named account. This option disables a password by "
+"changing it to a value which matches no possible encrypted value (it adds a "
+"´!´ at the beginning of the password)."
+msgstr ""
+"Sperrt das Passwort des  bezeichneten Kontos. Die Option schaltet ein "
+"Passwort ab, indem es ihm einen Wert zuweist, der mit keinem möglichen "
+"verschlüsselten Wert übereinstimmen kann. Dies geschieht, indem ein »!« dem "
+"Passwort vorangestellt wird."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:255(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that this does not disable the account. The user may still be able to "
+"login using another authentication token (e.g. an SSH key). To disable the "
+"account, administrators should use <command>usermod --expiredate 1</command> "
+"(this set the account's expire date to Jan 2, 1970)."
+msgstr ""
+"Beachten Sie, dass damit nicht das Konto deaktiviert wird. Der Benutzer kann "
+"sich immer noch mit einer anderen Authentifizierungsmethode (etwa einem SSH-"
+"Schlüssel) anmelden. Um ein Konto abzuschalten, sollte der Administrator "
+"<command>usermod --expiredate 1</command> verwenden; dies setzt das "
+"Verfallsdatum des Kontos auf den 2. Januar 1970."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:262(para)
+msgid "Users with a locked password are not allowed to change their password."
+msgstr "Benutzer mit einem gesperrten Passwort können dieses nicht ändern."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:269(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_TAGE</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:273(para) chage.1.xml:174(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the minimum number of days between password changes to "
+"<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>. A value of zero for this field "
+"indicates that the user may change their password at any time."
+msgstr ""
+"Setzt die Anzahl von Tagen, die mindestens zwischen zwei Änderungen eines "
+"Passworts vergehen müssen, auf <replaceable>MIN_TAGE</replaceable>. Ein Wert "
+"von Null in diesem Feld bedeutet, dass der Benutzer sein Passwort jederzeit "
+"ändern darf."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:291(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--repository</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--repository</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DEPOT</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:295(para)
+msgid "change password in <replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable> repository"
+msgstr "ändert das Passwort im Depot <replaceable>DEPOT</replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:313(term)
+msgid "<option>-S</option>, <option>--status</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-S</option>, <option>--status</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:317(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display account status information. The status information consists of 7 "
+"fields. The first field is the user's login name. The second field indicates "
+"if the user account has a locked password (L), has no password (NP), or has "
+"a usable password (P). The third field gives the date of the last password "
+"change. The next four fields are the minimum age, maximum age, warning "
+"period, and inactivity period for the password. These ages are expressed in "
+"days."
+msgstr ""
+"Zeigt Informationen über den Kontostatus an. Die Statusinformation besteht "
+"aus sieben Feldern. Das erste Feld ist der Anmeldename des Benutzers. Das "
+"zweite Feld zeigt an, ob das Benutzerkonto ein gesperrtes Passwort (L), kein "
+"Passwort (NP) oder ein verwendbares Passwort hat (P). Das dritte Feld zeigt "
+"das Datum der letzten Änderung des Passworts an. Die nächsten vier Felder "
+"sind das Mindestalter, das Höchstalter, die Dauer der Warnung und die Dauer "
+"der Untätigkeit für das Passwort. Die Zeiträume werden in Tagen ausgedrückt."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:331(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:335(para)
+msgid ""
+"Unlock the password of the named account. This option re-enables a password "
+"by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before "
+"using the <option>-l</option> option)."
+msgstr ""
+"Entsperrt das bezeichnete Konto. Diese Option reaktiviert ein Konto wieder, "
+"indem das Passwort auf seinen alten Wert zurückgesetzt wird, den es hatte, "
+"bevor die Option <option>-l</option> verwendet wurde."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:344(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_TAGE</replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:348(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The "
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the number of days prior to "
+"the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is "
+"about to expire."
+msgstr ""
+"Legt die Anzahl der Tage fest, an denen der Benutzer eine Warnung erhält, "
+"bevor sein Passwort ungültig wird. Die Option <replaceable>WARN_TAGE</"
+"replaceable> bezeichnet die Anzahl der Tage, für die ein Benutzer vor "
+"Verfall seines Passworts gewarnt wird."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:357(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-x</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-x</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_TAGE</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:361(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid. After "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable>, the password is required to be changed."
+msgstr ""
+"Bestimmt die maximale Anzahl von Tagen, die das Passwort gültig bleibt. Nach "
+"<replaceable>MAX_TAGE</replaceable> Tagen muss das Passwort geändert werden."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:366(para) chage.1.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> will remove checking a password's "
+"validity."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> als <replaceable>MAX_TAGE</"
+"replaceable> angegeben wird, wird der Passwortverfall entfernt."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:378(para)
+msgid ""
+"Password complexity checking may vary from site to site. The user is urged "
+"to select a password as complex as he or she feels comfortable with."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Komplexität der Passwortprüfung kann sich auf verschiedenen Systemen "
+"unterscheiden. Der Benutzer wird angehalten, ein möglichst komplexes, von "
+"ihm aber gut zu verwendendes Passwort zu wählen."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:383(para)
+msgid ""
+"Users may not be able to change their password on a system if NIS is enabled "
+"and they are not logged into the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+"Benutzer können unter Umständen ihr Passwort nicht ändern, wenn auf dem "
+"System NIS aktiviert ist, sie aber nicht am NIS-Server angemeldet sind."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:388(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>passwd</command> uses PAM to authenticate users and to change their "
+"passwords."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>passwd</command> verwendet PAM, um einen Benutzer zu "
+"authentifizieren und sein Passwort zu ändern."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chpasswd.8.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(para) newusers.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:32(para) chpasswd.8.xml:32(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting "
+"passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line)."
+msgstr ""
+"Damit wird der standardmäßige Verschlüsselungsalgorithmus, mit dem "
+"Passwörter verschlüsselt werden, bestimmt (soweit nicht in der Befehlszeile "
+"ein Algorithmus angegeben wird)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:36(para) newusers.8.xml:36(para) login.defs.5.xml:36(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:36(para) chpasswd.8.xml:36(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:36(para)
+msgid ""
+"It can take one of these values: <replaceable>DES</replaceable> (default), "
+"<replaceable>MD5</replaceable><phrase condition=\"sha_crypt\">, "
+"<replaceable>SHA256</replaceable>, <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable></"
+"phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ihm kann einer der folgenden Wert zugewiesen werden: <replaceable>DES</"
+"replaceable> (default), <replaceable>MD5</replaceable><phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">, <replaceable>SHA256</replaceable>, <replaceable>SHA512</"
+"replaceable></phrase>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:43(para) chpasswd.8.xml:43(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: this parameter overrides the <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variable."
+msgstr ""
+"Hinweis: Dieser Parameter überschreibt die Variable <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</"
+"option>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:47(para) passwd.1.xml:53(para) passwd.1.xml:62(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:47(para) newusers.8.xml:53(para) newusers.8.xml:62(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:47(para) login.defs.5.xml:53(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:62(para) gpasswd.1.xml:47(para) gpasswd.1.xml:53(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:62(para) chpasswd.8.xml:47(para) chpasswd.8.xml:53(para)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:62(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:47(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:53(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:62(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: This only affect the generation of group passwords. The generation of "
+"user passwords is done by PAM and subject to the PAM configuration. It is "
+"recommended to set this variable consistently with the PAM configuration."
+msgstr ""
+"Hinweis: Damit wird lediglich die Erstellung von Gruppenpasswörtern "
+"beeinflusst. Benutzerpasswörter werden dagegen von PAM erstellt, so dass "
+"dieser Vorgang in PAM konfiguriert werden muss. Empfehlenswert ist, diese "
+"Variable mit der Konfiguration von PAM in Einklang zu bringen."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:32(term) chpasswd.8.xml:32(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:34(para) chpasswd.8.xml:34(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5-based algorithm. If "
+"set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, new passwords will be encrypted using "
+"the MD5-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of "
+"FreeBSD. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings. "
+"Set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> if you need to copy encrypted passwords "
+"to other systems which don't understand the new algorithm. Default is "
+"<replaceable>no</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Legt fest, ob Passwörter mit dem auf MD5 beruhenden Algorithmus "
+"verschlüsselt werden. Falls diesem Wert <replaceable>yes</replaceable> "
+"zugewiesen ist, werden neue Passwörter mit dem auf MD5 beruhenden "
+"Algorithmus verschlüsselt, der zu dem in der aktuellen Veröffentlichung von "
+"FreeBSD eingesetzten Algorithmus kompatibel ist. Passwörter können dann "
+"beliebig lang sein, auch die Salt-Zeichenketten sind länger. Setzen Sie "
+"diesen Wert auf <replaceable>no</replaceable>, wenn Sie verschlüsselte "
+"Passwörter auf ein anderes System kopieren möchten, das den neuen "
+"Algorithmus nicht versteht. Der Standardwert ist <replaceable>no</"
+"replaceable>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:44(para) newusers.8.xml:44(para) login.defs.5.xml:44(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:44(para) chpasswd.8.xml:44(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:44(para)
+msgid ""
+"This variable is superseded by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable "
+"or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm."
+msgstr ""
+"Dieser Variable geht die Variable <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> und eine "
+"Option auf der Befehlszeile, mit der der Verschlüsselungsalgorithmus "
+"bestimmt wird, vor."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:49(para) newusers.8.xml:49(para) login.defs.5.xml:49(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:49(para) chpasswd.8.xml:49(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:49(para)
+msgid ""
+"This variable is deprecated. You should use <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Einsatz dieser Variable ist veraltet. Sie sollten "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> verwenden."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable additional checks upon password changes."
+msgstr "Aktiviert zusätzliche Tests bei der Veränderung eines Passworts."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_ALWAYS_WARN</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_ALWAYS_WARN</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Warn about weak passwords (but still allow them) if you are root."
+msgstr ""
+"weist auf schwache Passwörter hin (aber lässt sie zu), falls Sie root sind"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_CHANGE_TRIES</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_CHANGE_TRIES</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Maximum number of attempts to change password if rejected (too easy)."
+msgstr ""
+"maximale Anzahl von Versuchen, ein Passwort zu ändern, wenn dies wegen zu "
+"geringer Stärke des gewählten Passworts abgelehnt wurde"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MIN_LEN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MIN_LEN</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Number of significant characters in the password for crypt(). "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> is 8 by default. Don't change unless your "
+"crypt() is better. This is ignored if <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> set to "
+"<replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Anzahl der von crypt() berücksichtigten Zeichen des Passworts. Standardmäßig "
+"ist <option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> 8. Diese Option wird ignoriert, wenn "
+"<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> auf <replaceable>yes</replaceable> gesetzt "
+"ist."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chpasswd.8.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:31(term) chpasswd.8.xml:31(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:33(para) chpasswd.8.xml:33(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"When <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> is set to <replaceable>SHA256</"
+"replaceable> or <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable>, this defines the number "
+"of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number "
+"of rounds is not specified on the command line)."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> auf <replaceable>SHA256</replaceable> "
+"oder <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable> gesetzt ist, legt dies die Anzahl der "
+"Runden von SHA fest, die standardmäßig vom Verschlüsselungsalgorithmus "
+"verwendet werden (falls die Anzahl der Runden nicht auf der Befehlszeile "
+"angegeben wird)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:40(para) newusers.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:40(para) chpasswd.8.xml:40(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute forcing the password. "
+"But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users."
+msgstr ""
+"Je mehr Runden Sie definieren, umso schwieriger ist es, das Passwort mit "
+"sturem Durchprobieren (brute force) zu knacken; umso mehr Rechenleistung "
+"wird jedoch auch für die Anmeldung eines Benutzers benötigt."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:45(para) newusers.8.xml:45(para) login.defs.5.xml:45(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:45(para) chpasswd.8.xml:45(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:45(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000)."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls Sie nichts angeben, wird libc die Standardanzahl der Runden  festlegen "
+"(5000)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:49(para) newusers.8.xml:49(para) login.defs.5.xml:49(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:49(para) chpasswd.8.xml:49(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:49(para)
+msgid "The values must be inside the 1000-999,999,999 range."
+msgstr "Die Werte müssen zwischen 1000-999.999.999 liegen."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:52(para) newusers.8.xml:52(para) login.defs.5.xml:52(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:52(para) chpasswd.8.xml:52(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:52(para)
+msgid ""
+"If only one of the <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> or "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> values is set, then this value will be "
+"used."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls nur der Wert für <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> oder "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> festgelegt wird, wird dieser Wert "
+"verwendet."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:57(para) newusers.8.xml:57(para) login.defs.5.xml:57(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:57(para) chpasswd.8.xml:57(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:57(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> &gt; <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option>, the highest value will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> &gt; "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option>, wird der höhere Wert verwendet."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:434(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/passwd"
+msgstr "/etc/pam.d/passwd"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:436(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>passwd</command>."
+msgstr "PAM-Konfiguration für <command>passwd</command>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:456(para) chage.1.xml:297(para)
+msgid "permission denied"
+msgstr "Berechtigung verweigert"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:462(para)
+msgid "invalid combination of options"
+msgstr "ungültige Kombination von Optionen"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:468(para)
+msgid "unexpected failure, nothing done"
+msgstr "unerwarteter Fehler, nichts wurde verändert"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:474(para)
+msgid "unexpected failure, <filename>passwd</filename> file missing"
+msgstr "unerwarteter Fehler, die Datei <filename>passwd</filename> fehlt"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:480(para)
+msgid "<filename>passwd</filename> file busy, try again"
+msgstr ""
+"Datei <filename>passwd</filename> wird benutzt, bitte nochmal versuchen"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:444(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>passwd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>passwd</command> gibt beim Beenden folgende Werte "
+"zurück: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:495(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:46(refentrytitle) nologin.8.xml:53(refname)
+#: nologin.8.xml:59(command)
+msgid "nologin"
+msgstr "nologin"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:54(refpurpose)
+msgid "politely refuse a login"
+msgstr "lehnt höflich eine Anmeldung ab"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:65(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>nologin</command> command displays a message that an account is "
+"not available and exits non-zero. It is intended as a replacement shell "
+"field for accounts that have been disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>nologin</command> zeigt die Meldung an, dass ein Konto "
+"nicht verfügbar ist, und gibt einen Wert von ungleich Null zurück. Dies ist "
+"als Einsatz für das Shell-Feld bei abgeschalteten Konten vorgesehen."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"To disable all logins, investigate <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"Wie Sie alle Konten abschalten, erfahren Sie unter "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:75(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <command>SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND</command> is populated it will be logged."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:93(title)
+msgid "HISTORY"
+msgstr "GESCHICHTE"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:94(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "The <command>nologin</command> command appearred in BSD 4.4."
+msgid "The <command>nologin</command> command appeared in BSD 4.4."
+msgstr "Der Befehl <command>nologin</command> tauchte erstmals in BSD 4.4 auf."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:73(refentrytitle) newusers.8.xml:80(refname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:86(command) login.defs.5.xml:400(term)
+msgid "newusers"
+msgstr "newusers"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:81(refpurpose)
+msgid "update and create new users in batch"
+msgstr "erstellt oder aktualisiert mehrere neue Benutzer am Stück"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:91(replaceable)
+msgid "file"
+msgstr "Datei"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>newusers</command> command reads a <replaceable>file</"
+"replaceable> (or the standard input by default) and uses this information to "
+"update a set of existing users or to create new users. Each line is in the "
+"same format as the standard password file (see "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>) with the exceptions explained below:"
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>newusers</command> verwendet eine <replaceable>Datei</"
+"replaceable> (oder standardmäßig die Standardeingabe) und aktualisiert damit "
+"eine Gruppe bestehender Benutzer oder erstellt damit neue Benutzer. Jede "
+"Zeile hat dasselbe Format wie die übliche Passwortdatei (vergleiche "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>) mit den unten aufgeführten Ausnahmen:"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid "pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell"
+msgstr "pw_Name:pw_Passwort:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_Verz:pw_shell"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:111(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_name"
+msgstr "pw_Name"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "This is the name of the user."
+msgstr "Dies ist der Name des Benutzers."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:117(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or an "
+#| "user created before by <command>newusers</command>). In case of an "
+#| "existing user, the user's information will be changed, otherwise a new "
+#| "user will be created."
+msgid ""
+"It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>). In case of an existing user, "
+"the user's information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created."
+msgstr ""
+"Es kann sich dabei um den Namen eines neuen oder eines existierenden "
+"Benutzer (oder eines, der zuvor mit <command>newusers</command> erstellt "
+"wurde) handeln. Für den Fall, dass der Benutzer bereits vorhanden ist, "
+"werden seine Daten verändert, anderenfalls wird ein neuer Benutzer erstellt."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:128(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_passwd"
+msgstr "pw_Passwort"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:131(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field will be encrypted and used as the new value of the encrypted "
+"password."
+msgstr ""
+"Dieses Feld wird verschlüsselt und als neuer Wert für das verschlüsselte "
+"Passwort verwendet."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:139(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_uid"
+msgstr "pw_uid"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the UID of the user."
+msgstr "Mit diesem Feld wird die UID des Benutzers bestimmt."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:145(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If the field is empty, an new (unused) UID will be defined automatically "
+#| "by <command>newusers</command>."
+msgid ""
+"If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn dieses Feld leer ist, wird von <command>newusers</command> automatisch "
+"eine neue (noch freie) UID gewählt."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "If this field contains a number, this number will be used as the UID."
+msgstr "Wenn dieses Feld eine Zahl enthält, wird sie als UID verwendet."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:153(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of an "
+#| "user created before by <command>newusers</command>), the UID of the "
+#| "specified user will be used."
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>), the UID of the specified "
+"user will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn dieses Feld den Namen eines existierenden Benutzers enthält (oder eines "
+"Benutzers, der zuvor mit <command>newusers</command> erstellt wurde), wird "
+"die UID des angegebenen Benutzers verwendet."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the UID of an existing user is changed, the files ownership of the user's "
+"file should be fixed manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls die UID eines bestehenden Benutzers verändert wird, muss der "
+"Eigentümer der Dateien des Benutzers per Hand angepasst werden."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:167(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_gid"
+msgstr "pw_gid"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:170(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the primary group ID for the user."
+msgstr "Mit diesem Feld wird die ID der Hauptgruppe des Benutzers definiert."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:173(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created "
+"before by <command>newusers</command>), the GID of this group will be used "
+"as the primary group ID for the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn dieses Feld den Namen einer existierenden Gruppe enthält (oder einer "
+"Gruppe, die zuvor mit <command>newusers</command> erstellt wurde), wird die "
+"GID dieser Gruppe als ID der Hauptgruppe des  Benutzers verwendet."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field is a number, this number will be used as the primary group ID "
+"of the user. If no groups exist with this GID, a new group will be created "
+"with this GID, and the name of the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn dieses Feld eine Zahl enthält, wird sie als ID der Hauptgruppe des "
+"Benutzers verwendet. Falls eine Gruppe mit dieser GID nicht existiert, wird "
+"eine neue Gruppe mit dieser GID unter dem Namen des Benutzers erstellt."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:185(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the "
+"user and a GID will be automatically defined by <command>newusers</command> "
+"to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new "
+"group."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn dieses Feld leer ist, wird eine neue Gruppe unter dem Namen des "
+"Benutzers erstellt und von <command>newusers</command> automatisch eine neue "
+"GID gewählt, die als ID der Hauptgruppe des Benutzers und als GID für die "
+"neue Gruppe dient."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>), a new group will be created "
+"with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by "
+"<command>newusers</command> to be used as the primary group ID for the user "
+"and GID for the new group."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn dieses Feld den Namen einer Gruppe enthält, die nicht vorhanden ist "
+"(und nicht zuvor von <command>newusers</command> erstellt wurde), wird eine "
+"neue Gruppe unter dem angegebenen Namen erstellt und von <command>newusers</"
+"command> automatisch eine neue GID gewählt, die als ID der Hauptgruppe des "
+"Benutzers und als GID für die neue Gruppe dient."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:203(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_gecos"
+msgstr "pw_gecos"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:206(para)
+msgid "This field is copied in the GECOS field of the user."
+msgstr "Dieses Feld wird in das GECOS-Feld des Benutzers kopiert."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:213(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_dir"
+msgstr "pw_Verz"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:216(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the home directory of the user."
+msgstr "Mit diesem Feld wird das Home-Verzeichnis des Benutzers definiert."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field does not specify an existing directory, the specified "
+"directory is created, with ownership set to the user being created or "
+"updated and its primary group."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn in diesem Feld ein Verzeichnis angegeben wird, das nicht vorhanden ist, "
+"wird es erstellt. Dieses gehört dem Benutzer, der gerade erstellt und "
+"aktualisiert wird, und dessen Hauptgruppe."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the home directory of an existing user is changed, <command>newusers</"
+"command> does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new "
+"location. This should be done manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn das Home-Verzeichnis eines vorhandenen Benutzers geändert wird, "
+"verschiebt oder kopiert <command>newusers</command> nicht den Inhalt des "
+"alten Verzeichnisses in das neue. Dies muss von Hand erledigt werden."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:234(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_shell"
+msgstr "pw_shell"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:237(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field defines the shell of the user. No checks are performed on this "
+"field."
+msgstr ""
+"Mit diesem Feld wird die Shell des Benutzers definiert. Diese Eingabe wird "
+"nicht überprüft."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:245(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>newusers</command> first tries to create or change all the "
+"specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group "
+"databases. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), "
+"no changes are committed to the databases."
+msgstr ""
+"Zuerst erstellt und ändert <command>newusers</command> die angegebenen "
+"Benutzer und schreibt die Änderungen in die Benutzer- oder Gruppendatenbank. "
+"Falls ein Fehler auftritt (außer beim Schreiben in die Datenbanken), werden "
+"in den Datenbanken keine Änderungen vorgenommen."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:251(para)
+msgid ""
+"During this first pass, users are created with a locked password (and "
+"passwords are not changed for the users which are not created). A second "
+"pass is used to update the passwords using PAM. Failures to update a "
+"password are reported, but will not stop the other password updates."
+msgstr ""
+"Im ersten Durchlauf werden Benutzer mit einem gesperrten Passwort erstellt; "
+"Passwörter von bereits vorhandenen Benutzern werden in diesem Stadium nicht "
+"verändert. Im zweiten Durchlauf werden die Passwörter mit PAM aktualisiert. "
+"Sofern dabei ein Fehler auftritt, wird dieser angezeigt, die Aktualisierung "
+"der übrigen Passwörter aber fortgesetzt."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:259(para)
+msgid ""
+"This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many "
+"accounts are updated at a single time."
+msgstr ""
+"Dieser Befehl ist für den Einsatz in einer Umgebung mit zahlreichen Systemen "
+"vorgesehen, in der viele Konten gleichzeitig aktualisiert werden müssen."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:267(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>newusers</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>newusers</command> unterstützt werden, "
+"sind:"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:284(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:112(term)
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:286(para) chpasswd.8.xml:141(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "Use the specified method to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr "Definiert die Methode, mit der die Passwörter verschlüsselt werden."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:287(para) chpasswd.8.xml:145(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"The available methods are DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 or SHA512 if your libc "
+"support these methods."
+msgstr ""
+"Die verfügbaren Methoden sind DES, MD5, NONE und SHA256 oder SHA512, soweit "
+"Ihre libc sie unterstützt."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"System users will be created with no aging information in <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</option> counterparts for "
+"the creation of groups)."
+msgstr ""
+"Systembenutzer werden ohne Hinterlegung des Alters ihres Passworts in "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename> erstellt. Ihre numerische Kennung wird aus "
+"der Spanne <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> bis <option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> "
+"anstelle von <option>UID_MIN</option> bis <option>UID_MAX</option> gewählt "
+"(gleiches gilt für die GID bei der Erstellung von Gruppen)."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:335(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:158(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:337(para) chpasswd.8.xml:204(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:160(para)
+msgid "Use the specified number of rounds to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr ""
+"Verwendet die angegebene Anzahl von Runden, um die Passwörter zu "
+"verschlüsseln."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:340(para) chpasswd.8.xml:207(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:163(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 means that the system will choose the default number of rounds "
+"for the crypt method (5000)."
+msgstr ""
+"Ein Wert von 0 bedeutet, dass das System die Standardanzahl der Runden "
+"(5000) für die Verschlüsselung verwenden wird."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:344(para) chpasswd.8.xml:211(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999 will be enforced."
+msgstr "Der Mindestwert ist 1000, der Höchstwert 999.999.999."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:348(para) chpasswd.8.xml:215(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:171(para)
+msgid "You can only use this option with the SHA256 or SHA512 crypt method."
+msgstr ""
+"Sie können diese Option nur mit den Verschlüsselungsmethoden SHA256 und "
+"SHA512 verwenden."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:352(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and "
+"SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Standardmäßig wird die Anzahl der Runden mit den Variablen "
+"SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS und SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS  in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> definiert."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:364(para)
+msgid ""
+"The input file must be protected since it contains unencrypted passwords."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Eingabedatei muss geschützt werden, da sie unverschlüsselte Passwörter "
+"enthält."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:368(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should make sure the passwords and the encryption method respect the "
+"system's password policy."
+msgstr ""
+"Sie sollten darauf achten, dass Passwörter und Verschlüsselungsmethode in "
+"Einklage mit der Passwortrichtlinie des Systems stehen."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:444(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/newusers"
+msgstr "/etc/pam.d/newusers"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:446(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr "Konfiguration von PAM für <command>newusers</command>."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:466(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) newgrp.1.xml:65(refname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:71(command)
+msgid "newgrp"
+msgstr "newgrp"
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "log in to a new group"
+msgstr "als neue Gruppe anmelden"
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:72(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:74(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:78(replaceable) gpasswd.1.xml:88(replaceable)
+msgid "group"
+msgstr "Gruppe"
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:78(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>newgrp</command> command is used to change the current group ID "
+"during a login session. If the optional <option>-</option> flag is given, "
+"the user's environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged "
+"in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, "
+"remains unchanged."
+msgstr ""
+"Mit dem Befehl <command>newgrp</command> kann während einer angemeldeten "
+"Sitzung die aktuelle Gruppen-ID geändert werden. Wenn zusätzlich der "
+"Schalter <option>-</option> angegeben wird, wird die Benutzerumgebung neu "
+"gestartet, so als ob sich der Benutzer neu angemeldet hätte. Anderenfalls "
+"bleibt die aktuelle Umgebung einschließlich des aktuellen "
+"Arbeitsverzeichnisses unverändert."
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:86(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>newgrp</command> changes the current real group ID to the named "
+"group, or to the default group listed in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> if "
+"no group name is given. <command>newgrp</command> also tries to add the "
+"group to the user groupset. If not root, the user will be prompted for a "
+"password if she does not have a password (in <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> otherwise) and the group does, or if the "
+"user is not listed as a member and the group has a password. The user will "
+"be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed "
+"as a member."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>newgrp</command> wechselt von der aktuellen echten Gruppen-ID zu "
+"der angegeben Gruppe oder, falls kein Gruppenname angegeben wird, zu der "
+"Standardgruppe, wie sie in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> festgelegt ist. "
+"Zudem versucht <command>newgrp</command>, die Gruppe der Gruppensammlung des "
+"Benutzers hinzuzufügen. Wenn der Benutzer nicht Root ist und die Gruppe ein "
+"Passwort hat und der Benutzer nicht Mitglied der Gruppe ist oder kein "
+"Passwort hat (in <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, falls er einen Eintrag in "
+"der Shadow-Passwort-Datei hat, anderenfalls in <filename>/etc/passwd</"
+"filename>), wird er nach einem Passwort gefragt."
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"If there is an entry for this group in <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, "
+"then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from "
+"this file, otherwise, the entry in <filename>/etc/group</filename> is "
+"considered."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn sich in <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> ein Eintrag für diese Gruppe "
+"befindet, wird die Mitgliederliste und das Passwort der Gruppe dieser Datei "
+"entnommen. Anderenfalls wird der Eintrag in <filename>/etc/group</filename> "
+"ausgewertet."
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) logoutd.8.xml:64(refname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:70(command)
+msgid "logoutd"
+msgstr "logoutd"
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "enforce login time restrictions"
+msgstr "richtet Beschränkung von Anmeldezeiten ein"
+
+# SB: /etc/rc is not in Debian. Probably doesn't matter, since logoutd is not in Debian either.
+#: logoutd.8.xml:76(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>logoutd</command> enforces the login time and port restrictions "
+"specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</filename>. <command>logoutd</command> "
+"should be started from <filename>/etc/rc</filename>. The <filename>/var/run/"
+"utmp</filename> file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked "
+"to see if the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time. "
+"Any login session which is violating the restrictions in <filename>/etc/"
+"porttime</filename> is terminated."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>logoutd</command> setzt die Anmeldezeiten und Portbeschränkungen "
+"aus <filename>/etc/porttime</filename> um. <command>logoutd</command> sollte "
+"aus <filename>/etc/rc</filename> gestartet werden. Die Datei <filename>/var/"
+"run/utmp</filename> wird regelmäßig abgerufen, wobei jeder Benutzername "
+"darauf überprüft wird, ob er für den jeweiligen Port zur jeweiligen Zeit "
+"zugelassen ist. Alle angemeldeten Sitzungen, die gegen die Beschränkungen in "
+"<filename>/etc/porttime</filename> verstoßen, werden beendet."
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:98(filename) login.1.xml:341(filename)
+msgid "/var/run/utmp"
+msgstr "/var/run/utmp"
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:100(para) login.1.xml:343(para)
+msgid "List of current login sessions."
+msgstr "Liste der aktuellen angemeldeten Sitzungen"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:124(refentrytitle) login.defs.5.xml:131(refname)
+msgid "login.defs"
+msgstr "login.defs"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:132(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadow password suite configuration"
+msgstr "Konfiguration der Werkzeugsammlung für Shadow-Passwörter"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> file defines the site-specific "
+"configuration for the shadow password suite. This file is required. Absence "
+"of this file will not prevent system operation, but will probably result in "
+"undesirable operation."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Datei <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> legt die systemspezifische "
+"Konfiguration der Werkzeugsammlung für Shadow-Passwörter fest. Diese Datei "
+"muss vorhanden sein. Wenn sie fehlt, wird das System zwar laufen, es können "
+"aber unerwünschte Ergebnisse auftauchen."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:144(para)
+msgid ""
+"This file is a readable text file, each line of the file describing one "
+"configuration parameter. The lines consist of a configuration name and "
+"value, separated by whitespace. Blank lines and comment lines are ignored. "
+"Comments are introduced with a \"#\" pound sign and the pound sign must be "
+"the first non-white character of the line."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Datei ist eine lesbare Textdatei. Jede Zeile der Datei beschreibt "
+"einen Konfigurationsparameter. Eine Zeile besteht aus einem "
+"Konfigurationsnamen und einem Wert, die durch ein Leerzeichen getrennt sind. "
+"Leer- und Kommentarzeilen werden nicht beachtet. Kommentare werden mit dem "
+"Rautezeichen »#« eingeleitet. Die Raute muss das erste nicht leere Zeichen "
+"der Zeile sein."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"Parameter values may be of four types: strings, booleans, numbers, and long "
+"numbers. A string is comprised of any printable characters. A boolean should "
+"be either the value <replaceable>yes</replaceable> or <replaceable>no</"
+"replaceable>. An undefined boolean parameter or one with a value other than "
+"these will be given a <replaceable>no</replaceable> value. Numbers (both "
+"regular and long) may be either decimal values, octal values (precede the "
+"value with <replaceable>0</replaceable>) or hexadecimal values (precede the "
+"value with <replaceable>0x</replaceable>). The maximum value of the regular "
+"and long numeric parameters is machine-dependent."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Parameterwerte können aus vier Typen bestehen: Zeichenketten, Boolesch, "
+"Zahlen und lange Zahlen. Eine Zeichenkette kann aus jedem druckbaren Zeichen "
+"bestehen. Ein Boolesch sollte »yes« oder »no« sein. Einem anderen oder "
+"undefinierten Parameter für Boolesch wird der Wert »no« zugewiesen. Normale "
+"und lange Zahlen können aus Dezimalzahlen, Oktalzahlen (beginnen mit »0«) "
+"oder Hexadezimalzahlen (beginnen mit »0x«) bestehen. Die maximale Größe der "
+"Parameter normaler und langer Zahlen ist systemabhängig."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:167(para)
+msgid "The following configuration items are provided:"
+msgstr "Die folgenden Konfigurationsmöglichkeiten sind vorhanden:"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHFN_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>CHFN_AUTH</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chfn</command> program will "
+"require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the "
+"superuser."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, benötigt das Programm <command>chfn</"
+"command> eine Authentifizierung, bevor es Änderungen vornimmt, sofern es "
+"nicht von Root ausgeführt wird."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHFN_RESTRICT</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>CHFN_RESTRICT</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"This parameter specifies which values in the <emphasis remap=\"I\">gecos</"
+"emphasis> field of the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file may be changed "
+"by regular users using the <command>chfn</command> program. It can be any "
+"combination of letters <replaceable>f</replaceable>, <replaceable>r</"
+"replaceable>, <replaceable>w</replaceable>, <replaceable>h</replaceable>, "
+"for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively. For "
+"backward compatibility, <replaceable>yes</replaceable> is equivalent to "
+"<replaceable>rwh</replaceable> and <replaceable>no</replaceable> is "
+"equivalent to <replaceable>frwh</replaceable>. If not specified, only the "
+"superuser can make any changes. The most restrictive setting is better "
+"achieved by not installing <command>chfn</command> SUID."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Parameter bestimmt, welcher Wert in dem <emphasis remap=\"I\">gecos</"
+"emphasis>-Feld von <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> von gewöhnlichen "
+"Benutzern mittels des Programms <command>chfn</command> geändert werden "
+"darf. Er kann aus jeder Kombination der Buchstaben <emphasis remap=\"I\">f</"
+"emphasis> ,<emphasis remap=\"I\">r</emphasis>, <emphasis remap=\"I\">w</"
+"emphasis> und <emphasis remap=\"I\">h</emphasis> bestehen. Diese Buchstaben "
+"stehen für den vollständigen Namen, die Zimmernummer, die geschäftliche "
+"Telefonnummer und die private Telefonnummer. Zum Zweck der "
+"Abwärtskompatibilität entspricht <replaceable>yes</replaceable> "
+"<replaceable>rwh</replaceable> und <replaceable>no</replaceable> "
+"<replaceable>frwh</replaceable>. Falls nichts festgelegt wird, kann nur Root "
+"Änderungen vornehmen. Die größte Einschränkung erreicht man besser, indem "
+"<filename>chfn</filename> nicht mit SUID-Rechten ausgestattet wird."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chsh.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHSH_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>CHSH_AUTH</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chsh.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chsh</command> program will "
+"require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the "
+"superuser."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, benötigt das Programm <command>chsh</"
+"command> eine Authentifizierung, bevor es Änderungen vornimmt, sofern es "
+"nicht von Root ausgeführt wird."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ERASECHAR</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>ERASECHAR</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Terminal ERASE character (<replaceable>010</replaceable> = backspace, "
+"<replaceable>0177</replaceable> = DEL)."
+msgstr ""
+"Das Löschzeichen des Terminals (<replaceable>010</replaceable> = Rücktaste, "
+"<replaceable>0177</replaceable> = Entf)."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+#: login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value can be prefixed \"0\" for an octal value, or \"0x\" for an "
+"hexadecimal value."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn der Wert mit »0« beginnt, wird er als Oktalzahl gewertet, wenn er mit "
+"»0x« beginnt, als Hexadezimalzahl."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAIL_DELAY</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>FAIL_DELAY</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Delay in seconds before being allowed another attempt after a login failure."
+msgstr ""
+"Wartezeit in Sekunden, ehe nach einem fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldeversuch ein "
+"neuer unternommen werden kann"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAILLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>FAILLOG_ENAB</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable logging and display of <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> login "
+"failure info."
+msgstr ""
+"aktiviert die Protokollierung und Anzeige der Informationen zu "
+"fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldeversuchen in <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAKE_SHELL</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>FAKE_SHELL</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, <command>login</command> will execute this shell instead of the "
+"users' shell specified in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls angegeben, führt <command>login</command> diese Shell anstelle der in "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> angegebenen Shell des Benutzers aus."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FTMP_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>FTMP_FILE</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, login failures will be logged in this file in a utmp format."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls angegeben, werden fehlgeschlagene Anmeldeversuche in dieser Datei im "
+"Format utmp protokolliert."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>HUSHLOGIN_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>HUSHLOGIN_FILE</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, this file can inhibit all the usual chatter during the login "
+"sequence. If a full pathname is specified, then hushed mode will be enabled "
+"if the user's name or shell are found in the file. If not a full pathname, "
+"then hushed mode will be enabled if the file exists in the user's home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls angegeben, kann diese Datei die übliche Informationsanzeige während "
+"des Anmeldevorgangs unterbinden. Wenn ein vollständiger Pfad angegeben wird, "
+"wird der Modus ohne Anmeldeinformationen verwendet, wenn der Name oder die "
+"Shell des Benutzers in der Datei enthalten sind. Wenn kein vollständiger "
+"Pfad angegeben wird, wird der Modus ohne Anmeldeinformationen aktiviert, "
+"wenn die Datei im Home-Verzeichnis des Benutzers existiert."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ISSUE_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ISSUE_FILE</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, this file will be displayed before each login prompt."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls angegeben, wird diese Datei vor der Anmeldeaufforderung angezeigt."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>KILLCHAR</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>KILLCHAR</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Terminal KILL character (<replaceable>025</replaceable> = CTRL/U)."
+msgstr ""
+"Das KILL-Zeichen des Terminals (<replaceable>025</replaceable> = CTRL/U)."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LASTLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>LASTLOG_ENAB</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging and display of /var/log/lastlog login time info."
+msgstr ""
+"aktiviert die Protokollierung und Anzeige der Informationen zu Anmeldezeiten "
+"in <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOG_OK_LOGINS</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>LOG_OK_LOGINS</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging of successful logins."
+msgstr "aktiviert die Protokollierung erfolgreicher Anmeldungen"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable display of unknown usernames when login failures are recorded."
+msgstr ""
+"aktiviert die Anzeige unbekannter Benutzernamen, wenn fehlgeschlagene "
+"Anmeldeversuche aufgezeichnet werden"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: logging unknown usernames may be a security issue if an user enter her "
+"password instead of her login name."
+msgstr ""
+"Hinweis: Das Protokollieren unbekannter Benutzernamen kann ein "
+"Sicherheitsproblem darstellen, wenn ein Benutzer sein Passwort anstelle "
+"seines Anmeldenamens eingibt."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_RETRIES</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>LOGIN_RETRIES</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Maximum number of login retries in case of bad password."
+msgstr ""
+"maximale Anzahl von Anmeldeversuchen, wenn ein falsches Passwort eingegeben "
+"wird"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"This will most likely be overridden by PAM, since the default pam_unix "
+"module has its own built in of 3 retries. However, this is a safe fallback "
+"in case you are using an authentication module that does not enforce "
+"PAM_MAXTRIES."
+msgstr ""
+"Dies wird höchstwahrscheinlich von PAM überschrieben, da standardmäßig das "
+"Modul pam_unix drei Versuche enthält. Dennoch stellt dies ein zusätzliches "
+"Sicherungssystem dar, falls Sie eine Anmeldemöglichkeit einsetzen, die nicht "
+"PAM_MAXTRIES beachtet."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_TIMEOUT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>LOGIN_TIMEOUT</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Max time in seconds for login."
+msgstr "Höchstdauer für einen Anmeldeversuch"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MOTD_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>MOTD_FILE</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, \":\" delimited list of \"message of the day\" files to be "
+"displayed upon login."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls angegeben, eine Aufzählung von Dateien, welche die bei der Anmeldung "
+"anzuzeigenden »Nachrichten des Tages« enthält. Die Dateien werden mit einem "
+"»:« getrennt."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>NOLOGINS_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>NOLOGINS_FILE</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, name of file whose presence will inhibit non-root logins. The "
+"contents of this file should be a message indicating why logins are "
+"inhibited."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls angegeben, der Name einer Datei, deren Existenz Anmeldungen außer von "
+"Root verhindert. Der Inhalt der Datei sollte die Gründe enthalten, weshalb "
+"Anmeldungen untersagt sind."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:212(para)
+msgid ""
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option>, <option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> and "
+"<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> are only used at the time of account "
+"creation. Any changes to these settings won't affect existing accounts."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option>, <option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> und "
+"<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> werden nur bei der Erstellung eines Kontos "
+"verwendet. Spätere Änderungen dieser Werte berühren bestehende Konten nicht."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolesch)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable checking of time restrictions specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"aktiviert die Auswertung der in <filename>/etc/porttime</filename> "
+"angegebenen Zeitbegrenzungen"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYGROUP</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>TTYGROUP</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:33(term) login.1.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYPERM</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>TTYPERM</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:35(para) login.1.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the "
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> group, and the permissions will be set to "
+"<option>TTYPERM</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Rechte des Terminals: Das Anmelde-tty gehört der Gruppe "
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> an, die Rechte werden auf <option>TTYPERM</option> "
+"gesetzt."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:40(para) login.1.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user's primary group "
+"and the permissions are set to <replaceable>0600</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Standardmäßig ist der Eigentümer des Terminals die Hauptgruppe des "
+"Benutzers, die Rechte werden auf <replaceable>0600</replaceable> gesetzt."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:45(para) login.1.xml:45(para)
+msgid ""
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> can be either the name of a group or a numeric "
+"group identifier."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> kann der Gruppenname oder die als Zahl "
+"ausgedrückte Gruppen-ID sein."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:49(para) login.1.xml:49(para)
+msgid ""
+"If you have a <command>write</command> program which is \"setgid\" to a "
+"special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number "
+"and TTYPERM to 0620. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign "
+"TTYPERM to either 622 or 600."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn Sie ein <command>write</command>-Programm haben, das »setgid« für eine "
+"Gruppe besitzt, der das Terminal gehört, sollten Sie TTYGROUP die "
+"Gruppennummer und TTYPERM den Wert 0620 zuweisen. Oder Sie sollten TTYGROUP "
+"als Kommentar belassen und TTYPERM den Wert 622 oder 600 zuweisen."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYTYPE_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>TTYTYPE_FILE</option> (Zeichenkette)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, file which maps tty line to TERM environment parameter. Each "
+"line of the file is in a format something like \"vt100 tty01\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls angegeben, eine Datei, welche einer tty-Zeile den Umgebungsparameter "
+"TERM zuweist. Jede Zeile hat das Format wie etwa »vt100 tty01«."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ULIMIT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>ULIMIT</option> (Zahl)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Default <command>ulimit</command> value."
+msgstr "der Standardwert von <command>ulimit</command>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:245(title)
+msgid "CROSS REFERENCES"
+msgstr "QUERVERWEISE"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:246(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following cross references show which programs in the shadow password "
+"suite use which parameters."
+msgstr ""
+"Die folgenden Querverweise zeigen, welche Programme aus der Shadow-Passwort-"
+"Werkzeugsammlung welche Parameter verwenden."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:253(term) chage.1.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: chage.1.xml:65(refname) chage.1.xml:70(command)
+msgid "chage"
+msgstr "chage"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:255(para) login.defs.5.xml:451(phrase)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:523(phrase)
+msgid "USE_TCB"
+msgstr "USE_TCB"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:259(term) chfn.1.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: chfn.1.xml:67(refname) chfn.1.xml:73(command)
+msgid "chfn"
+msgstr "chfn"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CHFN_AUTH</phrase> CHFN_RESTRICT <phrase "
+"condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CHFN_AUTH</phrase> CHFN_RESTRICT <phrase "
+"condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:269(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:64(refname) chgpasswd.8.xml:70(command)
+msgid "chgpasswd"
+msgstr "chgpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:271(para) login.defs.5.xml:302(para)
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:279(term) chpasswd.8.xml:61(refentrytitle)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:68(refname) chpasswd.8.xml:74(command)
+msgid "chpasswd"
+msgstr "chpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:282(phrase)
+msgid "ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB"
+msgstr "ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:284(phrase)
+msgid "SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS"
+msgstr "SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:290(term) chsh.1.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: chsh.1.xml:67(refname) chsh.1.xml:73(command)
+msgid "chsh"
+msgstr "chsh"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:292(para)
+msgid "CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING"
+msgstr "CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:300(term) gpasswd.1.xml:62(refentrytitle)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:69(refname) gpasswd.1.xml:83(command)
+msgid "gpasswd"
+msgstr "gpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:310(term) groupadd.8.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:67(refname) groupadd.8.xml:73(command)
+msgid "groupadd"
+msgstr "groupadd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:312(para)
+msgid "GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN"
+msgstr "GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:319(term) groupdel.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:65(refname) groupdel.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "groupdel"
+msgstr "groupdel"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:321(para) login.defs.5.xml:327(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:333(para) login.defs.5.xml:340(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:346(para) login.defs.5.xml:352(para)
+msgid "MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP"
+msgstr "MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:325(term) groupmems.8.xml:61(refentrytitle)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:68(refname) groupmems.8.xml:74(command)
+msgid "groupmems"
+msgstr "groupmems"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:331(term) groupmod.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:65(refname) groupmod.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "groupmod"
+msgstr "groupmod"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:338(term) grpck.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: grpck.8.xml:65(refname) grpck.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "grpck"
+msgstr "grpck"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:357(term) lastlog.8.xml:59(refentrytitle)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:66(refname) lastlog.8.xml:72(command)
+msgid "lastlog"
+msgstr "lastlog"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:359(para)
+msgid "LASTLOG_UID_MAX"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:363(term) login.1.xml:90(refentrytitle)
+#: login.1.xml:97(refname) login.1.xml:103(command) login.1.xml:111(command)
+#: login.1.xml:118(command)
+msgid "login"
+msgstr "login"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:365(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+#| "<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ "
+#| "ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">FAILLOG_ENAB</phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">LASTLOG_ENAB</phrase> LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB "
+#| "<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE "
+#| "NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> TTYGROUP TTYPERM "
+#| "TTYTYPE_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</phrase> "
+#| "USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE</"
+"phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FAILLOG_ENAB</"
+"phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> "
+"HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LASTLOG_ENAB LASTLOG_UID_MAX</phrase> "
+"LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> "
+"LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE "
+"PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</phrase> USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+msgstr ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE</"
+"phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FAILLOG_ENAB</"
+"phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> "
+"HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LASTLOG_ENAB</phrase> LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase "
+"condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS "
+"LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR "
+"MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> "
+"TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</"
+"phrase> USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:392(term)
+msgid "newgrp / sg"
+msgstr "newgrp / sg"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:394(para)
+msgid "SYSLOG_SG_ENAB"
+msgstr "SYSLOG_SG_ENAB"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:402(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB "
+#| "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+#| "\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> SYS_GID_MAX "
+#| "SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB "
+"HOME_MODE PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> "
+"SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN "
+"SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+msgstr ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB "
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> SYS_GID_MAX "
+"SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:421(para)
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN "
+"PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN "
+"PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:432(para)
+msgid ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:441(para)
+msgid ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb\">USE_TCB</"
+"phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb\">USE_TCB</"
+"phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:458(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ENV_PATH "
+"ENV_SUPATH <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB "
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> SULOG_FILE SU_NAME <phrase condition="
+"\"no_pam\">SU_WHEEL_ONLY</phrase> SYSLOG_SU_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">USERGROUPS_ENAB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ENV_PATH "
+"ENV_SUPATH <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB "
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> SULOG_FILE SU_NAME <phrase condition="
+"\"no_pam\">SU_WHEEL_ONLY</phrase> SYSLOG_SU_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">USERGROUPS_ENAB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:473(term)
+msgid "sulogin"
+msgstr "sulogin"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:475(para)
+msgid "ENV_HZ <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ</phrase>"
+msgstr "ENV_HZ <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:484(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS "
+#| "PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX "
+#| "SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+#| "\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgid ""
+"CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN HOME_MODE LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR "
+"MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE "
+"SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN "
+"SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK "
+"<phrase condition=\"tcb\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS "
+"PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN "
+"UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK <phrase condition=\"tcb\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK "
+"USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:502(para)
+msgid ""
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB <phrase "
+"condition=\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB <phrase "
+"condition=\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:512(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+#| "\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgid ""
+"LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition="
+"\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:532(para)
+msgid ""
+"Much of the functionality that used to be provided by the shadow password "
+"suite is now handled by PAM. Thus, <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> is "
+"no longer used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, or less used by "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Please refer to the "
+"corresponding PAM configuration files instead."
+msgstr ""
+"Ein Großteil der Funktionen, die früher einmal durch die Shadow-Passwort-"
+"Werkzeugsammlung angeboten wurden, wird heute durch PAM zur Verfügung "
+"gestellt. Daher wird <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> nicht länger von "
+"Programmen wie <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> ausgewertet und von "
+"Programmen wie <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> oder "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> nur noch in geringem Umfang beachtet. Sie sollten daher für "
+"eine entsprechende Konfiguration in den Dateien von PAM nachsehen."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:548(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:58(refentrytitle) login.access.5.xml:65(refname)
+msgid "login.access"
+msgstr "login.access"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "login access control table"
+msgstr "Tabelle für die Zugangskontrolle zur Anmeldung"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:71(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> file specifies (user, "
+"host) combinations and/or (user, tty) combinations for which a login will be "
+"either accepted or refused."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Datei <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> legt Kombinationen "
+"von (Benutzer, Rechner) und (Benutzer, tty) fest, für die eine Anmeldung "
+"erlaubt oder abgelehnt wird."
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:77(para)
+msgid ""
+"When someone logs in, the <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> is "
+"scanned for the first entry that matches the (user, host) combination, or, "
+"in case of non-networked logins, the first entry that matches the (user, "
+"tty) combination. The permissions field of that table entry determines "
+"whether the login will be accepted or refused."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn sich jemand anmeldet, wird <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</"
+"emphasis> nach dem ersten Eintrag durchsucht, auf den die Kombination von "
+"(Benutzer, Rechner) oder, bei lokalen Anmeldungen, von (Benutzer, tty) "
+"zutrifft. Das Feld für die Erlaubnis bestimmt, ob die Anmeldung zugelassen "
+"oder abgelehnt wird."
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each line of the login access control table has three fields separated by a "
+"\":\" character:"
+msgstr ""
+"Jede Zeile der Tabelle für die Zugangskontrolle enthält drei Felder, die "
+"jeweils durch einen Doppelpunkt »:« getrennt sind:"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">permission</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">users</"
+"emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">origins</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">Erlaubnis</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">Benutzer</"
+"emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">Herkunft</emphasis>"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:94(para)
+msgid ""
+"The first field should be a \"<emphasis>+</emphasis>\" (access granted) or "
+"\"<emphasis>-</emphasis>\" (access denied) character. The second field "
+"should be a list of one or more login names, group names, or <emphasis>ALL</"
+"emphasis> (always matches). The third field should be a list of one or more "
+"tty names (for non-networked logins), host names, domain names (begin with "
+"\"<literal>.</literal>\"), host addresses, internet network numbers (end "
+"with \"<literal>.</literal>\"), <emphasis>ALL</emphasis> (always matches) or "
+"<emphasis>LOCAL</emphasis> (matches any string that does not contain a "
+"\"<literal>.</literal>\" character). If you run NIS you can use "
+"@netgroupname in host or user patterns."
+msgstr ""
+"Das erste Feld kann das Zeichen »<emphasis>+</emphasis>« (Zugriff erlaubt) "
+"oder »<emphasis>-</emphasis>« (Zugriff verweigert) sein. Das zweite Feld "
+"kann eine Liste von einem oder mehreren Anmeldenamen, Gruppennamen oder "
+"<emphasis>ALL<emphasis> (trifft immer zu) sein. Das dritte Feld kann eine "
+"Liste von einem oder mehreren tty-Namen (für lokale Anmeldungen), Rechner-"
+"Namen, Domain-Namen (beginnen mit einem »<literal>.</literal>«), Rechner-"
+"Adressen, Internet-Netzwerk-Nummern (enden mit einem »<literal>.</"
+"literal>«), <emphasis>ALL</emphasis> (trifft immer zu) oder <emphasis>LOCAL</"
+"emphasis> (trifft auf alle Zeichenketten zu, die keinen »<literal>.</"
+"literal>« enthalten). Falls Sie NIS einsetzen, können Sie in den Rechner- "
+"und Benutzerangaben auch @netgroupname verwenden."
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>EXCEPT</emphasis> operator makes it possible to write very "
+"compact rules."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Operator <emphasis>EXCEPT</emphasis> ermöglicht es, sehr kurze Regeln zu "
+"schreiben."
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group file is searched only when a name does not match that of the "
+"logged-in user. Only groups are matched in which users are explicitly "
+"listed: the program does not look at a user's primary group id value."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Gruppendatei wird nur durchsucht, wenn ein Name nicht mit dem des "
+"angemeldeten Benutzers übereinstimmt. Eine Übereinstimmung mit Gruppen wird "
+"nur festgestellt, wenn darin der Benutzer ausdrücklich aufgeführt ist. Das "
+"Programm beachtet also nicht den Wert der Hauptgruppe des Benutzers."
+
+# SB: Translation of login.1 based on Josef Spillner's
+# (josef@ggzgamingzone.org) from 2003. Mention somewhere else as well?
+#: login.1.xml:98(refpurpose)
+msgid "begin session on the system"
+msgstr "startet eine Sitzung auf dem System"
+
+#: login.1.xml:104(arg) login.1.xml:112(arg) login.1.xml:119(arg)
+#: login.1.xml:236(option) groupmems.8.xml:79(arg)
+msgid "-p"
+msgstr "-p"
+
+#: login.1.xml:105(replaceable) login.1.xml:113(replaceable)
+#: login.1.xml:120(replaceable)
+msgid "host"
+msgstr "Rechner"
+
+#: login.1.xml:105(arg) login.1.xml:113(arg)
+msgid "-h <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-h <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: login.1.xml:108(replaceable)
+msgid "ENV=VAR"
+msgstr "ENV=VAR"
+
+#: login.1.xml:114(arg) login.1.xml:214(option)
+msgid "-f"
+msgstr "-f"
+
+#: login.1.xml:120(arg)
+msgid "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: login.1.xml:126(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>login</command> program is used to establish a new session with "
+"the system. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">login:</emphasis> prompt on the user's terminal. "
+"<command>login</command> may be special to the shell and may not be invoked "
+"as a sub-process. When called from a shell, <command>login</command> should "
+"be executed as <emphasis remap=\"B\">exec login</emphasis> which will cause "
+"the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new "
+"logged in user to return to the session of the caller). Attempting to "
+"execute <command>login</command> from any shell but the login shell will "
+"produce an error message."
+msgstr ""
+"Das Programm <command>login</command> wird verwendet, um eine neue Sitzung "
+"auf dem System zu starten. Es wird normalerweise automatisch als Antwort auf "
+"die <emphasis remap=\"I\">login:</emphasis>-Eingabeaufforderung auf dem "
+"Terminal des Benutzers ausgeführt. <command>login</command> kann von der "
+"Shell besonders behandelt werden und kann nicht als Subprozess gestartet "
+"werden. Wenn <command>login</command> von einer Shell aufgerufen wird, "
+"sollte es als <emphasis remap=\"B\">exec login</emphasis> ausgeführt werden, "
+"so dass die aktuelle Shell des Benutzers beendet wird (und somit verhindert "
+"wird, dass der neue Benutzer in die Sitzung des alten zurückkehren kann). "
+"Der Versuch, von einer Shell außer der Anmelde-Shell <command>login</"
+"command> auszuführen, wird eine Fehlermeldung erzeugen."
+
+#: login.1.xml:140(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate. Echoing is "
+"disabled to prevent revealing the password. Only a small number of password "
+"failures are permitted before <command>login</command> exits and the "
+"communications link is severed."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls  erforderlich, wird der Benutzer anschließend nach einem Passwort "
+"gefragt. Dieses wird während der Eingabe nicht angezeigt. Es sind nur eine "
+"kleine Anzahl von Anmeldeversuchen zulässig, ehe <command>login</command> "
+"abbricht und die Kommunikation getrennt wird."
+
+#: login.1.xml:147(para)
+msgid ""
+"If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for "
+"a new password before proceeding. You will be forced to provide your old "
+"password and the new password before continuing. Please refer to "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> for more information."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls der Passwortverfall für Ihr Konto aktiviert wurde, kann es sein, dass "
+"Sie vor der weiteren Nutzung nach einem neuen Passwort gefragt werden. Sie "
+"müssen Ihr altes und neues Passwort angegeben, bevor Sie fortfahren können. "
+"In der Dokumentation zu <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> finden sich weitere "
+"Informationen."
+
+#: login.1.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and "
+"the presence of mail. You may turn off the printing of the system message "
+"file, <filename>/etc/motd</filename>, by creating a zero-length file "
+"<filename>.hushlogin</filename> in your login directory. The mail message "
+"will be one of \"<emphasis>You have new mail.</emphasis>\", \"<emphasis>You "
+"have mail.</emphasis>\", or \"<emphasis>No Mail.</emphasis>\" according to "
+"the condition of your mailbox."
+msgstr ""
+"Nach einer erfolgreichen Anmeldung werden Ihnen Systemmeldungen präsentiert, "
+"sowie das Vorhandensein von Mails angezeigt. Die Anzeige der systemweiten "
+"Nachrichtendatei <filename>/etc/motd</filename> kann abgeschaltet werden, "
+"indem im Anmeldeverzeichnis eine leere Datei <filename>.hushlogin</filename> "
+"angelegt wird. Je nach Zustand der Mailbox des Benutzers ist die "
+"Mailnachricht entweder »<emphasis>Sie haben neue Mails.</emphasis>«, "
+"»<emphasis>Sie haben Mails.</emphasis>« oder »<emphasis>Keine Mails.</"
+"emphasis>«."
+
+#: login.1.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file. The value for <envar>$HOME</envar>, "
+"<envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, <envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, and "
+"<envar>$MAIL</envar> are set according to the appropriate fields in the "
+"password entry. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to "
+"entries in the GECOS field."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Benutzer- und Gruppen-IDs werden gemäß den Werten in <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> gesetzt. Die Werte für <envar>$HOME</envar>, <envar>"
+"$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, <envar>$LOGNAME</envar> und <envar>"
+"$MAIL</envar> werden ebenfalls entsprechend den Feldern im Passworteintrag "
+"gesetzt. Werte für ulimit, umask und nice können ebenfalls gemäß den Werten "
+"im GECOS-Feld gesetzt werden."
+
+#: login.1.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"On some installations, the environmental variable <envar>$TERM</envar> will "
+"be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in "
+"<filename>/etc/ttytype</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Bei einigen Installationen wird anfänglich die Umgebungsvariable <envar>"
+"$TERM</envar> entsprechend dem Terminaltyp Ihrer tty-Zeile, wie sie in "
+"<filename>/etc/ttytype</filename> angegeben ist, gesetzt."
+
+#: login.1.xml:182(para)
+msgid ""
+"An initialization script for your command interpreter may also be executed. "
+"Please see the appropriate manual section for more information on this "
+"function."
+msgstr ""
+"Ein  Startskript für Ihren Befehlsinterpreter kann auch ausgeführt werden. "
+"Sehen Sie bitte in den entsprechenden Handbuchseiten für weitere "
+"Informationen darüber nach."
+
+#: login.1.xml:194(para) login.1.xml:270(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>login</command> program is NOT responsible for removing users "
+"from the utmp file. It is the responsibility of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to clean up apparent "
+"ownership of a terminal session. If you use <command>login</command> from "
+"the shell prompt without <command>exec</command>, the user you use will "
+"continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the \"subsession"
+"\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Es liegt NICHT in der Verantwortung von <command>login</command>, Benutzer "
+"aus der utmp-Datei zu entfernen. Sowohl <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> als auch "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> sind dafür zuständig, die offenkundige Eigentümerstellung "
+"einer Terminalsitzung aufzuräumen. Falls Sie <command>login</command> von "
+"der Shell ohne <command>exec</command> verwenden, wird der Benutzer, den Sie "
+"verwenden, weiterhin als angemeldet erscheinen, obwohl Sie die "
+"»untergeordnete Sitzung« beendet haben."
+
+#: login.1.xml:217(para)
+msgid "Do not perform authentication, user is preauthenticated."
+msgstr "Keine Authentifizierung durchführen, Benutzer ist bereits angemeldet."
+
+#: login.1.xml:220(para)
+msgid "Note: In that case, <replaceable>username</replaceable> is mandatory."
+msgstr ""
+"Hinweis: In diesem Fall muss <replaceable>Benutzername</replaceable> "
+"angegeben werden."
+
+#: login.1.xml:228(option)
+msgid "-h"
+msgstr "-h"
+
+#: login.1.xml:231(para)
+msgid "Name of the remote host for this login."
+msgstr "Name des entfernt stehenden Rechners für die Anmeldung"
+
+#: login.1.xml:239(para)
+msgid "Preserve environment."
+msgstr "behält die Umgebungseinstellungen bei"
+
+#: login.1.xml:244(option)
+msgid "-r"
+msgstr "-r"
+
+#: login.1.xml:247(para)
+msgid "Perform autologin protocol for rlogin."
+msgstr "führt das Autologin-Protokoll für rlogin aus"
+
+#: login.1.xml:252(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> and <option>-f</option> options "
+"are only used when <command>login</command> is invoked by root."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> und <option>-f</"
+"option> können nur verwendet werden, wenn <command>login</command> von Root "
+"ausgeführt wird."
+
+#: login.1.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"This version of <command>login</command> has many compilation options, only "
+"some of which may be in use at any particular site."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Version von <command>login</command> hat viele Optionen für die "
+"Kompilierung, wobei eventuell nicht alle Optionen auf allen Systemen "
+"verwendet werden."
+
+#: login.1.xml:266(para)
+msgid ""
+"The location of files is subject to differences in system configuration."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Ort der Konfigurationsdateien kann je nach Konfiguration des Systems "
+"unterschiedlich sein."
+
+#: login.1.xml:282(para)
+msgid ""
+"As with any program, <command>login</command>'s appearance can be faked. If "
+"non-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use "
+"this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the "
+"machine. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a "
+"trusted path and prevent this kind of attack."
+msgstr ""
+"Wie bei jedem anderen Programm kann auch das Erscheinungsbild von "
+"<command>login</command> vorgespiegelt werden. Falls unseriöse Benutzer "
+"physischen Zugriff auf den Rechner haben, kann dies von einem Angreifer "
+"verwendet werden, um das Passwort der Person zu erhalten, die sich als "
+"nächste vor den Rechner setzt. In Linux können Benutzer den SAK-Mechanismus "
+"verwenden, um einen vertrauenswürdigen Pfad zu erstellen und somit diesem "
+"Angriff zu entgehen."
+
+#: login.1.xml:347(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/wtmp"
+msgstr "/var/log/wtmp"
+
+#: login.1.xml:349(para)
+msgid "List of previous login sessions."
+msgstr "Liste der vorangegangenen angemeldeten Sitzungen"
+
+#: login.1.xml:365(filename)
+msgid "/etc/motd"
+msgstr "/etc/motd"
+
+#: login.1.xml:367(para)
+msgid "System message of the day file."
+msgstr "Datei mit der Systemmeldung des Tages"
+
+#: login.1.xml:371(filename)
+msgid "/etc/nologin"
+msgstr "/etc/nologin"
+
+#: login.1.xml:373(para)
+msgid "Prevent non-root users from logging in."
+msgstr "verhindert, dass sich Benutzer außer Root anmelden"
+
+#: login.1.xml:377(filename)
+msgid "/etc/ttytype"
+msgstr "/etc/ttytype"
+
+#: login.1.xml:379(para)
+msgid "List of terminal types."
+msgstr "Liste der Terminaltypen"
+
+#: login.1.xml:383(filename)
+msgid "$HOME/.hushlogin"
+msgstr "$HOME/.hushlogin"
+
+#: login.1.xml:385(para)
+msgid "Suppress printing of system messages."
+msgstr "unterdrückt die Ausgabe von Systemnachrichten"
+
+#: login.1.xml:399(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:41(firstname)
+msgid "Luca"
+msgstr "Luca"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:42(surname)
+msgid "Berra"
+msgstr "Berra"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:59(refentrytitle) limits.5.xml:66(refname)
+msgid "limits"
+msgstr "limits"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:67(refpurpose)
+msgid "resource limits definition"
+msgstr "Festlegung von Resourcenbeschränkungen"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:73(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis remap=\"I\">limits</emphasis> file (<filename>/etc/limits</"
+"filename> by default or LIMITS_FILE defined <filename>config.h</filename>) "
+"describes the resource limits you wish to impose. It should be owned by root "
+"and readable by root account only."
+msgstr ""
+"Die <emphasis remap=\"I\">limits</emphasis>-Datei (standardmäßig <filename>/"
+"etc/limits</filename> oder die durch LIMITS_FILE in <filename>config.h</"
+"filename> festgelegte) bezeichnet die von Ihnen eingeführte Beschränkung von "
+"Ressourcen. Sie sollte Root gehören und nur von ihm lesbar sein."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default no quota is imposed on 'root'. In fact, there is no way to impose "
+"limits via this procedure to root-equiv accounts (accounts with UID 0)."
+msgstr ""
+"Standardmäßig bestehen für Root keine Einschränkungen. Tatsächlich gibt es "
+"keine Möglichkeit, mit diesem Verfahren Root-Konten (Konten mit der UID 0) "
+"Beschränkungen aufzuerlegen."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "Each line describes a limit for a user in the form:"
+msgstr ""
+"Jede Zeile beschreibt eine Beschränkung für einen Benutzer in der Form:"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:90(emphasis)
+msgid "user LIMITS_STRING"
+msgstr "Benutzer BESCHRÄNKUNGSZEICHENKETTE"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:93(para)
+msgid "or in the form:"
+msgstr "oder in der Form:"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:96(emphasis)
+msgid "@group LIMITS_STRING"
+msgstr "@Gruppe BESCHRÄNKUNGSZEICHENKETTE"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis> is a string of a concatenated list of "
+"resource limits. Each limit consists of a letter identifier followed by a "
+"numerical limit."
+msgstr ""
+"Die <emphasis>BESCHRÄNKUNGSZEICHENKETTE</emphasis> ist eine Kette von "
+"Ressourcen-Beschränkungen. Jede Beschränkung besteht aus einer "
+"Buchstabenkennung, der eine zahlenmäßige Beschränkung folgt."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:105(para)
+msgid "The valid identifiers are:"
+msgstr "Gültige Kennungen sind:"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:108(para)
+msgid "A: max address space (KB)"
+msgstr "A: maximaler Adressraum (KB)"
+
+# SB: Uebersetzung von "core file"?
+#: limits.5.xml:109(para)
+msgid "C: max core file size (KB)"
+msgstr "C: maximale Größe der Speicherabbild-Datei"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:110(para)
+msgid "D: max data size (KB)"
+msgstr "D: maximale Datengröße (KB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:111(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "F: maximum filesize (KB)"
+msgid "F: maximum file size (KB)"
+msgstr "F: maximale Dateigröße (KB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:112(para)
+msgid ""
+"K: file creation mask, set by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"K: Maske für die Dateierstellung, wird von "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> gesetzt."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:117(para)
+msgid "I: max nice value (0..39 which translates to 20..-19)"
+msgstr ""
+"I: Maximaler Wert von nice (0 bis 39, was in 20 bis -19 übersetzt wird)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:119(para)
+msgid "L: max number of logins for this user"
+msgstr "L: maximale Anzahl von Logins für diesen Benutzer"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:120(para)
+msgid "M: max locked-in-memory address space (KB)"
+msgstr "M: maximaler gesperrter Adressbereich im Speicher (KB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:121(para)
+msgid "N: max number of open files"
+msgstr "N: maximale Anzahl offener Dateien"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:122(para)
+msgid "O: max real time priority"
+msgstr "O: Maximale Echtzeit-Priorität "
+
+#: limits.5.xml:123(para)
+msgid ""
+"P: process priority, set by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"P: Prozesspriorität, wird von <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> gesetzt."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:128(para)
+msgid "R: max resident set size (KB)"
+msgstr "R: maximale Resident Set Size (KB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:129(para)
+msgid "S: max stack size (KB)"
+msgstr "S: maximale Größe des Stapelverarbeitungsspeichers (KB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid "T: max CPU time (MIN)"
+msgstr "T: maximale CPU-Zeit (Min)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:131(para)
+msgid "U: max number of processes"
+msgstr "U: maximale Anzahl von Prozessen"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"For example, <emphasis remap=\"I\">L2D2048N5</emphasis> is a valid "
+"<emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis>. For reading convenience, the following "
+"entries are equivalent:"
+msgstr ""
+"Zum Beispiel ist <emphasis remap=\"I\">L2D2048N5</emphasis> eine gültige "
+"<emphasis>BESCHRÄNKUNGSZEICHENKETTE</emphasis>. Um das Lesen zu erleichtern, "
+"werden folgende Einträge gleich behandelt:"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:140(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      username L2D2048N5\n"
+"      username L2 D2048 N5\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      Benutzername L2D2048N5\n"
+"      Benutzername L2 D2048 N5\n"
+"    "
+
+#: limits.5.xml:145(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Be aware that after <emphasis remap=\"I\">username</emphasis> the rest of "
+#| "the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed. A "
+#| "invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the "
+#| "<command>login</command> program."
+msgid ""
+"Be aware that after <emphasis remap=\"I\">username</emphasis> the rest of "
+"the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed. An "
+"invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the "
+"<command>login</command> program."
+msgstr ""
+"Beachten Sie, dass nach <emphasis remap=\"I\">Benutzername</emphasis> die "
+"übrige Zeile als Zeichenkette für Beschränkungen angesehen wird. Kommentare "
+"sind daher nicht zulässig. Eine ungültige Zeichenkette wird von "
+"<command>login</command> ignoriert."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default entry is denoted by username \"<emphasis>*</emphasis>\". If you "
+"have multiple <emphasis remap=\"I\">default</emphasis> entries in your "
+"<emphasis>LIMITS_FILE</emphasis>, then the last one will be used as the "
+"default entry."
+msgstr ""
+"Standardwerte werden mit dem Benutzernamen »<emphasis>*</emphasis>« "
+"festgelegt. Falls Sie mehrfach <emphasis remap=\"I\">Standard</emphasis>-"
+"Werte in der <emphasis>BESCHRÄNKUNGSDATEI</emphasis> bestimmen, wird nur der "
+"letzte berücksichtigt."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"The limits specified in the form \"<replaceable>@group</replaceable>\" apply "
+"to the members of the specified <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Beschränkungen, die in der Form »<replaceable>@group</replaceable>« "
+"festgelegt wurden, gelten für alle Mitglieder der angegebenen Gruppe "
+"<replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:165(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If more than one line with limits for an user exist, only the first line "
+#| "for this user will be considered."
+msgid ""
+"If more than one line with limits for a user exist, only the first line for "
+"this user will be considered."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn mehr als eine Zeile mit Beschränkungen für einen Benutzer vorhanden "
+"ist, wird für ihn nur die erste Zeile berücksichtigt."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:170(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If no lines are specified for an user, the last <replaceable>@group</"
+#| "replaceable> line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be "
+#| "considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the "
+#| "user."
+msgid ""
+"If no lines are specified for a user, the last <replaceable>@group</"
+"replaceable> line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be "
+"considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the "
+"user."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn keine Zeile auf einen Benutzer zutrifft, wird auf ihn die letzte Zeile "
+"mit <replaceable>@group</replaceable> angewendet, die auf eine Gruppe "
+"verweist, deren Mitglied er ist. Wenn er auch nicht Mitglied einer der "
+"aufgeführten Gruppe ist, wird auf ihn die letzte Zeile, in der Standardwerte "
+"bestimmt sind, angewendet."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:177(para)
+msgid ""
+"To completely disable limits for a user, a single dash \"<emphasis>-</"
+"emphasis>\" will do."
+msgstr ""
+"Mit einem Gedankenstrich »<emphasis>-</emphasis>« können Sie alle "
+"Beschränkungen für einen Benutzer zu entfernen."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:182(para)
+msgid ""
+"To disable a limit for a user, a single dash \"<replaceable>-</replaceable>"
+"\" can be used instead of the numerical value for this limit."
+msgstr ""
+"Um für einen Benutzer eine bestimmte Beschränkung zu entfernen, müssen Sie "
+"für diese Beschränkung anstelle des numerischen Wertes einen Gedankenstrich "
+"»<replaceable>-</replaceable>« setzen."
+
+# SB: Well, there is PAM with /etc/security/limits.conf
+#: limits.5.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"Also, please note that all limit settings are set PER LOGIN. They are not "
+"global, nor are they permanent. Perhaps global limits will come, but for now "
+"this will have to do ;)"
+msgstr ""
+"Berücksichtigen Sie auch, dass alle Beschränkungen nur JE ANMELDUNG gelten. "
+"Sie sind nicht global und auch nicht dauerhaft. Vielleicht wird es einmal "
+"globale Beschränkungen geben, für jetzt muss dies aber reichen ;)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:199(filename)
+msgid "/etc/limits"
+msgstr "/etc/limits"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:67(refpurpose)
+msgid "reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user"
+msgstr "berichtet die letzte Anmeldung für alle oder einen bestimmten Benutzer"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>lastlog</command> formats and prints the contents of the last login "
+"log <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file. The <emphasis>login-name</"
+"emphasis>, <emphasis>port</emphasis>, and <emphasis>last login time</"
+"emphasis> will be printed. The default (no flags) causes lastlog entries to "
+"be printed, sorted by their order in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>lastlog</command> formatiert und gibt den Inhalt der Datei mit den "
+"letzten Anmeldungen, <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename>, aus. Der "
+"<emphasis>Anmeldename</emphasis>, der <emphasis>Port</emphasis> und der "
+"<emphasis>Zeitpunkt der letzten Anmeldung</emphasis> werden angezeigt. "
+"Standardmäßig (keine Optionen) werden die Lastlog-Einträge in der "
+"Reihenfolge, wie sie sich in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> befinden, "
+"ausgegeben."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:93(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>lastlog</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>lastlog</command> unterstützt werden, "
+"sind:"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:98(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>TAGE</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:102(para)
+msgid ""
+"Print only lastlog records older than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"gibt nur Lastlog-Einträge aus, die älter als <emphasis remap=\"I\">TAGE</"
+"emphasis> sind"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:108(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+msgid "<option>-C</option>, <option>--clear</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:112(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-d</option> (or "
+#| "<option>--home</option>) option."
+msgid ""
+"Clear lastlog record of a user. This option can be used only together with "
+"<option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>))."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Option ist nur in Verbindung mit der Option <option>-d</option> (oder "
+"<option>--home</option>) zulässig."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:139(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgid "<option>-S</option>, <option>--set</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:143(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set lastlog record of a user to the current time. This option can be used "
+"only together with <option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>))."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:150(term) faillog.8.xml:192(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>TAGE</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:154(para)
+msgid ""
+"Print the lastlog records more recent than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</"
+"emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"gibt nur Lastlog-Einträge aus, die neuer als <emphasis remap=\"I\">TAGE</"
+"emphasis> sind"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:161(term) faillog.8.xml:202(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>MENGE</replaceable>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:165(para)
+msgid "Print the lastlog record of the specified user(s)."
+msgstr "gibt nur die Lastlog-Einträge für die angegebenen Benutzer aus"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:168(para) faillog.8.xml:211(para)
+msgid ""
+"The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a "
+"<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable> of users. This <replaceable>RANGE</"
+"replaceable> of users can be specified with a min and max values "
+"(<replaceable>UID_MIN-UID_MAX</replaceable>), a max value (<replaceable>-"
+"UID_MAX</replaceable>), or a min value (<replaceable>UID_MIN-</replaceable>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Bestimmung der Benutzer erfolgt durch ihren Anmeldenamen, ihrer "
+"zahlenmäßigen Benutzer-ID oder einer <replaceable>MENGE</replaceable> von "
+"Benutzern. Diese <replaceable>MENGE</replaceable> kann mit Minimum- und "
+"Maximumwerten (<replaceable>UID_MIN-UID_MAX</replaceable>), nur mit einem "
+"Maximumwert (<replaceable>UID_MIN-UID_MAX</replaceable>) oder nur einem "
+"Minimumwert (<replaceable>UID_MIN-</replaceable>) bestimmt werden."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:180(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the user has never logged in the message <emphasis>** Never logged in**</"
+"emphasis> will be displayed instead of the port and time."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn sich ein Benutzer noch nie angemeldet hat, wird die Meldung "
+"<emphasis>** Never logged in**</emphasis> anstatt von Port und Zeit "
+"angezeigt."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:185(para)
+msgid ""
+"Only the entries for the current users of the system will be displayed. "
+"Other entries may exist for users that were deleted previously."
+msgstr ""
+"Es werden nur Einträge für auf dem System vorhandene Benutzer angezeigt, "
+"selbst wenn Einträge über gelöschte Benutzer noch vorhanden sind."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:193(title) groups.1.xml:90(title) chsh.1.xml:140(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:237(title)
+msgid "NOTE"
+msgstr "ANMERKUNGEN"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <filename>lastlog</filename> file is a database which contains info on "
+"the last login of each user. You should not rotate it. It is a sparse file, "
+"so its size on the disk is usually much smaller than the one shown by "
+"\"<command>ls -l</command>\" (which can indicate a really big file if you "
+"have in <filename>passwd</filename> users with a high UID). You can display "
+"its real size with \"<command>ls -s</command>\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Bei der Datei <filename>lastlog</filename> handelt es sich um eine "
+"Datenbank, die Informationen zur letzten Anmeldung der Benutzer enthält. Sie "
+"sollten sie nicht austauschen. Es handelt sich um eine Sparse-Datei, so dass "
+"die tatsächliche Größe auf dem Speichermedium gewöhnlich viel kleiner ist "
+"als von »<command>ls -l</command>« angezeigt wird (was eine sehr große Datei "
+"anzeigen kann, wenn sich Benutzer mit einer großen UID in <filename>passwd</"
+"filename> befinden). Die wirkliche Dateigröße lässt sich mit »<command>ls -"
+"s</command>« anzeigen."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:220(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/lastlog"
+msgstr "/var/log/lastlog"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "Database times of previous user logins."
+msgstr "Datenbank mit Zeiten der letzten Anmeldung der Benutzer"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:230(para)
+msgid ""
+"Large gaps in UID numbers will cause the lastlog program to run longer with "
+"no output to the screen (i.e. if in lastlog database there is no entries for "
+"users with UID between 170 and 800 lastlog will appear to hang as it "
+"processes entries with UIDs 171-799)."
+msgstr ""
+"Große Lücken in den UID-Zahlen haben zur Folge, dass das Lastlog-Programm "
+"längere Zeit ohne Bildschirmausgabe läuft. Wenn sich z.B. in der Datenbank "
+"von Lastlog kein Eintrag für Benutzer mit der UID zwischen 170 und 800 "
+"befindet, wird es scheinen, als ob lastlog stehen geblieben ist, während es "
+"die Einträge mit der UID 171 bis 799 verarbeitet."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:41(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2005"
+msgstr "ursprünglicher Autor, 2005"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:46(refentrytitle) gshadow.5.xml:53(refname)
+msgid "gshadow"
+msgstr "gshadow"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:54(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadowed group file"
+msgstr "Shadow-Datei für Gruppen"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:59(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> contains the shadowed information for "
+"group accounts."
+msgstr ""
+"In <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> befinden sich die Informationen für das "
+"Shadow-Gruppen-System."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:69(para)
+msgid "Each line of this file contains the following colon-separated fields:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die darin enthaltenen Zeilen haben folgende Felder, die durch Doppelpunkt "
+"getrennt sind:"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:75(emphasis)
+msgid "group name"
+msgstr "Gruppenname"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:77(para)
+msgid "It must be a valid group name, which exist on the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Es muss sich um einen gültigen, auf dem System vorhandenen Gruppennamen "
+"handeln."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, for instance ! or *, users will not be able to use a unix "
+"password to access the group (but group members do not need the password)."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn das Passwortfeld eine Zeichenkette enthält, die kein zulässiges "
+"Ergebnis von <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> ist, z.B. ! oder *, können Benutzer nicht mit "
+"einem Unix-Passwort Zugang zu der Gruppe erhalten, wobei Gruppenmitglieder "
+"kein Passwort benötigen."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:97(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The password is used when an user who is not a member of the group wants "
+#| "to gain the permissions of this group (see "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
+msgid ""
+"The password is used when a user who is not a member of the group wants to "
+"gain the permissions of this group (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Das Passwort wird angefordert, wenn ein Benutzer, der nicht Mitglied der "
+"Gruppe ist, die Berechtigungen dieser Gruppe erhalten will (vergleiche "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>)."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field may be empty, in which case only the group members can gain the "
+"group permissions."
+msgstr ""
+"Dieses Feld kann leer bleiben. Dies hat zur Folge, dass nur "
+"Gruppenmitglieder von den Rechten der Gruppe Gebrauch machen können."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"This password supersedes any password specified in <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Dieses Passwort geht den in <filename>/etc/group</filename> definierten "
+"Passwörtern vor."
+
+# SB: Gruppenverwalter ist besser als Administrator, weil so keine Verwechslung mit Systemadminstrator.
+#: gshadow.5.xml:121(emphasis)
+msgid "administrators"
+msgstr "Gruppenverwalter"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:123(para) gshadow.5.xml:139(para)
+msgid "It must be a comma-separated list of user names."
+msgstr ""
+"Es muss sich dabei um eine durch Kommas getrennte Liste von Benutzernamen "
+"handeln."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:126(para)
+msgid "Administrators can change the password or the members of the group."
+msgstr ""
+"Gruppenverwalter können das Passwort und die Mitglieder der Gruppe ändern."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"Administrators also have the same permissions as the members (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"Gruppenverwalter haben die gleichen Recht wie die Gruppenmitglieder (siehe "
+"unten)."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:137(emphasis)
+msgid "members"
+msgstr "Mitglieder"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:142(para)
+msgid "Members can access the group without being prompted for a password."
+msgstr ""
+"Mitglieder haben Zugang zu der Gruppe, ohne eine Passwort eingeben zu müssen."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:146(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should use the same list of users as in <filename>/etc/group</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Sie sollten die gleiche Benutzerliste wie in <filename>/etc/group</filename> "
+"verwenden."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "verify integrity of group files"
+msgstr "überprüft die Stimmigkeit der Gruppendateien"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpck</command> command verifies the integrity of the groups "
+"information. It checks that all entries in <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase> have the proper format and contain valid data. The user "
+"is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have "
+"other uncorrectable errors."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>grpwck</command> überprüft die Stimmigkeit der "
+"Informationen über die Gruppen. Alle Einträge in <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">und <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase> werden darauf überprüft, ob sie das richtige Format haben "
+"und gültige Daten enthalten. Bei einem Eintrag, der falsch formatiert ist "
+"oder andere unbehebbare Fehler enthält, wird der Benutzer aufgefordert, ihn "
+"zu löschen."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:101(para)
+msgid "a unique and valid group name"
+msgstr "einen eindeutigen und gültigen Gruppennamen"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"a valid group identifier <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> (<filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename> only)</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"eine gültige Gruppenkennung <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> (nur für "
+"<filename>/etc/group</filename>)</phrase>"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"a valid list of members <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> and administrators</"
+"phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"eine gültige Liste der Mitglieder <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> und "
+"Gruppenverwalter</phrase>"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"a corresponding entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file "
+"(respectively <filename>/etc/group</filename> for the <filename>gshadow</"
+"filename> checks)"
+msgstr ""
+"einen passenden Eintrag in der Datei <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>  "
+"(oder in <filename>/etc/group</filename> bei der Überprüfung von "
+"<filename>gshadow</filename>)"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:125(para)
+msgid ""
+"The checks for correct number of fields and unique group name are fatal. If "
+"an entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete "
+"the entire line. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further "
+"checks are bypassed. An entry with a duplicated group name is prompted for "
+"deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made. All other errors are "
+"warnings and the user is encouraged to run the <command>groupmod</command> "
+"command to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+"Fehler bei der Überprüfung der richtigen Anzahl der Felder und des "
+"eindeutigen Benutzernamens sind schwerwiegend. Wenn ein Eintrag die falsche "
+"Anzahl von Feldern aufweist, wird der Benutzer aufgefordert, die gesamte "
+"Zeile zu löschen. Wenn er dies ablehnt, werden alle weiteren Tests "
+"ausgelassen. Bei einem Eintrag mit einem mehrfach verwendeten Benutzernamen "
+"wird der Benutzer aufgefordert, diesen Eintrag zu löschen. Sollte er dies "
+"ablehnen, werden dennoch die übrigen Tests ausgeführt. Bei allen anderen "
+"Fehlern wird eine Warnung ausgegeben und der Benutzer aufgefordert, den "
+"Fehler mittels des Befehls <command>groupmod</command> zu beheben."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid ""
+"The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"no_gshadow\">file</phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and "
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</phrase> are not able to alter "
+"corrupted or duplicated entries. <command>grpck</command> should be used in "
+"those circumstances to remove the offending entries."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Befehle, welche die <phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">Datei <filename>/"
+"etc/group</filename></phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">Dateien "
+"<filename>/etc/group</filename> und <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></"
+"phrase> bearbeiten, können falsche oder doppelte Einträge nicht verändern. "
+"In solchen Fällen sollte <command>grpwck</command> verwendet werden, um die "
+"betreffenden Einträge zu entfernen."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>grpck</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>grpck</command> unterstützt werden, "
+"sind:"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:165(para)
+msgid ""
+"Execute the <command>grpck</command> command in read-only mode. This causes "
+"all questions regarding changes to be answered <emphasis>no</emphasis> "
+"without user intervention."
+msgstr ""
+"Führt den Befehl <command>grpck</command> im Modus Nur-Lesen aus. Dies hat "
+"zur Folge, dass alle Fragen, ob Veränderungen vorgenommen werden sollen, mit "
+"<emphasis>no</emphasis> beantworteten werden, ohne dass der Benutzer "
+"einzugreifen braucht."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"Sort entries in <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase> by GID."
+msgstr ""
+"Ordnet die Einträge in <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\">und <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase> nach der GID."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:196(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, <command>grpck</command> operates on <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. The user may select alternate files with the <emphasis "
+"remap=\"I\">group</emphasis><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">parameter.</"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</"
+"emphasis> parameters.</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"Standardmäßig arbeitet <command>grpck</command> mit  <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> und <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. Der Benutzer kann andere Dateien mit <phrase condition="
+"\"no_gshadow\">dem Parameter <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis></"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">den Parametern <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">group</emphasis> und <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis></phrase> "
+"auswählen."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:264(para)
+msgid "one or more bad group entries"
+msgstr "ein oder mehrere fehlerhafte Gruppeneinträge"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:270(para)
+msgid "can't open group files"
+msgstr "Die Gruppendateien können nicht geöffnet werden."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "can't lock group files"
+msgstr "Die Gruppendateien können nicht gesperrt werden."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:282(para)
+msgid "can't update group files"
+msgstr "Die Gruppendateien können nicht aktualisiert werden."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:246(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpck</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>grpck</command> gibt beim Beenden folgende Werte zurück: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:291(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>, </citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>, </citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: groups.1.xml:57(refentrytitle) groups.1.xml:64(refname)
+#: groups.1.xml:70(command)
+msgid "groups"
+msgstr "groups"
+
+#: groups.1.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "display current group names"
+msgstr "zeigt die aktuell verwendeten Gruppennamen an"
+
+#: groups.1.xml:72(replaceable)
+msgid "user"
+msgstr "Benutzer"
+
+#: groups.1.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groups</command> command displays the current group names or ID "
+"values. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename>, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value. "
+"The optional <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis> parameter will display "
+"the groups for the named <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>groups</command> zeigt die momentan verwendeten "
+"Gruppennamen oder IDs an. Wenn einem Wert kein Eintrag in <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename> entspricht, wird die Gruppennummer ausgegeben. Mit der "
+"Option <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis> werden nur die Gruppen des "
+"bezeichneten <emphasis remap=\"I\">Benutzers</emphasis> angezeigt."
+
+# SB: Übersetzung von "concurrent group set"?
+#: groups.1.xml:91(para)
+msgid ""
+"Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information "
+"from <filename>/etc/group</filename> reported. The user must use "
+"<command>newgrp</command> or <command>sg</command> to change his current "
+"real and effective group ID."
+msgstr ""
+"Auf Systemen, die keine simultanen Gruppen unterstützen, werden die "
+"Informationen aus <filename>/etc/group</filename> ausgegeben. Wenn der "
+"Benutzer seine tatsächliche und effektive Gruppen-ID ändern will, muss er "
+"<command>newgrp</command> oder <command>sg</command> verwenden."
+
+#: groups.1.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgroups</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgroups</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "modify a group definition on the system"
+msgstr "ändert die Eigenschaften einer Gruppe auf dem System"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:75(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:75(replaceable)
+msgid "GROUP"
+msgstr "GRUPPE"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmod</command> command modifies the definition of the "
+"specified <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> by modifying the appropriate "
+"entry in the group database."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>groupmod</command> ändert die Eigenschaften der "
+"angegebenen <replaceable>GRUPPE</replaceable>, indem die passenden Einträge "
+"in der Gruppendatenbank geändert werden."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupmod</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>groupmod</command> unterstützt werden, "
+"sind:"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:96(term) groupadd.8.xml:114(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group ID of the given <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> will be changed "
+"to <replaceable>GID</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Gruppen-ID der angegebenen <replaceable>GRUPPE</replaceable> wird zu "
+"<replaceable>GID</replaceable> geändert."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value of <replaceable>GID</replaceable> must be a non-negative decimal "
+"integer. This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is "
+"used."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Wert von <replaceable>GID</replaceable> muss eine nicht negative, "
+"dezimale Zahl sein. Er muss eindeutig sein, außer wenn die Option <option>-"
+"o</option> verwendet wird."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:110(para)
+msgid ""
+"Users who use the group as primary group will be updated to keep the group "
+"as their primary group."
+msgstr ""
+"Benutzer, welche die Gruppe als Hauptgruppe verwenden, werden aktualisiert, "
+"um die Gruppe als Hauptgruppe zu behalten."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any files that have the old group ID and must continue to belong to "
+"<replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>, must have their group ID changed manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Bei Dateien, welche die alte Gruppen-ID haben und weiterhin der Gruppe "
+"<replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> gehören sollen, muss die Gruppen-ID per "
+"Hand angepasst werden."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>GID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>, or "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Werte von <option>GID_MIN</option>, <option>GID_MAX</option>, "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> und <option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> aus <filename>/"
+"etc/login.defs</filename> werden nicht geprüft."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:135(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--new-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--new-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NEUE_GRUPPE</replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the group will be changed from <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> "
+"to <replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable> name."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Gruppenname wird vom Namen <replaceable>GRUPPE</replaceable> zu "
+"<replaceable>NEUE_GRUPPE</replaceable> geändert."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"When used with the <option>-g</option> option, allow to change the group "
+"<replaceable>GID</replaceable> to a non-unique value."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn sie mit der Option <option>-g</option> verwendet wird, kann mit ihr der "
+"Wert der Gruppen-<replaceable>GID</replaceable> auf einen nicht eindeutigen "
+"Wert gesetzt werden."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:259(para)
+msgid "E_SUCCESS: success"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:265(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "invalid command syntax"
+msgid "E_USAGE: invalid command syntax"
+msgstr "unzulässige Syntax für diesen Befehl"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:271(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "invalid argument to option"
+msgid "E_BAD_ARG: invalid argument to option"
+msgstr "ungültiges Argument für Option"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:277(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgid "E_GID_IN_USE: specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "angegebene Gruppe ist nicht vorhanden"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:283(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgid "E_NOTFOUND: specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "angegebene Gruppe ist nicht vorhanden"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:289(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "group name already in use"
+msgid "E_NAME_IN_USE: group name already in use"
+msgstr "Gruppenname wird schon verwendet"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:295(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "can't update group file"
+msgid "E_GRP_UPDATE: can't update group file"
+msgstr "Die Gruppendatei kann nicht aktualisieren werden."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:299(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "1"
+msgid "11"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:301(para)
+msgid "E_CLEANUP_SERVICE: can't setup cleanup service"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:307(para)
+msgid "E_PAM_USERNAME: can't determine your username for use with pam"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:311(replaceable)
+msgid "13"
+msgstr "13"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"E_PAM_ERROR: pam returned an error, see syslog facility id groupmod for the "
+"PAM error message"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmod</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>groupmod</command> gibt beim Beenden folgende Werte "
+"zurück: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:322(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:42(firstname)
+msgid "George"
+msgstr "George"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:43(surname)
+msgid "Kraft"
+msgstr "Kraft"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:44(lineage)
+msgid "IV"
+msgstr "IV"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:45(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2000"
+msgstr "ursprünglicher Autor, 2000"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "administer members of a user's primary group"
+msgstr "verwaltet die Mitglieder der Hauptgruppe eines Benutzers"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:76(replaceable) groupmems.8.xml:77(replaceable)
+msgid "user_name"
+msgstr "Benutzer_Name"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:76(arg)
+msgid "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:77(arg)
+msgid "-d <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-d <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:78(replaceable)
+msgid "group_name"
+msgstr "Gruppen_Name"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:78(arg)
+msgid "-g <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-g <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:79(arg)
+msgid "-l"
+msgstr "-l"
+
+# SB: 1. I don't understand "sake"? A typo? But of what? 2. I think we shouldn't have the notorious guest account here as an example.
+#: groupmems.8.xml:86(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmems</command> command allows a user to administer their "
+"own group membership list without the requirement of superuser privileges. "
+"The <command>groupmems</command> utility is for systems that configure its "
+"users to be in their own name sake primary group (i.e., guest / guest)."
+msgstr ""
+"Mit dem Befehl <command>groupmems</command> kann ein Benutzer die "
+"Mitgliederliste seiner eigenen Gruppe verwalten, ohne Root-Rechte zu "
+"benötigen. Das Werkzeug <command>groupmems</command> ist für Systeme "
+"gedacht, auf denen die Hauptgruppe eines Benutzers den gleichen Namen hat "
+"wie der Benutzer (z.B. fritz/fritz)."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid ""
+"Only the superuser, as administrator, can use <command>groupmems</command> "
+"to alter the memberships of other groups."
+msgstr ""
+"Nur Root als Administrator kann mit <command>groupmems</command> die "
+"Mitgliederlisten anderer Gruppen bearbeiten."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>groupmems</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>groupmems</command> unterstützt "
+"werden, sind:"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:107(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>Benutzer_Name</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:109(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Add an user to the group membership list."
+msgid "Add a user to the group membership list."
+msgstr "Fügt einen Benutzer der Mitgliederliste der Gruppe hinzu."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:110(para) groupmems.8.xml:126(para)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, and the group has no "
+"entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file, a new entry will be "
+"created."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn die Datei <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> vorhanden ist, die Gruppe "
+"darin aber keinen Eintrag hat, wird ein solcher erstellt."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:118(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>Benutzer_Name</replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "Delete a user from the group membership list."
+msgstr "Löscht einen Benutzer aus der Mitgliederliste der Gruppe."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, the user will be "
+"removed from the list of members and administrators of the group."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> vorhanden ist, wird der Benutzer aus "
+"der Liste der Mitglieder und Gruppenverwalter entfernt."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:134(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>group_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>Gruppen_Name</replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The superuser can specify which group membership list to modify."
+msgstr ""
+"Root kann eine Gruppen bestimmen, deren Mitgliederliste er bearbeiten will."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:148(term) chage.1.xml:160(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid "List the group membership list."
+msgstr "gibt die Mitgliederliste aus"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:154(term)
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--purge</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-p</option>, <option>--purge</option>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid "Purge all users from the group membership list."
+msgstr "löscht alle Benutzer aus der Mitgliederliste der Gruppe"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:180(title)
+msgid "SETUP"
+msgstr "EINRICHTUNG"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmems</command> executable should be in mode <literal>2710</"
+"literal> as user <emphasis>root</emphasis> and in group <emphasis>groups</"
+"emphasis>. The system administrator can add users to group <emphasis>groups</"
+"emphasis> to allow or disallow them using the <command>groupmems</command> "
+"utility to manage their own group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+"Die ausführbare Datei <command>groupmems</command> sollte die Rechte "
+"<literal>2710</literal> haben und dem Benutzer <emphasis>root</emphasis> und "
+"der Gruppe <emphasis>groups</emphasis> gehören. Der Systemadministrator kann "
+"Benutzer der Gruppe <emphasis>groups</emphasis> hinzufügen, um ihnen zu "
+"ermöglichen, mit <command>groupmems</command> die Mitgliederliste ihrer "
+"eigenen Gruppe zu verwalten."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:190(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"\t$ groupadd -r groups\n"
+"\t$ chmod 2710 groupmems\n"
+"\t$ chown root.groups groupmems\n"
+"\t$ groupmems -g groups -a gk4\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"\t$ groupadd -r groups\n"
+"\t$ chmod 2710 groupmems\n"
+"\t$ chown root.groups groupmems\n"
+"\t$ groupmems -g groups -a gk4\n"
+"    "
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "secure group account information"
+msgstr "verschlüsselte Informationen zu den Gruppenkonten"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:230(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "delete a group"
+msgstr "löscht eine Gruppe"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupdel</command> command modifies the system account files, "
+"deleting all entries that refer to <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>. The "
+"named group must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>groupdel</command> bearbeitet die Kontodateien des "
+"Systems und löscht darin alle Einträge, die auf die <replaceable>Gruppe</"
+"replaceable> verweisen. Die bezeichnete Gruppe muss existieren."
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:89(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupdel</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>groupdel</command> unterstützt werden, "
+"sind:"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not remove the primary group of any existing user. You must remove "
+"the user before you remove the group."
+msgstr ""
+"Sie können nicht die Hauptgruppe eines Benutzers entfernen. Dazu müssten Sie "
+"zunächst den betreffenden Benutzer löschen."
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain "
+"owned by this group."
+msgstr ""
+"Sie sollten von Hand alle Systemdateien überprüfen, um sicherzustellen, dass "
+"keine Dateien, die der gelöschten Gruppe angehören, vorhanden sind."
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:200(para)
+msgid "can't remove user's primary group"
+msgstr "Die Hauptgruppe eines Benutzers kann nicht entfernen werden."
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupdel</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>groupdel</command> gibt beim Beenden folgende Werte "
+"zurück: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "create a new group"
+msgstr "erstellt eine neue Gruppe"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupadd</command> command creates a new group account using "
+"the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the "
+"system. The new group will be entered into the system files as needed."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>groupadd</command> erstellt ein neues Gruppenkonto. "
+"Dabei verwendet er die Werte, die auf der Befehlszeile angegeben wurden, "
+"oder die Standardwerte des Systems. Soweit es notwendig ist, wird die neue "
+"Gruppe den Systemdateien hinzugefügt."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupadd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>groupadd</command> unterstützt werden, "
+"sind:"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option causes the command to simply exit with success status if the "
+"specified group already exists. When used with <option>-g</option>, and the "
+"specified GID already exists, another (unique) GID is chosen (i.e. <option>-"
+"g</option> is turned off)."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Option führt dazu, dass der Befehl nur dann erfolgreich beendet wird, "
+"wenn die angegebene Gruppe existiert. Falls diese Option zusammen mit der "
+"Option <option>-g</option> verwendet wird und die angegebene GID schon "
+"vergeben ist, wird eine andere, eindeutige GID gewählt (d.h. <option>-g</"
+"option> wird nicht beachtet)."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numerical value of the group's ID. This value must be unique, unless the "
+"<option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. The "
+"default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to "
+"<option>GID_MIN</option> and greater than every other group."
+msgstr ""
+"Der zahlenmäßige Wert der Gruppen-ID. Dieser Wert muss eindeutig sein, "
+"sofern nicht die Option <option>-o</option> verwendet wird. Der Wert darf "
+"nicht negativ sein. Standardmäßig wird der kleinste Wert größer als oder "
+"gleich <option>GID_MIN</option> und größer als jeder andere Wert einer "
+"Gruppe verwendet."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:124(para)
+msgid ""
+"See also the <option>-r</option> option and the <option>GID_MAX</option> "
+"description."
+msgstr ""
+"Vergleichen Sie auch die Option <option>-r</option> und die Ausführungen zu "
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (GID_MIN, GID_MAX "
+"and others). Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified."
+msgstr ""
+"Überschreibt die Standardwerte von <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"(GID_MIN, GID_MAX und weitere). Diese Option kann mehrfach verwendet werden."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:146(para)
+msgid ""
+"Example: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"Beispiel: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>GID_MAX</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> doesn't work yet."
+msgstr ""
+"Hinweis: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>GID_MAX</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> funktioniert noch nicht."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:161(para)
+msgid "This option permits to add a group with a non-unique GID."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Option erlaubt es, eine Gruppe mit einer nicht eindeutigen GID zu "
+"erstellen."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:192(para)
+msgid "Create a system group."
+msgstr "erstellt eine neue Systemgruppe"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numeric identifiers of new system groups are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>GID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Die zahlenmäßige Kennung einer neuen Systemgruppe wird aus der Spanne von "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> bis <option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> gewählt, "
+"welche in <filename>login.defs</filename> festgelegt wird, anstelle von "
+"<option>GID_MIN</option> bis <option>GID_MAX</option>."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:275(para)
+msgid ""
+"Groupnames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by "
+"lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a "
+"dollar sign. In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+msgstr ""
+"Gruppennamen müssen mit einem Kleinbuchstaben oder einem Unterstrich "
+"beginnen. Nachfolgend dürfen sie Kleinbuchstaben, Zahlen, Unterstriche und "
+"Gedankenstriche enthalten. Das letzte Zeichen darf auch ein Dollarzeichen "
+"sein. Als regulärer Ausdruck: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:281(para)
+msgid "Groupnames may only be up to &GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH; characters long."
+msgstr ""
+"Gruppennamen dürfen nur bis zu &GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH; Zeichen lang sein."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:284(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not add a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the "
+"corresponding server."
+msgstr ""
+"Sie können einen Benutzer nicht einer NIS- oder LDAP-Gruppe hinzufügen. Dies "
+"müssen Sie auf dem entsprechenden Server durchführen."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the groupname already exists in an external group database such as NIS or "
+"LDAP, <command>groupadd</command> will deny the group creation request."
+msgstr ""
+"Falls der Gruppenname bereits in einer externen Datenbank (wie etwa NIS oder "
+"LDAP) vergeben ist, wird <command>groupadd</command> die Gruppe nicht "
+"erstellen."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:321(para)
+msgid "GID not unique (when <option>-o</option> not used)"
+msgstr "GID nicht eindeutig (wenn <option>-o</option> nicht angegeben wird)"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:327(para)
+msgid "group name not unique"
+msgstr "Gruppenname nicht eindeutig"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:297(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupadd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>groupadd</command> gibt beim Beenden folgende Werte "
+"zurück: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:342(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:44(firstname)
+msgid "Rafal"
+msgstr "Rafal"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:45(surname)
+msgid "Maszkowski"
+msgstr "Maszkowski"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:71(phrase)
+msgid "administer <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "verwaltet <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:74(phrase)
+msgid "administer <placeholder-1/> and <placeholder-2/>"
+msgstr "verwaltet <placeholder-1/> und <placeholder-2/>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:85(replaceable) expiry.1.xml:76(replaceable)
+msgid "option"
+msgstr "Option"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:95(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>gpasswd</command> command is used to administer <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. Every group can have <phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">administrators,</phrase> members and a password."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>gpasswd</command> dient zur Verwaltung von <filename>/"
+"etc/group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> und <filename>/etc/"
+"gshadow</filename></phrase>. Jede Gruppe kann <phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">Gruppenverwalter,</phrase> Mitglieder und ein Passwort haben."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"System administrators can use the <option>-A</option> option to define group "
+"administrator(s) and the <option>-M</option> option to define members. They "
+"have all rights of group administrators and members."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Systemadministrator kann mit der Option <option>-A</option> "
+"Gruppenverwalter bestimmen. Mit der Option <option>-M</option> legt er die "
+"Mitglieder fest. Er besitzt alle Rechte, die Gruppenverwalter und Mitglieder "
+"haben können."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>gpasswd</command> called by <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">a group "
+"administrator</phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">a system "
+"administrator</phrase> with a group name only prompts for the new password "
+"of the <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn ein <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">Gruppenverwalter</phrase><phrase "
+"condition=\"no_gshadow\">Systemadministrator</phrase> <command>gpasswd</"
+"command> nur mit dem Gruppennamen aufruft, wird er aufgefordert, für die "
+"<replaceable>Gruppe</replaceable> ein neues Passwort zu vergeben."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:115(para)
+msgid ""
+"If a password is set the members can still use "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> without a password, and non-members must supply the password."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn ein Passwort vergeben wurde, können Mitglieder der Gruppe dennoch ohne "
+"Passwort <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> ausführen. Alle anderen Benutzer benötigen dazu "
+"das Passwort."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:123(title)
+msgid "Notes about group passwords"
+msgstr "Hinweise zu Gruppenpasswörtern"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:124(para)
+msgid ""
+"Group passwords are an inherent security problem since more than one person "
+"is permitted to know the password. However, groups are a useful tool for "
+"permitting co-operation between different users."
+msgstr ""
+"Gruppenpasswörter beinhalten ein Sicherheitsrisiko, da mehrere Personen das "
+"Passwort kennen. Dennoch können sie sinnvoll sein, um die Zusammenarbeit "
+"zwischen Benutzern zu erleichtern."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:135(para)
+msgid ""
+"Except for the <option>-A</option> and <option>-M</option> options, the "
+"options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+"Außer die Optionen <option>-A</option> und <option>-M</option> können die "
+"übrigen Optionen nicht zusammen verwendet werden."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The options cannot be combined."
+msgstr "Die Optionen können nicht zusammen verwendet werden."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:142(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>gpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>gpasswd</command> unterstützt werden, "
+"sind:"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:147(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>Benutzer</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:151(para)
+msgid ""
+"Add the <replaceable>user</replaceable> to the named <replaceable>group</"
+"replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Fügt den <replaceable>Benutzer</replaceable> der bezeichneten "
+"<replaceable>Gruppe</replaceable> zu."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:160(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>Benutzer</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:164(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remove the <replaceable>user</replaceable> from the named "
+"<replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"entfernt den <replaceable>Benutzer</replaceable> aus der bezeichneten "
+"<replaceable>Gruppe</replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:181(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-Q</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-Q</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_VERZ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:195(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove-password</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove-password</option>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:199(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remove the password from the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>. The "
+"group password will be empty. Only group members will be allowed to use "
+"<command>newgrp</command> to join the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Entfernt das Passwort der bezeichneten <replaceable>Gruppe</replaceable>. "
+"Das Gruppenpasswort wird leer sein. Damit können nur noch Gruppenmitglieder "
+"mit <command>newgrp</command> zu der bezeichneten <replaceable>Gruppe</"
+"replaceable> wechseln."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:211(term)
+msgid "<option>-R</option>, <option>--restrict</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-R</option>, <option>--restrict</option>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"Restrict the access to the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>. The group "
+"password is set to \"!\". Only group members with a password will be allowed "
+"to use <command>newgrp</command> to join the named <replaceable>group</"
+"replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Schränkt den Zugang zur bezeichneten <replaceable>Gruppe</replaceable> ein. "
+"Das Gruppenpasswort wird auf »!« gesetzt. Damit können nur noch "
+"Gruppenmitglieder mit einem Passwort mit <command>newgrp</command> zu der "
+"bezeichneten <replaceable>Gruppe</replaceable> wechseln."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:227(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-A</option>, <option>--administrators</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>user</replaceable>,..."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-A</option>, <option>--administrators</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>Benutzer</replaceable>, ..."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:231(para)
+msgid "Set the list of administrative users."
+msgstr "Liste der Gruppenverwalter bestimmen"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:239(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--members</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>,..."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--members</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>Benutzer</"
+"replaceable>, ..."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:243(para)
+msgid "Set the list of group members."
+msgstr "Liste der Mitglieder der Gruppe bestimmen"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"This tool only operates on the <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"gshadow\"> and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files.</"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">file.</phrase> Thus you cannot "
+"change any NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the corresponding "
+"server."
+msgstr ""
+"Dieses Werkzeug bearbeitet nur <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">die Dateien "
+"<filename>/etc/group</filename> und <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> </"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">die Datei <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename></phrase>. Sie können daher keine NIS- oder LDAP-Gruppen "
+"bearbeiten. Dies muss auf dem entsprechenden Server durchgeführt werden."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:298(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry><phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry><phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) faillog.8.xml:64(refname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:70(command) faillog.5.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: faillog.5.xml:64(refname) faillog.5.xml:111(refentrytitle)
+msgid "faillog"
+msgstr "faillog"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "display faillog records or set login failure limits"
+msgstr ""
+"zeigt Aufzeichnungen der fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldungen an oder richtet "
+"Beschränkungen für fehlgeschlagene Anmeldungen ein"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>faillog</command> displays the contents of the failure log database "
+"(<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>). It can also set the failure "
+"counters and limits. When <command>faillog</command> is run without "
+"arguments, it only displays the faillog records of the users who had a login "
+"failure."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>faillog</command> zeigt den Inhalt der Datenbank der "
+"fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldungen (<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>) an. Es "
+"kann auch die Zählung und Beschränkung der Fehlversuche verwalten. Wenn "
+"<command>faillog</command> ohne Optionen ausgeführt wird, wird nur die Liste "
+"der fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldungen aller Benutzer angezeigt, deren Anmeldung "
+"jemals gescheitert ist."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>faillog</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>faillog</command> unterstützt werden, "
+"sind:"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display (or act on) faillog records for all users having an entry in the "
+"<filename>faillog</filename> database."
+msgstr ""
+"zeigt (oder bearbeitet) die faillog-Einträge aller Benutzer, die einen "
+"Eintrag in der Datenbank <filename>faillog</filename> haben"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:102(para)
+msgid ""
+"The range of users can be restricted with the <option>-u</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"Die Spanne der Benutzer kann mit der Option <option>-u</option> eingegrenzt "
+"werden."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"In display mode, this is still restricted to existing users but forces the "
+"display of the faillog entries even if they are empty."
+msgstr ""
+"Im Anzeigemodus ist dies auf vorhandene Benutzer beschränkt, erzwingt aber "
+"die Anzeige der Faillog-Einträge, auch wenn diese leer sind."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"With the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, <option>-r</option>, "
+"<option>-t</option> options, the users' records are changed, even if the "
+"user does not exist on the system. This is useful to reset records of users "
+"that have been deleted or to set a policy in advance for a range of users."
+msgstr ""
+"Mit den Optionen <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, <option>-r</"
+"option> und <option>-t</option> werden die Benutzereinträge selbst dann "
+"geändert, wenn der Benutzer auf dem System nicht vorhanden ist. Dies kann "
+"sinnvoll sein, wenn die Einträge von gelöschten Benutzer zurückgesetzt "
+"werden sollen oder vorsorglich eine Richtlinie für eine Anzahl von Benutzern "
+"eingerichtet werden soll."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:128(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-secs</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEC</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-secs</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEK</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:132(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock account for <replaceable>SEC</replaceable> seconds after failed login."
+msgstr ""
+"sperrt nach einer fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldung das Konto für <replaceable>SEK</"
+"replaceable> Sekunden"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:136(para) faillog.8.xml:161(para) faillog.8.xml:173(para)
+msgid ""
+"Write access to <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> is required for this "
+"option."
+msgstr ""
+"Für diese Option muss ein Schreibzugriff auf <filename>/var/log/faillog</"
+"filename> bestehen."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:143(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--maximum</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--maximum</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:147(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of login failures after the account is disabled to "
+"<replaceable>MAX</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"setzt den Zähler der fehlgeschlagene Anmeldungen, nach denen das Konto "
+"abgeschaltet wird, auf <replaceable>MAX</replaceable>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:151(para)
+msgid ""
+"Selecting a <replaceable>MAX</replaceable> value of 0 has the effect of not "
+"placing a limit on the number of failed logins."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn <replaceable>MAX</replaceable> den Wert 0 hat, besteht keine "
+"Beschränkung für die Anzahl fehlgeschlagener Anmeldeversuche."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum failure count should always be 0 for <emphasis>root</emphasis> "
+"to prevent a denial of services attack against the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Für <emphasis>root</emphasis> sollte der Wert der maximalen Anmeldeversuche "
+"immer 0 betragen, um eine durch einen Angriff ausgelöste Dienstverweigerung "
+"(denial of service) zu verhindern."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:168(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:170(para)
+msgid "Reset the counters of login failures."
+msgstr "setzt die Zählerstände der fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldeversuche zurück"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display faillog records more recent than <replaceable>DAYS</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"zeigt die Einträge der fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldungen an, die aktueller als "
+"<replaceable>TAGE</replaceable> sind"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:206(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display faillog record or maintains failure counters and limits (if used "
+"with <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option> or <option>-r</option> "
+"options) only for the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+"zeigt die Aufzeichnungen der fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldungen nur der "
+"angegebenen Benutzer an oder bearbeitet (wenn mit den Optionen <option>-l</"
+"option>, <option>-m</option> oder <option>-r</option> verwendet) nur deren "
+"Zählerstände und Beschränkungen"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"When none of the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-r</"
+"option> options are used, <command>faillog</command> displays the faillog "
+"record of the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn keine der Optionen <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option> oder "
+"<option>-r</option> verwendet wird, zeigt <command>faillog</command> die "
+"Aufzeichnung der fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldeversuche der angegebenen Benutzer "
+"an."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:233(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>faillog</command> only prints out users with no successful login "
+"since the last failure. To print out a user who has had a successful login "
+"since their last failure, you must explicitly request the user with the "
+"<option>-u</option> flag, or print out all users with the <option>-a</"
+"option> flag."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>faillog</command> zeigt nur die Benutzer an, die sich seit der "
+"letzten fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldung nicht erfolgreich anmelden konnten. Um "
+"die übrigen Benutzer anzuzeigen, müssen Sie diese explizit mit der Option "
+"<option>-u</option> benennen oder sich alle Benutzer mit der Option <option>-"
+"a</option> anzeigen lassen."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:246(filename) faillog.5.xml:99(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/faillog"
+msgstr "/var/log/faillog"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:248(para) faillog.5.xml:101(para)
+msgid "Failure logging file."
+msgstr "Datei mit fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldungen"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:256(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>faillog</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>faillog</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "login failure logging file"
+msgstr "Datei mit fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldungen"
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> maintains a count of login failures "
+"and the limits for each account."
+msgstr ""
+"In <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> wird der Zählerstand von "
+"fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldungen und die Beschränkungen für jedes Konto "
+"niedergelegt."
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:74(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file contains fixed length records, indexed by numerical UID. Each "
+"record contains the count of login failures since the last successful login; "
+"the maximum number of failures before the account is disabled; the line on "
+"which the last login failure occurred; the date of the last login failure; "
+"and the duration (in seconds) during which the account will be locked after "
+"a failure."
+msgstr ""
+"Einträge in dieser Datei haben eine festgelegte Länge und sind der "
+"zahlenmäßigen UID nach angeordnet. Jeder Eintrag besteht aus der Anzahl der "
+"fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldungen seit der letzten erfolgreichen Anmeldung, der "
+"maximalen Anzahl von Fehlschlägen, ehe das Konto abgeschaltet wird, dem "
+"Gerät, auf dem die letzte fehlgeschlagene Anmeldung erfolgte, das Datum der "
+"letzten fehlgeschlagenen Anmeldung und die Dauer in Sekunden, für die das "
+"Konto nach einem Fehlschlag gesperrt ist."
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "The structure of the file is:"
+msgstr "Die Datei ist so aufgebaut:"
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:85(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"struct\tfaillog {\n"
+"\tshort   fail_cnt;\n"
+"\tshort   fail_max;\n"
+"\tchar    fail_line[12];\n"
+"\ttime_t  fail_time;\n"
+"\tlong    fail_locktime;\n"
+"};"
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"struct\tfaillog {\n"
+"\tshort   fail_cnt;\n"
+"\tshort   fail_max;\n"
+"\tchar    fail_line[12];\n"
+"\ttime_t  fail_time;\n"
+"\tlong    fail_locktime;\n"
+"};"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:45(contrib) chsh.1.xml:44(contrib) chfn.1.xml:44(contrib)
+#: chage.1.xml:42(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1990"
+msgstr "ursprünglicher Autor, 1990"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:61(refentrytitle) expiry.1.xml:68(refname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:74(command)
+msgid "expiry"
+msgstr "expiry"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "check and enforce password expiration policy"
+msgstr "überprüft die Regeln für den Verfall des Passworts und setzt diese um"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:83(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>expiry</command> command checks (<option>-c</option>) the "
+"current password expiration and forces (<option>-f</option>) changes when "
+"required. It is callable as a normal user command."
+msgstr ""
+"Mit der Option <option>-c</option> überprüft der Befehl <command>expiry</"
+"command> den aktuellen Status des Verfalls des Passworts. Mit der Option "
+"<option>-f</option> werden die notwendigen Veränderungen umgesetzt. Er kann "
+"von normalen Benutzern aufgerufen werden."
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:92(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>expiry</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>expiry</command> unterstützt werden, "
+"sind:"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:97(term)
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--check</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-c</option>, <option>--check</option>"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid "Check the password expiration of the current user."
+msgstr "überprüft den Verfall des Passworts des aktuellen Benutzers"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:105(para)
+msgid "Force a password change if the current user has an expired password."
+msgstr ""
+"erzwingt den Wechsel des Passworts des aktuellen Benutzers, falls dieses "
+"abgelaufen ist"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:140(para) chage.1.xml:318(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# SB: Translation of chsh.1 based on Josef Spillner's
+# (josef@ggzgamingzone.org) from 2003. Mention somewhere else as well?
+#: chsh.1.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "change login shell"
+msgstr "ändert die Anmelde-Shell"
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chsh</command> command changes the user login shell. This "
+"determines the name of the user's initial login command. A normal user may "
+"only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change "
+"the login shell for any account."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>chsh</command> ändert die Anmelde-Shell eines Benutzers. "
+"Er legt den Befehl fest, der bei der Anmeldung ausgeführt wird. Ein normaler "
+"Benutzer kann nur die Anmelde-Shell seines eigenen  Kontos ändern, während "
+"Root dies für alle Konten darf."
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:96(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chsh</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>chsh</command> unterstützt werden, "
+"sind:"
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <option>-s</option> option is not selected, <command>chsh</command> "
+"operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current "
+"login shell. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line "
+"blank to use the current one. The current shell is displayed between a pair "
+"of <emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn die Option <option>-s</option> nicht ausgewählt ist, wird "
+"<command>chsh</command> im interaktiven Modus betrieben. Dabei wird der "
+"Benutzer mit der aktuellen Anmelde-Shell zur Eingabe einer neuen "
+"aufgefordert. Durch Eingabe eines Wertes wird die Shell geändert, während "
+"sie bei einer leeren Zeile beibehalten wird. Die aktuelle Shell wird "
+"zwischen einem Paar von <emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> angezeigt."
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must "
+"be listed in <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, unless the invoker is the "
+"superuser, and then any value may be added. An account with a restricted "
+"login shell may not change her login shell. For this reason, placing "
+"<filename>/bin/rsh</filename> in <filename>/etc/shells</filename> is "
+"discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent "
+"the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value."
+msgstr ""
+"Die einzige Beschränkung für die Anmelde-Shell ist, dass der Name des "
+"Befehls in der Datei <filename>/etc/shells</filename> enthalten sein muss. "
+"Root darf allerdings jeden beliebigen Befehl vergeben. Bei Konten, denen "
+"eine beschränkte Anmelde-Shell zugewiesen ist, ist es nicht möglich, die "
+"Anmelde-Shell zu ändern. Daher ist es nicht ratsam, <filename>/bin/rsh</"
+"filename> in <filename>/etc/shells</filename> einzutragen, da ein Benutzer "
+"nicht zu seiner ursprünglichen Anmelde-Shell zurückwechseln kann, falls er "
+"versehentlich eine beschränkte Shell als Anmelde-Shell auswählt."
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:176(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shells"
+msgstr "/etc/shells"
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:178(para)
+msgid "List of valid login shells."
+msgstr "Liste der möglichen Anmelde-Shells"
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:192(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "update passwords in batch mode"
+msgstr "aktualisiert Passwörter im Batch-Modus"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:83(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chpasswd</command> command reads a list of user name and "
+"password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a "
+"group of existing users. Each line is of the format:"
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>chpasswd</command> liest eine Liste von Benutzername-"
+"Passwort-Paaren von der Standardeingabe. Damit werden Benutzerdaten "
+"aktualisiert. Jede Zeile muss folgendes Format haben:"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:88(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">user_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">Benutzername</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">Passwort</emphasis>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:92(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default the passwords must be supplied in clear-text, and are encrypted "
+"by <command>chpasswd</command>. Also the password age will be updated, if "
+"present."
+msgstr ""
+"Das Passwort muss standardmäßig im Klartext angegeben werden und von "
+"<command>chpasswd</command> verschlüsselt. Soweit vorhanden, wird auch das "
+"Alter des Passworts aktualisiert."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:97(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+#| "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> "
+#| "variables of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, and can be overwitten "
+#| "with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> "
+#| "options."
+msgid ""
+"The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variables "
+"of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, and can be overwritten with the "
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+"Der standardmäßige Verschlüsselungsalgorithmus kann systemweit mit den "
+"Variablen <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> oder <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</"
+"option> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> definiert werden. Dieser "
+"kann mit den Optionen <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option> oder <option>-"
+"c</option> überschrieben werden."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:105(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, passwords are encrypted by PAM, but (even if not recommended) "
+"you can select a different encryption method with the <option>-e</option>, "
+"<option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+"Standardmäßig werden die Passwörter von PAM verschlüsselt. Sie können aber "
+"eine andere Verschlüsselungsmethode mit den Optionen <option>-e</option>, "
+"<option>-m</option> oder <option>-c</option> festlegen (dies wird jedoch "
+"nicht angeraten)."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:111(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<phrase condition=\"pam\">Except when PAM is used to encrypt the "
+#| "passwords,</phrase><command>chpasswd</command> first updates all the "
+#| "passwords in memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no "
+#| "errors occured for any user."
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"pam\">Except when PAM is used to encrypt the passwords,</"
+"phrase><command>chpasswd</command> first updates all the passwords in "
+"memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no errors occurred for "
+"any user."
+msgstr ""
+"<phrase condition=\"pam\">PAM wird nicht zur Verschlüsselung der Passwörter "
+"verwendet:</phrase><command>chpasswd</command> aktualisiert zunächst alle "
+"Passwörter im Arbeitsspeicher und schreibt dann die Änderungen auf das "
+"Speichermedium, falls keine Fehler aufgetreten sind."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"When PAM is used to encrypt the passwords (and update the passwords in the "
+"system database) then if a password cannot be updated <command>chpasswd</"
+"command> continues updating the passwords of the next users, and will return "
+"an error code on exit."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn PAM zur Verschlüsselung der Passwörter (und ihrer Aktualisierung in der "
+"Systemdatenbank) verwendet wird, wird <command>chpasswd</command> die "
+"Aktualisierung der Passwörter auch dann fortsetzen, wenn ein Passwort nicht "
+"geändert werden kann, und beim Beenden eine Fehlermeldung zurückgeben."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:123(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many "
+"accounts are created at a single time."
+msgstr ""
+"Dieser Befehl ist für den Einsatz in großen Umgebungen vorgesehen, in der "
+"viele Konten gleichzeitig erstellt werden müssen."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:131(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>chpasswd</command> unterstützt werden, "
+"sind:"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>METHOD</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>METHODE</replaceable>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:142(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:115(para)
+msgid "The available methods are DES, MD5, and NONE."
+msgstr "Die verfügbaren Methoden sind DES, MD5 und NONE."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "By default, PAM is used to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr "Standardmäßig verschlüsselt PAM die Passwörter."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default (if none of the <option>-c</option>, <option>-m</option>, or "
+"<option>-e</option> options are specified), the encryption method is defined "
+"by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> "
+"variables of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Standardmäßig (wenn keine der Optionen <option>-c</option>, <option>-m</"
+"option> oder <option>-e</option> angegeben wird) wird die "
+"Verschlüsselungsmethode durch die Variablen <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> "
+"oder <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"bestimmt."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:163(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:125(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:165(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "Supplied passwords are in encrypted form."
+msgstr "Passwörter werden verschlüsselt angegeben."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:179(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--md5</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--md5</option>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:181(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"Use MD5 encryption instead of DES when the supplied passwords are not "
+"encrypted."
+msgstr ""
+"werwendet zur Verschlüsselung MD5 anstelle von DES, wenn die Passwörter "
+"unverschlüsselt angegeben werden"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:200(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROUNDS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>RUNDEN</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the number of rounds is defined by the "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> and <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option> variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Standardmäßig wird die Anzahl der Runden von den Variablen "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> und <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option> <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> bestimmt."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:232(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remember to set permissions or umask to prevent readability of unencrypted "
+"files by other users."
+msgstr ""
+"Achten Sie darauf, dass die Rechte und Umask korrekt vergeben sind, um zu "
+"verhindern, dass andere Benutzer unverschlüsselte Dateien lesen können."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:276(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/chpasswd"
+msgstr "/etc/pam.d/chpasswd"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:278(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>chpasswd</command>."
+msgstr "PAM-Konfiguration für <command>chpasswd</command>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:286(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:47(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2006"
+msgstr "ursprünglicher Autor, 2006"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "update group passwords in batch mode"
+msgstr "aktualisiert Gruppenpasswörter im Batch-Modus"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chgpasswd</command> command reads a list of group name and "
+"password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a set "
+"of existing groups. Each line is of the format:"
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>chgpasswd</command> liest eine Liste von Gruppenname-"
+"Passwort-Paaren von der Standardeingabe. Damit werden Gruppendaten "
+"aktualisiert. Jede Zeile muss folgendes Format haben:"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">group_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">Gruppenname</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">Passwort</"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:88(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default the supplied password must be in clear-text, and is encrypted by "
+"<command>chgpasswd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Das Passwort wird standardmäßig im Klartext angegeben. Die "
+"Standardalgorithmus zur Verschlüsselung ist DES."
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:92(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+#| "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable of <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+#| "filename>, and can be overwiten with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</"
+#| "option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgid ""
+"The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable of <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>, and can be overwritten with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</"
+"option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+"Der standardmäßige Verschlüsselungsalgorithmus wird systemweit mit der "
+"Variable <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> bestimmt. Dies kann mit den Optionen <option>-e</option>, <option>-"
+"m</option> oder <option>-c</option> überschrieben werden."
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>chgpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>chgpasswd</command> unterstützt "
+"werden, sind:"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# SB: Translation of chfn.1 based on Josef Spillner's
+# (josef@ggzgamingzone.org) from 2003. Mention somewhere else as well?
+#: chfn.1.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "change real user name and information"
+msgstr ""
+"ändert den vollständigen Namen eines Benutzers und sonstige Informationen"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chfn</command> command changes user fullname, office room "
+"number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user's "
+"account. This information is typically printed by "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> and similar programs. A normal user may only change the fields "
+"for her own account, subject to the restrictions in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>. (The default configuration is to prevent users from "
+"changing their fullname.) The superuser may change any field for any "
+"account. Additionally, only the superuser may use the <option>-o</option> "
+"option to change the undefined portions of the GECOS field."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>chfn</command> ändert den vollständigen Namen, die "
+"Bürozimmernummer sowie die berufliche und private Telefonnummer für ein "
+"Benutzerkonto. Diese Informationen werden typischerweise von "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> und ähnlichen Programmen verwendet. Ein normaler Benutzer darf "
+"nur die Felder seines eigenen Kontos ändern und muss dabei zudem die "
+"Einschränkungen in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> beachten. So ist es "
+"Benutzern standardmäßig nicht möglich, ihren vollständigen Namen zu ändern. "
+"Root kann die Felder aller Konten verändern. Außerdem darf nur Root mittels "
+"der Option <option>-o</option> die undefinierten Teile des GECOS-Feldes "
+"ändern."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"These fields must not contain any colons. Except for the <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">other</emphasis> field, they should not contain any comma or equal sign. "
+"It is also recommended to avoid non-US-ASCII characters, but this is only "
+"enforced for the phone numbers. The <emphasis remap=\"I\">other</emphasis> "
+"field is used to store accounting information used by other applications."
+msgstr ""
+"Diese Felder dürfen keinen Doppelpunkt enthalten. Mit Ausnahme des Feldes "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">sonstiges</emphasis> sollten sie kein Komma oder "
+"Gleichheitszeichen enthalten. Außerdem wird abgeraten, andere Zeichen als US-"
+"ASCII zu verwenden, aber nur für die Telefonnummern ist dies zwingend. Das "
+"Feld <emphasis remap=\"I\">sonstiges</emphasis> wird von anderen Anwendungen "
+"verwendet, um dort Informationen über das Konto abzuspeichern."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:112(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chfn</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>chfn</command> unterstützt werden, "
+"sind:"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:117(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--full-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>FULL_NAME</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--full-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>VOLLSTÄNDIGER_NAME</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:121(para)
+msgid "Change the user's full name."
+msgstr "verändert den vollständigen Namen des Benutzers"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:125(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-h</option>, <option>--home-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HOME_PHONE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-h</option>, <option>--home-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>TEL_PRIV</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:129(para)
+msgid "Change the user's home phone number."
+msgstr "ändert die private Telefonnummer des Benutzers"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:133(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-o</option>, <option>--other</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>OTHER</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-o</option>, <option>--other</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SONSTIGES</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"Change the user's other GECOS information. This field is used to store "
+"accounting information used by other applications, and can be changed only "
+"by a superuser."
+msgstr ""
+"Verändert die sonstigen Informationen über den Benutzer in der GECOS-Zeile. "
+"In diesem Feld werden Kontoinformationen anderer Anwendungen gespeichert. Es "
+"kann nur vom Superuser verändert werden."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:145(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--room</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROOM_NUMBER</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--room</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>ZIMMER_NUMMER</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:149(para)
+msgid "Change the user's room number."
+msgstr "ändert die Zimmernummer des Benutzers"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:165(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:173(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--work-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WORK_PHONE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--work-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>TEL_BERUF</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:177(para)
+msgid "Change the user's office phone number."
+msgstr "verändert die berufliche Telefonnummer des Benutzers"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"If none of the options are selected, <command>chfn</command> operates in an "
+"interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of "
+"the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank "
+"to use the current value. The current value is displayed between a pair of "
+"<emphasis remap=\"B\">[ ]</emphasis> marks. Without options, <command>chfn</"
+"command> prompts for the current user account."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn keine Option ausgewählt wird, arbeitet <command>chfn</command> "
+"interaktiv. Dabei wird der Benutzer nach den aktuellen Werten für alle "
+"Felder befragt. Bei Eingabe eines neuen Wertes wird dieser verwendet, bei "
+"keiner Eingabe stattdessen der Originalwert beibehalten. Der aktuelle Wert "
+"wird zwischen einem Paar von <emphasis remap=\"B\">[ ]</emphasis> angezeigt. "
+"Ohne Optionen fragt <command>chfn</command> nach einem Benutzerkonto."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:226(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user password expiry information"
+msgstr "ändert die Information zum Passwortverfall"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command changes the number of days between "
+"password changes and the date of the last password change. This information "
+"is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>chage</command> verändert die Anzahl der Tage zwischen "
+"dem letzten Wechsel des Passworts und dem nächsten Wechsel. Mit dieser "
+"Information bestimmt das System, wann ein Benutzer sein Passwort verändern "
+"muss."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:92(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chage</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Die Optionen, die vom Befehl <command>chage</command> unterstützt werden, "
+"sind:"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:97(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--lastday</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LAST_DAY</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--lastday</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>LETZTER_TAG</replaceable>"
+
+# SB: So I could also do DD.MM.YYYY or MM.DD.YYYY? How does system know which format I chose?
+#: chage.1.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days since January 1st, 1970 when the password was last "
+"changed. The date may also be expressed in the format YYYY-MM-DD (or the "
+"format more commonly used in your area)."
+msgstr ""
+"Legt die Anzahl der Tage, gerechnet ab dem 1. Januar 1970, fest, seit denen "
+"das Passwort das letzte Mal gewechselt wurde. Das Datum kann auch im Format "
+"JJJJ-MM-TT (oder in dem Format, das in Ihrer Region verbreitet ist) "
+"angegeben werden."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:109(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-E</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-E</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>VERFALLSDATUM</replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the date or number of days since January 1, 1970 on which the user's "
+"account will no longer be accessible. The date may also be expressed in the "
+"format YYYY-MM-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area). A user "
+"whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being "
+"able to use the system again."
+msgstr ""
+"Setzt das Datum oder die Anzahl der Tage seit dem 1. Januar 1970, ab dem auf "
+"das Benutzerkonto nicht mehr zugegriffen werden kann. Das Datum kann auch im "
+"Format JJJJ-MM-TT (oder in dem Format, das in Ihrer Region verbreitet ist) "
+"angegeben werden. Ein Benutzer, dessen Konto gesperrt ist, muss sich mit dem "
+"Systemadministrator in Verbindung setzen, ehe er sich wieder am System "
+"anmelden kann."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as the "
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> will remove an account expiration "
+"date."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> als <replaceable>VERFALLSDATUM</"
+"replaceable> angegeben wird, wird das Verfallsdatum für das Konto entfernt."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:135(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+msgid "<option>-i</option>, <option>--iso8601</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:137(para)
+msgid "When printing dates, use YYYY-MM-DD format."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:141(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-I</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-I</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INAKTIV</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the "
+"account is locked. The <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> option is the "
+"number of days of inactivity. A user whose account is locked must contact "
+"the system administrator before being able to use the system again."
+msgstr ""
+"Legt die Anzahl der Tage der Untätigkeit fest, nach denen ein Passwort "
+"abgelaufen ist, bevor das Konto gesperrt wird. Die Option "
+"<replaceable>INAKTIV</replaceable> bezeichnet die Anzahl der Tage, für die "
+"das Konto inaktiv ist. Ein Benutzer, dessen Konto gesperrt ist, muss sich "
+"mit dem Systemadministrator in Verbindung setzen, ehe er sich wieder am "
+"System anmelden kann."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as the "
+"<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> will remove an account's inactivity."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> als <replaceable>INAKTIV</"
+"replaceable> angegeben wird, wird die Überwachung der fehlenden Verwendung "
+"des Kontos entfernt."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:164(para)
+msgid "Show account aging information."
+msgstr "zeigt Informationen zur Kontoalterung an"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:170(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_TAGE</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:182(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_TAGE</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:186(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid. When "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> plus <replaceable>LAST_DAY</replaceable> "
+"is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their "
+"password before being able to use their account. This occurrence can be "
+"planned for in advance by use of the <option>-W</option> option, which "
+"provides the user with advance warning."
+msgstr ""
+"Bestimmt die maximale Anzahl von Tagen, die das Passwort gültig bleibt. Wenn "
+"<replaceable>MAX_TAGE</replaceable> plus <replaceable>LETZTER_TAG</"
+"replaceable> älter als das aktuelle Datum ist, muss der Benutzer sein "
+"Passwort ändern, ehe er sein Konto benutzen kann. Mit der Option <option>-W</"
+"option> werden die Benutzer vor dem drohenden Verfall ihres Passworts "
+"gewarnt."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:215(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_TAGE</replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The "
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the number of days prior to "
+"the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to "
+"expire."
+msgstr ""
+"Legt die Anzahl der Tage fest, an denen der Benutzer eine Warnung erhält, "
+"bevor sein Passwort geändert werden muss. Die Option <replaceable>WARN_TAGE</"
+"replaceable> bezeichnet die Anzahl der Tage, für die ein Benutzer vor "
+"Verfall seines Passworts gewarnt wird."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:228(para)
+msgid ""
+"If none of the options are selected, <command>chage</command> operates in an "
+"interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of "
+"the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank "
+"to use the current value. The current value is displayed between a pair of "
+"<emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks."
+msgstr ""
+"Wenn keine Option ausgewählt wird, arbeitet <command>chage</command> "
+"interaktiv. Dabei wird der Benutzer nach den aktuellen Werten für alle "
+"Felder befragt. Bei Eingabe eines neuen Wertes wird dieser verwendet, bei "
+"Eingabe einer Leerzeile stattdessen der Originalwert beibehalten. Der "
+"aktuelle Wert wird zwischen einem Paar von <emphasis remap=\"B\">[ ]</"
+"emphasis> angezeigt."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> program requires a shadow password file to be "
+"available."
+msgstr ""
+"Für das Programm <command>chage</command> ist es notwendig, dass eine Shadow-"
+"Passwort-Datei vorhanden ist."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:242(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command is restricted to the root user, except "
+"for the <option>-l</option> option, which may be used by an unprivileged "
+"user to determine when their password or account is due to expire."
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>chage</command> kann nur von Root ausgeführt werden. "
+"Alle anderen Benutzer können nur die Option <option>-l</option> verwenden, "
+"um die Verfallsdaten für ihr Konto einzusehen."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:307(replaceable)
+msgid "15"
+msgstr "15"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:309(para)
+msgid "can't find the shadow password file"
+msgstr "Eine Shadow-Passwort-Datei kann nicht gefunden werden."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:285(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Der Befehl <command>chage</command> gibt beim Beenden folgende Werte zurück: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#. Put one translator per line, in the form of NAME <EMAIL>, YEAR1, YEAR2
+#: chage.1.xml:0(None)
+msgid "translator-credits"
+msgstr "Simon Brandmair (sbrandmair@gmx.net), 2005, 2007, 2011."
+
+# SB: Bessere Übersetzung als 'Zielbenutzer'?
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Additional arguments may be provided after the username, in which case "
+#~ "they are supplied to the user's login shell. In particular, an argument "
+#~ "of <option>-c</option> will cause the next argument to be treated as a "
+#~ "command by most command interpreters. The command will be executed by the "
+#~ "shell specified in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> for the target user."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Zusätzliche Argumente können nach dem Benutzernamen angegeben werden. In "
+#~ "diesem Fall werden sie an die Anmelde-Shell des Benutzers weitergereicht. "
+#~ "Insbesondere führt das Argument <option>-c</option> dazu, dass das "
+#~ "nächste Argument von den meisten Interpretatoren als Befehl behandelt "
+#~ "wird. Dieser Befehl wird von der Shell ausgeführt, die in <filename>/etc/"
+#~ "passwd</filename> für den Zielbenutzer angegeben ist."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "You can use the <option>--</option> argument to separate <command>su</"
+#~ "command> options from the arguments supplied to the shell."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Sie können das Argument <option>--</option> verwenden, um Optionen für "
+#~ "<command>su</command> von Argumenten für die Shell zu trennen."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The encrypted password field may be blank, in which case no password is "
+#~ "required to authenticate as the specified login name. However, some "
+#~ "applications which read the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file may "
+#~ "decide not to permit <emphasis>any</emphasis> access at all if the "
+#~ "<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is blank. If the <emphasis>password</"
+#~ "emphasis> field is a lower-case <quote>x</quote>, then the encrypted "
+#~ "password is actually stored in the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> file instead; there "
+#~ "<emphasis>must</emphasis> be a corresponding line in the <filename>/etc/"
+#~ "shadow</filename> file, or else the user account is invalid. If the "
+#~ "<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is any other string, then it will be "
+#~ "treated as an encrypted password, as specified by "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Das Feld für das verschlüsselte Passwort kann leer sein. In diesem Fall "
+#~ "wird kein Passwort benötigt, um sich beim System anzumelden. Allerdings "
+#~ "werden einige Anwendung, die <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> auswerten, "
+#~ "<emphasis>keinen</emphasis> Zugriff erlauben, wenn das "
+#~ "<emphasis>Passwort</emphasis>-Feld leer ist. Wenn das <emphasis>Passwort</"
+#~ "emphasis>-Feld ein kleines <quote>x</quote> enthält, ist das Passwort in "
+#~ "der Datei <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> gespeichert. Es "
+#~ "<emphasis>muss</emphasis> sich dann ein passender Eintrag in <filename>/"
+#~ "etc/shadow</filename> befinden, oder das Benutzerkonto ist ungültig. Wenn "
+#~ "das <emphasis>Passwort</emphasis>-Feld eine andere Zeichenkette enthält, "
+#~ "wird diese als ein verschlüsseltes Passwort behandelt. Genaueres dazu "
+#~ "befindet sich unter <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "-M"
+#~ msgstr "-M"
+
+#~ msgid "Kłoczko"
+#~ msgstr "Kłoczko"
+
+#~ msgid "François"
+#~ msgstr "François"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "can't create mail spool"
+#~ msgstr "Mail-Spool kann nicht erstellen werden."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The SELinux user for the user's login. The default is to leave this field "
+#~ "the blank, which causes the system to select the default SELinux user."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Der SELinux-Benutzer für den Benutzer nach seiner Anmeldung. "
+#~ "Standardmäßig bleibt dieses Feld leer und es wird dem System überlassen, "
+#~ "den SELinux-Benutzer zu bestimmen."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "-q"
+#~ msgstr "-q"
+
+#~ msgid "-s"
+#~ msgstr "-s"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+#~ "\"no_pam\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+#~ "phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+#~ "\"no_pam\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+#~ "phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "new_users"
+#~ msgstr "neue_benutzer"
+
+#~ msgid "full_name"
+#~ msgstr "Voller_Name"
+
+#~ msgid "-f <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-f <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#~ msgid "room_no"
+#~ msgstr "Zimmer_Nr"
+
+#~ msgid "work_ph"
+#~ msgstr "Tel_dienstlich"
+
+#~ msgid "-w <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-w <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#~ msgid "home_ph"
+#~ msgstr "Tel_Privat"
+
+#~ msgid "other"
+#~ msgstr "sonstiges"
+
+#~ msgid "-o <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-o <placeholder-1/>"
diff --git a/man/po/fr.po b/man/po/fr.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f795f39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/po/fr.po
@@ -0,0 +1,10548 @@
+# translation of shadow-man.po to French
+# French translation of the shadow's man pages
+# Traduction des pages de manuel livrées avec shadow
+# Copyright (C) 2011, 2012  Debian French l10n team <debian-l10n-french@lists.debian.org>
+#
+#     Certaines pages étaient déjà traduites:
+#       chpasswd: Amand Tihon <amand@alrj.org>
+#       faillog(5): Pascal Terjan <CMoi@tuxfamily.org>
+#
+# Nicolas FRANÇOIS <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>, 2004-2009.
+# Jean-Luc Coulon <jean-luc.coulon@wanadoo.fr>, 2008.
+# ABBAS.B <abelkcem@hotmail.com>, 2009.
+# Christian Perrier <bubulledebian.org>, 2009, 2012.
+# Thomas Blein <tbleintblein.eu>, 2011, 2012, 2013.
+# Jean-Philippe MENGUAL <mengualjeanphi@free.fr>, 2018.
+#       chage: Olivier Marin, 2001.
+#       chsh, groups, passwd(1), passwd(5): Christophe Blaess, 1997.
+#       gpasswd: Maxime Mastin, 2001.
+#       shadow(5): Thierry Vignaud <tvignaud@mandrakesoft.com>, 1999.
+#       useradd: Frédéric Delanoy, 2000.
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: shadow-man-pages 4.0.18\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-01-23 15:00-0600\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2019-01-30 21:55+0100\n"
+"Last-Translator: Jean-Philippe MENGUAL <mengualjeanphi@free.fr>\n"
+"Language-Team: French <debian-l10n-french@lists.debian.org>\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"X-Generator: Lokalize 1.2\n"
+"X-Poedit-Language: French\n"
+"X-Poedit-Country: FRANCE\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1);\n"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:41(firstname) suauth.5.xml:39(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:45(firstname) login.access.5.xml:40(firstname)
+msgid "Marek"
+msgstr "Marek"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:42(surname) suauth.5.xml:40(surname) pwconv.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:41(surname)
+msgid "Michałkiewicz"
+msgstr "Michałkiewicz"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:43(contrib) limits.5.xml:43(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1997"
+msgstr "Création, 1997"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:46(firstname) usermod.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:50(firstname) useradd.8.xml:63(firstname)
+#: suauth.5.xml:44(firstname) su.1.xml:61(firstname) sg.1.xml:45(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:44(firstname) shadow.3.xml:44(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:50(firstname) pwck.8.xml:50(firstname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:44(firstname) passwd.5.xml:44(firstname)
+#: passwd.1.xml:51(firstname) newusers.8.xml:60(firstname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:45(firstname) logoutd.8.xml:44(firstname)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:111(firstname) login.access.5.xml:45(firstname)
+#: login.1.xml:77(firstname) limits.5.xml:46(firstname)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:46(firstname) grpck.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groups.1.xml:44(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:48(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:47(firstname) gpasswd.1.xml:49(firstname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:44(firstname) faillog.5.xml:44(firstname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:48(firstname) chsh.1.xml:47(firstname)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:48(firstname) chgpasswd.8.xml:44(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:47(firstname) chage.1.xml:45(firstname)
+msgid "Thomas"
+msgstr "Thomas"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:47(surname) usermod.8.xml:52(surname) userdel.8.xml:51(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:64(surname) suauth.5.xml:45(surname) su.1.xml:62(surname)
+#: sg.1.xml:46(surname) shadow.5.xml:45(surname) shadow.3.xml:45(surname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:51(surname) pwck.8.xml:51(surname) porttime.5.xml:45(surname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:45(surname) passwd.1.xml:52(surname) newusers.8.xml:61(surname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:46(surname) logoutd.8.xml:45(surname)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:112(surname) login.access.5.xml:46(surname)
+#: login.1.xml:78(surname) limits.5.xml:47(surname) lastlog.8.xml:47(surname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:46(surname) groups.1.xml:45(surname) groupmod.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:49(surname) groupdel.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:48(surname) gpasswd.1.xml:50(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:45(surname) faillog.5.xml:45(surname) expiry.1.xml:49(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:48(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:49(surname)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:45(surname) chfn.1.xml:48(surname) chage.1.xml:46(surname)
+msgid "Kłoczko"
+msgstr "Kłoczko"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:48(email) usermod.8.xml:53(email) userdel.8.xml:52(email)
+#: useradd.8.xml:65(email) suauth.5.xml:46(email) su.1.xml:63(email)
+#: sg.1.xml:47(email) shadow.5.xml:46(email) shadow.3.xml:46(email)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:52(email) pwck.8.xml:52(email) porttime.5.xml:46(email)
+#: passwd.5.xml:46(email) passwd.1.xml:53(email) newusers.8.xml:62(email)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:47(email) logoutd.8.xml:46(email) login.defs.5.xml:113(email)
+#: login.access.5.xml:47(email) login.1.xml:79(email) limits.5.xml:48(email)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:48(email) grpck.8.xml:47(email) groups.1.xml:46(email)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:47(email) groupmems.8.xml:50(email) groupdel.8.xml:47(email)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:49(email) gpasswd.1.xml:51(email) faillog.8.xml:46(email)
+#: faillog.5.xml:46(email) expiry.1.xml:50(email) chsh.1.xml:49(email)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:50(email) chgpasswd.8.xml:46(email) chfn.1.xml:49(email)
+#: chage.1.xml:47(email)
+msgid "kloczek@pld.org.pl"
+msgstr "kloczek@pld.org.pl"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:49(contrib) usermod.8.xml:54(contrib) userdel.8.xml:53(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:66(contrib) suauth.5.xml:47(contrib) su.1.xml:64(contrib)
+#: sg.1.xml:48(contrib) shadow.5.xml:47(contrib) shadow.3.xml:47(contrib)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:53(contrib) pwck.8.xml:53(contrib) porttime.5.xml:47(contrib)
+#: passwd.5.xml:47(contrib) passwd.1.xml:54(contrib) newusers.8.xml:63(contrib)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:48(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:114(contrib) login.access.5.xml:48(contrib)
+#: login.1.xml:80(contrib) limits.5.xml:49(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:49(contrib)
+#: grpck.8.xml:48(contrib) groups.1.xml:47(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:48(contrib)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:51(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:48(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:50(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:52(contrib)
+#: faillog.8.xml:47(contrib) faillog.5.xml:47(contrib) expiry.1.xml:51(contrib)
+#: chsh.1.xml:50(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:51(contrib) chfn.1.xml:50(contrib)
+#: chage.1.xml:48(contrib)
+msgid "shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007"
+msgstr "Responsable de shadow-utils, 2000 - 2007"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:52(firstname) usermod.8.xml:57(firstname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:56(firstname) useradd.8.xml:69(firstname)
+#: suauth.5.xml:50(firstname) su.1.xml:67(firstname) sg.1.xml:51(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:50(firstname) shadow.3.xml:50(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:56(firstname) pwck.8.xml:56(firstname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:50(firstname) passwd.5.xml:50(firstname)
+#: passwd.1.xml:57(firstname) nologin.8.xml:39(firstname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:66(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:51(firstname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:50(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:117(firstname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:51(firstname) login.1.xml:83(firstname)
+#: limits.5.xml:52(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:52(firstname)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:38(firstname) grpck.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groups.1.xml:50(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:54(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:53(firstname) gpasswd.1.xml:55(firstname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:50(firstname) faillog.5.xml:50(firstname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:54(firstname) chsh.1.xml:53(firstname)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:54(firstname) chgpasswd.8.xml:50(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:53(firstname) chage.1.xml:51(firstname)
+msgid "Nicolas"
+msgstr "Nicolas"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:53(surname) usermod.8.xml:58(surname) userdel.8.xml:57(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:70(surname) suauth.5.xml:51(surname) su.1.xml:68(surname)
+#: sg.1.xml:52(surname) shadow.5.xml:51(surname) shadow.3.xml:51(surname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:57(surname) pwck.8.xml:57(surname) porttime.5.xml:51(surname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:51(surname) passwd.1.xml:58(surname) nologin.8.xml:40(surname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:67(surname) newgrp.1.xml:52(surname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:51(surname) login.defs.5.xml:118(surname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:52(surname) login.1.xml:84(surname)
+#: limits.5.xml:53(surname) lastlog.8.xml:53(surname) gshadow.5.xml:39(surname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:52(surname) groups.1.xml:51(surname) groupmod.8.xml:52(surname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:55(surname) groupdel.8.xml:52(surname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:54(surname) gpasswd.1.xml:56(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:51(surname) faillog.5.xml:51(surname) expiry.1.xml:55(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:54(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:55(surname)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:51(surname) chfn.1.xml:54(surname) chage.1.xml:52(surname)
+msgid "François"
+msgstr "François"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:54(email) usermod.8.xml:59(email) userdel.8.xml:58(email)
+#: useradd.8.xml:71(email) suauth.5.xml:52(email) su.1.xml:69(email)
+#: sg.1.xml:53(email) shadow.5.xml:52(email) shadow.3.xml:52(email)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:58(email) pwck.8.xml:58(email) porttime.5.xml:52(email)
+#: passwd.5.xml:52(email) passwd.1.xml:59(email) nologin.8.xml:41(email)
+#: newusers.8.xml:68(email) newgrp.1.xml:53(email) logoutd.8.xml:52(email)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:119(email) login.access.5.xml:53(email)
+#: login.1.xml:85(email) limits.5.xml:54(email) lastlog.8.xml:54(email)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:40(email) grpck.8.xml:53(email) groups.1.xml:52(email)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:53(email) groupmems.8.xml:56(email) groupdel.8.xml:53(email)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:55(email) gpasswd.1.xml:57(email) faillog.8.xml:52(email)
+#: faillog.5.xml:52(email) expiry.1.xml:56(email) chsh.1.xml:55(email)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:56(email) chgpasswd.8.xml:52(email) chfn.1.xml:55(email)
+#: chage.1.xml:53(email)
+msgid "nicolas.francois@centraliens.net"
+msgstr "nicolas.francois@centraliens.net"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:55(contrib) usermod.8.xml:60(contrib) userdel.8.xml:59(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:72(contrib) suauth.5.xml:53(contrib) su.1.xml:70(contrib)
+#: sg.1.xml:54(contrib) shadow.5.xml:53(contrib) shadow.3.xml:53(contrib)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:59(contrib) pwck.8.xml:59(contrib) porttime.5.xml:53(contrib)
+#: passwd.5.xml:53(contrib) passwd.1.xml:60(contrib) nologin.8.xml:42(contrib)
+#: newusers.8.xml:69(contrib) newgrp.1.xml:54(contrib)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:53(contrib) login.defs.5.xml:120(contrib)
+#: login.access.5.xml:54(contrib) login.1.xml:86(contrib)
+#: limits.5.xml:55(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:55(contrib) gshadow.5.xml:42(contrib)
+#: grpck.8.xml:54(contrib) groups.1.xml:53(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:54(contrib)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:57(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:54(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:56(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:58(contrib)
+#: faillog.8.xml:53(contrib) faillog.5.xml:53(contrib) expiry.1.xml:57(contrib)
+#: chsh.1.xml:56(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:57(contrib)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:53(contrib) chfn.1.xml:56(contrib) chage.1.xml:54(contrib)
+msgid "shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now"
+msgstr "Responsable de shadow-utils, 2007 - maintenant"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:59(refentrytitle) vipw.8.xml:66(refname) vipw.8.xml:75(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:520(term)
+msgid "vipw"
+msgstr "vipw"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:60(manvolnum) usermod.8.xml:65(manvolnum)
+#: userdel.8.xml:64(manvolnum) userdel.8.xml:276(replaceable)
+#: useradd.8.xml:77(manvolnum) pwconv.8.xml:64(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:64(manvolnum) nologin.8.xml:47(manvolnum)
+#: newusers.8.xml:74(manvolnum) logoutd.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:60(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupmems.8.xml:62(manvolnum)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupdel.8.xml:198(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:61(manvolnum) faillog.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: faillog.5.xml:111(manvolnum) chpasswd.8.xml:62(manvolnum)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+msgid "8"
+msgstr "8"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) usermod.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo)
+#: userdel.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) useradd.8.xml:78(refmiscinfo)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) pwck.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo)
+#: nologin.8.xml:48(refmiscinfo) newusers.8.xml:75(refmiscinfo)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo) lastlog.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+#: grpck.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) groupmod.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) groupdel.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) faillog.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chgpasswd.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "System Management Commands"
+msgstr "Commandes de gestion du système"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) usermod.8.xml:67(refmiscinfo)
+#: userdel.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) useradd.8.xml:79(refmiscinfo)
+#: suauth.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) su.1.xml:77(refmiscinfo)
+#: sg.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo) shadow.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: shadow.3.xml:60(refmiscinfo) pwconv.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo)
+#: pwck.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) porttime.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: passwd.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) passwd.1.xml:67(refmiscinfo)
+#: nologin.8.xml:49(refmiscinfo) newusers.8.xml:76(refmiscinfo)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo) logoutd.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:127(refmiscinfo) login.access.5.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.1.xml:93(refmiscinfo) limits.5.xml:62(refmiscinfo)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) gshadow.5.xml:49(refmiscinfo)
+#: grpck.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groups.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groupmems.8.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groupadd.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:65(refmiscinfo) faillog.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: faillog.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) expiry.1.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: chsh.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chpasswd.8.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) chfn.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: chage.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "shadow-utils"
+msgstr "shadow-utils"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:67(refname) vipw.8.xml:81(command)
+msgid "vigr"
+msgstr "vigr"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "edit the password, group, shadow-password or shadow-group file"
+msgstr "Éditer les fichiers passwd, group, shadow ou gshadow"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:77(replaceable) vipw.8.xml:83(replaceable)
+#: usermod.8.xml:79(replaceable) userdel.8.xml:76(arg)
+#: useradd.8.xml:90(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:102(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:88(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:81(replaceable)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:87(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:93(replaceable)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:99(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:77(arg) passwd.1.xml:79(replaceable)
+#: newusers.8.xml:88(replaceable) lastlog.8.xml:74(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:72(arg) groupmod.8.xml:73(replaceable)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:73(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:75(replaceable)
+#: faillog.8.xml:72(replaceable) chsh.1.xml:75(replaceable)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:76(replaceable) chgpasswd.8.xml:72(replaceable)
+#: chfn.1.xml:75(replaceable) chage.1.xml:72(replaceable)
+msgid "options"
+msgstr "options"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:89(title) usermod.8.xml:86(title) userdel.8.xml:84(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:108(title) suauth.5.xml:75(title) su.1.xml:103(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:81(title) shadow.5.xml:69(title) shadow.3.xml:118(title)
+#: shadow.3.xml:174(title) pwconv.8.xml:105(title) pwck.8.xml:92(title)
+#: porttime.5.xml:69(title) passwd.5.xml:69(title) passwd.1.xml:88(title)
+#: nologin.8.xml:64(title) newusers.8.xml:97(title) newgrp.1.xml:77(title)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:75(title) login.defs.5.xml:136(title)
+#: login.access.5.xml:70(title) login.1.xml:125(title) limits.5.xml:72(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:80(title) gshadow.5.xml:58(title) grpck.8.xml:83(title)
+#: groups.1.xml:78(title) groupmod.8.xml:80(title) groupmems.8.xml:85(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:80(title) groupadd.8.xml:84(title) gpasswd.1.xml:94(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:78(title) faillog.5.xml:69(title) expiry.1.xml:82(title)
+#: chsh.1.xml:84(title) chpasswd.8.xml:82(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:78(title)
+#: chfn.1.xml:84(title) chage.1.xml:81(title)
+msgid "DESCRIPTION"
+msgstr "DESCRIPTION"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</command> commands edits the "
+"files <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"respectively. With the <option>-s</option> flag, they will edit the shadow "
+"versions of those files, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and <filename>/etc/"
+"gshadow</filename>, respectively. The programs will set the appropriate "
+"locks to prevent file corruption. When looking for an editor, the programs "
+"will first try the environment variable <envar>$VISUAL</envar>, then the "
+"environment variable <envar>$EDITOR</envar>, and finally the default editor, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>vipw</command> et <command>vigr</command> permettent de modifier "
+"les fichiers <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> et <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename>, respectivement. Avec l'option <option>-s</option>, ils permettent "
+"d'éditer les versions cachées de ces fichiers : <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> et <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, respectivement. Ces "
+"programmes placent les verrous nécessaires afin d'éviter toute corruption "
+"des fichiers. L'éditeur utilisé est choisi d'abord en fonction de la "
+"variable d'environnement <envar>$VISUAL</envar>, puis de la variable "
+"d'environnement <envar>$EDITOR</envar>. À défaut, l'éditeur, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> est utilisé quand ces variables ne sont pas définies."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:107(title) usermod.8.xml:94(title) userdel.8.xml:93(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:126(title) su.1.xml:144(title) pwconv.8.xml:187(title)
+#: pwck.8.xml:176(title) passwd.1.xml:174(title) newusers.8.xml:266(title)
+#: login.1.xml:210(title) lastlog.8.xml:92(title) grpck.8.xml:147(title)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:89(title) groupmems.8.xml:100(title) groupdel.8.xml:88(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:93(title) gpasswd.1.xml:134(title) faillog.8.xml:89(title)
+#: expiry.1.xml:91(title) chsh.1.xml:95(title) chpasswd.8.xml:130(title)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:105(title) chfn.1.xml:111(title) chage.1.xml:91(title)
+msgid "OPTIONS"
+msgstr "OPTIONS"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</"
+"command> commands are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options applicables aux commandes <command>vipw</command> et "
+"<command>vigr</command> sont :"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:114(term)
+msgid "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:116(para)
+msgid "Edit group database."
+msgstr "Éditer la base de données de groupes."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:120(term) userdel.8.xml:123(term) useradd.8.xml:278(term)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:195(term) pwck.8.xml:196(term) passwd.1.xml:214(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:296(term) lastlog.8.xml:119(term) grpck.8.xml:157(term)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:129(term) groupmems.8.xml:142(term) groupdel.8.xml:95(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:131(term) gpasswd.1.xml:173(term) faillog.8.xml:122(term)
+#: expiry.1.xml:112(term) chsh.1.xml:101(term) chpasswd.8.xml:171(term)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:131(term) chage.1.xml:129(term)
+msgid "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:122(para) userdel.8.xml:125(para) useradd.8.xml:280(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:197(para) pwck.8.xml:198(para) passwd.1.xml:216(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:298(para) lastlog.8.xml:123(para) grpck.8.xml:159(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:131(para) groupmems.8.xml:144(para) groupdel.8.xml:97(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:133(para) gpasswd.1.xml:175(para) faillog.8.xml:124(para)
+#: expiry.1.xml:114(para) chsh.1.xml:103(para) chpasswd.8.xml:173(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:133(para) chfn.1.xml:169(para) chage.1.xml:131(para)
+msgid "Display help message and exit."
+msgstr "Afficher un message d'aide et quitter."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:126(term)
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--passwd</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-p</option>, <option>--passwd</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:128(para)
+msgid "Edit passwd database."
+msgstr "Éditer la base de données passwd."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:132(term) pwck.8.xml:202(term) passwd.1.xml:281(term)
+msgid "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:134(para) passwd.1.xml:285(para)
+msgid "Quiet mode."
+msgstr "Mode silencieux."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:138(term) usermod.8.xml:322(term) userdel.8.xml:146(term)
+#: useradd.8.xml:457(term) pwconv.8.xml:201(term) pwck.8.xml:219(term)
+#: passwd.1.xml:301(term) newusers.8.xml:321(term) lastlog.8.xml:127(term)
+#: grpck.8.xml:173(term) groupmod.8.xml:178(term) groupmems.8.xml:165(term)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:101(term) groupadd.8.xml:204(term) faillog.8.xml:180(term)
+#: chsh.1.xml:107(term) chpasswd.8.xml:188(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:146(term)
+#: chfn.1.xml:153(term) chage.1.xml:203(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>RÉP_CHROOT</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:142(para) usermod.8.xml:326(para) userdel.8.xml:150(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:461(para) pwconv.8.xml:205(para) pwck.8.xml:223(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:305(para) newusers.8.xml:325(para) lastlog.8.xml:131(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:177(para) groupmod.8.xml:182(para) groupmems.8.xml:169(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:105(para) groupadd.8.xml:208(para) gpasswd.1.xml:185(para)
+#: faillog.8.xml:184(para) chsh.1.xml:111(para) chpasswd.8.xml:192(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:150(para) chfn.1.xml:157(para) chage.1.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory and use "
+"the configuration files from the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Appliquer les changements dans le répertoire <replaceable>RÉP_CHROOT</"
+"replaceable> et utiliser les fichiers de configuration du répertoire "
+"<replaceable>RÉP_CHROOT</replaceable>."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:150(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "Edit shadow or gshadow database."
+msgstr "Éditer les bases de données shadow ou gshadow."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:156(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:158(para)
+msgid "Indicates which user's tcb shadow file to edit."
+msgstr "Indique l'utilisateur dont le fichier shadow de tcb doit être édité."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:165(title) usermod.8.xml:524(title) userdel.8.xml:188(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:676(title) su.1.xml:338(title) sg.1.xml:98(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:227(title) pwck.8.xml:262(title) passwd.1.xml:395(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:375(title) newgrp.1.xml:109(title) login.1.xml:294(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:205(title) grpck.8.xml:209(title) groupmod.8.xml:210(title)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:199(title) groupdel.8.xml:145(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:236(title) gpasswd.1.xml:264(title) chsh.1.xml:154(title)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:239(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:198(title) chfn.1.xml:193(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:250(title)
+msgid "CONFIGURATION"
+msgstr "CONFIGURATION"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:166(para) usermod.8.xml:525(para) userdel.8.xml:189(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:677(para) su.1.xml:339(para) sg.1.xml:99(para)
+#: pwck.8.xml:263(para) passwd.1.xml:396(para) newusers.8.xml:376(para)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:110(para) login.1.xml:295(para) lastlog.8.xml:206(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:210(para) groupmod.8.xml:211(para) groupmems.8.xml:200(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:146(para) groupadd.8.xml:237(para) gpasswd.1.xml:265(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:155(para) chpasswd.8.xml:240(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:199(para)
+#: chfn.1.xml:194(para) chage.1.xml:251(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> change the behavior of this tool:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les variables de configuration suivantes dans <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> modifient le comportement de cet outil :"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:30(term) usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term)
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwconv.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term) chage.1.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>USE_TCB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>USE_TCB</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:32(para) usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwconv.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(para) chage.1.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> password shadowing "
+"scheme will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Si <replaceable>yes</replaceable> (« oui »), le schéma de mot de passe "
+"shadow de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> sera utilisé."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:177(title)
+msgid "ENVIRONMENT"
+msgstr "ENVIRONNEMENT"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:180(option)
+msgid "VISUAL"
+msgstr "VISUAL"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:182(para)
+msgid "Editor to be used."
+msgstr "L'éditeur à utiliser"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:186(option)
+msgid "EDITOR"
+msgstr "EDITOR"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:188(para)
+msgid "Editor to be used if <option>VISUAL</option> is not set."
+msgstr "L'éditeur à utiliser si <option>VISUAL</option> n'est pas définie."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:195(title) usermod.8.xml:542(title) userdel.8.xml:205(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:706(title) suauth.5.xml:193(title) su.1.xml:366(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:110(title) shadow.5.xml:255(title) shadow.3.xml:226(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:250(title) pwck.8.xml:279(title) porttime.5.xml:130(title)
+#: passwd.5.xml:160(title) passwd.1.xml:413(title) newusers.8.xml:411(title)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:121(title) logoutd.8.xml:89(title)
+#: login.access.5.xml:121(title) login.1.xml:338(title) limits.5.xml:196(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:217(title) gshadow.5.xml:156(title) grpck.8.xml:221(title)
+#: groups.1.xml:100(title) groupmod.8.xml:222(title) groupmems.8.xml:211(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:157(title) groupadd.8.xml:250(title) gpasswd.1.xml:279(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:243(title) faillog.5.xml:96(title) expiry.1.xml:121(title)
+#: chsh.1.xml:167(title) chpasswd.8.xml:255(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:213(title)
+#: chfn.1.xml:207(title) chage.1.xml:262(title)
+msgid "FILES"
+msgstr "FICHIERS"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:198(filename) usermod.8.xml:545(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:208(filename) useradd.8.xml:721(filename)
+#: sg.1.xml:125(filename) pwck.8.xml:282(filename) newusers.8.xml:426(filename)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:136(filename) gshadow.5.xml:159(filename)
+#: grpck.8.xml:224(filename) groups.1.xml:103(filename)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:225(filename) groupmems.8.xml:214(filename)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:160(filename) groupadd.8.xml:253(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:72(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:75(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:282(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:216(filename)
+msgid "/etc/group"
+msgstr "/etc/group"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:200(para) usermod.8.xml:547(para) userdel.8.xml:210(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:723(para) sg.1.xml:127(para) pwck.8.xml:284(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:428(para) newgrp.1.xml:138(para) gshadow.5.xml:161(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:226(para) groups.1.xml:105(para) groupmod.8.xml:227(para)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:216(para) groupdel.8.xml:162(para) groupadd.8.xml:255(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:284(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:218(para)
+msgid "Group account information."
+msgstr "Informations sur les groupes."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:204(filename) usermod.8.xml:551(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:727(filename) sg.1.xml:131(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:432(filename) newgrp.1.xml:142(filename)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:165(filename) grpck.8.xml:230(filename)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:231(filename) groupmems.8.xml:220(filename)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:166(filename) groupadd.8.xml:259(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:76(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:288(filename)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:222(filename)
+msgid "/etc/gshadow"
+msgstr "/etc/gshadow"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:206(para) usermod.8.xml:553(para) useradd.8.xml:729(para)
+#: sg.1.xml:133(para) newusers.8.xml:434(para) newgrp.1.xml:144(para)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:167(para) grpck.8.xml:232(para) groupmod.8.xml:233(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:168(para) groupadd.8.xml:261(para) gpasswd.1.xml:290(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid "Secure group account information."
+msgstr "Informations sécurisées sur les groupes."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:210(filename) usermod.8.xml:563(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:220(filename) useradd.8.xml:709(filename)
+#: su.1.xml:369(filename) sg.1.xml:113(filename) shadow.5.xml:258(filename)
+#: pwck.8.xml:288(filename) passwd.5.xml:163(filename)
+#: passwd.1.xml:416(filename) newusers.8.xml:414(filename)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:124(filename) login.1.xml:353(filename)
+#: grpck.8.xml:236(filename) groupmod.8.xml:243(filename)
+#: expiry.1.xml:124(filename) chsh.1.xml:170(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:258(filename) chfn.1.xml:216(filename)
+#: chage.1.xml:266(filename)
+msgid "/etc/passwd"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:212(para) usermod.8.xml:565(para) userdel.8.xml:222(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:711(para) su.1.xml:371(para) sg.1.xml:115(para)
+#: shadow.5.xml:260(para) pwck.8.xml:290(para) passwd.5.xml:165(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:418(para) newusers.8.xml:416(para) newgrp.1.xml:126(para)
+#: login.1.xml:355(para) grpck.8.xml:238(para) groupmod.8.xml:245(para)
+#: expiry.1.xml:126(para) chsh.1.xml:172(para) chpasswd.8.xml:260(para)
+#: chfn.1.xml:218(para) chage.1.xml:269(para)
+msgid "User account information."
+msgstr "Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:216(filename) usermod.8.xml:569(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:226(filename) useradd.8.xml:715(filename)
+#: su.1.xml:375(filename) sg.1.xml:119(filename) shadow.5.xml:264(filename)
+#: shadow.3.xml:229(filename) pwck.8.xml:294(filename)
+#: passwd.5.xml:169(filename) passwd.1.xml:422(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:420(filename) newgrp.1.xml:130(filename)
+#: login.1.xml:359(filename) expiry.1.xml:130(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:264(filename) chage.1.xml:274(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shadow"
+msgstr "/etc/shadow"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:218(para) usermod.8.xml:571(para) userdel.8.xml:228(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:717(para) su.1.xml:377(para) sg.1.xml:121(para)
+#: shadow.5.xml:266(para) shadow.3.xml:231(para) pwck.8.xml:296(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:424(para) newusers.8.xml:422(para) newgrp.1.xml:132(para)
+#: login.1.xml:361(para) expiry.1.xml:132(para) chpasswd.8.xml:266(para)
+#: chage.1.xml:277(para)
+msgid "Secure user account information."
+msgstr "Informations sécurisées sur les comptes utilisateurs."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:225(title) usermod.8.xml:590(title) userdel.8.xml:325(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:835(title) suauth.5.xml:222(title) su.1.xml:437(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:140(title) shadow.5.xml:283(title) shadow.3.xml:238(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:262(title) pwck.8.xml:354(title) porttime.5.xml:142(title)
+#: passwd.5.xml:188(title) passwd.1.xml:494(title) nologin.8.xml:81(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:465(title) newgrp.1.xml:151(title)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:547(title) login.access.5.xml:133(title)
+#: login.1.xml:398(title) limits.5.xml:206(title) gshadow.5.xml:174(title)
+#: grpck.8.xml:290(title) groups.1.xml:112(title) groupmod.8.xml:321(title)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:229(title) groupdel.8.xml:214(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:341(title) gpasswd.1.xml:297(title) faillog.8.xml:255(title)
+#: faillog.5.xml:108(title) expiry.1.xml:139(title) chsh.1.xml:191(title)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:285(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:237(title) chfn.1.xml:225(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:317(title)
+msgid "SEE ALSO"
+msgstr "VOIR AUSSI"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:226(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+"\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+"condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+"\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+"condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:46(firstname) userdel.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:58(firstname) su.1.xml:56(firstname) sg.1.xml:40(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:39(firstname) shadow.3.xml:39(firstname)
+#: pwck.8.xml:45(firstname) porttime.5.xml:39(firstname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:39(firstname) passwd.1.xml:46(firstname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:55(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:40(firstname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:39(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:106(firstname)
+#: login.1.xml:72(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:41(firstname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:40(firstname) groups.1.xml:39(firstname)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:40(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:40(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:42(firstname) faillog.8.xml:39(firstname)
+#: faillog.5.xml:39(firstname) expiry.1.xml:43(firstname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:42(firstname) chpasswd.8.xml:43(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:42(firstname) chage.1.xml:40(firstname)
+msgid "Julianne Frances"
+msgstr "Julianne Frances"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:47(surname) userdel.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:59(surname) su.1.xml:57(surname) sg.1.xml:41(surname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:40(surname) shadow.3.xml:40(surname) pwck.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:40(surname) passwd.5.xml:40(surname) passwd.1.xml:47(surname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:56(surname) newgrp.1.xml:41(surname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:40(surname) login.defs.5.xml:107(surname)
+#: login.1.xml:73(surname) lastlog.8.xml:42(surname) grpck.8.xml:41(surname)
+#: groups.1.xml:40(surname) groupmod.8.xml:41(surname)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:41(surname) groupadd.8.xml:43(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:40(surname) faillog.5.xml:40(surname) expiry.1.xml:44(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:43(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:44(surname) chfn.1.xml:43(surname)
+#: chage.1.xml:41(surname)
+msgid "Haugh"
+msgstr "Haugh"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:48(contrib) userdel.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:60(contrib) sg.1.xml:42(contrib) newusers.8.xml:57(contrib)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:42(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:41(contrib)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:108(contrib) groups.1.xml:41(contrib)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:42(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:42(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:44(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:45(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1991"
+msgstr "Création, 1991"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:64(refentrytitle) usermod.8.xml:71(refname)
+#: usermod.8.xml:77(command) login.defs.5.xml:510(term)
+msgid "usermod"
+msgstr "usermod"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:72(refpurpose)
+msgid "modify a user account"
+msgstr "Modifier un compte utilisateur"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:81(replaceable) userdel.8.xml:78(replaceable)
+#: useradd.8.xml:92(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:82(replaceable)
+#: chsh.1.xml:78(replaceable) chfn.1.xml:78(replaceable)
+#: chage.1.xml:75(replaceable)
+msgid "LOGIN"
+msgstr "LOGIN"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:87(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>usermod</command> command modifies the system account files to "
+"reflect the changes that are specified on the command line."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>usermod</command> modifie les fichiers d'administration "
+"des comptes du système selon les modifications qui ont été indiquées sur la "
+"ligne de commande."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:95(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>usermod</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options disponibles pour la commande <command>usermod</command> sont :"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:101(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--append</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-a</option>, <option>--append</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:105(para)
+msgid ""
+"Add the user to the supplementary group(s). Use only with the <option>-G</"
+"option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"Ajouter l'utilisateur aux groupes supplémentaires. N'utilisez cette option "
+"qu'avec l'option <option>-G</option>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:112(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgid "<option>-b</option>, <option>--badnames</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:116(para) useradd.8.xml:135(para) pwck.8.xml:190(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "Allow names that do not conform to standards."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:122(term) useradd.8.xml:162(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMENT</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>COMMENTAIRE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:126(para)
+msgid ""
+"The new value of the user's password file comment field. It is normally "
+"modified using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utility."
+msgstr ""
+"La nouvelle valeur du champ de commentaire du fichier de mots de passe pour "
+"l'utilisateur. Il est normalement modifié en utilisant l'utilitaire "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:135(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option> <replaceable>RÉP_PERSO</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The user's new login directory."
+msgstr "Le nouveau répertoire personnel de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <option>-m</option> option is given, the contents of the current home "
+"directory will be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it "
+"does not already exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Si l'option <option>-m</option> est fournie, le contenu du répertoire "
+"personnel actuel sera déplacé dans le nouveau répertoire personnel, qui sera "
+"créé si nécessaire."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:151(term) useradd.8.xml:200(term) useradd.8.xml:577(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>DATE_FIN_VALIDITÉ</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:155(para) useradd.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date on which the user account will be disabled. The date is specified "
+"in the format <emphasis remap=\"I\">YYYY-MM-DD</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Date à laquelle le compte utilisateur sera désactivé. La date est indiquée "
+"dans le format <emphasis remap=\"I\">AAAA-MM-JJ</emphasis>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> argument will disable the "
+"expiration of the account."
+msgstr ""
+"Un paramètre <replaceable>DATE_FIN_VALIDITÉ</replaceable> vide désactivera "
+"l'expiration du compte."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:163(para) usermod.8.xml:184(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option requires a <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. A <filename>/"
+"etc/shadow</filename> entry will be created if there were none."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette option nécessite un fichier <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. Une "
+"entrée <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> sera créée si il n'y en avait pas."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:171(term) useradd.8.xml:217(term) useradd.8.xml:589(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>DURÉE_INACTIVITÉ</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently "
+"disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Nombre de jours suivant la fin de validité d'un mot de passe après lequel le "
+"compte est définitivement désactivé."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid ""
+"A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has expired, and a "
+"value of -1 disables the feature."
+msgstr ""
+"Une valeur de 0 désactive le compte dès que le mot de passe a dépassé sa fin "
+"de validité, et une valeur de -1 désactive cette fonctionnalité."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:192(term) useradd.8.xml:236(term) useradd.8.xml:604(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUPE</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:196(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or number of the user's new initial login group. The group "
+"must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Nom du groupe ou identifiant numérique du groupe de connexion initial de "
+"l'utilisateur. Le groupe doit exister."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:200(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any file from the user's home directory owned by the previous primary group "
+"of the user will be owned by this new group."
+msgstr ""
+"Tout fichier du répertoire personnel de l'utilisateur appartenant au groupe "
+"primaire précédent de l'utilisateur appartiendra à ce nouveau groupe."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group ownership of files outside of the user's home directory must be "
+"fixed manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Le groupe propriétaire des fichiers en dehors du répertoire personnel de "
+"l'utilisateur doit être modifié manuellement."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:211(term) useradd.8.xml:263(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-G</option>, <option>--groups</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP1</"
+"replaceable>[<emphasis remap=\"I\">,GROUP2,...</emphasis>[<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">,GROUPN</emphasis>]]]"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-G</option>, <option>--groups</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUPE1</"
+"replaceable>[<emphasis remap=\"I\">,GROUPE2,...</emphasis>[<emphasis remap="
+"\"I\">,GROUPEN</emphasis>]]]"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each "
+"group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. "
+"The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the "
+"<option>-g</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"Liste de groupes supplémentaires auxquels appartient également "
+"l'utilisateur. Chaque groupe est séparé du suivant par une virgule, sans "
+"espace entre eux. Les groupes sont soumis aux mêmes restrictions que celles "
+"de l'option <option>-g</option>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the user is currently a member of a group which is not listed, the user "
+"will be removed from the group. This behaviour can be changed via the "
+"<option>-a</option> option, which appends the user to the current "
+"supplementary group list."
+msgstr ""
+"Si l'utilisateur fait actuellement partie d'un groupe qui n'est pas listé, "
+"l'utilisateur sera supprimé du groupe. Ce comportement peut être modifié par "
+"l'option <option>-a</option>, qui permet d'ajouter l'utilisateur à la liste "
+"actuelle des groupes supplémentaires."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:231(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NOUVEAU_LOGIN</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:235(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user will be changed from <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> "
+"to <replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</replaceable>. Nothing else is changed. In "
+"particular, the user's home directory or mail spool should probably be "
+"renamed manually to reflect the new login name."
+msgstr ""
+"Le nom de l'utilisateur passera de <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> à "
+"<replaceable>NOUVEAU_LOGIN</replaceable>. Rien d'autre ne sera modifié. En "
+"particulier, le nom du répertoire personnel et l'emplacement de la boîte aux "
+"lettres de l'utilisateur devrontprobablement être changés pour refléter le "
+"nouveau nom de connexion."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:245(term)
+msgid "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:249(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock a user's password. This puts a '!' in front of the encrypted password, "
+"effectively disabling the password. You can't use this option with <option>-"
+"p</option> or <option>-U</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Verrouiller le mot de passe d'un utilisateur. Cette option ajoute un « ! » "
+"devant le mot de passe chiffré, ce qui désactive le mot de passe. Vous ne "
+"pouvez pas utiliser cette option avec <option>-p</option> ou <option>-U</"
+"option>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:255(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: if you wish to lock the account (not only access with a password), you "
+"should also set the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> to "
+"<replaceable>1</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Remarque : pour verrouiller le compte (et pas seulement l'accès au compte "
+"par un mot de passe), il est également nécessaire de placer "
+"<replaceable>DATE_FIN_VALIDITÉ</replaceable> à <replaceable>1</replaceable>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:264(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--move-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--move-home</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:268(para)
+msgid "Move the content of the user's home directory to the new location."
+msgstr ""
+"Déplacer le contenu du répertoire personnel de l'utilisateur vers un nouvel "
+"emplacement."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:272(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-d</option> (or "
+"<option>--home</option>) option."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette option ne fonctionne que lorsqu'elle est combinée avec l'option "
+"<option>-d</option> (ou <option>--home</option>)."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>usermod</command> will try to adapt the ownership of the files and "
+"to copy the modes, ACL and extended attributes, but manual changes might be "
+"needed afterwards."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>usermod</command> essayera d'adapter les permissions des fichiers "
+"et de copier les modes, ACL et attributs étendus. Cependant, vous risquez de "
+"devoir procéder à des modifications vous-même."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:284(term) useradd.8.xml:397(term) groupmod.8.xml:146(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:157(term)
+msgid "<option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"When used with the <option>-u</option> option, this option allows to change "
+"the user ID to a non-unique value."
+msgstr ""
+"En combinaison avec l'option <option>-u</option>, cette option permet de "
+"changer l'identifiant utilisateur vers une valeur déjà utilisée."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:295(term) useradd.8.xml:409(term) groupmod.8.xml:157(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:167(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASSWORD</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>MOT_DE_PASSE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:299(para) groupmod.8.xml:161(para)
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"Mot de passe chiffré, comme renvoyé par <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:304(para) useradd.8.xml:418(para) groupmod.8.xml:166(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"bold\">Note:</emphasis> This option is not recommended "
+"because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users "
+"listing the processes."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"bold\">Remarque :</emphasis> l'utilisation de cette option "
+"est déconseillée car le mot de passe (ou le mot de passe chiffré) peut être "
+"visible des utilisateurs qui affichent la liste des processus. "
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"The password will be written in the local <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+"or <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. This might differ from the "
+"password database configured in your PAM configuration."
+msgstr ""
+"Le mot de passe sera écrit dans le fichier <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+"local ou le fichier <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. Cela peut être "
+"différent de la base de données de mots de passe définie dans la "
+"configuration de PAM."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:315(para) useradd.8.xml:423(para) groupmod.8.xml:171(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should make sure the password respects the system's password policy."
+msgstr ""
+"Il est nécessaire de vérifier si le mot de passe respecte la politique de "
+"mots de passe du système."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:334(term) userdel.8.xml:158(term) useradd.8.xml:469(term)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:190(term) groupdel.8.xml:113(term) groupadd.8.xml:216(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-P</option>, <option>--prefix</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option> <replaceable>RÉP_PERSO</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:338(para) userdel.8.xml:162(para) useradd.8.xml:473(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:194(para) groupdel.8.xml:117(para) groupadd.8.xml:220(para)
+msgid ""
+"Apply changes in the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> directory and use "
+"the configuration files from the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> "
+"directory. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross-"
+"compilation target. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not "
+"verified. PAM authentication is using the host files. No SELINUX support."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:351(term) useradd.8.xml:486(term) useradd.8.xml:624(term)
+#: su.1.xml:186(term) chsh.1.xml:119(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>INTERPRÉTEUR</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:355(para) chsh.1.xml:123(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user's new login shell. Setting this field to blank causes "
+"the system to select the default login shell."
+msgstr ""
+"Nom du nouvel interpréteur de commandes initial (« login shell ») de "
+"l'utilisateur. Si ce champ est vide, le système sélectionnera l'interpréteur "
+"de commandes initial par défaut."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:362(term) useradd.8.xml:500(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:366(para)
+msgid "The new numerical value of the user's ID."
+msgstr "La valeur numérique de l'identifiant de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:369(para)
+msgid ""
+"This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is used. "
+"The value must be non-negative."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette valeur doit être unique, à moins que l'option <option>-o</option> ne "
+"soit utilisée. La valeur ne doit pas être négative."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:374(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user's mailbox, and any files which the user owns and which are located "
+"in the user's home directory will have the file user ID changed "
+"automatically."
+msgstr ""
+"La boîte aux lettres et tous les fichiers possédés par l'utilisateur et qui "
+"sont situés dans son répertoire personnel verront leur identifiant "
+"d'utilisateur automatiquement modifié."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:379(para)
+msgid ""
+"The ownership of files outside of the user's home directory must be fixed "
+"manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Le propriétaire des fichiers en dehors du répertoire personnel de "
+"l'utilisateur doit être modifié manuellement."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:383(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>, or "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Aucun contrôle ne sera effectué sur les valeurs de <option>UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>, ou "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> du fichier <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:392(term)
+msgid "<option>-U</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-U</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:396(para)
+msgid ""
+"Unlock a user's password. This removes the '!' in front of the encrypted "
+"password. You can't use this option with <option>-p</option> or <option>-L</"
+"option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Déverrouiller le mot de passe d'un utilisateur. Cela supprime le « ! » situé "
+"devant le mot de passe chiffré. Vous ne pouvez pas utiliser cette option "
+"avec <option>-p</option> ou <option>-L</option>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:401(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: if you wish to unlock the account (not only access with a password), "
+"you should also set the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> (for example "
+"to <replaceable>99999</replaceable>, or to the <option>EXPIRE</option> value "
+"from <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Remarque : pour déverrouiller le compte (et pas seulement l'accès au compte "
+"via un mot de passe), vous devriez définir la valeur "
+"<replaceable>DATE_FIN_VALIDITÉ</replaceable> (par exemple à "
+"<replaceable>99999</replaceable> ou à la valeur <option>EXPIRE</option> dans "
+"<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>)."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:412(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-v</option>, <option>--add-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-v</option>, <option>--add-subuids</option> <replaceable>PREMIER</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>DERNIER</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:416(para)
+msgid "Add a range of subordinate uids to the user's account."
+msgstr "Ajoute une plage d'UIDs subalternes au compte de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:419(para) usermod.8.xml:457(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a "
+"users account."
+msgstr ""
+"Vous pouvez indiquer plusieurs fois cette option, pour ajouter plusieurs "
+"plages de comptes utilisateurs."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:422(para) usermod.8.xml:442(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option>, or <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> from /etc/"
+"login.defs."
+msgstr ""
+"Aucun contrôle ne sera effectué sur les valeurs de <option>SUB_UID_MIN</"
+"option>, <option>SUB_UID_MAX</option>, ou <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> du "
+"fichier <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:430(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-V</option>, <option>--del-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-V</option>, <option>--del-subuids</option> <replaceable>PREMIER</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>DERNIER</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:434(para)
+msgid "Remove a range of subordinate uids from the user's account."
+msgstr "Supprime une plage d'Uids subalternes du compte de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:437(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a "
+"users account. When both <option>--del-subuids</option> and <option>--add-"
+"subuids</option> are specified, the removal of all subordinate uid ranges "
+"happens before any subordinate uid range is added."
+msgstr ""
+"Vous pouvez indiquer cette option plusieurs fois pour supprimer plusieurs "
+"plages du compte d'un utilisateur. Si vous spécifiez à la fois <option>--del-"
+"subuids</option> et <option>--add-subuids</option>, la suppression de toutes "
+"les plages d'uids subalternes se fait avant tout ajout d'une plage d'uids "
+"subalternes."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:450(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--add-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--add-subgids</option> <replaceable>PREMIER</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>DERNIER</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:454(para)
+msgid "Add a range of subordinate gids to the user's account."
+msgstr "Ajoute une plage de gids subalternes au compte d'un utilisateur."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:460(para) usermod.8.xml:480(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option>, or <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> from /etc/"
+"login.defs."
+msgstr ""
+"Aucun contrôle ne sera effectué sur les valeurs de <option>SUB_GID_MIN</"
+"option>, <option>SUB_GID_MAX</option>, ou <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> du "
+"fichier <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:468(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--del-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--del-subgids</option> <replaceable>PREMIER</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>DERNIER</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:472(para)
+msgid "Remove a range of subordinate gids from the user's account."
+msgstr "Supprime une plage de gids subalternes du compte de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:475(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a "
+"users account. When both <option>--del-subgids</option> and <option>--add-"
+"subgids</option> are specified, the removal of all subordinate gid ranges "
+"happens before any subordinate gid range is added."
+msgstr ""
+"Vous pouvez indiquer cette option plusieurs fois pour supprimer plusieurs "
+"plages du compte d'un utilisateur. Quand vous indiquez à la fois <option>--"
+"del-subgids</option> et <option>--add-subgids</option>, la uppression de "
+"touts les plages de gids subalternes se fera aant tout ajout d'une plage de "
+"gids subalternes."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:488(term) useradd.8.xml:535(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UTILISATEUR_SELINUX</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:492(para)
+msgid "The new SELinux user for the user's login."
+msgstr ""
+"Le nouvel utilisateur SELinux utilisé pour la connexion de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:495(para)
+msgid ""
+"A blank <replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable> will remove the SELinux user "
+"mapping for user <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> (if any)."
+msgstr ""
+"Un paramètre <replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable> vide éliminera l'association "
+"de l'utilisateur SELinux pour l'utilisateur <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> "
+"(si spécifiée)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:506(title) userdel.8.xml:298(title) useradd.8.xml:652(title)
+#: su.1.xml:330(title) shadow.3.xml:218(title) passwd.1.xml:377(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:363(title) login.1.xml:260(title) lastlog.8.xml:229(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:133(title) groupadd.8.xml:274(title) gpasswd.1.xml:252(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:232(title) chpasswd.8.xml:231(title)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:186(title)
+msgid "CAVEATS"
+msgstr "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:507(para)
+msgid ""
+"You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes "
+"when this command is being executed if the user's numerical user ID, the "
+"user's name, or the user's home directory is being changed. "
+"<command>usermod</command> checks this on Linux. On other platforms it only "
+"uses utmp to check if the user is logged in."
+msgstr ""
+"Il est nécessaire de contrôler que l'identifiant indiqué n'a pas de "
+"processus en cours d'exécution si cette commande est utilisée pour modifier "
+"l'identifiant numérique de l'utilisateur, son identifiant (login) ou son "
+"répertoire personnel. <command>usermod</command> effectue ce contrôle sous "
+"Linux mais vérifie seulement les informations d'utmp sur les autres "
+"architectures pour vérifier si l'utilisateur est connecté."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:514(para)
+msgid ""
+"You must change the owner of any <command>crontab</command> files or "
+"<command>at</command> jobs manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Il est nécessaire de changer manuellement le propriétaire des fichiers "
+"<command>crontab</command> ou des travaux programmés par <command>at</"
+"command>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:518(para)
+msgid "You must make any changes involving NIS on the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+"Les modifications qui concernent NIS doivent être effectuées sur le serveur "
+"NIS."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:33(term) useradd.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:35(para) useradd.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated. As "
+"higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and "
+"authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog "
+"file for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:41(para) useradd.8.xml:41(para) login.defs.5.xml:41(para)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:41(para)
+msgid ""
+"No <option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> option present in the configuration "
+"means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) userdel.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term)
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_DIR</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>MAIL_DIR</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) userdel.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para)
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mail spool directory. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its "
+"corresponding user account is modified or deleted. If not specified, a "
+"compile-time default is used."
+msgstr ""
+"Répertoire d'attente des courriels (« mail spool directory »). Ce paramètre "
+"est nécessaire pour manipuler les boîtes à lettres lorsque le compte d'un "
+"utilisateur est modifié ou supprimé. S'il n'est pas spécifié, une valeur par "
+"défaut définie à la compilation est utilisée."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:41(term) userdel.8.xml:41(term) useradd.8.xml:41(term)
+#: su.1.xml:41(term) login.defs.5.xml:41(term) login.1.xml:41(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>MAIL_FILE</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:43(para) userdel.8.xml:43(para) useradd.8.xml:43(para)
+#: su.1.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Définir l'emplacement des boîtes aux lettres des utilisateurs relativement à "
+"leur répertoire personnel."
+
+#. FIXME: MAIL_FILE not used in useradd
+#: usermod.8.xml:50(para) userdel.8.xml:50(para) useradd.8.xml:50(para)
+#: su.1.xml:50(para) login.defs.5.xml:50(para) login.1.xml:50(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>MAIL_DIR</option> and <option>MAIL_FILE</option> variables are "
+"used by <command>useradd</command>, <command>usermod</command>, and "
+"<command>userdel</command> to create, move, or delete the user's mail spool."
+msgstr ""
+"Les paramètres <option>MAIL_DIR</option> et <option>MAIL_FILE</option> sont "
+"utilisés par <command>useradd</command>, <command>usermod</command> et "
+"<command>userdel</command> pour créer, déplacer ou supprimer les boîtes aux "
+"lettres des utilisateurs."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:56(para) userdel.8.xml:56(para) useradd.8.xml:56(para)
+#: su.1.xml:56(para) login.defs.5.xml:56(para) login.1.xml:56(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> is set to <replaceable>yes</"
+"replaceable>, they are also used to define the <envar>MAIL</envar> "
+"environment variable."
+msgstr ""
+"Si <option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> est réglé sur <replaceable>yes</"
+"replaceable>, ces variables servent également à définir la variable "
+"d'environnement <envar>MAIL</envar>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: grpck.8.xml:30(term) groupmod.8.xml:30(term) groupmems.8.xml:30(term)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:30(term) groupadd.8.xml:30(term) gpasswd.1.xml:30(term)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:32(para) newusers.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:32(para) groupmod.8.xml:32(para) groupmems.8.xml:32(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:32(para) groupadd.8.xml:32(para) gpasswd.1.xml:32(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"Maximum members per group entry. When the maximum is reached, a new group "
+"entry (line) is started in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (with the same "
+"name, same password, and same GID)."
+msgstr ""
+"Nombre maximum de membres par entrée de groupe. Lorsque le maximum est "
+"atteint, une nouvelle entrée de groupe (ligne) est démarrée dans <filename>/"
+"etc/group</filename> (avec le même nom, même mot de passe, et même GID)."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:37(para) userdel.8.xml:37(para) useradd.8.xml:37(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:37(para) newusers.8.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:37(para) groupmod.8.xml:37(para) groupmems.8.xml:37(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:37(para) groupadd.8.xml:37(para) gpasswd.1.xml:37(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of "
+"members in a group."
+msgstr ""
+"La valeur par défaut est 0, ce qui signifie qu'il n'y a pas de limites pour "
+"le nombre de membres dans un groupe."
+
+#. Note: on HP, split groups have the same ID, but different
+#.                names.
+#: usermod.8.xml:43(para) userdel.8.xml:43(para) useradd.8.xml:43(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:43(para) groupmod.8.xml:43(para) groupmems.8.xml:43(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:43(para) groupadd.8.xml:43(para) gpasswd.1.xml:43(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group "
+"file. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger "
+"than 1024 characters."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette fonctionnalité (groupe découpé) permet de limiter la longueur des "
+"lignes dans le fichier de groupes. Ceci est utile pour s'assurer que les "
+"lignes pour les groupes NIS ne sont pas plus grandes que 1024 caractères."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:48(para) userdel.8.xml:48(para) useradd.8.xml:48(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:48(para) newusers.8.xml:48(para) login.defs.5.xml:48(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:48(para) groupmod.8.xml:48(para) groupmems.8.xml:48(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:48(para) groupadd.8.xml:48(para) gpasswd.1.xml:48(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:48(para)
+msgid "If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25."
+msgstr ""
+"Si vous avez besoin de configurer cette limite, vous pouvez utiliser 25."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:51(para) userdel.8.xml:51(para) useradd.8.xml:51(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:51(para) newusers.8.xml:51(para) login.defs.5.xml:51(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:51(para) groupmod.8.xml:51(para) groupmems.8.xml:51(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:51(para) groupadd.8.xml:51(para) gpasswd.1.xml:51(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:51(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow "
+"toolsuite). You should not use this variable unless you really need it."
+msgstr ""
+"Remarque : les groupes découpés ne sont peut-être pas pris en charge par "
+"tous les outils (même dans la suite d'outils Shadow). Vous ne devriez pas "
+"utiliser cette variable, sauf si vous en avez vraiment besoin."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:31(term) useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands <command>useradd</"
+"command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless the user already have "
+"subordinate group IDs) allocate <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> unused group "
+"IDs from the range <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_GID_MAX</"
+"option> for each new user."
+msgstr ""
+"Si <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> existe, les commandes <command>useradd</"
+"command> et <command>newusers</command> affectent à <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</"
+"option> les GIDs non utilisés compris entre <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> et "
+"<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option> pour chaque utilisateur (sauf si l'utilisateur "
+"a déjà indiqué des IDs de groupes subalternes)."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:42(para) useradd.8.xml:42(para) newusers.8.xml:42(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:42(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default values for <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_GID_MAX</"
+"option>, <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> are respectively 100000, 600100000 "
+"and 65536."
+msgstr ""
+"Les valeurs par défaut pour <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option> et <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> sont "
+"respectivement 100000, 600100000 et 65536."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:31(term) useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands <command>useradd</"
+"command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless the user already have "
+"subordinate user IDs) allocate <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> unused user "
+"IDs from the range <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_UID_MAX</"
+"option> for each new user."
+msgstr ""
+"Si <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> existe, les commandes <command>useradd</"
+"command> et <command>newusers</command> affectent à <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</"
+"option> les UIDs non utilisés compris entre <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> et "
+"<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option> pour chaque utilisateur (sauf si l'utilisateur "
+"a déjà indiqué des IDs de utilisateurs subalternes)."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:42(para) useradd.8.xml:42(para) newusers.8.xml:42(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:42(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default values for <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_UID_MAX</"
+"option>, <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> are respectively 100000, 600100000 "
+"and 65536."
+msgstr ""
+"Les valeurs par défaut pour <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option>, <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option>, sont "
+"respectivement 100000, 600100000 et 65536."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term)
+#: pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>TCB_SYMLINKS</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>TCB_SYMLINKS</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:37(programlisting) userdel.8.xml:37(programlisting)
+#: useradd.8.xml:37(programlisting) pwck.8.xml:37(programlisting)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:37(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"if ( UID is less than 1000) {\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/user\n"
+"} else if ( UID is less than 1000000) {\n"
+"  kilos = UID / 1000\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/:kilos/user\n"
+"  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n"
+"} else {\n"
+"  megas = UID / 1000000\n"
+"  kilos = ( UID / megas * 1000000 ) / 1000\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/:megas/:kilos/user\n"
+"  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n"
+"}\n"
+"      "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"si ( UID est inférieur à 1000) {\n"
+"  utiliser /etc/tcb/user\n"
+"} sinon, et si ( UID est inférieur à 1000000) {\n"
+"  kilos = UID / 1000\n"
+"  utiliser /etc/tcb/:kilos/user\n"
+"  faire un lien symbolique de /etc/tcb/user vers le répertoire précédent\n"
+"} sinon {\n"
+"  megas = UID / 1000000\n"
+"  kilos = ( UID / megas * 1000000 ) / 1000\n"
+"  utiliser /etc/tcb/:megas/:kilos/user\n"
+"  faire un lien symbolique de /etc/tcb/user vers le répertoire précédent\n"
+"}\n"
+"      "
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para)
+#: pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the location of the user tcb directory to "
+"be created will not be automatically set to /etc/tcb/user, but will be "
+"computed depending on the UID of the user, according to the following "
+"algorithm: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Si <replaceable>yes</replaceable> (« oui »), l'emplacement du répertoire tcb "
+"de l'utilisateur à créer ne sera pas automatiquement configuré à /etc/tcb/"
+"user, mais sera calculé en fonction de l'UID de l'utilisateur, à l'aide de "
+"l'algorithme suivant : <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:557(filename) userdel.8.xml:214(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:757(filename) su.1.xml:381(filename)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:253(filename) passwd.1.xml:428(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:438(filename) login.access.5.xml:124(filename)
+#: login.1.xml:389(filename) groupmod.8.xml:237(filename)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:265(filename) chsh.1.xml:182(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:270(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:228(filename)
+#: chfn.1.xml:210(filename)
+msgid "/etc/login.defs"
+msgstr "/etc/login.defs"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:559(para) userdel.8.xml:216(para) useradd.8.xml:759(para)
+#: su.1.xml:383(para) pwconv.8.xml:255(para) passwd.1.xml:430(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:440(para) login.access.5.xml:126(para) login.1.xml:391(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:239(para) groupadd.8.xml:267(para) chsh.1.xml:184(para)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:272(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:230(para) chfn.1.xml:212(para)
+msgid "Shadow password suite configuration."
+msgstr ""
+"Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cachés « shadow password »."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:575(filename) userdel.8.xml:232(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:745(filename) newusers.8.xml:450(filename)
+msgid "/etc/subgid"
+msgstr "/etc/subgid"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:577(para) userdel.8.xml:234(para) useradd.8.xml:747(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:452(para)
+msgid "Per user subordinate group IDs."
+msgstr "IDs des groupes subalternes d'un utilisateur."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:581(filename) userdel.8.xml:238(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:751(filename) newusers.8.xml:456(filename)
+msgid "/etc/subuid"
+msgstr "/etc/subuid"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:583(para) userdel.8.xml:240(para) useradd.8.xml:753(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:458(para)
+msgid "Per user subordinate user IDs."
+msgstr "IDs de utilisateurs subalternes d'un utilisateur."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:591(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) userdel.8.xml:70(refname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:75(command) login.defs.5.xml:500(term)
+msgid "userdel"
+msgstr "userdel"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:71(refpurpose)
+msgid "delete a user account and related files"
+msgstr "supprimer un compte utilisateur et les fichiers associés"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>userdel</command> command modifies the system account files, "
+"deleting all entries that refer to the user name <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">LOGIN</emphasis>. The named user must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>userdel</command> modifie les fichiers d'administration "
+"des comptes du système, en supprimant les entrées qui se réfèrent à "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">LOGIN</emphasis>. L'utilisateur nommé doit exister."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>userdel</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options disponibles de la commande <command>userdel</command> sont :"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:99(term) groupadd.8.xml:100(term) expiry.1.xml:103(term)
+msgid "<option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option forces the removal of the user account, even if the user is "
+"still logged in. It also forces <command>userdel</command> to remove the "
+"user's home directory and mail spool, even if another user uses the same "
+"home directory or if the mail spool is not owned by the specified user. If "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> and if a group exists with "
+"the same name as the deleted user, then this group will be removed, even if "
+"it is still the primary group of another user."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette option impose la suppression de l'utilisateur, même s'il est encore "
+"connecté. Elle force également <command>userdel</command> à supprimer son "
+"répertoire personnel et sa file d'attente des courriels, même si un autre "
+"utilisateur utilise le même répertoire personnel ou si l'utilisateur précisé "
+"n'est pas le propriétaire de la file d'attente des courriels. Si "
+"<emphasis>USERGROUPS_ENAB</emphasis> vaut <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> dans <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> et si un groupe existe "
+"avec le même nom que l'utilisateur supprimé, alors ce groupe sera supprimé, "
+"même s'il s'agit du groupe primaire d'un autre utilisateur."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:116(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Note:</emphasis> This option is dangerous and may leave your "
+"system in an inconsistent state."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>Remarque :</emphasis> Cette option est dangereuse, elle peut "
+"laisser votre système dans un état incohérent."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:129(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:133(para)
+msgid ""
+"Files in the user's home directory will be removed along with the home "
+"directory itself and the user's mail spool. Files located in other file "
+"systems will have to be searched for and deleted manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Les fichiers présents dans le répertoire personnel de l'utilisateur seront "
+"supprimés en même temps que le répertoire lui-même, ainsi que le répertoire "
+"d'attente des courriels. Vous devrez rechercher et éliminer vous-même les "
+"fichiers situés dans d'autres systèmes de fichiers."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mail spool is defined by the <option>MAIL_DIR</option> variable in the "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename> file."
+msgstr ""
+"Le répertoire d'attente des courriels est défini par la variable "
+"<option>MAIL_DIR</option> dans <filename>login.defs</filename>."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:175(term)
+msgid "<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid "Remove any SELinux user mapping for the user's login."
+msgstr ""
+"Élimine toute association avec tout utilisateur SELinux pour la connexion de "
+"l'utilisateur."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>USERDEL_CMD</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>USERDEL_CMD</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, this command is run when removing a user. It should remove any "
+"at/cron/print jobs etc. owned by the user to be removed (passed as the first "
+"argument)."
+msgstr ""
+"Si définie, la commande est exécutée lors de la suppression d'un "
+"utilisateur. Elle pourra supprimer toutes les tâches périodiques cron ou at, "
+"tous les travaux d'impression, etc. de l'utilisateur (qui sera fourni comme "
+"premier paramètre)."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+msgid "The return code of the script is not taken into account."
+msgstr "Le code de retour du script n'est pas pris en compte."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:46(programlisting) login.defs.5.xml:46(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"#! /bin/sh\n"
+"\n"
+"# Check for the required argument.\n"
+"if [ $# != 1 ]; then\n"
+"\techo \"Usage: $0 username\"\n"
+"\texit 1\n"
+"fi\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove cron jobs.\n"
+"crontab -r -u $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove at jobs.\n"
+"# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,\n"
+"# even if it was shared by a different username.\n"
+"AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs\n"
+"find $AT_SPOOL_DIR -name \"[^.]*\" -type f -user $1 -delete \\;\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove print jobs.\n"
+"lprm $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# All done.\n"
+"exit 0\n"
+"      "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"#! /bin/sh\n"
+"\n"
+"# Check for the required argument.\n"
+"if [ $# != 1 ]; then\n"
+"\techo \"Usage: $0 username\"\n"
+"\texit 1\n"
+"fi\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove cron jobs.\n"
+"crontab -r -u $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove at jobs.\n"
+"# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,\n"
+"# even if it was shared by a different username.\n"
+"AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs\n"
+"find $AT_SPOOL_DIR -name \"[^.]*\" -type f -user $1 -delete \\;\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove print jobs.\n"
+"lprm $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# All done.\n"
+"exit 0\n"
+"      "
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Here is an example script, which removes the user's cron, at and print jobs: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Voici un script exemple, qui supprime le fichier d'entrée de cron et d'at "
+"ainsi que les travaux d'impression en attente ;<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) su.1.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) su.1.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits "
+"(examples: 022 -&gt; 002, 077 -&gt; 007) for non-root users, if the uid is "
+"the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name."
+msgstr ""
+"Activer la mise en place de bits de masque de groupe (« umask group bits ») "
+"identiques à ceux du propriétaire (exemple : 022 -&gt; 002, 077 -&gt; 007) "
+"pour les utilisateurs non privilégiés, si l'UID est identique au GID et que "
+"l'identifiant de connexion est identique au groupe principal."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:39(para) useradd.8.xml:39(para) su.1.xml:39(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, <command>userdel</command> will "
+"remove the user's group if it contains no more members, and "
+"<command>useradd</command> will create by default a group with the name of "
+"the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Si cette variable est configurée à <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, "
+"<command>userdel</command> supprimera le groupe de l'utilisateur s'il ne "
+"contient pas d'autres membres, et <command>useradd</command> créera par "
+"défaut un groupe portant le nom de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:247(title) useradd.8.xml:766(title) su.1.xml:390(title)
+#: pwck.8.xml:303(title) passwd.1.xml:443(title) grpck.8.xml:245(title)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:252(title) groupdel.8.xml:175(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:296(title) chage.1.xml:284(title)
+msgid "EXIT VALUES"
+msgstr "VALEURS DE RETOUR"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:252(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:771(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:409(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:308(replaceable)
+#: passwd.1.xml:448(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:250(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:257(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:180(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:301(replaceable) chage.1.xml:289(replaceable)
+msgid "0"
+msgstr "0"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:254(para) useradd.8.xml:773(para) pwck.8.xml:310(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:450(para) grpck.8.xml:252(para) groupdel.8.xml:182(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:303(para) chage.1.xml:291(para)
+msgid "success"
+msgstr "succès"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:258(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:777(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:75(manvolnum) su.1.xml:415(replaceable) sg.1.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:314(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:65(manvolnum)
+#: passwd.1.xml:454(replaceable) newgrp.1.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: login.1.xml:91(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:256(replaceable)
+#: groups.1.xml:58(manvolnum) gpasswd.1.xml:63(manvolnum)
+#: expiry.1.xml:62(manvolnum) chsh.1.xml:61(manvolnum) chfn.1.xml:61(manvolnum)
+#: chage.1.xml:59(manvolnum) chage.1.xml:295(replaceable)
+msgid "1"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:260(para) useradd.8.xml:779(para)
+msgid "can't update password file"
+msgstr "impossible de mettre à jour le fichier des mots de passe"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:264(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:783(replaceable)
+#: pwck.8.xml:320(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:460(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:262(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:263(replaceable)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:186(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:307(replaceable)
+#: chage.1.xml:301(replaceable)
+msgid "2"
+msgstr "2"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:266(para) useradd.8.xml:785(para) pwck.8.xml:316(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:258(para) groupdel.8.xml:188(para) groupadd.8.xml:309(para)
+#: chage.1.xml:303(para)
+msgid "invalid command syntax"
+msgstr "erreur de syntaxe"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:270(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:801(replaceable)
+#: pwck.8.xml:344(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:484(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:281(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:192(replaceable)
+msgid "6"
+msgstr "6"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:272(para)
+msgid "specified user doesn't exist"
+msgstr "l'utilisateur indiqué n'existe pas"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:278(para)
+msgid "user currently logged in"
+msgstr "l'utilisateur est actuellement connecté"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:282(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:813(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:293(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:204(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:331(replaceable)
+msgid "10"
+msgstr "10"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:284(para) useradd.8.xml:815(para) groupdel.8.xml:206(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:333(para)
+msgid "can't update group file"
+msgstr "impossible de mettre à jour le fichier des groupes"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:288(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:819(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:305(replaceable)
+msgid "12"
+msgstr "12"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:290(para)
+msgid "can't remove home directory"
+msgstr "impossible de supprimer le répertoire personnel"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:248(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>userdel</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>userdel</command> retourne les valeurs suivantes en "
+"quittant : <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:299(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>userdel</command> will not allow you to remove an account if there "
+"are running processes which belong to this account. In that case, you may "
+"have to kill those processes or lock the user's password or account and "
+"remove the account later. The <option>-f</option> option can force the "
+"deletion of this account."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>userdel</command> ne permet pas la suppression d'un compte si des "
+"processus actifs lui appartiennent encore. Dans ce cas, il peut être "
+"nécessaire de tuer ces processus ou de simplement verrouiller le mot de "
+"passe ou le compte de l'utilisateur, afin de supprimer le compte plus tard. "
+"L'option <option>-f</option> permet de forcer la suppression du compte."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:306(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain "
+"owned by this user."
+msgstr ""
+"Vous devez vérifier vous-même qu'aucun fichier possédé par l'utilisateur ne "
+"subsiste sur tous les systèmes de fichiers."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:310(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not remove any NIS attributes on a NIS client. This must be "
+"performed on the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+"Vous ne pouvez supprimer aucun attribut NIS d'un client NIS. Cela doit être "
+"effectué sur le serveur NIS."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, <command>userdel</"
+"command> will delete the group with the same name as the user. To avoid "
+"inconsistencies in the passwd and group databases, <command>userdel</"
+"command> will check that this group is not used as a primary group for "
+"another user, and will just warn without deleting the group otherwise. The "
+"<option>-f</option> option can force the deletion of this group."
+msgstr ""
+"Si <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> vaut <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> (« oui ») dans <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, "
+"<command>userdel</command> supprimera le groupe ayant le même nom que "
+"l'utilisateur. Afin d'éviter des incohérences entre les fichiers passwd et "
+"group, <command>userdel</command> vérifiera que le groupe n'est pas utilisé "
+"comme groupe primaire d'un autre utilisateur ; si c'est le cas un "
+"avertissement sera affiché et le groupe ne sera pas supprimé. L'option "
+"<option>-f</option> permet d'imposer la suppression du groupe."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:326(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:76(refentrytitle) useradd.8.xml:83(refname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:88(command) useradd.8.xml:95(command)
+#: useradd.8.xml:99(command) login.defs.5.xml:482(term)
+msgid "useradd"
+msgstr "useradd"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:84(refpurpose)
+msgid "create a new user or update default new user information"
+msgstr ""
+"créer un nouvel utilisateur ou modifier les informations par défaut "
+"appliquées aux nouveaux utilisateurs"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:96(arg) useradd.8.xml:100(arg)
+msgid "-D"
+msgstr "-D"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:109(para)
+msgid ""
+"When invoked without the <option>-D</option> option, the <command>useradd</"
+"command> command creates a new user account using the values specified on "
+"the command line plus the default values from the system. Depending on "
+"command line options, the <command>useradd</command> command will update "
+"system files and may also create the new user's home directory and copy "
+"initial files."
+msgstr ""
+"Quand elle est invoquée sans l'option <option>-D</option>, la commande "
+"<command>useradd</command> crée un nouveau compte utilisateur qui utilise "
+"les valeurs indiquées sur la ligne de commande et les valeurs par défaut du "
+"système. En fonction des options de la ligne de commande, la commande "
+"<command>useradd</command> fera la mise à jour des fichiers du système, elle "
+"pourra créer le répertoire personnel et copier les fichiers initiaux."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see <option>-g</"
+"option>, <option>-N</option>, <option>-U</option>, and "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Par défaut, un groupe sera également créé pour le nouvel utilisateur (voir "
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option>, <option>-U</option>, et "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option>)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>useradd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options disponibles pour la commande <command>useradd</command> sont :"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:132(option) pwck.8.xml:187(option) newusers.8.xml:273(option)
+msgid "--badname"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:141(term) useradd.8.xml:559(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--base-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>BASE_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--base-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>RÉP_BASE</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default base directory for the system if <option>-d</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> is not specified. <replaceable>BASE_DIR</"
+"replaceable> is concatenated with the account name to define the home "
+"directory. If the <option>-m</option> option is not used, "
+"<replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Répertoire de base par défaut du système si l'option <option>-d</"
+"option>&nbsp;<replaceable>RÉP_PERSO</replaceable> n'est pas spécifiée. "
+"<replaceable>RÉP_BASE</replaceable> est concaténé avec le nom du compte pour "
+"définir le répertoire personnel. Quand l'option <option>-m</option> n'est "
+"pas utilisée, <replaceable>RÉP_BASE</replaceable> doit exister."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this option is not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the "
+"base directory specified by the <option>HOME</option> variable in <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>, or <filename>/home</filename> by default."
+msgstr ""
+"Si cette option n'est pas précisée, <command>useradd</command> utilisera le "
+"répertoire de base précisé par la variable <option>HOME</option> dans "
+"<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> ou <filename>/home</filename> par "
+"défaut."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any text string. It is generally a short description of the login, and is "
+"currently used as the field for the user's full name."
+msgstr ""
+"Toute chaîne de texte. C'est généralement une description courte du compte, "
+"elle est actuellement utilisée comme champ pour le nom complet de "
+"l'utilisateur."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:174(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>RÉP_PERSO</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:178(para)
+msgid ""
+"The new user will be created using <replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> as "
+"the value for the user's login directory. The default is to append the "
+"<replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> name to <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> "
+"and use that as the login directory name. The directory "
+"<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> does not have to exist but will not be "
+"created if it is missing."
+msgstr ""
+"Le nouvel utilisateur sera créé en utilisant <replaceable>RÉP_PERSO</"
+"replaceable> comme valeur de répertoire de connexion de l'utilisateur. Le "
+"comportement par défaut est de concaténer <replaceable>UTILISATEUR</"
+"replaceable> au répertoire <replaceable>RÉP_BASE</replaceable>, et de "
+"l'utiliser en tant que nom de répertoire de connexion. Il n'est pas "
+"nécessaire que le répertoire <replaceable>RÉP_PERSO</replaceable> existe "
+"mais il ne sera pas créé s'il n'existe pas."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:190(term)
+msgid "<option>-D</option>, <option>--defaults</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-D</option>, <option>--defaults</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid "See below, the subsection \"Changing the default values\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Consultez ci-dessous la sous-section « Modifier les valeurs par défaut »."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:208(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the default expiry "
+"date specified by the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>, or an empty string (no expiry) by default."
+msgstr ""
+"Si non précisé, <command>useradd</command> utilisera la date d'expiration "
+"par défaut précisée par la variable <option>EXPIRE</option> dans <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename> ou une chaîne vide (pas d'expiration) par "
+"défaut."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:221(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently "
+"disabled. A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has "
+"expired, and a value of -1 disables the feature."
+msgstr ""
+"Nombre de jours suivant la fin de validité d'un mot de passe après lequel le "
+"compte est définitivement désactivé. Une valeur de 0 désactive le compte dès "
+"que le mot de passe a dépassé sa fin de validité, et une valeur de -1 "
+"désactive cette fonctionnalité."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:227(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the default inactivity "
+"period specified by the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>, or -1 by default."
+msgstr ""
+"Si non précisé, <command>useradd</command> utilisera la période d'inactivité "
+"par défaut précisée par la variable <option>INACTIVE</option> dans "
+"<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, ou -1 par défaut."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:240(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or number of the user's initial login group. The group name "
+"must exist. A group number must refer to an already existing group."
+msgstr ""
+"Nom du groupe ou identifiant numérique du groupe de connexion initial de "
+"l'utilisateur. Le nom du groupe doit exister. Un numéro de groupe doit se "
+"référer à un groupe déjà existant."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:245(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, the behavior of <command>useradd</command> will depend on "
+"the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>. If this variable is set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable> (or "
+"<option>-U/--user-group</option> is specified on the command line), a group "
+"will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname. If the "
+"variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> (or <option>-N/--no-user-"
+"group</option> is specified on the command line), useradd will set the "
+"primary group of the new user to the value specified by the <option>GROUP</"
+"option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, or 100 by "
+"default."
+msgstr ""
+"Si non précisé, le comportement de <command>useradd</command> dépendra de la "
+"variable <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> dans <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>. Si cette variable est configurée à <replaceable>yes</replaceable> "
+"(ou si <option>-U/--user-group</option> est précisée sur la ligne de "
+"commandes), un groupe sera créé pour l'utilisateur, avec le même nom que son "
+"identifiant. Si la variable est configurée à <replaceable>no</replaceable> "
+"(ou si <option>-N/--no-user-group</option> est précisé sur la ligne de "
+"commandes), useradd configurera le groupe primaire du nouvel utilisateur à "
+"la valeur précisée par la variable <option>GROUP</option> dans <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>, ou 100 par défaut."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:267(para)
+msgid ""
+"A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each "
+"group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. "
+"The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the "
+"<option>-g</option> option. The default is for the user to belong only to "
+"the initial group."
+msgstr ""
+"Liste de groupes supplémentaires auxquels appartient également "
+"l'utilisateur. Chaque groupe est séparé du suivant par une virgule, sans "
+"espace entre eux. Les groupes sont soumis aux mêmes restrictions que celles "
+"de l'option <option>-g</option>. Le comportement par défaut pour "
+"l'utilisateur est de n'appartenir qu'au groupe initial."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:284(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-k</option>, <option>--skel</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SKEL_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-k</option>, <option>--skel</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>RÉP_SQUELETTE</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in "
+"the user's home directory, when the home directory is created by "
+"<command>useradd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Le répertoire squelette, qui contient les fichiers et répertoires qui seront "
+"copiés dans le répertoire personnel de l'utilisateur, quand le répertoire "
+"personnel est créé par <command>useradd</command>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:293(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid if the <option>-m</option> (or <option>--create-"
+"home</option>) option is specified."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette option n'est valable que si l'option <option>-m</option> (ou <option>--"
+"create-home</option>) est utilisée."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:297(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the "
+"<option>SKEL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> "
+"or, by default, <filename>/etc/skel</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Si cette option n'est pas précisée, le répertoire squelette est défini par "
+"la variable <option>SKEL</option> dans <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+"filename> ou, par défaut, <filename>/etc/skel</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:303(para)
+msgid "If possible, the ACLs and extended attributes are copied."
+msgstr "Si possible, les ACL et les attributs étendus seront copiés."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:309(term) groupadd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CLÉ</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>VALEUR</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (<option>UID_MIN</"
+"option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>UMASK</option>, "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> and others). <placeholder-1/> Example: "
+"<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</replaceable> can be used when creating system "
+"account to turn off password aging, even though system account has no "
+"password at all. Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified, e."
+"g.: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"Surcharge les valeurs par défaut de <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"(<option>UID_MIN</option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>UMASK</option>, "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> et autres). <placeholder-1/> Par exemple : "
+"<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</replaceable> peut être utilisé pour la "
+"création de comptes système pour désactiver la gestion de la durée de "
+"validité des mots de passe, même si les comptes système n'ont pas de mot de "
+"passe. Plusieurs options <option>-K</option> peuvent être précisées, comme "
+"par exemple : <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable> <option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:334(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--no-log-init</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--no-log-init</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:336(para)
+msgid "Do not add the user to the lastlog and faillog databases."
+msgstr "N'ajoute pas l'utilisateur aux bases de données lastlog et faillog."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:339(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the user's entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are "
+"reset to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user."
+msgstr ""
+"Par défaut, les entrées de l'utilisateur dans les bases de données lastlog "
+"et faillog sont remises à zéro pour éviter de réutiliser les entrées d'un "
+"utilisateur précédemment supprimé."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:347(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:351(para)
+msgid ""
+"Create the user's home directory if it does not exist. The files and "
+"directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with "
+"the <option>-k</option> option) will be copied to the home directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Créé le répertoire personnel de l'utilisateur s'il n'existe pas. Les "
+"fichiers et les répertoires contenus dans le répertoire squelette (qui peut "
+"être défini avec l'option <option>-k</option>) sera copié dans le répertoire "
+"personnel."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:357(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, if this option is not specified and <option>CREATE_HOME</option> "
+"is not enabled, no home directories are created."
+msgstr ""
+"Par défaut, si cette option n'est pas précisée et si <option>CREATE_HOME</"
+"option> n'est pas activée, aucun répertoire personnel ne sera créé."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:365(term)
+msgid "<option>-M</option>, <option>--no-create-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-M</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:369(para)
+msgid ""
+"Do no create the user's home directory, even if the system wide setting from "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>) is set "
+"to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ne crée pas le répertoire personnel de l'utilisateur, même si la "
+"configuration globale au système contenue dans <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>) est configurée à <replaceable>yes</"
+"replaceable>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:378(term)
+msgid "<option>-N</option>, <option>--no-user-group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-N</option>, <option>--no-user-group</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:382(para)
+msgid ""
+"Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to "
+"the group specified by the <option>-g</option> option or by the "
+"<option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ne crée pas de groupe avec le même nom que celui de l'utilisateur, mais "
+"ajoute l'utilisateur au groupe précisé par l'option <option>-g</option> ou "
+"par la variable <option>GROUP</option> dans <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+"filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:388(para) useradd.8.xml:526(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default behavior (if the <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option>, and "
+"<option>-U</option> options are not specified) is defined by the "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Le comportement par défaut (si les options <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</"
+"option>, et <option>-U</option> ne sont pas précisées) est défini par la "
+"variable <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> dans <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:401(para)
+msgid "Allow the creation of a user account with a duplicate (non-unique) UID."
+msgstr ""
+"Permet de créer un compte d'utilisateur avec un identifiant (« UID ») "
+"dupliqué (non unique)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:402(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-u</option> option."
+msgstr "Cette option n'est valable qu'avec l'option <option>-u</option>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:413(para) groupadd.8.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. The default is to "
+"disable the password."
+msgstr ""
+"Le mot de passe chiffré, comme renvoyé par "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>. Le comportement par défaut est de désactiver le mot de passe."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:430(term) newusers.8.xml:302(term) groupadd.8.xml:188(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--system</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--system</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:434(para) newusers.8.xml:306(para)
+msgid "Create a system account."
+msgstr "Créer un compte système."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:437(para)
+msgid ""
+"System users will be created with no aging information in <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</option> counterparts for "
+"the creation of groups)."
+msgstr ""
+"Les utilisateurs système seront créés sans information d'expiration dans "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, et leur identifiant numérique est choisi "
+"dans l'intervalle <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>, "
+"défini dans <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, au lieu de "
+"<option>UID_MIN</option>-<option>UID_MAX</option> (et leurs équivalents "
+"<option>GID</option> pour la création des groupes)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:446(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that <command>useradd</command> will not create a home directory for "
+"such a user, regardless of the default setting in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>). You have to specify the <option>-"
+"m</option> options if you want a home directory for a system account to be "
+"created."
+msgstr ""
+"Notez que <command>useradd</command> ne créera pas de répertoire personnel "
+"pour ces utilisateurs, indépendamment de la configuration par défaut dans "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>). Vous "
+"devez préciser l'option <option>-m</option> si vous voulez qu'un répertoire "
+"personnel soit créé pour un compte système."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:490(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user's login shell. The default is to leave this field "
+"blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified "
+"by the <option>SHELL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+"filename>, or an empty string by default."
+msgstr ""
+"Le nom de l'interpréteur de commandes initial de l'utilisateur (« login "
+"shell »). Le comportement par défaut est de laisser ce champ vide. Le "
+"système sélectionnera alors l'interpréteur par défaut indiqué par la "
+"variable <option>SHELL</option> dans <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+"filename>, ou une chaîne vide par défaut."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:504(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numerical value of the user's ID. This value must be unique, unless the "
+"<option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. The "
+"default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to "
+"<option>UID_MIN</option> and greater than every other user."
+msgstr ""
+"La valeur numérique de l'identifiant de l'utilisateur. Cette valeur doit "
+"être unique, sauf si l'option <option>-o</option> est utilisée. La valeur ne "
+"doit pas être négative. Le comportement par défaut est d'utiliser la plus "
+"petite valeur d'identifiant à la fois supérieure ou égale à <option>UID_MIN</"
+"option> et supérieure aux identifiants de tous les autres utilisateurs."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:511(para)
+msgid ""
+"See also the <option>-r</option> option and the <option>UID_MAX</option> "
+"description."
+msgstr ""
+"Voir aussi aussi l'option <option>-r</option> et la description de "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:518(term)
+msgid "<option>-U</option>, <option>--user-group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-U</option>, <option>--user-group</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:522(para)
+msgid ""
+"Create a group with the same name as the user, and add the user to this "
+"group."
+msgstr ""
+"Crée un groupe avec le même nom que celui de l'utilisateur, et ajoute "
+"l'utilisateur à ce groupe."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:539(para)
+msgid ""
+"The SELinux user for the user's login. The default is to leave this field "
+"blank, which causes the system to select the default SELinux user."
+msgstr ""
+"L'utilisateur SELinux utilisé pour la connexion de l'utilisateur. Le "
+"comportement par défaut est de laisser ce champ vide. Le système "
+"sélectionnera alors l'utilisateur SELinux par défaut."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:549(title)
+msgid "Changing the default values"
+msgstr "Modifier les valeurs par défaut"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:550(para)
+msgid ""
+"When invoked with only the <option>-D</option> option, <command>useradd</"
+"command> will display the current default values. When invoked with <option>-"
+"D</option> plus other options, <command>useradd</command> will update the "
+"default values for the specified options. Valid default-changing options are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Quand il est invoqué avec seulement l'option <option>-D</option>, "
+"<command>useradd</command> affichera les valeurs actuelles par défaut. Quand "
+"il est invoqué avec l'option <option>-D</option> et d'autres options, "
+"<command>useradd</command> mettra à jour les valeurs par défaut des options "
+"précisées. Les options valables sont :"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:563(para)
+msgid ""
+"The path prefix for a new user's home directory. The user's name will be "
+"affixed to the end of <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> to form the new "
+"user's home directory name, if the <option>-d</option> option is not used "
+"when creating a new account."
+msgstr ""
+"Préfixe du chemin des répertoires personnels pour les nouveaux utilisateurs. "
+"Le nom de l'utilisateur sera attaché à la fin de <replaceable>RÉP_PERSO</"
+"replaceable> pour créer le nom du nouveau répertoire personnel si l'option "
+"<option>-d</option> n'est pas utilisée pendant la création d'un nouveau "
+"compte."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:570(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>HOME</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette option configure la variable <option>HOME</option> dans <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:581(para)
+msgid "The date on which the user account is disabled."
+msgstr "Date à laquelle le compte utilisateur sera désactivé."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:582(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette option configure la variable <option>EXPIRE</option> dans <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:593(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password has expired before the account will be "
+"disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Nombre de jours après la fin de validité d'un mot de passe avant que le "
+"compte ne soit désactivé."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:597(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette option configure la variable <option>INACTIVE</option> dans <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:608(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or ID for a new user's initial group (when the <option>-N/--"
+"no-user-group</option> is used or when the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> "
+"variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>). The named group must exist, and a numerical group ID must "
+"have an existing entry."
+msgstr ""
+"Le nom ou l'identifiant du groupe pour le groupe principal d'un nouvel "
+"utilisateur (quand l'option <option>-N/--no-user-group</option> est utilisée "
+"ou quand la variable <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> est configurée à "
+"<replaceable>no</replaceable> dans <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>). Le "
+"nom du groupe doit exister, et un identifiant de groupe numérique doit avoir "
+"une entrée existante."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:617(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette option configure la variable <option>GROUP</option> dans <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:628(para)
+msgid "The name of a new user's login shell."
+msgstr "Le nom de l'interpréteur de commandes du nouvel utilisateur."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:631(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>SHELL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette option configure la variable <option>SHELL</option> dans <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:643(title)
+msgid "NOTES"
+msgstr "NOTES"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:644(para)
+msgid ""
+"The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files "
+"in the <filename>/etc/skel/</filename> directory (or any other skeleton "
+"directory specified in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> or on the "
+"command line)."
+msgstr ""
+"L'administrateur système doit se charger de placer les fichiers par défaut "
+"dans le répertoire <filename>/etc/skel</filename> (ou tout autre répertoire "
+"de modèles indiqué dans <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> ou sur la "
+"ligne de commande)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:653(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not add a user to a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the "
+"corresponding server."
+msgstr ""
+"Vous ne pouvez pas ajouter d'utilisateur à un groupe NIS ou LDAP. Cela doit "
+"être effectué sur le serveur correspondant."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:658(para)
+msgid ""
+"Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such "
+"as NIS or LDAP, <command>useradd</command> will deny the user account "
+"creation request."
+msgstr ""
+"De la même façon, si le nom de l'utilisateur existe dans une base de données "
+"externe, telle que NIS ou LDAP, <command>useradd</command> refusera de créer "
+"le compte d'utilisateur."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:664(para)
+msgid ""
+"Usernames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by "
+"lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a "
+"dollar sign. In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+msgstr ""
+"Les noms d'utilisateur doivent commencer par une lettre minuscule ou un "
+"tiret bas (« underscore »), et seuls des lettres minuscules, des chiffres, "
+"des « underscore », ou des tirets peuvent suivre. Ils peuvent se terminer "
+"par un signe dollar. Soit, sous la forme d'une expression rationnelle : [a-"
+"z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:670(para)
+msgid "Usernames may only be up to 32 characters long."
+msgstr "Les noms d'utilisateur sont limités à 16 caractères."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>CREATE_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>CREATE_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if a home directory should be created by default for new users."
+msgstr ""
+"Indiquer si un répertoire personnel doit être créé par défaut pour les "
+"nouveaux utilisateurs."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:36(para) login.defs.5.xml:36(para)
+msgid ""
+"This setting does not apply to system users, and can be overridden on the "
+"command line."
+msgstr ""
+"Ce réglage ne s'applique pas pour les utilisateurs système, et peut être "
+"annulé sur la ligne de commande."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MAX</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(term) newusers.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MIN</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:35(para) newusers.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Plage d'identifiants numériques de groupes que les commandes "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command> ou "
+"<command>newusers</command> peuvent utiliser pour la création des groupes "
+"normaux."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:40(para) newusers.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>GID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>GID_MAX</"
+"option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgstr ""
+"La valeur par défaut pour <option>GID_MIN</option> (respectivement "
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>) est 1000 (respectivement 60000)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>HOME_MODE</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MAX</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mode for new home directories. If not specified, the <option>UMASK</"
+"option> is used to create the mode."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask "
+#| "to set the mode of the home directory they create"
+msgid ""
+"<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this to set "
+"the mode of the home directory they create."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>useradd</command> et <command>newusers</command> utilisent ce "
+"masque pour définir les permissions d'accès des répertoires personnels "
+"qu'ils créent."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum number of days a password may be used. If the password is older "
+"than this, a password change will be forced. If not specified, -1 will be "
+"assumed (which disables the restriction)."
+msgstr ""
+"Nombre maximum de jours de validité d'un mot de passe. Après cette durée, "
+"une modification du mot de passe est obligatoire. S'il n'est pas précisé, la "
+"valeur de -1 est utilisée (ce qui enlève toute restriction)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The minimum number of days allowed between password changes. Any password "
+"changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected. If not specified, -1 "
+"will be assumed (which disables the restriction)."
+msgstr ""
+"Nombre minimum de jours autorisé avant la modification d'un mot de passe. "
+"Toute tentative de modification du mot de passe avant cette durée est "
+"rejetée. S'il n'est pas précisé, la valeur de -1 est utilisée (ce qui enlève "
+"toute restriction)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days warning given before a password expires. A zero means "
+"warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no "
+"warning is given. If not specified, no warning will be provided."
+msgstr ""
+"Nombre de jours durant lesquels l'utilisateur recevra un avertissement avant "
+"que son mot de passe n'arrive en fin de validité. Une valeur négative "
+"signifie qu'aucun avertissement n'est donné. S'il n'est pas précisé, aucun "
+"avertissement n'est donné."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Plage d'identifiants numériques de groupes que les commandes "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command> ou "
+"<command>newusers</command> peuvent utiliser pour la création de groupes "
+"système."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>GID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgstr ""
+"La valeur par défaut pour <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (respectivement "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) est 101 (respectivement <option>GID_MIN</"
+"option>-1)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by <command>useradd</"
+"command> or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Plage d'identifiants numériques d'utilisateurs que les commandes "
+"<command>useradd</command> ou <command>newusers</command> peuvent utiliser "
+"pour la création d'utilisateurs système."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:37(para) newusers.8.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>UID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgstr ""
+"La valeur par défaut pour <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (respectivement "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) est 101 (respectivement <option>UID_MIN</"
+"option>-1)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>TCB_AUTH_GROUP</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>TCB_AUTH_GROUP</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, newly created tcb shadow files will be "
+"group owned by the <replaceable>auth</replaceable> group."
+msgstr ""
+"Si <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, le fichier shadow de tcb nouvellement "
+"créé appartiendra au groupe <replaceable>auth</replaceable>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>UID_MAX</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(term) newusers.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>UID_MIN</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:35(para) newusers.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by "
+"<command>useradd</command> or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Plage d'identifiants numériques d'utilisateurs que les commandes "
+"<command>useradd</command> ou <command>newusers</command> peuvent utiliser "
+"pour la création d'utilisateurs normaux."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:39(para) newusers.8.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>UID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>UID_MAX</"
+"option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgstr ""
+"La valeur par défaut de <option>UID_MIN</option> (respectivement "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>) est 1000 (respectivement 60000)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>UMASK</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>UMASK</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+#: login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value. If not specified, "
+"the mask will be initialized to 022."
+msgstr ""
+"Valeur d'initialisation du masque de permissions. S'il n'est pas précisé, le "
+"masque des permissions sera initialisé à 022."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#: login.1.xml:38(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask "
+#| "to set the mode of the home directory they create"
+msgid ""
+"<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask to "
+"set the mode of the home directory they create if <option>HOME_MODE</option> "
+"is not set."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>useradd</command> et <command>newusers</command> utilisent ce "
+"masque pour définir les permissions d'accès des répertoires personnels "
+"qu'ils créent."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"It is also used by <command>login</command> to define users' initial umask. "
+"Note that this mask can be overridden by the user's GECOS line (if "
+"<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> is set) or by the specification of a limit with "
+"the <emphasis>K</emphasis> identifier in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>limits</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"Il est également utilisé par <command>login</command> pour définir l'umask "
+"initial de l'utilisateur. Veuillez noter que cet umask peut être redéfini "
+"par les GECOS de l'utilisateur (si <option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> est activé) "
+"ou en précisant une limite avec l'identifiant <emphasis>K</emphasis> dans "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>limits</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:51(para) newusers.8.xml:51(para) login.defs.5.xml:51(para)
+#: login.1.xml:51(para)
+msgid ""
+"It is also used by <command>pam_umask</command> as the default umask value."
+msgstr ""
+"Il est également utilisé par <command>pam_umask</command> en tant que valeur "
+"d'umask par défaut."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:733(filename)
+msgid "/etc/default/useradd"
+msgstr "/etc/default/useradd"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:735(para)
+msgid "Default values for account creation."
+msgstr "Valeurs par défaut pour la création de comptes."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:739(filename)
+msgid "/etc/skel/"
+msgstr "/etc/skel/"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:741(para)
+msgid "Directory containing default files."
+msgstr "Répertoire contenant les fichiers par défaut."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:789(replaceable) shadow.3.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:326(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:466(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:268(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:269(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:313(replaceable)
+msgid "3"
+msgstr "3"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:791(para) passwd.1.xml:486(para) groupadd.8.xml:315(para)
+msgid "invalid argument to option"
+msgstr "paramètre non valable pour l'option"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:795(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:332(replaceable)
+#: passwd.1.xml:472(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:274(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:275(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:319(replaceable)
+msgid "4"
+msgstr "4"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:797(para)
+msgid "UID already in use (and no <option>-o</option>)"
+msgstr "UID déjà utilisé (et pas d'option <option>-o</option>)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:803(para) groupdel.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "le groupe spécifié n'existe pas"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:807(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:287(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:325(replaceable)
+msgid "9"
+msgstr "9"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:809(para)
+msgid "username already in use"
+msgstr "nom d'utilisateur déjà utilisé"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:821(para)
+msgid "can't create home directory"
+msgstr "impossible de créer le répertoire personnel"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:825(replaceable)
+msgid "14"
+msgstr "14"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:827(para)
+msgid "can't update SELinux user mapping"
+msgstr "Ne peut pas mettre à jour l'association à un utilisateur SELinux"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:767(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>useradd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>useradd</command> retourne les valeurs suivantes en "
+"quittant : <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:836(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:41(contrib) pwconv.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: login.access.5.xml:42(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:46(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1996"
+msgstr "Création, 1996"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) suauth.5.xml:64(refname)
+msgid "suauth"
+msgstr "suauth"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:58(manvolnum) shadow.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:338(replaceable) porttime.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: passwd.5.xml:58(manvolnum) passwd.1.xml:478(replaceable)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:125(manvolnum) login.access.5.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: limits.5.xml:60(manvolnum) gshadow.5.xml:47(manvolnum)
+#: grpck.8.xml:280(replaceable) faillog.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+msgid "5"
+msgstr "5"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) shadow.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: porttime.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) passwd.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:126(refmiscinfo) login.access.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: limits.5.xml:61(refmiscinfo) gshadow.5.xml:48(refmiscinfo)
+#: faillog.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "File Formats and Conversions"
+msgstr "Formats et conversions de fichiers"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "detailed su control file"
+msgstr "Fichier de contrôle détaillé de su"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:70(command) suauth.5.xml:196(filename)
+msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:76(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file <filename>/etc/suauth</filename> is referenced whenever the su "
+"command is called. It can change the behaviour of the su command, based upon:"
+msgstr ""
+"Le fichier <filename>/etc/suauth</filename> est lu chaque fois que su est "
+"exécuté. Il permet de modifier le comportement de la commande su, en "
+"fonction de :"
+
+#. .RS
+#: suauth.5.xml:83(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      1) the user su is targeting\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      1) l'utilisateur cible de su\n"
+"    "
+
+#. .fi
+#: suauth.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid ""
+"2) the user executing the su command (or any groups he might be a member of)"
+msgstr ""
+"2) l'utilisateur qui exécute la commande su (ou un groupe dont il est membre)"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:92(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file is formatted like this, with lines starting with a # being treated "
+"as comment lines and ignored;"
+msgstr ""
+"Le fichier est formaté de la façon suivante (les lignes commençant par un "
+"« # » sont des commentaires, et sont ignorées) :"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:97(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      to-id:from-id:ACTION\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      vers-id:par-id:ACTION\n"
+"    "
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"Where to-id is either the word <emphasis>ALL</emphasis>, a list of usernames "
+"delimited by \",\" or the words <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT</emphasis> followed by "
+"a list of usernames delimited by \",\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Où vers-id peut être le mot <emphasis>ALL</emphasis>, une liste de noms "
+"d'utilisateurs séparés par une virgule ou <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT</emphasis> "
+"suivi d'une liste d'utilisateurs séparés par une virgule."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"from-id is formatted the same as to-id except the extra word "
+"<emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> is recognized. <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</"
+"emphasis> is perfectly valid too. Following <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> "
+"appears one or more group names, delimited by \",\". It is not sufficient to "
+"have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> is necessary."
+msgstr ""
+"par-id utilise le même format que vers-id, mais accepte également le mot-clé "
+"<emphasis>GROUP</emphasis>. <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</emphasis> est "
+"également accepté. <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> est suivi d'un ou plusieurs "
+"noms de groupes, séparés par une virgule. Il n'est pas suffisant d'avoir "
+"comme groupe primaire le groupe approprié : une entrée dans "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> est nécessaire."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:118(para)
+msgid "Action can be one only of the following currently supported options."
+msgstr "Les valeurs d'ACTION valables sont :"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:124(emphasis)
+msgid "DENY"
+msgstr "DENY"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The attempt to su is stopped before a password is even asked for."
+msgstr ""
+"La tentative de changement d'utilisateur est arrêtée avant que le mot de "
+"passe ne soit demandé."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:134(emphasis)
+msgid "NOPASS"
+msgstr "NOPASS"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"The attempt to su is automatically successful; no password is asked for."
+msgstr ""
+"La tentative est automatiquement réussie. Aucun mot de passe n'est demandé."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:145(emphasis)
+msgid "OWNPASS"
+msgstr "OWNPASS"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"For the su command to be successful, the user must enter his or her own "
+"password. They are told this."
+msgstr ""
+"Pour que la commande su soit réussie, l'utilisateur doit entrer son propre "
+"mot de passe. Ceci lui est demandé."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note there are three separate fields delimited by a colon. No whitespace "
+"must surround this colon. Also note that the file is examined sequentially "
+"line by line, and the first applicable rule is used without examining the "
+"file further. This makes it possible for a system administrator to exercise "
+"as fine control as he or she wishes."
+msgstr ""
+"Notez qu'il y a trois champs séparés par un « deux-points ». Ne pas accoler "
+"d'espace à ce « deux-points ». Notez aussi que le fichier est examiné "
+"séquentiellement ligne par ligne, et que la première règle applicable est "
+"utilisée sans que le reste du fichier ne soit examiné. Ceci permet à "
+"l'administrateur système de définir un contrôle aussi fin qu'il le souhaite."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:166(title)
+msgid "EXAMPLE"
+msgstr "EXEMPLE"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:167(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      # sample /etc/suauth file\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # A couple of privileged usernames may\n"
+"      # su to root with their own password.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Anyone else may not su to root unless in\n"
+"      # group wheel. This is how BSD does things.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Perhaps terry and birddog are accounts\n"
+"      # owned by the same person.\n"
+"      # Access can be arranged between them\n"
+"      # with no password.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      terry:birddog:NOPASS\n"
+"      birddog:terry:NOPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      # exemple de fichier /etc/suauth\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Deux utilisateurs privilégiés peuvent\n"
+"      # devenir root avec leur propre mot de passe.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Les autres ne peuvent pas de venir root avec\n"
+"      # su, à l'exception des membres du groupe wheel.\n"
+"      # Ceci correspond au comportement des BSD.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # terry et birddog sont des comptes possédés\n"
+"      # par la même personne.\n"
+"      # Un accès sans mot passe est aménagé\n"
+"      # entre ces deux comptes.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      terry:birddog:NOPASS\n"
+"      birddog:terry:NOPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"    "
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:203(title) pwconv.8.xml:216(title) login.defs.5.xml:531(title)
+msgid "BUGS"
+msgstr "BOGUES"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"There could be plenty lurking. The file parser is particularly unforgiving "
+"about syntax errors, expecting no spurious whitespace (apart from beginning "
+"and end of lines), and a specific token delimiting different things."
+msgstr ""
+"Il en reste sans doute beaucoup. L'analyseur du fichier est particulièrement "
+"impitoyable avec les erreurs de syntaxe. Il n'autorise d'espace qu'en début "
+"et fin de ligne, et seul le délimiteur spécifique doit être utilisé."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:213(title) shadow.3.xml:208(title)
+msgid "DIAGNOSTICS"
+msgstr "DIAGNOSTICS"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"An error parsing the file is reported using "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> as level ERR on facility AUTH."
+msgstr ""
+"Une erreur dans l'analyse du fichier est reportée via "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> au niveau ERR dans la catégorie AUTH."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:223(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:58(contrib) shadow.5.xml:41(contrib) shadow.3.xml:41(contrib)
+#: porttime.5.xml:41(contrib) passwd.5.xml:41(contrib) passwd.1.xml:48(contrib)
+#: login.1.xml:74(contrib) faillog.8.xml:41(contrib) faillog.5.xml:41(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1989"
+msgstr "Création, 1989"
+
+#: su.1.xml:74(refentrytitle) su.1.xml:81(refname) su.1.xml:86(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:456(term)
+msgid "su"
+msgstr "su"
+
+#: su.1.xml:76(refmiscinfo) sg.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: passwd.1.xml:66(refmiscinfo) newgrp.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.1.xml:92(refmiscinfo) groups.1.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:64(refmiscinfo) expiry.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: chsh.1.xml:62(refmiscinfo) chfn.1.xml:62(refmiscinfo)
+#: chage.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "User Commands"
+msgstr "Commandes utilisateur"
+
+#: su.1.xml:82(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user ID or become superuser"
+msgstr "Changer d'identifiant d'utilisateur ou devenir superutilisateur"
+
+#: su.1.xml:91(replaceable) sg.1.xml:72(arg) newgrp.1.xml:71(arg)
+msgid "-"
+msgstr "-"
+
+#: su.1.xml:94(replaceable) login.1.xml:107(replaceable)
+#: login.1.xml:115(replaceable)
+msgid "username"
+msgstr "nom_utilisateur"
+
+#: su.1.xml:96(replaceable)
+msgid "args"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:104(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The <command>su</command> command is used to become another user during a "
+#| "login session. Invoked without a <option>username</option>, <command>su</"
+#| "command> defaults to becoming the superuser. The optional argument "
+#| "<option>-</option> may be used to provide an environment similar to what "
+#| "the user would expect had the user logged in directly."
+msgid ""
+"The <command>su</command> command is used to become another user during a "
+"login session. Invoked without a <option>username</option>, <command>su</"
+"command> defaults to becoming the superuser. The <option>-</option> option "
+"may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect "
+"had the user logged in directly. The <option>-c</option> option may be used "
+"to treat the next argument as a command by most shells."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>su</command> permet de devenir un autre utilisateur "
+"pour la durée d'une session. Invoqué sans nom d'<option>utilisateur</"
+"option>, le comportement par défaut de <command>su</command>est de devenir "
+"superutilisateur. Le paramètre optionnel <option>-</option> permet d'obtenir "
+"un environnement similaire à celui que l'utilisateur aurait obtenu lors "
+"d'une connexion directe."
+
+#: su.1.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list. You can use the "
+"<option>--</option> argument to stop option parsing. The <option>-</option> "
+"option is special: it is also recognized after <option>--</option>, but has "
+"to be placed before <option>username</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:122(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user will be prompted for a password, if appropriate. Invalid passwords "
+"will produce an error message. All attempts, both valid and invalid, are "
+"logged to detect abuse of the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Un mot de passe sera demandé à l'utilisateur, si nécessaire. Les mots de "
+"passe incorrects produisent un message d'erreur. Toutes les tentatives, "
+"réussies ou non, sont enregistrées afin de détecter tout abus du système."
+
+#: su.1.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"The current environment is passed to the new shell. The value of <envar>"
+"$PATH</envar> is reset to <filename>/bin:/usr/bin</filename> for normal "
+"users, or <filename>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</filename> for the "
+"superuser. This may be changed with the <option>ENV_PATH</option> and "
+"<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> definitions in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"L'environnement actuel est fourni au nouvel interpréteur de commandes. La "
+"valeur de <envar>$PATH</envar> est réinitialisée à <filename>/bin:/usr/bin</"
+"filename> pour les utilisateurs normaux, ou à <emphasis>/sbin:/bin:/usr/"
+"sbin:/usr/bin</emphasis> pour le superutilisateur. Ce comportement peut être "
+"modifié avec les paramètres <emphasis>ENV_PATH</emphasis> et "
+"<emphasis>ENV_SUPATH</emphasis> dans <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>. "
+
+#: su.1.xml:136(para) login.1.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"A subsystem login is indicated by the presence of a \"*\" as the first "
+"character of the login shell. The given home directory will be used as the "
+"root of a new file system which the user is actually logged into."
+msgstr ""
+"Une connexion à un sous-système est indiquée par la présence d'un « * » "
+"comme premier caractère de l'interpréteur de commandes initial. Le "
+"répertoire personnel sera utilisé comme racine d'un nouveau système de "
+"fichiers dans lequel l'utilisateur sera connecté."
+
+#: su.1.xml:145(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>su</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Les options applicables à la commande <command>su</command> sont :"
+
+#: su.1.xml:149(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--command</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMAND</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--command</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMANDE</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:153(para)
+msgid ""
+"Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its <option>-c</"
+"option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Indiquer une commande qui sera invoquée par l'interpréteur de commandes en "
+"utilisant son option <option>-c</option>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"The executed command will have no controlling terminal. This option cannot "
+"be used to execute interactive programs which need a controlling TTY."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande exécutée n'aura aucun terminal de contrôle. Cette option ne peut "
+"pas être utilisée pour exécuter des programmes interactifs qui ont besoin "
+"d'un terminal de contrôle."
+
+#: su.1.xml:167(term)
+msgid "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"Provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user "
+"logged in directly."
+msgstr ""
+"Fournir à l'utilisateur un environnement similaire à celui qu'il aurait "
+"obtenu s'il s'était connecté directement."
+
+#: su.1.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"When <option>-</option> is used, it must be specified before any "
+"<option>username</option>. For portability it is recommended to use it as "
+"last option, before any <option>username</option>. The other forms (<option>-"
+"l</option> and <option>--login</option>) do not have this restriction."
+msgstr ""
+"Lorsque <option>-</option> est utilisé, il doit être indiqué avant un "
+"<option>username</option>. Pour des questions de portabilité, on vous "
+"recommande de de l'utiliser en dernière option, avant un <option>username</"
+"option>. Les autres formes (<option>-l</option> et <option>--login</option>) "
+"ne présentent pas cette restriction."
+
+#: su.1.xml:190(para)
+msgid "The shell that will be invoked."
+msgstr "Interpréteur de commande devant être appelé."
+
+#: su.1.xml:198(para)
+msgid "The shell specified with --shell."
+msgstr "Interpréteur de commande indiqué par --shell."
+
+#: su.1.xml:201(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--preserve-environment</option> is used, the shell specified by "
+"the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environment variable."
+msgstr ""
+"Si <option>--preserve-environment</option> est utilisé, l'interpréteur de "
+"commandes indiqué par la variable d'environnement <envar>$SHELL</envar> sera "
+"utilisé."
+
+#: su.1.xml:208(para)
+msgid ""
+"The shell indicated in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> entry for the "
+"target user."
+msgstr ""
+"Interpréteur de commandes indiqué dans <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> pour "
+"l'utilisateur cible."
+
+#: su.1.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/bin/sh</filename> if a shell could not be found by any above "
+"method."
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>/bin/sh</filename> si aucun interpréteur de commandes ne peut être "
+"trouvé par l'une des méthodes ci-dessus."
+
+#: su.1.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first): <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"L'interpréteur de commandes à appeler est choisi parmi (le choix de plus "
+"haute priorité en tête) : <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the target user has a restricted shell (i.e. the shell field of this "
+"user's entry in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> is not listed in <filename>/"
+"etc/shells</filename>), then the <option>--shell</option> option or the "
+"<envar>$SHELL</envar> environment variable won't be taken into account, "
+"unless <command>su</command> is called by root."
+msgstr ""
+"Si l'utilisateur cible possède un interpréteur de commande restreint (par "
+"exemple, le champ de l'interpréteur de commande dans <filename>/etc/passwd</"
+"filename> n'est pas renseigné dans <filename>/etc/shells</filename>), alors, "
+"ni l'option <option>--shell</option> ni la variable d'environnement <envar>"
+"$SHELL</envar> ne seront prises en compte à moins que <command>su</command> "
+"ne soit appelé par le superutilisateur."
+
+#: su.1.xml:230(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>-p</option>, <option>--preserve-environment</"
+"option>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>-p</option>, <option>--preserve-environment</"
+"option>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:239(envar)
+msgid "$PATH"
+msgstr "$PATH"
+
+#: su.1.xml:241(para)
+msgid ""
+"reset according to the <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options "
+"<option>ENV_PATH</option> or <option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (see below);"
+msgstr ""
+"réinitialise suivant les options <option>ENV_PATH</option> ou "
+"<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> dans <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> (voir "
+"ci-dessous) :"
+
+#: su.1.xml:250(envar)
+msgid "$IFS"
+msgstr "$IFS"
+
+#: su.1.xml:252(para)
+msgid ""
+"reset to <quote>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</quote>, if it was "
+"set."
+msgstr ""
+"réinitialise à <quote>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</quote>, s'il "
+"a été défini."
+
+#: su.1.xml:235(para)
+msgid "Preserve the current environment, except for: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "Préserver l'environnement actuel, sauf pour : <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless "
+"<command>su</command> is called by root)."
+msgstr ""
+"Si l'utilisateur cible possède un interpréteur de commandes restreint, cette "
+"option n'a aucun effet (à moins que <command>su</command> ne soit appelé par "
+"le superutilisateur)."
+
+#: su.1.xml:270(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <envar>$HOME</envar>, <envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$USER</envar>, "
+"<envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, and <envar>$IFS</envar> "
+"environment variables are reset."
+msgstr ""
+"Les variables d'environnement <envar>$HOME</envar>, <envar>$SHELL</envar>, "
+"<envar>$USER</envar>, <envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar> et "
+"<envar>$IFS</envar> sont réinitialisées."
+
+#: su.1.xml:279(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is not used, the environment is copied, except "
+"for the variables above."
+msgstr ""
+"Si <option>--login</option> n'est pas utilisée, l'environnement est copié "
+"sauf pour les variables ci-dessus."
+
+#: su.1.xml:286(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, the <envar>$TERM</envar>, <envar>"
+"$COLORTERM</envar>, <envar>$DISPLAY</envar>, and <envar>$XAUTHORITY</envar> "
+"environment variables are copied if they were set."
+msgstr ""
+"Si <option>--login</option> est utilisée, les variables d'environnement "
+"<envar>$TERM</envar>, <envar>$COLORTERM</envar>, <envar>$DISPLAY</envar> et "
+"<envar>$XAUTHORITY</envar> sont copiées si elles ont été définies."
+
+#: su.1.xml:296(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, the <envar>$TZ</envar>, <envar>$HZ</"
+"envar>, and <envar>$MAIL</envar> environment variables are set according to "
+"the <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options <option>ENV_TZ</option>, "
+"<option>ENV_HZ</option>, <option>MAIL_DIR</option>, and <option>MAIL_FILE</"
+"option> (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"Si <option>--login</option> est utilisée, les variables d'environnement "
+"<envar>$TZ</envar>, <envar>$HZ</envar> et <envar>$MAIL</envar> sont "
+"configurées en accord avec les options <option>ENV_TZ</option>, "
+"<option>ENV_HZ</option>, <option>MAIL_DIR</option> et <option>MAIL_FILE</"
+"option> de <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> (voir ci-dessous)."
+
+#: su.1.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, other environment variables might be "
+"set by the <option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> file (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"Si <option>--login</option> est utilisée, les autres variables "
+"d'environnement peuvent être configurées par le fichier "
+"<option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> (voir ci-dessous)."
+
+#: su.1.xml:317(para)
+msgid "Other environments might be set by PAM modules."
+msgstr "D'autres environnements peuvent être configurés par des modules PAM."
+
+#: su.1.xml:265(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Notez que le comportement par défaut pour l'environnement est le suivant : "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:331(para)
+msgid ""
+"This version of <command>su</command> has many compilation options, only "
+"some of which may be in use at any particular site."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette version de <command>su</command> a de nombreuses options de "
+"compilation. Seules certaines d'entre elles peuvent avoir été activées sur "
+"votre site."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CONSOLE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>CONSOLE</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, either full pathname of a file containing device names (one per "
+"line) or a \":\" delimited list of device names. Root logins will be allowed "
+"only upon these devices."
+msgstr ""
+"Si définie, soit un chemin complet du fichier contenant les noms de "
+"périphériques (un par ligne), soit une liste de noms du périphérique "
+"délimitée par des « : ». Les connexions d'un administrateur ne seront "
+"autorisées que depuis ces périphériques."
+
+#: su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid "If not defined, root will be allowed on any device."
+msgstr ""
+"S'il n'est pas défini, root pourra se connecter depuis n'importe quel "
+"périphérique."
+
+#: su.1.xml:42(para) login.defs.5.xml:42(para) login.1.xml:42(para)
+msgid "The device should be specified without the /dev/ prefix."
+msgstr "Le périphérique doit être précisé sans le préfixe /dev/."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CONSOLE_GROUPS</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>CONSOLE_GROUPS</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"List of groups to add to the user's supplementary groups set when logging in "
+"on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting). Default is none. "
+"<placeholder-1/> Use with caution - it is possible for users to gain "
+"permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console."
+msgstr ""
+"Une liste de groupes à rajouter aux groupes supplémentaires de l'utilisateur "
+"lors d'une connexion sur une console (déterminé par le paramètre CONSOLE). "
+"Par défaut, aucun groupe n'est ajouté. <placeholder-1/> À utiliser avec "
+"précaution : il est possible que les utilisateurs aient un accès permanent à "
+"ces groupes, et cela même s'ils ne sont pas connectés sur la console."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>DEFAULT_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>DEFAULT_HOME</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if login is allowed if we can't cd to the home directory. Default "
+"is no."
+msgstr ""
+"Indiquer si la connexion est permise si on ne peut pas accéder au répertoire "
+"personnel. Le réglage par défaut est « no »."
+
+#: su.1.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user will login in the root "
+"(<filename>/</filename>) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Si elle est configurée à <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, l'utilisateur va se "
+"connecter dans le répertoire racine (<filename>/</filename>) s'il n'est pas "
+"possible d'accéder à son répertoire personnel."
+
+#. XXX: When compiled with PAM support, only sulogin uses ENV_HZ
+#: su.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term) login.1.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_HZ</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_HZ</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para) login.1.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user "
+"login. The value must be preceded by <replaceable>HZ=</replaceable>. A "
+"common value on Linux is <replaceable>HZ=100</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Si définie, sera utilisée pour définir la variable d'environnement HZ "
+"lorsqu'un utilisateur se connecte. La valeur doit être précédée par "
+"<replaceable>HZ=</replaceable>. Une valeur commune sur Linux est "
+"<replaceable>HZ=100</replaceable>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:41(para) login.defs.5.xml:41(para) login.1.xml:41(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <envar>HZ</envar> environment variable is only set when the user (the "
+"superuser) logs in with <command>sulogin</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"La variable d'environnement <envar>HZ</envar> est uniquement définie quand "
+"l'utilisateur (le super-utilisateur) se connecte avec <command>sulogin</"
+"command>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this file exists and is readable, login environment will be read from it. "
+"Every line should be in the form name=value."
+msgstr ""
+"Si ce fichier existe et est lisible, l'environnement de connexion sera lu à  "
+"partir de lui. Chaque ligne doit être sous la forme nom=valeur."
+
+#: su.1.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid "Lines starting with a # are treated as comment lines and ignored."
+msgstr ""
+"Les lignes commençant par un « # » sont considérées comme des commentaires, "
+"et sont ignorées."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_PATH</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_PATH</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a "
+"regular user login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for "
+"example <replaceable>/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be preceded by "
+"<replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is <replaceable>PATH=/"
+"bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Si définie, sera utilisée pour définir la variable d'environnement PATH "
+"quand un utilisateur ordinaire se connecte. La valeur est une liste de "
+"chemins séparés par des deux points (par exemple <replaceable>/bin:/usr/bin</"
+"replaceable>) et peut être précédée par <replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. La "
+"valeur par défaut est <replaceable>PATH=/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the "
+"superuser login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example "
+"<replaceable>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be "
+"preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is "
+"<replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Si définie, sera utilisée pour définir la variable d'environnement PATH "
+"quand le super-utilisateur se connecte. La valeur est une liste de chemins "
+"séparés par deux points (par exemple <replaceable>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/"
+"bin</replaceable>) et peut être précédée par <replaceable>PATH=</"
+"replaceable>. La valeur par défaut est <replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/"
+"sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_TZ</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_TZ</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user "
+"login. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by <replaceable>TZ=</"
+"replaceable> (for example <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>), or the "
+"full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example "
+"<filename>/etc/tzname</filename>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Si définie, sera utilisée pour définir la variable d'environnement TZ quand "
+"un utilisateur se connecte. La valeur peut être le nom d'un fuseau horaire "
+"précédé par <replaceable>TZ=</replaceable> (par exemple "
+"<replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>), ou le chemin complet vers le fichier "
+"contenant la spécification du fuseau horaire (par exemple <filename>/etc/"
+"tzname</filename>)."
+
+#. TODO: it can in fact be used to set any other variable
+#: su.1.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, "
+"the default is to use <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Si un chemin complet est spécifié mais que le fichier n'existe pas ou ne "
+"peut pas être lu, la valeur par défaut utilisée est <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</"
+"replaceable>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#: chsh.1.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_STRING</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>LOGIN_STRING</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The string used for prompting a password. The default is to use \"Password: "
+"\", or a translation of that string. If you set this variable, the prompt "
+"will not be translated."
+msgstr ""
+"La chaîne de caractères utilisée pour l'invite de mot de passe. La valeur "
+"par défaut est d'utiliser \"Password: \" (« mot de passe : »), ou une "
+"traduction de cette chaîne. Si vous définissez cette variable, l'invite ne "
+"sera pas traduite."
+
+#: su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:39(para) chfn.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the string contains <replaceable>%s</replaceable>, this will be replaced "
+"by the user's name."
+msgstr ""
+"Si la chaîne contient <replaceable>%s</replaceable>, ces caractères seront "
+"remplacés par le nom de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable checking and display of mailbox status upon login."
+msgstr ""
+"Activer le contrôle et l'affichage du statut de la boîte aux lettres durant "
+"la connexion."
+
+#: su.1.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should disable it if the shell startup files already check for mail "
+"(\"mailx -e\" or equivalent)."
+msgstr ""
+"Vous devriez le désactiver si les fichiers de démarrage de l'interpréteur de "
+"commandes vérifient déjà la présence de courriers (« mail -e » ou "
+"équivalent)."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable setting of resource limits from <filename>/etc/limits</filename> and "
+"ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user's passwd gecos field."
+msgstr ""
+"Activer la mise en place de limites de resources depuis <filename>/etc/"
+"limits</filename> et ulimit, umask et niveau nice depuis les champs gecos de "
+"passwd."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SULOG_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>SULOG_FILE</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, all su activity is logged to this file."
+msgstr "Si définie, les activités de su seront enregistrées dans le fichier."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SU_NAME</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>SU_NAME</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, the command name to display when running \"su -\". For example, "
+"if this is defined as \"su\" then a \"ps\" will display the command is \"-su"
+"\". If not defined, then \"ps\" would display the name of the shell actually "
+"being run, e.g. something like \"-sh\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Si définie, le nom de la commande à afficher lorsque « su - » est exécutée. "
+"Par exemple, si elle est définie à « su » alors un « ps » affichera la "
+"commande comme « -su ». Si non définie, alors « ps » affichera le nom du "
+"shell qui sera en fait exécuté, par exemple quelque chose comme « -sh »."
+
+#: su.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>SU_WHEEL_ONLY</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>SU_WHEEL_ONLY</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user must be listed as a member of "
+"the first gid 0 group in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (called "
+"<replaceable>root</replaceable> on most Linux systems) to be able to "
+"<command>su</command> to uid 0 accounts. If the group doesn't exist or is "
+"empty, no one will be able to <command>su</command> to uid 0."
+msgstr ""
+"Si <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, l'utilisateur doit faire partie des "
+"membres du groupe avec le premier gid 0 dans <filename>/etc/group</filename> "
+"(appelé <replaceable>root</replaceable> sur la plupart des systèmes Linux) "
+"pour être capable de <command>su</command> vers des comptes à uid 0. Si ce "
+"groupe n'existe pas ou est vide, personne ne pourra <command>su</command> "
+"vers un uid 0."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SYSLOG_SU_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>SYSLOG_SU_ENAB</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable \"syslog\" logging of <command>su</command> activity - in addition to "
+"sulog file logging."
+msgstr ""
+"Activer la journalisation « syslog » de l'activité de <command>su</command> "
+"- en plus de la journalisation sulog."
+
+#: su.1.xml:391(para)
+msgid ""
+"On success, <command>su</command> returns the exit value of the command it "
+"executed."
+msgstr ""
+"En cas de succès, <command>su</command> renvoie la valeur de sortie de la "
+"commande qu'il a exécutée."
+
+#: su.1.xml:395(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this command was terminated by a signal, <command>su</command> returns "
+"the number of this signal plus 128."
+msgstr ""
+"Si cette commande s'est terminée par un signal, <command>su</command> y "
+"ajoute 128 et renvoie le résultat."
+
+#: su.1.xml:399(para)
+msgid ""
+"If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the "
+"command did not terminate in time), <command>su</command> returns 255."
+msgstr ""
+"Si <command>su</command> doit tuer la commande (parce qu'il a été demandé de "
+"terminer et que la commande ne s'est pas terminée à temps), <command>su</"
+"command> renvoie 255."
+
+#: su.1.xml:411(para)
+msgid "success (<option>--help</option> only)"
+msgstr "succès (<option>--help</option> uniquement)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:417(para)
+msgid "System or authentication failure"
+msgstr "Échec système ou d'authentification"
+
+#: su.1.xml:421(replaceable)
+msgid "126"
+msgstr "126"
+
+#: su.1.xml:423(para)
+msgid "The requested command was not found"
+msgstr "La commande demandée n'a pas été trouvée."
+
+#: su.1.xml:427(replaceable)
+msgid "127"
+msgstr "127"
+
+#: su.1.xml:429(para)
+msgid "The requested command could not be executed"
+msgstr "La commande demandée n'a pas pu être exécutée."
+
+#: su.1.xml:404(para)
+msgid ""
+"Some exit values from <command>su</command> are independent from the "
+"executed command: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Certaines valeurs de retour de <command>su</command> sont indépendantes de "
+"la commande exécutée : <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:438(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: sg.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) sg.1.xml:65(refname) sg.1.xml:71(command)
+msgid "sg"
+msgstr "sg"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "execute command as different group ID"
+msgstr "exécuter une commande avec un autre identifiant de groupe"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:74(arg)
+msgid "-c"
+msgstr "-c"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:73(arg)
+msgid "group <placeholder-1/> command"
+msgstr "groupe <placeholder-1/> commande"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>sg</command> command works similar to <command>newgrp</command> "
+"but accepts a command. The command will be executed with the <filename>/bin/"
+"sh</filename> shell. With most shells you may run <command>sg</command> "
+"from, you need to enclose multi-word commands in quotes. Another difference "
+"between <command>newgrp</command> and <command>sg</command> is that some "
+"shells treat <command>newgrp</command> specially, replacing themselves with "
+"a new instance of a shell that <command>newgrp</command> creates. This "
+"doesn't happen with <command>sg</command>, so upon exit from a <command>sg</"
+"command> command you are returned to your previous group ID."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>sg</command> fonctionne de la même manière que "
+"<command>newgrp</command>, mais prend une commande comme paramètre. Cette "
+"commande sera exécutée avec un interpréteur de commandes <filename>/bin/sh</"
+"filename>. Avec la plupart des interpréteurs de commandes permettant "
+"d'exécuter <command>sg</command>, si la commande comporte plusieurs mots, il "
+"faut la placer entre des guillemets (« \" »). Une autre différence entre "
+"<command>newgrp</command> et <command>sg</command> est que certains "
+"interpréteurs de commandes traitent <command>newgrp</command> de façon "
+"particulière, en se remplaçant eux-mêmes par une nouvelle instance d'un "
+"interpréteur que <command>newgrp</command> crée. Ceci n'est pas le cas de "
+"<command>sg</command>, ce qui permet de retrouver le groupe précédent à la "
+"sortie de <command>sg</command>."
+
+#: sg.1.xml:32(term) newgrp.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SYSLOG_SG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>SYSLOG_SG_ENAB</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:34(para) newgrp.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable \"syslog\" logging of <command>sg</command> activity."
+msgstr ""
+"Activer la journalisation « syslog » de l'activité de <command>sg</command>."
+
+#: sg.1.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) shadow.5.xml:64(refname)
+#: shadow.3.xml:57(refentrytitle) shadow.3.xml:64(refname)
+#: pwck.8.xml:84(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:76(replaceable)
+msgid "shadow"
+msgstr "shadow"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadowed password file"
+msgstr "fichier des mots de passe cachés"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> is a file which contains the password "
+"information for the system's accounts and optional aging information."
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> est un fichier qui contient les informations "
+"cachées concernant les mots de passe des utilisateurs et leurs dates de "
+"validité."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:76(para) gshadow.5.xml:64(para)
+msgid ""
+"This file must not be readable by regular users if password security is to "
+"be maintained."
+msgstr ""
+"Ce fichier ne doit pas être accessible en lecture par les utilisateurs "
+"normaux afin de maintenir la sécurité des mots de passe, en particuliers "
+"pour prévenir les attaques par dictionnaires."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each line of this file contains 9 fields, separated by colons (<quote>:</"
+"quote>), in the following order:"
+msgstr ""
+"Chaque ligne de ce fichier contient 9 champs, séparés par des deux-points "
+"(<quote>:</quote>), dans l'ordre suivant :"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:88(emphasis) passwd.5.xml:78(para)
+msgid "login name"
+msgstr "nom de connexion de l'utilisateur (« login »)"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "It must be a valid account name, which exist on the system."
+msgstr "Ce doit être un nom de compte valable, qui existe sur le système."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:96(emphasis) gshadow.5.xml:83(emphasis)
+msgid "encrypted password"
+msgstr "mot de passe chiffré"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to "
+"authenticate as the specified login name. However, some applications which "
+"read the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file may decide not to permit any "
+"access at all if the password field is empty."
+msgstr ""
+"Ce champ peut être vide. Dans ce cas aucun mot de passe n'est nécessaire "
+"pour s'authentifier avec l'identifiant de connexion indiqué. Cependant, "
+"certaines applications qui lisent le fichier <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> peuvent n'autoriser aucun accès si le mot de passe est vide."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:105(para) gshadow.5.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the "
+"password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the "
+"password field before the password was locked."
+msgstr ""
+"Un champ de mot de passe qui commence avec un point d'exclamation indique "
+"que le mot de passe est bloqué. Les caractères restants sur la ligne "
+"représentent le champ de mot de passe avant que le mot de passe n'ait été "
+"bloqué."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:111(para) passwd.5.xml:126(para) gshadow.5.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"Refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> for details on how this string is interpreted."
+msgstr ""
+"Consultez <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> pour plus d'informations sur le traitement de "
+"cette chaîne."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:116(para) passwd.5.xml:131(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix "
+"password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)."
+msgstr ""
+"Si le champ du mot de passe contient une chaîne qui ne peut pas être un "
+"résultat valable de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, par exemple si elle "
+"contient les caractères ! ou *, alors l'utilisateur ne pourra pas utiliser "
+"son mot de passe UNIX pour se connecter (mais il se peut que l'utilisateur "
+"puisse se connecter au système par d'autres moyens)."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:127(emphasis)
+msgid "date of last password change"
+msgstr "date du dernier changement de mot de passe"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date of the last password change, expressed as the number of days since "
+"Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+"La date du dernier changement de mot de passe, exprimée en nombre de jours "
+"depuis le 1er janvier 1970."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user should change her "
+"password the next time she will log in the system."
+msgstr ""
+"La valeur 0 a une signification particulière : l'utilisateur devra changer "
+"son mot de passe la prochaine fois qu'il se connectera au système."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:139(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that password aging features are disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Un champ vide indique que les fonctionnalités de vieillissement de mot de "
+"passe sont désactivées."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:146(emphasis)
+msgid "minimum password age"
+msgstr "âge minimum du mot de passe"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The minimum password age is the number of days the user will have to wait "
+"before she will be allowed to change her password again."
+msgstr ""
+"L'âge minimum du mot de passe est la durée (en jour) que l'utilisateur devra "
+"attendre avant de pouvoir le changer de nouveau."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:153(para)
+msgid "An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no minimum password age."
+msgstr ""
+"Un champ vide ou une valeur de 0 signifie qu'il n'y a pas d'âge minimum pour "
+"le mot de passe."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:160(emphasis)
+msgid "maximum password age"
+msgstr "âge maximum du mot de passe"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:162(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum password age is the number of days after which the user will "
+"have to change her password."
+msgstr ""
+"L'âge maximum du mot de passe est la durée (en jour) après laquelle "
+"l'utilisateur devra changer son mot de passe."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"After this number of days is elapsed, the password may still be valid. The "
+"user should be asked to change her password the next time she will log in."
+msgstr ""
+"Une fois cette durée écoulée, le mot de passe restera valable. Il sera "
+"demandé à l'utilisateur de le changer la prochaine fois qu'il se connectera."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field means that there are no maximum password age, no password "
+"warning period, and no password inactivity period (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"Un champ vide signifie qu'il n'y a pour le mot de passe aucune limite d'âge, "
+"aucune période d'avertissement d'expiration et aucune période d'inactivité "
+"(voir ci-dessous)."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the maximum password age is lower than the minimum password age, the user "
+"cannot change her password."
+msgstr ""
+"Si l'âge maximum du mot de passe est plus petit que l'âge minimum du mot de "
+"passe, l'utilisateur ne pourra pas changer son mot de passe."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:184(emphasis)
+msgid "password warning period"
+msgstr "période d'avertissement d'expiration du mot de passe"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days before a password is going to expire (see the maximum "
+"password age above) during which the user should be warned."
+msgstr ""
+"La durée (en jour) pendant laquelle l'utilisateur sera averti avant que le "
+"mot de passe n'expire (voir l'âge maximum du mot de passe ci-dessus)."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:192(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no password warning period."
+msgstr ""
+"Un champ vide ou une valeur de 0 signifie qu'il n'y aura pas de période "
+"d'avertissement d'expiration du mot de passe."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:200(emphasis)
+msgid "password inactivity period"
+msgstr "période d'inactivité du mot de passe"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:203(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password has expired (see the maximum password "
+"age above) during which the password should still be accepted (and the user "
+"should update her password during the next login)."
+msgstr ""
+"La durée (en jour) pendant laquelle le mot de passe sera quand même accepté "
+"après son expiration (voir l'âge maximum du mot de passe ci-dessus). "
+"L'utilisateur devra mettre à jour son mot de passe à la prochaine connexion."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:209(para)
+msgid ""
+"After expiration of the password and this expiration period is elapsed, no "
+"login is possible using the current user's password. The user should contact "
+"her administrator."
+msgstr ""
+"Après expiration du mot de passe suivie de la période d'expiration, plus "
+"aucune connexion n'est possible en utilisant le mot de passe de "
+"l'utilisateur. L'utilisateur doit contacter son administrateur."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field means that there are no enforcement of an inactivity period."
+msgstr "Un champ vide signifie qu'aucune période d'inactivité n'est imposée."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:222(emphasis)
+msgid "account expiration date"
+msgstr "date de fin de validité du compte"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:225(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date of expiration of the account, expressed as the number of days since "
+"Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+"La date d'expiration du compte, exprimé en nombre de jours depuis le "
+"1er janvier 1970."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:229(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that an account expiration differs from a password expiration. In case "
+"of an account expiration, the user shall not be allowed to login. In case of "
+"a password expiration, the user is not allowed to login using her password."
+msgstr ""
+"Veuillez noter que l'expiration d'un compte diffère de l'expiration d'un mot "
+"de passe. En cas d'expiration d'un compte, l'utilisateur ne sera plus "
+"autorisé à se connecter. En cas d'expiration d'un mot de passe, "
+"l'utilisateur n'est pas autorisé à se connecter en utilisant son mot de "
+"passe."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:235(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that the account will never expire."
+msgstr "Un champ vide signifie que le compte n'expirera jamais."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 should not be used as it is interpreted as either an account "
+"with no expiration, or as an expiration on Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+"La valeur 0 ne doit pas être utilisée puisqu'elle peut être interprétée soit "
+"comme un compte sans expiration, soit comme ayant expiré le 1er janvier 1970."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:246(emphasis)
+msgid "reserved field"
+msgstr "champ réservé"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:248(para)
+msgid "This field is reserved for future use."
+msgstr "Ce champ est réservé pour une utilisation future."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:270(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shadow-"
+msgstr "/etc/shadow-"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:272(para)
+msgid "Backup file for /etc/shadow."
+msgstr "Fichier de sauvegarde pour /etc/shadow."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:273(para) passwd.5.xml:178(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that this file is used by the tools of the shadow toolsuite, but not by "
+"all user and password management tools."
+msgstr ""
+"Notez que ce fichier est utilisé par les outils de la suite d'outils shadow, "
+"mais pas par tous les outils de gestion d'utilisateurs et de mot de passes."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:284(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "Library Calls"
+msgstr "Appels de bibliothèque"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:65(refname)
+msgid "getspnam"
+msgstr "getspnam"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "encrypted password file routines"
+msgstr "routines d'utilisation des mots de passe cachés"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:70(title)
+msgid "SYNTAX"
+msgstr "SYNTAX"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:72(emphasis)
+msgid "#include &lt;shadow.h&gt;"
+msgstr "#include &lt;shadow.h&gt;"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:76(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *getspent();"
+msgstr "struct spwd *getspent();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:80(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *getspnam(char"
+msgstr "struct spwd *getspnam(char"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:81(emphasis)
+msgid "*name"
+msgstr "*nom"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:81(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:94(emphasis)
+#: shadow.3.xml:99(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:105(emphasis)
+msgid ");"
+msgstr ");"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:85(emphasis)
+msgid "void setspent();"
+msgstr "void setspent();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:89(emphasis)
+msgid "void endspent();"
+msgstr "void endspent();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:93(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *fgetspent(FILE"
+msgstr "struct spwd *fgetspent(FILE"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:94(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:105(emphasis)
+msgid "*fp"
+msgstr "*fp"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:98(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *sgetspent(char"
+msgstr "struct spwd *sgetspent(char"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:99(emphasis)
+msgid "*cp"
+msgstr "*cp"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:103(emphasis)
+msgid "int putspent(struct spwd"
+msgstr "int putspent(struct spwd"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:104(emphasis)
+msgid "*p,"
+msgstr "*p,"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:104(emphasis)
+msgid "FILE"
+msgstr "FICHIER"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:109(emphasis)
+msgid "int lckpwdf();"
+msgstr "int lckpwdf();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:113(emphasis)
+msgid "int ulckpwdf();"
+msgstr "int ulckpwdf();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:119(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> manipulates the contents of the "
+"shadow password file, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. The structure in the "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">#include</emphasis> file is:"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> manipule le contenu du fichier des "
+"mots de passe cachés, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. La structure définie "
+"dans le fichier inclus est :"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:124(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"struct spwd {\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_namp; /* user login name */\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_lstchg; /* last password change */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_min; /* days until change allowed. */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_max; /* days before change required */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_inact; /* days before account inactive */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_expire; /* date when account expires */\n"
+"      unsigned long int\tsp_flag; /* reserved for future use */\n"
+"}\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"struct spwd {\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_namp; /* nom de connexion de l'utilisateur */\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_pwdp; /* mot de passe chiffré */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_lstchg; /* dernier changement de mot de passe */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_min; /* jours avant de pouvoir changer de mot de passe */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_max; /* jours avant l'obligation de changer de mot de passe */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_warn; /* jours d'avertissement avant la fin de validité */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_inact; /* jours avant que le compte soit inactif */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_expire; /* date de fin de validité du compte */\n"
+"      unsigned long int\tsp_flag; /* réservé pour une utilisation future */\n"
+"}\n"
+"    "
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The meanings of each field are:"
+msgstr "La signification de chaque champ est la suivante :"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:139(para)
+msgid "sp_namp - pointer to null-terminated user name"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_namp - pointeur vers le nom d'utilisateur terminé par un zéro binaire "
+"(« null-terminated »)"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:142(para)
+msgid "sp_pwdp - pointer to null-terminated password"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_pwdp - pointeur vers le mot de passe terminé par un zéro binaire (« null-"
+"terminated »)"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:145(para)
+msgid "sp_lstchg - days since Jan 1, 1970 password was last changed"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_lstchg - nombre de jours, comptés à partir du 1er janvier 1970, depuis la "
+"dernière modification du mot de passe"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:148(para)
+msgid "sp_min - days before which password may not be changed"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_min - nombre de jours pendant lesquels le mot de passe ne peut pas être "
+"changé"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:151(para)
+msgid "sp_max - days after which password must be changed"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_max - nombre maximal de jours avant que le mot de passe doive être changé"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:154(para)
+msgid ""
+"sp_warn - days before password is to expire that user is warned of pending "
+"password expiration"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_warn - nombre de jours avant que le mot de passe n'arrive en fin de "
+"validité pendant lesquels l'utilisateur est averti de la fin prochaine de la "
+"validité de son mot de passe"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"sp_inact - days after password expires that account is considered inactive "
+"and disabled"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_inact - nombre de jours après la fin de validité du mot de passe avant de "
+"considérer que le compte est inactif et soit désactivé"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:164(para)
+msgid "sp_expire - days since Jan 1, 1970 when account will be disabled"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_expire - nombre de jours, comptés à partir du 1er janvier 1970, après "
+"lesquels le compte sera désactivé"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:167(para)
+msgid "sp_flag - reserved for future use"
+msgstr "sp_flag - réservé pour une utilisation future"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>getspent</emphasis>, <emphasis>getspname</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis>, and <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> each "
+"return a pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis>. <emphasis>getspent</"
+"emphasis> returns the next entry from the file, and <emphasis>fgetspent</"
+"emphasis> returns the next entry from the given stream, which is assumed to "
+"be a file of the proper format. <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> returns a "
+"pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis> using the provided string as "
+"input. <emphasis>getspnam</emphasis> searches from the current position in "
+"the file for an entry matching <emphasis>name</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>Getspent</emphasis>, <emphasis>getspname</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis>, et <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> renvoient "
+"tous un pointeur vers une structure <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis>. "
+"<emphasis>Getspent</emphasis> renvoie l'entrée suivante du fichier, et "
+"<emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis> renvoie l'entrée suivante du flux qui est "
+"considéré comme étant un fichier au format correct. <emphasis>Sgetspent</"
+"emphasis> renvoie un pointeur vers une structure <emphasis>struct spwd</"
+"emphasis> en utilisant la chaîne de caractère fournie en entrée. "
+"<emphasis>Getspnam</emphasis> cherche à partir de la position courante une "
+"entrée correspondant à <emphasis>nom</emphasis> dans le fichier fourni en "
+"entrée."
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>setspent</emphasis> and <emphasis>endspent</emphasis> may be used "
+"to begin and end, respectively, access to the shadow password file."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>Setspent</emphasis> et <emphasis>endspent</emphasis> peuvent être "
+"utilisés pour débuter et terminer l'accès au fichier de mots de passe cachés."
+
+# TBD: vérifier tous les remap
+#: shadow.3.xml:194(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> and <emphasis>ulckpwdf</emphasis> routines "
+"should be used to insure exclusive access to the <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> file. <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> attempts to acquire a lock "
+"using <emphasis>pw_lock</emphasis> for up to 15 seconds. It continues by "
+"attempting to acquire a second lock using <emphasis>spw_lock</emphasis> for "
+"the remainder of the initial 15 seconds. Should either attempt fail after a "
+"total of 15 seconds, <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> returns -1. When both "
+"locks are acquired 0 is returned."
+msgstr ""
+"Les fonctions <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> et <emphasis>ulckpwdf</emphasis> "
+"doivent être utilisées pour garantir un accès exclusif au fichier <filename>/"
+"etc/shadow</filename>. <emphasis>Lckpwdf</emphasis> essaie de placer un "
+"verrou avec <emphasis>pw_lock</emphasis> pendant 15 secondes. Il essaie "
+"ensuite de placer un second verrou en utilisant <emphasis>spw_lock</"
+"emphasis> pendant le reste de ces 15 secondes. Si un de ces verrous ne peut "
+"être placé, <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> renvoie -1. Quand les deux verrous "
+"peuvent être placés, la valeur 0 est renvoyée."
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:209(para)
+msgid ""
+"Routines return NULL if no more entries are available or if an error occurs "
+"during processing. Routines which have <emphasis>int</emphasis> as the "
+"return value return 0 for success and -1 for failure."
+msgstr ""
+"Les fonctions renvoient NULL si plus aucune entrée n'est disponible ou si "
+"une erreur est survenue lors du traitement. Les fonctions dont la valeur de "
+"retour est un <emphasis>int</emphasis> renvoient 0 en cas de succès et -1 en "
+"cas d'échec."
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"These routines may only be used by the superuser as access to the shadow "
+"password file is restricted."
+msgstr ""
+"Ces fonctions peuvent n'être utilisées que par le superutilisateur car "
+"l'accès au fichier de mots de passe cachés est restreint."
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:239(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) pwconv.8.xml:70(refname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:79(command) login.defs.5.xml:439(term)
+msgid "pwconv"
+msgstr "pwconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:71(refname) pwconv.8.xml:85(command) login.defs.5.xml:448(term)
+msgid "pwunconv"
+msgstr "pwunconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:72(refname) pwconv.8.xml:91(command) login.defs.5.xml:344(term)
+msgid "grpconv"
+msgstr "grpconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:73(refname) pwconv.8.xml:97(command) login.defs.5.xml:350(term)
+msgid "grpunconv"
+msgstr "grpunconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:74(refpurpose)
+msgid "convert to and from shadow passwords and groups"
+msgstr ""
+"Convertir vers ou depuis les fichiers de mots de passe ou de groupe cachés"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</"
+"emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> and an optionally "
+"existing <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>pwconv</command> crée le fichier <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">shadow</emphasis> à partir du fichier <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</"
+"emphasis> et d'un éventuel fichier <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> does not work with <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"enabled. To convert to tcb passwords, you should first use <command>pwconv</"
+"command> to convert to shadowed passwords by disabling <option>USE_TCB</"
+"option> in <filename>login.defs</filename> and then convert to tcb password "
+"using <command>tcb_convert</command> (and re-enable <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"in <filename>login.defs</filename>.)"
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> ne fonctionne pas avec <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"activée. Pour convertir les mots de passe vers tcb, vous devez d'abord "
+"utiliser <command>pwconv</command> pour les convertir vers les mots de passe "
+"cachés en désactivant <option>USE_TCB</option> dans <filename>login.defs</"
+"filename> puis les convertir en mots de passe tcb avec <command>tcb_convert</"
+"command> (et en réactivant <option>USE_TCB</option> dans <filename>login."
+"defs</filename>)."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwunconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">passwd</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> and "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">shadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>pwunconv</command> crée le fichier <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">passwd</emphasis> à partir des fichiers <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</"
+"emphasis> et <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> puis supprime <emphasis "
+"remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwunconv</command> does not work with <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"enabled. You should first switch back from tcb to shadowed passwords using "
+"<command>tcb_unconvert</command>, and then disable <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"in <filename>login.defs</filename> before using <command>pwunconv</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwunconv</command> ne fonctionne pas avec <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"activé. Vous devez d'abord convertir les mots de passe depuis tcb vers des "
+"mots de passe cachés en utilisant <command>tcb_unconvert</command> puis "
+"désactiver <option>USE_TCB</option> dans <filename>login.defs</filename> "
+"avant d'utiliser <command>pwunconv</command>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> and an "
+"optionally existing <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>grpconv</command> crée <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</"
+"emphasis> à partir de <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> et d'un "
+"éventuel fichier <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpunconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">group</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> and "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>grpunconv</command> crée <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</"
+"emphasis> à partir des fichiers <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> et "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis> puis supprime <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid ""
+"These four programs all operate on the normal and shadow password and group "
+"files: <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>, <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ces quatre programmes opèrent sur les fichiers de mots de passe et "
+"d'informations sur les groupes cachés ou non : <filename>/etc/passwd</"
+"filename>, <filename>/etc/group</filename>, <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename>, et <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each program acquires the necessary locks before conversion. "
+"<command>pwconv</command> and <command>grpconv</command> are similar. First, "
+"entries in the shadowed file which don't exist in the main file are removed. "
+"Then, shadowed entries which don't have `x' as the password in the main file "
+"are updated. Any missing shadowed entries are added. Finally, passwords in "
+"the main file are replaced with `x'. These programs can be used for initial "
+"conversion as well to update the shadowed file if the main file is edited by "
+"hand."
+msgstr ""
+"Chaque programme place les verrous nécessaires avant d'effectuer la "
+"conversion. <command>pwconv</command> et <command>grpconv</command> sont "
+"similaires. Dans un premier temps, les entrées du fichier de mots de passe "
+"cachés (<filename>/etc/shadow</filename> ou <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename>) qui n'existent pas dans le fichier principal (<filename>passwd</"
+"filename> ou <filename>group</filename>), sont retirées. Ensuite, les "
+"entrées du fichier <filename>shadow</filename> n'ayant pas pour mot de passe "
+"« x » dans le fichier <filename>passwd</filename> sont mises à jour. Enfin, "
+"les mots de passe du fichier <filename>passwd</filename> sont remplacés par "
+"« x ». Ces programmes peuvent être utilisés pour une première conversion, ou "
+"bien pour une mise à jour, si les fichiers principaux [ NdT : non cachés ] "
+"ont été édités à la main."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> will use the values of <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">PASS_MIN_DAYS</emphasis>, <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_MAX_DAYS</emphasis>, "
+"and <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_WARN_AGE</emphasis> from <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename> when adding new entries to <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Lors de l'ajout de nouvelles entrées dans <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, "
+"<command>pwconv</command> utilisera les valeurs de <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">PASS_MIN_DAYS</emphasis>, <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_MAX_DAYS</emphasis>, "
+"et <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_WARN_AGE</emphasis> définies dans le fichier "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"Likewise <command>pwunconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</command> are "
+"similar. Passwords in the main file are updated from the shadowed file. "
+"Entries which exist in the main file but not in the shadowed file are left "
+"alone. Finally, the shadowed file is removed. Some password aging "
+"information is lost by <command>pwunconv</command>. It will convert what it "
+"can."
+msgstr ""
+"De même, <command>pwunconv</command> et <command>grpunconv</command> sont "
+"similaires. Les mots de passe des fichiers principaux sont mis à jour à "
+"partir des fichiers d'informations cachées (« shadowed file »). Les entrées "
+"existant dans un fichier principal, mais pas dans le fichier caché sont "
+"laissées. Enfin, le fichier caché est supprimé. Certaines informations d'âge "
+"des mots de passe sont perdues par <command>pwunconv</command>. Il ne "
+"convertit que ce qu'il peut."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>pwconv</command>, <command>pwunconv</"
+"command>, <command>grpconv</command>, and <command>grpunconv</command> "
+"commands are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options applicables aux commandes <command>pwconv</command>, "
+"<command>pwunconv</command>, <command>grpconv</command> et "
+"<command>grpunconv</command> sont :"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:217(para)
+msgid ""
+"Errors in the password or group files (such as invalid or duplicate entries) "
+"may cause these programs to loop forever or fail in other strange ways. "
+"Please run <command>pwck</command> and <command>grpck</command> to correct "
+"any such errors before converting to or from shadow passwords or groups."
+msgstr ""
+"Des erreurs dans les fichiers de mots de passe ou d'informations sur les "
+"groupes (comme des entrées invalides ou redondantes) peuvent conduire ces "
+"programmes à boucler indéfiniment ou à échouer d'une manière tout aussi "
+"étrange. Veuillez exécuter <command>pwck</command> et <command>grpck</"
+"command> pour corriger ces erreurs avant de lancer toute conversion."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:228(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"changes the behavior of <command>grpconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</"
+"command>:"
+msgstr ""
+"La variable de configuration suivante dans <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> change le comportement de <command>grpconv</command> et "
+"<command>grpunconv</command> :"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:236(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> change the behavior of <command>pwconv</command>:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les variables de configuration suivantes dans <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> changent le comportement de <command>pwconv</command> :"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:263(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"tcb\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_convert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_unconvert</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"tcb\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_convert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_unconvert</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:47(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:43(contrib) grpck.8.xml:42(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1992"
+msgstr "Création, 1992"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) pwck.8.xml:70(refname) pwck.8.xml:76(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:430(term)
+msgid "pwck"
+msgstr "pwck"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:71(refpurpose)
+msgid "verify integrity of password files"
+msgstr "Vérifier l'intégrité des fichiers de mots de passe"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:80(replaceable) passwd.5.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: passwd.5.xml:64(refname) passwd.1.xml:64(refentrytitle)
+#: passwd.1.xml:71(refname) passwd.1.xml:77(command) login.defs.5.xml:419(term)
+msgid "passwd"
+msgstr "passwd"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:93(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwck</command> command verifies the integrity of the users and "
+"authentication information. It checks that all entries in <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">(or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>, when <option>USE_TCB</"
+"option> is enabled)</phrase> have the proper format and contain valid data. "
+"The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or "
+"which have other uncorrectable errors."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>pwck</command> vérifie l'intégrité des informations du "
+"système concernant les utilisateurs et leur mots de passe. Toutes les "
+"entrées des fichiers <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> et <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename> sont vérifiées afin de s'assurer qu'elles ont le bon "
+"format et qu'elles contiennent des données valables dans chaque champ. Une "
+"confirmation de l'utilisateur sera demandée pour détruire les entrées mal "
+"formatées ou ayant d'autres erreurs non récupérables."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:105(para) grpck.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "Checks are made to verify that each entry has:"
+msgstr "Voici les vérifications effectuées :"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:108(para) grpck.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid "the correct number of fields"
+msgstr "nombre correct de champs ;"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid "a unique and valid user name"
+msgstr "unicité et validité des noms d'utilisateur ;"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "a valid user and group identifier"
+msgstr "validité des identifiants d'utilisateur et de groupe ;"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid "a valid primary group"
+msgstr "validité du groupe primaire ;"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "a valid home directory"
+msgstr "validité du répertoire personnel ;"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:123(para)
+msgid "a valid login shell"
+msgstr "validité de l'interpréteur de commandes initial (« login shell »)."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> checks are enabled when a second file parameter "
+"is specified or when <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> exists on the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Les vérifications de <filename>shadow</filename> sont activées quand un "
+"second paramètre de fichier est indiqué ou quand <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> existe sur le système."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:132(para)
+msgid "These checks are the following:"
+msgstr "Ces vérifications sont les suivantes :"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"every passwd entry has a matching shadow entry, and every shadow entry has a "
+"matching passwd entry"
+msgstr ""
+"chaque entrée de passwd a une entrée correspondante dans shadow, et chaque "
+"entrée shadow a une entrée passwd correspondante ;"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:143(para)
+msgid "passwords are specified in the shadowed file"
+msgstr ""
+"les mots de passe sont indiqués dans le fichier des mot de passe cachés ;"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:146(para)
+msgid "shadow entries have the correct number of fields"
+msgstr "les entrées de shadow ont le bon nombre de champs ;"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "shadow entries are unique in shadow"
+msgstr "les entrées de shadow sont uniques dans shadow ;"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "the last password changes are not in the future"
+msgstr "la date du dernier changement de mot de passe n'est pas dans le futur."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"The checks for correct number of fields and unique user name are fatal. If "
+"the entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to "
+"delete the entire line. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all "
+"further checks are bypassed. An entry with a duplicated user name is "
+"prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made. All "
+"other errors are warning and the user is encouraged to run the "
+"<command>usermod</command> command to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+"Une erreur dans le nombre de champs ou la non unicité d'un nom d'utilisateur "
+"sera fatale. Si le nombre de champs n'est pas correct, il sera demandé à "
+"l'utilisateur de supprimer la ligne. Si l'utilisateur ne répond pas par "
+"l'affirmative, les vérifications suivantes ne seront pas effectuées. Il sera "
+"également demandé de supprimer les entrées correspondant aux noms "
+"d'utilisateur redondants, mais dans ce cas, les autres vérifications seront "
+"effectuées. Toutes les autres erreurs ne sont que des avertissements et "
+"l'utilisateur est encouragé à utiliser <command>usermod</command> pour les "
+"corriger."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file are "
+"not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries. <command>pwck</command> "
+"should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entry."
+msgstr ""
+"Les commandes qui opèrent sur le fichier <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> ne "
+"peuvent pas modifier les entrées corrompues ou redondantes. <command>pwck</"
+"command> doit être utilisé dans ce cas pour retirer ces entrées."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:177(para) grpck.8.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>-r</option> and <option>-s</option> options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+"Les options <option>-r</option> et <option>-s</option> ne peuvent pas être "
+"combinées."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>pwck</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options disponibles pour la commande <command>pwck</command> sont :"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"Report errors only. The warnings which do not require any action from the "
+"user won't be displayed."
+msgstr ""
+"Ne signaler que les erreurs. Les avertissements qui ne nécessitent pas une "
+"action de la part de l'utilisateur ne seront pas affichés."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:211(term) grpck.8.xml:163(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--read-only</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--read-only</option>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:213(para)
+msgid "Execute the <command>pwck</command> command in read-only mode."
+msgstr "Permet d'exécuter <command>pwck</command> dans le mode lecture seule."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:231(term) grpck.8.xml:185(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:233(para)
+msgid ""
+"Sort entries in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> by UID."
+msgstr ""
+"Trie les entrées de <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> et <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename> par UID."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:237(para)
+msgid "This option has no effect when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette option n'a aucun effet quand <option>USE_TCB</option> est activée."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:244(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, <command>pwck</command> operates on the files <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\"> (or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>)</phrase>. The user may "
+"select alternate files with the <replaceable>passwd</replaceable> and "
+"<replaceable>shadow</replaceable> parameters."
+msgstr ""
+"Par défaut, <command>pwck</command> opère sur les fichiers <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> et <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition="
+"\"tcb> (ou les fichiers dans <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>)</phrase>. "
+"L'utilisateur peut spécifier d'autres fichiers avec les paramètres "
+"<replaceable>passwd</replaceable> et <replaceable>shadow</replaceable>."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled, you cannot specify an "
+"alternative <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> file. In future releases, this "
+"parameter could be replaced by an alternate TCB directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Veuillez noter que quand <option>USE_TCB</option> est activée, vous ne "
+"pouvez pas indiquer de fichier <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> alternatif. "
+"Dans les prochaines versions, ce paramètre pourra être remplacé par un "
+"répertoire TCB alternatif."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:322(para)
+msgid "one or more bad password entries"
+msgstr "une entrée de mot de passe ou plus est incorrecte"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:328(para)
+msgid "can't open password files"
+msgstr "impossible d'ouvrir les fichiers de mots de passe"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:334(para)
+msgid "can't lock password files"
+msgstr "impossible de verrouiller les fichiers de mots de passe"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:340(para)
+msgid "can't update password files"
+msgstr "impossible de mettre à jour les fichiers des mots de passe"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:346(para)
+msgid "can't sort password files"
+msgstr "impossible de trier les fichiers de mots de passe"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:304(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwck</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>pwck</command> retourne les valeurs suivantes en "
+"quittant : <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:355(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) porttime.5.xml:64(refname)
+msgid "porttime"
+msgstr "porttime"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "port access time file"
+msgstr ""
+"Fichier de configuration des droits d'accès en fonction de la date et de "
+"l'heure"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">porttime</emphasis> contains a list of tty devices, "
+"user names, and permitted login times."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">porttime</emphasis> contient une liste de tty, noms "
+"d'utilisateurs, et horaires d'accès autorisés."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:75(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each entry consists of three colon separated fields. The first field is a "
+"comma separated list of tty devices, or an asterisk to indicate that all tty "
+"devices are matched by this entry. The second field is a comma separated "
+"list of user names, or an asterisk to indicated that all user names are "
+"matched by this entry. The third field is a comma separated list of "
+"permitted access times."
+msgstr ""
+"Chaque entrée consiste en trois champs séparés par un caractère deux-points "
+"« : ». Le premier champ est une liste de tty séparés par des virgules, ou un "
+"astérisque « * » pour indiquer que l'entrée correspond à toutes les tty. Le "
+"second champ est une liste de noms d'utilisateurs, ou un astérisque pour "
+"indiquer que cette entrée correspond à n'importe quel utilisateur. Le "
+"troisième champ est une liste d'horaires d'accès autorisés."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each access time entry consists of zero or more days of the week, "
+"abbreviated <emphasis>Su</emphasis>, <emphasis>Mo</emphasis>, <emphasis>Tu</"
+"emphasis>, <emphasis>We</emphasis>, <emphasis>Th</emphasis>, <emphasis>Fr</"
+"emphasis>, and <emphasis>Sa</emphasis>, followed by a pair of times "
+"separated by a hyphen. The abbreviation <emphasis>Wk</emphasis> may be used "
+"to represent Monday thru Friday, and <emphasis>Al</emphasis> may be used to "
+"indicate every day. If no days are given, <emphasis>Al</emphasis> is assumed."
+msgstr ""
+"Chaque horaire d'accès consiste en zéro ou plusieurs abréviations de jours "
+"de la semaine : <emphasis>Su</emphasis> (dimanche), <emphasis>Mo</emphasis> "
+"(lundi), <emphasis>Tu</emphasis> (mardi), <emphasis>We</emphasis> "
+"(mercredi), <emphasis>Th</emphasis> (jeudi), <emphasis>Fr</emphasis> "
+"(vendredi), <emphasis>Sa</emphasis> (samedi), suivi d'un couple d'horaires "
+"séparés par un tiret. L'abréviation <emphasis>Wk</emphasis> peut être "
+"utilisée pour représenter les jours de la semaine du lundi au vendredi, et "
+"<emphasis>Al</emphasis> permet de spécifier l'ensemble des jours de la "
+"semaine. Par défaut, si aucun jour n'est spécifié, <emphasis>Al</emphasis> "
+"est utilisé."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:98(title)
+msgid "EXAMPLES"
+msgstr "EXEMPLES"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entry allows access to user <emphasis remap=\"B\">jfh</"
+"emphasis> on every port during weekdays from 9am to 5pm."
+msgstr ""
+"L'entrée suivante autorise l'accès à l'utilisateur <emphasis remap=\"B"
+"\">jfh</emphasis> sur n'importe quel port pendant la semaine de 9 heures à "
+"17 heures."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:105(para)
+msgid "*:jfh:Wk0900-1700"
+msgstr "*:jfh:Wk0900-1700"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entries allow access only to the users <emphasis>root</"
+"emphasis> and <emphasis>oper</emphasis> on <filename>/dev/console</filename> "
+"at any time. This illustrates how the <filename>/etc/porttime</filename> "
+"file is an ordered list of access times. Any other user would match the "
+"second entry which does not permit access at any time."
+msgstr ""
+"L'entrée suivante autorise l'accès à /dev/console uniquement aux "
+"utilisateurs <emphasis>root</emphasis> et <emphasis>oper</emphasis> à "
+"n'importe quelle heure. Ceci permet de montrer l'importance de l'ordre des "
+"entrées dans le fichier <filename>/etc/porttime</filename>. Les autres "
+"utilisateurs ne satisferont que la deuxième entrée, qui n'autorise aucun "
+"accès."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:116(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      console:root,oper:Al0000-2400\n"
+"      console:*:\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      console:root,oper:Al0000-2400\n"
+"      console:*:\n"
+"    "
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entry allows access for the user <emphasis>games</emphasis> on "
+"any port during non-working hours."
+msgstr ""
+"L'entrée suivante autorise l'accès à tous les ports pour l'utilisateur "
+"<emphasis>games</emphasis>, en dehors des heures de travail."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:126(para)
+msgid "*:games:Wk1700-0900,SaSu0000-2400"
+msgstr "*:games:Wk1700-0900,SaSu0000-2400"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:133(filename) logoutd.8.xml:92(filename)
+msgid "/etc/porttime"
+msgstr "/etc/porttime"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:135(para) logoutd.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "File containing port access."
+msgstr "Fichier contenant le port d'accès."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:143(para) login.access.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "the password file"
+msgstr "fichier des mots de passe"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> contains one line for each user account, "
+"with seven fields delimited by colons (<quote>:</quote>). These fields are:"
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> contient différentes informations sur les "
+"comptes utilisateurs. Ces informations consistent en sept champs séparés par "
+"des deux-points (« : ») :"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid "optional encrypted password"
+msgstr "un mot de passe chiffré optionnel"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "numerical user ID"
+msgstr "l'identifiant numérique de l'utilisateur"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "numerical group ID"
+msgstr "l'identifiant numérique du groupe de l'utilisateur"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "user name or comment field"
+msgstr "le nom complet de l'utilisateur ou un champ de commentaires"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:93(para)
+msgid "user home directory"
+msgstr "le répertoire personnel de l'utilisateur"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:96(para)
+msgid "optional user command interpreter"
+msgstr "l'interpréteur de commandes de l'utilisateur (optionnel)"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field is a lower-case <quote>x</quote>, "
+"then the encrypted password is actually stored in the "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> file instead; there <emphasis>must</emphasis> be a "
+"corresponding line in the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file, or else the "
+"user account is invalid."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:109(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to "
+#| "authenticate as the specified login name. However, some applications "
+#| "which read the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file may decide not to "
+#| "permit any access at all if the password field is empty."
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted <emphasis>password</emphasis> field may be empty, in which "
+"case no password is required to authenticate as the specified login name. "
+"However, some applications which read the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+"file may decide not to permit <emphasis>any</emphasis> access at all if the "
+"<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is blank."
+msgstr ""
+"Ce champ peut être vide. Dans ce cas aucun mot de passe n'est nécessaire "
+"pour s'authentifier avec l'identifiant de connexion indiqué. Cependant, "
+"certaines applications qui lisent le fichier <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> peuvent n'autoriser aucun accès si le mot de passe est vide."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:118(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the "
+#| "password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the "
+#| "password field before the password was locked."
+msgid ""
+"A <emphasis>password</emphasis> field which starts with an exclamation mark "
+"means that the password is locked. The remaining characters on the line "
+"represent the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field before the password was "
+"locked."
+msgstr ""
+"Un champ de mot de passe qui commence avec un point d'exclamation indique "
+"que le mot de passe est bloqué. Les caractères restants sur la ligne "
+"représentent le champ de mot de passe avant que le mot de passe n'ait été "
+"bloqué."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"Le champ de commentaire est utilisé par différents utilitaires système, tels "
+"que <citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:144(para)
+msgid ""
+"The home directory field provides the name of the initial working directory. "
+"The <command>login</command> program uses this information to set the value "
+"of the <envar>$HOME</envar> environmental variable."
+msgstr ""
+"Le champ du répertoire personnel de l'utilisateur correspond au nom du "
+"répertoire de travail initial. <command>login</command> utilise cette "
+"information pour définir la valeur de la variable d'environnement <envar>"
+"$HOME</envar>."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"The command interpreter field provides the name of the user's command "
+"language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute. The "
+"<command>login</command> program uses this information to set the value of "
+"the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environmental variable. If this field is empty, it "
+"defaults to the value <filename>/bin/sh</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Le champ de l'interpréteur de commandes correspond au nom de l'interpréteur "
+"de commandes de l'utilisateur, ou au nom d'un programme initial à exécuter. "
+"<command>login</command> utilise cette information pour définir la valeur de "
+"la variable d'environnement <envar>$SHELL</envar>. Si ce champ est vide, "
+"<filename>/bin/sh</filename> est utilisé par défaut."
+
+# TBC: file ?
+#: passwd.5.xml:171(para)
+msgid "optional encrypted password file"
+msgstr "un mot de passe chiffré optionnel"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:175(filename)
+msgid "/etc/passwd-"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd-"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:177(para)
+msgid "Backup file for /etc/passwd."
+msgstr "Fichier de sauvegarde de /etc/passwd."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:189(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:72(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user password"
+msgstr "Modifier le mot de passe d'un utilisateur"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:89(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>passwd</command> command changes passwords for user accounts. A "
+"normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the "
+"superuser may change the password for any account. <command>passwd</command> "
+"also changes the account or associated password validity period."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>passwd</command> modifie les mots de passe des comptes "
+"d'utilisateurs. Un utilisateur normal ne peut changer que son propre mot de "
+"passe, alors que le superutilisateur peut changer le mot de passe associé à "
+"n'importe quel compte. <command>passwd</command> modifie également les dates "
+"de fin de validité du compte ou du mot de passe associé."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:98(title)
+msgid "Password Changes"
+msgstr "Modifications du mot de passe"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is first prompted for their old password, if one is present. This "
+"password is then encrypted and compared against the stored password. The "
+"user has only one chance to enter the correct password. The superuser is "
+"permitted to bypass this step so that forgotten passwords may be changed."
+msgstr ""
+"Dans un premier temps, l'utilisateur doit fournir son ancien mot de passe, "
+"s'il en avait un. Ce mot de passe est ensuite chiffré puis comparé avec le "
+"mot de passe enregistré. L'utilisateur n'a droit qu'à un seul essai pour "
+"entrer le mot de passe correct. Le superutilisateur peut contourner cette "
+"première étape de manière à changer les mots de passe ayant été oubliés."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked "
+"to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time. If not, "
+"<command>passwd</command> refuses to change the password and exits."
+msgstr ""
+"Une fois que le mot de passe a été entré, les informations de limite de "
+"validité du mot de passe sont vérifiées pour s'assurer que l'utilisateur est "
+"autorisé à modifier son mot de passe à cet instant. Dans le cas contraire, "
+"<command>passwd</command> refuse de changer le mot de passe, et quitte."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is then prompted twice for a replacement password. The second entry "
+"is compared against the first and both are required to match in order for "
+"the password to be changed."
+msgstr ""
+"Le nouveau mot de passe sera demandé deux fois à l'utilisateur. Le second "
+"mot de passe est comparé avec le premier. Ces deux mots de passe devront "
+"être identiques pour que le mot de passe soit changé."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:120(para)
+msgid ""
+"Then, the password is tested for complexity. As a general guideline, "
+"passwords should consist of 6 to 8 characters including one or more "
+"characters from each of the following sets:"
+msgstr ""
+"La complexité de ce mot de passe est alors testée. Comme ligne de conduite "
+"générale, un mot de passe doit toujours être constitué de 6 à 8 caractères "
+"en en choisissant un ou plus parmi chacun des ensembles suivants :"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:128(para)
+msgid "lower case alphabetics"
+msgstr "caractères alphabétiques minuscules"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:131(para)
+msgid "digits 0 thru 9"
+msgstr "chiffres de 0 à 9"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:134(para)
+msgid "punctuation marks"
+msgstr "marques de ponctuation"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill "
+"characters. <command>passwd</command> will reject any password which is not "
+"suitably complex."
+msgstr ""
+"Il faudra faire attention à ne pas utiliser les caractères de suppression ou "
+"d'effacement. <command>passwd</command> rejettera tout mot de passe dont la "
+"complexité ne sera pas suffisante."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:147(title)
+msgid "Hints for user passwords"
+msgstr "Astuces pour les mots de passe"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption "
+"algorithm and the size of the key space. The legacy <emphasis>UNIX</"
+"emphasis> System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm. More "
+"recent methods are now recommended (see <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>). "
+"The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which "
+"is selected."
+msgstr ""
+"La sécurité d'un mot de passe repose sur la force de l'algorithme de "
+"chiffrement et sur la taille de l'espace de clés utilisé. La méthode de "
+"chiffrement des systèmes <emphasis>UNIX</emphasis> est basée sur "
+"l'algorithme NBS DES. Des méthodes plus récentes sont maintenant "
+"recommandées (voir <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>). La taille de l'espace "
+"de clés dépend de l'aléa du mot de passe utilisé."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"Compromises in password security normally result from careless password "
+"selection or handling. For this reason, you should not select a password "
+"which appears in a dictionary or which must be written down. The password "
+"should also not be a proper name, your license number, birth date, or street "
+"address. Any of these may be used as guesses to violate system security."
+msgstr ""
+"Les compromissions de la sécurité des mots de passe résultent le plus "
+"souvent d'une négligence dans le choix du mot de passe, ou lors de son "
+"utilisation. Pour cette raison, vous ne devez pas sélectionner de mot de "
+"passe apparaissant dans un dictionnaire ou devant être écrit. Le mot de "
+"passe ne doit pas non plus être un nom propre, un numéro minéralogique, une "
+"date de naissance, ou une adresse. En effet ceux-ci pourraient être devinés "
+"pour violer la sécurité du système."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en."
+"wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength"
+msgstr ""
+"Vous pouvez trouver des conseils sur la façon de choisir un mot de passe "
+"robuste sur http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength (en anglais)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:175(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>passwd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options disponibles pour la commande <command>passwd</command> sont :"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:180(term) faillog.8.xml:96(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+
+# NOTE: pas clair
+#: passwd.1.xml:184(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option can be used only with <option>-S</option> and causes show status "
+"for all users."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette option ne peut être utilisée qu'avec <option>-S</option> et permet "
+"d'afficher l'état des mots de passe pour tous les utilisateurs."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:191(term)
+msgid "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Delete a user's password (make it empty). This is a quick way to disable a "
+"password for an account. It will set the named account passwordless."
+msgstr ""
+"Supprimer le mot de passe (le rendre vide) d'un utilisateur. C'est une façon "
+"rapide de supprimer l'authentification par mot de passe pour un compte. Il "
+"rend le compte indiqué sans mot de passe."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:203(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"Immediately expire an account's password. This in effect can force a user to "
+"change their password at the user's next login."
+msgstr ""
+"Annuler immédiatement la validité du mot de passe d'un compte. Ceci permet "
+"d'obliger un utilisateur à changer son mot de passe lors de sa prochaine "
+"connexion."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:220(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>DURÉE_INACTIVITÉ</replaceable>"
+
+# NOTE: Only this user account
+#: passwd.1.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is used to disable an account after the password has been "
+"expired for a number of days. After a user account has had an expired "
+"password for <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> days, the user may no "
+"longer sign on to the account."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette option permet de désactiver un compte quelques temps après expiration "
+"de son mot de passe. <replaceable>DURÉE_INACTIVITÉ</replaceable> jours après "
+"expiration de son mot de passe, l'utilisateur ne pourra plus se connecter "
+"avec ce compte."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:233(term)
+msgid "<option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option>"
+
+# NOTE: pas clair
+#: passwd.1.xml:237(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate password change should be performed only for expired authentication "
+"tokens (passwords). The user wishes to keep their non-expired tokens as "
+"before."
+msgstr ""
+"Indiquer que la modification de mot de passe ne sera effectuée que lors de "
+"l'expiration des jetons d'authentification (mots de passe). C'est utile dans "
+"le cas où l'utilisateur voudrait conserver ses jetons d'authentification "
+"encore valables."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:245(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:249(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock the password of the named account. This option disables a password by "
+"changing it to a value which matches no possible encrypted value (it adds a "
+"´!´ at the beginning of the password)."
+msgstr ""
+"Verrouiller le mot de passe du compte indiqué. Cette option désactive un mot "
+"de passe en le modifiant par une valeur qui ne correspond pas à un mot de "
+"passe chiffré possible (cela ajoute un « ! » au début du mot de passe)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:255(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that this does not disable the account. The user may still be able to "
+"login using another authentication token (e.g. an SSH key). To disable the "
+"account, administrators should use <command>usermod --expiredate 1</command> "
+"(this set the account's expire date to Jan 2, 1970)."
+msgstr ""
+"Veuillez noter que cela ne désactive pas le compte. L'utilisateur peut "
+"toujours se connecter en utilisant une autre méthode d'authentification (par "
+"exemple une clé SSH). Pour désactiver un compte, les administrateurs "
+"devraient utiliser <command>usermod --expiredate 1</command> (cela définit "
+"la date d'expiration du compte au 2 janvier 1970)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:262(para)
+msgid "Users with a locked password are not allowed to change their password."
+msgstr ""
+"Les utilisateurs avec un mot de passe verrouillé ne sont pas autorisés à le "
+"changer."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:269(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>JOURS_MIN</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:273(para) chage.1.xml:174(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the minimum number of days between password changes to "
+"<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>. A value of zero for this field "
+"indicates that the user may change their password at any time."
+msgstr ""
+"Définir le nombre minimum de jours entre chaque changement de mot de passe à "
+"<replaceable>MIN_JOURS</replaceable>. Une valeur de zéro pour ce champ "
+"indique que l'utilisateur peut changer son mot de passe quand il le souhaite."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:291(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--repository</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--repository</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:295(para)
+msgid "change password in <replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable> repository"
+msgstr ""
+"Modifier le mot de passe dans la base <replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:313(term)
+msgid "<option>-S</option>, <option>--status</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-S</option>, <option>--status</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:317(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display account status information. The status information consists of 7 "
+"fields. The first field is the user's login name. The second field indicates "
+"if the user account has a locked password (L), has no password (NP), or has "
+"a usable password (P). The third field gives the date of the last password "
+"change. The next four fields are the minimum age, maximum age, warning "
+"period, and inactivity period for the password. These ages are expressed in "
+"days."
+msgstr ""
+"Afficher l'état d'un compte. Cet état est constitué de 7 champs. Le premier "
+"champ est le nom du compte. Le second champ indique si le mot de passe est "
+"bloqué (L), n'a pas de mot de passe (NP) ou a un mot de passe utilisable "
+"(P). Le troisième champ donne la date de dernière modification du mot de "
+"passe. Les quatre champs suivants sont : la durée minimum avant "
+"modification, la durée maximum de validité, la durée d'avertissement, et la "
+"durée d'inactivité autorisée pour le mot de passe. Les durées sont exprimées "
+"en jours."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:331(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:335(para)
+msgid ""
+"Unlock the password of the named account. This option re-enables a password "
+"by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before "
+"using the <option>-l</option> option)."
+msgstr ""
+"Déverrouiller le mot de passe du compte indiqué. Cette option réactive un "
+"mot de passe en remettant le mot de passe à sa valeur précédente (la valeur "
+"présente avant l'utilisation de l'option <option>-l</option>)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:344(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>DURÉE_AVERTISSEMENT</replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:348(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The "
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the number of days prior to "
+"the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is "
+"about to expire."
+msgstr ""
+"Configurer le nombre de jours d'avertissement avant que le changement de mot "
+"de passe ne soit obligatoire. La valeur <replaceable>JOURS_AVERTISSEMENT</"
+"replaceable> est le nombre de jours précédant l'expiration du mot de passe "
+"et durant lesquels un utilisateur sera prévenu que son mot de passe est sur "
+"le point d'arriver en fin de validité."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:357(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-x</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-x</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>JOURS_MAX</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:361(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid. After "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable>, the password is required to be changed."
+msgstr ""
+"Configurer le nombre maximum de jours pendant lesquels un mot de passe reste "
+"valable. Après <replaceable>JOURS_MAX</replaceable>, le mot de passe devra "
+"être modifié."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:366(para) chage.1.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> will remove checking a password's "
+"validity."
+msgstr ""
+"Une valeur de <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> pour "
+"<replaceable>JOURS_MAX</replaceable> supprime la vérification de validité."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:378(para)
+msgid ""
+"Password complexity checking may vary from site to site. The user is urged "
+"to select a password as complex as he or she feels comfortable with."
+msgstr ""
+"La vérification de la complexité des mots de passe peut varier d'un site à "
+"l'autre. Il est vivement conseillé aux utilisateurs de choisir un mot de "
+"passe aussi complexe que possible dans la limite de ce qu'il est capable de "
+"mémoriser. "
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:383(para)
+msgid ""
+"Users may not be able to change their password on a system if NIS is enabled "
+"and they are not logged into the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+"Il se peut que les utilisateurs ne puissent pas changer leur mot de passe "
+"sur un système si NIS est activé et qu'ils ne sont pas connectés au serveur "
+"NIS."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:388(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>passwd</command> uses PAM to authenticate users and to change their "
+"passwords."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>passwd</command> utilise PAM pour authentifier les utilisateurs et "
+"modifier leur mot de passe."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chpasswd.8.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(para) newusers.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:32(para) chpasswd.8.xml:32(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting "
+"passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line)."
+msgstr ""
+"Définir les algorithmes de chiffrement par défaut du système pour coder les "
+"mots de passes (si aucun algorithme n'a été indiqué sur la ligne de "
+"commandes)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:36(para) newusers.8.xml:36(para) login.defs.5.xml:36(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:36(para) chpasswd.8.xml:36(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:36(para)
+msgid ""
+"It can take one of these values: <replaceable>DES</replaceable> (default), "
+"<replaceable>MD5</replaceable><phrase condition=\"sha_crypt\">, "
+"<replaceable>SHA256</replaceable>, <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable></"
+"phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"Les valeurs suivantes sont acceptées : <replaceable>DES</replaceable> (par "
+"défaut), <replaceable>MD5</replaceable><phrase condition=\"sha_crypt\">, "
+"<replaceable>SHA256</replaceable>, <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable></"
+"phrase>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:43(para) chpasswd.8.xml:43(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: this parameter overrides the <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variable."
+msgstr ""
+"Remarque : ce paramètre remplace la variable <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:47(para) passwd.1.xml:53(para) passwd.1.xml:62(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:47(para) newusers.8.xml:53(para) newusers.8.xml:62(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:47(para) login.defs.5.xml:53(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:62(para) gpasswd.1.xml:47(para) gpasswd.1.xml:53(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:62(para) chpasswd.8.xml:47(para) chpasswd.8.xml:53(para)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:62(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:47(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:53(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:62(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: This only affect the generation of group passwords. The generation of "
+"user passwords is done by PAM and subject to the PAM configuration. It is "
+"recommended to set this variable consistently with the PAM configuration."
+msgstr ""
+"Remarque : cela n'affecte que la création des mots de passe de groupe. La "
+"création de mot de passe des utilisateurs est effectuée par PAM en fonction "
+"de la configuration de PAM. Il est recommandé de définir cette variable en "
+"cohérence avec la configuration de PAM."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:32(term) chpasswd.8.xml:32(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:34(para) chpasswd.8.xml:34(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5-based algorithm. If "
+"set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, new passwords will be encrypted using "
+"the MD5-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of "
+"FreeBSD. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings. "
+"Set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> if you need to copy encrypted passwords "
+"to other systems which don't understand the new algorithm. Default is "
+"<replaceable>no</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Indiquer si un mot de passe doit être chiffré en utilisant l'algorithme basé "
+"sur MD5. Si configurée à <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, les nouveaux mots "
+"de passe seront chiffrés en utilisant l'algorithme basé sur MD5 compatible "
+"avec celui utilisé par les versions récentes de FreeBSD. Il gère des mots de "
+"passe de longueur illimitée et des chaînes de salage plus longues. "
+"Configurez-la à <replaceable>no</replaceable> pour copier les mots de passe "
+"chiffrés sur d'autres systèmes qui ne comprennent pas le nouvel algorithme. "
+"la valeur par défaut est <replaceable>no</replaceable>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:44(para) newusers.8.xml:44(para) login.defs.5.xml:44(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:44(para) chpasswd.8.xml:44(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:44(para)
+msgid ""
+"This variable is superseded by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable "
+"or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette variable est écrasée par la variable <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> "
+"ou par toute option de la ligne de commande utilisée pour configurer "
+"l'algorithme de chiffrement."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:49(para) newusers.8.xml:49(para) login.defs.5.xml:49(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:49(para) chpasswd.8.xml:49(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:49(para)
+msgid ""
+"This variable is deprecated. You should use <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette variable est obsolète. Vous devriez utiliser <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</"
+"option>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable additional checks upon password changes."
+msgstr ""
+"Activer des vérifications supplémentaires lors des changements de mot de "
+"passe."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_ALWAYS_WARN</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_ALWAYS_WARN</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Warn about weak passwords (but still allow them) if you are root."
+msgstr ""
+"Avertir en cas de mots de passe faibles (mais les accepte quand même) si "
+"vous êtes superutilisateur."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_CHANGE_TRIES</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_CHANGE_TRIES</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Maximum number of attempts to change password if rejected (too easy)."
+msgstr ""
+"Nombre maximum d'essais pour changer de mot de passe si refusé (trop facile)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MIN_LEN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MIN_LEN</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Number of significant characters in the password for crypt(). "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> is 8 by default. Don't change unless your "
+"crypt() is better. This is ignored if <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> set to "
+"<replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Nombre de caractères significatifs dans le mot de passe pour crypt(). La "
+"valeur par défaut de <option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> est 8. Ne la changez pas "
+"à moins que votre crypt() ne soit meilleur. Ceci est ignoré si "
+"<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> est configurée à <replaceable>yes</"
+"replaceable>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chpasswd.8.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:31(term) chpasswd.8.xml:31(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:33(para) chpasswd.8.xml:33(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"When <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> is set to <replaceable>SHA256</"
+"replaceable> or <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable>, this defines the number "
+"of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number "
+"of rounds is not specified on the command line)."
+msgstr ""
+"Quand <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> est configurée à <replaceable>SHA256</"
+"replaceable> ou <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable>, cela définit le nombre de "
+"rounds de SHA utilisés par l'algorithme de chiffrement par défaut (quand le "
+"nombre de rounds n'est pas précisé sur la ligne de commande)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:40(para) newusers.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:40(para) chpasswd.8.xml:40(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute forcing the password. "
+"But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users."
+msgstr ""
+"Avec beaucoup de rounds, il est plus difficile de trouver le mot de passe "
+"avec une attaque par force brute. Veuillez remarquer que plus de ressources "
+"processeur seront nécessaires pour authentifier les utilisateurs."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:45(para) newusers.8.xml:45(para) login.defs.5.xml:45(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:45(para) chpasswd.8.xml:45(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:45(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000)."
+msgstr ""
+"Si non précisée, la libc utilisera le nombre de rounds par défaut (5000)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:49(para) newusers.8.xml:49(para) login.defs.5.xml:49(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:49(para) chpasswd.8.xml:49(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:49(para)
+msgid "The values must be inside the 1000-999,999,999 range."
+msgstr ""
+"Les valeurs doivent être comprises dans l'intervalle 1 000 - 999 999 999."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:52(para) newusers.8.xml:52(para) login.defs.5.xml:52(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:52(para) chpasswd.8.xml:52(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:52(para)
+msgid ""
+"If only one of the <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> or "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> values is set, then this value will be "
+"used."
+msgstr ""
+"Si une seule des variables <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> ou "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> est configurée, alors cette valeur "
+"sera utilisée."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:57(para) newusers.8.xml:57(para) login.defs.5.xml:57(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:57(para) chpasswd.8.xml:57(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:57(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> &gt; <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option>, the highest value will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Si <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> &gt; <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option>, la valeur la plus élevée sera utilisée."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:434(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/passwd"
+msgstr "/etc/pam.d/passwd"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:436(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>passwd</command>."
+msgstr "Configuration de PAM pour <command>passwd</command>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:456(para) chage.1.xml:297(para)
+msgid "permission denied"
+msgstr "permission refusée"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:462(para)
+msgid "invalid combination of options"
+msgstr "combinaison d'options non valable"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:468(para)
+msgid "unexpected failure, nothing done"
+msgstr "échec inattendu, rien n'a été fait"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:474(para)
+msgid "unexpected failure, <filename>passwd</filename> file missing"
+msgstr "échec inattendu, le fichier <filename>passwd</filename> est manquant"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:480(para)
+msgid "<filename>passwd</filename> file busy, try again"
+msgstr ""
+"fichier <filename>passwd</filename> en cours d'utilisation, veuillez "
+"réessayer plus tard"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:444(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>passwd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>passwd</command> retourne les valeurs suivantes en "
+"quittant : <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:495(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:46(refentrytitle) nologin.8.xml:53(refname)
+#: nologin.8.xml:59(command)
+msgid "nologin"
+msgstr "nologin"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:54(refpurpose)
+msgid "politely refuse a login"
+msgstr "refuser poliment une connexion"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:65(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>nologin</command> command displays a message that an account is "
+"not available and exits non-zero. It is intended as a replacement shell "
+"field for accounts that have been disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>nologin</command> affiche un message indiquant que le "
+"compte n'est pas disponible et retourne avec un code non nul. Elle peut être "
+"placée dans le champ indiquant l'interpréteur de commandes pour les comptes "
+"qui ont été désactivés."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"To disable all logins, investigate <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"Pour désactiver toutes les connexions, veuillez consulter "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:75(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <command>SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND</command> is populated it will be logged."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:93(title)
+msgid "HISTORY"
+msgstr "HISTORIQUE"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The <command>nologin</command> command appeared in BSD 4.4."
+msgstr "La commande <command>nologin</command> est apparue avec BSD 4.4."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:73(refentrytitle) newusers.8.xml:80(refname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:86(command) login.defs.5.xml:400(term)
+msgid "newusers"
+msgstr "newusers"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:81(refpurpose)
+msgid "update and create new users in batch"
+msgstr "Mettre à jour, ou créer de nouveaux utilisateurs par lots"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:91(replaceable)
+msgid "file"
+msgstr "fichier"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>newusers</command> command reads a <replaceable>file</"
+"replaceable> (or the standard input by default) and uses this information to "
+"update a set of existing users or to create new users. Each line is in the "
+"same format as the standard password file (see "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>) with the exceptions explained below:"
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>newusers</command> lit un "
+"<replaceable>fichier<replaceable> (ou l'entrée standard par défaut) et "
+"utilise ces informations pour mettre à jour un groupe d'utilisateurs "
+"existants ou pour créer de nouveaux utilisateurs. Chaque ligne est au même "
+"format que le fichier des mots de passe (consultez "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>) avec les exceptions suivantes :"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid "pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell"
+msgstr "pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:111(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_name"
+msgstr "pw_name"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "This is the name of the user."
+msgstr "C'est le nom de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>). In case of an existing user, "
+"the user's information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created."
+msgstr ""
+"Il peut s'agir du nom d'un nouvel utilisateur ou du nom d'un utilisateur "
+"existant (ou d'un utilisateur créé précédemment par <command>newusers</"
+"command>). Dans le cas d'un utilisateur existant, les informations de "
+"l'utilisateur seront modifiées, sinon un nouvel utilisateur sera créé."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:128(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_passwd"
+msgstr "pw_passwd"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:131(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field will be encrypted and used as the new value of the encrypted "
+"password."
+msgstr ""
+"Ce champ sera chiffré et utilisé comme nouvelle valeur du mot de passe "
+"chiffré."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:139(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_uid"
+msgstr "pw_uid"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the UID of the user."
+msgstr "Ce champ est utilisé pour définir l'UID de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Si ce champ est vide, un nouvel UID (non utilisé) sera défini "
+"automatiquement par <command>newusers</command>."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "If this field contains a number, this number will be used as the UID."
+msgstr "Si ce champ contient un nombre, ce nombre sera utilisé comme UID."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:153(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>), the UID of the specified "
+"user will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Si ce champ contient le nom d'un utilisateur existant (ou le nom d'un "
+"utilisateur créé précédemment par <command>newusers</command>), l'UID de "
+"l'utilisateur indiqué sera utilisé."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the UID of an existing user is changed, the files ownership of the user's "
+"file should be fixed manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Si l'UID d'un utilisateur existant est modifié, vous devrez configurer vous-"
+"même le propriétaire des fichiers de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:167(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_gid"
+msgstr "pw_gid"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:170(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the primary group ID for the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Ce champ est utilisé pour définir l'identifiant du groupe primaire de "
+"l'utilisateur."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:173(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created "
+"before by <command>newusers</command>), the GID of this group will be used "
+"as the primary group ID for the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Si ce champ contient le nom d'un groupe existant (ou d'un groupe créé "
+"précédemment par <command>newusers</command>), le GID de ce groupe sera "
+"utilisé comme identifiant de groupe primaire pour l'utilisateur."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field is a number, this number will be used as the primary group ID "
+"of the user. If no groups exist with this GID, a new group will be created "
+"with this GID, and the name of the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Si ce champ est un nombre, ce nombre sera utilisé comme identifiant de "
+"groupe primaire de cet utilisateur. Si aucun groupe n'existe avec ce GID, un "
+"nouveau groupe sera créé avec ce GID et le nom de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:185(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the "
+"user and a GID will be automatically defined by <command>newusers</command> "
+"to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new "
+"group."
+msgstr ""
+"Si ce champ est vide, un nouveau groupe sera créé avec le nom de "
+"l'utilisateur et un GID sera automatiquement défini par <command>newusers</"
+"command> pour être utilisé comme identifiant de groupe primaire pour "
+"l'utilisateur et comme GID pour le nouveau groupe."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>), a new group will be created "
+"with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by "
+"<command>newusers</command> to be used as the primary group ID for the user "
+"and GID for the new group."
+msgstr ""
+"Si le champ contient le nom d'un groupe qui n'existe pas (et qui n'a pas été "
+"créé précédemment par <command>newusers</command>), un nouveau groupe sera "
+"créé avec le nom indiqué et un GID sera automatiquement défini par "
+"<command>newusers</command> pour être utilisé comme identifiant de groupe "
+"primaire pour l'utilisateur et comme identifiant pour le nouveau groupe."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:203(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_gecos"
+msgstr "pw_gecos"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:206(para)
+msgid "This field is copied in the GECOS field of the user."
+msgstr "Ce champ est copié dans le champ GECOS de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:213(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_dir"
+msgstr "pw_dir"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:216(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the home directory of the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Ce champ est utilisé pour définir le répertoire personnel de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field does not specify an existing directory, the specified "
+"directory is created, with ownership set to the user being created or "
+"updated and its primary group."
+msgstr ""
+"Si ce champ n'indique pas de répertoire existant, le répertoire indiqué est "
+"créé, avec comme propriétaire l'utilisateur en cours de création ou mis à "
+"jour et son groupe primaire."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the home directory of an existing user is changed, <command>newusers</"
+"command> does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new "
+"location. This should be done manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Si le répertoire personnel d'un utilisateur existant est modifié, "
+"<command>newusers</command> ne déplace ni ne copie le contenu de l'ancien "
+"répertoire personnel à la nouvelle place. Vous devrez effectuer cela vous-"
+"même."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:234(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_shell"
+msgstr "pw_shell"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:237(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field defines the shell of the user. No checks are performed on this "
+"field."
+msgstr ""
+"Ce champ définit l'interpréteur de commande de l'utilisateur. Aucune "
+"vérification n'est effectuée sur ce champ."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:245(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>newusers</command> first tries to create or change all the "
+"specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group "
+"databases. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), "
+"no changes are committed to the databases."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>newusers</command> essayera d'abord de créer ou de modifier tous "
+"les utilisateurs indiqués puis écrira ces modifications dans les bases de "
+"données d'utilisateurs et de groupes. Si une erreur survient (en dehors de "
+"l'écriture finale des bases de données), aucune modification ne sera "
+"propagée dans les bases de données."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:251(para)
+msgid ""
+"During this first pass, users are created with a locked password (and "
+"passwords are not changed for the users which are not created). A second "
+"pass is used to update the passwords using PAM. Failures to update a "
+"password are reported, but will not stop the other password updates."
+msgstr ""
+"Lors du premier passage, les utilisateurs sont créés avec un mot de passe "
+"verrouillé (les mots de passe ne sont pas modifiés pour les utilisateurs non "
+"créés). Un second passage est utilisé pour mettre à jour les mots de passe "
+"en utilisant PAM. Les échecs de mise à jour des mots de passe sont signalés, "
+"mais n'empêchent pas les mises à jour des autres mots de passe."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:259(para)
+msgid ""
+"This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many "
+"accounts are updated at a single time."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette commande a été conçue pour les gros systèmes pour lesquels un grand "
+"nombre de comptes sont mis à jour en même temps."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:267(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>newusers</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options disponibles pour la commande <command>newusers</command> sont :"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:284(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:112(term)
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:286(para) chpasswd.8.xml:141(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "Use the specified method to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr "Utiliser la méthode précisée pour chiffrer les mots de passe."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:287(para) chpasswd.8.xml:145(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"The available methods are DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 or SHA512 if your libc "
+"support these methods."
+msgstr ""
+"Les méthodes disponibles sont DES, MD5, NONE et SHA256 ou SHA512 si votre "
+"libc prend en charge ces méthodes."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"System users will be created with no aging information in <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</option> counterparts for "
+"the creation of groups)."
+msgstr ""
+"Les utilisateurs système seront créés sans information d'âge dans <filename>/"
+"etc/shadow</filename> et leurs identifiants numériques sont choisis dans "
+"l'intervalle <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>, "
+"défini dans <filename>login.defs</filename>, au lieu de <option>UID_MIN</"
+"option>-<option>UID_MAX</option> (et leur <option>GID</option> correspondant "
+"pour la création de groupes)."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:335(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:158(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:337(para) chpasswd.8.xml:204(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:160(para)
+msgid "Use the specified number of rounds to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr "Utiliser le nombre de rounds précisé pour chiffrer les mots de passe."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:340(para) chpasswd.8.xml:207(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:163(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 means that the system will choose the default number of rounds "
+"for the crypt method (5000)."
+msgstr ""
+"La valeur 0 signifie que le système choisira la valeur par défaut du nombre "
+"de rounds pour la méthode de chiffrement (5 000)."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:344(para) chpasswd.8.xml:211(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999 will be enforced."
+msgstr ""
+"Une valeur minimale de 1 000 et une valeur maximale de 999 999 999 seront "
+"imposées."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:348(para) chpasswd.8.xml:215(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:171(para)
+msgid "You can only use this option with the SHA256 or SHA512 crypt method."
+msgstr ""
+"Vous ne pouvez utiliser cette méthode qu'avec les méthodes de chiffrement "
+"SHA256 ou SHA512."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:352(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and "
+"SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Par défaut, le nombre de rounds est défini par les variables "
+"SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS et SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS dans <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:364(para)
+msgid ""
+"The input file must be protected since it contains unencrypted passwords."
+msgstr ""
+"Le fichier d'entrée doit être correctement protégé puisqu'il contient des "
+"mots de passe en clair."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:368(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should make sure the passwords and the encryption method respect the "
+"system's password policy."
+msgstr ""
+"Vous devez vous assurer que les mots de passe et la méthode de chiffrement "
+"respectent la politique de mot de passe du système."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:444(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/newusers"
+msgstr "/etc/pam.d/newusers"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:446(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr "Configuration de PAM pour <command>newusers</command>."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:466(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) newgrp.1.xml:65(refname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:71(command)
+msgid "newgrp"
+msgstr "newgrp"
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "log in to a new group"
+msgstr "se connecter avec un nouveau groupe"
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:72(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:74(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:78(replaceable) gpasswd.1.xml:88(replaceable)
+msgid "group"
+msgstr "groupe"
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:78(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>newgrp</command> command is used to change the current group ID "
+"during a login session. If the optional <option>-</option> flag is given, "
+"the user's environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged "
+"in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, "
+"remains unchanged."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>newgrp</command> permet de changer l'identifiant de "
+"groupe de l'utilisateur au cours d'une session. Si l'option <option>-</"
+"option> est fournie, l'environnement de l'utilisateur est réinitialisé, "
+"comme si l'utilisateur venait de se connecter. Sinon, l'environnement "
+"actuel, y compris le répertoire de travail actuel est conservé."
+
+# NOTE:
+#: newgrp.1.xml:86(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>newgrp</command> changes the current real group ID to the named "
+"group, or to the default group listed in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> if "
+"no group name is given. <command>newgrp</command> also tries to add the "
+"group to the user groupset. If not root, the user will be prompted for a "
+"password if she does not have a password (in <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> otherwise) and the group does, or if the "
+"user is not listed as a member and the group has a password. The user will "
+"be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed "
+"as a member."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>newgrp</command> change l'identifiant de groupe réel actuel à la "
+"valeur du groupe indiqué, ou au groupe par défaut défini dans <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> si aucun nom de groupe n'est fourni. <command>newgrp</"
+"command> essaiera également d'ajouter le groupe à l'ensemble des groupes de "
+"l'utilisateur. Si l'utilisateur n'est pas superutilisateur, un mot de passe "
+"lui sera demandé s'il n'utilise pas de mot de passe (dans <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, si cet utilisateur a une entrée dans le fichier des mots "
+"de passe cachés, ou dans <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> sinon), mais que "
+"le groupe en a un, ou si l'utilisateur n'est pas dans la liste des membres "
+"de ce groupe et que ce groupe utilise un mot de passe. L'accès sera refusé "
+"si le mot de passe du groupe est vide et que l'utilisateur ne fait pas "
+"partie de ses membres."
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"If there is an entry for this group in <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, "
+"then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from "
+"this file, otherwise, the entry in <filename>/etc/group</filename> is "
+"considered."
+msgstr ""
+"S'il y a une entrée pour ce groupe dans <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, "
+"alors la liste des membres et le mot de passe de ce groupe seront pris dans "
+"ce fichier, sinon, l'entrée du fichier <filename>/etc/group</filename> est "
+"utilisée."
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) logoutd.8.xml:64(refname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:70(command)
+msgid "logoutd"
+msgstr "logoutd"
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "enforce login time restrictions"
+msgstr "Imposer les restrictions de connexion dans le temps"
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:76(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>logoutd</command> enforces the login time and port restrictions "
+"specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</filename>. <command>logoutd</command> "
+"should be started from <filename>/etc/rc</filename>. The <filename>/var/run/"
+"utmp</filename> file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked "
+"to see if the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time. "
+"Any login session which is violating the restrictions in <filename>/etc/"
+"porttime</filename> is terminated."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>logoutd</command> impose les restrictions (sur les ports, la date "
+"et l'heure de connexion) spécifiées dans <filename>/etc/porttime</filename>. "
+"<command>logoutd</command> doit être démarré depuis <filename>/etc/rc</"
+"filename>. Il analyse le fichier <filename>/var/run/utmp</filename> "
+"régulièrement et, pour chaque utilisateur, il vérifie que ce nom "
+"d'utilisateur est autorisé à être connecté à ce port à ce moment. Toute "
+"session en violation avec les restrictions de <filename>/etc/porttime</"
+"filename> est terminée."
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:98(filename) login.1.xml:341(filename)
+msgid "/var/run/utmp"
+msgstr "/var/run/utmp"
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:100(para) login.1.xml:343(para)
+msgid "List of current login sessions."
+msgstr "Liste des sessions de connexion en cours."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:124(refentrytitle) login.defs.5.xml:131(refname)
+msgid "login.defs"
+msgstr "login.defs"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:132(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadow password suite configuration"
+msgstr "configuration de la suite des mots de passe cachés « shadow password »"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> file defines the site-specific "
+"configuration for the shadow password suite. This file is required. Absence "
+"of this file will not prevent system operation, but will probably result in "
+"undesirable operation."
+msgstr ""
+"Le fichier <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> définit la configuration de "
+"la suite shadow password (mots de passe cachés) pour le système. Ce fichier "
+"est indispensable. Son absence n'empêchera pas le système de fonctionner, "
+"mais aura probablement des conséquences indésirables."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:144(para)
+msgid ""
+"This file is a readable text file, each line of the file describing one "
+"configuration parameter. The lines consist of a configuration name and "
+"value, separated by whitespace. Blank lines and comment lines are ignored. "
+"Comments are introduced with a \"#\" pound sign and the pound sign must be "
+"the first non-white character of the line."
+msgstr ""
+"Ce fichier est un fichier texte, dont chaque ligne décrit un paramètre de "
+"configuration. Les lignes consistent en un nom et une valeur, séparés par "
+"une espace. Les lignes blanches et les lignes de commentaires sont ignorées. "
+"Les commentaires commencent par un caractère « # », qui doit être le premier "
+"caractère non blanc de la ligne."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"Parameter values may be of four types: strings, booleans, numbers, and long "
+"numbers. A string is comprised of any printable characters. A boolean should "
+"be either the value <replaceable>yes</replaceable> or <replaceable>no</"
+"replaceable>. An undefined boolean parameter or one with a value other than "
+"these will be given a <replaceable>no</replaceable> value. Numbers (both "
+"regular and long) may be either decimal values, octal values (precede the "
+"value with <replaceable>0</replaceable>) or hexadecimal values (precede the "
+"value with <replaceable>0x</replaceable>). The maximum value of the regular "
+"and long numeric parameters is machine-dependent."
+msgstr ""
+"Les valeurs des paramètres sont de quatre types : chaînes de caractères, "
+"booléens, nombres et nombres longs. Une chaîne de caractères est constituée "
+"de n'importe quels caractères imprimables. Un booléen est soit "
+"<replaceable>yes</replaceable> (oui), soit <replaceable>no</replaceable> "
+"(non). Un paramètre booléen non défini, ou défini avec une valeur autre que "
+"celles-là prendra la valeur <replaceable>no</replaceable>. Un nombre (normal "
+"ou long) peut être soit décimal, soit octal (en précédant la valeur d'un "
+"<replaceable>0</replaceable>), ou encore hexadécimal (en précédant la valeur "
+"de <replaceable>0x</replaceable>). La valeur maximale des paramètres "
+"numériques normaux ou longs dépend de la machine."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:167(para)
+msgid "The following configuration items are provided:"
+msgstr "Les paramètres de configuration suivants sont fournis :"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHFN_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>CHFN_AUTH</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chfn</command> program will "
+"require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the "
+"superuser."
+msgstr ""
+"La valeur <replaceable>yes</replaceable> indique que le programme "
+"<command>chfn</command> nécessitera une authentification avant de procéder à "
+"tout changement, à moins qu'ils ne soient exécutés par le superutilisateur."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHFN_RESTRICT</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>CHFN_RESTRICT</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"This parameter specifies which values in the <emphasis remap=\"I\">gecos</"
+"emphasis> field of the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file may be changed "
+"by regular users using the <command>chfn</command> program. It can be any "
+"combination of letters <replaceable>f</replaceable>, <replaceable>r</"
+"replaceable>, <replaceable>w</replaceable>, <replaceable>h</replaceable>, "
+"for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively. For "
+"backward compatibility, <replaceable>yes</replaceable> is equivalent to "
+"<replaceable>rwh</replaceable> and <replaceable>no</replaceable> is "
+"equivalent to <replaceable>frwh</replaceable>. If not specified, only the "
+"superuser can make any changes. The most restrictive setting is better "
+"achieved by not installing <command>chfn</command> SUID."
+msgstr ""
+"Ce paramètre précise quelles valeurs du champ <emphasis remap=\"I\">gecos</"
+"emphasis> du fichier <filename>passwd</filename> peuvent être modifiées par "
+"les utilisateurs ordinaires à l'aide du programme <command>chfn</command>. "
+"Il est constitué d'une combinaison de lettres parmi <replaceable>f</"
+"replaceable>, <replaceable>r</replaceable>, <replaceable>w</replaceable> et "
+"<replaceable>h</replaceable>, correspondant respectivement au nom complet, "
+"au numéro de bureau, au numéro de téléphone professionnel et au numéro de "
+"téléphone personnel. Pour des raisons de compatibilité avec des versions "
+"antérieures, <replaceable>yes</replaceable> est équivalent à "
+"<replaceable>rwh</replaceable> et <replaceable>no</replaceable> à "
+"<replaceable>frwh</replaceable>. S'il n'est pas précisé, seul le "
+"superutilisateur peut effectuer des modifications. Pour une configuration "
+"encore plus restrictive, il sera préférable de ne pas installer "
+"<command>chfn</command> avec l'indicateur SUID positionné."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chsh.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHSH_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>CHSH_AUTH</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chsh.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chsh</command> program will "
+"require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the "
+"superuser."
+msgstr ""
+"La valeur <replaceable>yes</replaceable> indique que le programme "
+"<command>chsh</command> nécessitera une authentification avant de procéder à "
+"tout changement, à moins qu'ils ne soient exécutés par le superutilisateur."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ERASECHAR</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>ERASECHAR</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Terminal ERASE character (<replaceable>010</replaceable> = backspace, "
+"<replaceable>0177</replaceable> = DEL)."
+msgstr ""
+"Le caractère ERASE du terminal (<replaceable>010</replaceable> = backspace, "
+"<replaceable>0177</replaceable> = DEL)."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+#: login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value can be prefixed \"0\" for an octal value, or \"0x\" for an "
+"hexadecimal value."
+msgstr ""
+"La valeur peut être préfixée par « 0 » pour une valeur octale, ou « 0x » "
+"pour une valeur hexadécimale."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAIL_DELAY</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>FAIL_DELAY</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Delay in seconds before being allowed another attempt after a login failure."
+msgstr ""
+"Le délai en secondes avant qu'un nouvel essai soit permis après un échec de "
+"connexion."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAILLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>FAILLOG_ENAB</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable logging and display of <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> login "
+"failure info."
+msgstr ""
+"Activer l'enregistrement et l'affichage des informations d'échec de "
+"connexion de <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAKE_SHELL</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>FAKE_SHELL</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, <command>login</command> will execute this shell instead of the "
+"users' shell specified in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Si définie, <command>login</command> exécutera cet interpréteur de commandes "
+"au lieu de l'interpréteur de l'utilisateur spécifié dans <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename>."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FTMP_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>FTMP_FILE</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, login failures will be logged in this file in a utmp format."
+msgstr ""
+"Si définie, les échecs de connexion seront enregistrés dans le fichier sous "
+"le format utmp"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>HUSHLOGIN_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>HUSHLOGIN_FILE</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, this file can inhibit all the usual chatter during the login "
+"sequence. If a full pathname is specified, then hushed mode will be enabled "
+"if the user's name or shell are found in the file. If not a full pathname, "
+"then hushed mode will be enabled if the file exists in the user's home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Si définie, le fichier peut désactiver tous les affichages habituels durant "
+"la séquence de connexion. Si un nom de chemin complet est spécifié, alors le "
+"mode taiseux sera activé si le nom ou l'interpréteur de commandes de "
+"l'utilisateur sont trouvés dans le fichier. Si ce n'est pas un nom de chemin "
+"complet, alors le mode taiseux sera activé si le fichier existe dans le "
+"répertoire personnel de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ISSUE_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ISSUE_FILE</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, this file will be displayed before each login prompt."
+msgstr "Si définie, le fichier sera affiché avant chaque invite de connexion."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>KILLCHAR</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>KILLCHAR</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Terminal KILL character (<replaceable>025</replaceable> = CTRL/U)."
+msgstr ""
+"Le caractère KILL du terminal (<replaceable>025</replaceable> = CTRL/U)."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LASTLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>LASTLOG_ENAB</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging and display of /var/log/lastlog login time info."
+msgstr ""
+"Activer la journalisation et l'affichage des informations de dernière "
+"connexion de /var/log/lastlog."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOG_OK_LOGINS</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>LOG_OK_LOGINS</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging of successful logins."
+msgstr "Activer la journalisation des connexions réussies."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable display of unknown usernames when login failures are recorded."
+msgstr ""
+"Activer l'affichage des noms d'utilisateurs inconnus quand les échecs de "
+"connexions sont enregistrés."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: logging unknown usernames may be a security issue if an user enter her "
+"password instead of her login name."
+msgstr ""
+"Remarque : la journalisation des noms d'utilisateurs inconnus peut être un "
+"problème de sécurité si un utilisateur entre son mot de passe au lieu de son "
+"nom d'utilisateur."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_RETRIES</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>LOGIN_RETRIES</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Maximum number of login retries in case of bad password."
+msgstr ""
+"Le nombre maximum de tentatives de connexion en cas de mauvais mot de passe."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"This will most likely be overridden by PAM, since the default pam_unix "
+"module has its own built in of 3 retries. However, this is a safe fallback "
+"in case you are using an authentication module that does not enforce "
+"PAM_MAXTRIES."
+msgstr ""
+"Ce sera probablement écrasé par PAM, puisque le module pam_unix est réglé en "
+"dur pour n'effectuer que 3 tentatives. Toutefois, il s'agit d'une solution "
+"de repli au cas où vous utilisez un module d'authentification qui ne fait "
+"pas appliquer PAM_MAXTRIES."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_TIMEOUT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>LOGIN_TIMEOUT</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Max time in seconds for login."
+msgstr "Le temps maximum en secondes pour la connexion."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MOTD_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>MOTD_FILE</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, \":\" delimited list of \"message of the day\" files to be "
+"displayed upon login."
+msgstr ""
+"Si définie, liste délimitée par des « : » de fichiers de « message du jour » "
+"à afficher lors de la connexion."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>NOLOGINS_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>NOLOGINS_FILE</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, name of file whose presence will inhibit non-root logins. The "
+"contents of this file should be a message indicating why logins are "
+"inhibited."
+msgstr ""
+"Si définie, nom de fichier dont la présence empêchera les connexions de "
+"quelqu'un d'autre que le superutilisateur. Le contenu de ces fichiers doit "
+"être un message indiquant pourquoi les connexions sont désactivées."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:212(para)
+msgid ""
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option>, <option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> and "
+"<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> are only used at the time of account "
+"creation. Any changes to these settings won't affect existing accounts."
+msgstr ""
+"Les paramètres <option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option>, <option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</"
+"option> et <option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> ne sont utilisés qu'au moment de "
+"la création d'un compte. Les changements n'affecteront pas les comptes "
+"existants."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (booléen)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable checking of time restrictions specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Activer la vérification des restrictions de temps précisées dans <filename>/"
+"etc/porttime</filename>."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYGROUP</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>TTYGROUP</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:33(term) login.1.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYPERM</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>TTYPERM</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:35(para) login.1.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the "
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> group, and the permissions will be set to "
+"<option>TTYPERM</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Les permissions de terminal : la connexion tty appartiendra au groupe "
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> et les permissions seront configurées à "
+"<option>TTYPERM</option>."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:40(para) login.1.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user's primary group "
+"and the permissions are set to <replaceable>0600</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Par défaut, le propriétaire du terminal est configuré au groupe primaire de "
+"l'utilisateur et les permissions sont configurées à <replaceable>0600</"
+"replaceable>."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:45(para) login.1.xml:45(para)
+msgid ""
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> can be either the name of a group or a numeric "
+"group identifier."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> peut être le nom d'un groupe ou un identifiant "
+"numérique de groupe."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:49(para) login.1.xml:49(para)
+msgid ""
+"If you have a <command>write</command> program which is \"setgid\" to a "
+"special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number "
+"and TTYPERM to 0620. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign "
+"TTYPERM to either 622 or 600."
+msgstr ""
+"Si vous avez un programme <command>write</command> qui est « setgid » à un "
+"groupe spécial auquel les terminaux appartiennent, définissez TTYGROUP comme "
+"l'identifiant numérique du groupe et TTYPERM à 0620. Autrement laissez "
+"TTYGROUP décommenté et TTYPERM configuré soit à 622 soit à 600."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYTYPE_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>TTYTYPE_FILE</option> (chaîne de caractères)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, file which maps tty line to TERM environment parameter. Each "
+"line of the file is in a format something like \"vt100 tty01\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Si définie, fichier qui lie les lignes de tty à la variable d'environnement "
+"TERM. Chaque ligne du fichier est dans un format ressemblant à « vt100 "
+"tty01 »."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ULIMIT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>ULIMIT</option> (nombre)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Default <command>ulimit</command> value."
+msgstr "Valeur par défaut d'<command>ulimit</command>."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:245(title)
+msgid "CROSS REFERENCES"
+msgstr "RÉFÉRENCES CROISÉES"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:246(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following cross references show which programs in the shadow password "
+"suite use which parameters."
+msgstr ""
+"Les références croisées ci-dessous montrent quels sont les paramètres "
+"utilisés par les différents programmes de la suite shadow password."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:253(term) chage.1.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: chage.1.xml:65(refname) chage.1.xml:70(command)
+msgid "chage"
+msgstr "chage"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:255(para) login.defs.5.xml:451(phrase)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:523(phrase)
+msgid "USE_TCB"
+msgstr "USE_TCB"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:259(term) chfn.1.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: chfn.1.xml:67(refname) chfn.1.xml:73(command)
+msgid "chfn"
+msgstr "chfn"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CHFN_AUTH</phrase> CHFN_RESTRICT <phrase "
+"condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CHFN_AUTH</phrase> CHFN_RESTRICT <phrase "
+"condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:269(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:64(refname) chgpasswd.8.xml:70(command)
+msgid "chgpasswd"
+msgstr "chgpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:271(para) login.defs.5.xml:302(para)
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:279(term) chpasswd.8.xml:61(refentrytitle)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:68(refname) chpasswd.8.xml:74(command)
+msgid "chpasswd"
+msgstr "chpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:282(phrase)
+msgid "ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB"
+msgstr "ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:284(phrase)
+msgid "SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS"
+msgstr "SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:290(term) chsh.1.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: chsh.1.xml:67(refname) chsh.1.xml:73(command)
+msgid "chsh"
+msgstr "chsh"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:292(para)
+msgid "CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING"
+msgstr "CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:300(term) gpasswd.1.xml:62(refentrytitle)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:69(refname) gpasswd.1.xml:83(command)
+msgid "gpasswd"
+msgstr "gpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:310(term) groupadd.8.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:67(refname) groupadd.8.xml:73(command)
+msgid "groupadd"
+msgstr "groupadd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:312(para)
+msgid "GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN"
+msgstr "GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:319(term) groupdel.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:65(refname) groupdel.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "groupdel"
+msgstr "groupdel"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:321(para) login.defs.5.xml:327(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:333(para) login.defs.5.xml:340(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:346(para) login.defs.5.xml:352(para)
+msgid "MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP"
+msgstr "MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:325(term) groupmems.8.xml:61(refentrytitle)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:68(refname) groupmems.8.xml:74(command)
+msgid "groupmems"
+msgstr "groupmems"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:331(term) groupmod.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:65(refname) groupmod.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "groupmod"
+msgstr "groupmod"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:338(term) grpck.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: grpck.8.xml:65(refname) grpck.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "grpck"
+msgstr "grpck"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:357(term) lastlog.8.xml:59(refentrytitle)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:66(refname) lastlog.8.xml:72(command)
+msgid "lastlog"
+msgstr "lastlog"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:359(para)
+msgid "LASTLOG_UID_MAX"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:363(term) login.1.xml:90(refentrytitle)
+#: login.1.xml:97(refname) login.1.xml:103(command) login.1.xml:111(command)
+#: login.1.xml:118(command)
+msgid "login"
+msgstr "login"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:365(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+#| "<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ "
+#| "ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">FAILLOG_ENAB</phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">LASTLOG_ENAB</phrase> LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB "
+#| "<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE "
+#| "NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> TTYGROUP TTYPERM "
+#| "TTYTYPE_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</phrase> "
+#| "USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE</"
+"phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FAILLOG_ENAB</"
+"phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> "
+"HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LASTLOG_ENAB LASTLOG_UID_MAX</phrase> "
+"LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> "
+"LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE "
+"PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</phrase> USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+msgstr ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE</"
+"phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FAILLOG_ENAB</"
+"phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> "
+"HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LASTLOG_ENAB</phrase> LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase "
+"condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS "
+"LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR "
+"MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> "
+"TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</"
+"phrase> USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:392(term)
+msgid "newgrp / sg"
+msgstr "newgrp / sg"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:394(para)
+msgid "SYSLOG_SG_ENAB"
+msgstr "SYSLOG_SG_ENAB"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:402(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB "
+#| "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+#| "\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> SUB_GID_COUNT "
+#| "SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX "
+#| "SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB "
+"HOME_MODE PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> "
+"SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN "
+"SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+msgstr ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB "
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> SUB_GID_COUNT "
+"SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX "
+"SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:421(para)
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN "
+"PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN "
+"PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:432(para)
+msgid ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:441(para)
+msgid ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb\">USE_TCB</"
+"phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb\">USE_TCB</"
+"phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:458(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ENV_PATH "
+"ENV_SUPATH <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB "
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> SULOG_FILE SU_NAME <phrase condition="
+"\"no_pam\">SU_WHEEL_ONLY</phrase> SYSLOG_SU_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">USERGROUPS_ENAB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ENV_PATH "
+"ENV_SUPATH <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB "
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> SULOG_FILE SU_NAME <phrase condition="
+"\"no_pam\">SU_WHEEL_ONLY</phrase> SYSLOG_SU_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">USERGROUPS_ENAB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:473(term)
+msgid "sulogin"
+msgstr "sulogin"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:475(para)
+msgid "ENV_HZ <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ</phrase>"
+msgstr "ENV_HZ <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:484(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS "
+#| "PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN "
+#| "SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX "
+#| "SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+#| "\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgid ""
+"CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN HOME_MODE LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR "
+"MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE "
+"SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN "
+"SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK "
+"<phrase condition=\"tcb\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS "
+"PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN "
+"SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX "
+"SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK <phrase condition=\"tcb\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP "
+"TCB_SYMLINK USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:502(para)
+msgid ""
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB <phrase "
+"condition=\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB <phrase "
+"condition=\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:512(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+#| "\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgid ""
+"LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition="
+"\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:532(para)
+msgid ""
+"Much of the functionality that used to be provided by the shadow password "
+"suite is now handled by PAM. Thus, <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> is "
+"no longer used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, or less used by "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Please refer to the "
+"corresponding PAM configuration files instead."
+msgstr ""
+"La plupart des fonctionnalités qui étaient fournies par les mots de passe "
+"cachés (« shadow password ») sont désormais gérées par PAM. De ce fait, "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> n'est plus utilisé par "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> et moins utilisé par <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> et "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>. Veuillez plutôt vous référer aux fichiers de configuration de "
+"PAM correspondant."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:548(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:58(refentrytitle) login.access.5.xml:65(refname)
+msgid "login.access"
+msgstr "login.access"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "login access control table"
+msgstr "table de contrôle des connexions"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:71(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> file specifies (user, "
+"host) combinations and/or (user, tty) combinations for which a login will be "
+"either accepted or refused."
+msgstr ""
+"Le fichier <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> permet de spécifier "
+"des paires (utilisateur, hôte) et/ou (utilisateur, tty) pour lesquelles "
+"toute connexion sera soit acceptée soit refusée."
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:77(para)
+msgid ""
+"When someone logs in, the <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> is "
+"scanned for the first entry that matches the (user, host) combination, or, "
+"in case of non-networked logins, the first entry that matches the (user, "
+"tty) combination. The permissions field of that table entry determines "
+"whether the login will be accepted or refused."
+msgstr ""
+"Lorsqu'un utilisateur se connecte, le fichier <emphasis remap=\"I\">login."
+"access</emphasis> est lu jusqu'à la première entrée correspondant à la paire "
+"(utilisateur, hôte) ou, dans le cas d'une connexion ne passant pas par le "
+"réseau, à la première entrée correspondant au couple (utilisateur, tty). Le "
+"champ des permissions de la table pour cette entrée détermine alors si la "
+"connexion doit être acceptée ou refusée."
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each line of the login access control table has three fields separated by a "
+"\":\" character:"
+msgstr ""
+"Chaque ligne de la table de contrôle des connexions (« login access control "
+"table ») est composée de trois champs séparés par le caractère « : » :"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">permission</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">users</"
+"emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">origins</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">permission</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">utilisateurs</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">origines</emphasis>"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:94(para)
+msgid ""
+"The first field should be a \"<emphasis>+</emphasis>\" (access granted) or "
+"\"<emphasis>-</emphasis>\" (access denied) character. The second field "
+"should be a list of one or more login names, group names, or <emphasis>ALL</"
+"emphasis> (always matches). The third field should be a list of one or more "
+"tty names (for non-networked logins), host names, domain names (begin with "
+"\"<literal>.</literal>\"), host addresses, internet network numbers (end "
+"with \"<literal>.</literal>\"), <emphasis>ALL</emphasis> (always matches) or "
+"<emphasis>LOCAL</emphasis> (matches any string that does not contain a "
+"\"<literal>.</literal>\" character). If you run NIS you can use "
+"@netgroupname in host or user patterns."
+msgstr ""
+"Le premier champ est soit un « <emphasis>+</emphasis> » (accès autorisé), "
+"soit un « <emphasis>-</emphasis> » (accès refusé). Le second champ est une "
+"liste d'un ou plusieurs noms d'utilisateurs ou de groupes, ou <emphasis>ALL</"
+"emphasis> (correspond à tous les utilisateurs). Le troisième champ est une "
+"liste d'un ou plusieurs noms de tty (pour les connexions hors réseau), noms "
+"d'hôtes, noms de domaines (commençant par un « <literal>.</literal> »), "
+"adresses d'hôte, adresses de sous-réseau (terminant par un « <literal>.</"
+"literal> »), <emphasis>ALL</emphasis> (pour spécifier n'importe quelle "
+"connexion), ou <emphasis>LOCAL</emphasis> (correspond à n'importe quelle "
+"chaîne ne contenant pas de « <literal>.</literal> »). Si vous utilisez NIS, "
+"vous pouvez utiliser @nomdegroupe pour les motifs d'utilisateur et d'hôte."
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>EXCEPT</emphasis> operator makes it possible to write very "
+"compact rules."
+msgstr ""
+"L'opérateur <emphasis>EXCEPT</emphasis> permet d'écrire des règles très "
+"compactes."
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group file is searched only when a name does not match that of the "
+"logged-in user. Only groups are matched in which users are explicitly "
+"listed: the program does not look at a user's primary group id value."
+msgstr ""
+"Le fichier d'informations sur les groupes (/etc/group) n'est utilisé que "
+"lorsqu'un nom ne correspond à aucun des utilisateurs connectés. Seuls les "
+"groupes pour lesquels la liste des utilisateurs est spécifiée sont "
+"utilisés : le programme ne recherche pas parmi les groupes primaires des "
+"utilisateurs."
+
+#: login.1.xml:98(refpurpose)
+msgid "begin session on the system"
+msgstr "Démarrer une session sur le système"
+
+#: login.1.xml:104(arg) login.1.xml:112(arg) login.1.xml:119(arg)
+#: login.1.xml:236(option) groupmems.8.xml:79(arg)
+msgid "-p"
+msgstr "-p"
+
+#: login.1.xml:105(replaceable) login.1.xml:113(replaceable)
+#: login.1.xml:120(replaceable)
+msgid "host"
+msgstr "hôte"
+
+#: login.1.xml:105(arg) login.1.xml:113(arg)
+msgid "-h <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-h <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: login.1.xml:108(replaceable)
+msgid "ENV=VAR"
+msgstr "ENV=VAR"
+
+#: login.1.xml:114(arg) login.1.xml:214(option)
+msgid "-f"
+msgstr "-f"
+
+#: login.1.xml:120(arg)
+msgid "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: login.1.xml:126(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>login</command> program is used to establish a new session with "
+"the system. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">login:</emphasis> prompt on the user's terminal. "
+"<command>login</command> may be special to the shell and may not be invoked "
+"as a sub-process. When called from a shell, <command>login</command> should "
+"be executed as <emphasis remap=\"B\">exec login</emphasis> which will cause "
+"the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new "
+"logged in user to return to the session of the caller). Attempting to "
+"execute <command>login</command> from any shell but the login shell will "
+"produce an error message."
+msgstr ""
+"Le programme <command>login</command> permet d'établir une nouvelle session "
+"sur le système. Il est généralement invoqué après avoir répondu à l'invite "
+"de connexion <emphasis remap=\"I\">login:</emphasis> sur le terminal de "
+"l'utilisateur. <command>login</command> peut être spécifique à "
+"l'interpréteur de commandes et ne devrait pas être invoqué comme un sous-"
+"processus. Lorsqu'il est appelé depuis un interpréteur de commande, "
+"<command>login</command> doit être exécuté comme <emphasis remap=\"B\">>exec "
+"login</emphasis>, ce qui entraîne la sortie de l'interpréteur de commandes "
+"en cours (et ainsi empêche le nouvel utilisateur connecté de retourner à la "
+"session de l'appelant). L'exécution de <command>login</command> depuis un "
+"interpréteur de commandes autre qu'un interpréteur de commandes initial "
+"(« login shell ») produira un message d'erreur."
+
+#: login.1.xml:140(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate. Echoing is "
+"disabled to prevent revealing the password. Only a small number of password "
+"failures are permitted before <command>login</command> exits and the "
+"communications link is severed."
+msgstr ""
+"Un mot de passe est ensuite demandé à l'utilisateur. L'affichage du mot de "
+"passe est désactivé pour éviter de révéler le mot de passe. Seul un petit "
+"nombre d'échecs est permis avant que <command>login</command> ne quitte et "
+"que la liaison ne soit interrompue."
+
+#: login.1.xml:147(para)
+msgid ""
+"If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for "
+"a new password before proceeding. You will be forced to provide your old "
+"password and the new password before continuing. Please refer to "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> for more information."
+msgstr ""
+"Si une date de fin de validité du mot de passe a été définie pour ce compte, "
+"un nouveau mot de passe pourra vous être demandé. Votre ancien mot de passe "
+"et votre nouveau mot de passe vous seront alors demandés avant de pouvoir "
+"continuer. Veuillez lire la page de manuel "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> pour plus d'informations."
+
+#: login.1.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and "
+"the presence of mail. You may turn off the printing of the system message "
+"file, <filename>/etc/motd</filename>, by creating a zero-length file "
+"<filename>.hushlogin</filename> in your login directory. The mail message "
+"will be one of \"<emphasis>You have new mail.</emphasis>\", \"<emphasis>You "
+"have mail.</emphasis>\", or \"<emphasis>No Mail.</emphasis>\" according to "
+"the condition of your mailbox."
+msgstr ""
+"Après une connexion réussie, vous serez informé des messages du système et "
+"de la présence de courrier. Vous pouvez désactiver l'affichage du message du "
+"système (<filename>/etc/motd</filename>), en créant un fichier vide "
+"<filename>.hushlogin</filename> dans le répertoire de votre compte. Le "
+"message concernant les courriers sera « <emphasis>You have new mail.</"
+"emphasis> », « <emphasis>You have mail.</emphasis> », ou « <emphasis>No Mail."
+"</emphasis> » suivant l'état de votre boîte aux lettres."
+
+#: login.1.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file. The value for <envar>$HOME</envar>, "
+"<envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, <envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, and "
+"<envar>$MAIL</envar> are set according to the appropriate fields in the "
+"password entry. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to "
+"entries in the GECOS field."
+msgstr ""
+"Vos identifiants d'utilisateur et de groupe seront définis en fonction des "
+"valeurs spécifiées dans le fichier <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>. Les "
+"valeurs des variables d'environnement <emphasis>$HOME</emphasis>, <emphasis>"
+"$SHELL</emphasis>, <emphasis>$PATH</emphasis>, <emphasis>$LOGNAME</"
+"emphasis>, et <emphasis>$MAIL</emphasis> seront définies en fonction des "
+"champs appropriés de l'entrée qui vous correspond. Les valeurs d'ulimit, "
+"d'umask et de nice pourront également être affectées en fonction des entrées "
+"du champ GECOS."
+
+#: login.1.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"On some installations, the environmental variable <envar>$TERM</envar> will "
+"be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in "
+"<filename>/etc/ttytype</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Sur certains systèmes, la variable d'environnement <emphasis>$TERM</"
+"emphasis> sera initialisée au type de terminal de votre tty, comme spécifié "
+"dans <filename>/etc/ttytype</filename>."
+
+#: login.1.xml:182(para)
+msgid ""
+"An initialization script for your command interpreter may also be executed. "
+"Please see the appropriate manual section for more information on this "
+"function."
+msgstr ""
+"Un script d'initialisation pour votre interpréteur de commandes pourra "
+"également être exécuté. Veuillez vous référer à la section de manuel "
+"appropriée pour plus d'informations sur cette fonctionnalité."
+
+#: login.1.xml:194(para) login.1.xml:270(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>login</command> program is NOT responsible for removing users "
+"from the utmp file. It is the responsibility of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to clean up apparent "
+"ownership of a terminal session. If you use <command>login</command> from "
+"the shell prompt without <command>exec</command>, the user you use will "
+"continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the \"subsession"
+"\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Le programme <command>login</command> n'est PAS responsable de la "
+"suppression d'utilisateurs dans le fichier utmp. Les responsables du "
+"nettoyage de l'appartenance des sessions de terminal sont "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> et <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Si vous utilisez "
+"<command>login</command> depuis un interpréteur de commandes sans "
+"<command>exec</command>, l'utilisateur que vous utilisez continuera à "
+"apparaître comme étant connecté même après s'être déconnecté de cette « sous-"
+"session »."
+
+#: login.1.xml:217(para)
+msgid "Do not perform authentication, user is preauthenticated."
+msgstr "Ne pas réaliser d'authentification. L'utilisateur est pré-authentifié."
+
+#: login.1.xml:220(para)
+msgid "Note: In that case, <replaceable>username</replaceable> is mandatory."
+msgstr ""
+"Remarque : Dans ce cas, <replaceable>username</replaceable> est nécessaire."
+
+#: login.1.xml:228(option)
+msgid "-h"
+msgstr "-h"
+
+#: login.1.xml:231(para)
+msgid "Name of the remote host for this login."
+msgstr "Nom de l'hôte distant pour cette connexion."
+
+#: login.1.xml:239(para)
+msgid "Preserve environment."
+msgstr "Préserver l'environnement."
+
+#: login.1.xml:244(option)
+msgid "-r"
+msgstr "-r"
+
+#: login.1.xml:247(para)
+msgid "Perform autologin protocol for rlogin."
+msgstr ""
+"Exécuter le protocole de connexion automatique (autologin) pour rlogin."
+
+#: login.1.xml:252(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> and <option>-f</option> options "
+"are only used when <command>login</command> is invoked by root."
+msgstr ""
+"Les options <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> et <option>-f</option> "
+"ne peuvent être utilisées que par root."
+
+#: login.1.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"This version of <command>login</command> has many compilation options, only "
+"some of which may be in use at any particular site."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette version de <command>login</command> comporte de nombreuses options de "
+"compilation. Seules certaines d'entre elles peuvent avoir été activées sur "
+"votre site."
+
+#: login.1.xml:266(para)
+msgid ""
+"The location of files is subject to differences in system configuration."
+msgstr ""
+"L'emplacement des fichiers peut varier suivant la configuration du système."
+
+#: login.1.xml:282(para)
+msgid ""
+"As with any program, <command>login</command>'s appearance can be faked. If "
+"non-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use "
+"this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the "
+"machine. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a "
+"trusted path and prevent this kind of attack."
+msgstr ""
+"Comme pour n'importe quel programme, l'apparence de <command>login</command> "
+"peut être imitée. Si des utilisateurs non sûrs ont un accès physique à la "
+"machine, un attaquant pourrait utiliser cet accès pour obtenir le mot de "
+"passe de la personne qui s'assiérait ensuite face à l'écran. Sous Linux, le "
+"mécanisme SAK peut être utilisé par les utilisateurs pour initier un chemin "
+"de confiance et prévenir ce genre d'attaques."
+
+#: login.1.xml:347(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/wtmp"
+msgstr "/var/log/wtmp"
+
+#: login.1.xml:349(para)
+msgid "List of previous login sessions."
+msgstr "Liste des sessions de connexion précédentes."
+
+#: login.1.xml:365(filename)
+msgid "/etc/motd"
+msgstr "/etc/motd"
+
+#: login.1.xml:367(para)
+msgid "System message of the day file."
+msgstr "Fichier contenant le message du système."
+
+#: login.1.xml:371(filename)
+msgid "/etc/nologin"
+msgstr "/etc/nologin"
+
+#: login.1.xml:373(para)
+msgid "Prevent non-root users from logging in."
+msgstr "Empêcher les utilisateurs non-root de se connecter."
+
+#: login.1.xml:377(filename)
+msgid "/etc/ttytype"
+msgstr "/etc/ttytype"
+
+#: login.1.xml:379(para)
+msgid "List of terminal types."
+msgstr "Liste des types de terminaux."
+
+#: login.1.xml:383(filename)
+msgid "$HOME/.hushlogin"
+msgstr "$HOME/.hushlogin"
+
+#: login.1.xml:385(para)
+msgid "Suppress printing of system messages."
+msgstr "Supprimer l'affichage des messages du système."
+
+#: login.1.xml:399(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:41(firstname)
+msgid "Luca"
+msgstr "Luca"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:42(surname)
+msgid "Berra"
+msgstr "Berra"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:59(refentrytitle) limits.5.xml:66(refname)
+msgid "limits"
+msgstr "limits"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:67(refpurpose)
+msgid "resource limits definition"
+msgstr "définition des limites de ressources"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:73(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis remap=\"I\">limits</emphasis> file (<filename>/etc/limits</"
+"filename> by default or LIMITS_FILE defined <filename>config.h</filename>) "
+"describes the resource limits you wish to impose. It should be owned by root "
+"and readable by root account only."
+msgstr ""
+"Le fichier <emphasis remap=\"I\">limits</emphasis> (<filename>/etc/limits</"
+"filename> par défaut ou LIMITS_FILE définit dans <filename>config.h</"
+"filename>) décrit les limites de ressource que vous voulez imposer. Il doit "
+"être possédé et ne doit être lisible que par le compte root."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default no quota is imposed on 'root'. In fact, there is no way to impose "
+"limits via this procedure to root-equiv accounts (accounts with UID 0)."
+msgstr ""
+"Par défaut, aucun quota (aucune limite) n'est imposé à « root ». En fait, il "
+"n'est pas possible d'imposer de cette façon de limite aux comptes root ou "
+"équivalents (comptes ayant un UID de 0)."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "Each line describes a limit for a user in the form:"
+msgstr ""
+"Chaque ligne décrit une limite pour un utilisateur, elle est de la forme "
+"suivante :"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:90(emphasis)
+msgid "user LIMITS_STRING"
+msgstr "utilisateur LISTE_DE_LIMITES"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:93(para)
+msgid "or in the form:"
+msgstr "ou sous la forme :"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:96(emphasis)
+msgid "@group LIMITS_STRING"
+msgstr "@groupe LISTE_DE_LIMITES"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis> is a string of a concatenated list of "
+"resource limits. Each limit consists of a letter identifier followed by a "
+"numerical limit."
+msgstr ""
+"Où <emphasis>LISTE_DE_LIMITES</emphasis> est une chaîne construite par la "
+"concaténation d'une liste de limites de ressource. Chaque limite consiste en "
+"une lettre (identifiant le type de limite) et une valeur numérique."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:105(para)
+msgid "The valid identifiers are:"
+msgstr "Les identifiants possibles sont :"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:108(para)
+msgid "A: max address space (KB)"
+msgstr "A : espace d'adressage maximal (en kilo octets)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:109(para)
+msgid "C: max core file size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+"C : taille maximale d'un fichier image de la mémoire (« core », en kilo "
+"octets)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:110(para)
+msgid "D: max data size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+"D : taille maximale du segment de données d'un programme (en kilo octets)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:111(para)
+msgid "F: maximum file size (KB)"
+msgstr "F : taille maximale des fichiers (en kilo octets)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:112(para)
+msgid ""
+"K: file creation mask, set by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"K : masque de création de fichier, défini par "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:117(para)
+msgid "I: max nice value (0..39 which translates to 20..-19)"
+msgstr "I : valeur nice maximum (0..39 qui sera traduit en 20..-19)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:119(para)
+msgid "L: max number of logins for this user"
+msgstr "L : nombre maximal de connexions simultanées pour cet utilisateur"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:120(para)
+msgid "M: max locked-in-memory address space (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+"M : taille  maximale de mémoire verrouillée (« locked-in-memory », en kilo "
+"octets)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:121(para)
+msgid "N: max number of open files"
+msgstr "N : nombre maximal de fichiers ouverts"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:122(para)
+msgid "O: max real time priority"
+msgstr "O : priorité temps réel maximale"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:123(para)
+msgid ""
+"P: process priority, set by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"P : priorité des processus, défini par "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:128(para)
+msgid "R: max resident set size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+"R : taille maximale de la mémoire résidente (« resident set size », en kilo "
+"octets)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:129(para)
+msgid "S: max stack size (KB)"
+msgstr "S : taille maximale de la pile (en kilo octets)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid "T: max CPU time (MIN)"
+msgstr "T : temps processeur maximal consommé (en minutes)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:131(para)
+msgid "U: max number of processes"
+msgstr "U : nombre maximal de processus"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"For example, <emphasis remap=\"I\">L2D2048N5</emphasis> is a valid "
+"<emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis>. For reading convenience, the following "
+"entries are equivalent:"
+msgstr ""
+"Par exemple, <emphasis remap=\"I\">L2D2048N5</emphasis> est une chaîne "
+"<emphasis>LISTE_DE_LIMITES</emphasis> valable. Pour faciliter la lecture, "
+"les entrées suivantes sont équivalentes :"
+
+# NOTE: elle va pas cette chaîne
+#: limits.5.xml:140(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      username L2D2048N5\n"
+"      username L2 D2048 N5\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      utilisateur L2D2048N5\n"
+"      utilisateur L2 D2048 N5\n"
+"    "
+
+#: limits.5.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"Be aware that after <emphasis remap=\"I\">username</emphasis> the rest of "
+"the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed. An "
+"invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the "
+"<command>login</command> program."
+msgstr ""
+"Attention : tout ce qui suit <emphasis remap=\"I\">utilisateur</emphasis> "
+"est considéré comme une limite de chaîne. Les commentaires ne sont pas "
+"autorisés. Une chaîne de limites non valable sera rejetée (non utilisée) par "
+"le programme <command>login</command>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default entry is denoted by username \"<emphasis>*</emphasis>\". If you "
+"have multiple <emphasis remap=\"I\">default</emphasis> entries in your "
+"<emphasis>LIMITS_FILE</emphasis>, then the last one will be used as the "
+"default entry."
+msgstr ""
+"L'entrée par défaut est représentée par un utilisateur dénommé "
+"« <emphasis>*</emphasis> ». Si plusieurs entrées par défaut sont présentes "
+"dans le fichier de limites, alors seule la dernière sera prise en compte."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"The limits specified in the form \"<replaceable>@group</replaceable>\" apply "
+"to the members of the specified <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Les limites précisées sous la forme « <replaceable>@groupe</replaceable> » "
+"s'appliquent aux membres du <replaceable>groupe</replaceable> précisé."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:165(para)
+msgid ""
+"If more than one line with limits for a user exist, only the first line for "
+"this user will be considered."
+msgstr ""
+"Si plusieurs lignes avec des limites pour un utilisateur existent, seule la "
+"première ligne pour cet utilisateur sera prise en compte."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:170(para)
+msgid ""
+"If no lines are specified for a user, the last <replaceable>@group</"
+"replaceable> line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be "
+"considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the "
+"user."
+msgstr ""
+"Si aucune ligne n'est précisée pour l'utilisateur, la dernière ligne "
+"<replaceable>@group</replaceable> correspondant à un groupe auquel "
+"l'utilisateur appartient sera prise en compte, ou la dernière ligne avec les "
+"limites par défaut si aucun groupe ne contient l'utilisateur."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:177(para)
+msgid ""
+"To completely disable limits for a user, a single dash \"<emphasis>-</"
+"emphasis>\" will do."
+msgstr ""
+"Un simple tiret « <emphasis>-</emphasis> » sera suffisant pour désactiver "
+"toute limite à un utilisateur, "
+
+#: limits.5.xml:182(para)
+msgid ""
+"To disable a limit for a user, a single dash \"<replaceable>-</replaceable>"
+"\" can be used instead of the numerical value for this limit."
+msgstr ""
+"Afin de désactiver une limite pour un utilisateur, un simple tiret "
+"« <replaceable>-</replaceable> » peut être utilisé au lieu d'une valeur "
+"numérique pour cette limite."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"Also, please note that all limit settings are set PER LOGIN. They are not "
+"global, nor are they permanent. Perhaps global limits will come, but for now "
+"this will have to do ;)"
+msgstr ""
+"Notez également que les limites ne sont configurées que PAR CONNEXION. Il "
+"n'y a pas de limite globale ou permanente. Des limites globales pourraient "
+"voir le jour, mais pour l'instant, il faut faire sans."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:199(filename)
+msgid "/etc/limits"
+msgstr "/etc/limits"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:67(refpurpose)
+msgid "reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user"
+msgstr ""
+"signaler les connexions les plus récentes de tous les utilisateurs ou d'un "
+"utilisateur donné"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>lastlog</command> formats and prints the contents of the last login "
+"log <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file. The <emphasis>login-name</"
+"emphasis>, <emphasis>port</emphasis>, and <emphasis>last login time</"
+"emphasis> will be printed. The default (no flags) causes lastlog entries to "
+"be printed, sorted by their order in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>lastlog</command> affiche le contenu du journal des dernières "
+"connexions (<filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename>). Les champs "
+"<emphasis>Utilisateur</emphasis>, <emphasis>Port</emphasis>, date de "
+"<emphasis>Dernière</emphasis> connexion sont affichés. Par défaut (aucune "
+"option de spécifiée), les entrées de lastlog sont affichées triées par ordre "
+"d'apparition dans <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:93(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>lastlog</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options disponibles pour la commande <command>lastlog</command> sont :"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:98(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>JOURS</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:102(para)
+msgid ""
+"Print only lastlog records older than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"N'afficher que les entrées du fichier lastlog plus anciennes que <emphasis "
+"remap=\"I\">JOURS</emphasis>."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:108(term)
+msgid "<option>-C</option>, <option>--clear</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-C</option>, <option>--clear</option>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:112(para)
+msgid ""
+"Clear lastlog record of a user. This option can be used only together with "
+"<option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>))."
+msgstr ""
+"Vide l'enregistrement laslog d'un utilisateur. Vous ne pouvez utiliser cette "
+"option qu'en association avec les options <option>-u</option> (<option>--"
+"user</option>)."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:139(term)
+msgid "<option>-S</option>, <option>--set</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-S</option>, <option>--set</option>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:143(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set lastlog record of a user to the current time. This option can be used "
+"only together with <option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>))."
+msgstr ""
+"Définit l'enregistrement lastlog d'un utilisateur (sa dernière connexion) à "
+"l'heure actuelle. Cette option ne peut être utilisée que combinée à <option>-"
+"u</option> (<option>--user</option>)."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:150(term) faillog.8.xml:192(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>JOURS</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:154(para)
+msgid ""
+"Print the lastlog records more recent than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</"
+"emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Afficher les entrées du fichier lastlog plus récentes que <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">JOURS</emphasis>."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:161(term) faillog.8.xml:202(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>INTERVALLE</replaceable>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:165(para)
+msgid "Print the lastlog record of the specified user(s)."
+msgstr "N'afficher que les entrées correspondant aux utilisateurs indiqués."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:168(para) faillog.8.xml:211(para)
+msgid ""
+"The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a "
+"<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable> of users. This <replaceable>RANGE</"
+"replaceable> of users can be specified with a min and max values "
+"(<replaceable>UID_MIN-UID_MAX</replaceable>), a max value (<replaceable>-"
+"UID_MAX</replaceable>), or a min value (<replaceable>UID_MIN-</replaceable>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Les utilisateurs peuvent être précisés par un nom de connexion, un "
+"identifiant numérique d'utilisateur ou un <replaceable>INTERVALLE</"
+"replaceable> d'utilisateurs. Cet <replaceable>INTERVALLE</replaceable> "
+"d'utilisateurs peut être précisé avec des valeurs minimale et maximale "
+"(<replaceable>UID_MIN-UID_MAX</replaceable>), seulement une valeur maximale "
+"(<replaceable>-UID_MAX</replaceable>) ou une valeur minimale "
+"(<replaceable>UID_MIN-</replaceable>)."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:180(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the user has never logged in the message <emphasis>** Never logged in**</"
+"emphasis> will be displayed instead of the port and time."
+msgstr ""
+"Dans le cas où l'utilisateur ne s'est jamais connecté, le message "
+"« <emphasis>**Never logged in**</emphasis> » (« <emphasis>**Jamais "
+"connecté**</emphasis> ») est affiché à la place des champs <emphasis>Port</"
+"emphasis> et date de <emphasis>Dernière</emphasis> connexion."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:185(para)
+msgid ""
+"Only the entries for the current users of the system will be displayed. "
+"Other entries may exist for users that were deleted previously."
+msgstr ""
+"Seules les entrées pour les utilisateurs actuels du système seront "
+"affichées. D'autres entrées peuvent exister pour les utilisateurs supprimés "
+"précédemment."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:193(title) groups.1.xml:90(title) chsh.1.xml:140(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:237(title)
+msgid "NOTE"
+msgstr "NOTE"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <filename>lastlog</filename> file is a database which contains info on "
+"the last login of each user. You should not rotate it. It is a sparse file, "
+"so its size on the disk is usually much smaller than the one shown by "
+"\"<command>ls -l</command>\" (which can indicate a really big file if you "
+"have in <filename>passwd</filename> users with a high UID). You can display "
+"its real size with \"<command>ls -s</command>\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Le fichier <filename>lastlog</filename> est une base de données qui contient "
+"des informations concernant la dernière connexion de chaque utilisateur. "
+"Vous n'avez pas à faire de rotation (avec <command>logrotate</command>) sur "
+"ce fichier. C'est un fichier « creux », donc sa taille sur le disque est "
+"bien plus petite que celle affichée par « <command>ls -l</command> » (qui "
+"peut indiquer un très gros fichier si vous avez des utilisateurs avec des "
+"UID élevés). Vous pouvez afficher sa taille réelle avec « <command>ls -s</"
+"command> »."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:220(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/lastlog"
+msgstr "/var/log/lastlog"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "Database times of previous user logins."
+msgstr ""
+"Base de données de l'heure des connexions précédentes des utilisateurs."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:230(para)
+msgid ""
+"Large gaps in UID numbers will cause the lastlog program to run longer with "
+"no output to the screen (i.e. if in lastlog database there is no entries for "
+"users with UID between 170 and 800 lastlog will appear to hang as it "
+"processes entries with UIDs 171-799)."
+msgstr ""
+"S'il y a des trous importants dans les valeurs des UID, <command>lastlog</"
+"command> s'exécutera plus lentement, sans affichage à l'écran (par exemple, "
+"s'il n'y a pas d'entrée pour les utilisateurs ayant un UID compris entre 170 "
+"et 800 dans base de données lastlog, le programme lastlog semblera bloqué "
+"comme s'il traitait les entrées correspondant aux UID 171 à 799)."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:41(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2005"
+msgstr "Création, 2005"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:46(refentrytitle) gshadow.5.xml:53(refname)
+msgid "gshadow"
+msgstr "gshadow"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:54(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadowed group file"
+msgstr "informations cachées sur les groupes"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:59(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> contains the shadowed information for "
+"group accounts."
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> contient les informations cachées sur les "
+"groupes."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:69(para)
+msgid "Each line of this file contains the following colon-separated fields:"
+msgstr ""
+"Chaque ligne de ce fichier contient les champs suivants, séparés par des "
+"deux-points (« : ») :"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:75(emphasis)
+msgid "group name"
+msgstr "nom du groupe"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:77(para)
+msgid "It must be a valid group name, which exist on the system."
+msgstr "Ce doit être un nom de groupe valable, qui existe sur le système."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, for instance ! or *, users will not be able to use a unix "
+"password to access the group (but group members do not need the password)."
+msgstr ""
+"Si le champ du mot de passe contient une chaîne qui ne peut pas être un "
+"résultat valable de <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, par exemple si elle "
+"contient les caractères « ! » ou « * », les utilisateurs ne pourront pas "
+"utiliser le mot de passe UNIX pour accéder au groupe (mais les membres du "
+"groupe n'ont pas besoin de mot de passe)."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:97(para)
+msgid ""
+"The password is used when a user who is not a member of the group wants to "
+"gain the permissions of this group (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Le mot de passe est utilisé quand un utilisateur non membre du groupe veut "
+"obtenir les permissions de ce groupe (consultez "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>)."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field may be empty, in which case only the group members can gain the "
+"group permissions."
+msgstr ""
+"Ce champ peut être vide. Dans ce cas seuls les membres du groupe peuvent "
+"obtenir les permissions du groupe."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"This password supersedes any password specified in <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ce mot de passe remplace tout mot de passe indiqué dans <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename>."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:121(emphasis)
+msgid "administrators"
+msgstr "administrateurs"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:123(para) gshadow.5.xml:139(para)
+msgid "It must be a comma-separated list of user names."
+msgstr "Ce champ doit être une liste d'utilisateurs, séparés par des virgules."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:126(para)
+msgid "Administrators can change the password or the members of the group."
+msgstr ""
+"Les administrateurs peuvent modifier le mot de passe ou les membres du "
+"groupe."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"Administrators also have the same permissions as the members (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"Les administrateurs peuvent aussi avoir les mêmes permissions que les "
+"membres (voir ci-dessous)."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:137(emphasis)
+msgid "members"
+msgstr "membres"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:142(para)
+msgid "Members can access the group without being prompted for a password."
+msgstr ""
+"Les membres peuvent accéder au groupe sans qu'un mot de passe ne leur soit "
+"demandé."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:146(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should use the same list of users as in <filename>/etc/group</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Vous devez utiliser la même liste d'utilisateurs que dans <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename>."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "verify integrity of group files"
+msgstr "Vérifier l'intégrité des fichiers d'administration des groupes"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpck</command> command verifies the integrity of the groups "
+"information. It checks that all entries in <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase> have the proper format and contain valid data. The user "
+"is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have "
+"other uncorrectable errors."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>grpck</command> vérifie l'intégrité des informations "
+"sur les groupes du système. Toutes les entrées de <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename> <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> et <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase> sont vérifiées afin de s'assurer qu'elles ont le bon "
+"format et qu'elles contiennent des données valables dans chaque champ. Une "
+"confirmation de l'utilisateur sera demandée pour détruire les entrées mal "
+"formatées ou ayant d'autres erreurs non récupérables."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:101(para)
+msgid "a unique and valid group name"
+msgstr "unicité et validité des noms de groupe ;"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"a valid group identifier <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> (<filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename> only)</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"validité des identifiants de groupe <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> "
+"(seulement <filename>/etc/group</filename>)</phrase> ;"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"a valid list of members <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> and administrators</"
+"phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"validité de la liste de membres <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> et "
+"d'administrateurs</phrase> ;"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"a corresponding entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file "
+"(respectively <filename>/etc/group</filename> for the <filename>gshadow</"
+"filename> checks)"
+msgstr ""
+"correspondance d'entrée dans le fichier <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> "
+"(respectivement <filename>/etc/group</filename> pour les vérifications de "
+"<filename>gshadow</filename>)."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:125(para)
+msgid ""
+"The checks for correct number of fields and unique group name are fatal. If "
+"an entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete "
+"the entire line. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further "
+"checks are bypassed. An entry with a duplicated group name is prompted for "
+"deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made. All other errors are "
+"warnings and the user is encouraged to run the <command>groupmod</command> "
+"command to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+"Une erreur dans le nombre de champs ou la non unicité d'un nom de groupe "
+"sera fatale. Si le nombre de champs n'est pas correct, il sera demandé à "
+"l'utilisateur de supprimer la ligne. Si l'utilisateur ne répond pas par "
+"l'affirmative, les vérifications suivantes ne seront pas effectuées. Il sera "
+"également demandé de supprimer les entrées correspondant aux noms de groupe "
+"redondants, mais dans ce cas, les autres vérifications seront effectuées. "
+"Toutes les autres erreurs ne sont que des avertissements et l'utilisateur "
+"est encouragé à utiliser <command>groupmod</command> pour les corriger."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid ""
+"The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"no_gshadow\">file</phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and "
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</phrase> are not able to alter "
+"corrupted or duplicated entries. <command>grpck</command> should be used in "
+"those circumstances to remove the offending entries."
+msgstr ""
+"Les commandes qui opèrent sur <phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">le fichier</"
+"phrase> <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">les fichiers</phrase> <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename> <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">et <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase> ne peuvent pas modifier les entrées corrompues ou "
+"redondantes. <command>grpck</command> doit être utilisée dans ce cas pour "
+"supprimer ces entrées."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>grpck</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options disponibles pour la commande <command>grpck</command> sont :"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:165(para)
+msgid ""
+"Execute the <command>grpck</command> command in read-only mode. This causes "
+"all questions regarding changes to be answered <emphasis>no</emphasis> "
+"without user intervention."
+msgstr ""
+"Exécute la commande <command>grpck</command> en mode lecture seule. Cela "
+"signifie qu'à toutes les questions concernant des modifications il sera "
+"répondu <emphasis>no</emphasis> sans l'intervention de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"Sort entries in <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase> by GID."
+msgstr ""
+"Trie les entrées de <filename>/etc/group</filename> <phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\">et <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase> par GID."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:196(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, <command>grpck</command> operates on <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. The user may select alternate files with the <emphasis "
+"remap=\"I\">group</emphasis><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">parameter.</"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</"
+"emphasis> parameters.</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"Par défaut, <command>grpck</command> opère sur <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename> <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">et <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. L'utilisateur peut préciser d'autres fichiers avec "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">le paramètre</phrase><phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\">les paramètres</phrase> <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> "
+"<phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> et <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis></"
+"phrase>."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:264(para)
+msgid "one or more bad group entries"
+msgstr "une entrée de groupe ou plus est incorrecte"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:270(para)
+msgid "can't open group files"
+msgstr "impossible d'ouvrir les fichiers group"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "can't lock group files"
+msgstr "impossible de verrouiller les fichiers group"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:282(para)
+msgid "can't update group files"
+msgstr "impossible de mettre à jour les fichiers group"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:246(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpck</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>grpck</command> renvoie les valeurs suivantes en "
+"quittant : <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:291(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>, </citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>, </citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: groups.1.xml:57(refentrytitle) groups.1.xml:64(refname)
+#: groups.1.xml:70(command)
+msgid "groups"
+msgstr "groups"
+
+#: groups.1.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "display current group names"
+msgstr "Afficher la liste des groupes auxquels appartient l'utilisateur"
+
+#: groups.1.xml:72(replaceable)
+msgid "user"
+msgstr "utilisateur"
+
+#: groups.1.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groups</command> command displays the current group names or ID "
+"values. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename>, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value. "
+"The optional <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis> parameter will display "
+"the groups for the named <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>groups</command> affiche la liste des noms de groupe "
+"(ou leur identifiant numérique) de l'utilisateur courant. Si une valeur n'a "
+"pas d'entrée correspondante dans <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"l'identifiant numérique du groupe est affiché. Le paramètre optionnel "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">utilisateur</emphasis> permet d'afficher la liste des "
+"groupes pour cet utilisateur."
+
+#: groups.1.xml:91(para)
+msgid ""
+"Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information "
+"from <filename>/etc/group</filename> reported. The user must use "
+"<command>newgrp</command> or <command>sg</command> to change his current "
+"real and effective group ID."
+msgstr ""
+"Sur les systèmes qui ne gèrent pas l'appartenance à plusieurs groupes, "
+"seules les informations contenues dans <filename>/etc/group</filename> sont "
+"affichées. L'utilisateur doit utiliser <command>newgrp</command> ou "
+"<command>sg</command> pour modifier l'identifiant de groupe réel et effectif."
+
+#: groups.1.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgroups</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgroups</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "modify a group definition on the system"
+msgstr "Modifier la définition d'un groupe du système"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:75(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:75(replaceable)
+msgid "GROUP"
+msgstr "GROUPE"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmod</command> command modifies the definition of the "
+"specified <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> by modifying the appropriate "
+"entry in the group database."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>groupmod</command> modifie la définition du "
+"<replaceable>GROUPE</replaceable> spécifié en modifiant l'entrée "
+"correspondante de la base de données des groupes."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupmod</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options disponibles pour la commande <command>groupmod</command> sont :"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:96(term) groupadd.8.xml:114(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group ID of the given <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> will be changed "
+"to <replaceable>GID</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"L'identifiant numérique du groupe <replaceable>GROUPE</replaceable> sera "
+"modifié vers <emphasis remap=\"I\">GID</emphasis>."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value of <replaceable>GID</replaceable> must be a non-negative decimal "
+"integer. This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is "
+"used."
+msgstr ""
+"La valeur de <replaceable>GID</replaceable> doit être un nombre décimal "
+"positif. Cette valeur doit être unique, à moins que l'option <option>-o</"
+"option> ne soit utilisée."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:110(para)
+msgid ""
+"Users who use the group as primary group will be updated to keep the group "
+"as their primary group."
+msgstr ""
+"Les utilisateurs qui utilisent ce groupe comme groupe primaire seront mis à "
+"jour pour garder le groupe comme groupe primaire."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any files that have the old group ID and must continue to belong to "
+"<replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>, must have their group ID changed manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Vous devrez modifier vous-même l'identifiant de groupe des fichiers ayant "
+"l'ancien identifiant de groupe qui doivent continuer à appartenir au "
+"<replaceable>GROUPE</replaceable>."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>GID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>, or "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Aucun contrôle ne sera effectué sur les valeurs de <option>GID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>, ou "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> du fichier <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:135(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--new-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--new-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NOUVEAU_NOM_GROUPE</replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the group will be changed from <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> "
+"to <replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable> name."
+msgstr ""
+"Le nom du groupe sera modifié de <emphasis remap=\"I\">GROUPE</emphasis> "
+"vers <emphasis remap=\"I\">NOUVEAU_NOM_GROUPE</emphasis>."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"When used with the <option>-g</option> option, allow to change the group "
+"<replaceable>GID</replaceable> to a non-unique value."
+msgstr ""
+"En combinaison avec l'option <option>-g</option>, cette option permet de "
+"changer l'identifiant du groupe (<replaceable>GID</replaceable>) vers une "
+"valeur déjà utilisée."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:259(para)
+msgid "E_SUCCESS: success"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:265(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "invalid command syntax"
+msgid "E_USAGE: invalid command syntax"
+msgstr "erreur de syntaxe"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:271(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "invalid argument to option"
+msgid "E_BAD_ARG: invalid argument to option"
+msgstr "paramètre non valable pour l'option"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:277(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgid "E_GID_IN_USE: specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "le groupe spécifié n'existe pas"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:283(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgid "E_NOTFOUND: specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "le groupe spécifié n'existe pas"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:289(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "group name already in use"
+msgid "E_NAME_IN_USE: group name already in use"
+msgstr "nom de groupe déjà utilisé"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:295(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "can't update group file"
+msgid "E_GRP_UPDATE: can't update group file"
+msgstr "impossible de mettre à jour le fichier des groupes"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:299(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "1"
+msgid "11"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:301(para)
+msgid "E_CLEANUP_SERVICE: can't setup cleanup service"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:307(para)
+msgid "E_PAM_USERNAME: can't determine your username for use with pam"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:311(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "1"
+msgid "13"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"E_PAM_ERROR: pam returned an error, see syslog facility id groupmod for the "
+"PAM error message"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmod</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>groupmod</command> retourne les valeurs suivantes en "
+"quittant : <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:322(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:42(firstname)
+msgid "George"
+msgstr "George"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:43(surname)
+msgid "Kraft"
+msgstr "Kraft"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:44(lineage)
+msgid "IV"
+msgstr "IV"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:45(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2000"
+msgstr "Création, 2000"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "administer members of a user's primary group"
+msgstr "Administrer les membres du groupe primaire d'un utilisateur"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:76(replaceable) groupmems.8.xml:77(replaceable)
+msgid "user_name"
+msgstr "nom_utilisateur"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:76(arg)
+msgid "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:77(arg)
+msgid "-d <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-d <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:78(replaceable)
+msgid "group_name"
+msgstr "nom_groupe"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:78(arg)
+msgid "-g <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-g <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:79(arg)
+msgid "-l"
+msgstr "-l"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:86(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmems</command> command allows a user to administer their "
+"own group membership list without the requirement of superuser privileges. "
+"The <command>groupmems</command> utility is for systems that configure its "
+"users to be in their own name sake primary group (i.e., guest / guest)."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>groupmems</command> permet à un utilisateur "
+"d'administrer la liste des membres de son propre groupe sans avoir les "
+"privilèges du superutilisateur. L'utilitaire <command>groupmems</command> a "
+"été conçu pour les systèmes qui mettent les utilisateurs dans des groupes "
+"primaires du même nom qu'il doivent pouvoir gérer (par exemple guest/guest)."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid ""
+"Only the superuser, as administrator, can use <command>groupmems</command> "
+"to alter the memberships of other groups."
+msgstr ""
+"Seul le superutilisateur, en tant qu'administrateur, peut utiliser "
+"<command>groupmems</command> pour modifier la liste des membres d'un autre "
+"groupe."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>groupmems</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options disponibles pour la commande <command>groupmems</command> sont :"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:107(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>nom_utilisateur</replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:109(para)
+msgid "Add a user to the group membership list."
+msgstr "Ajouter un utilisateur à la liste des membres du groupe."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:110(para) groupmems.8.xml:126(para)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, and the group has no "
+"entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file, a new entry will be "
+"created."
+msgstr ""
+"Si le fichier <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> existe, et que le groupe n'y "
+"a pas d'entrée, une nouvelle entrée sera créée."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:118(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>nom_utilisateur</replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "Delete a user from the group membership list."
+msgstr "Supprimer un utilisateur de la liste des membres du groupe."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, the user will be "
+"removed from the list of members and administrators of the group."
+msgstr ""
+"Si le fichier <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> existe, l'utilisateur sera "
+"retiré de la liste des membres et des administrateurs du groupe."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:134(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>group_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>nom_groupe</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The superuser can specify which group membership list to modify."
+msgstr ""
+"Le superutilisateur peut préciser la liste des membres du groupe à modifier."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:148(term) chage.1.xml:160(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid "List the group membership list."
+msgstr "Afficher la liste des membres du groupe."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:154(term)
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--purge</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-p</option>, <option>--purge</option>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid "Purge all users from the group membership list."
+msgstr "Supprimer tous les utilisateurs de la liste des membres du groupe."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:180(title)
+msgid "SETUP"
+msgstr "CONFIGURATION"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmems</command> executable should be in mode <literal>2710</"
+"literal> as user <emphasis>root</emphasis> and in group <emphasis>groups</"
+"emphasis>. The system administrator can add users to group <emphasis>groups</"
+"emphasis> to allow or disallow them using the <command>groupmems</command> "
+"utility to manage their own group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+"L'exécutable <command>groupmems</command> doit être installé en mode "
+"<literal>2710</literal> avec pour utilisateur <emphasis>root</emphasis> et "
+"pour groupe <emphasis>groups</emphasis>. L'administrateur système peut "
+"ajouter des utilisateurs au groupe <emphasis>groups</emphasis> pour leur "
+"permettre ou leur interdire d'utiliser <command>groupmems</command> pour "
+"gérer leur propre liste de membres du groupe."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:190(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"\t$ groupadd -r groups\n"
+"\t$ chmod 2710 groupmems\n"
+"\t$ chown root.groups groupmems\n"
+"\t$ groupmems -g groups -a gk4\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"\t$ groupadd -r groups\n"
+"\t$ chmod 2710 groupmems\n"
+"\t$ chown root.groups groupmems\n"
+"\t$ groupmems -g groups -a gk4\n"
+"    "
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "secure group account information"
+msgstr "informations cachées sur les groupes"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:230(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "delete a group"
+msgstr "Supprimer un groupe"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupdel</command> command modifies the system account files, "
+"deleting all entries that refer to <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>. The "
+"named group must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>groupdel</command> modifie les fichiers "
+"d'administration des comptes du système, en supprimant les entrées qui se "
+"réfèrent à <replaceable>groupe</replaceable>. Le groupe indiqué doit exister."
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:89(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupdel</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options disponibles pour la commande <command>groupdel</command> sont :"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not remove the primary group of any existing user. You must remove "
+"the user before you remove the group."
+msgstr ""
+"Vous ne pouvez pas supprimer le groupe primaire d'un utilisateur existant. "
+"Vous devez supprimer l'utilisateur auparavant."
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain "
+"owned by this group."
+msgstr ""
+"Vous devriez vérifier vous-même qu'aucun fichier possédé par le groupe ne "
+"subsiste sur tous les systèmes de fichiers."
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:200(para)
+msgid "can't remove user's primary group"
+msgstr "impossible de supprimer le groupe primaire d'un utilisateur existant"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupdel</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>groupdel</command> renvoie les valeurs suivantes en "
+"quittant : <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "create a new group"
+msgstr "Créer un nouveau groupe"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupadd</command> command creates a new group account using "
+"the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the "
+"system. The new group will be entered into the system files as needed."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>groupadd</command> crée un nouveau compte de groupe en "
+"utilisant les valeurs spécifiées sur la ligne de commande et les valeurs par "
+"défaut du système. Le nouveau groupe sera inséré dans les fichiers du "
+"système selon les besoins."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupadd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options disponibles pour la commande <command>groupadd</command> sont :"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option causes the command to simply exit with success status if the "
+"specified group already exists. When used with <option>-g</option>, and the "
+"specified GID already exists, another (unique) GID is chosen (i.e. <option>-"
+"g</option> is turned off)."
+msgstr ""
+"Avec cette option, la commande quittera juste avec un état de succès si le "
+"groupe indiqué existe déjà. Avec l'option <option>-g</option>, si "
+"l'identifiant de groupe indiqué existe déjà, un autre identifiant de groupe "
+"(non utilisé) sera choisi (c.-à-d. que <option>-g</option> est désactivée)."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numerical value of the group's ID. This value must be unique, unless the "
+"<option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. The "
+"default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to "
+"<option>GID_MIN</option> and greater than every other group."
+msgstr ""
+"La valeur numérique de l'identifiant du groupe (« group ID » ou GID). Cette "
+"valeur doit être unique, sauf si l'option <option>-o</option> est utilisée. "
+"La valeur ne doit pas être négative. Par défaut, le plus petit identifiant "
+"supérieur au <option>GID_MIN</option> et aux identifiants des groupes "
+"existants est utilisé."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:124(para)
+msgid ""
+"See also the <option>-r</option> option and the <option>GID_MAX</option> "
+"description."
+msgstr ""
+"Voir aussi aussi la description des options <option>-r</option> et "
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>."
+
+# NOTE: missing <filename>
+#: groupadd.8.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (GID_MIN, GID_MAX "
+"and others). Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified."
+msgstr ""
+"Surcharger les valeurs par défaut du fichier <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> (GID_MIN, GID_MAX et autres). L'option <option>-K</option> peut "
+"être indiquée plusieurs fois."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:146(para)
+msgid ""
+"Example: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"Exemple : <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>GID_MAX</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> doesn't work yet."
+msgstr ""
+"Remarque : <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>GID_MAX</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> ne fonctionne pas pour l'instant."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:161(para)
+msgid "This option permits to add a group with a non-unique GID."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette option permet d'ajouter un groupe avec un identifiant (« GID ») déjà "
+"utilisé."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:192(para)
+msgid "Create a system group."
+msgstr "Créer un groupe système."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numeric identifiers of new system groups are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>GID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Les identifiants numériques des nouveaux groupes systèmes sont choisis dans "
+"l'intervalle <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>, "
+"défini dans <filename>login.defs</filename>, au lieu de <option>GID_MIN</"
+"option>-<option>GID_MAX</option>"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:275(para)
+msgid ""
+"Groupnames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by "
+"lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a "
+"dollar sign. In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+msgstr ""
+"Les noms de groupe doivent commencer par une lettre minuscule ou un tiret "
+"bas (« underscore »), et seuls des lettres minuscules, des chiffres, des "
+"« underscore », ou des tirets peuvent suivre. Ils peuvent se terminer par un "
+"signe dollar. Soit, sous la forme d'une expression rationnelle : [a-z_][a-"
+"z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:281(para)
+msgid "Groupnames may only be up to &GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH; characters long."
+msgstr "Les noms de groupe sont limités à &GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH; caractères."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:284(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not add a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the "
+"corresponding server."
+msgstr ""
+"Vous ne pouvez pas ajouter d'utilisateur à un groupe NIS ou LDAP. Cela doit "
+"être effectué sur le serveur correspondant."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the groupname already exists in an external group database such as NIS or "
+"LDAP, <command>groupadd</command> will deny the group creation request."
+msgstr ""
+"Si le nom du groupe existe dans une base de données externe, telle que NIS "
+"ou LDAP, <command>groupadd</command> refusera de créer le groupe."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:321(para)
+msgid "GID not unique (when <option>-o</option> not used)"
+msgstr "GID déjà utilisé (et <option>-o</option> n'est pas utilisé)"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:327(para)
+msgid "group name not unique"
+msgstr "nom de groupe déjà utilisé"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:297(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupadd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>groupadd</command> retourne les valeurs suivantes en "
+"quittant : <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:342(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:44(firstname)
+msgid "Rafal"
+msgstr "rafal"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:45(surname)
+msgid "Maszkowski"
+msgstr "Maszkowski"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:71(phrase)
+msgid "administer <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "Administrer <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:74(phrase)
+msgid "administer <placeholder-1/> and <placeholder-2/>"
+msgstr "Administrer <placeholder-1/> et <placeholder-2/>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:85(replaceable) expiry.1.xml:76(replaceable)
+msgid "option"
+msgstr "option"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:95(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>gpasswd</command> command is used to administer <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. Every group can have <phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">administrators,</phrase> members and a password."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>gpasswd</command> est utilisée pour administrer "
+"<filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> et <filename>/"
+"etc/gshadow</filename></phrase>. Chaque groupe peut avoir <phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\">des administrateurs,</phrase> des membres et un mot de passe."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"System administrators can use the <option>-A</option> option to define group "
+"administrator(s) and the <option>-M</option> option to define members. They "
+"have all rights of group administrators and members."
+msgstr ""
+"Les administrateurs système peuvent utiliser l'option <option>-A</option> "
+"pour définir un ou des administrateurs de groupe et l'option <option>-M</"
+"option> pour définir les membres. Ils ont tous les droits des "
+"administrateurs et membres du groupe."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>gpasswd</command> called by <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">a group "
+"administrator</phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">a system "
+"administrator</phrase> with a group name only prompts for the new password "
+"of the <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>gpasswd</command> appelée par <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">un "
+"administrateur de groupe</phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">un "
+"administrateur système</phrase> avec un nom de groupe demande seulement le "
+"nouveau mot de passe du <replaceable>groupe</replaceable>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:115(para)
+msgid ""
+"If a password is set the members can still use "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> without a password, and non-members must supply the password."
+msgstr ""
+"Si un mot de passe est configuré, les membres peuvent toujours utiliser "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> sans mot de passe. Les non membres doivent fournir le mot de "
+"passe."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:123(title)
+msgid "Notes about group passwords"
+msgstr "Notes sur les mots de passe de groupe"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:124(para)
+msgid ""
+"Group passwords are an inherent security problem since more than one person "
+"is permitted to know the password. However, groups are a useful tool for "
+"permitting co-operation between different users."
+msgstr ""
+"Les mots de passe de groupe représentent naturellement un risque en matière "
+"de sécurité, puisque plusieurs personnes ont connaissance du mot de passe. "
+"Cependant, les groupes sont utiles pour permettre la coopération entre "
+"différents utilisateurs."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:135(para)
+msgid ""
+"Except for the <option>-A</option> and <option>-M</option> options, the "
+"options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+"À part les options <option>-A</option> et <option>-M</option>, les options "
+"ne peuvent pas être combinées."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The options cannot be combined."
+msgstr "Les options ne peuvent pas être combinées."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:142(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>gpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options disponibles pour la commande <command>gpasswd</command> sont :"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:147(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>utilisateur</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:151(para)
+msgid ""
+"Add the <replaceable>user</replaceable> to the named <replaceable>group</"
+"replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ajouter l'<replaceable>utilisateur</replaceable> à ce <replaceable>groupe</"
+"replaceable>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:160(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>utilisateur</replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:164(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remove the <replaceable>user</replaceable> from the named "
+"<replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Enlever l'<replaceable>utilisateur</replaceable> de ce <replaceable>groupe</"
+"replaceable>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:181(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-Q</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-Q</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>RÉP_CHROOT</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:195(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove-password</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove-password</option>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:199(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remove the password from the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>. The "
+"group password will be empty. Only group members will be allowed to use "
+"<command>newgrp</command> to join the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Enlever le mot de passe pour ce <replaceable>groupe</replaceable>. Le mot de "
+"passe du groupe sera vide. Seuls les membres du groupe seront autorisés à "
+"utiliser <command>newgrp</command> pour rejoindre ce <replaceable>groupe</"
+"replaceable>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:211(term)
+msgid "<option>-R</option>, <option>--restrict</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-R</option>, <option>--restrict</option>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"Restrict the access to the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>. The group "
+"password is set to \"!\". Only group members with a password will be allowed "
+"to use <command>newgrp</command> to join the named <replaceable>group</"
+"replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Restreindre l'accès à ce <replaceable>groupe</replaceable>. Le mot de passe "
+"du groupe est défini à « ! ». Seuls les membres du groupe seront autorisés à "
+"utiliser <command>newgrp</command> pour rejoindre ce <replaceable>groupe</"
+"replaceable>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:227(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-A</option>, <option>--administrators</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>user</replaceable>,..."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-A</option>, <option>--administrators</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>utilisateur</replaceable>,..."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:231(para)
+msgid "Set the list of administrative users."
+msgstr "Configurer la liste des administrateurs."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:239(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--members</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>,..."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--members</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>utilisateur</replaceable>,..."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:243(para)
+msgid "Set the list of group members."
+msgstr "Configurer la liste des membres du groupe."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"This tool only operates on the <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"gshadow\"> and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files.</"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">file.</phrase> Thus you cannot "
+"change any NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the corresponding "
+"server."
+msgstr ""
+"Cet outil ne fonctionne que sur <phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">le fichier</"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">les fichiers</phrase> <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> et <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. Par conséquent vous ne pouvez modifier aucun groupe NIS "
+"ou LDAP. Cela doit être effectué sur le serveur correspondant."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:298(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry><phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry><phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) faillog.8.xml:64(refname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:70(command) faillog.5.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: faillog.5.xml:64(refname) faillog.5.xml:111(refentrytitle)
+msgid "faillog"
+msgstr "faillog"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "display faillog records or set login failure limits"
+msgstr ""
+"Examiner le fichier faillog, et configurer les limites d'échecs de connexion"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>faillog</command> displays the contents of the failure log database "
+"(<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>). It can also set the failure "
+"counters and limits. When <command>faillog</command> is run without "
+"arguments, it only displays the faillog records of the users who had a login "
+"failure."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>faillog</command> affiche le contenu du journal des échecs de "
+"connexion (<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>). Il peut aussi configurer "
+"le décompte et les limitations de ces échecs. Exécuter <command>faillog</"
+"command> sans argument n'affiche que la liste des échecs des utilisateurs "
+"qui ont déjà eu un échec de connexion."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>faillog</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options disponibles pour la commande <command>faillog</command> sont :"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display (or act on) faillog records for all users having an entry in the "
+"<filename>faillog</filename> database."
+msgstr ""
+"Afficher (ou agir sur) les enregistrements d'erreurs de connexion pour tous "
+"les utilisateurs ayant une entrée dans la base de données <filename>faillog</"
+"filename>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:102(para)
+msgid ""
+"The range of users can be restricted with the <option>-u</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"La liste des utilisateurs peut être limitée avec l'option <option>-u</"
+"option>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"In display mode, this is still restricted to existing users but forces the "
+"display of the faillog entries even if they are empty."
+msgstr ""
+"En mode affichage, toujours limitée aux utilisateurs existants, mais "
+"l'affichage des entrées d'erreur de connexion est imposé même si elles sont "
+"vides."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"With the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, <option>-r</option>, "
+"<option>-t</option> options, the users' records are changed, even if the "
+"user does not exist on the system. This is useful to reset records of users "
+"that have been deleted or to set a policy in advance for a range of users."
+msgstr ""
+"Avec les options <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, <option>-r</"
+"option> ou <option>-t</option> les enregistrements des utilisateurs sont "
+"modifiés, même si l'utilisateur n'existe pas sur le système. C'est utile "
+"pour remettre à zéro les enregistrements des utilisateurs qui ont été "
+"supprimés ou pour mettre en place une politique préventive pour un ensemble "
+"d'utilisateurs."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:128(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-secs</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEC</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-secs</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEC</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# NOTE: s/to/during/
+#: faillog.8.xml:132(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock account for <replaceable>SEC</replaceable> seconds after failed login."
+msgstr ""
+"Verrouiller le compte pendant <replaceable>SEC</replaceable> secondes après "
+"un échec de connexion."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:136(para) faillog.8.xml:161(para) faillog.8.xml:173(para)
+msgid ""
+"Write access to <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> is required for this "
+"option."
+msgstr ""
+"L'accès en écriture sur <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> est nécessaire "
+"pour cette option."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:143(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--maximum</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--maximum</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:147(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of login failures after the account is disabled to "
+"<replaceable>MAX</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Configurer le nombre maximum d'échecs de connexion après lequel le compte "
+"sera désactivé à <replaceable>MAX</replaceable>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:151(para)
+msgid ""
+"Selecting a <replaceable>MAX</replaceable> value of 0 has the effect of not "
+"placing a limit on the number of failed logins."
+msgstr ""
+"Sélectionner une valeur <replaceable>MAX</replaceable> de 0 a pour effet de "
+"ne placer aucune limite sur le nombre d'échecs de connexion."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum failure count should always be 0 for <emphasis>root</emphasis> "
+"to prevent a denial of services attack against the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Le compteur d'erreurs maximum doit toujours être 0 pour <emphasis>root</"
+"emphasis> afin d'éviter les attaques de type déni de service sur le système."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:168(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:170(para)
+msgid "Reset the counters of login failures."
+msgstr "Remettre à zéro le compteur d'échecs de connexion."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display faillog records more recent than <replaceable>DAYS</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Afficher les entrées de faillog plus récentes que <replaceable>JOURS</"
+"replaceable>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:206(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display faillog record or maintains failure counters and limits (if used "
+"with <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option> or <option>-r</option> "
+"options) only for the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+"Afficher l'entrée de faillog ou maintient le décompte et les limitations "
+"(suivant que l'option <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option> ou <option>-"
+"r</option> est utilisée) seulement pour les utilisateurs indiqués."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"When none of the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-r</"
+"option> options are used, <command>faillog</command> displays the faillog "
+"record of the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+"Quand aucune des options <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option> ou "
+"<option>-r</option> n'est utilisée, <command>faillog</command> affiche "
+"l'enregistrement des échecs de connexion des utilisateurs précisés."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:233(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>faillog</command> only prints out users with no successful login "
+"since the last failure. To print out a user who has had a successful login "
+"since their last failure, you must explicitly request the user with the "
+"<option>-u</option> flag, or print out all users with the <option>-a</"
+"option> flag."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>faillog</command> n'affiche que les utilisateurs n'ayant pas eu de "
+"connexion réussie depuis leur dernier échec. Pour afficher un utilisateur "
+"ayant eu une connexion réussie depuis son dernier échec, vous devez "
+"explicitement demander cet utilisateur avec l'option <option>-u</option>, ou "
+"demander l'affichage de tous les utilisateurs avec l'option <option>-a</"
+"option>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:246(filename) faillog.5.xml:99(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/faillog"
+msgstr "/var/log/faillog"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:248(para) faillog.5.xml:101(para)
+msgid "Failure logging file."
+msgstr "Journal des échecs de connexion."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:256(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>faillog</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>faillog</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "login failure logging file"
+msgstr "journal des échecs de connexion"
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> maintains a count of login failures "
+"and the limits for each account."
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> maintient un compte des échecs de "
+"connexion et les limites pour chaque compte."
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:74(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file contains fixed length records, indexed by numerical UID. Each "
+"record contains the count of login failures since the last successful login; "
+"the maximum number of failures before the account is disabled; the line on "
+"which the last login failure occurred; the date of the last login failure; "
+"and the duration (in seconds) during which the account will be locked after "
+"a failure."
+msgstr ""
+"Le fichier contient un nombre constant d'enregistrements, triés par "
+"identifiant d'utilisateur numérique. Chaque enregistrement contient le "
+"nombre d'échecs de connexion depuis la dernière connexion réussie, le nombre "
+"maximum d'échecs de connexion avant désactivation du compte, la ligne sur "
+"laquelle a eu lieu le dernier échec de connexion, la date du dernier échec "
+"de connexion et la durée (en seconde) pendant laquelle le compte sera "
+"verrouillé après un échec."
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "The structure of the file is:"
+msgstr "La structure du fichier est la suivante :"
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:85(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"struct\tfaillog {\n"
+"\tshort   fail_cnt;\n"
+"\tshort   fail_max;\n"
+"\tchar    fail_line[12];\n"
+"\ttime_t  fail_time;\n"
+"\tlong    fail_locktime;\n"
+"};"
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"struct\tfaillog {\n"
+"\tshort   fail_cnt;      /* compteur des échecs */\n"
+"\tshort   fail_max;      /* nb max avant désactivation */\n"
+"\tchar    fail_line[12]; /* ligne du dernier échec */\n"
+"\ttime_t  fail_time;     /* date du dernier échec */\n"
+"\tlong    fail_locktime;};"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:45(contrib) chsh.1.xml:44(contrib) chfn.1.xml:44(contrib)
+#: chage.1.xml:42(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1990"
+msgstr "Création, 1990"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:61(refentrytitle) expiry.1.xml:68(refname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:74(command)
+msgid "expiry"
+msgstr "expiry"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "check and enforce password expiration policy"
+msgstr "Vérifier et sécuriser la durée de validité des mots de passe"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:83(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>expiry</command> command checks (<option>-c</option>) the "
+"current password expiration and forces (<option>-f</option>) changes when "
+"required. It is callable as a normal user command."
+msgstr ""
+"Avec l'option <option>-c</option>, <command>expiry</command> vérifie la "
+"validité du mot de passe de l'utilisateur actuel, et force (avec l'option "
+"<option>-f</option>) des modifications si nécessaire. Il peut être appelé "
+"par un utilisateur normal."
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:92(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>expiry</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options disponibles pour la commande <command>expiry</command> sont :"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:97(term)
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--check</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-c</option>, <option>--check</option>"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid "Check the password expiration of the current user."
+msgstr ""
+"Vérifier la durée de validité du mot de passe de l'utilisateur courant."
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:105(para)
+msgid "Force a password change if the current user has an expired password."
+msgstr ""
+"Forcer le changement du mot de passe si l'utilisateur courant possède un mot "
+"de passe qui a expiré."
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:140(para) chage.1.xml:318(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "change login shell"
+msgstr "Changer l'interpréteur de commandes initial"
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chsh</command> command changes the user login shell. This "
+"determines the name of the user's initial login command. A normal user may "
+"only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change "
+"the login shell for any account."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>chsh</command> modifie l'interpréteur de commandes "
+"initial (« login shell ») de l'utilisateur qui sera invoqué lors des "
+"connexions de l'utilisateur. Un utilisateur normal ne peut changer que "
+"l'interpréteur associé à son propre compte. Le superutilisateur peut changer "
+"l'interpréteur de commandes initial de n'importe quel compte."
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:96(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chsh</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Les options applicables à la commande <command>chsh</command> sont :"
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <option>-s</option> option is not selected, <command>chsh</command> "
+"operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current "
+"login shell. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line "
+"blank to use the current one. The current shell is displayed between a pair "
+"of <emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks."
+msgstr ""
+"Quand l'option <option>-s</option> n'est pas sélectionnée, <command>chsh</"
+"command> opère de façon interactive, demandant à l'utilisateur quel doit "
+"être le nouvel interpréteur de commandes initial (« login shell »). "
+"L'utilisateur pourra entrer une nouvelle valeur pour modifier "
+"l'interpréteur, ou laisser la ligne blanche pour conserver l'interpréteur "
+"actuel. L'interpréteur actuel est indiqué entre crochets (<emphasis>[ ]</"
+"emphasis>)."
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must "
+"be listed in <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, unless the invoker is the "
+"superuser, and then any value may be added. An account with a restricted "
+"login shell may not change her login shell. For this reason, placing "
+"<filename>/bin/rsh</filename> in <filename>/etc/shells</filename> is "
+"discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent "
+"the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value."
+msgstr ""
+"La seule restriction placée sur l'interpréteur de commandes initial (« login "
+"shell ») est que cette commande doit faire partie de <filename>/etc/shells</"
+"filename>, à moins qu'elle ne soit invoquée par le superutilisateur, qui "
+"peut ajouter n'importe quelle valeur. Un compte avec un interpréteur de "
+"commandes initial restreint ne peut pas changer son interpréteur. Pour cette "
+"raison, il est déconseillé de placer <filename>/bin/rsh</filename> dans "
+"<filename>/etc/shells</filename>, puisqu'une modification accidentelle vers "
+"un interpréteur restreint empêchera alors l'utilisateur de revenir ensuite à "
+"l'interpréteur précédent."
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:176(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shells"
+msgstr "/etc/shells"
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:178(para)
+msgid "List of valid login shells."
+msgstr "Liste des interpréteurs de commandes initiaux valables."
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:192(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "update passwords in batch mode"
+msgstr "Mettre à jour des mots de passe par lot"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:83(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chpasswd</command> command reads a list of user name and "
+"password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a "
+"group of existing users. Each line is of the format:"
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>chpasswd</command> lit une liste de paires de noms "
+"d'utilisateurs et de mots de passe depuis l'entrée standard et utilise ces "
+"informations pour mettre à jour un groupe d'utilisateurs existants. Chaque "
+"ligne est au format suivant :"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:88(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">user_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">nom_utilisateur</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">mot_de_passe</emphasis>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:92(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default the passwords must be supplied in clear-text, and are encrypted "
+"by <command>chpasswd</command>. Also the password age will be updated, if "
+"present."
+msgstr ""
+"Par défaut, les mots de passe doivent être fournis en clair, et sont "
+"chiffrés par <command>chpasswd</command>. L'âge du mot de passe sera "
+"également mis à jour, s'il est présent."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:97(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variables "
+"of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, and can be overwritten with the "
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+"L'algorithme de chiffrement par défaut peut être défini pour le système à "
+"l'aide des variables <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> ou "
+"<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> de <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, et "
+"peut être surchargé par les options <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option> "
+"ou <option>-c</option>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:105(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, passwords are encrypted by PAM, but (even if not recommended) "
+"you can select a different encryption method with the <option>-e</option>, "
+"<option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+"Par défaut les mots de passe sont chiffrés par PAM, mais (même si cela est "
+"déconseillé) vous pouvez sélectionner une méthode de chiffrement différente "
+"avec les options <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option> ou <option>-c</"
+"option>."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"pam\">Except when PAM is used to encrypt the passwords,</"
+"phrase><command>chpasswd</command> first updates all the passwords in "
+"memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no errors occurred for "
+"any user."
+msgstr ""
+"<phrase condition=\"pam\">Sauf quand PAM est utilisé pour chiffrer les mots "
+"de passe, </phrase><command>chpasswd</command> modifie d'abord tous les mots "
+"de passe en mémoire, puis propage toutes les modifications sur le disque si "
+"aucune erreur n'a eu lieu pour aucun utilisateur."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"When PAM is used to encrypt the passwords (and update the passwords in the "
+"system database) then if a password cannot be updated <command>chpasswd</"
+"command> continues updating the passwords of the next users, and will return "
+"an error code on exit."
+msgstr ""
+"Quand PAM est utilisé pour chiffrer les mots de passe (et pour mettre à jour "
+"les mots de passe dans la base de données du système), si aucun mot de passe "
+"ne peut être mis à jour, <command>chpasswd</command> continuera la mise à "
+"jour des mots de passe pour les utilisateurs suivants, et renverra un code "
+"d'erreur en sortie."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:123(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many "
+"accounts are created at a single time."
+msgstr ""
+"Cette commande est destinée aux gros systèmes pour lesquels un nombre "
+"importants de comptes sont créés en une seule fois."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:131(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options disponibles pour la commande <command>chpasswd</command> sont :"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>METHOD</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>MÉTHODE</replaceable>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:142(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:115(para)
+msgid "The available methods are DES, MD5, and NONE."
+msgstr "Les méthodes disponibles sont DES, MD5 et NONE."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "By default, PAM is used to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr "Par défaut, PAM est utilisé pour chiffrer les mots de passe."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default (if none of the <option>-c</option>, <option>-m</option>, or "
+"<option>-e</option> options are specified), the encryption method is defined "
+"by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> "
+"variables of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Par défaut (si aucune des options <option>-c</option>, <option>-m</option> "
+"ou <option>-e</option> n'est précisée), la méthode de chiffrement est "
+"définie par les variables <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> ou "
+"<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> de <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:163(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:125(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:165(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "Supplied passwords are in encrypted form."
+msgstr "Indiquer que les mots de passe fournis sont chiffrés."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:179(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--md5</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--md5</option>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:181(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"Use MD5 encryption instead of DES when the supplied passwords are not "
+"encrypted."
+msgstr ""
+"Permettre d'utiliser le chiffrement MD5, plutôt que DES, lorsque les mots de "
+"passe fournis ne sont pas chiffrés."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:200(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROUNDS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROUNDS</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the number of rounds is defined by the "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> and <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option> variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Par défaut, le nombre de rounds est défini par les variables "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> et <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option> dans <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:232(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remember to set permissions or umask to prevent readability of unencrypted "
+"files by other users."
+msgstr ""
+"Pensez à configurer les permissions ou umask afin d'empêcher la lecture des "
+"fichiers non chiffrés par les d'autres utilisateurs."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:276(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/chpasswd"
+msgstr "/etc/pam.d/chpasswd"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:278(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>chpasswd</command>."
+msgstr "Configuration de PAM pour <command>chpasswd</command>."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:286(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:47(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2006"
+msgstr "Création, 2006"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "update group passwords in batch mode"
+msgstr "Mettre à jour par lot des mots de passe des groupes"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chgpasswd</command> command reads a list of group name and "
+"password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a set "
+"of existing groups. Each line is of the format:"
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>chgpasswd</command> lit une liste de paires de noms de "
+"groupes et de mots de passe depuis l'entrée standard et utilise ces "
+"informations pour mettre à jour un ensemble de groupes existants. Chaque "
+"ligne est au format suivant :"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">group_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">nom_utilisateur</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">mot_de_passe</emphasis>"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:88(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default the supplied password must be in clear-text, and is encrypted by "
+"<command>chgpasswd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Par défaut, le mot de passe doit être fourni en clair, et est chiffré par "
+"<command>chgpasswd</command>."
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:92(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable of <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>, and can be overwritten with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</"
+"option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+"L'algorithme de chiffrement peut être défini pour le système avec la "
+"variable <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> de <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> et peut être surchargé avec les options <option>-e</option>, "
+"<option>-m</option> ou <option>-c</option>."
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>chgpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options disponibles pour la commande <command>chgpasswd</command> sont :"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "change real user name and information"
+msgstr "Modifier le nom complet et les informations associées à un utilisateur"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chfn</command> command changes user fullname, office room "
+"number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user's "
+"account. This information is typically printed by "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> and similar programs. A normal user may only change the fields "
+"for her own account, subject to the restrictions in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>. (The default configuration is to prevent users from "
+"changing their fullname.) The superuser may change any field for any "
+"account. Additionally, only the superuser may use the <option>-o</option> "
+"option to change the undefined portions of the GECOS field."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>chfn</command> modifie le nom complet d'un utilisateur, "
+"son numéro de bureau, son numéro de téléphone professionnel, son extension, "
+"et son numéro de téléphone personnel. Ces informations sont généralement "
+"affichées par <citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> ou d'autres programmes "
+"similaires. Un utilisateur normal ne peut modifier que les informations "
+"associées à son propre compte, avec les restrictions précisées dans "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>. (Par défaut, les utilisateurs ne "
+"peuvent pas modifier leur nom complet). Le superutilisateur peut modifier "
+"n'importe quel champ pour n'importe quel compte. De plus, seul le "
+"superutilisateur peut utiliser l'option <option>-o</option> pour modifier "
+"les parties non précisées du champ GECOS."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"These fields must not contain any colons. Except for the <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">other</emphasis> field, they should not contain any comma or equal sign. "
+"It is also recommended to avoid non-US-ASCII characters, but this is only "
+"enforced for the phone numbers. The <emphasis remap=\"I\">other</emphasis> "
+"field is used to store accounting information used by other applications."
+msgstr ""
+"Ces champs ne doivent contenir aucun « : ». À l'exception du champ <emphasis "
+"remap=\"I\">autre</emphasis>, ils ne doivent contenir aucune virgule ou "
+"signe égal. Il est également recommandé d'éviter les caractères non US-"
+"ASCII, mais cela n'est imposé que pour les numéros de téléphone. Le champ "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">autre</emphasis> est utilisé pour garder des "
+"informations de compte utilisées par d'autres applications."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:112(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chfn</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Les options applicables à la commande <command>chfn</command> sont :"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:117(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--full-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>FULL_NAME</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--full-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NOM_COMPLET</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:121(para)
+msgid "Change the user's full name."
+msgstr "Modifier le nom complet de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:125(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-h</option>, <option>--home-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HOME_PHONE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-h</option>, <option>--home-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>TEL_PERSO</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:129(para)
+msgid "Change the user's home phone number."
+msgstr "Modifier le numéro de téléphone personnel de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:133(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-o</option>, <option>--other</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>OTHER</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-o</option>, <option>--other</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>AUTRE</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"Change the user's other GECOS information. This field is used to store "
+"accounting information used by other applications, and can be changed only "
+"by a superuser."
+msgstr ""
+"Modifier les informations GECO de l'utilisateur. Ce champ est utilisé pour "
+"enregistrer les informations de l'utilisateur utilisées par d'autres "
+"applications et peut être changé seulement par un superutilisateur."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:145(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--room</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROOM_NUMBER</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--room</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NUMÉRO_DE_BUREAU</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:149(para)
+msgid "Change the user's room number."
+msgstr "Modifier le numéro de bureau de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:165(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:173(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--work-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WORK_PHONE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--work-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>TEL_PRO</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:177(para)
+msgid "Change the user's office phone number."
+msgstr "Modifier le numéro de téléphone professionnel de l'utilisateur."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"If none of the options are selected, <command>chfn</command> operates in an "
+"interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of "
+"the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank "
+"to use the current value. The current value is displayed between a pair of "
+"<emphasis remap=\"B\">[ ]</emphasis> marks. Without options, <command>chfn</"
+"command> prompts for the current user account."
+msgstr ""
+"Si aucune option n'est sélectionnée, <command>chfn</command> opère de "
+"manière interactive, demandant à l'utilisateur d'entrer les valeurs "
+"actuelles de chacun des champs. Entrer une nouvelle valeur pour la modifier, "
+"ou de laisser une ligne blanche pour conserver la valeur actuelle. La valeur "
+"actuelle est indiquée entre crochets (<emphasis remap=\"B\">[ ]</emphasis>). "
+"En l'absence d'option, <command>chfn</command> opère sur l'utilisateur "
+"actuel."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:226(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user password expiry information"
+msgstr "Modifier les informations de validité d'un mot de passe"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command changes the number of days between "
+"password changes and the date of the last password change. This information "
+"is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>chage</command> modifie le nombre de jours entre les "
+"changements de mot de passe et la date du dernier changement. Ces "
+"informations sont utilisées par le système pour déterminer le moment où un "
+"utilisateur doit changer son mot de passe."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:92(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chage</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Les options disponibles pour la commande <command>chage</command> sont :"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:97(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--lastday</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LAST_DAY</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--lastday</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>DERNIER_JOUR</replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days since January 1st, 1970 when the password was last "
+"changed. The date may also be expressed in the format YYYY-MM-DD (or the "
+"format more commonly used in your area)."
+msgstr ""
+"Configurer le nombre du jour, à compter du 1er janvier 1970, où le mot de "
+"passe a été changé la dernière fois. La date peut aussi être exprimée dans "
+"le format AAAA-MM-JJ (ou le format utilisé plus communément dans votre "
+"région)."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:109(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-E</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-E</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>DATE_FIN_VALIDITÉ</replaceable>"
+
+# NOTE: s/date//
+#: chage.1.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the date or number of days since January 1, 1970 on which the user's "
+"account will no longer be accessible. The date may also be expressed in the "
+"format YYYY-MM-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area). A user "
+"whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being "
+"able to use the system again."
+msgstr ""
+"Configurer la date, ou le nombre de jours à compter du 1er janvier 1970, à "
+"partir de laquelle le compte de l'utilisateur ne sera plus accessible. La "
+"date peut aussi être exprimée dans le format AAAA-MM-JJ (ou le format plus "
+"communément utilisé dans votre région). Un utilisateur dont le compte est "
+"bloqué doit contacter l'administrateur système pour pouvoir utiliser à "
+"nouveau le système."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as the "
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> will remove an account expiration "
+"date."
+msgstr ""
+"Une valeur de <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> pour "
+"<replaceable>DATE_FIN_VALIDITÉ</replaceable> aura pour effet de supprimer la "
+"date de fin de validité."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:135(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+msgid "<option>-i</option>, <option>--iso8601</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:137(para)
+msgid "When printing dates, use YYYY-MM-DD format."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:141(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-I</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-I</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>DURÉE_INACTIVITÉ</replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the "
+"account is locked. The <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> option is the "
+"number of days of inactivity. A user whose account is locked must contact "
+"the system administrator before being able to use the system again."
+msgstr ""
+"Configurer le nombre de jours d'inactivité, après qu'un mot de passe ait "
+"dépassé la date de fin de validité, avant que le compte ne soit bloqué. La "
+"valeur <replaceable>DURÉE_INACTIVITÉ</replaceable> est le nombre de jours "
+"d'inactivité. Un utilisateur dont le compte est bloqué doit contacter "
+"l'administrateur système avant de pouvoir utiliser de nouveau le système."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as the "
+"<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> will remove an account's inactivity."
+msgstr ""
+"Une valeur de <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> pour "
+"<replaceable>DURÉE_INACTIVITÉ</replaceable> supprime la durée d'inactivité "
+"pour un compte."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:164(para)
+msgid "Show account aging information."
+msgstr "Afficher les informations sur l'âge des comptes."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:170(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>JOURS_MIN</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:182(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>JOURS_MAX</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:186(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid. When "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> plus <replaceable>LAST_DAY</replaceable> "
+"is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their "
+"password before being able to use their account. This occurrence can be "
+"planned for in advance by use of the <option>-W</option> option, which "
+"provides the user with advance warning."
+msgstr ""
+"Configurer le nombre maximum de jours pendant lesquels un mot de passe est "
+"valable. Quand <replaceable>JOURS_MAX</replaceable> plus "
+"<replaceable>DERNIER_JOUR</replaceable> est inférieur à la date actuelle, "
+"l'utilisateur est obligé de changer son mot de passe avant de pouvoir "
+"utiliser son compte. Cet événement peut être déclenché plus tôt grâce à "
+"l'option <option>-W</option> qui prévient l'utilisateur à l'avance par un "
+"message d'alerte."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:215(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>DURÉE_AVERTISSEMENT</replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The "
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the number of days prior to "
+"the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to "
+"expire."
+msgstr ""
+"Configurer le nombre de jours d'avertissement avant que le changement de mot "
+"de passe ne soit obligatoire. La valeur <replaceable>JOUORS_AVERTISSEMENT</"
+"replaceable> est le nombre de jours précédant l'expiration et durant "
+"lesquels un utilisateur sera prévenu que son mot de passe est sur le point "
+"d'arriver en fin de validité."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:228(para)
+msgid ""
+"If none of the options are selected, <command>chage</command> operates in an "
+"interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of "
+"the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank "
+"to use the current value. The current value is displayed between a pair of "
+"<emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks."
+msgstr ""
+"Si aucune de ces options n'est donnée, <command>chage</command> utilise un "
+"mode interactif, demandant confirmation à l'utilisateur pour les valeurs de "
+"tous les champs. Entrez la nouvelle valeur pour modifier la valeur du champ, "
+"ou laissez la ligne vide pour conserver la valeur actuelle. La valeur "
+"actuelle est affichée entre crochets."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> program requires a shadow password file to be "
+"available."
+msgstr ""
+"Le programme <command>chage</command> nécessite l'utilisation d'un fichier "
+"de mots de passe cachés (« shadow password file »)."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:242(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command is restricted to the root user, except "
+"for the <option>-l</option> option, which may be used by an unprivileged "
+"user to determine when their password or account is due to expire."
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>chage</command> est réservée à l'utilisateur root, sauf "
+"pour l'option <option>-l</option>, qui peut être utilisée par un utilisateur "
+"non privilégié pour lui permettre de savoir quand son mot de passe ou son "
+"compte arrivera en fin de validité."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:307(replaceable)
+msgid "15"
+msgstr "15"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:309(para)
+msgid "can't find the shadow password file"
+msgstr "impossible de trouver le fichier des mots de passe cachés"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:285(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"La commande <command>chage</command> retourne les valeurs suivantes en "
+"quittant : <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#. Put one translator per line, in the form of NAME <EMAIL>, YEAR1, YEAR2
+#: chage.1.xml:0(None)
+msgid "translator-credits"
+msgstr ""
+"Nicolas FRANÇOIS <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>, 2005-2010Thomas Blein "
+"<tblein@tblein.eu>, 2011-2012Debian French l10n team <debian-l10n-"
+"french@lists.debian.org>, 2011-2012"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Additional arguments may be provided after the username, in which case "
+#~ "they are supplied to the user's login shell. In particular, an argument "
+#~ "of <option>-c</option> will cause the next argument to be treated as a "
+#~ "command by most command interpreters. The command will be executed by the "
+#~ "shell specified in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> for the target user."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Des paramètres supplémentaires peuvent être fournis après le nom de "
+#~ "l'utilisateur. Dans ce cas, ils sont donnés à l'interpréteur de commandes "
+#~ "de connexion de l'utilisateur. En particulier, le paramètre « <option>-c</"
+#~ "option> » considère que le paramètre suivant est une commande pour la "
+#~ "plupart des interpréteurs de commandes. La commande sera exécutée par "
+#~ "l'interpréteur indiqué dans <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> pour "
+#~ "l'utilisateur cible."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "You can use the <option>--</option> argument to separate <command>su</"
+#~ "command> options from the arguments supplied to the shell."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Vous pouvez utiliser le paramètre <option>--</option> pour séparer les "
+#~ "options de <command>su</command> des paramètres fournis par "
+#~ "l'interpréteur de commandes."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The encrypted password field may be blank, in which case no password is "
+#~ "required to authenticate as the specified login name. However, some "
+#~ "applications which read the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file may "
+#~ "decide not to permit <emphasis>any</emphasis> access at all if the "
+#~ "<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is blank. If the <emphasis>password</"
+#~ "emphasis> field is a lower-case <quote>x</quote>, then the encrypted "
+#~ "password is actually stored in the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> file instead; there "
+#~ "<emphasis>must</emphasis> be a corresponding line in the <filename>/etc/"
+#~ "shadow</filename> file, or else the user account is invalid. If the "
+#~ "<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is any other string, then it will be "
+#~ "treated as an encrypted password, as specified by "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Le champ du mot de passe chiffré peut être vide. Dans ce cas, aucun mot "
+#~ "de passe n'est nécessaire pour s'authentifier avec le compte donné. "
+#~ "Cependant, certaines applications qui lisent le fichier <filename>/etc/"
+#~ "passwd</filename> peuvent décider de ne donner aucun accès si le "
+#~ "<emphasis>mot de</emphasis> passe est vide. Si le mot de passe est un "
+#~ "<quote>x</quote> minuscule, alors le mot de passe chiffré se trouve dans "
+#~ "le fichier <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> ; il "
+#~ "<emphasis>doit</emphasis> y avoir une ligne correspondante dans le "
+#~ "fichier <filename>shadow</filename>, sinon le compte de l'utilisateur "
+#~ "n'est pas valide. Si le mot de passe est constitué d'une autre chaîne, "
+#~ "alors il est considéré comme un mot de passe chiffré, comme indiqué dans "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
diff --git a/man/po/it.po b/man/po/it.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50fae46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/po/it.po
@@ -0,0 +1,11253 @@
+# Italian translations for shadow package.
+# Copyright © 2005 the shadow copyright holder.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the shadow package.
+# Giuseppe Sacco <eppesuig@debian.org>, 2005, 2012.
+# Danilo Piazzalunga <danilopiazza@libero.it>, 2005.
+# Isabella Ruocco <isacher@nettaxi.com>, 1999.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: shadow 4.1.5\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-01-23 15:00-0600\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-08-23 01:38+0200\n"
+"Last-Translator: Giuseppe Sacco <eppesuig@debian.org>\n"
+"Language-Team: Italian <tp@lists.linux.it>\n"
+"Language: it\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8-bit\n"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:41(firstname) suauth.5.xml:39(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:45(firstname) login.access.5.xml:40(firstname)
+msgid "Marek"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:42(surname) suauth.5.xml:40(surname) pwconv.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:41(surname)
+msgid "Michałkiewicz"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:43(contrib) limits.5.xml:43(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1997"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:46(firstname) usermod.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:50(firstname) useradd.8.xml:63(firstname)
+#: suauth.5.xml:44(firstname) su.1.xml:61(firstname) sg.1.xml:45(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:44(firstname) shadow.3.xml:44(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:50(firstname) pwck.8.xml:50(firstname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:44(firstname) passwd.5.xml:44(firstname)
+#: passwd.1.xml:51(firstname) newusers.8.xml:60(firstname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:45(firstname) logoutd.8.xml:44(firstname)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:111(firstname) login.access.5.xml:45(firstname)
+#: login.1.xml:77(firstname) limits.5.xml:46(firstname)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:46(firstname) grpck.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groups.1.xml:44(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:48(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:47(firstname) gpasswd.1.xml:49(firstname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:44(firstname) faillog.5.xml:44(firstname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:48(firstname) chsh.1.xml:47(firstname)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:48(firstname) chgpasswd.8.xml:44(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:47(firstname) chage.1.xml:45(firstname)
+msgid "Thomas"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:47(surname) usermod.8.xml:52(surname) userdel.8.xml:51(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:64(surname) suauth.5.xml:45(surname) su.1.xml:62(surname)
+#: sg.1.xml:46(surname) shadow.5.xml:45(surname) shadow.3.xml:45(surname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:51(surname) pwck.8.xml:51(surname) porttime.5.xml:45(surname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:45(surname) passwd.1.xml:52(surname) newusers.8.xml:61(surname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:46(surname) logoutd.8.xml:45(surname)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:112(surname) login.access.5.xml:46(surname)
+#: login.1.xml:78(surname) limits.5.xml:47(surname) lastlog.8.xml:47(surname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:46(surname) groups.1.xml:45(surname) groupmod.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:49(surname) groupdel.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:48(surname) gpasswd.1.xml:50(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:45(surname) faillog.5.xml:45(surname) expiry.1.xml:49(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:48(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:49(surname)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:45(surname) chfn.1.xml:48(surname) chage.1.xml:46(surname)
+msgid "Kłoczko"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:48(email) usermod.8.xml:53(email) userdel.8.xml:52(email)
+#: useradd.8.xml:65(email) suauth.5.xml:46(email) su.1.xml:63(email)
+#: sg.1.xml:47(email) shadow.5.xml:46(email) shadow.3.xml:46(email)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:52(email) pwck.8.xml:52(email) porttime.5.xml:46(email)
+#: passwd.5.xml:46(email) passwd.1.xml:53(email) newusers.8.xml:62(email)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:47(email) logoutd.8.xml:46(email) login.defs.5.xml:113(email)
+#: login.access.5.xml:47(email) login.1.xml:79(email) limits.5.xml:48(email)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:48(email) grpck.8.xml:47(email) groups.1.xml:46(email)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:47(email) groupmems.8.xml:50(email) groupdel.8.xml:47(email)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:49(email) gpasswd.1.xml:51(email) faillog.8.xml:46(email)
+#: faillog.5.xml:46(email) expiry.1.xml:50(email) chsh.1.xml:49(email)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:50(email) chgpasswd.8.xml:46(email) chfn.1.xml:49(email)
+#: chage.1.xml:47(email)
+msgid "kloczek@pld.org.pl"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:49(contrib) usermod.8.xml:54(contrib) userdel.8.xml:53(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:66(contrib) suauth.5.xml:47(contrib) su.1.xml:64(contrib)
+#: sg.1.xml:48(contrib) shadow.5.xml:47(contrib) shadow.3.xml:47(contrib)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:53(contrib) pwck.8.xml:53(contrib) porttime.5.xml:47(contrib)
+#: passwd.5.xml:47(contrib) passwd.1.xml:54(contrib) newusers.8.xml:63(contrib)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:48(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:114(contrib) login.access.5.xml:48(contrib)
+#: login.1.xml:80(contrib) limits.5.xml:49(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:49(contrib)
+#: grpck.8.xml:48(contrib) groups.1.xml:47(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:48(contrib)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:51(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:48(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:50(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:52(contrib)
+#: faillog.8.xml:47(contrib) faillog.5.xml:47(contrib) expiry.1.xml:51(contrib)
+#: chsh.1.xml:50(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:51(contrib) chfn.1.xml:50(contrib)
+#: chage.1.xml:48(contrib)
+msgid "shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:52(firstname) usermod.8.xml:57(firstname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:56(firstname) useradd.8.xml:69(firstname)
+#: suauth.5.xml:50(firstname) su.1.xml:67(firstname) sg.1.xml:51(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:50(firstname) shadow.3.xml:50(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:56(firstname) pwck.8.xml:56(firstname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:50(firstname) passwd.5.xml:50(firstname)
+#: passwd.1.xml:57(firstname) nologin.8.xml:39(firstname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:66(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:51(firstname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:50(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:117(firstname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:51(firstname) login.1.xml:83(firstname)
+#: limits.5.xml:52(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:52(firstname)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:38(firstname) grpck.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groups.1.xml:50(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:54(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:53(firstname) gpasswd.1.xml:55(firstname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:50(firstname) faillog.5.xml:50(firstname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:54(firstname) chsh.1.xml:53(firstname)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:54(firstname) chgpasswd.8.xml:50(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:53(firstname) chage.1.xml:51(firstname)
+msgid "Nicolas"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:53(surname) usermod.8.xml:58(surname) userdel.8.xml:57(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:70(surname) suauth.5.xml:51(surname) su.1.xml:68(surname)
+#: sg.1.xml:52(surname) shadow.5.xml:51(surname) shadow.3.xml:51(surname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:57(surname) pwck.8.xml:57(surname) porttime.5.xml:51(surname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:51(surname) passwd.1.xml:58(surname) nologin.8.xml:40(surname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:67(surname) newgrp.1.xml:52(surname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:51(surname) login.defs.5.xml:118(surname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:52(surname) login.1.xml:84(surname)
+#: limits.5.xml:53(surname) lastlog.8.xml:53(surname) gshadow.5.xml:39(surname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:52(surname) groups.1.xml:51(surname) groupmod.8.xml:52(surname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:55(surname) groupdel.8.xml:52(surname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:54(surname) gpasswd.1.xml:56(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:51(surname) faillog.5.xml:51(surname) expiry.1.xml:55(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:54(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:55(surname)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:51(surname) chfn.1.xml:54(surname) chage.1.xml:52(surname)
+msgid "François"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:54(email) usermod.8.xml:59(email) userdel.8.xml:58(email)
+#: useradd.8.xml:71(email) suauth.5.xml:52(email) su.1.xml:69(email)
+#: sg.1.xml:53(email) shadow.5.xml:52(email) shadow.3.xml:52(email)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:58(email) pwck.8.xml:58(email) porttime.5.xml:52(email)
+#: passwd.5.xml:52(email) passwd.1.xml:59(email) nologin.8.xml:41(email)
+#: newusers.8.xml:68(email) newgrp.1.xml:53(email) logoutd.8.xml:52(email)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:119(email) login.access.5.xml:53(email)
+#: login.1.xml:85(email) limits.5.xml:54(email) lastlog.8.xml:54(email)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:40(email) grpck.8.xml:53(email) groups.1.xml:52(email)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:53(email) groupmems.8.xml:56(email) groupdel.8.xml:53(email)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:55(email) gpasswd.1.xml:57(email) faillog.8.xml:52(email)
+#: faillog.5.xml:52(email) expiry.1.xml:56(email) chsh.1.xml:55(email)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:56(email) chgpasswd.8.xml:52(email) chfn.1.xml:55(email)
+#: chage.1.xml:53(email)
+msgid "nicolas.francois@centraliens.net"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:55(contrib) usermod.8.xml:60(contrib) userdel.8.xml:59(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:72(contrib) suauth.5.xml:53(contrib) su.1.xml:70(contrib)
+#: sg.1.xml:54(contrib) shadow.5.xml:53(contrib) shadow.3.xml:53(contrib)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:59(contrib) pwck.8.xml:59(contrib) porttime.5.xml:53(contrib)
+#: passwd.5.xml:53(contrib) passwd.1.xml:60(contrib) nologin.8.xml:42(contrib)
+#: newusers.8.xml:69(contrib) newgrp.1.xml:54(contrib)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:53(contrib) login.defs.5.xml:120(contrib)
+#: login.access.5.xml:54(contrib) login.1.xml:86(contrib)
+#: limits.5.xml:55(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:55(contrib) gshadow.5.xml:42(contrib)
+#: grpck.8.xml:54(contrib) groups.1.xml:53(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:54(contrib)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:57(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:54(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:56(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:58(contrib)
+#: faillog.8.xml:53(contrib) faillog.5.xml:53(contrib) expiry.1.xml:57(contrib)
+#: chsh.1.xml:56(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:57(contrib)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:53(contrib) chfn.1.xml:56(contrib) chage.1.xml:54(contrib)
+msgid "shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:59(refentrytitle) vipw.8.xml:66(refname) vipw.8.xml:75(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:520(term)
+msgid "vipw"
+msgstr "vipw"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:60(manvolnum) usermod.8.xml:65(manvolnum)
+#: userdel.8.xml:64(manvolnum) userdel.8.xml:276(replaceable)
+#: useradd.8.xml:77(manvolnum) pwconv.8.xml:64(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:64(manvolnum) nologin.8.xml:47(manvolnum)
+#: newusers.8.xml:74(manvolnum) logoutd.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:60(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupmems.8.xml:62(manvolnum)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupdel.8.xml:198(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:61(manvolnum) faillog.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: faillog.5.xml:111(manvolnum) chpasswd.8.xml:62(manvolnum)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+msgid "8"
+msgstr "8"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) usermod.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo)
+#: userdel.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) useradd.8.xml:78(refmiscinfo)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) pwck.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo)
+#: nologin.8.xml:48(refmiscinfo) newusers.8.xml:75(refmiscinfo)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo) lastlog.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+#: grpck.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) groupmod.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) groupdel.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) faillog.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chgpasswd.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "System Management Commands"
+msgstr "Comandi per la gestione del sistema"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) usermod.8.xml:67(refmiscinfo)
+#: userdel.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) useradd.8.xml:79(refmiscinfo)
+#: suauth.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) su.1.xml:77(refmiscinfo)
+#: sg.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo) shadow.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: shadow.3.xml:60(refmiscinfo) pwconv.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo)
+#: pwck.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) porttime.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: passwd.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) passwd.1.xml:67(refmiscinfo)
+#: nologin.8.xml:49(refmiscinfo) newusers.8.xml:76(refmiscinfo)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo) logoutd.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:127(refmiscinfo) login.access.5.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.1.xml:93(refmiscinfo) limits.5.xml:62(refmiscinfo)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) gshadow.5.xml:49(refmiscinfo)
+#: grpck.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groups.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groupmems.8.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groupadd.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:65(refmiscinfo) faillog.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: faillog.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) expiry.1.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: chsh.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chpasswd.8.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) chfn.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: chage.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "shadow-utils"
+msgstr "shadow-utils"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:67(refname) vipw.8.xml:81(command)
+msgid "vigr"
+msgstr "vigr"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: vipw.8.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "edit the password, group, shadow-password or shadow-group file"
+msgstr ""
+"modifica i file delle password, dei gruppi, delle password shadow o dei "
+"gruppi shadow"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:77(replaceable) vipw.8.xml:83(replaceable)
+#: usermod.8.xml:79(replaceable) userdel.8.xml:76(arg)
+#: useradd.8.xml:90(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:102(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:88(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:81(replaceable)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:87(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:93(replaceable)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:99(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:77(arg) passwd.1.xml:79(replaceable)
+#: newusers.8.xml:88(replaceable) lastlog.8.xml:74(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:72(arg) groupmod.8.xml:73(replaceable)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:73(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:75(replaceable)
+#: faillog.8.xml:72(replaceable) chsh.1.xml:75(replaceable)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:76(replaceable) chgpasswd.8.xml:72(replaceable)
+#: chfn.1.xml:75(replaceable) chage.1.xml:72(replaceable)
+msgid "options"
+msgstr "opzioni"
+
+# type: SH
+#: vipw.8.xml:89(title) usermod.8.xml:86(title) userdel.8.xml:84(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:108(title) suauth.5.xml:75(title) su.1.xml:103(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:81(title) shadow.5.xml:69(title) shadow.3.xml:118(title)
+#: shadow.3.xml:174(title) pwconv.8.xml:105(title) pwck.8.xml:92(title)
+#: porttime.5.xml:69(title) passwd.5.xml:69(title) passwd.1.xml:88(title)
+#: nologin.8.xml:64(title) newusers.8.xml:97(title) newgrp.1.xml:77(title)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:75(title) login.defs.5.xml:136(title)
+#: login.access.5.xml:70(title) login.1.xml:125(title) limits.5.xml:72(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:80(title) gshadow.5.xml:58(title) grpck.8.xml:83(title)
+#: groups.1.xml:78(title) groupmod.8.xml:80(title) groupmems.8.xml:85(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:80(title) groupadd.8.xml:84(title) gpasswd.1.xml:94(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:78(title) faillog.5.xml:69(title) expiry.1.xml:82(title)
+#: chsh.1.xml:84(title) chpasswd.8.xml:82(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:78(title)
+#: chfn.1.xml:84(title) chage.1.xml:81(title)
+msgid "DESCRIPTION"
+msgstr "DESCRIZIONE"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: vipw.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</command> commands edits the "
+"files <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"respectively. With the <option>-s</option> flag, they will edit the shadow "
+"versions of those files, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and <filename>/etc/"
+"gshadow</filename>, respectively. The programs will set the appropriate "
+"locks to prevent file corruption. When looking for an editor, the programs "
+"will first try the environment variable <envar>$VISUAL</envar>, then the "
+"environment variable <envar>$EDITOR</envar>, and finally the default editor, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"I comandi <command>vipw</command> e <command>vigr</command> permettono di "
+"modificare rispettivamente i file <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> e "
+"<filename>/etc/group</filename>. Con l'opzione <option>-s</option>, vengono "
+"aperte le versioni shadow di quei file, rispettivamente <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename> e <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>. I programmi si "
+"occupano di impostare i lock necessari per evitare la corruzione dei file. "
+"Per determinare l'editor da usare, i programmi prima provano con la "
+"variabile d'ambiente <envar>$VISUAL</envar>, poi con la variabile d'ambiente "
+"<envar>$EDITOR</envar> e infine con l'editor predefinito, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+# type: SH
+#: vipw.8.xml:107(title) usermod.8.xml:94(title) userdel.8.xml:93(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:126(title) su.1.xml:144(title) pwconv.8.xml:187(title)
+#: pwck.8.xml:176(title) passwd.1.xml:174(title) newusers.8.xml:266(title)
+#: login.1.xml:210(title) lastlog.8.xml:92(title) grpck.8.xml:147(title)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:89(title) groupmems.8.xml:100(title) groupdel.8.xml:88(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:93(title) gpasswd.1.xml:134(title) faillog.8.xml:89(title)
+#: expiry.1.xml:91(title) chsh.1.xml:95(title) chpasswd.8.xml:130(title)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:105(title) chfn.1.xml:111(title) chage.1.xml:91(title)
+msgid "OPTIONS"
+msgstr "OPZIONI"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: vipw.8.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</"
+"command> commands are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Le opzioni per i comandi <command>vipw</command> e <command>vigr</command> "
+"sono:"
+
+# type: TP
+#: vipw.8.xml:114(term)
+msgid "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:116(para)
+msgid "Edit group database."
+msgstr "Modifica del database «group»."
+
+# type: TP
+#: vipw.8.xml:120(term) userdel.8.xml:123(term) useradd.8.xml:278(term)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:195(term) pwck.8.xml:196(term) passwd.1.xml:214(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:296(term) lastlog.8.xml:119(term) grpck.8.xml:157(term)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:129(term) groupmems.8.xml:142(term) groupdel.8.xml:95(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:131(term) gpasswd.1.xml:173(term) faillog.8.xml:122(term)
+#: expiry.1.xml:112(term) chsh.1.xml:101(term) chpasswd.8.xml:171(term)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:131(term) chage.1.xml:129(term)
+msgid "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: vipw.8.xml:122(para) userdel.8.xml:125(para) useradd.8.xml:280(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:197(para) pwck.8.xml:198(para) passwd.1.xml:216(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:298(para) lastlog.8.xml:123(para) grpck.8.xml:159(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:131(para) groupmems.8.xml:144(para) groupdel.8.xml:97(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:133(para) gpasswd.1.xml:175(para) faillog.8.xml:124(para)
+#: expiry.1.xml:114(para) chsh.1.xml:103(para) chpasswd.8.xml:173(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:133(para) chfn.1.xml:169(para) chage.1.xml:131(para)
+msgid "Display help message and exit."
+msgstr "Mostra un messaggio di aiuto ed esce."
+
+# type: IP
+#: vipw.8.xml:126(term)
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--passwd</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-p</option>, <option>--passwd</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:128(para)
+msgid "Edit passwd database."
+msgstr "Modifica del database «passwd»."
+
+# type: IP
+#: vipw.8.xml:132(term) pwck.8.xml:202(term) passwd.1.xml:281(term)
+msgid "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:134(para) passwd.1.xml:285(para)
+msgid "Quiet mode."
+msgstr "Modalità silenziosa."
+
+# type: IP
+#: vipw.8.xml:138(term) usermod.8.xml:322(term) userdel.8.xml:146(term)
+#: useradd.8.xml:457(term) pwconv.8.xml:201(term) pwck.8.xml:219(term)
+#: passwd.1.xml:301(term) newusers.8.xml:321(term) lastlog.8.xml:127(term)
+#: grpck.8.xml:173(term) groupmod.8.xml:178(term) groupmems.8.xml:165(term)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:101(term) groupadd.8.xml:204(term) faillog.8.xml:180(term)
+#: chsh.1.xml:107(term) chpasswd.8.xml:188(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:146(term)
+#: chfn.1.xml:153(term) chage.1.xml:203(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: vipw.8.xml:142(para) usermod.8.xml:326(para) userdel.8.xml:150(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:461(para) pwconv.8.xml:205(para) pwck.8.xml:223(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:305(para) newusers.8.xml:325(para) lastlog.8.xml:131(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:177(para) groupmod.8.xml:182(para) groupmems.8.xml:169(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:105(para) groupadd.8.xml:208(para) gpasswd.1.xml:185(para)
+#: faillog.8.xml:184(para) chsh.1.xml:111(para) chpasswd.8.xml:192(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:150(para) chfn.1.xml:157(para) chage.1.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory and use "
+"the configuration files from the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Effettua le modifiche nella directory <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> "
+"e usa i file di configurazione dalla directory <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: vipw.8.xml:150(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "Edit shadow or gshadow database."
+msgstr "Modifica del database «shadow» o «gshadow»"
+
+# type: IP
+#: vipw.8.xml:156(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:158(para)
+msgid "Indicates which user's tcb shadow file to edit."
+msgstr "Indica di quale utente modificare il file «shadow tcb»."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:165(title) usermod.8.xml:524(title) userdel.8.xml:188(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:676(title) su.1.xml:338(title) sg.1.xml:98(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:227(title) pwck.8.xml:262(title) passwd.1.xml:395(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:375(title) newgrp.1.xml:109(title) login.1.xml:294(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:205(title) grpck.8.xml:209(title) groupmod.8.xml:210(title)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:199(title) groupdel.8.xml:145(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:236(title) gpasswd.1.xml:264(title) chsh.1.xml:154(title)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:239(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:198(title) chfn.1.xml:193(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:250(title)
+msgid "CONFIGURATION"
+msgstr "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:166(para) usermod.8.xml:525(para) userdel.8.xml:189(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:677(para) su.1.xml:339(para) sg.1.xml:99(para)
+#: pwck.8.xml:263(para) passwd.1.xml:396(para) newusers.8.xml:376(para)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:110(para) login.1.xml:295(para) lastlog.8.xml:206(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:210(para) groupmod.8.xml:211(para) groupmems.8.xml:200(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:146(para) groupadd.8.xml:237(para) gpasswd.1.xml:265(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:155(para) chpasswd.8.xml:240(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:199(para)
+#: chfn.1.xml:194(para) chage.1.xml:251(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> change the behavior of this tool:"
+msgstr ""
+"Le seguenti variabili di configurazione in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> cambiano il comportamento di questo strumento:"
+
+# type: IP
+#: vipw.8.xml:30(term) usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term)
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwconv.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term) chage.1.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>USE_TCB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>USE_TCB</option> (booleano)"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: vipw.8.xml:32(para) usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwconv.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(para) chage.1.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> password shadowing "
+"scheme will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Se <replaceable>yes</replaceable> viene usato lo schema "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> per lo «shadow» delle password."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:177(title)
+msgid "ENVIRONMENT"
+msgstr "VARIABILI D'AMBIENTE"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:180(option)
+msgid "VISUAL"
+msgstr "VISUAL"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:182(para)
+msgid "Editor to be used."
+msgstr "Editor da utilizzare."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:186(option)
+msgid "EDITOR"
+msgstr "EDITOR"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:188(para)
+msgid "Editor to be used if <option>VISUAL</option> is not set."
+msgstr "Editor da utilizzare se <option>VISUAL</option> non è impostata."
+
+# type: SH
+#: vipw.8.xml:195(title) usermod.8.xml:542(title) userdel.8.xml:205(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:706(title) suauth.5.xml:193(title) su.1.xml:366(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:110(title) shadow.5.xml:255(title) shadow.3.xml:226(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:250(title) pwck.8.xml:279(title) porttime.5.xml:130(title)
+#: passwd.5.xml:160(title) passwd.1.xml:413(title) newusers.8.xml:411(title)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:121(title) logoutd.8.xml:89(title)
+#: login.access.5.xml:121(title) login.1.xml:338(title) limits.5.xml:196(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:217(title) gshadow.5.xml:156(title) grpck.8.xml:221(title)
+#: groups.1.xml:100(title) groupmod.8.xml:222(title) groupmems.8.xml:211(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:157(title) groupadd.8.xml:250(title) gpasswd.1.xml:279(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:243(title) faillog.5.xml:96(title) expiry.1.xml:121(title)
+#: chsh.1.xml:167(title) chpasswd.8.xml:255(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:213(title)
+#: chfn.1.xml:207(title) chage.1.xml:262(title)
+msgid "FILES"
+msgstr "FILE"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:198(filename) usermod.8.xml:545(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:208(filename) useradd.8.xml:721(filename)
+#: sg.1.xml:125(filename) pwck.8.xml:282(filename) newusers.8.xml:426(filename)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:136(filename) gshadow.5.xml:159(filename)
+#: grpck.8.xml:224(filename) groups.1.xml:103(filename)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:225(filename) groupmems.8.xml:214(filename)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:160(filename) groupadd.8.xml:253(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:72(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:75(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:282(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:216(filename)
+msgid "/etc/group"
+msgstr "/etc/group"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: vipw.8.xml:200(para) usermod.8.xml:547(para) userdel.8.xml:210(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:723(para) sg.1.xml:127(para) pwck.8.xml:284(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:428(para) newgrp.1.xml:138(para) gshadow.5.xml:161(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:226(para) groups.1.xml:105(para) groupmod.8.xml:227(para)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:216(para) groupdel.8.xml:162(para) groupadd.8.xml:255(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:284(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:218(para)
+msgid "Group account information."
+msgstr "Informazioni sugli account di gruppo."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:204(filename) usermod.8.xml:551(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:727(filename) sg.1.xml:131(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:432(filename) newgrp.1.xml:142(filename)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:165(filename) grpck.8.xml:230(filename)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:231(filename) groupmems.8.xml:220(filename)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:166(filename) groupadd.8.xml:259(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:76(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:288(filename)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:222(filename)
+msgid "/etc/gshadow"
+msgstr "/etc/gshadow"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: vipw.8.xml:206(para) usermod.8.xml:553(para) useradd.8.xml:729(para)
+#: sg.1.xml:133(para) newusers.8.xml:434(para) newgrp.1.xml:144(para)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:167(para) grpck.8.xml:232(para) groupmod.8.xml:233(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:168(para) groupadd.8.xml:261(para) gpasswd.1.xml:290(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid "Secure group account information."
+msgstr "Informazioni sicure sugli account di gruppo."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:210(filename) usermod.8.xml:563(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:220(filename) useradd.8.xml:709(filename)
+#: su.1.xml:369(filename) sg.1.xml:113(filename) shadow.5.xml:258(filename)
+#: pwck.8.xml:288(filename) passwd.5.xml:163(filename)
+#: passwd.1.xml:416(filename) newusers.8.xml:414(filename)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:124(filename) login.1.xml:353(filename)
+#: grpck.8.xml:236(filename) groupmod.8.xml:243(filename)
+#: expiry.1.xml:124(filename) chsh.1.xml:170(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:258(filename) chfn.1.xml:216(filename)
+#: chage.1.xml:266(filename)
+msgid "/etc/passwd"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: vipw.8.xml:212(para) usermod.8.xml:565(para) userdel.8.xml:222(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:711(para) su.1.xml:371(para) sg.1.xml:115(para)
+#: shadow.5.xml:260(para) pwck.8.xml:290(para) passwd.5.xml:165(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:418(para) newusers.8.xml:416(para) newgrp.1.xml:126(para)
+#: login.1.xml:355(para) grpck.8.xml:238(para) groupmod.8.xml:245(para)
+#: expiry.1.xml:126(para) chsh.1.xml:172(para) chpasswd.8.xml:260(para)
+#: chfn.1.xml:218(para) chage.1.xml:269(para)
+msgid "User account information."
+msgstr "Informazioni sugli account utente."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:216(filename) usermod.8.xml:569(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:226(filename) useradd.8.xml:715(filename)
+#: su.1.xml:375(filename) sg.1.xml:119(filename) shadow.5.xml:264(filename)
+#: shadow.3.xml:229(filename) pwck.8.xml:294(filename)
+#: passwd.5.xml:169(filename) passwd.1.xml:422(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:420(filename) newgrp.1.xml:130(filename)
+#: login.1.xml:359(filename) expiry.1.xml:130(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:264(filename) chage.1.xml:274(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shadow"
+msgstr "/etc/shadow"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: vipw.8.xml:218(para) usermod.8.xml:571(para) userdel.8.xml:228(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:717(para) su.1.xml:377(para) sg.1.xml:121(para)
+#: shadow.5.xml:266(para) shadow.3.xml:231(para) pwck.8.xml:296(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:424(para) newusers.8.xml:422(para) newgrp.1.xml:132(para)
+#: login.1.xml:361(para) expiry.1.xml:132(para) chpasswd.8.xml:266(para)
+#: chage.1.xml:277(para)
+msgid "Secure user account information."
+msgstr "Informazioni sicure sugli account utente."
+
+# type: SH
+#: vipw.8.xml:225(title) usermod.8.xml:590(title) userdel.8.xml:325(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:835(title) suauth.5.xml:222(title) su.1.xml:437(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:140(title) shadow.5.xml:283(title) shadow.3.xml:238(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:262(title) pwck.8.xml:354(title) porttime.5.xml:142(title)
+#: passwd.5.xml:188(title) passwd.1.xml:494(title) nologin.8.xml:81(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:465(title) newgrp.1.xml:151(title)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:547(title) login.access.5.xml:133(title)
+#: login.1.xml:398(title) limits.5.xml:206(title) gshadow.5.xml:174(title)
+#: grpck.8.xml:290(title) groups.1.xml:112(title) groupmod.8.xml:321(title)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:229(title) groupdel.8.xml:214(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:341(title) gpasswd.1.xml:297(title) faillog.8.xml:255(title)
+#: faillog.5.xml:108(title) expiry.1.xml:139(title) chsh.1.xml:191(title)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:285(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:237(title) chfn.1.xml:225(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:317(title)
+msgid "SEE ALSO"
+msgstr "VEDERE ANCHE"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: vipw.8.xml:226(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+"\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+"condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+"\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+"condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:46(firstname) userdel.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:58(firstname) su.1.xml:56(firstname) sg.1.xml:40(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:39(firstname) shadow.3.xml:39(firstname)
+#: pwck.8.xml:45(firstname) porttime.5.xml:39(firstname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:39(firstname) passwd.1.xml:46(firstname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:55(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:40(firstname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:39(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:106(firstname)
+#: login.1.xml:72(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:41(firstname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:40(firstname) groups.1.xml:39(firstname)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:40(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:40(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:42(firstname) faillog.8.xml:39(firstname)
+#: faillog.5.xml:39(firstname) expiry.1.xml:43(firstname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:42(firstname) chpasswd.8.xml:43(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:42(firstname) chage.1.xml:40(firstname)
+msgid "Julianne Frances"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:47(surname) userdel.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:59(surname) su.1.xml:57(surname) sg.1.xml:41(surname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:40(surname) shadow.3.xml:40(surname) pwck.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:40(surname) passwd.5.xml:40(surname) passwd.1.xml:47(surname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:56(surname) newgrp.1.xml:41(surname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:40(surname) login.defs.5.xml:107(surname)
+#: login.1.xml:73(surname) lastlog.8.xml:42(surname) grpck.8.xml:41(surname)
+#: groups.1.xml:40(surname) groupmod.8.xml:41(surname)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:41(surname) groupadd.8.xml:43(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:40(surname) faillog.5.xml:40(surname) expiry.1.xml:44(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:43(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:44(surname) chfn.1.xml:43(surname)
+#: chage.1.xml:41(surname)
+msgid "Haugh"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:48(contrib) userdel.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:60(contrib) sg.1.xml:42(contrib) newusers.8.xml:57(contrib)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:42(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:41(contrib)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:108(contrib) groups.1.xml:41(contrib)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:42(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:42(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:44(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:45(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1991"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:64(refentrytitle) usermod.8.xml:71(refname)
+#: usermod.8.xml:77(command) login.defs.5.xml:510(term)
+msgid "usermod"
+msgstr "usermod"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:72(refpurpose)
+msgid "modify a user account"
+msgstr "modifica l'account di un utente"
+
+# type: TH
+#: usermod.8.xml:81(replaceable) userdel.8.xml:78(replaceable)
+#: useradd.8.xml:92(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:82(replaceable)
+#: chsh.1.xml:78(replaceable) chfn.1.xml:78(replaceable)
+#: chage.1.xml:75(replaceable)
+msgid "LOGIN"
+msgstr "LOGIN"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:87(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>usermod</command> command modifies the system account files to "
+"reflect the changes that are specified on the command line."
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando <command>usermod</command> modifica i file di account del sistema "
+"in modo da riflettere i cambiamenti che sono specificati sulla riga di "
+"comando."
+
+# type: TP
+#: usermod.8.xml:95(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>usermod</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>usermod</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:101(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--append</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-a</option>, <option>--append</option>"
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:105(para)
+msgid ""
+"Add the user to the supplementary group(s). Use only with the <option>-G</"
+"option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"Aggiunge l'utente al/i gruppo/i supplmentare/i. Usare solo con l'opzione "
+"<option>-G</option>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:112(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgid "<option>-b</option>, <option>--badnames</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:116(para) useradd.8.xml:135(para) pwck.8.xml:190(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "Allow names that do not conform to standards."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: TP
+#: usermod.8.xml:122(term) useradd.8.xml:162(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMENT</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMENTO</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:126(para)
+msgid ""
+"The new value of the user's password file comment field. It is normally "
+"modified using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utility."
+msgstr ""
+"Il nuovo valore per il campo commento dell'utente nel file password. "
+"Normalmente viene modificato usando l'utilità "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+# type: TP
+#: usermod.8.xml:135(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The user's new login directory."
+msgstr "La nuova directory home dell'utente."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <option>-m</option> option is given, the contents of the current home "
+"directory will be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it "
+"does not already exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Se è data l'opzione <option>-m</option> il contenuto della directory home "
+"corrente sarà spostato nella nuova directory home, che viene creata se non "
+"esiste già."
+
+# type: TP
+#: usermod.8.xml:151(term) useradd.8.xml:200(term) useradd.8.xml:577(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>DATA_SCADENZA</replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:155(para) useradd.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date on which the user account will be disabled. The date is specified "
+"in the format <emphasis remap=\"I\">YYYY-MM-DD</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"La data in cui l'account dell'utente verrà disabilitato. La data è "
+"specificata nel formato <emphasis remap=\"I\">AAAA-MM-GG</emphasis>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> argument will disable the "
+"expiration of the account."
+msgstr ""
+"Un argomento <replaceable>DATA_SCADENZA</replaceable> vuoto disabilita la "
+"scadenza dell'account."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:163(para) usermod.8.xml:184(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option requires a <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. A <filename>/"
+"etc/shadow</filename> entry will be created if there were none."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa opzione richiede il file <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. Se non c'è "
+"ancora viene creata una voce nel file <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>."
+
+# type: TP
+#: usermod.8.xml:171(term) useradd.8.xml:217(term) useradd.8.xml:589(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INATTIVO</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently "
+"disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Il numero di giorni dopo la scadenza di una password prima che l'account "
+"venga disabilitato permanentemente."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid ""
+"A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has expired, and a "
+"value of -1 disables the feature."
+msgstr ""
+"Il valore 0 disabilita l'account non appena la password è scaduta, e il "
+"valore -1 disabilita questa funzionalità."
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:192(term) useradd.8.xml:236(term) useradd.8.xml:604(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GRUPPO</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:196(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or number of the user's new initial login group. The group "
+"must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Il nome o numero del gruppo da assegnare alla connessione dell'utente. Il "
+"gruppo deve esistere."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:200(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any file from the user's home directory owned by the previous primary group "
+"of the user will be owned by this new group."
+msgstr ""
+"Tutti i file nella directory home dell'utente che hanno come gruppo il "
+"precedente gruppo primario dell'utente stesso verranno modificati perché "
+"abbiano questo nuovo gruppo."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group ownership of files outside of the user's home directory must be "
+"fixed manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Il gruppo dei file che si trovano all'esterno della directory home "
+"dell'utente andrà modificato manualmente."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:211(term) useradd.8.xml:263(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-G</option>, <option>--groups</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP1</"
+"replaceable>[<emphasis remap=\"I\">,GROUP2,...</emphasis>[<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">,GROUPN</emphasis>]]]"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-G</option>, <option>--groups</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GRUPPO1</"
+"replaceable>[<emphasis remap=\"I\">,GRUPPO2,...</emphasis>[<emphasis remap="
+"\"I\">,GRUPPON</emphasis>]]]"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each "
+"group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. "
+"The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the "
+"<option>-g</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"Una lista di gruppi supplementari di cui l'utente è altresì membro. Ciascun "
+"gruppo è separato dal successivo da una virgola, senza spazi bianchi "
+"intermedi. I gruppi sono soggetti alle stesse restrizioni del gruppo dato "
+"con l'opzione <option>-g</option>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the user is currently a member of a group which is not listed, the user "
+"will be removed from the group. This behaviour can be changed via the "
+"<option>-a</option> option, which appends the user to the current "
+"supplementary group list."
+msgstr ""
+"Se l'utente è attualmente membro di un gruppo che non è elencato, l'utente "
+"verrà rimosso dal gruppo. Questo comportamento può essere cambiato con "
+"l'opzione <option>-a</option> che aggiunge all'utente i gruppi supplementari "
+"dei quali fa attualmente parte."
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:231(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NUOVO_LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:235(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user will be changed from <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> "
+"to <replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</replaceable>. Nothing else is changed. In "
+"particular, the user's home directory or mail spool should probably be "
+"renamed manually to reflect the new login name."
+msgstr ""
+"Il nome dell'utente verrà cambiato da <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> a "
+"<replaceable>NUOVO_LOGIN</replaceable>. Niente altro viene cambiato. In "
+"particolare, la directory home dell'utente e la casella di posta dovrebbero "
+"probabilmente essere modificate manualmente in modo da riflettere il nuovo "
+"nome di login."
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:245(term)
+msgid "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:249(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock a user's password. This puts a '!' in front of the encrypted password, "
+"effectively disabling the password. You can't use this option with <option>-"
+"p</option> or <option>-U</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Blocca la password di un utente. Questo inserisce un «!» davanti alla "
+"password cifrata, disabilitandola. Non si può utilizzare questa opzione con "
+"le opzioni <option>-p</option> e <option>-U</option>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:255(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: if you wish to lock the account (not only access with a password), you "
+"should also set the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> to "
+"<replaceable>1</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Nota: se si vuole bloccare l'account (non solo l'accesso tramite password), "
+"si deve anche impostare <replaceable>DATA_SCADENZA</replaceable> a "
+"<replaceable>1</replaceable>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:264(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--move-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--move-home</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:268(para)
+msgid "Move the content of the user's home directory to the new location."
+msgstr ""
+"Sposta il contenuto della directory home di un utente nella nuova posizione."
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:272(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-d</option> (or "
+"<option>--home</option>) option."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa opzione è valida solo in combinazioone con l'opzione <option>-d</"
+"option> (o <option>--home</option>)."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>usermod</command> will try to adapt the ownership of the files and "
+"to copy the modes, ACL and extended attributes, but manual changes might be "
+"needed afterwards."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>usermod</command> cercherà di adattare la proprietà dei file e di "
+"copiare i permessi, le ACL e gli attributi estesi, ma successive modifiche "
+"manuali potrebbe comunque essere necessarie."
+
+# type: TP
+#: usermod.8.xml:284(term) useradd.8.xml:397(term) groupmod.8.xml:146(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:157(term)
+msgid "<option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"When used with the <option>-u</option> option, this option allows to change "
+"the user ID to a non-unique value."
+msgstr ""
+"Quando è usata con l'opzione <option>-u</option> questa opzione permette di "
+"modificare l'ID utente in un valore non univoco."
+
+# type: TP
+#: usermod.8.xml:295(term) useradd.8.xml:409(term) groupmod.8.xml:157(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:167(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASSWORD</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASSWORD</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:299(para) groupmod.8.xml:161(para)
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"La passwird cifrata, così come viene restituita da "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:304(para) useradd.8.xml:418(para) groupmod.8.xml:166(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"bold\">Note:</emphasis> This option is not recommended "
+"because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users "
+"listing the processes."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"bold\">Nota:</emphasis> questa opzione non è consigliata "
+"perché la password (o password cifrata) sarà visibile agli utenti che "
+"elencano i processi."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"The password will be written in the local <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+"or <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. This might differ from the "
+"password database configured in your PAM configuration."
+msgstr ""
+"La password verrà scritta nel file locale <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> o "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. Questo potrebbe essere diverso dal "
+"database delle password configurato per l'utilizzo da PAM."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:315(para) useradd.8.xml:423(para) groupmod.8.xml:171(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should make sure the password respects the system's password policy."
+msgstr ""
+"Ci si deve accertare che la password rispetti le norme delle password del "
+"sistema."
+
+# type: TP
+#: usermod.8.xml:334(term) userdel.8.xml:158(term) useradd.8.xml:469(term)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:190(term) groupdel.8.xml:113(term) groupadd.8.xml:216(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-P</option>, <option>--prefix</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:338(para) userdel.8.xml:162(para) useradd.8.xml:473(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:194(para) groupdel.8.xml:117(para) groupadd.8.xml:220(para)
+msgid ""
+"Apply changes in the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> directory and use "
+"the configuration files from the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> "
+"directory. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross-"
+"compilation target. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not "
+"verified. PAM authentication is using the host files. No SELINUX support."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: TP
+#: usermod.8.xml:351(term) useradd.8.xml:486(term) useradd.8.xml:624(term)
+#: su.1.xml:186(term) chsh.1.xml:119(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:355(para) chsh.1.xml:123(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user's new login shell. Setting this field to blank causes "
+"the system to select the default login shell."
+msgstr ""
+"Il nome della nuova shell di login dell'utente. Lasciando questo campo vuoto "
+"si fa in modo che il sistema selezioni la shell di login predefinita."
+
+# type: TP
+#: usermod.8.xml:362(term) useradd.8.xml:500(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:366(para)
+msgid "The new numerical value of the user's ID."
+msgstr "Il nuovo valore numerico dell'ID utente."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:369(para)
+msgid ""
+"This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is used. "
+"The value must be non-negative."
+msgstr ""
+"Questo valore deve essere univoco, a meno che non sia utilizzata l'opzione "
+"<option>-o</option>. Il valore non può essere negativo."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:374(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user's mailbox, and any files which the user owns and which are located "
+"in the user's home directory will have the file user ID changed "
+"automatically."
+msgstr ""
+"La casella di posta dell'utente e ogni altro file di proprietà dell'utente "
+"che si trovi all'interno della directory home avrà l'ID utente cambiato "
+"automaticamente."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:379(para)
+msgid ""
+"The ownership of files outside of the user's home directory must be fixed "
+"manually."
+msgstr ""
+"La proprietà dei file esterni alla directory home dell'utente va corretta "
+"manualmente."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:383(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>, or "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Non vengono fatti controlli riguardo <option>UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> o "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> dal file <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:392(term)
+msgid "<option>-U</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-U</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:396(para)
+msgid ""
+"Unlock a user's password. This removes the '!' in front of the encrypted "
+"password. You can't use this option with <option>-p</option> or <option>-L</"
+"option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Sblocca la password di un utente. Questo rimuove il «!» davanti alla "
+"password cifrata. Non si può usare questa opzione con l'opzione <option>-p</"
+"option> o <option>-L</option>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:401(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: if you wish to unlock the account (not only access with a password), "
+"you should also set the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> (for example "
+"to <replaceable>99999</replaceable>, or to the <option>EXPIRE</option> value "
+"from <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Nota: se si vuole sbloccare l'account (non solo l'accesso con password) si "
+"deve anche impostare <replaceable>DATA_SCADENZA</replaceable> (per esempio a "
+"<replaceable>99999</replaceable> o al valore <option>EXPIRE</option> dal "
+"file <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>)."
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:412(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+#| "replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-v</option>, <option>--add-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>INTERVALLO</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:416(para)
+msgid "Add a range of subordinate uids to the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:419(para) usermod.8.xml:457(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a "
+"users account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:422(para) usermod.8.xml:442(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>UID_MIN</option>, "
+#| "<option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>, or "
+#| "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option>, or <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> from /etc/"
+"login.defs."
+msgstr ""
+"Non vengono fatti controlli riguardo <option>UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> o "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> dal file <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:430(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+#| "replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-V</option>, <option>--del-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>INTERVALLO</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:434(para)
+msgid "Remove a range of subordinate uids from the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:437(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a "
+"users account. When both <option>--del-subuids</option> and <option>--add-"
+"subuids</option> are specified, the removal of all subordinate uid ranges "
+"happens before any subordinate uid range is added."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:450(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+#| "replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--add-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>INTERVALLO</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:454(para)
+msgid "Add a range of subordinate gids to the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:460(para) usermod.8.xml:480(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>GID_MIN</option>, "
+#| "<option>GID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>, or "
+#| "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option>, or <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> from /etc/"
+"login.defs."
+msgstr ""
+"Non verrà effettuato nessun controllo riguardo i limiti <option>GID_MIN</"
+"option>, <option>GID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> o "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> definiti in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:468(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+#| "replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--del-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>INTERVALLO</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:472(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Remove any SELinux user mapping for the user's login."
+msgid "Remove a range of subordinate gids from the user's account."
+msgstr "Rimuove tutti gli utenti SELinux assegnati al login utente."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:475(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a "
+"users account. When both <option>--del-subgids</option> and <option>--add-"
+"subgids</option> are specified, the removal of all subordinate gid ranges "
+"happens before any subordinate gid range is added."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:488(term) useradd.8.xml:535(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UTENTESE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:492(para)
+msgid "The new SELinux user for the user's login."
+msgstr "Il nuovo utente SELinux per il login dell'utente."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:495(para)
+msgid ""
+"A blank <replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable> will remove the SELinux user "
+"mapping for user <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> (if any)."
+msgstr ""
+"Un <replaceable>UTENTESE</replaceable> vuoto rimuoverà la mappatura per "
+"l'utente SELinux da <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> (se presente)."
+
+# type: SH
+#: usermod.8.xml:506(title) userdel.8.xml:298(title) useradd.8.xml:652(title)
+#: su.1.xml:330(title) shadow.3.xml:218(title) passwd.1.xml:377(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:363(title) login.1.xml:260(title) lastlog.8.xml:229(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:133(title) groupadd.8.xml:274(title) gpasswd.1.xml:252(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:232(title) chpasswd.8.xml:231(title)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:186(title)
+msgid "CAVEATS"
+msgstr "AVVISI/CAVEAT"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:507(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes "
+#| "when this command is being executed if the user's numerical user ID, the "
+#| "user's name, or the user's home directory is being changed. "
+#| "<command>usermod</command> checks this on Linux, but only check if the "
+#| "user is logged in according to utmp on other architectures."
+msgid ""
+"You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes "
+"when this command is being executed if the user's numerical user ID, the "
+"user's name, or the user's home directory is being changed. "
+"<command>usermod</command> checks this on Linux. On other platforms it only "
+"uses utmp to check if the user is logged in."
+msgstr ""
+"Se si cambia l'ID numerico, il nome dell'utente o la sua directory home, si "
+"deve verificare che l'utente in questione non stia eseguendo nessun processo "
+"al momento dell'esecuzione del comando.\n"
+"<command>usermod</command> effettua questo controllo in Linux, ma su altri "
+"sistemi controlla solo che non sia registrato come collegato in utmp."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:514(para)
+msgid ""
+"You must change the owner of any <command>crontab</command> files or "
+"<command>at</command> jobs manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Si deve cambiare manualmente il proprietario di eventuali file "
+"<command>crontab</command> e compiti <command>at</command>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:518(para)
+msgid "You must make any changes involving NIS on the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+"Si devono apportare tutte le modifiche che riguardano NIS sul server NIS."
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:33(term) useradd.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:35(para) useradd.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated. As "
+"higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and "
+"authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog "
+"file for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:41(para) useradd.8.xml:41(para) login.defs.5.xml:41(para)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:41(para)
+msgid ""
+"No <option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> option present in the configuration "
+"means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) userdel.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term)
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_DIR</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>MAIL_DIR</option> (testo)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) userdel.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para)
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mail spool directory. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its "
+"corresponding user account is modified or deleted. If not specified, a "
+"compile-time default is used."
+msgstr ""
+"La directory di spool per la posta. Questa è necessaria per manipolare la "
+"casella di posta quando il corrispondente account utente viene modificato o "
+"cancellato. Se non è specificata viene utilizzato un valore impostato al "
+"momento della compilazione."
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:41(term) userdel.8.xml:41(term) useradd.8.xml:41(term)
+#: su.1.xml:41(term) login.defs.5.xml:41(term) login.1.xml:41(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>MAIL_FILE</option> (testo)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:43(para) userdel.8.xml:43(para) useradd.8.xml:43(para)
+#: su.1.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Imposta la posizione delle caselle di posta degli utenti relative alla loro "
+"directory home."
+
+#. FIXME: MAIL_FILE not used in useradd
+#: usermod.8.xml:50(para) userdel.8.xml:50(para) useradd.8.xml:50(para)
+#: su.1.xml:50(para) login.defs.5.xml:50(para) login.1.xml:50(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>MAIL_DIR</option> and <option>MAIL_FILE</option> variables are "
+"used by <command>useradd</command>, <command>usermod</command>, and "
+"<command>userdel</command> to create, move, or delete the user's mail spool."
+msgstr ""
+"Le variabili <option>MAIL_DIR</option> e <option>MAIL_FILE</option> vengono "
+"utilizzate da <command>useradd</command>, <command>usermod</command> e "
+"<command>userdel</command> per creare, spostare e cancellare le caselle di "
+"posta dell'utente."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:56(para) userdel.8.xml:56(para) useradd.8.xml:56(para)
+#: su.1.xml:56(para) login.defs.5.xml:56(para) login.1.xml:56(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> is set to <replaceable>yes</"
+"replaceable>, they are also used to define the <envar>MAIL</envar> "
+"environment variable."
+msgstr ""
+"Se <option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> è impostata a <replaceable>yes</"
+"replaceable> allora sono anche utilizzate per impostare la variabile "
+"d'ambiente <envar>MAIL</envar>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: grpck.8.xml:30(term) groupmod.8.xml:30(term) groupmems.8.xml:30(term)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:30(term) groupadd.8.xml:30(term) gpasswd.1.xml:30(term)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</option> (numero)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:32(para) newusers.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:32(para) groupmod.8.xml:32(para) groupmems.8.xml:32(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:32(para) groupadd.8.xml:32(para) gpasswd.1.xml:32(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"Maximum members per group entry. When the maximum is reached, a new group "
+"entry (line) is started in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (with the same "
+"name, same password, and same GID)."
+msgstr ""
+"Numero massimo di membri per gruppo. Quando viene raggiunto il massimo, "
+"viene creata una nuova riga per il gruppo nel file <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename> (con lo stesso nome, stessa password e stesso GID)."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:37(para) userdel.8.xml:37(para) useradd.8.xml:37(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:37(para) newusers.8.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:37(para) groupmod.8.xml:37(para) groupmems.8.xml:37(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:37(para) groupadd.8.xml:37(para) gpasswd.1.xml:37(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of "
+"members in a group."
+msgstr ""
+"Il valore predefinito è 0, che non pone nessun limite al numero di membri "
+"per gruppo."
+
+#. Note: on HP, split groups have the same ID, but different
+#.                names.
+#: usermod.8.xml:43(para) userdel.8.xml:43(para) useradd.8.xml:43(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:43(para) groupmod.8.xml:43(para) groupmems.8.xml:43(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:43(para) groupadd.8.xml:43(para) gpasswd.1.xml:43(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group "
+"file. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger "
+"than 1024 characters."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa opzione (dividi gruppo) permette di limitare la lunghezza delle righe "
+"nel file «group». Questo è utile per essere certi che le righe per gruppi "
+"NIS non eccedano i 1024 caratteri."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:48(para) userdel.8.xml:48(para) useradd.8.xml:48(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:48(para) newusers.8.xml:48(para) login.defs.5.xml:48(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:48(para) groupmod.8.xml:48(para) groupmems.8.xml:48(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:48(para) groupadd.8.xml:48(para) gpasswd.1.xml:48(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:48(para)
+msgid "If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25."
+msgstr "Se si deve impostare questo limite, si può usare 25."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:51(para) userdel.8.xml:51(para) useradd.8.xml:51(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:51(para) newusers.8.xml:51(para) login.defs.5.xml:51(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:51(para) groupmod.8.xml:51(para) groupmems.8.xml:51(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:51(para) groupadd.8.xml:51(para) gpasswd.1.xml:51(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:51(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow "
+"toolsuite). You should not use this variable unless you really need it."
+msgstr ""
+"Nota: la divisione dei gruppi potrebbe non essere supportata da ogni "
+"strumento (anche all'interno del pacchetto Shadow). Non si dovrebbe "
+"utilizzare questa variabile a meno di esserci forzati."
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (numerico)"
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:31(term) useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (numerico)"
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands <command>useradd</"
+"command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless the user already have "
+"subordinate group IDs) allocate <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> unused group "
+"IDs from the range <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_GID_MAX</"
+"option> for each new user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:42(para) useradd.8.xml:42(para) newusers.8.xml:42(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:42(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default value for <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+#| "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>GID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgid ""
+"The default values for <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_GID_MAX</"
+"option>, <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> are respectively 100000, 600100000 "
+"and 65536."
+msgstr ""
+"Il valore predefinito per <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (rispettivamente "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) è 101 (rispettivamente <option>GID_MIN</"
+"option>-1)."
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (numerico)"
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:31(term) useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (numerico)"
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands <command>useradd</"
+"command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless the user already have "
+"subordinate user IDs) allocate <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> unused user "
+"IDs from the range <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_UID_MAX</"
+"option> for each new user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:42(para) useradd.8.xml:42(para) newusers.8.xml:42(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:42(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default value for <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+#| "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>UID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgid ""
+"The default values for <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_UID_MAX</"
+"option>, <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> are respectively 100000, 600100000 "
+"and 65536."
+msgstr ""
+"Il valore predefinito per <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (rispettivamente "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) è 101 (rispettivamente <option>UID_MIN</"
+"option>-1)."
+
+# type: IP
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term)
+#: pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>TCB_SYMLINKS</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>TCB_SYMLINKS</option> (booleano)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:37(programlisting) userdel.8.xml:37(programlisting)
+#: useradd.8.xml:37(programlisting) pwck.8.xml:37(programlisting)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:37(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"if ( UID is less than 1000) {\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/user\n"
+"} else if ( UID is less than 1000000) {\n"
+"  kilos = UID / 1000\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/:kilos/user\n"
+"  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n"
+"} else {\n"
+"  megas = UID / 1000000\n"
+"  kilos = ( UID / megas * 1000000 ) / 1000\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/:megas/:kilos/user\n"
+"  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n"
+"}\n"
+"      "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"se ( UID è minore di 1000) {\n"
+"  usa /etc/tcb/user\n"
+"} altrimenti se ( UID è minore di 1000000) {\n"
+"  migliaia = UID / 1000\n"
+"  usa /etc/tcb/:migliaia/user\n"
+"  crea link simbolico da /etc/tcb/user alla directory precedente\n"
+"} altrimenti {\n"
+"  milioni = UID / 1000000\n"
+"  migliaia = ( UID / megas * 1000000 ) / 1000\n"
+"  usa /etc/tcb/:milioni/:migliaia/user\n"
+"  crea link simbolico da /etc/tcb/user alla directory precedente\n"
+"}\n"
+"    "
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para)
+#: pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the location of the user tcb directory to "
+"be created will not be automatically set to /etc/tcb/user, but will be "
+"computed depending on the UID of the user, according to the following "
+"algorithm: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Se <replaceable>yes</replaceable> la posizione della directory utente tcb "
+"non verrà creata automaticamente come /etc/tcb/user, ma verrà determinato in "
+"base all'UID dell'utente secondo questo algoritmo: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:557(filename) userdel.8.xml:214(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:757(filename) su.1.xml:381(filename)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:253(filename) passwd.1.xml:428(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:438(filename) login.access.5.xml:124(filename)
+#: login.1.xml:389(filename) groupmod.8.xml:237(filename)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:265(filename) chsh.1.xml:182(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:270(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:228(filename)
+#: chfn.1.xml:210(filename)
+msgid "/etc/login.defs"
+msgstr "/etc/login.defs"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:559(para) userdel.8.xml:216(para) useradd.8.xml:759(para)
+#: su.1.xml:383(para) pwconv.8.xml:255(para) passwd.1.xml:430(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:440(para) login.access.5.xml:126(para) login.1.xml:391(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:239(para) groupadd.8.xml:267(para) chsh.1.xml:184(para)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:272(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:230(para) chfn.1.xml:212(para)
+msgid "Shadow password suite configuration."
+msgstr "Configurazione del pacchetto password shadow"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:575(filename) userdel.8.xml:232(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:745(filename) newusers.8.xml:450(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgid "/etc/subgid"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:577(para) userdel.8.xml:234(para) useradd.8.xml:747(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:452(para)
+msgid "Per user subordinate group IDs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:581(filename) userdel.8.xml:238(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:751(filename) newusers.8.xml:456(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgid "/etc/subuid"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:583(para) userdel.8.xml:240(para) useradd.8.xml:753(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:458(para)
+msgid "Per user subordinate user IDs."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: usermod.8.xml:591(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) userdel.8.xml:70(refname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:75(command) login.defs.5.xml:500(term)
+msgid "userdel"
+msgstr "userdel"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: userdel.8.xml:71(refpurpose)
+msgid "delete a user account and related files"
+msgstr "rimuove l'account di un utente ed i file relativi"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: userdel.8.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>userdel</command> command modifies the system account files, "
+"deleting all entries that refer to the user name <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">LOGIN</emphasis>. The named user must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando <command>userdel</command> modifica i file di account del "
+"sistema, rimuovendo tutte le voci che si riferiscono al nome utente "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">LOGIN</emphasis>. L'utente indicato deve esistere."
+
+# type: TP
+#: userdel.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>userdel</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>userdel</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+# type: IP
+#: userdel.8.xml:99(term) groupadd.8.xml:100(term) expiry.1.xml:103(term)
+msgid "<option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option forces the removal of the user account, even if the user is "
+"still logged in. It also forces <command>userdel</command> to remove the "
+"user's home directory and mail spool, even if another user uses the same "
+"home directory or if the mail spool is not owned by the specified user. If "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> and if a group exists with "
+"the same name as the deleted user, then this group will be removed, even if "
+"it is still the primary group of another user."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa opzione forza la cancellazione di un account utente anche se l'utente "
+"è ancora collegato al sistema. Inoltre forza <command>userdel</command> a "
+"rimuovere la directory home dell'utente e la casella di posta anche se un "
+"altro utente usa la stessa directory home o se la casella di posta non è di "
+"proprietà dell'utente specificato. Se <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> è "
+"impostato a <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename> e se esiste un gruppo con lo stesso nome dell'utente "
+"cancellato, allora il gruppo stesso viene cancellato anche se risulta il "
+"gruppo primario di un altro utente."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:116(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Note:</emphasis> This option is dangerous and may leave your "
+"system in an inconsistent state."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>Nota:</emphasis> questa opzione è pericolosa e può lasciare il "
+"sistema in uno stato incoerente."
+
+# type: IP
+#: userdel.8.xml:129(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: userdel.8.xml:133(para)
+msgid ""
+"Files in the user's home directory will be removed along with the home "
+"directory itself and the user's mail spool. Files located in other file "
+"systems will have to be searched for and deleted manually."
+msgstr ""
+"I file nella home directory dell'utente verranno rimossi insieme alla home "
+"directory stessa e alla casella di posta dell'utente. I file collocati in "
+"altri file system dovranno essere cercati e rimossi manualmente."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mail spool is defined by the <option>MAIL_DIR</option> variable in the "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename> file."
+msgstr ""
+"La directory di spool per la posta è definita dalla variabile "
+"<option>MAIL_DIR</option> nel file <filename>login.defs</filename>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: userdel.8.xml:175(term)
+msgid "<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid "Remove any SELinux user mapping for the user's login."
+msgstr "Rimuove tutti gli utenti SELinux assegnati al login utente."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>USERDEL_CMD</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>USERDEL_CMD</option> (testo)"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, this command is run when removing a user. It should remove any "
+"at/cron/print jobs etc. owned by the user to be removed (passed as the first "
+"argument)."
+msgstr ""
+"Se definito, questo comando viene eseguito quando si cancella un utente. "
+"Dovrebbe rimuovere tutti i compiti di stampa/cron/at di proprietà "
+"dell'utente da cancellare (passato come primo argomento)."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+msgid "The return code of the script is not taken into account."
+msgstr ""
+"Il codice d'uscita restituito dallo script non è preso in considerazione."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:46(programlisting) login.defs.5.xml:46(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"#! /bin/sh\n"
+"\n"
+"# Check for the required argument.\n"
+"if [ $# != 1 ]; then\n"
+"\techo \"Usage: $0 username\"\n"
+"\texit 1\n"
+"fi\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove cron jobs.\n"
+"crontab -r -u $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove at jobs.\n"
+"# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,\n"
+"# even if it was shared by a different username.\n"
+"AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs\n"
+"find $AT_SPOOL_DIR -name \"[^.]*\" -type f -user $1 -delete \\;\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove print jobs.\n"
+"lprm $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# All done.\n"
+"exit 0\n"
+"      "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"#! /bin/sh\n"
+"\n"
+"# Verifica la presenza dell'argomento obbligatorio\n"
+"if [ $# != 1 ]; then\n"
+"   echo \"Uso: $0 username\"\n"
+"   exit 1\n"
+"fi\n"
+"\n"
+"# Rimuove i compiti di cron\n"
+"crontab -r -u $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# Rimuove i compiti di at\n"
+"# Nota che verranno rimossi tutti i compiti di proprietà dello stesso UID,\n"
+"# anche se condiviso con un altro nome utente.\n"
+"AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs\n"
+"find $AT_SPOOL_DIR -name \"[^.]*\" -type f -user $1 -delete \\;\n"
+"\n"
+"# Rimuove le stampe\n"
+"lprm $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# Finito.\n"
+"exit 0\n"
+"    "
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Here is an example script, which removes the user's cron, at and print jobs: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Ecco uno script di esempio che rimuove i job dell'utente, sia di cron che at "
+"che di stampa: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+# type: IP
+#: userdel.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) su.1.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> (booleano)"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) su.1.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits "
+"(examples: 022 -&gt; 002, 077 -&gt; 007) for non-root users, if the uid is "
+"the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name."
+msgstr ""
+"Abilita l'impostazione dei bit di gruppo di umask in modo che siano gli "
+"stessi dei bit del proprietario (esempio: 022 -&gt; 002, 077 -&gt; 007) per "
+"utenti non root a condizione che uid e gid siano identici e che il nome "
+"utente sia lo stesso del gruppo primario."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:39(para) useradd.8.xml:39(para) su.1.xml:39(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, <command>userdel</command> will "
+"remove the user's group if it contains no more members, and "
+"<command>useradd</command> will create by default a group with the name of "
+"the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Se impostato a <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, <command>userdel</command> "
+"cancellerà il gruppo dell'utente se non contiene altri membri, e "
+"<command>useradd</command> creerà automaticamente un gruppo con lo stesso "
+"nome dell'utente."
+
+# type: SH
+#: userdel.8.xml:247(title) useradd.8.xml:766(title) su.1.xml:390(title)
+#: pwck.8.xml:303(title) passwd.1.xml:443(title) grpck.8.xml:245(title)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:252(title) groupdel.8.xml:175(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:296(title) chage.1.xml:284(title)
+msgid "EXIT VALUES"
+msgstr "VALORI RESTITUITI"
+
+# type: IP
+#: userdel.8.xml:252(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:771(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:409(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:308(replaceable)
+#: passwd.1.xml:448(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:250(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:257(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:180(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:301(replaceable) chage.1.xml:289(replaceable)
+msgid "0"
+msgstr "0"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: userdel.8.xml:254(para) useradd.8.xml:773(para) pwck.8.xml:310(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:450(para) grpck.8.xml:252(para) groupdel.8.xml:182(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:303(para) chage.1.xml:291(para)
+msgid "success"
+msgstr "successo"
+
+# type: IP
+#: userdel.8.xml:258(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:777(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:75(manvolnum) su.1.xml:415(replaceable) sg.1.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:314(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:65(manvolnum)
+#: passwd.1.xml:454(replaceable) newgrp.1.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: login.1.xml:91(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:256(replaceable)
+#: groups.1.xml:58(manvolnum) gpasswd.1.xml:63(manvolnum)
+#: expiry.1.xml:62(manvolnum) chsh.1.xml:61(manvolnum) chfn.1.xml:61(manvolnum)
+#: chage.1.xml:59(manvolnum) chage.1.xml:295(replaceable)
+msgid "1"
+msgstr "1"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: userdel.8.xml:260(para) useradd.8.xml:779(para)
+msgid "can't update password file"
+msgstr "impossibile aggiornare il file delle password"
+
+# type: IP
+#: userdel.8.xml:264(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:783(replaceable)
+#: pwck.8.xml:320(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:460(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:262(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:263(replaceable)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:186(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:307(replaceable)
+#: chage.1.xml:301(replaceable)
+msgid "2"
+msgstr "2"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: userdel.8.xml:266(para) useradd.8.xml:785(para) pwck.8.xml:316(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:258(para) groupdel.8.xml:188(para) groupadd.8.xml:309(para)
+#: chage.1.xml:303(para)
+msgid "invalid command syntax"
+msgstr "sintassi del comando errata"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:270(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:801(replaceable)
+#: pwck.8.xml:344(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:484(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:281(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:192(replaceable)
+msgid "6"
+msgstr "6"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: userdel.8.xml:272(para)
+msgid "specified user doesn't exist"
+msgstr "l'utente specificato non esiste"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:278(para)
+msgid "user currently logged in"
+msgstr "utente attualmente connesso al sistema"
+
+# type: IP
+#: userdel.8.xml:282(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:813(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:293(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:204(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:331(replaceable)
+msgid "10"
+msgstr "10"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: userdel.8.xml:284(para) useradd.8.xml:815(para) groupdel.8.xml:206(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:333(para)
+msgid "can't update group file"
+msgstr "non è possibile aggiornare il file group"
+
+# type: IP
+#: userdel.8.xml:288(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:819(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:305(replaceable)
+msgid "12"
+msgstr "12"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: userdel.8.xml:290(para)
+msgid "can't remove home directory"
+msgstr "non è possibile cancellare la directory home"
+
+# type: TP
+#: userdel.8.xml:248(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>userdel</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando <command>userdel</command> esce con i seguenti valori: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:299(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>userdel</command> will not allow you to remove an account if there "
+"are running processes which belong to this account. In that case, you may "
+"have to kill those processes or lock the user's password or account and "
+"remove the account later. The <option>-f</option> option can force the "
+"deletion of this account."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>userdel</command> non permetterà la cancellazione di un account se "
+"ci sono in esecuzione processi dell'account stesso. In quel caso si deve "
+"prima terminare quei processi o bloccare la password o l'account, e "
+"cancellare l'account successivamente. L'opzione <option>-f</option> forza la "
+"cancellazione dell'account."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: userdel.8.xml:306(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain "
+"owned by this user."
+msgstr ""
+"Occorre controllare manualmente tutti i file system per assicurarsi che non "
+"rimanga nessun file di proprietà di questo utente."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: userdel.8.xml:310(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not remove any NIS attributes on a NIS client. This must be "
+"performed on the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+"Non è possibile rimuovere nessun attributo NIS su un client NIS. Questo deve "
+"essere fatto sul server NIS."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, <command>userdel</"
+"command> will delete the group with the same name as the user. To avoid "
+"inconsistencies in the passwd and group databases, <command>userdel</"
+"command> will check that this group is not used as a primary group for "
+"another user, and will just warn without deleting the group otherwise. The "
+"<option>-f</option> option can force the deletion of this group."
+msgstr ""
+"Se <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> è impostato a <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, <command>userdel</"
+"command> cancellerà il gruppo che ha lo stesso nome dell'utente. Per evitare "
+"incoerenze tra i database di passwd e group, <command>userdel</command> "
+"verificherà che questo gruppo non sia utilizzato come gruppo primario da "
+"altri utenti, e nel caso emetterà un avviso senza cancellare il gruppo. "
+"L'opzione <option>-f</option> forza la cancellazione di questo gruppo."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: userdel.8.xml:326(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:76(refentrytitle) useradd.8.xml:83(refname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:88(command) useradd.8.xml:95(command)
+#: useradd.8.xml:99(command) login.defs.5.xml:482(term)
+msgid "useradd"
+msgstr "useradd"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:84(refpurpose)
+msgid "create a new user or update default new user information"
+msgstr ""
+"crea un nuovo utente o aggiorna le informazioni predefinite per i nuovi "
+"utenti"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:96(arg) useradd.8.xml:100(arg)
+msgid "-D"
+msgstr "-D"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:109(para)
+msgid ""
+"When invoked without the <option>-D</option> option, the <command>useradd</"
+"command> command creates a new user account using the values specified on "
+"the command line plus the default values from the system. Depending on "
+"command line options, the <command>useradd</command> command will update "
+"system files and may also create the new user's home directory and copy "
+"initial files."
+msgstr ""
+"Quando viene invocato senza l'opzione <option>-D</option>, il comando "
+"<command>useradd</command> crea un nuovo account di utente usando i valori "
+"specificati sulla riga di comando ed i valori predefiniti dal sistema. A "
+"seconda dalle opzioni nella riga di comando, il comando <command>useradd</"
+"command> aggiornerà i file di sistema che lo necessitano, creerà la home "
+"directory, e lì verranno copiati i file iniziali."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see <option>-g</"
+"option>, <option>-N</option>, <option>-U</option>, and "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Normalmente viene anche creato un gruppo per il nuovo utente (vedere "
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option>, <option>-U</option> e "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option>).\""
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>useradd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>useradd</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:132(option) pwck.8.xml:187(option) newusers.8.xml:273(option)
+msgid "--badname"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: TP
+#: useradd.8.xml:141(term) useradd.8.xml:559(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--base-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>BASE_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--base-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>BASE_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default base directory for the system if <option>-d</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> is not specified. <replaceable>BASE_DIR</"
+"replaceable> is concatenated with the account name to define the home "
+"directory. If the <option>-m</option> option is not used, "
+"<replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"La directory base predefinita, nel caso che l'opzione <option>-d</"
+"option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> non sia specificata. "
+"<replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> viene concatenata con il nome "
+"dell'account per definire la directory home. Se l'opzione <option>-m</"
+"option> non è usata, <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> deve esistere."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this option is not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the "
+"base directory specified by the <option>HOME</option> variable in <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>, or <filename>/home</filename> by default."
+msgstr ""
+"Se questa opzione non è specificata, <command>useradd</command> userà la "
+"directory base specificata dalla variabile <option>HOME</option> in "
+"<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> oppure la costante <filename>/"
+"home</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any text string. It is generally a short description of the login, and is "
+"currently used as the field for the user's full name."
+msgstr ""
+"Un testo qualsiasi. Di norma è una breve descrizione del login, ed è "
+"attualmente usato come nome completo dell'utente."
+
+# type: TP
+#: useradd.8.xml:174(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:178(para)
+msgid ""
+"The new user will be created using <replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> as "
+"the value for the user's login directory. The default is to append the "
+"<replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> name to <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> "
+"and use that as the login directory name. The directory "
+"<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> does not have to exist but will not be "
+"created if it is missing."
+msgstr ""
+"Il nuovo utente verrà creato usando <replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> come "
+"valore per la directory di login dell'utente. Il comportamento predefinito è "
+"di aggiungere il nome <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> in fondo a "
+"<replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> ed usare quello come nome di directory "
+"di login. Non è necessario che la directory <replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable> esista, ma se non ci fosse non verrà creata."
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:190(term)
+msgid "<option>-D</option>, <option>--defaults</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-D</option>, <option>--defaults</option>"
+
+# type: SS
+#: useradd.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid "See below, the subsection \"Changing the default values\"."
+msgstr "Vedere oltre, la sezione «Cambiare i valori predefiniti»."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:208(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the default expiry "
+"date specified by the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>, or an empty string (no expiry) by default."
+msgstr ""
+"Se non specificato diversamente, <command>useradd</command> userà la data di "
+"scadenza impostata con la variabile <option>EXPIRE</option> nel file "
+"<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> o un campo vuoto (nessuna "
+"scadenza)."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:221(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently "
+"disabled. A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has "
+"expired, and a value of -1 disables the feature."
+msgstr ""
+"Il numero di giorni dopo la scadenza della password prima che l'account "
+"venga permanentemente disabilitato. Un valore pari a 0 disabilita l'account "
+"non appena la password è scaduta, ed un valore pari a -1 disabilita questa "
+"funzionalità."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:227(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the default inactivity "
+"period specified by the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>, or -1 by default."
+msgstr ""
+"Il comportamento predefinito di <command>useradd</command> è di usare il "
+"periodo di inattività specificato dalla variabile <option>INACTIVE</option> "
+"del file <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> oppure -1 (con variabile "
+"assente)."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:240(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or number of the user's initial login group. The group name "
+"must exist. A group number must refer to an already existing group."
+msgstr ""
+"Il nome o numero del gruppo di connessione iniziale dell'utente.  Il nome "
+"del gruppo deve esistere. Un numero di gruppo deve riferirsi ad un gruppo "
+"già esistente."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:245(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, the behavior of <command>useradd</command> will depend on "
+"the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>. If this variable is set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable> (or "
+"<option>-U/--user-group</option> is specified on the command line), a group "
+"will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname. If the "
+"variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> (or <option>-N/--no-user-"
+"group</option> is specified on the command line), useradd will set the "
+"primary group of the new user to the value specified by the <option>GROUP</"
+"option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, or 100 by "
+"default."
+msgstr ""
+"Se non specificato, il comportamento di <command>useradd</command> varierà "
+"in base alla variabile <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> del file <filename>/"
+"etc/login.defs</filename>. Se questa variabile è impostata a "
+"<replaceable>yes</replaceable> (o se è stata usata l'opzione <option>-U/--"
+"user-group</option> nella riga di comando) verrà creato un gruppo per "
+"l'utente con lo stesso nome. Se la variabile è impostata a <replaceable>no</"
+"replaceable> (o se è stata usata l'opzione <option>-N/--no-user-group</"
+"option> nella riga di comando) useradd imposterà il gruppo primario "
+"dell'utente in base a quello impostato nella variabile <option>GROUP</"
+"option> del file <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> o a 100 se non "
+"specificato."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:267(para)
+msgid ""
+"A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each "
+"group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. "
+"The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the "
+"<option>-g</option> option. The default is for the user to belong only to "
+"the initial group."
+msgstr ""
+"Una lista di gruppi supplementari di cui l'utente è altresì membro. Ciascun "
+"gruppo è separato dal successivo da una virgola, senza spazi bianchi "
+"intermedi. I gruppi sono soggetti alle stesse restrizioni del gruppo dato "
+"con l'opzione <option>-g</option>. Il comportamento predefinito è che "
+"l'utente appartenga solo al gruppo iniziale."
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:284(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-k</option>, <option>--skel</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SKEL_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-k</option>, <option>--skel</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SKEL_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in "
+"the user's home directory, when the home directory is created by "
+"<command>useradd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"La directory «skeleton» che contiene file e directory da copiare nella "
+"directory home dell'utente quando viene creata da <command>useradd</command>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:293(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid if the <option>-m</option> (or <option>--create-"
+"home</option>) option is specified."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa opzione è valida solo se anche l'opzione <option>-m</option> (o "
+"<option>--create-home</option>) è stata specificata."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:297(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the "
+"<option>SKEL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> "
+"or, by default, <filename>/etc/skel</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Se questa opzione non è impostata, la directory «skeleton» è definita dalla "
+"variabile <option>SKEL</option> nel file <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+"filename> o, altrimenti, vale <filename>/etc/skel</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:303(para)
+msgid "If possible, the ACLs and extended attributes are copied."
+msgstr "Se possibile vengono copiate le ACL e gli attributi estesi."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:309(term) groupadd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:313(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (<option>UID_MIN</"
+#| "option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>UMASK</option>, "
+#| "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> and others). <placeholder-1/> Example: "
+#| "<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</replaceable> can be used when creating "
+#| "system account to turn off password ageing, even though system account "
+#| "has no password at all. Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be "
+#| "specified, e.g.: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (<option>UID_MIN</"
+"option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>UMASK</option>, "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> and others). <placeholder-1/> Example: "
+"<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</replaceable> can be used when creating system "
+"account to turn off password aging, even though system account has no "
+"password at all. Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified, e."
+"g.: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"Forza l'impostazione al di là di quanto specificato in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename> (<option>UID_MIN</option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, "
+"<option>UMASK</option>, <option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> e altri). "
+"<placeholder-1/> Esempio: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</replaceable> può "
+"essere usato durante la creazione di account di sistema per disabilitare la "
+"scadenza della password anche se l'account di sistema non ha affatto la "
+"password. Possono essere specificate più opzioni <option>-K</option>, come "
+"in: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:334(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--no-log-init</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--no-log-init</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:336(para)
+msgid "Do not add the user to the lastlog and faillog databases."
+msgstr "Non aggiunge l'utente ai database «lastlog» e «faillog»."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:339(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "By default, the user's entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are "
+#| "resetted to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user."
+msgid ""
+"By default, the user's entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are "
+"reset to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user."
+msgstr ""
+"Normalmente i dati utente nei database «lastlog» e «faillog» vengono "
+"azzerati per evitare di riutilizzare dati di un utente cancellato in "
+"precedenza."
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:347(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:351(para)
+msgid ""
+"Create the user's home directory if it does not exist. The files and "
+"directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with "
+"the <option>-k</option> option) will be copied to the home directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Crea la directory home dell'utente nel caso in cui non esista. I file e "
+"directory contenuti nella directory «skeleton» (che può essere definita con "
+"l'opzione <option>-k</option>) vengono copiati nella directory home."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:357(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, if this option is not specified and <option>CREATE_HOME</option> "
+"is not enabled, no home directories are created."
+msgstr ""
+"Se questa opzione non viene utilizzata e se non è attiva la voce "
+"<option>CREATE_HOME</option>, la directory non viene creata."
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:365(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid "<option>-M</option>, <option>--no-create-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:369(para)
+msgid ""
+"Do no create the user's home directory, even if the system wide setting from "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>) is set "
+"to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Non crea la directory home dell'utente nonostante la configurazione di "
+"sistema in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</"
+"option>) sia impostata a <replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+
+# type: TP
+#: useradd.8.xml:378(term)
+msgid "<option>-N</option>, <option>--no-user-group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-N</option>, <option>--no-user-group</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:382(para)
+msgid ""
+"Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to "
+"the group specified by the <option>-g</option> option or by the "
+"<option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Non crea un gruppo con lo stesso nome dell'utente, ma aggiunge l'utente al "
+"gruppo specificato con l'opzione <option>-g</option> o tramite la variabile "
+"<option>GROUP</option> nel file <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:388(para) useradd.8.xml:526(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default behavior (if the <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option>, and "
+"<option>-U</option> options are not specified) is defined by the "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Il comportamento predefinito (se le opzioni <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</"
+"option> e <option>-U</option> non sono specificate) è definito dalla "
+"variabile <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> nel file <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:401(para)
+msgid "Allow the creation of a user account with a duplicate (non-unique) UID."
+msgstr "Permette la creazione di un utente con un UID duplicato (non unico)."
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:402(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-u</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa opzione è valida solo congiuntamente all'opzione <option>-u</option>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:413(para) groupadd.8.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. The default is to "
+"disable the password."
+msgstr ""
+"La password cifrata, come restituita da <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Il comportamento "
+"predefinito è di disabilitare la password."
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:430(term) newusers.8.xml:302(term) groupadd.8.xml:188(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--system</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--system</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:434(para) newusers.8.xml:306(para)
+msgid "Create a system account."
+msgstr "Crea un account di sistema."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:437(para)
+msgid ""
+"System users will be created with no aging information in <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</option> counterparts for "
+"the creation of groups)."
+msgstr ""
+"Gli utenti di sistema vengono creati senza le informazioni sulla scadenza in "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename> e con l'ID numerico scelto nell'intervallo "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>, definito nel file "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, anziché <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (e le loro controparti <option>GID</option> per la "
+"creazione dei gruppi)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:446(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Note that <command>useradd</command> will not create a home directory for "
+#| "such an user, regardless of the default setting in <filename>/etc/login."
+#| "defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>). You have to specify the "
+#| "<option>-m</option> options if you want a home directory for a system "
+#| "account to be created."
+msgid ""
+"Note that <command>useradd</command> will not create a home directory for "
+"such a user, regardless of the default setting in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>). You have to specify the <option>-"
+"m</option> options if you want a home directory for a system account to be "
+"created."
+msgstr ""
+"Notare che <command>useradd</command> non creerà la directory home per "
+"questi utenti indipendentemente da quanto impostato in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>). Si deve specificare "
+"l'opzione <option>-m</option> se si vuole creare la directory home per un "
+"account di sistema."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:490(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user's login shell. The default is to leave this field "
+"blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified "
+"by the <option>SHELL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+"filename>, or an empty string by default."
+msgstr ""
+"Il nome della shell di login dell'utente. Il comportamento predefinito è di "
+"lasciare vuoto questo campo, che fa sì che il sistema selezioni la shell di "
+"connessione predefinita tramite la variabile <option>SHELL</option> in "
+"<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, oppure un testo vuoto."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:504(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numerical value of the user's ID. This value must be unique, unless the "
+"<option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. The "
+"default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to "
+"<option>UID_MIN</option> and greater than every other user."
+msgstr ""
+"Il valore numerico dell'identificatore (ID) dell'utente. Questo valore deve "
+"essere univoco, a meno che non venga usata l'opzione <option>-o</option>. Il "
+"valore non deve essere negativo. La scelta predefinita è quella di usare il "
+"minimo valore di ID maggiore o eguale a <option>UID_MIN</option> e maggiore "
+"a qualunque altro utente."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:511(para)
+msgid ""
+"See also the <option>-r</option> option and the <option>UID_MAX</option> "
+"description."
+msgstr ""
+"Vedere anche la descrizione dell'opzione <option>-r</option> e "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>"
+
+# type: TP
+#: useradd.8.xml:518(term)
+msgid "<option>-U</option>, <option>--user-group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-U</option>, <option>--user-group</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:522(para)
+msgid ""
+"Create a group with the same name as the user, and add the user to this "
+"group."
+msgstr ""
+"Crea un gruppo con lo stesso nome dell'utente e aggiunge l'utente al gruppo "
+"stesso."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:539(para)
+msgid ""
+"The SELinux user for the user's login. The default is to leave this field "
+"blank, which causes the system to select the default SELinux user."
+msgstr ""
+"L'utente SELinux per questo login utente. Lasciando questo campo vuoto si fa "
+"in modo che il sistema selezioni automaticamente l'utente SELinux."
+
+# type: SS
+#: useradd.8.xml:549(title)
+msgid "Changing the default values"
+msgstr "Cambiare i valori predefiniti"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:550(para)
+msgid ""
+"When invoked with only the <option>-D</option> option, <command>useradd</"
+"command> will display the current default values. When invoked with <option>-"
+"D</option> plus other options, <command>useradd</command> will update the "
+"default values for the specified options. Valid default-changing options are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Quando invocato con la sola opzione <option>-D</option>, <command>useradd</"
+"command> mostrerà i valori predefiniti correnti. Quando invocato con "
+"l'opzione <option>-D</option> e altre opzioni, <command>useradd</command> "
+"aggiornerà i valori predefiniti per le opzioni specificate. Le opzioni "
+"valide sono:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:563(para)
+msgid ""
+"The path prefix for a new user's home directory. The user's name will be "
+"affixed to the end of <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> to form the new "
+"user's home directory name, if the <option>-d</option> option is not used "
+"when creating a new account."
+msgstr ""
+"Il prefisso del percorso per la directory home del nuovo utente. Il nome "
+"dell'utente verrà aggiunto alla fine di <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> "
+"per creare il nome della nuova directory home, a meno che non venga usata "
+"l'opzione <option>-d</option> quando si crea un nuovo account."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:570(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>HOME</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa opzione imposta la variabile <option>HOME</option> del file "
+"<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:581(para)
+msgid "The date on which the user account is disabled."
+msgstr "La data in cui l'account dell'utente verrà disabilitato."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:582(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa opzione imposta la variabile <option>EXPIRE</option> del file "
+"<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:593(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password has expired before the account will be "
+"disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Il numero di giorni dopo la scadenza di una password prima che l'account "
+"venga disabilitato."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:597(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa opzione imposta la variabile <option>INACTIVE</option> del file "
+"<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:608(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The group name or ID for a new user's initial group (when the <option>-"
+#| "N/--no-user-group</option> is used or when the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</"
+#| "option> variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> in <filename>/"
+#| "etc/login.defs</filename>. The named group must exist, and a numerical "
+#| "group ID must have an existing entry."
+msgid ""
+"The group name or ID for a new user's initial group (when the <option>-N/--"
+"no-user-group</option> is used or when the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> "
+"variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>). The named group must exist, and a numerical group ID must "
+"have an existing entry."
+msgstr ""
+"Il nome o l'ID del gruppo da usare come gruppo iniziale per il nuovo utente "
+"(quando è usata l'opzione <option>-N/--no-user-group</option> o quando la "
+"variabile <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> è impostata a <replaceable>no</"
+"replaceable> nel file <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>). Il gruppo "
+"indicato deve esistere, anche se viene utilizzato l'ID numerico."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:617(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa opzione imposta la variabile <option>GROUP</option> nel file "
+"<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:628(para)
+msgid "The name of a new user's login shell."
+msgstr "Il nome della shell di login per il nuovo utente."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:631(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>SHELL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa opzione imposta la variabile <option>SHELL</option> del file "
+"<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+
+# type: SH
+#: useradd.8.xml:643(title)
+msgid "NOTES"
+msgstr "NOTE"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:644(para)
+msgid ""
+"The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files "
+"in the <filename>/etc/skel/</filename> directory (or any other skeleton "
+"directory specified in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> or on the "
+"command line)."
+msgstr ""
+"L'amministratore di sistema è responsabile del posizionamento dei file "
+"utente predefiniti nella directory <filename>/etc/skel/</filename> (o "
+"qualsiasi altra directory impostata in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+"filename> o nella riga di comando)."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:653(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not add a user to a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the "
+"corresponding server."
+msgstr ""
+"Non è possibile aggiungere un utente ad un gruppo NIS o LDAP. Questo deve "
+"essere fatto sul server corrispondente."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:658(para)
+msgid ""
+"Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such "
+"as NIS or LDAP, <command>useradd</command> will deny the user account "
+"creation request."
+msgstr ""
+"Analogamente, se il nome utente esiste già in un database esterno come NIS o "
+"LDAP, <command>useradd</command> bloccherà la creazione dell'account."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:664(para)
+msgid ""
+"Usernames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by "
+"lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a "
+"dollar sign. In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+msgstr ""
+"I nomi utente devono iniziare con una lettera minuscola o un underscore, "
+"seguiti da lettere minuscole, cifre numeriche, underscore o trattini. "
+"Possono terminare con il simbolo del dollaro. In termini di espressioni "
+"regolari: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:670(para)
+msgid "Usernames may only be up to 32 characters long."
+msgstr "I nomi utente non possono eccedere i 32 caratteri di lunghezza."
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>CREATE_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>CREATE_HOME</option> (booleano)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if a home directory should be created by default for new users."
+msgstr "Indica se per i nuovi utenti va creata la directory home."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:36(para) login.defs.5.xml:36(para)
+msgid ""
+"This setting does not apply to system users, and can be overridden on the "
+"command line."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa impostazione non viene applicata agli utenti di sistema e può essere "
+"modificata sulla riga di comando."
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MAX</option> (numerico)"
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(term) newusers.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MIN</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:35(para) newusers.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Intervallo di ID di gruppo per la creazione di gruppi normali tramite "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command> o <command>newusers</"
+"command>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:40(para) newusers.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>GID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>GID_MAX</"
+"option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgstr ""
+"Il valore predefinito per <option>GID_MIN</option> (rispettivamente "
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>) è 1000 (rispettivmente 60000)."
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>HOME_MODE</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MAX</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mode for new home directories. If not specified, the <option>UMASK</"
+"option> is used to create the mode."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask "
+#| "to set the mode of the home directory they create"
+msgid ""
+"<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this to set "
+"the mode of the home directory they create."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>useradd</command> e <command>newusers</command> usano questa "
+"maschera per impostare i permessi della directory home che creano."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum number of days a password may be used. If the password is older "
+"than this, a password change will be forced. If not specified, -1 will be "
+"assumed (which disables the restriction)."
+msgstr ""
+"Il numero massimo di giorni che una password può essere utilizzata. Se la "
+"password è più vecchia verrà imposto il suo cambiamento. Se non specificato "
+"viene assunto -1 (che disabilita questo controllo)."
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The minimum number of days allowed between password changes. Any password "
+"changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected. If not specified, -1 "
+"will be assumed (which disables the restriction)."
+msgstr ""
+"Il numero minimo di giorni tra due cambiamenti di password. Ogni tentativo "
+"di cambiare la password prima di questo periodo verrà rifiutato. Se non "
+"specificato viene assunto -1 (che disabilita questo controllo)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days warning given before a password expires. A zero means "
+"warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no "
+"warning is given. If not specified, no warning will be provided."
+msgstr ""
+"Il numero di giorni per i quali un utente va avvisato che la sua password "
+"sta per scadere. Se zero l'utente viene avvisato solo alla scadenza. Un "
+"valore negativo indica che non si deve avvisare mai. Se non specificato "
+"allora non c'è nessun avviso."
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (numerico)"
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Intervallo di ID di gruppo utilizzato per la creazione di un gruppo di "
+"sistema da <command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command> o "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>GID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgstr ""
+"Il valore predefinito per <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (rispettivamente "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) è 101 (rispettivamente <option>GID_MIN</"
+"option>-1)."
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (numerico)"
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by <command>useradd</"
+"command> or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Intervallo di ID utente per la creazione degli utenti di sistema con "
+"<command>useradd</command> o <command>newusers</command>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:37(para) newusers.8.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>UID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgstr ""
+"Il valore predefinito per <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (rispettivamente "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) è 101 (rispettivamente <option>UID_MIN</"
+"option>-1)."
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>TCB_AUTH_GROUP</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>TCB_AUTH_GROUP</option> (booleano)"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, newly created tcb shadow files will be "
+"group owned by the <replaceable>auth</replaceable> group."
+msgstr ""
+"Se <replaceable>yes</replaceable> i file shadow tcb di prossima creazione "
+"avranno come gruppo proprietario il gruppo <replaceable>auth</replaceable>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>UID_MAX</option> (numerico)"
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(term) newusers.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>UID_MIN</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:35(para) newusers.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by "
+"<command>useradd</command> or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Intervallo di ID utente da utilizzare nella creazione degli utenti normali "
+"tramite <command>useradd</command> o <command>newusers</command>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:39(para) newusers.8.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>UID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>UID_MAX</"
+"option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgstr ""
+"Il valore predefinito per <option>UID_MIN</option> (rispettivamente "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>) è 1000 (rispettivamente 60000)."
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>UMASK</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>UMASK</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+#: login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value. If not specified, "
+"the mask will be initialized to 022."
+msgstr ""
+"La maschera di permessi alla creazione dei file è inizializzata con questo "
+"valore. Se non specificato la maschera viene impostata a 022."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#: login.1.xml:38(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask "
+#| "to set the mode of the home directory they create"
+msgid ""
+"<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask to "
+"set the mode of the home directory they create if <option>HOME_MODE</option> "
+"is not set."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>useradd</command> e <command>newusers</command> usano questa "
+"maschera per impostare i permessi della directory home che creano."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"It is also used by <command>login</command> to define users' initial umask. "
+"Note that this mask can be overridden by the user's GECOS line (if "
+"<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> is set) or by the specification of a limit with "
+"the <emphasis>K</emphasis> identifier in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>limits</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"Viene anche utilizzata da <command>login</command> per definire la maschera "
+"iniziale dell'utente. Notare che questa maschera può essere modificata dalla "
+"riga GECOS dell'utente (se <option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> è impostato) o "
+"specificando un limite con l'identificativo <emphasis>K</emphasis> in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>limits</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:51(para) newusers.8.xml:51(para) login.defs.5.xml:51(para)
+#: login.1.xml:51(para)
+msgid ""
+"It is also used by <command>pam_umask</command> as the default umask value."
+msgstr ""
+"Viene anche utilizzato da <command>pam_umask</command> come valore umask "
+"predefinito."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:733(filename)
+msgid "/etc/default/useradd"
+msgstr "/etc/default/useradd"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:735(para)
+msgid "Default values for account creation."
+msgstr "Valori predefiniti per la creazione dell'account."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:739(filename)
+msgid "/etc/skel/"
+msgstr "/etc/skel/"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:741(para)
+msgid "Directory containing default files."
+msgstr "Directory contenente i file predefiniti."
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:789(replaceable) shadow.3.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:326(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:466(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:268(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:269(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:313(replaceable)
+msgid "3"
+msgstr "3"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:791(para) passwd.1.xml:486(para) groupadd.8.xml:315(para)
+msgid "invalid argument to option"
+msgstr "argomento non valido per l'opzione"
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:795(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:332(replaceable)
+#: passwd.1.xml:472(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:274(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:275(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:319(replaceable)
+msgid "4"
+msgstr "4"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:797(para)
+msgid "UID already in use (and no <option>-o</option>)"
+msgstr "UID già in uso (e <option>-o</option> assente)"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:803(para) groupdel.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "il gruppo specificato non esiste"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:807(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:287(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:325(replaceable)
+msgid "9"
+msgstr "9"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:809(para)
+msgid "username already in use"
+msgstr "nome utente già in uso"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:821(para)
+msgid "can't create home directory"
+msgstr "non è possibile creare la directory home"
+
+# type: IP
+#: useradd.8.xml:825(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "1"
+msgid "14"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:827(para)
+msgid "can't update SELinux user mapping"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: TP
+#: useradd.8.xml:767(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>useradd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>useradd</command> restituisce i seguenti valori:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: useradd.8.xml:836(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:41(contrib) pwconv.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: login.access.5.xml:42(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:46(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1996"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) suauth.5.xml:64(refname)
+msgid "suauth"
+msgstr "suauth"
+
+# type: IP
+#: suauth.5.xml:58(manvolnum) shadow.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:338(replaceable) porttime.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: passwd.5.xml:58(manvolnum) passwd.1.xml:478(replaceable)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:125(manvolnum) login.access.5.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: limits.5.xml:60(manvolnum) gshadow.5.xml:47(manvolnum)
+#: grpck.8.xml:280(replaceable) faillog.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+msgid "5"
+msgstr "5"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) shadow.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: porttime.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) passwd.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:126(refmiscinfo) login.access.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: limits.5.xml:61(refmiscinfo) gshadow.5.xml:48(refmiscinfo)
+#: faillog.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "File Formats and Conversions"
+msgstr "Formati di file e conversioni"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "detailed su control file"
+msgstr "file di controllo dettagliato per «su»"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:70(command) suauth.5.xml:196(filename)
+msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:76(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file <filename>/etc/suauth</filename> is referenced whenever the su "
+"command is called. It can change the behaviour of the su command, based upon:"
+msgstr ""
+"Il file <filename>/etc/suauth</filename> viene utilizzato all'invocazione "
+"del comando «su». Può cambiare il comportamento del comando in base a:"
+
+#. .RS
+#: suauth.5.xml:83(literallayout)
+#, fuzzy, no-wrap
+#| msgid ""
+#| "\n"
+#| "      1) the user su is targetting\n"
+#| "    "
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      1) the user su is targeting\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"    1) l'utente che «su» sta usando come target\n"
+"    "
+
+#. .fi
+#: suauth.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid ""
+"2) the user executing the su command (or any groups he might be a member of)"
+msgstr ""
+"2) l'utente che sta invocando «su» (o qualsiasi gruppo del quale questi "
+"faccia parte)"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:92(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file is formatted like this, with lines starting with a # being treated "
+"as comment lines and ignored;"
+msgstr ""
+"Il formato del file è il seguente, con le righe che iniziano con «#» "
+"trattate come commenti e ignorate;"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:97(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      to-id:from-id:ACTION\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"    id-finale:id-iniziale:AZIONE\n"
+"    "
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"Where to-id is either the word <emphasis>ALL</emphasis>, a list of usernames "
+"delimited by \",\" or the words <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT</emphasis> followed by "
+"a list of usernames delimited by \",\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Dove «id-finale» è la parola <emphasis>ALL</emphasis> (tutti), un elenco di "
+"nomi utenti separati da «,» o le parole <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT</emphasis> "
+"seguite da una lista di nomi utente separati da «,»."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:107(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "from-id is formatted the same as to-id except the extra word "
+#| "<emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> is recognised. <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</"
+#| "emphasis> is perfectly valid too. Following <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> "
+#| "appears one or more group names, delimited by \",\". It is not sufficient "
+#| "to have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry> is neccessary."
+msgid ""
+"from-id is formatted the same as to-id except the extra word "
+"<emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> is recognized. <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</"
+"emphasis> is perfectly valid too. Following <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> "
+"appears one or more group names, delimited by \",\". It is not sufficient to "
+"have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> is necessary."
+msgstr ""
+"«id-iniziale» è formattato come «id-iniziale» salvo il riconoscimento della "
+"parola aggiuntiva <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis>. Anche <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT "
+"GROUP</emphasis> è perfettamente gestito. Subito dopo <emphasis>GROUP</"
+"emphasis> appaiono uno o più nomi di gruppo separati da «,». Non è "
+"sufficiente avere come gruppo primario il gruppo specificato, ma deve anche "
+"esserci la relativa riga in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:118(para)
+msgid "Action can be one only of the following currently supported options."
+msgstr "AZIONE può essere una delle seguenti opzioni attualmente supportate."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:124(emphasis)
+msgid "DENY"
+msgstr "DENY"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The attempt to su is stopped before a password is even asked for."
+msgstr ""
+"Il tentativo di usare «su» viene bloccato prima ancora che la password sia "
+"chiesta."
+
+# type: SH
+#: suauth.5.xml:134(emphasis)
+msgid "NOPASS"
+msgstr "NOPASS"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"The attempt to su is automatically successful; no password is asked for."
+msgstr ""
+"Il tentativo di usare «su» ha successo senza neppure chiedere la password."
+
+# type: TH
+#: suauth.5.xml:145(emphasis)
+msgid "OWNPASS"
+msgstr "OWNPASS"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"For the su command to be successful, the user must enter his or her own "
+"password. They are told this."
+msgstr ""
+"Perché «su» abbia successo, l'utente deve inserire la propria password che "
+"verrà espressamente richiesta."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note there are three separate fields delimited by a colon. No whitespace "
+"must surround this colon. Also note that the file is examined sequentially "
+"line by line, and the first applicable rule is used without examining the "
+"file further. This makes it possible for a system administrator to exercise "
+"as fine control as he or she wishes."
+msgstr ""
+"Notare che ci sono tre campi diversi separati da «:». Nessuno spazio deve "
+"affiancare i due punti. Notare anche che il file viene esaminato in maniera "
+"sequenziale una riga alla volta, e la prima regola applicabile viene "
+"utilizzata senza procede con la lettura delle successive. Questo permette "
+"all'amministratore di sistema di impostare dei controlli allargati o "
+"puntuali, come preferisce."
+
+# type: SH
+#: suauth.5.xml:166(title)
+msgid "EXAMPLE"
+msgstr "ESEMPIO"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:167(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      # sample /etc/suauth file\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # A couple of privileged usernames may\n"
+"      # su to root with their own password.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Anyone else may not su to root unless in\n"
+"      # group wheel. This is how BSD does things.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Perhaps terry and birddog are accounts\n"
+"      # owned by the same person.\n"
+"      # Access can be arranged between them\n"
+"      # with no password.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      terry:birddog:NOPASS\n"
+"      birddog:terry:NOPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      # Esempio di file /etc/suauth\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Due utenti privilegiati possono usare\n"
+"      # su verso root con la propria password.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Tutti gli altri non possono farlo a meno di non appartenere\n"
+"      # al groppo wheel. Questo è come funziona in BSD.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Nel caso che terry e birddog siano account\n"
+"      # della stessa persona di permettere il passaggio\n"
+"      # tra loro senza richiedere la password.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      terry:birddog:NOPASS\n"
+"      birddog:terry:NOPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"    "
+
+# type: SH
+#: suauth.5.xml:203(title) pwconv.8.xml:216(title) login.defs.5.xml:531(title)
+msgid "BUGS"
+msgstr "ERRORI"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"There could be plenty lurking. The file parser is particularly unforgiving "
+"about syntax errors, expecting no spurious whitespace (apart from beginning "
+"and end of lines), and a specific token delimiting different things."
+msgstr ""
+"Ce ne possono essere molti non visti. Il parser dei file è particolarmente "
+"rigido sugli errori di sintassi, attendendo l'assenza di spazi estranei (ad "
+"eccezione di inizio e fine riga) e specifici separatori per delimitare "
+"oggetti diversi."
+
+# type: SH
+#: suauth.5.xml:213(title) shadow.3.xml:208(title)
+msgid "DIAGNOSTICS"
+msgstr "DIAGNOSTICA"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: suauth.5.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"An error parsing the file is reported using "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> as level ERR on facility AUTH."
+msgstr ""
+"Qualsiasi errore durante le lettura del file viene riportato tramite "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> con livello ERR e «facility» AUTH."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: suauth.5.xml:223(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:58(contrib) shadow.5.xml:41(contrib) shadow.3.xml:41(contrib)
+#: porttime.5.xml:41(contrib) passwd.5.xml:41(contrib) passwd.1.xml:48(contrib)
+#: login.1.xml:74(contrib) faillog.8.xml:41(contrib) faillog.5.xml:41(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1989"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:74(refentrytitle) su.1.xml:81(refname) su.1.xml:86(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:456(term)
+msgid "su"
+msgstr "su"
+
+#: su.1.xml:76(refmiscinfo) sg.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: passwd.1.xml:66(refmiscinfo) newgrp.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.1.xml:92(refmiscinfo) groups.1.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:64(refmiscinfo) expiry.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: chsh.1.xml:62(refmiscinfo) chfn.1.xml:62(refmiscinfo)
+#: chage.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "User Commands"
+msgstr "Comandi utente"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: su.1.xml:82(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user ID or become superuser"
+msgstr "cambia ID utente o diventa amministratore"
+
+#: su.1.xml:91(replaceable) sg.1.xml:72(arg) newgrp.1.xml:71(arg)
+msgid "-"
+msgstr "-"
+
+#: su.1.xml:94(replaceable) login.1.xml:107(replaceable)
+#: login.1.xml:115(replaceable)
+msgid "username"
+msgstr "nome"
+
+#: su.1.xml:96(replaceable)
+msgid "args"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: su.1.xml:104(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The <command>su</command> command is used to become another user during a "
+#| "login session. Invoked without a <option>username</option>, <command>su</"
+#| "command> defaults to becoming the superuser. The optional argument "
+#| "<option>-</option> may be used to provide an environment similar to what "
+#| "the user would expect had the user logged in directly."
+msgid ""
+"The <command>su</command> command is used to become another user during a "
+"login session. Invoked without a <option>username</option>, <command>su</"
+"command> defaults to becoming the superuser. The <option>-</option> option "
+"may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect "
+"had the user logged in directly. The <option>-c</option> option may be used "
+"to treat the next argument as a command by most shells."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>su</command> permette di diventare un altro utente durante una "
+"sessione di login. Se nessun <option>nome</option> utente viene specificato, "
+"<command>su</command> acquisice i privilegi di amministratore. L'opzione "
+"<option>-</option> può essere usata per fornire un ambiente simile a quello "
+"che l'utente troverebbe se effettuasse il login direttamente."
+
+#: su.1.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list. You can use the "
+"<option>--</option> argument to stop option parsing. The <option>-</option> "
+"option is special: it is also recognized after <option>--</option>, but has "
+"to be placed before <option>username</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: su.1.xml:122(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user will be prompted for a password, if appropriate. Invalid passwords "
+"will produce an error message. All attempts, both valid and invalid, are "
+"logged to detect abuse of the system."
+msgstr ""
+"All'utente viene quindi chiesta la password, se necessario. Una password "
+"errata viene segnalata da un messaggio d'errore. Viene effettuato il log di "
+"tutti i tentativi, siano essi riusciti o meno, al fine di rilevare ogni "
+"abuso del sistema."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: su.1.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"The current environment is passed to the new shell. The value of <envar>"
+"$PATH</envar> is reset to <filename>/bin:/usr/bin</filename> for normal "
+"users, or <filename>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</filename> for the "
+"superuser. This may be changed with the <option>ENV_PATH</option> and "
+"<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> definitions in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Le variabili d'ambiente in uso vengono passate alla nuova shell, eccetto il "
+"valore di <envar>$PATH</envar> che viene impostato a <filename>/bin:/usr/"
+"bin</filename> per gli utenti qualsiasi e a <filename>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/"
+"usr/bin</filename> per l'amministratore. Questa impostazione è controllata "
+"dalle definizioni <emphasis>ENV_PATH</emphasis> ed <emphasis>ENV_SUPATH</"
+"emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: su.1.xml:136(para) login.1.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"A subsystem login is indicated by the presence of a \"*\" as the first "
+"character of the login shell. The given home directory will be used as the "
+"root of a new file system which the user is actually logged into."
+msgstr ""
+"Un sottosistema di login è indicato dalla presenza del carattere «*» "
+"all'inizio della shell di login. La directory home impostata sarà utilizzata "
+"come root di un nuovo file system al quale l'utente accede."
+
+# type: TP
+#: su.1.xml:145(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>su</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>su</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:149(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--command</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMAND</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--command</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMANDO</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:153(para)
+msgid ""
+"Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its <option>-c</"
+"option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Specifica un comando che verrà invocato dalla shell tramite la sua opzione "
+"<option>-c</option>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:157(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The executed command will have no controlling terminal. This option "
+#| "cannot be used to execute interractive programs which need a controlling "
+#| "TTY."
+msgid ""
+"The executed command will have no controlling terminal. This option cannot "
+"be used to execute interactive programs which need a controlling TTY."
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando eseguito non avrà un terminale di controllo. Questa opzione non "
+"può essere utilizzata per invocare programmi interattivi che richiedono un "
+"TTY di controllo."
+
+# type: TP
+#: su.1.xml:167(term)
+msgid "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"Provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user "
+"logged in directly."
+msgstr ""
+"Fornisce un ambiente simile a quello che un utente si attende quando "
+"effettua direttamente il login."
+
+#: su.1.xml:175(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "When <option>-</option> is used, it must be specified as the last "
+#| "<command>su</command> option. The other forms (<option>-l</option> and "
+#| "<option>--login</option>) do not have this restriction."
+msgid ""
+"When <option>-</option> is used, it must be specified before any "
+"<option>username</option>. For portability it is recommended to use it as "
+"last option, before any <option>username</option>. The other forms (<option>-"
+"l</option> and <option>--login</option>) do not have this restriction."
+msgstr ""
+"Quando si usa <option>-</option> deve essere l'ultima opzione di "
+"<command>su</command>. Le altre forme (<option>-l</option> e <option>--"
+"login</option>) non hanno questo vincolo."
+
+#: su.1.xml:190(para)
+msgid "The shell that will be invoked."
+msgstr "La shell che verrà invocata."
+
+#: su.1.xml:198(para)
+msgid "The shell specified with --shell."
+msgstr "La shell specificata con --shell."
+
+#: su.1.xml:201(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--preserve-environment</option> is used, the shell specified by "
+"the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environment variable."
+msgstr ""
+"Se viene usato <option>--preserve-environment</option>, la shell specificata "
+"dalla variabile d'ambiente <envar>$SHELL</envar>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:208(para)
+msgid ""
+"The shell indicated in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> entry for the "
+"target user."
+msgstr ""
+"La shell indicata nel file <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> per l'utente "
+"target."
+
+#: su.1.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/bin/sh</filename> if a shell could not be found by any above "
+"method."
+msgstr "<filename>/bin/sh</filename> se gli altri metodi falliscono."
+
+#: su.1.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first): <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"La shell invocata viene scelta da (in ordine di priorità): <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the target user has a restricted shell (i.e. the shell field of this "
+"user's entry in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> is not listed in <filename>/"
+"etc/shells</filename>), then the <option>--shell</option> option or the "
+"<envar>$SHELL</envar> environment variable won't be taken into account, "
+"unless <command>su</command> is called by root."
+msgstr ""
+"Se l'utente target ha una shell con restrizioni (cioè se la sua shell "
+"presente in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> non è presente in <filename>/"
+"etc/shells</filename>), allora l'opzione <option>--shell</option> e la "
+"variabile d'ambiente <envar>$SHELL</envar> non vengono prese in "
+"considerazione a meno che <command>su</command> sia invocato da root."
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:230(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>-p</option>, <option>--preserve-environment</"
+"option>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>-p</option>, <option>--preserve-environment</"
+"option>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:239(envar)
+msgid "$PATH"
+msgstr "$PATH"
+
+#: su.1.xml:241(para)
+msgid ""
+"reset according to the <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options "
+"<option>ENV_PATH</option> or <option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (see below);"
+msgstr ""
+"reimpostato in accordo alle opzioni <option>ENV_PATH</option> o "
+"<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> del file <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"(vedi sotto);"
+
+#: su.1.xml:250(envar)
+msgid "$IFS"
+msgstr "$IFS"
+
+#: su.1.xml:252(para)
+msgid ""
+"reset to <quote>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</quote>, if it was "
+"set."
+msgstr ""
+"reimpostato a <quote>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</quote> se era "
+"impostato."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: su.1.xml:235(para)
+msgid "Preserve the current environment, except for: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "Mantiene l'ambiente attuale, fatta eccezione per: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless "
+"<command>su</command> is called by root)."
+msgstr ""
+"Se l'utente target ha una shell con restrizioni, questa opzione non ha "
+"effetto (a meno che <command>su</command> sia invocato da root)."
+
+#: su.1.xml:270(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <envar>$HOME</envar>, <envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$USER</envar>, "
+"<envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, and <envar>$IFS</envar> "
+"environment variables are reset."
+msgstr ""
+"Le variabili d'ambiente <envar>$HOME</envar>, <envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>"
+"$USER</envar>, <envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar> e <envar>$IFS</"
+"envar> sono reimpostate."
+
+#: su.1.xml:279(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is not used, the environment is copied, except "
+"for the variables above."
+msgstr ""
+"Se l'opzione <option>--login</option> non è usata, l'ambiente è copiato con "
+"l'eccezione delle variabili elencate sopra."
+
+#: su.1.xml:286(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, the <envar>$TERM</envar>, <envar>"
+"$COLORTERM</envar>, <envar>$DISPLAY</envar>, and <envar>$XAUTHORITY</envar> "
+"environment variables are copied if they were set."
+msgstr ""
+"Se l'opzione <option>--login</option> è utilizzata, le variabili <envar>"
+"$TERM</envar>, <envar>$COLORTERM</envar>, <envar>$DISPLAY</envar> e <envar>"
+"$XAUTHORITY</envar> sono copiate se risultano impostate."
+
+#: su.1.xml:296(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, the <envar>$TZ</envar>, <envar>$HZ</"
+"envar>, and <envar>$MAIL</envar> environment variables are set according to "
+"the <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options <option>ENV_TZ</option>, "
+"<option>ENV_HZ</option>, <option>MAIL_DIR</option>, and <option>MAIL_FILE</"
+"option> (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"Se l'opzione <option>--login</option> è utilizzata, le variabili d'ambiente "
+"<envar>$TZ</envar>, <envar>$HZ</envar> e <envar>$MAIL</envar> sono impostate "
+"in accordo alle opzioni <option>ENV_TZ</option>, <option>ENV_HZ</option>, "
+"<option>MAIL_DIR</option> e <option>MAIL_FILE</option> specificate nel file "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> (vedi sotto)."
+
+#: su.1.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, other environment variables might be "
+"set by the <option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> file (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"Se l'opzione <option>--login</option> è utilizzata, altre variabili "
+"d'ambiente potrebbero essere impostate dal file <option>ENVIRON_FILE</"
+"option> (vedi sotto)."
+
+#: su.1.xml:317(para)
+msgid "Other environments might be set by PAM modules."
+msgstr "Altre variabili d'ambiente potrebbero essere impostate da moduli PAM."
+
+#: su.1.xml:265(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Notare che il comportamento predefinito per l'ambiente è il seguente: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: su.1.xml:331(para)
+msgid ""
+"This version of <command>su</command> has many compilation options, only "
+"some of which may be in use at any particular site."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa versione di <command>su</command> ha molte opzioni di compilazione; "
+"solo una parte di esse potrebbe essere in uso su un determinato sistema."
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CONSOLE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>CONSOLE</option> (testo)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, either full pathname of a file containing device names (one per "
+"line) or a \":\" delimited list of device names. Root logins will be allowed "
+"only upon these devices."
+msgstr ""
+"Se definito, o il percorso completo di un file che contiene l'elenco di nomi "
+"di device (uno per riga) oppure un elenco di nomi di device separati da «:». "
+"L'accesso come root verrà permesso solo attraverso questi device."
+
+#: su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid "If not defined, root will be allowed on any device."
+msgstr "Se non definito, root potrà accedere da qualsiasi device."
+
+#: su.1.xml:42(para) login.defs.5.xml:42(para) login.1.xml:42(para)
+msgid "The device should be specified without the /dev/ prefix."
+msgstr "Il nome di device deve essere specificato senza il prefisso /dev."
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CONSOLE_GROUPS</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>CONSOLE_GROUPS</option> (testo)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"List of groups to add to the user's supplementary groups set when logging in "
+"on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting). Default is none. "
+"<placeholder-1/> Use with caution - it is possible for users to gain "
+"permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console."
+msgstr ""
+"Elenco di gruppi da aggiungere ai gruppi supplementari dell'utente quando "
+"questi accede dalla console (come determinato dalla impostazione CONSOLE). "
+"Il valore predefinito è nullo. <placeholder-1/> Usare con cautela - è "
+"possibile che gli utenti ottengano l'accesso permanente a questi gruppi "
+"anche se non accedono dalla console."
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>DEFAULT_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>DEFAULT_HOME</option> (booleano)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if login is allowed if we can't cd to the home directory. Default "
+"is no."
+msgstr ""
+"Indica se permettere l'accesso al sistema anche se non si può accedere alla "
+"directory home. Il valore predefinito è no."
+
+#: su.1.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user will login in the root "
+"(<filename>/</filename>) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Se impostato a <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, l'utente accederà alla "
+"directory root (<filename>/</filename>) nel caso che non sia possibile "
+"accedere alla propria directory home."
+
+# type: IP
+#. XXX: When compiled with PAM support, only sulogin uses ENV_HZ
+#: su.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term) login.1.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_HZ</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_HZ</option> (testo)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para) login.1.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user "
+"login. The value must be preceded by <replaceable>HZ=</replaceable>. A "
+"common value on Linux is <replaceable>HZ=100</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Se impostato viene utilizzato per definire il valore della variabile "
+"d'ambiente HZ al login dell'utente. Il valore deve essere preceduto da "
+"<replaceable>HZ=</replaceable>. Un valore comune per Linux è "
+"<replaceable>HZ=100</replaceable>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:41(para) login.defs.5.xml:41(para) login.1.xml:41(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <envar>HZ</envar> environment variable is only set when the user (the "
+"superuser) logs in with <command>sulogin</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"La variabile d'ambiente <envar>HZ</envar> viene impostata solo quando "
+"l'utente (il super utente) accede con <command>sulogin</command>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> (testo)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this file exists and is readable, login environment will be read from it. "
+"Every line should be in the form name=value."
+msgstr ""
+"Se questo file esiste ed è leggibile, l'ambiente di login viene letto da lì. "
+"Ogni riga deve essere nella forma nome=valore."
+
+#: su.1.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid "Lines starting with a # are treated as comment lines and ignored."
+msgstr "Le righe che iniziano con «#» sono trattate come commenti e ignorate."
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_PATH</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_PATH</option> (testo)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a "
+#| "regular user login. The value can be preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</"
+#| "replaceable>, or a colon separated list of paths (for example "
+#| "<replaceable>/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>). The default value is "
+#| "<replaceable>PATH=/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a "
+"regular user login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for "
+"example <replaceable>/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be preceded by "
+"<replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is <replaceable>PATH=/"
+"bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Se impostato, viene utilizzato per definire la variabile d'ambiente PATH "
+"all'accesso di un utente normale. Il valore può essere preceduto da "
+"<replaceable>PATH=</replaceable> e composto da una lista di directory "
+"separate da «:» (per esempio <replaceable>/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>). Il "
+"valore predefinito è <replaceable>PATH=/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (testo)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the "
+#| "superuser login. The value can be preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</"
+#| "replaceable>, or a colon separated list of paths (for example "
+#| "<replaceable>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>). The default "
+#| "value is <replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the "
+"superuser login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example "
+"<replaceable>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be "
+"preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is "
+"<replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"> #: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)\n"
+"> > msgid \"\"\n"
+"> > \"If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when "
+"the \"\n"
+"> > \"superuser login. The value can be preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</\"\n"
+"> > \"replaceable>, or a colon separated list of paths (for example "
+"<replaceable>/\"\n"
+"> > \"sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>). The default value is \"\n"
+"> > \"<replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>.\"\n"
+"> > msgstr \"Se impostato, viene utilizzato per definire la variabile "
+"d'ambiente PATH al login del superutente. Il valore può essere preceduto da "
+"<replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>, ed è formato da un elenco di directory "
+"separati dal «:» (ad esempio <replaceable>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</"
+"replaceable>). Il valore predefinito è <replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/"
+"sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>.\"\n"
+"> \n"
+"> s/separatI dal/separatE da\n"
+"> "
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_TZ</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_TZ</option> (testo)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user "
+"login. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by <replaceable>TZ=</"
+"replaceable> (for example <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>), or the "
+"full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example "
+"<filename>/etc/tzname</filename>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Se impostato viene usato per definire la variabile d'ambiente TZ al login "
+"dell'utente. Il valore può essere il nome di una «timezone» preceduta da "
+"<replaceable>TZ=</replaceable> (ad esempio <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</"
+"replaceable>), o il percorso completo di un file che contenga la specifica "
+"della «timezone» (ad esempio <filename>/etc/tzname</filename>)."
+
+#. TODO: it can in fact be used to set any other variable
+#: su.1.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, "
+"the default is to use <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Se viene specificato il percorso completo di un file che però non esiste o "
+"non può essere letto, allora viene utilizzato il valore predefinito "
+"<replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#: chsh.1.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_STRING</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>LOGIN_STRING</option> (testo)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The string used for prompting a password. The default is to use \"Password: "
+"\", or a translation of that string. If you set this variable, the prompt "
+"will not be translated."
+msgstr ""
+"Il testo da utilizzare per richiedere la password. Il valore predefinito è "
+"«Password: » o una sua traduzione. Se si imposta questa variabile allora il "
+"testo non verrà tradotto."
+
+#: su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:39(para) chfn.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the string contains <replaceable>%s</replaceable>, this will be replaced "
+"by the user's name."
+msgstr ""
+"Se il testo contiene <replaceable>%s</replaceable>, questo verrà sostituito "
+"dal nome dell'utente."
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> (testo)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable checking and display of mailbox status upon login."
+msgstr ""
+"Abilita la verifica e stampa a video dello stato della casella di posta al "
+"momento dell'accesso al sistema."
+
+#: su.1.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should disable it if the shell startup files already check for mail "
+"(\"mailx -e\" or equivalent)."
+msgstr ""
+"Andrebbe disabilitato se i file di avvio della shell effettuano già questo "
+"controllo («mailx -e» o equivalente)."
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> (booleano)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable setting of resource limits from <filename>/etc/limits</filename> and "
+"ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user's passwd gecos field."
+msgstr ""
+"Abilita l'impostazione di limiti di risorsa definiti in <filename>/etc/"
+"limits</filename> e ulimit, umask e livello di «nice» in base al campo gecos "
+"del passwd dell'utente."
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SULOG_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>SULOG_FILE</option> (testo)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, all su activity is logged to this file."
+msgstr "Se definito, tutta l'attività di «su» viene tracciata in questo file."
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SU_NAME</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>SU_NAME</option> (testo)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, the command name to display when running \"su -\". For example, "
+"if this is defined as \"su\" then a \"ps\" will display the command is \"-su"
+"\". If not defined, then \"ps\" would display the name of the shell actually "
+"being run, e.g. something like \"-sh\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Se definito è il nome del comando da mostrare quando si esegue «su -». Ad "
+"esempio, se lo di definisce come «su» allora «ps» mostrerà che il comando è "
+"«-su». Se non definito, «ps» mostrerà il nome della shell invocata, come «-"
+"sh»."
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>SU_WHEEL_ONLY</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>SU_WHEEL_ONLY</option> (booleano)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user must be listed as a member of "
+"the first gid 0 group in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (called "
+"<replaceable>root</replaceable> on most Linux systems) to be able to "
+"<command>su</command> to uid 0 accounts. If the group doesn't exist or is "
+"empty, no one will be able to <command>su</command> to uid 0."
+msgstr ""
+"Se <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, l'utente deve essere elencato come membro "
+"del primo gruppo con gid 0 in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (chiamato "
+"<replaceable>root</replaceable> in molti sistemi Linux) perché sia possibile "
+"usare <command>su</command> verso account con uid 0. Se il gruppo non esiste "
+"o è vuoto, nessuno potrà utilizzare <command>su</command> verso uid 0."
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SYSLOG_SU_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>SYSLOG_SU_ENAB</option> (booleano)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable \"syslog\" logging of <command>su</command> activity - in addition to "
+"sulog file logging."
+msgstr ""
+"Abilita la tracciatura su «syslog» dell'attività di <command>su</command>, "
+"oltre a quella sul file «sulog»."
+
+#: su.1.xml:391(para)
+msgid ""
+"On success, <command>su</command> returns the exit value of the command it "
+"executed."
+msgstr ""
+"In caso di successo, il valore restituito da <command>su</command> è quello "
+"del comando da esso eseguito."
+
+#: su.1.xml:395(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this command was terminated by a signal, <command>su</command> returns "
+"the number of this signal plus 128."
+msgstr ""
+"Se questo comando è terminato da un segnale, <command>su</command> "
+"restituisce il numero del segnale più 128."
+
+#: su.1.xml:399(para)
+msgid ""
+"If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the "
+"command did not terminate in time), <command>su</command> returns 255."
+msgstr ""
+"Se «su» deve terminare il comando (perché gli è stato chiesto di terminare "
+"ma il comando non è terminato in tempo),  <command>su</command> restituisce "
+"255."
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:411(para)
+msgid "success (<option>--help</option> only)"
+msgstr "successo (solo <option>--help</option>)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:417(para)
+msgid "System or authentication failure"
+msgstr "Errore di sistema o di autenticazione"
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:421(replaceable)
+msgid "126"
+msgstr "126"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: su.1.xml:423(para)
+msgid "The requested command was not found"
+msgstr "Il comando richiesto non è stato trovato"
+
+# type: IP
+#: su.1.xml:427(replaceable)
+msgid "127"
+msgstr "127"
+
+#: su.1.xml:429(para)
+msgid "The requested command could not be executed"
+msgstr "Il comando richiesto non può essere eseguito"
+
+#: su.1.xml:404(para)
+msgid ""
+"Some exit values from <command>su</command> are independent from the "
+"executed command: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Alcuni dei codici d'uscita di <command>su</command> sono indipendenti dal "
+"comando eseguito: <placeholder-1/>\""
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: su.1.xml:438(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: sg.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) sg.1.xml:65(refname) sg.1.xml:71(command)
+msgid "sg"
+msgstr "sg"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: sg.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "execute command as different group ID"
+msgstr "esegue un comando con un diverso ID di gruppo"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:74(arg)
+msgid "-c"
+msgstr "-c"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:73(arg)
+msgid "group <placeholder-1/> command"
+msgstr "comando <placeholder-1/> group"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: sg.1.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>sg</command> command works similar to <command>newgrp</command> "
+"but accepts a command. The command will be executed with the <filename>/bin/"
+"sh</filename> shell. With most shells you may run <command>sg</command> "
+"from, you need to enclose multi-word commands in quotes. Another difference "
+"between <command>newgrp</command> and <command>sg</command> is that some "
+"shells treat <command>newgrp</command> specially, replacing themselves with "
+"a new instance of a shell that <command>newgrp</command> creates. This "
+"doesn't happen with <command>sg</command>, so upon exit from a <command>sg</"
+"command> command you are returned to your previous group ID."
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando <command>sg</command> funziona in maniera analoga a "
+"<command>newgrp</command>, ma accetta un comando che viene eseguito con la "
+"shell <filename>/bin/sh</filename>. La maggior parte delle shell che "
+"permettono l'uso di <command>sg</command> richiede che i comandi composti da "
+"più parole siano inclusi tra apici. Un'altra differenza tra <command>newgrp</"
+"command> e <command>sg</command> è che alcune shell trattano "
+"<command>newgrp</command> in maniera speciale, sostituendo se stesse con la "
+"shell creata da <command>newgrp</command>. Questo non accade con "
+"<command>sg</command>, per cui all'uscita del comando <command>sg</command> "
+"si ritorna al precedente ID di gruppo."
+
+# type: IP
+#: sg.1.xml:32(term) newgrp.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SYSLOG_SG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>SYSLOG_SG_ENAB</option> (booleano)"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:34(para) newgrp.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable \"syslog\" logging of <command>sg</command> activity."
+msgstr ""
+"Abilita il tracciamento dell'attività di <command>sg</command> su «syslog»."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: sg.1.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) shadow.5.xml:64(refname)
+#: shadow.3.xml:57(refentrytitle) shadow.3.xml:64(refname)
+#: pwck.8.xml:84(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:76(replaceable)
+msgid "shadow"
+msgstr "shadow"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadowed password file"
+msgstr "file delle password shadow"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> is a file which contains the password "
+"information for the system's accounts and optional aging information."
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> è un file che contiene le informazioni sulle "
+"password per gli account degli utenti e, opzionalmente, le informazioni "
+"sulla durata delle password («aging»)."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.5.xml:76(para) gshadow.5.xml:64(para)
+msgid ""
+"This file must not be readable by regular users if password security is to "
+"be maintained."
+msgstr ""
+"Questo file non deve essere leggibile dagli utenti normali se si vuole "
+"mantenere la sicurezza sulle password."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each line of this file contains 9 fields, separated by colons (<quote>:</"
+"quote>), in the following order:"
+msgstr ""
+"Ciascuna riga di questo file contiene 9 campi separati da due punti (<quote>:"
+"</quote>), nel seguente ordine:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.5.xml:88(emphasis) passwd.5.xml:78(para)
+msgid "login name"
+msgstr "nome di login"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "It must be a valid account name, which exist on the system."
+msgstr "Deve essere un nome valido di un account esistente nel sistema."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.5.xml:96(emphasis) gshadow.5.xml:83(emphasis)
+msgid "encrypted password"
+msgstr "password cifrata"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to "
+"authenticate as the specified login name. However, some applications which "
+"read the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file may decide not to permit any "
+"access at all if the password field is empty."
+msgstr ""
+"Questo campo può essere vuoto, nel qual caso nessuna password è richiesta "
+"per l'autenticazione di questo specifico nome di login. Tuttavia alcune "
+"applicazioni che leggono <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> possono decidere "
+"di non permettere nessun accesso se il campo password è vuoto."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:105(para) gshadow.5.xml:107(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "A password field which starts with a exclamation mark means that the "
+#| "password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the "
+#| "password field before the password was locked."
+msgid ""
+"A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the "
+"password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the "
+"password field before the password was locked."
+msgstr ""
+"Se il campo password inizia con un punto esclamativo vuol dire che la "
+"password è bloccata. I restanti caratteri del campo sono il contenuto del "
+"campo password prima che venisse bloccata."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.5.xml:111(para) passwd.5.xml:126(para) gshadow.5.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"Refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> for details on how this string is interpreted."
+msgstr ""
+"Fare riferimento a <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> per dettagli sul modo "
+"in cui questa stringa viene interpretata."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.5.xml:116(para) passwd.5.xml:131(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix "
+"password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)."
+msgstr ""
+"Se il campo password contiene un testo che non è un risultato valido di "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, come ad esempio ! o *, l'utente non potrà accedere al sistema "
+"utilizzando la password unix (ma potrà accedere al sistema in altri modi)."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.5.xml:127(emphasis)
+msgid "date of last password change"
+msgstr "data dell'ultimo cambio di password"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date of the last password change, expressed as the number of days since "
+"Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+"Data dell'ultimo cambio di password espressa in numero di giorni a partire "
+"dal 1 gennaio 1970."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:134(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user should change "
+#| "her pasword the next time she will log in the system."
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user should change her "
+"password the next time she will log in the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Il valore 0 ha un significato speciale, vale a dire che l'utente deve "
+"cambiare la propria password al prossimo accesso al sistema."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:139(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that password aging features are disabled."
+msgstr "Un campo vuoto implica che la scadenza della password è disabilitata."
+
+# type: SS
+#: shadow.5.xml:146(emphasis)
+msgid "minimum password age"
+msgstr "età minima password"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The minimum password age is the number of days the user will have to wait "
+"before she will be allowed to change her password again."
+msgstr ""
+"L'età minima password è il numero di giorni che l'utente dovrà attendere "
+"prima di poter cambiare nuovamente la propria password."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:153(para)
+msgid "An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no minimum password age."
+msgstr ""
+"Un campo vuoto o con valore 0 indica che non c'è una età minima della "
+"password."
+
+# type: SS
+#: shadow.5.xml:160(emphasis)
+msgid "maximum password age"
+msgstr "età massima password"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:162(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum password age is the number of days after which the user will "
+"have to change her password."
+msgstr ""
+"L'età massima password è il numero di giorni dopo il quale l'utente deve "
+"cambiare la propria password."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"After this number of days is elapsed, the password may still be valid. The "
+"user should be asked to change her password the next time she will log in."
+msgstr ""
+"Quando questo numero di giorni è passato, la password può ancora essere "
+"valida. All'utente verrà chiesto di cambiare la password durante il "
+"successivo accesso."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field means that there are no maximum password age, no password "
+"warning period, and no password inactivity period (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"Un campo vuoto indica che non ci sono una età massima password, un periodo "
+"di avviso e nessun periodo di inattività (vedere oltre)."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the maximum password age is lower than the minimum password age, the user "
+"cannot change her password."
+msgstr ""
+"Se l'età massima password è minore dell'età minima password, l'utente non "
+"può cambiare la propria password."
+
+# type: SS
+#: shadow.5.xml:184(emphasis)
+msgid "password warning period"
+msgstr "periodo avviso password"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.5.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days before a password is going to expire (see the maximum "
+"password age above) during which the user should be warned."
+msgstr ""
+"Il numero di giorni prima della scadenza di una password (vedere età massima "
+"password, sopra) durante il quale l'utente riceve un avviso."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:192(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no password warning period."
+msgstr ""
+"Un campo vuoto e il valore 0 indicano che non c'è un periodo di avviso "
+"password."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:200(emphasis)
+msgid "password inactivity period"
+msgstr "periodo inattività password"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:203(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password has expired (see the maximum password "
+"age above) during which the password should still be accepted (and the user "
+"should update her password during the next login)."
+msgstr ""
+"Il numero di giorni dopo la scadenza della password (vedere età massima "
+"password, sopra) durante il quale la password è ancora accettata (e l'utente "
+"dovrebbe aggiornare la propria password al primo accesso)."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:209(para)
+msgid ""
+"After expiration of the password and this expiration period is elapsed, no "
+"login is possible using the current user's password. The user should contact "
+"her administrator."
+msgstr ""
+"Dopo la scadenza della password e di questo periodo, l'utente non potrà "
+"accedere usando questa password, ma dovrà contattare l'amministratore."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field means that there are no enforcement of an inactivity period."
+msgstr "Un campo vuoto implica che non è applicato il periodo di inattività."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.5.xml:222(emphasis)
+msgid "account expiration date"
+msgstr "data scadenza account"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:225(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date of expiration of the account, expressed as the number of days since "
+"Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+"La data di scadenza dell'account, espressa in numero di giorni dal 1 gennaio "
+"1970."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:229(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Note that an account expiration differs from a password expiration. In "
+#| "case of an acount expiration, the user shall not be allowed to login. In "
+#| "case of a password expiration, the user is not allowed to login using her "
+#| "password."
+msgid ""
+"Note that an account expiration differs from a password expiration. In case "
+"of an account expiration, the user shall not be allowed to login. In case of "
+"a password expiration, the user is not allowed to login using her password."
+msgstr ""
+"Notare che la scadenza dell'account differisce da quella della password. Nel "
+"caso di un account scaduto l'utente non deve poter accedere ulteriormente al "
+"sistema. Nel caso di password scaduta invece l'utente non è abilitato ad "
+"accedere con la propria password."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:235(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that the account will never expire."
+msgstr "Un campo vuoto implica che l'account non scade mai."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 should not be used as it is interpreted as either an account "
+"with no expiration, or as an expiration on Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+"Il valore 0 non andrebbe usato perché potrebbe essere interpretato come "
+"account che non scade o come scaduto il 1 gennaio 1970."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.5.xml:246(emphasis)
+msgid "reserved field"
+msgstr "campo riservato"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.5.xml:248(para)
+msgid "This field is reserved for future use."
+msgstr "Questo campo è riservato per uso futuro."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:270(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shadow-"
+msgstr "/etc/shadow-"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:272(para)
+msgid "Backup file for /etc/shadow."
+msgstr "Copia di backup per /etc/shadow."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:273(para) passwd.5.xml:178(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that this file is used by the tools of the shadow toolsuite, but not by "
+"all user and password management tools."
+msgstr ""
+"Notare che questo file viene usato dagli strumenti del pacchetto shadow, ma "
+"non da tutti gli strumenti per la gestione di utenti e password."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.5.xml:284(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "Library Calls"
+msgstr "Chiamate di libreria"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:65(refname)
+msgid "getspnam"
+msgstr "getspnam"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "encrypted password file routines"
+msgstr "routine per file delle password cifrate"
+
+# type: SH
+#: shadow.3.xml:70(title)
+msgid "SYNTAX"
+msgstr "SINTASSI"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:72(emphasis)
+msgid "#include &lt;shadow.h&gt;"
+msgstr "#include &lt;shadow.h&gt;"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:76(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *getspent();"
+msgstr "struct spwd *getspent();"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:80(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *getspnam(char"
+msgstr "struct spwd *getspnam(char"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:81(emphasis)
+msgid "*name"
+msgstr "*nome"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:81(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:94(emphasis)
+#: shadow.3.xml:99(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:105(emphasis)
+msgid ");"
+msgstr ");"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:85(emphasis)
+msgid "void setspent();"
+msgstr "void setspent();"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:89(emphasis)
+msgid "void endspent();"
+msgstr "void endspent();"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:93(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *fgetspent(FILE"
+msgstr "struct spwd *fgetspent(FILE"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:94(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:105(emphasis)
+msgid "*fp"
+msgstr "*fp"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:98(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *sgetspent(char"
+msgstr "struct spwd *sgetspent(char"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:99(emphasis)
+msgid "*cp"
+msgstr "*cp"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:103(emphasis)
+msgid "int putspent(struct spwd"
+msgstr "int putspent(struct spwd"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:104(emphasis)
+msgid "*p,"
+msgstr "*p,"
+
+# type: SH
+#: shadow.3.xml:104(emphasis)
+msgid "FILE"
+msgstr "FILE"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:109(emphasis)
+msgid "int lckpwdf();"
+msgstr "int lckpwdf();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:113(emphasis)
+msgid "int ulckpwdf();"
+msgstr "int ulckpwdf();"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:119(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> manipulates the contents of the "
+"shadow password file, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. The structure in the "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">#include</emphasis> file is:"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> manipola il contenuto del file delle "
+"password shadow, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. La struttura nel file "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">#include</emphasis> è la seguente:"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:124(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"struct spwd {\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_namp; /* user login name */\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_lstchg; /* last password change */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_min; /* days until change allowed. */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_max; /* days before change required */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_inact; /* days before account inactive */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_expire; /* date when account expires */\n"
+"      unsigned long int\tsp_flag; /* reserved for future use */\n"
+"}\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"struct spwd {\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_namp; /* login dell'utente */\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_pwdp; /* password cifrata */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_lstchg; /* ultimo cambio della password */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_min; /* giorni minimi tra i cambi */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_max; /* giorni massimi tra i cambi */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_warn; /* giorni di preavviso */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_inact; /* giorni di inattività */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_expire; /* data di scadenza dell'account */\n"
+"      unsigned long int\tsp_flag; /* riservato per uso futuro */\n"
+"}\n"
+"    "
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The meanings of each field are:"
+msgstr "Ciascun campo significa:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:139(para)
+msgid "sp_namp - pointer to null-terminated user name"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_namp - puntatore a una stringa null-terminated che contiene il nome "
+"utente."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:142(para)
+msgid "sp_pwdp - pointer to null-terminated password"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_pwdp - puntatore a una stringa null-terminated che contiene la password."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:145(para)
+msgid "sp_lstchg - days since Jan 1, 1970 password was last changed"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_lstchg - giorni trascorsi dal 1 gennaio 1970 al momento in cui la "
+"password è stata cambiata l'ultima volta."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:148(para)
+msgid "sp_min - days before which password may not be changed"
+msgstr "sp_min - giorni prima dei quali la password non può essere cambiata."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:151(para)
+msgid "sp_max - days after which password must be changed"
+msgstr "sp_max - giorni dopo i quali la password deve essere cambiata."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:154(para)
+msgid ""
+"sp_warn - days before password is to expire that user is warned of pending "
+"password expiration"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_warn - giorni prima della scadenza della password in cui l'utente viene "
+"avvertito."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"sp_inact - days after password expires that account is considered inactive "
+"and disabled"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_inact - giorni dopo la scadenza della password dopo i quali l'account "
+"viene considerato inattivo e disabilitato."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:164(para)
+msgid "sp_expire - days since Jan 1, 1970 when account will be disabled"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_expire - giorni a partire dal 1 gennaio 1970 dopo i quali l'account viene "
+"disabilitato."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:167(para)
+msgid "sp_flag - reserved for future use"
+msgstr "sp_flag - riservato per uso futuro."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>getspent</emphasis>, <emphasis>getspname</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis>, and <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> each "
+"return a pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis>. <emphasis>getspent</"
+"emphasis> returns the next entry from the file, and <emphasis>fgetspent</"
+"emphasis> returns the next entry from the given stream, which is assumed to "
+"be a file of the proper format. <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> returns a "
+"pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis> using the provided string as "
+"input. <emphasis>getspnam</emphasis> searches from the current position in "
+"the file for an entry matching <emphasis>name</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>getspent</emphasis>, <emphasis>getspname</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis> e <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> "
+"restituiscono tutte un puntatore a uno <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis>. "
+"<emphasis>getspent</emphasis> restituisce la voce successiva nel file, "
+"<emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis> la voce successiva nello stream specificato, "
+"che si suppone sia un file nel formato corretto. <emphasis>sgetspent</"
+"emphasis> restituisce un puntatore a uno <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis> "
+"usando come input la stringa fornita. <emphasis>getspnam</emphasis> cerca "
+"una voce che corrisponde a <emphasis>name</emphasis> partendo dalla "
+"posizione corrente nel file."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>setspent</emphasis> and <emphasis>endspent</emphasis> may be used "
+"to begin and end, respectively, access to the shadow password file."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>setspent</emphasis> e <emphasis>endspent</emphasis> sono usate "
+"rispettivamente per iniziare e terminare l'accesso al file delle password "
+"shadow."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:194(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> and <emphasis>ulckpwdf</emphasis> routines "
+"should be used to insure exclusive access to the <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> file. <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> attempts to acquire a lock "
+"using <emphasis>pw_lock</emphasis> for up to 15 seconds. It continues by "
+"attempting to acquire a second lock using <emphasis>spw_lock</emphasis> for "
+"the remainder of the initial 15 seconds. Should either attempt fail after a "
+"total of 15 seconds, <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> returns -1. When both "
+"locks are acquired 0 is returned."
+msgstr ""
+"Le funzioni <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> e <emphasis>ulckpwdf</emphasis> si "
+"usano per garantire l'accesso esclusivo al file <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename>. <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> prova ad acquisire il lock tramite "
+"<emphasis>pw_lock</emphasis> per un massimo di 15 secondi, dopodiché tenta "
+"di ottenere un secondo lock usando <emphasis>spw_lock</emphasis> per il "
+"tempo che rimane dei 15 secondi iniziali. Se anche uno solo dei due "
+"tentativi fallisce dopo un totale di 15 secondi, <emphasis>lckpwdf</"
+"emphasis> restituisce -1, mentre restituisce 0 se riesce ad acquisire "
+"entrambi i lock."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:209(para)
+msgid ""
+"Routines return NULL if no more entries are available or if an error occurs "
+"during processing. Routines which have <emphasis>int</emphasis> as the "
+"return value return 0 for success and -1 for failure."
+msgstr ""
+"Le funzioni restituiscono NULL se non ci sono altre voci disponibili o se si "
+"verifica un errore durante l'elaborazione. Le funzioni di tipo "
+"<emphasis>int</emphasis> restituiscono 0 in caso di successo e -1 in caso di "
+"errore."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"These routines may only be used by the superuser as access to the shadow "
+"password file is restricted."
+msgstr ""
+"Queste funzioni possono essere usate solo dall'amministratore, perché "
+"l'accesso al file delle password shadow è riservato."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: shadow.3.xml:239(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) pwconv.8.xml:70(refname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:79(command) login.defs.5.xml:439(term)
+msgid "pwconv"
+msgstr "pwconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:71(refname) pwconv.8.xml:85(command) login.defs.5.xml:448(term)
+msgid "pwunconv"
+msgstr "pwunconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:72(refname) pwconv.8.xml:91(command) login.defs.5.xml:344(term)
+msgid "grpconv"
+msgstr "grpconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:73(refname) pwconv.8.xml:97(command) login.defs.5.xml:350(term)
+msgid "grpunconv"
+msgstr "grpunconv"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwconv.8.xml:74(refpurpose)
+msgid "convert to and from shadow passwords and groups"
+msgstr "convertono a e da password e gruppi shadow."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</"
+"emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> and an optionally "
+"existing <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> crea <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> da "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> e da un eventuale preesistente "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> does not work with <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"enabled. To convert to tcb passwords, you should first use <command>pwconv</"
+"command> to convert to shadowed passwords by disabling <option>USE_TCB</"
+"option> in <filename>login.defs</filename> and then convert to tcb password "
+"using <command>tcb_convert</command> (and re-enable <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"in <filename>login.defs</filename>.)"
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> non funziona se <option>USE_TCB</option> è attivo. "
+"Per convertire a password tcb si deve prima usare <command>pwconv</command> "
+"per convertire a password shadow disabilitando <option>USE_TCB</option> nel "
+"file <filename>login.defs</filename> e poi convertire a password tcb usando "
+"<command>tcb_convert</command> (e riabilitando <option>USE_TCB</option> in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>)."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwunconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">passwd</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> and "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">shadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwunconv</command> crea <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> da "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> e <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</"
+"emphasis> e poi cancella <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwunconv</command> does not work with <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"enabled. You should first switch back from tcb to shadowed passwords using "
+"<command>tcb_unconvert</command>, and then disable <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"in <filename>login.defs</filename> before using <command>pwunconv</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwunconv</command> non funziona con <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"abilitato. Si deve prima ritornare da tcb a password shadow usando "
+"<command>tcb_unconvert</command> e poi disabilitare <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"in <filename>login.defs</filename> prima di usare <command>pwunconv</"
+"command>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> and an "
+"optionally existing <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>grpconv</command> crea <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis> da "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> e da un eventuale preesistente "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpunconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">group</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> and "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>grpunconv</command> crea <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> da "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> e <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</"
+"emphasis> e quindi rimuove <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwconv.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid ""
+"These four programs all operate on the normal and shadow password and group "
+"files: <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>, <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Questi quattro programmi agiscono tutti sui file normali e oscurati (shadow) "
+"delle password e dei gruppi: <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>, <filename>/"
+"etc/group</filename>, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> e <filename>/etc/"
+"gshadow</filename>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwconv.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each program acquires the necessary locks before conversion. "
+"<command>pwconv</command> and <command>grpconv</command> are similar. First, "
+"entries in the shadowed file which don't exist in the main file are removed. "
+"Then, shadowed entries which don't have `x' as the password in the main file "
+"are updated. Any missing shadowed entries are added. Finally, passwords in "
+"the main file are replaced with `x'. These programs can be used for initial "
+"conversion as well to update the shadowed file if the main file is edited by "
+"hand."
+msgstr ""
+"Ciascun programma, prima della conversione, acquisisce i lock necessari. "
+"<command>pwconv</command> e <command>grpconv</command> sono simili. Per "
+"prima cosa vengono rimosse le voci nel file shadow che non esistono nel file "
+"principale. Quindi vengono aggiornate le voci oscurate che non hanno «x» "
+"come password nel file principale. Vengono aggiunte le eventuali voci "
+"oscurate mancanti.  Infine, le password nel file principale vengono "
+"sostituite con «x». Questi programmi possono essere usati per le conversioni "
+"iniziali così come per aggiornare il file oscurato se il file principale "
+"viene modificato a mano."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwconv.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> will use the values of <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">PASS_MIN_DAYS</emphasis>, <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_MAX_DAYS</emphasis>, "
+"and <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_WARN_AGE</emphasis> from <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename> when adding new entries to <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> userà i valori <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">PASS_MIN_DAYS</emphasis>, <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_MAX_DAYS</emphasis> "
+"e <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_WARN_AGE</emphasis> da <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename> al momento dell'aggiunta di nuove voci a <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwconv.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"Likewise <command>pwunconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</command> are "
+"similar. Passwords in the main file are updated from the shadowed file. "
+"Entries which exist in the main file but not in the shadowed file are left "
+"alone. Finally, the shadowed file is removed. Some password aging "
+"information is lost by <command>pwunconv</command>. It will convert what it "
+"can."
+msgstr ""
+"Analogamente, <command>pwunconv</command> e <command>grpunconv</command> "
+"sono simili. Le password nel file principale vengono aggiornate dal file "
+"shadow. Voci che esistono nel file principale ma non nel file shadow vengono "
+"lasciate stare. Infine, viene rimosso il file shadow. Alcune informazioni "
+"sull'invecchiamento delle password vengono perse da <command>pwunconv</"
+"command>. Convertirà solo quello che potrà."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwconv.8.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>pwconv</command>, <command>pwunconv</"
+"command>, <command>grpconv</command>, and <command>grpunconv</command> "
+"commands are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Le opzioni che si possono applicare ai comandi <command>pwconv</command>, "
+"<command>pwunconv</command>, <command>grpconv</command> e "
+"<command>grpunconv</command> sono:"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:217(para)
+msgid ""
+"Errors in the password or group files (such as invalid or duplicate entries) "
+"may cause these programs to loop forever or fail in other strange ways. "
+"Please run <command>pwck</command> and <command>grpck</command> to correct "
+"any such errors before converting to or from shadow passwords or groups."
+msgstr ""
+"Errori nel file delle password o dei gruppi (come elementi non validi o "
+"duplicati) possono causare dei cicli infiniti in questi programmi, oppure "
+"degli errori non prevedibili. Eseguire <command>pwck</command> e "
+"<command>grpck</command> per correggere ogni eventuale errore prima di "
+"convertire da o verso password o gruppi shadow."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:228(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"changes the behavior of <command>grpconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</"
+"command>:"
+msgstr ""
+"Le seguenti variabili di configurazione in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> influenzano il comportamento di <command>grpconv</command> e "
+"<command>grpunconv</command>:"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:236(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> change the behavior of <command>pwconv</command>:"
+msgstr ""
+"Le seguenti variabili di configurazione in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> influenzano il comportamento di <command>pwconv</command>:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwconv.8.xml:263(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"tcb\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_convert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_unconvert</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"tcb\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_convert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_unconvert</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:47(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:43(contrib) grpck.8.xml:42(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1992"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) pwck.8.xml:70(refname) pwck.8.xml:76(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:430(term)
+msgid "pwck"
+msgstr "pwck"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:71(refpurpose)
+msgid "verify integrity of password files"
+msgstr "verifica l'integrità dei file delle password"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:80(replaceable) passwd.5.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: passwd.5.xml:64(refname) passwd.1.xml:64(refentrytitle)
+#: passwd.1.xml:71(refname) passwd.1.xml:77(command) login.defs.5.xml:419(term)
+msgid "passwd"
+msgstr "passwd"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:93(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwck</command> command verifies the integrity of the users and "
+"authentication information. It checks that all entries in <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">(or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>, when <option>USE_TCB</"
+"option> is enabled)</phrase> have the proper format and contain valid data. "
+"The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or "
+"which have other uncorrectable errors."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwck</command> verifica l'integrità delle informazioni su utenti e "
+"autenticazione del sistema. Ogni voce in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> e "
+"in <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> <phrase condition=\"tcb\">(o nei file in "
+"<filename>/etc/tcb</filename>, quando <option>USE_TCB<option> è abilitato)</"
+"phrase> viene controllata per verificare che abbia il formato corretto e "
+"dati validi in ciascun campo. Viene richiesto all'utente di rimuovere le "
+"voci che non hanno un formato appropriato o che hanno altri errori "
+"impossibili da correggere."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:105(para) grpck.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "Checks are made to verify that each entry has:"
+msgstr "Vengono fatti controlli per verificare che ogni voce abbia:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:108(para) grpck.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid "the correct number of fields"
+msgstr "il corretto numero di campi"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid "a unique and valid user name"
+msgstr "un nome utente univoco e valido"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "a valid user and group identifier"
+msgstr "identificatori validi dell'utente e del gruppo"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid "a valid primary group"
+msgstr "un gruppo primario valido"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "a valid home directory"
+msgstr "una home directory valida"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:123(para)
+msgid "a valid login shell"
+msgstr "una shell di login valida"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> checks are enabled when a second file parameter "
+"is specified or when <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> exists on the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Le verifiche sul file <filename>shadow</filename> sono abilitate ogni volta "
+"che si usa un secondo argomento o quanto esiste nel sistema il file "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename>."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:132(para)
+msgid "These checks are the following:"
+msgstr "Le verifiche sono le seguenti:"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"every passwd entry has a matching shadow entry, and every shadow entry has a "
+"matching passwd entry"
+msgstr ""
+"ogni elemento del file passwd deve avere un corrispondente elemento in "
+"shadow, e viceversa"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:143(para)
+msgid "passwords are specified in the shadowed file"
+msgstr "le password sono specificate nel file shadow"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:146(para)
+msgid "shadow entries have the correct number of fields"
+msgstr "gli elementi di shadow hanno il corretto numero di campi"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "shadow entries are unique in shadow"
+msgstr "gli elementi di shadow sono unici"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "the last password changes are not in the future"
+msgstr "le date di ultima modifica non sono nel futuro"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"The checks for correct number of fields and unique user name are fatal. If "
+"the entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to "
+"delete the entire line. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all "
+"further checks are bypassed. An entry with a duplicated user name is "
+"prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made. All "
+"other errors are warning and the user is encouraged to run the "
+"<command>usermod</command> command to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+"Gli errori nelle verifiche sul corretto numero di campi e sull'univocità del "
+"nome utente sono irrimediabili. Se una voce ha un numero errato di campi, "
+"all'utente viene chiesto di cancellare l'intera riga; se l'utente non "
+"risponde affermativamente, vengono omessi tutti gli ulteriori controlli. "
+"Viene richiesta la cancellazione anche per le voci aventi il nome utente "
+"duplicato, ma i rimanenti controlli vengono ugualmente effettuati. Tutti gli "
+"altri errori non sono gravi e l'utente è invitato a eseguire il comando "
+"<command>usermod</command> per correggerli."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file are "
+"not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries. <command>pwck</command> "
+"should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entry."
+msgstr ""
+"I comandi che operano sul file <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> non sono in "
+"grado di modificare voci corrotte o duplicate; in tali circostanze va usato "
+"<command>pwck</command> per rimuovere la voce scorretta."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:177(para) grpck.8.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>-r</option> and <option>-s</option> options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+"Le opzioni <option>-r</option> e <option>-s</option> non possono essere "
+"combinate."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>pwck</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>pwck</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"Report errors only. The warnings which do not require any action from the "
+"user won't be displayed."
+msgstr ""
+"Riporta solo gli errori. Gli avvisi che non richiedono azioni da parte "
+"dell'utente non sono mostrati."
+
+# type: IP
+#: pwck.8.xml:211(term) grpck.8.xml:163(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--read-only</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--read-only</option>"
+
+# type: TP
+#: pwck.8.xml:213(para)
+msgid "Execute the <command>pwck</command> command in read-only mode."
+msgstr "Esegue il comando <command>pwck</command> in sola lettura."
+
+# type: IP
+#: pwck.8.xml:231(term) grpck.8.xml:185(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:233(para)
+msgid ""
+"Sort entries in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> by UID."
+msgstr ""
+"Ordina gli elementi di <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> e <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename> per UID."
+
+# type: IP
+#: pwck.8.xml:237(para)
+msgid "This option has no effect when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa opzione non ha nessun effetto se <option>USE_TCB</option> è abilitato."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:244(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, <command>pwck</command> operates on the files <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\"> (or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>)</phrase>. The user may "
+"select alternate files with the <replaceable>passwd</replaceable> and "
+"<replaceable>shadow</replaceable> parameters."
+msgstr ""
+"Come impostazione predefinita, <command>pwck</command> opera sui file "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> e in <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"tcb\"> (o i file in <filename>/etc/tcb</"
+"filename>)</phrase>. L'utente può selezionare file alternativi con i "
+"parametri <replaceable>passwd</replaceable> e <replaceable>shadow</"
+"replaceable>."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:253(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Note that when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled, you cannot specify an "
+#| "alternative <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> file. In future releases, "
+#| "this paramater could be replaced by an alternate TCB directory."
+msgid ""
+"Note that when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled, you cannot specify an "
+"alternative <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> file. In future releases, this "
+"parameter could be replaced by an alternate TCB directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Notare che quando <option>USE_TCB</option> è abilitata, non si può "
+"specificare un file <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> alternativo. In future "
+"versioni questo parametro potrebbe essere sostituito da una directory TCB "
+"alternativa."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:322(para)
+msgid "one or more bad password entries"
+msgstr "una o più voci di password conengono errori"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:328(para)
+msgid "can't open password files"
+msgstr "impossibile aprire i file delle password"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:334(para)
+msgid "can't lock password files"
+msgstr "impossibile fare il lock dei file delle password"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:340(para)
+msgid "can't update password files"
+msgstr "impossibile aggiornare i file delle password"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:346(para)
+msgid "can't sort password files"
+msgstr "impossibile ordinare i file delle password"
+
+# type: TP
+#: pwck.8.xml:304(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwck</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando <command>pwck</command> restituisce i seguenti valori: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: pwck.8.xml:355(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) porttime.5.xml:64(refname)
+msgid "porttime"
+msgstr "porttime"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: porttime.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "port access time file"
+msgstr "file delle porte e degli orari d'accesso"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: porttime.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">porttime</emphasis> contains a list of tty devices, "
+"user names, and permitted login times."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">porttime</emphasis> contiene un elenco di device tty, "
+"nomi utente e orari di accesso permessi."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: porttime.5.xml:75(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each entry consists of three colon separated fields. The first field is a "
+"comma separated list of tty devices, or an asterisk to indicate that all tty "
+"devices are matched by this entry. The second field is a comma separated "
+"list of user names, or an asterisk to indicated that all user names are "
+"matched by this entry. The third field is a comma separated list of "
+"permitted access times."
+msgstr ""
+"Ciascuna voce è composta da tre campi separati da due punti. Il primo è un "
+"elenco di device tty, separati da virgole, oppure un asterisco per indicare "
+"che la voce corrisponde a qualsiasi device. Il secondo campo è un elenco di "
+"nomi utente, separati da virgole, oppure un asterisco per indicare che la "
+"voce corrisponde ad ogni utente. Il terzo campo è un elenco degli orari, "
+"separati da virgole, in cui è consentito l'accesso."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: porttime.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each access time entry consists of zero or more days of the week, "
+"abbreviated <emphasis>Su</emphasis>, <emphasis>Mo</emphasis>, <emphasis>Tu</"
+"emphasis>, <emphasis>We</emphasis>, <emphasis>Th</emphasis>, <emphasis>Fr</"
+"emphasis>, and <emphasis>Sa</emphasis>, followed by a pair of times "
+"separated by a hyphen. The abbreviation <emphasis>Wk</emphasis> may be used "
+"to represent Monday thru Friday, and <emphasis>Al</emphasis> may be used to "
+"indicate every day. If no days are given, <emphasis>Al</emphasis> is assumed."
+msgstr ""
+"Un orario di accesso consiste in zero o più giorni della settimana "
+"abbreviati in <emphasis>Mo</emphasis> (lunedì), <emphasis>Tu</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>We</emphasis>, <emphasis>Th</emphasis>, <emphasis>Fr</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>Sa</emphasis> e <emphasis>Su</emphasis> (domenica), seguiti da una "
+"coppia di orari, separati da un trattino. L'abbreviazione <emphasis>Wk</"
+"emphasis> rappresenta tutti i giorni da lunedì a venerdì, mentre "
+"<emphasis>Al</emphasis> indica tutti i giorni della settimana. Se non si "
+"specifica alcun giorno, viene usato implicitamente <emphasis>Al</emphasis>."
+
+# type: SH
+#: porttime.5.xml:98(title)
+msgid "EXAMPLES"
+msgstr "ESEMPI"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: porttime.5.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entry allows access to user <emphasis remap=\"B\">jfh</"
+"emphasis> on every port during weekdays from 9am to 5pm."
+msgstr ""
+"La voce seguente permette l'accesso all'utente <emphasis remap=\"B\">jfh</"
+"emphasis> da qualsiasi porta durante i giorni lavorativi dalle 9 alle 17."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: porttime.5.xml:105(para)
+msgid "*:jfh:Wk0900-1700"
+msgstr "*:jfh:Wk0900-1700"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: porttime.5.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entries allow access only to the users <emphasis>root</"
+"emphasis> and <emphasis>oper</emphasis> on <filename>/dev/console</filename> "
+"at any time. This illustrates how the <filename>/etc/porttime</filename> "
+"file is an ordered list of access times. Any other user would match the "
+"second entry which does not permit access at any time."
+msgstr ""
+"Le voci seguenti permettono l'accesso solo agli utenti <emphasis>root</"
+"emphasis> e <emphasis>oper</emphasis> da <filename>/dev/console</filename> a "
+"qualsiasi ora. Qui viene mostrato come il file <filename>/etc/porttime</"
+"filename> sia una lista ordinata di orari d'accesso: ogni altro utente "
+"corrisponderebbe alla seconda voce, che impedisce l'accesso in qualsiasi "
+"orario."
+
+# type: Plain text
+# no-wrap
+#: porttime.5.xml:116(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      console:root,oper:Al0000-2400\n"
+"      console:*:\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      console:root,oper:Al0000-2400\n"
+"      console:*:\n"
+"    "
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: porttime.5.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entry allows access for the user <emphasis>games</emphasis> on "
+"any port during non-working hours."
+msgstr ""
+"La voce seguente permette l'accesso all'utente <emphasis>games</emphasis> da "
+"qualsiasi porta durante gli orari non lavorativi."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: porttime.5.xml:126(para)
+msgid "*:games:Wk1700-0900,SaSu0000-2400"
+msgstr "*:games:Wk1700-0900,SaSu0000-2400"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:133(filename) logoutd.8.xml:92(filename)
+msgid "/etc/porttime"
+msgstr "/etc/porttime"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:135(para) logoutd.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "File containing port access."
+msgstr "File contenente gli accessi alle porte."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: porttime.5.xml:143(para) login.access.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "the password file"
+msgstr "il file delle password"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> contains one line for each user account, "
+"with seven fields delimited by colons (<quote>:</quote>). These fields are:"
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> contiene una riga per ogni account, con "
+"sette campi delimitati da due punti (<quote>:</quote>). Questi campi sono:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid "optional encrypted password"
+msgstr "password cifrata opzionale"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "numerical user ID"
+msgstr "ID utente numerico"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "numerical group ID"
+msgstr "ID gruppo numerico"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "user name or comment field"
+msgstr "nome utente o commento"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.5.xml:93(para)
+msgid "user home directory"
+msgstr "directory home utente"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:96(para)
+msgid "optional user command interpreter"
+msgstr "interprete dei comandi utente opzionale"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field is a lower-case <quote>x</quote>, "
+"then the encrypted password is actually stored in the "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> file instead; there <emphasis>must</emphasis> be a "
+"corresponding line in the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file, or else the "
+"user account is invalid."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:109(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to "
+#| "authenticate as the specified login name. However, some applications "
+#| "which read the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file may decide not to "
+#| "permit any access at all if the password field is empty."
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted <emphasis>password</emphasis> field may be empty, in which "
+"case no password is required to authenticate as the specified login name. "
+"However, some applications which read the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+"file may decide not to permit <emphasis>any</emphasis> access at all if the "
+"<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is blank."
+msgstr ""
+"Questo campo può essere vuoto, nel qual caso nessuna password è richiesta "
+"per l'autenticazione di questo specifico nome di login. Tuttavia alcune "
+"applicazioni che leggono <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> possono decidere "
+"di non permettere nessun accesso se il campo password è vuoto."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:118(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "A password field which starts with a exclamation mark means that the "
+#| "password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the "
+#| "password field before the password was locked."
+msgid ""
+"A <emphasis>password</emphasis> field which starts with an exclamation mark "
+"means that the password is locked. The remaining characters on the line "
+"represent the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field before the password was "
+"locked."
+msgstr ""
+"Se il campo password inizia con un punto esclamativo vuol dire che la "
+"password è bloccata. I restanti caratteri del campo sono il contenuto del "
+"campo password prima che venisse bloccata."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.5.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"Il campo di commento è utilizzato da vari strumenti di sistema come ad "
+"esempio <citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:144(para)
+msgid ""
+"The home directory field provides the name of the initial working directory. "
+"The <command>login</command> program uses this information to set the value "
+"of the <envar>$HOME</envar> environmental variable."
+msgstr ""
+"Il campo directory home fornisce il nome della directory di lavoro iniziale. "
+"Il programma <command>login</command> usa questa informazione per impostare "
+"il valore della variabile d'ambiente <envar>$HOME</envar>."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"The command interpreter field provides the name of the user's command "
+"language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute. The "
+"<command>login</command> program uses this information to set the value of "
+"the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environmental variable. If this field is empty, it "
+"defaults to the value <filename>/bin/sh</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Il campo interprete dei comandi fornisce il nome dell'interprete del "
+"linguaggio utente, o il nome del programma da invocare inizialmente. Il "
+"programma <command>login</command> utilizza questa informazione per "
+"impostare il valore della variabile d'ambiente <envar>$SHELL</envar>. Se "
+"questo campo è vuoto, il valore predefinito è <filename>/bin/sh</filename>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.5.xml:171(para)
+msgid "optional encrypted password file"
+msgstr "file opzionale delle password cifrate"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:175(filename)
+msgid "/etc/passwd-"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd-"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:177(para)
+msgid "Backup file for /etc/passwd."
+msgstr "Copia di backup di /etc/passwd."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.5.xml:189(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:72(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user password"
+msgstr "cambia la password utente"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:89(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>passwd</command> command changes passwords for user accounts. A "
+"normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the "
+"superuser may change the password for any account. <command>passwd</command> "
+"also changes the account or associated password validity period."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>passwd</command> cambia la password per account utente. Un utente "
+"normale può solo cambiare la password per il proprio account, mentre il "
+"super utente può cambiarla per qualsiasi account. <command>passwd</command> "
+"modifica anche l'account o il periodo di validità della password associata."
+
+# type: SS
+#: passwd.1.xml:98(title)
+msgid "Password Changes"
+msgstr "Modifiche delle password"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is first prompted for their old password, if one is present. This "
+"password is then encrypted and compared against the stored password. The "
+"user has only one chance to enter the correct password. The superuser is "
+"permitted to bypass this step so that forgotten passwords may be changed."
+msgstr ""
+"All'utente viene prima chiesta la propria password attuale, se presente. "
+"Questa password viene cifrata e confrontata con quella memorizzata. "
+"All'utente viene data solo una possibilità di inserire la password corretta. "
+"Il super utente salta questo passo in modo da poter modificare password "
+"dimenticate."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked "
+"to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time. If not, "
+"<command>passwd</command> refuses to change the password and exits."
+msgstr ""
+"Dopo che la password è stata inserita, vengono controllati i parametri "
+"dell'invecchiamento delle password per verificare che l'utente possa "
+"modificarla in questo momento. In caso negativo <command>passwd</command> "
+"non fa cambiare la password ed esce."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is then prompted twice for a replacement password. The second entry "
+"is compared against the first and both are required to match in order for "
+"the password to be changed."
+msgstr ""
+"All'utente viene quindi chiesto di inserire la nuova password due volte. Le "
+"due password sono confrontate e devono essere uguali affinché la password "
+"venga accettata."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:120(para)
+msgid ""
+"Then, the password is tested for complexity. As a general guideline, "
+"passwords should consist of 6 to 8 characters including one or more "
+"characters from each of the following sets:"
+msgstr ""
+"Quindi viene misurata la complessità della password. In linea di massima le "
+"password dovrebbero contenere dai 6 agli 8 caratteri, includendovi uno o più "
+"caratteri da ciascuno dei seguenti insiemi:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:128(para)
+msgid "lower case alphabetics"
+msgstr "lettere minuscole"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:131(para)
+msgid "digits 0 thru 9"
+msgstr "numeri da 0 a 9"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:134(para)
+msgid "punctuation marks"
+msgstr "segni di punteggiatura"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill "
+"characters. <command>passwd</command> will reject any password which is not "
+"suitably complex."
+msgstr ""
+"Si deve fare attenzione a non inserire il carattere di cancellazione o di "
+"kill (azzeramento della riga). <command>passwd</command> non accetta "
+"password non sufficientemente complesse."
+
+# type: SS
+#: passwd.1.xml:147(title)
+msgid "Hints for user passwords"
+msgstr "Suggerimenti per password utente"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption "
+"algorithm and the size of the key space. The legacy <emphasis>UNIX</"
+"emphasis> System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm. More "
+"recent methods are now recommended (see <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>). "
+"The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which "
+"is selected."
+msgstr ""
+"La sicurezza di una password dipende dalla forza dell'algoritmo e dalla "
+"dimensione della chiave utilizzata. Il metodo originale di cifratura del "
+"sistema <emphasis>UNIX</emphasis> si basa sull'algoritmo NBS DES. Adesso "
+"sono da preferisi metodi di cifratura più recenti (vedere "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>). La dimensione della chiave dipende "
+"dall'aleatorietà della password indicata."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"Compromises in password security normally result from careless password "
+"selection or handling. For this reason, you should not select a password "
+"which appears in a dictionary or which must be written down. The password "
+"should also not be a proper name, your license number, birth date, or street "
+"address. Any of these may be used as guesses to violate system security."
+msgstr ""
+"La compromissione di una password avviene normalmente a seguito di incuria "
+"nella scelta o nella gestione della password. Per questo motivo non si "
+"devono utilizzare password che appaiono nei dizionari o che devono essere "
+"scritte. La password non deve essere uno nome proprio, il numero della "
+"patente, la data di nascita o l'indirizzo. Uno qualunque di questi potrebbe "
+"essere indovinato per violare la sicurezza del sistema."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:166(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "You can find advices on how to choose a strong password on http://en."
+#| "wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength"
+msgid ""
+"You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en."
+"wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength"
+msgstr ""
+"Si possono trovare indicazioni su come scegliere una password forte su "
+"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:175(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>passwd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>passwd</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+# type: IP
+#: passwd.1.xml:180(term) faillog.8.xml:96(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:184(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option can be used only with <option>-S</option> and causes show status "
+"for all users."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa opzione può essere utilizzata solo con <option>-S</option> e mostra "
+"lo stato per ogni utente."
+
+# type: IP
+#: passwd.1.xml:191(term)
+msgid "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Delete a user's password (make it empty). This is a quick way to disable a "
+"password for an account. It will set the named account passwordless."
+msgstr ""
+"Cancella la password utente (la rende vuota). Questo è un metodo veloce per "
+"disabilitare la password per l'account. Imposta l'account indicato come "
+"senza password."
+
+# type: TP
+#: passwd.1.xml:203(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"Immediately expire an account's password. This in effect can force a user to "
+"change their password at the user's next login."
+msgstr ""
+"Fa scadere subito la password dell'utente. Il che ha l'effetto di forzare un "
+"cambio password al successivo accesso da parte dell'utente."
+
+# type: TP
+#: passwd.1.xml:220(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INATTIVO</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is used to disable an account after the password has been "
+"expired for a number of days. After a user account has had an expired "
+"password for <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> days, the user may no "
+"longer sign on to the account."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa opzione viene utilizzata per disabilitare un account dopo che la "
+"password è scaduta da un certo numero di giorni. Dopo che un account ha una "
+"password che è scaduta da <replaceable>INATTIVO</replaceable> giorni, "
+"l'utente non può più accedere con l'account."
+
+# type: IP
+#: passwd.1.xml:233(term)
+msgid "<option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:237(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate password change should be performed only for expired authentication "
+"tokens (passwords). The user wishes to keep their non-expired tokens as "
+"before."
+msgstr ""
+"Indica che il cambio password va effettuato solo per i token (password) di "
+"autenticazione scaduti. L'utente vuole mantenere inalterati i token non "
+"scaduti."
+
+# type: IP
+#: passwd.1.xml:245(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:249(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock the password of the named account. This option disables a password by "
+"changing it to a value which matches no possible encrypted value (it adds a "
+"´!´ at the beginning of the password)."
+msgstr ""
+"Blocca la password dell'account indicato. Questa opzione disabilita una "
+"password modificandola in modo che non corrisponda a nessun valore cifrato "
+"(aggiunge un «!» all'inizio della password)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:255(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that this does not disable the account. The user may still be able to "
+"login using another authentication token (e.g. an SSH key). To disable the "
+"account, administrators should use <command>usermod --expiredate 1</command> "
+"(this set the account's expire date to Jan 2, 1970)."
+msgstr ""
+"Notare che questo non disabilita l'account. L'utente può sempre accedere al "
+"sistema tramite altri token di autenticazione (ad esempio una chiave SSH). "
+"Per disabilitare l'account l'amministratore deve usare <command>usermod --"
+"expiredate 1</command> (che imposta la data di scadenza al 2 gennaio 1970)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:262(para)
+msgid "Users with a locked password are not allowed to change their password."
+msgstr "Gli utenti con password bloccata non la possono cambiare."
+
+# type: IP
+#: passwd.1.xml:269(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>MIN_GIORNI</replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:273(para) chage.1.xml:174(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the minimum number of days between password changes to "
+"<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>. A value of zero for this field "
+"indicates that the user may change their password at any time."
+msgstr ""
+"Imposta il numero minimo di giorni tra i cambi di password a "
+"<replaceable>MIN_GIORNI</replaceable>. Un valore pari a zero indica che "
+"l'utente può cambiare la propria password in qualsiasi momento."
+
+# type: IP
+#: passwd.1.xml:291(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--repository</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--repository</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:295(para)
+msgid "change password in <replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable> repository"
+msgstr ""
+"cambia la password nel repository <replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable>"
+
+# type: IP
+#: passwd.1.xml:313(term)
+msgid "<option>-S</option>, <option>--status</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-S</option>, <option>--status</option>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:317(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display account status information. The status information consists of 7 "
+"fields. The first field is the user's login name. The second field indicates "
+"if the user account has a locked password (L), has no password (NP), or has "
+"a usable password (P). The third field gives the date of the last password "
+"change. The next four fields are the minimum age, maximum age, warning "
+"period, and inactivity period for the password. These ages are expressed in "
+"days."
+msgstr ""
+"Visualizza le informazioni sullo stato di un account. Lo stato consiste di 7 "
+"campi. Il primo campo è il nome dell'utente. Il secondo campo indica se "
+"l'account ha una password bloccata (L), non ha password (NP) o ha una "
+"password valida (P). Il terzo campo contiene la data di ultima modifica "
+"della password. I successivi quattro campi sono l'età minima, la massima, il "
+"periodo di avviso e quello di inattività. Queste età sono espresse in giorni."
+
+# type: IP
+#: passwd.1.xml:331(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:335(para)
+msgid ""
+"Unlock the password of the named account. This option re-enables a password "
+"by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before "
+"using the <option>-l</option> option)."
+msgstr ""
+"Sblocca la password dell'account indicato. Questa opzione riabilita la "
+"password riportandola al suo valore precedente (il valore che c'era prima di "
+"usare l'opzione <option>-l</option>)."
+
+# type: IP
+#: passwd.1.xml:344(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>AVVISO_GIORNI</replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:348(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The "
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the number of days prior to "
+"the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is "
+"about to expire."
+msgstr ""
+"Imposta il numero di giorni di preavviso prima che sia obbligatorio cambiare "
+"la password. L'opzione <replaceable>AVVISO_GIORNI</replaceable> indica il "
+"numero di giorni precedenti alla scadenza della password durante i quali "
+"l'utente viene avvertito dell'imminente scadenza."
+
+# type: IP
+#: passwd.1.xml:357(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-x</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-x</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>MAX_GIORNI</replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:361(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid. After "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable>, the password is required to be changed."
+msgstr ""
+"Imposta il massimo numero di giorni che una password rimane valida. Dopo "
+"<replaceable>MAX_GIORNI</replaceable> viene richiesto di cambiare la "
+"password."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:366(para) chage.1.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> will remove checking a password's "
+"validity."
+msgstr ""
+"Usare il valore <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> come "
+"<replaceable>MAX_GIORNI</replaceable> rimuove il controllo sulla validità "
+"della password."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:378(para)
+msgid ""
+"Password complexity checking may vary from site to site. The user is urged "
+"to select a password as complex as he or she feels comfortable with."
+msgstr ""
+"Il controllo della complessità delle password varia da sistema a sistema. "
+"All'utente è caldamente consigliato si utilizzare una password che ritenga "
+"sufficientemente complessa."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:383(para)
+msgid ""
+"Users may not be able to change their password on a system if NIS is enabled "
+"and they are not logged into the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+"Gli utenti possono non essere in grado di cambiare la propria password se "
+"NIS è abilitato ed essi non sono collegati al server NIS."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:388(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>passwd</command> uses PAM to authenticate users and to change their "
+"passwords."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>passwd</command> utilizza PAM per autenticare gli utenti e per "
+"cambiare le loro password."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chpasswd.8.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> (testo)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(para) newusers.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:32(para) chpasswd.8.xml:32(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting "
+"passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line)."
+msgstr ""
+"Definisce l'algoritmo di cifratura predefinito per le password (se non ne "
+"viene specificato uno a riga di comando)."
+
+# type: IP
+#: passwd.1.xml:36(para) newusers.8.xml:36(para) login.defs.5.xml:36(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:36(para) chpasswd.8.xml:36(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:36(para)
+msgid ""
+"It can take one of these values: <replaceable>DES</replaceable> (default), "
+"<replaceable>MD5</replaceable><phrase condition=\"sha_crypt\">, "
+"<replaceable>SHA256</replaceable>, <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable></"
+"phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"Può avere uno dei seguenti valori: <replaceable>DES</replaceable> "
+"(predefinito), <replaceable>MD5</replaceable><phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">, <replaceable>SHA256</replaceable>, <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable></"
+"phrase>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:43(para) chpasswd.8.xml:43(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: this parameter overrides the <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variable."
+msgstr ""
+"Nota: questo parametro ha la precedenza sulla variabile "
+"<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:47(para) passwd.1.xml:53(para) passwd.1.xml:62(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:47(para) newusers.8.xml:53(para) newusers.8.xml:62(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:47(para) login.defs.5.xml:53(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:62(para) gpasswd.1.xml:47(para) gpasswd.1.xml:53(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:62(para) chpasswd.8.xml:47(para) chpasswd.8.xml:53(para)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:62(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:47(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:53(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:62(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: This only affect the generation of group passwords. The generation of "
+"user passwords is done by PAM and subject to the PAM configuration. It is "
+"recommended to set this variable consistently with the PAM configuration."
+msgstr ""
+"Nota: questo ha effetto solo sulla generazione delle password di gruppo. La "
+"generazione delle password utente avviene tramite PAM ed è soggetta alla "
+"configurazione PAM. È raccomandato di impostare questa variabile in maniera "
+"consistente con la configurazione PAM."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:32(term) chpasswd.8.xml:32(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> (booleano)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:34(para) chpasswd.8.xml:34(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5-based algorithm. If "
+"set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, new passwords will be encrypted using "
+"the MD5-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of "
+"FreeBSD. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings. "
+"Set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> if you need to copy encrypted passwords "
+"to other systems which don't understand the new algorithm. Default is "
+"<replaceable>no</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Indica se le password vanno cifrate usando l'algoritmo basato su MD5. Se "
+"impostato a <replaceable>yes</replaceable> le nuove password saranno cifrate "
+"usando un algoritmo basato su MD5 e compatibile con quello delle versioni "
+"più recenti di FreeBSD. Supporta password di lunghezza qualsiasi e testi "
+"«salt» più lunghi. Impostare a <replaceable>no</replaceable> se si devono "
+"copiare password su altri sistemi che non gestiscono l'algoritmo. Il valore "
+"predefinito è <replaceable>no</replaceable>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:44(para) newusers.8.xml:44(para) login.defs.5.xml:44(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:44(para) chpasswd.8.xml:44(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:44(para)
+msgid ""
+"This variable is superseded by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable "
+"or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa variabile ha meno priorità della variabile <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</"
+"option> e di qualsiasi opzione a riga di comando che imposta un algoritmo di "
+"cifratura."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:49(para) newusers.8.xml:49(para) login.defs.5.xml:49(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:49(para) chpasswd.8.xml:49(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:49(para)
+msgid ""
+"This variable is deprecated. You should use <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa variabile non è più usata. Si dovrebbe utilizzare "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (booleano)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable additional checks upon password changes."
+msgstr "Abilita controlli addizionali durante il cambio password."
+
+# type: IP
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_ALWAYS_WARN</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_ALWAYS_WARN</option> (booleano)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Warn about weak passwords (but still allow them) if you are root."
+msgstr ""
+"Avvisa riguardo password deboli (anche se le permette egualmente) se si è "
+"root."
+
+# type: IP
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_CHANGE_TRIES</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_CHANGE_TRIES</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Maximum number of attempts to change password if rejected (too easy)."
+msgstr "Massimo numero di tentativi per cambiare una password (troppo facile)."
+
+# type: IP
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> (numerico)"
+
+# type: IP
+#: passwd.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MIN_LEN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MIN_LEN</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Number of significant characters in the password for crypt(). "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> is 8 by default. Don't change unless your "
+"crypt() is better. This is ignored if <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> set to "
+"<replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Numero di caratteri significativi della password per crypt(). "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> è normalmente 8. Da non cambiare a meno che la "
+"propria crypt() sia migliore. Questo viene ignorato se "
+"<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> è impostata a <replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chpasswd.8.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:31(term) chpasswd.8.xml:31(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:33(para) chpasswd.8.xml:33(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"When <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> is set to <replaceable>SHA256</"
+"replaceable> or <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable>, this defines the number "
+"of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number "
+"of rounds is not specified on the command line)."
+msgstr ""
+"Quando <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> vale <replaceable>SHA256</"
+"replaceable> o <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable>, questo definisce il numero "
+"di cicli SHA usati per l'algoritmo di cifratura (quando il numero di cicli "
+"non è impostato a riga di comando)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:40(para) newusers.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:40(para) chpasswd.8.xml:40(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute forcing the password. "
+"But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users."
+msgstr ""
+"Con molti cicli è più difficile trovare una password usando la forza bruta. "
+"Ma va notato che è richiesta maggiore potenza di calcolo per autenticare gli "
+"utenti."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:45(para) newusers.8.xml:45(para) login.defs.5.xml:45(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:45(para) chpasswd.8.xml:45(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:45(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000)."
+msgstr "Se non specificato sarà la libc a scegliere il numero di cicli (5000)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:49(para) newusers.8.xml:49(para) login.defs.5.xml:49(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:49(para) chpasswd.8.xml:49(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:49(para)
+msgid "The values must be inside the 1000-999,999,999 range."
+msgstr "Il valore deve essere compreso tra 1.000 e 999.999.999."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:52(para) newusers.8.xml:52(para) login.defs.5.xml:52(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:52(para) chpasswd.8.xml:52(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:52(para)
+msgid ""
+"If only one of the <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> or "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> values is set, then this value will be "
+"used."
+msgstr ""
+"Se viene impostato solo uno tra <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> e "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option>, allora l'unico valore viene "
+"utilizzato."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:57(para) newusers.8.xml:57(para) login.defs.5.xml:57(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:57(para) chpasswd.8.xml:57(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:57(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> &gt; <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option>, the highest value will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Se <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> &gt; <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option>, allora viene utilizzato il maggiore."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:434(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/passwd"
+msgstr "/etc/pam.d/passwd"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:436(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>passwd</command>."
+msgstr "configurazione PAM per <command>passwd</command>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:456(para) chage.1.xml:297(para)
+msgid "permission denied"
+msgstr "permesso negato"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:462(para)
+msgid "invalid combination of options"
+msgstr "combinazione di opzioni non valida"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:468(para)
+msgid "unexpected failure, nothing done"
+msgstr "errore non previsto, nulla di fatto"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:474(para)
+msgid "unexpected failure, <filename>passwd</filename> file missing"
+msgstr "errore non previsto, file <filename>passwd</filename> mancante"
+
+# type: TP
+#: passwd.1.xml:480(para)
+msgid "<filename>passwd</filename> file busy, try again"
+msgstr "file <filename>passwd</filename> occupato, provare di nuovo"
+
+# type: TP
+#: passwd.1.xml:444(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>passwd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>passwd</command> restituisce i seguenti valori:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: passwd.1.xml:495(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:46(refentrytitle) nologin.8.xml:53(refname)
+#: nologin.8.xml:59(command)
+msgid "nologin"
+msgstr "nologin"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:54(refpurpose)
+msgid "politely refuse a login"
+msgstr "rifiuta gentilmente l'accesso"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:65(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>nologin</command> command displays a message that an account is "
+"not available and exits non-zero. It is intended as a replacement shell "
+"field for accounts that have been disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando <command>nologin</command> mostra un messaggio che indica che "
+"l'account non è disponibile ed esce con codice d'errore non zero. È stato "
+"pensato come sostituto del campo shell per account che sono stati "
+"disabilitati."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: nologin.8.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"To disable all logins, investigate <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"Per diabilitare tutti gli accessi vedere "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:75(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <command>SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND</command> is populated it will be logged."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: nologin.8.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:93(title)
+msgid "HISTORY"
+msgstr "CRONOLOGIA"
+
+# type: TP
+#: nologin.8.xml:94(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "The <command>nologin</command> command appearred in BSD 4.4."
+msgid "The <command>nologin</command> command appeared in BSD 4.4."
+msgstr "Il comando <command>nologin</command> è apparso in BSD 4.4."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:73(refentrytitle) newusers.8.xml:80(refname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:86(command) login.defs.5.xml:400(term)
+msgid "newusers"
+msgstr "newusers"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:81(refpurpose)
+msgid "update and create new users in batch"
+msgstr "aggiorna e crea nuovi utenti in blocco"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:91(replaceable)
+msgid "file"
+msgstr "file"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>newusers</command> command reads a <replaceable>file</"
+"replaceable> (or the standard input by default) and uses this information to "
+"update a set of existing users or to create new users. Each line is in the "
+"same format as the standard password file (see "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>) with the exceptions explained below:"
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando <command>newusers</command> legge un <replaceable>file</"
+"replaceable> (o il proprio standard input) e utilizza queste informazioni "
+"per aggiornare l'insieme di utenti già esistenti oppure per crearne di "
+"nuovi. Ogni riga è nello stesso formato del file standard passwd (vedere "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>) con le seguenti eccezioni:"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid "pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell"
+msgstr "pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:111(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_name"
+msgstr "pw_name"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "This is the name of the user."
+msgstr "Il nome dell'utente."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:117(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or an "
+#| "user created before by <command>newusers</command>). In case of an "
+#| "existing user, the user's information will be changed, otherwise a new "
+#| "user will be created."
+msgid ""
+"It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>). In case of an existing user, "
+"the user's information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created."
+msgstr ""
+"Può essere il nome di un nuovo utente o di uno già esistente (o uno creato "
+"precedentemente da <command>newusers</command>). Nel caso di utente già "
+"esistente le informazioni sull'utente verranno aggiornate, altrimenti verrà "
+"creato un nuovo utente."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:128(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_passwd"
+msgstr "pw_passwd"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:131(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field will be encrypted and used as the new value of the encrypted "
+"password."
+msgstr ""
+"Questo campo verrà cifrato e utilizzato come nuovo valore per la password "
+"cifrata."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:139(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_uid"
+msgstr "pw_uid"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the UID of the user."
+msgstr "Definisce l'UID dell'utente."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:145(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If the field is empty, an new (unused) UID will be defined automatically "
+#| "by <command>newusers</command>."
+msgid ""
+"If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Se il campo è vuoto, verrà generato automaticamente un nuovo UID (non "
+"utilizzato) da parte di <command>newusers</command>."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "If this field contains a number, this number will be used as the UID."
+msgstr "Se questo campo contiene un numero, verrà utilizzato come UID."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:153(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of an "
+#| "user created before by <command>newusers</command>), the UID of the "
+#| "specified user will be used."
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>), the UID of the specified "
+"user will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Se questo campo contiene il nome di un utente già esistente (o il nome di un "
+"utente creato precedentemente da <command>newusers</command>), verrà "
+"utilizzato l'UID dell'utente specificato."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the UID of an existing user is changed, the files ownership of the user's "
+"file should be fixed manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Se viene cambiato l'UID di un utente esistente, la proprietà dei file di "
+"proprietà dell'utente stesso andrà cambiata manualmente."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:167(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_gid"
+msgstr "pw_gid"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:170(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the primary group ID for the user."
+msgstr "Definisce il l'ID del gruppo primario dell'utente."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:173(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created "
+"before by <command>newusers</command>), the GID of this group will be used "
+"as the primary group ID for the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Se questo campo contiene il nome di un gruppo esistente (o un gruppo creato "
+"in precedenza da <command>newusers</command>), verrà utilizzato come ID del "
+"gruppo primario di questo utente il GID del gruppo stesso."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field is a number, this number will be used as the primary group ID "
+"of the user. If no groups exist with this GID, a new group will be created "
+"with this GID, and the name of the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Se questo campo è numerico, questo numero verrà utilizzato come ID del "
+"gruppo primario dell'utente. Se non esiste nessun gruppo con quel GID, ne "
+"viene creato uno con il nome dell'utente e il GID specificato."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:185(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the "
+"user and a GID will be automatically defined by <command>newusers</command> "
+"to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new "
+"group."
+msgstr ""
+"Se questo campo è vuoto verrà creato un nuovo gruppo con lo stesso nome "
+"dell'utente e con un GID determinato automaticamente da <command>newusers</"
+"command> da utilizzare come ID del gruppo primario dell'utente e come GID "
+"del nuovo gruppo."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>), a new group will be created "
+"with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by "
+"<command>newusers</command> to be used as the primary group ID for the user "
+"and GID for the new group."
+msgstr ""
+"Se questo campo contiene il nome di un gruppo che non esiste (e non è stato "
+"creato precedentemente da <command>newusers</command>), verrà creato un "
+"nuovo gruppo con il nome specificato e un GID determinato automaticamente da "
+"<command>newusers</command> perché sia utilizzato come ID del gruppo "
+"primario dell'utente e come GID per il nuovo gruppo."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:203(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_gecos"
+msgstr "pw_gecos"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:206(para)
+msgid "This field is copied in the GECOS field of the user."
+msgstr "Questo campo viene copiato nel campo GECOS dell'utente."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:213(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_dir"
+msgstr "pw_dir"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:216(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the home directory of the user."
+msgstr "Questo campo è utilizzato per impostare la directory home dell'utente."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field does not specify an existing directory, the specified "
+"directory is created, with ownership set to the user being created or "
+"updated and its primary group."
+msgstr ""
+"Se questo campo non contiene il nome di una directory esistente la directory "
+"viene creata, assegnandone la proprietà all'utente che si sta definendo o "
+"aggiornando e al suo gruppo primario."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the home directory of an existing user is changed, <command>newusers</"
+"command> does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new "
+"location. This should be done manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Se si modifica la directory home di un utente esistente, <command>newusers</"
+"command> non sposta o copia il contenuto della vecchia directory nella "
+"nuova. Questo va fatto manualmente."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:234(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_shell"
+msgstr "pw_shell"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:237(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field defines the shell of the user. No checks are performed on this "
+"field."
+msgstr ""
+"Questo campo definisce la shell dell'utente. Su questo campo non viene fatto "
+"nessun controllo."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:245(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>newusers</command> first tries to create or change all the "
+"specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group "
+"databases. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), "
+"no changes are committed to the databases."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>newusers</command> prova prima a creare o modificare tutti gli "
+"utenti specificati e poi scrive tutte le modifiche sui database utente e "
+"gruppi. Se c'è un errore (eccetto sulla scrittura finale dei database) "
+"nessuna modifica viene scritta sui database."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:251(para)
+msgid ""
+"During this first pass, users are created with a locked password (and "
+"passwords are not changed for the users which are not created). A second "
+"pass is used to update the passwords using PAM. Failures to update a "
+"password are reported, but will not stop the other password updates."
+msgstr ""
+"Durante il primo passaggio gli utenti vengono creati con la password "
+"bloccata (e le password non sono modificate nel caso di utenti che non sono "
+"creati). Un secondo passaggio si occupa di aggiornare tutte le password "
+"usando PAM. I problemi durante l'aggiornamento delle password sono "
+"riportati, ma non interrompono la modifica delle altre password."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: newusers.8.xml:259(para)
+msgid ""
+"This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many "
+"accounts are updated at a single time."
+msgstr ""
+"Questo comando è appositamente pensato per grossi sistemi nei quali molti "
+"account sono aggiornati allo stesso tempo."
+
+# type: TP
+#: newusers.8.xml:267(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>newusers</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>newusers</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+# type: IP
+#: newusers.8.xml:284(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:112(term)
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:286(para) chpasswd.8.xml:141(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "Use the specified method to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr "Utilizza il metodo specificato per cifrare le password."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:287(para) chpasswd.8.xml:145(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"The available methods are DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 or SHA512 if your libc "
+"support these methods."
+msgstr ""
+"I metodi disponibili sono DES, MD5, NONE e SHA256 o SHA512 se la propria "
+"libc lo consente."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"System users will be created with no aging information in <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</option> counterparts for "
+"the creation of groups)."
+msgstr ""
+"Gli utenti di sistema sono creati senza informazioni riguardo la scadenza "
+"della password in <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> e il loro identificativo "
+"numerico è scelto nell'intervallo <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> definito nel file <filename>login.defs</"
+"filename>, anziché dell'intervallo <option>UID_MIN</option>-<option>UID_MAX</"
+"option> (e la loro controparte <option>GID</option> per la creazione dei "
+"gruppi)."
+
+# type: IP
+#: newusers.8.xml:335(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:158(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:337(para) chpasswd.8.xml:204(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:160(para)
+msgid "Use the specified number of rounds to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr "Usa il numero specificato di cicli per cifrare la password."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:340(para) chpasswd.8.xml:207(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:163(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 means that the system will choose the default number of rounds "
+"for the crypt method (5000)."
+msgstr ""
+"Il valore 0 indica che il sistema utilizzerà il numero predefinito di cicli "
+"per il metodo crypt (5000)."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:344(para) chpasswd.8.xml:211(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999 will be enforced."
+msgstr "I valori minimo di 1.000 e massimo di 999.999.999 sono forzati."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:348(para) chpasswd.8.xml:215(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:171(para)
+msgid "You can only use this option with the SHA256 or SHA512 crypt method."
+msgstr ""
+"Si può utilizzare questa opzione solo con i metodi di cifratura SHA256 o "
+"SHA512."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:352(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and "
+"SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Il numero di cicli predefinito è impostato con le variabili "
+"SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS e SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS nel file <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:364(para)
+msgid ""
+"The input file must be protected since it contains unencrypted passwords."
+msgstr ""
+"Il file di input deve essere protetto poiché contiene password non cifrate."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:368(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should make sure the passwords and the encryption method respect the "
+"system's password policy."
+msgstr ""
+"Ci si deve accertare che le password e il metodo di cifratura rispettino le "
+"norme delle password del sistema."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:444(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/newusers"
+msgstr "/etc/pam.d/newusers"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:446(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr "Configurazione PAM per <command>newusers</command>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: newusers.8.xml:466(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) newgrp.1.xml:65(refname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:71(command)
+msgid "newgrp"
+msgstr "newgrp"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: newgrp.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "log in to a new group"
+msgstr "effettua l'accesso a un nuovo gruppo"
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:72(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:74(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:78(replaceable) gpasswd.1.xml:88(replaceable)
+msgid "group"
+msgstr "gruppo"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: newgrp.1.xml:78(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>newgrp</command> command is used to change the current group ID "
+"during a login session. If the optional <option>-</option> flag is given, "
+"the user's environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged "
+"in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, "
+"remains unchanged."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>newgrp</command> permette di cambiare il proprio ID di gruppo "
+"durante una sessione di login. Se viene specificato <option>-</option>, "
+"l'ambiente dell'utente viene reinizializzato come se l'utente stesse "
+"effettuando il login, altrimenti l'ambiente non viene modificato e la "
+"directory corrente non viene cambiata."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: newgrp.1.xml:86(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>newgrp</command> changes the current real group ID to the named "
+"group, or to the default group listed in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> if "
+"no group name is given. <command>newgrp</command> also tries to add the "
+"group to the user groupset. If not root, the user will be prompted for a "
+"password if she does not have a password (in <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> otherwise) and the group does, or if the "
+"user is not listed as a member and the group has a password. The user will "
+"be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed "
+"as a member."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>newgrp</command> cambia l'ID di gruppo attuale reale in base al "
+"gruppo passato come argomento oppure, se non si passa nessun argomento, al "
+"gruppo predefinito nel file <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>. "
+"<command>newgrp</command> cerca anche di inserire il gruppo tra quelli "
+"dell'utente. Se non si tratta di root, all'utente viene chiesta una password "
+"nel caso che il gruppo lo richieda e l'utente non ne abbia (né in <filename>/"
+"etc/shadow</filename> se l'utente è definito anche lì, né in <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> altrimenti), oppure se l'utente non è elencato tra i "
+"membri del gruppo e il gruppo ha una password. Viene negato l'accesso "
+"all'utente nel caso che la password del gruppo sia vuota e l'utente non ne "
+"faccia parte."
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"If there is an entry for this group in <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, "
+"then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from "
+"this file, otherwise, the entry in <filename>/etc/group</filename> is "
+"considered."
+msgstr ""
+"Se c'è una voce per questo gruppo nel file <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename>, allora l'elenco dei membri e la password di questo gruppo sono "
+"presi da questo file, altrimenti verrà presa la voce da <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: newgrp.1.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) logoutd.8.xml:64(refname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:70(command)
+msgid "logoutd"
+msgstr "logoutd"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: logoutd.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "enforce login time restrictions"
+msgstr "impone le limitazioni sugli orari d'accesso"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: logoutd.8.xml:76(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>logoutd</command> enforces the login time and port restrictions "
+"specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</filename>. <command>logoutd</command> "
+"should be started from <filename>/etc/rc</filename>. The <filename>/var/run/"
+"utmp</filename> file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked "
+"to see if the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time. "
+"Any login session which is violating the restrictions in <filename>/etc/"
+"porttime</filename> is terminated."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>logoutd</command> fa rispettare le limitazioni sugli orari e sulle "
+"porte di accesso specificate in <filename>/etc/porttime</filename>. "
+"<command>logoutd</command> andrebbe avviato da <filename>/etc/rc</filename>. "
+"Il file <filename>/var/run/utmp</filename> viene controllato periodicamente "
+"per verificare che a ciascun utente sia consentito l'accesso da quella "
+"determinata porta e all'orario attuale. Ogni sessione di login che stia "
+"violando le limitazioni in <filename>/etc/porttime</filename> viene "
+"terminata."
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:98(filename) login.1.xml:341(filename)
+msgid "/var/run/utmp"
+msgstr "/var/run/utmp"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: logoutd.8.xml:100(para) login.1.xml:343(para)
+msgid "List of current login sessions."
+msgstr "Elenco delle sessioni attive."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:124(refentrytitle) login.defs.5.xml:131(refname)
+msgid "login.defs"
+msgstr "login.defs"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.defs.5.xml:132(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadow password suite configuration"
+msgstr "configurazione del pacchetto password shadow"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> file defines the site-specific "
+"configuration for the shadow password suite. This file is required. Absence "
+"of this file will not prevent system operation, but will probably result in "
+"undesirable operation."
+msgstr ""
+"Il file <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> contiene la configurazione "
+"specifica per questo sistema relativa al pacchetto password shadow. Questo "
+"file è obbligatorio. La sua assenza non bloccerà l'utilizzo del sistema, ma "
+"probabilmente sarà causa di risultati non desiderati."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:144(para)
+msgid ""
+"This file is a readable text file, each line of the file describing one "
+"configuration parameter. The lines consist of a configuration name and "
+"value, separated by whitespace. Blank lines and comment lines are ignored. "
+"Comments are introduced with a \"#\" pound sign and the pound sign must be "
+"the first non-white character of the line."
+msgstr ""
+"Questo file è un file di testo leggibile nel quale ogni riga descrive un "
+"parametro di configurazione. Le righe consistono di una coppia nome valore "
+"separati da spazi. Le righe vuote e di commento sono ignorate. I commenti "
+"iniziano con con il simbolo \"#\" che deve essere il primo carattere diverso "
+"da spazio della riga."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"Parameter values may be of four types: strings, booleans, numbers, and long "
+"numbers. A string is comprised of any printable characters. A boolean should "
+"be either the value <replaceable>yes</replaceable> or <replaceable>no</"
+"replaceable>. An undefined boolean parameter or one with a value other than "
+"these will be given a <replaceable>no</replaceable> value. Numbers (both "
+"regular and long) may be either decimal values, octal values (precede the "
+"value with <replaceable>0</replaceable>) or hexadecimal values (precede the "
+"value with <replaceable>0x</replaceable>). The maximum value of the regular "
+"and long numeric parameters is machine-dependent."
+msgstr ""
+"I valori dei parametri possono essere di quattro tipi: testo, booleano, "
+"numerico e numerico lungo. Un testo può contenere qualsiasi carattere "
+"stampabile. Un booleano dovrebbe essere uno tra <replaceable>yes</"
+"replaceable> e <replaceable>no</replaceable>. Un parametro dal valore "
+"booleano non definito oppure uno che ha un valore diverso da quelli permessi "
+"verrà equiparato al valore <replaceable>no</replaceable>. I numerici (sia "
+"normali che lunghi) possono essere decimali, ottali (preceduti da "
+"<replaceable>0</replaceable>) o esadecimali (preceduti da <replaceable>0x</"
+"replaceable>). Il valore massimo dei numerici normali e lunghi è dipendente "
+"dalla macchina."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:167(para)
+msgid "The following configuration items are provided:"
+msgstr "Sono forniti i seguenti parametri di configurazione:"
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHFN_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>CHFN_AUTH</option> (booleano)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chfn</command> program will "
+"require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the "
+"superuser."
+msgstr ""
+"Se <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, il programma <command>chfn</command> "
+"richiederà l'autenticazione prima di apportare qualsiasi modifica, a meno "
+"che non sia eseguito dal super utente."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHFN_RESTRICT</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>CHFN_RESTRICT</option> (testo)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"This parameter specifies which values in the <emphasis remap=\"I\">gecos</"
+"emphasis> field of the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file may be changed "
+"by regular users using the <command>chfn</command> program. It can be any "
+"combination of letters <replaceable>f</replaceable>, <replaceable>r</"
+"replaceable>, <replaceable>w</replaceable>, <replaceable>h</replaceable>, "
+"for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively. For "
+"backward compatibility, <replaceable>yes</replaceable> is equivalent to "
+"<replaceable>rwh</replaceable> and <replaceable>no</replaceable> is "
+"equivalent to <replaceable>frwh</replaceable>. If not specified, only the "
+"superuser can make any changes. The most restrictive setting is better "
+"achieved by not installing <command>chfn</command> SUID."
+msgstr ""
+"Questo parametro specifica quali valori del campo <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gecos</emphasis> del file <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> possono essere "
+"cambiati da utenti normali usando il programma <command>chfn</command>. Può "
+"essere una combinazione qualsiasi delle lettere <replaceable>f</"
+"replaceable>, <replaceable>r</replaceable>, <replaceable>w</replaceable>, "
+"<replaceable>h</replaceable> per «Nome completo (f)», «Numero stanza (r)», "
+"«Telefono di lavoro (w)» e «Telefono di casa (h)». Per compatibilità con "
+"precedenti versioni, <replaceable>yes</replaceable> è quivalente a "
+"<replaceable>rwh</replaceable> e <replaceable>no</replaceable> è equivalente "
+"a <replaceable>frwh</replaceable>. Se non specificato, solo il super utente "
+"può effettuare modifiche. Le impostazioni più stringenti si ottengono "
+"installando <command>chfn</command> non SUID."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chsh.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHSH_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>CHSH_AUTH</option> (booleano)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chsh.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chsh</command> program will "
+"require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the "
+"superuser."
+msgstr ""
+"Se <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, il comando <command>chsh</command> "
+"richiederà l'autenticazione prima di apportare qualsiasi modifica, a meno "
+"che sia utilizzato dal super utente."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ERASECHAR</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>ERASECHAR</option> (numerico)"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Terminal ERASE character (<replaceable>010</replaceable> = backspace, "
+"<replaceable>0177</replaceable> = DEL)."
+msgstr ""
+"Carattere ERASE del terminale (<replaceable>010</replaceable> = backspace, "
+"<replaceable>0177</replaceable> = Canc)."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+#: login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value can be prefixed \"0\" for an octal value, or \"0x\" for an "
+"hexadecimal value."
+msgstr ""
+"Il valore deve avere il prefisso «0» se in ottale, o «0x» se esadecimale."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAIL_DELAY</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>FAIL_DELAY</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Delay in seconds before being allowed another attempt after a login failure."
+msgstr ""
+"Numero di secondi prima che venga concesso un ulteriore tentativo dopo un "
+"accesso fallito."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAILLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>FAILLOG_ENAB</option> (booleano)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable logging and display of <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> login "
+"failure info."
+msgstr ""
+"Abilita la memorizzazione e mostra le informazioni sugli accessi falliti "
+"contenute in <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAKE_SHELL</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>FAKE_SHELL</option> (testo)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, <command>login</command> will execute this shell instead of the "
+"users' shell specified in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Se impostato, <command>login</command> eseguirà questa shell al posto di "
+"quella utente specificata in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FTMP_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>FTMP_FILE</option> (testo)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, login failures will be logged in this file in a utmp format."
+msgstr ""
+"Se impostato, gli accessi falliti verranno tracciati in questo file nel "
+"formato utmp."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>HUSHLOGIN_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>HUSHLOGIN_FILE</option> (testo)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, this file can inhibit all the usual chatter during the login "
+"sequence. If a full pathname is specified, then hushed mode will be enabled "
+"if the user's name or shell are found in the file. If not a full pathname, "
+"then hushed mode will be enabled if the file exists in the user's home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Se definito, questo file inibisce quanto stampato durante l'accesso. Se "
+"viene specificato un percorso completo, la modalità silenziosa (hushed) "
+"viene attivata se in quel file è presente il nome dell'utente o della shell "
+"dell'utente. Se il percorso non è completo, allora la modalità silenziosa "
+"viene attivata se quel file è presente nella directory home dell'utente."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ISSUE_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ISSUE_FILE</option> (testo)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, this file will be displayed before each login prompt."
+msgstr "Se definito, il file verrà mostrato prima del prompt di login."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>KILLCHAR</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>KILLCHAR</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Terminal KILL character (<replaceable>025</replaceable> = CTRL/U)."
+msgstr ""
+"Il carattere da usare sul terminale per cancellare l'intera riga "
+"(<replaceable>025</replaceable> = CTRL-U)"
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LASTLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>LASTLOG_ENAB</option> (booleano)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging and display of /var/log/lastlog login time info."
+msgstr ""
+"Abilita la memorizzazione e la stampa delle informazioni sulle date degli "
+"ultimi accessi in /var/log/lastlog."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOG_OK_LOGINS</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>LOG_OK_LOGINS</option> (booleano)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging of successful logins."
+msgstr "Abilita la tracciatura degli accessi avvenuti con successo."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB</option> (booleano)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable display of unknown usernames when login failures are recorded."
+msgstr ""
+"Abilita l'inclusione dei nomi utente sconosciuti quando si registrano gli "
+"accessi falliti."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: logging unknown usernames may be a security issue if an user enter her "
+"password instead of her login name."
+msgstr ""
+"Nota: memorizzare i nomi sconosciuti potrebbe diventare un problema legato "
+"alla sicurezza se un utente inserisce la propria password al posto del nome "
+"utente."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_RETRIES</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>LOGIN_RETRIES</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Maximum number of login retries in case of bad password."
+msgstr "Massimo numero di tentativi di accesso per password errata."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"This will most likely be overridden by PAM, since the default pam_unix "
+"module has its own built in of 3 retries. However, this is a safe fallback "
+"in case you are using an authentication module that does not enforce "
+"PAM_MAXTRIES."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa impostazione verrà probabilmente superata da quella di PAM poiché il "
+"modulo predefinito pam_unix ha una sua gestione con 3 tentativi. In ogni "
+"caso questa è una impostazione di sicurezza nel caso in cui si utilizzi un "
+"modulo PAM che ignora PAM_MAXTRIES."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_TIMEOUT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>LOGIN_TIMEOUT</option> (numerico)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Max time in seconds for login."
+msgstr "Numero massimo di secondi per l'accesso."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MOTD_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>MOTD_FILE</option> (testo)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, \":\" delimited list of \"message of the day\" files to be "
+"displayed upon login."
+msgstr ""
+"Se definito è una lista di nomi di file con «messaggi del giorno» separati "
+"da «:» che vengono mostrati subito dopo l'accesso."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>NOLOGINS_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>NOLOGINS_FILE</option> (testo)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, name of file whose presence will inhibit non-root logins. The "
+"contents of this file should be a message indicating why logins are "
+"inhibited."
+msgstr ""
+"Se definito è il nome di un file che impedisce l'accesso degli utenti non "
+"root. Il suo contenuto dovrebbe essere un messaggio che indica il motivo per "
+"il quale l'accesso è impedito."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:212(para)
+msgid ""
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option>, <option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> and "
+"<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> are only used at the time of account "
+"creation. Any changes to these settings won't affect existing accounts."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option>, <option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> e "
+"<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> sono utilizzate solo al momento della "
+"creazione dell'account. Qualsiasi cambiamento di queste impostazioni non "
+"modifica gli account preesistenti."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (booleano)"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable checking of time restrictions specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Abilita la verifica delle restrizioni temporali specificate in <filename>/"
+"etc/porttime</filename>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYGROUP</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>TTYGROUP</option> (testo)"
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:33(term) login.1.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYPERM</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>TTYPERM</option> (testo)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:35(para) login.1.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the "
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> group, and the permissions will be set to "
+"<option>TTYPERM</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"I permessi del terminale: il tty usato per l'accesso sarà di proprietà del "
+"gruppo <option>TTYGROUP</option> e avrà permessi impostati a "
+"<option>TTYPERM</option>."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:40(para) login.1.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user's primary group "
+"and the permissions are set to <replaceable>0600</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"In maniera predefinita la proprietà del terminale sarà impostata al gruppo "
+"primario dell'utente, mentre i permessi saranno <replaceable>0600</"
+"replaceable>."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:45(para) login.1.xml:45(para)
+msgid ""
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> can be either the name of a group or a numeric "
+"group identifier."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> può essere il nome del gruppo o il suo "
+"identificativo numerico."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:49(para) login.1.xml:49(para)
+msgid ""
+"If you have a <command>write</command> program which is \"setgid\" to a "
+"special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number "
+"and TTYPERM to 0620. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign "
+"TTYPERM to either 622 or 600."
+msgstr ""
+"Se si ha il comando <command>write</command> che è «setgid» e ha un gruppo "
+"speciale che possiede i terminali, definire TTYGROUP con lo stesso gruppo e "
+"TTYPERM a 0620. Altrimenti lasciare TTYGROUP commentato e assegnare TTYPERM "
+"a 622 o 600."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYTYPE_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>TTYTYPE_FILE</option> (testo)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, file which maps tty line to TERM environment parameter. Each "
+"line of the file is in a format something like \"vt100 tty01\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Se definito si tratta di un file che mappa le linee tty nella variabile "
+"d'ambiente TERM. Ogni riga del file è in un formato tipo «vt100 tty01»."
+
+# type: IP
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ULIMIT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>ULIMIT</option> (numerico)"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Default <command>ulimit</command> value."
+msgstr "Valore <command>ulimit</command> predefinito."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:245(title)
+msgid "CROSS REFERENCES"
+msgstr "RIFERIMENTI INCROCIATI"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:246(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following cross references show which programs in the shadow password "
+"suite use which parameters."
+msgstr ""
+"I seguenti riferimenti incrociati mostrano quali programmi del pacchetto "
+"shadow password utilizzano quali parametri."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:253(term) chage.1.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: chage.1.xml:65(refname) chage.1.xml:70(command)
+msgid "chage"
+msgstr "chage"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:255(para) login.defs.5.xml:451(phrase)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:523(phrase)
+msgid "USE_TCB"
+msgstr "USE_TCB"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:259(term) chfn.1.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: chfn.1.xml:67(refname) chfn.1.xml:73(command)
+msgid "chfn"
+msgstr "chfn"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CHFN_AUTH</phrase> CHFN_RESTRICT <phrase "
+"condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CHFN_AUTH</phrase> CHFN_RESTRICT <phrase "
+"condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:269(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:64(refname) chgpasswd.8.xml:70(command)
+msgid "chgpasswd"
+msgstr "chgpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:271(para) login.defs.5.xml:302(para)
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:279(term) chpasswd.8.xml:61(refentrytitle)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:68(refname) chpasswd.8.xml:74(command)
+msgid "chpasswd"
+msgstr "chpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:282(phrase)
+msgid "ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB"
+msgstr "ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:284(phrase)
+msgid "SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS"
+msgstr "SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:290(term) chsh.1.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: chsh.1.xml:67(refname) chsh.1.xml:73(command)
+msgid "chsh"
+msgstr "chsh"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:292(para)
+msgid "CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING"
+msgstr "CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:300(term) gpasswd.1.xml:62(refentrytitle)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:69(refname) gpasswd.1.xml:83(command)
+msgid "gpasswd"
+msgstr "gpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:310(term) groupadd.8.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:67(refname) groupadd.8.xml:73(command)
+msgid "groupadd"
+msgstr "groupadd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:312(para)
+msgid "GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN"
+msgstr "GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:319(term) groupdel.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:65(refname) groupdel.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "groupdel"
+msgstr "groupdel"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:321(para) login.defs.5.xml:327(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:333(para) login.defs.5.xml:340(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:346(para) login.defs.5.xml:352(para)
+msgid "MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP"
+msgstr "MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:325(term) groupmems.8.xml:61(refentrytitle)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:68(refname) groupmems.8.xml:74(command)
+msgid "groupmems"
+msgstr "groupmems"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:331(term) groupmod.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:65(refname) groupmod.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "groupmod"
+msgstr "groupmod"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:338(term) grpck.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: grpck.8.xml:65(refname) grpck.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "grpck"
+msgstr "grpck"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:357(term) lastlog.8.xml:59(refentrytitle)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:66(refname) lastlog.8.xml:72(command)
+msgid "lastlog"
+msgstr "lastlog"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:359(para)
+msgid "LASTLOG_UID_MAX"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:363(term) login.1.xml:90(refentrytitle)
+#: login.1.xml:97(refname) login.1.xml:103(command) login.1.xml:111(command)
+#: login.1.xml:118(command)
+msgid "login"
+msgstr "login"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:365(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+#| "<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ "
+#| "ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">FAILLOG_ENAB</phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">LASTLOG_ENAB</phrase> LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB "
+#| "<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE "
+#| "NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> TTYGROUP TTYPERM "
+#| "TTYTYPE_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</phrase> "
+#| "USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE</"
+"phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FAILLOG_ENAB</"
+"phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> "
+"HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LASTLOG_ENAB LASTLOG_UID_MAX</phrase> "
+"LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> "
+"LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE "
+"PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</phrase> USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+msgstr ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE</"
+"phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FAILLOG_ENAB</"
+"phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> "
+"HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LASTLOG_ENAB</phrase> LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase "
+"condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS "
+"LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR "
+"MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> "
+"TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</"
+"phrase> USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:392(term)
+msgid "newgrp / sg"
+msgstr "newgrp / sg"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:394(para)
+msgid "SYSLOG_SG_ENAB"
+msgstr "SYSLOG_SG_ENAB"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:402(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB "
+#| "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+#| "\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> SYS_GID_MAX "
+#| "SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB "
+"HOME_MODE PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> "
+"SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN "
+"SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+msgstr ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB "
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> SYS_GID_MAX "
+"SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:421(para)
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN "
+"PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN "
+"PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:432(para)
+msgid ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:441(para)
+msgid ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb\">USE_TCB</"
+"phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb\">USE_TCB</"
+"phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:458(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ENV_PATH "
+"ENV_SUPATH <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB "
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> SULOG_FILE SU_NAME <phrase condition="
+"\"no_pam\">SU_WHEEL_ONLY</phrase> SYSLOG_SU_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">USERGROUPS_ENAB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ENV_PATH "
+"ENV_SUPATH <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB "
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> SULOG_FILE SU_NAME <phrase condition="
+"\"no_pam\">SU_WHEEL_ONLY</phrase> SYSLOG_SU_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">USERGROUPS_ENAB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:473(term)
+msgid "sulogin"
+msgstr "sulogin"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:475(para)
+msgid "ENV_HZ <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ</phrase>"
+msgstr "ENV_HZ <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:484(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS "
+#| "PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX "
+#| "SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+#| "\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgid ""
+"CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN HOME_MODE LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR "
+"MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE "
+"SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN "
+"SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK "
+"<phrase condition=\"tcb\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS "
+"PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN "
+"UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK <phrase condition=\"tcb\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK "
+"USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:502(para)
+msgid ""
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB <phrase "
+"condition=\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"\"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB "
+"<phrase condition=\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:512(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+#| "\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgid ""
+"LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition="
+"\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.defs.5.xml:532(para)
+msgid ""
+"Much of the functionality that used to be provided by the shadow password "
+"suite is now handled by PAM. Thus, <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> is "
+"no longer used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, or less used by "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Please refer to the "
+"corresponding PAM configuration files instead."
+msgstr ""
+"Molte delle funzionalità che erano fornite dal pacchetto password shadow "
+"sono adesso gestite da PAM. Quindi <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> non "
+"è più utilizzato da <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, e meno usato da "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> e <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>. Vedere la corrispondente configurazione di PAM."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.defs.5.xml:548(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:58(refentrytitle) login.access.5.xml:65(refname)
+msgid "login.access"
+msgstr "login.access"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "login access control table"
+msgstr "tabella di controllo accessi"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:71(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> file specifies (user, "
+"host) combinations and/or (user, tty) combinations for which a login will be "
+"either accepted or refused."
+msgstr ""
+"Il file <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> specifica le "
+"combinazioni (utente, macchina) e/o (utente, terminale) per le quali un "
+"accesso sia accettato o rifiutato."
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:77(para)
+msgid ""
+"When someone logs in, the <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> is "
+"scanned for the first entry that matches the (user, host) combination, or, "
+"in case of non-networked logins, the first entry that matches the (user, "
+"tty) combination. The permissions field of that table entry determines "
+"whether the login will be accepted or refused."
+msgstr ""
+"Quando avviene un accesso, il file <emphasis remap=\\\"I\\\">login.access</"
+"emphasis> viene scorso alla ricerca della prima combinazione (utente, "
+"macchina) oppure, in caso di accesso in locale, la prima combinazione "
+"(utente, terminale). Il campo per l'autorizzazione di quanto ritrovato "
+"determina se l'utente può o meno accedere."
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each line of the login access control table has three fields separated by a "
+"\":\" character:"
+msgstr ""
+"Ogni riga della tabella di controllo degli accessi ha tre campi separati dal "
+"carattere «:»:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.access.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">permission</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">users</"
+"emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">origins</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">permesso</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">utenti</"
+"emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">origini</emphasis>"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:94(para)
+msgid ""
+"The first field should be a \"<emphasis>+</emphasis>\" (access granted) or "
+"\"<emphasis>-</emphasis>\" (access denied) character. The second field "
+"should be a list of one or more login names, group names, or <emphasis>ALL</"
+"emphasis> (always matches). The third field should be a list of one or more "
+"tty names (for non-networked logins), host names, domain names (begin with "
+"\"<literal>.</literal>\"), host addresses, internet network numbers (end "
+"with \"<literal>.</literal>\"), <emphasis>ALL</emphasis> (always matches) or "
+"<emphasis>LOCAL</emphasis> (matches any string that does not contain a "
+"\"<literal>.</literal>\" character). If you run NIS you can use "
+"@netgroupname in host or user patterns."
+msgstr ""
+"Il primo campo dovrebbe essere il carattere «<emphasis>+</"
+"emphasis>» (accesso concesso) o «<emphasis>-</emphasis>» (accesso negato). "
+"Il secondo campo dovrebbe essere un elenco di nomi utente o gruppi oppure "
+"<emphasis>ALL</emphasis> (sempre vero). Il terzo campo dovrebbe essere una "
+"lista di uno o più nomi di terminale (per accesso locale), nomi di macchina, "
+"nomi di dominio (con il carattere «<literal>.</literal>» all'inizio), "
+"indirizzi di macchina, numeri di rete internet (termina con il carattere "
+"«<literal>.</literal>»), <emphasis>ALL</emphasis> (sempre vero) oppure "
+"<emphasis>LOCAL</emphasis> (corrisponde a ogni testo che non contenga il "
+"carattere «<literal>.</literal>»). Se si usa NIS si può usare @nomenetgroup "
+"come nome macchina o utente."
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>EXCEPT</emphasis> operator makes it possible to write very "
+"compact rules."
+msgstr ""
+"L'operatore <emphasis>EXCEPT</emphasis> permette di scrivere regole molto "
+"compatte."
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group file is searched only when a name does not match that of the "
+"logged-in user. Only groups are matched in which users are explicitly "
+"listed: the program does not look at a user's primary group id value."
+msgstr ""
+"La ricerca nel file dei gruppi avviene solo quando il nome non corrisponde a "
+"quello dell'utente che accede. I gruppi che possono corrispondere sono solo "
+"quelli nei quali l'utente è esplicitamente elencato: il programma non "
+"controlla l'id del gruppo primario dell'utente."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:98(refpurpose)
+msgid "begin session on the system"
+msgstr "apre una sessione sul sistema"
+
+#: login.1.xml:104(arg) login.1.xml:112(arg) login.1.xml:119(arg)
+#: login.1.xml:236(option) groupmems.8.xml:79(arg)
+msgid "-p"
+msgstr "-p"
+
+#: login.1.xml:105(replaceable) login.1.xml:113(replaceable)
+#: login.1.xml:120(replaceable)
+msgid "host"
+msgstr "macchina"
+
+#: login.1.xml:105(arg) login.1.xml:113(arg)
+msgid "-h <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-h <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: login.1.xml:108(replaceable)
+msgid "ENV=VAR"
+msgstr "ENV=VAR"
+
+#: login.1.xml:114(arg) login.1.xml:214(option)
+msgid "-f"
+msgstr "-f"
+
+#: login.1.xml:120(arg)
+msgid "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:126(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>login</command> program is used to establish a new session with "
+"the system. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">login:</emphasis> prompt on the user's terminal. "
+"<command>login</command> may be special to the shell and may not be invoked "
+"as a sub-process. When called from a shell, <command>login</command> should "
+"be executed as <emphasis remap=\"B\">exec login</emphasis> which will cause "
+"the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new "
+"logged in user to return to the session of the caller). Attempting to "
+"execute <command>login</command> from any shell but the login shell will "
+"produce an error message."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>login</command> viene utilizzato per aprire una sessione sul "
+"sistema. Normalmente viene invocato automaticamente rispondendo al prompt "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">login:</emphasis> del terminale. <command>login</"
+"command> può essere trattato in maniera speciale dalla shell e non può "
+"essere invocato come sottoprocesso. Quando è richiamato dalla shell, "
+"<command>login</command> va invocato come <emphasis remap=\"B\">exec login</"
+"emphasis> che termina la shell utente attuale (il che impedirà al nuovo "
+"utente che accede, di poter ritornare alla sessione del chiamante). Il "
+"tentativo di esecuzione di <command>login</command> da una shell che non sia "
+"quella di login produce un messaggio d'errore."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:140(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate. Echoing is "
+"disabled to prevent revealing the password. Only a small number of password "
+"failures are permitted before <command>login</command> exits and the "
+"communications link is severed."
+msgstr ""
+"Se necessario viene quindi chiesta la password all'utente. Durante questa "
+"operazione l'eco sul terminale è disabilitata per non rivelare la password. "
+"Solo un basso numero di tentativi falliti è permesso prima che "
+"<command>login</command> termini e che la connessione sia interrotta."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:147(para)
+msgid ""
+"If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for "
+"a new password before proceeding. You will be forced to provide your old "
+"password and the new password before continuing. Please refer to "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> for more information."
+msgstr ""
+"Se la scadenza delle password è abilitata per il proprio account, prima di "
+"proseguire ci può essere la richiesta di una nuova password. Il programma "
+"chiederà prima la vecchia password e poi la nuova per poter continuare. Per "
+"maggiori informazioni si faccia riferimento a "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and "
+"the presence of mail. You may turn off the printing of the system message "
+"file, <filename>/etc/motd</filename>, by creating a zero-length file "
+"<filename>.hushlogin</filename> in your login directory. The mail message "
+"will be one of \"<emphasis>You have new mail.</emphasis>\", \"<emphasis>You "
+"have mail.</emphasis>\", or \"<emphasis>No Mail.</emphasis>\" according to "
+"the condition of your mailbox."
+msgstr ""
+"Dopo aver completato correttamente l'accesso, vengono mostrati eventuali "
+"messaggi di sistema e si viene informati della presenza di nuova posta. Si "
+"può evitare di visualizzare i messaggi in <filename>/etc/motd</filename> "
+"creando un file vuoto chiamato <filename>.hushlogin</filename> nella propria "
+"directory di login. Il messaggio relativo alla presenza di posta è "
+"«<emphasis>C'è nuova posta.</emphasis>», «<emphasis>C'è posta.</emphasis>» o "
+"«<emphasis>Nessun messaggio di posta.</emphasis>» a seconda dello stato "
+"della propria casella di posta."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file. The value for <envar>$HOME</envar>, "
+"<envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, <envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, and "
+"<envar>$MAIL</envar> are set according to the appropriate fields in the "
+"password entry. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to "
+"entries in the GECOS field."
+msgstr ""
+"I propri ID di utente e gruppo vengono poi impostati in base ai valori "
+"definiti nel file <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>. I valori di <envar>"
+"$HOME</envar>, <envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, <envar>$LOGNAME</"
+"envar> e <envar>$MAIL</envar> sono impostati in base ai campi appropriati "
+"nella voce della password. Anche i valori per ulimit, umask e nice possono "
+"essere impostati in base al campo GECOS."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"On some installations, the environmental variable <envar>$TERM</envar> will "
+"be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in "
+"<filename>/etc/ttytype</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"In alcune installazioni la variabile d'ambiente <envar>$TERM</envar> può "
+"essere impostata in base al tipo di terminale della propria connessione, "
+"come specificato in <filename>/etc/ttytype</filename>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:182(para)
+msgid ""
+"An initialization script for your command interpreter may also be executed. "
+"Please see the appropriate manual section for more information on this "
+"function."
+msgstr ""
+"Può anche essere eseguito uno script di inizializzazione per il proprio "
+"interprete dei comandi. Fare riferimento alla relativa sezione di manuale "
+"per maggiori informazioni su questa funzione."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:194(para) login.1.xml:270(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>login</command> program is NOT responsible for removing users "
+"from the utmp file. It is the responsibility of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to clean up apparent "
+"ownership of a terminal session. If you use <command>login</command> from "
+"the shell prompt without <command>exec</command>, the user you use will "
+"continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the \"subsession"
+"\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Il programma <command>login</command> NON è responsabile di rimuovere gli "
+"utenti dal file utmp. La correzione del proprietario di una sessione di "
+"terminale è responsabilità di <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> e "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>. Se si usa <command>login</command> senza <command>exec</"
+"command> dal prompt della shell, allora l'utente che si sta usando risulterà "
+"sempre connesso al sistema anche oltre il termine della «sottosessione»."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:217(para)
+msgid "Do not perform authentication, user is preauthenticated."
+msgstr "Non effettua l'autenticazione, l'utente è già autenticato"
+
+#: login.1.xml:220(para)
+msgid "Note: In that case, <replaceable>username</replaceable> is mandatory."
+msgstr ""
+"Nota: in questo caso <replaceable>username</replaceable> è obbligatorio."
+
+#: login.1.xml:228(option)
+msgid "-h"
+msgstr "-h"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:231(para)
+msgid "Name of the remote host for this login."
+msgstr "Nome dell'host remoto per questo login."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:239(para)
+msgid "Preserve environment."
+msgstr "Non modifica l'ambiente."
+
+#: login.1.xml:244(option)
+msgid "-r"
+msgstr "-r"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:247(para)
+msgid "Perform autologin protocol for rlogin."
+msgstr "Attiva il protocollo autologin di rlogin."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:252(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> and <option>-f</option> options "
+"are only used when <command>login</command> is invoked by root."
+msgstr ""
+"Le opzioni <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> e <option>-f</option> "
+"possono essere utilizzate solo quando <command>login</command> viene "
+"invocato da root."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"This version of <command>login</command> has many compilation options, only "
+"some of which may be in use at any particular site."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa versione di <command>login</command> ha molte opzioni di "
+"compilazione; in un determinato sistema potrebbe esserne in uso solo una "
+"parte."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:266(para)
+msgid ""
+"The location of files is subject to differences in system configuration."
+msgstr ""
+"La posizione dei file è soggetta a differenze in base alla configurazione "
+"del sistema."
+
+#: login.1.xml:282(para)
+msgid ""
+"As with any program, <command>login</command>'s appearance can be faked. If "
+"non-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use "
+"this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the "
+"machine. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a "
+"trusted path and prevent this kind of attack."
+msgstr ""
+"Come per ogni programma, l'aspetto di <command>login</command> può essere "
+"simulata. Se utenti non fidati hanno accesso fisico alla macchina, essi "
+"potrebbero sfruttare questa cosa per ottenere la password della prossima "
+"persona che si siede davanti al terminale. In Linux si può utilizzare il "
+"meccanismo SAK per iniziare un percorso sicuro che previene questo tipo di "
+"attacchi."
+
+#: login.1.xml:347(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/wtmp"
+msgstr "/var/log/wtmp"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:349(para)
+msgid "List of previous login sessions."
+msgstr "Elenco delle precedenti sessioni di login."
+
+#: login.1.xml:365(filename)
+msgid "/etc/motd"
+msgstr "/etc/motd"
+
+#: login.1.xml:367(para)
+msgid "System message of the day file."
+msgstr "File di sistema con il messaggio del giorno."
+
+#: login.1.xml:371(filename)
+msgid "/etc/nologin"
+msgstr "/etc/nologin"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:373(para)
+msgid "Prevent non-root users from logging in."
+msgstr "Impedisce l'accesso al sistema per utenti diversi da root."
+
+#: login.1.xml:377(filename)
+msgid "/etc/ttytype"
+msgstr "/etc/ttytype"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:379(para)
+msgid "List of terminal types."
+msgstr "Elenco di tipi di terminale."
+
+#: login.1.xml:383(filename)
+msgid "$HOME/.hushlogin"
+msgstr "$HOME/.hushlogin"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:385(para)
+msgid "Suppress printing of system messages."
+msgstr "Impedisce che vengano mostrati i messaggi di sistema."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: login.1.xml:399(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:41(firstname)
+msgid "Luca"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:42(surname)
+msgid "Berra"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:59(refentrytitle) limits.5.xml:66(refname)
+msgid "limits"
+msgstr "limits"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:67(refpurpose)
+msgid "resource limits definition"
+msgstr "definizione dei limiti di risorsa"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:73(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis remap=\"I\">limits</emphasis> file (<filename>/etc/limits</"
+"filename> by default or LIMITS_FILE defined <filename>config.h</filename>) "
+"describes the resource limits you wish to impose. It should be owned by root "
+"and readable by root account only."
+msgstr ""
+"Il file <emphasis remap=\"I\">limits</emphasis> (<filename>/etc/limits</"
+"filename> o quanto definito da LIMITS_FILE in <filename>config.h</filename>) "
+"descrive i limiti di risorsa che si vuole imporre. Deve essere di proprietà "
+"di root e leggibile solo dall'account root."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default no quota is imposed on 'root'. In fact, there is no way to impose "
+"limits via this procedure to root-equiv accounts (accounts with UID 0)."
+msgstr ""
+"In maniera predefinita non c'è nessun limite alla quota di «root». In "
+"effetti non c'è nessun modo per imporre una quota massima tramite questa "
+"procedura agli account equivalenti a root (cioè tutti quelli con UID 0)."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "Each line describes a limit for a user in the form:"
+msgstr "Ogni riga descrive un limite per l'utente in questo formato:"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:90(emphasis)
+msgid "user LIMITS_STRING"
+msgstr "utente TESTO_LIMITE"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:93(para)
+msgid "or in the form:"
+msgstr "oppure nel formato:"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:96(emphasis)
+msgid "@group LIMITS_STRING"
+msgstr "@gruppo TESTO_LIMITE"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis> is a string of a concatenated list of "
+"resource limits. Each limit consists of a letter identifier followed by a "
+"numerical limit."
+msgstr ""
+"Dove <emphasis>TESTO_LIMITE</emphasis> è un testo dato dalla concatenazione "
+"di vari limiti di risorsa. Ogni limite consiste di una lettera "
+"identificativa seguita dal limite numerico."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:105(para)
+msgid "The valid identifiers are:"
+msgstr "Gli identificatori validi sono:"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:108(para)
+msgid "A: max address space (KB)"
+msgstr "A: spazio massimo di indirizzamento (kB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:109(para)
+msgid "C: max core file size (KB)"
+msgstr "C: dimensione massima dei file «core» (kB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:110(para)
+msgid "D: max data size (KB)"
+msgstr "D: spazio massimo per i dati (kB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:111(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "F: maximum filesize (KB)"
+msgid "F: maximum file size (KB)"
+msgstr "F: dimensione massima di file (kB)"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: limits.5.xml:112(para)
+msgid ""
+"K: file creation mask, set by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"K: maschera dei permessi per i file creati, impostata da "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:117(para)
+msgid "I: max nice value (0..39 which translates to 20..-19)"
+msgstr "I: massimo valore di «nice» (0..39 che viene tradotto in 20..-19)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:119(para)
+msgid "L: max number of logins for this user"
+msgstr "L: massimo numero di accessi per questo utente"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:120(para)
+msgid "M: max locked-in-memory address space (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+"M: massima quantità di memoria bloccata (della quale non si può fare «swap») "
+"(kB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:121(para)
+msgid "N: max number of open files"
+msgstr "N: numero massimo di file aperti"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:122(para)
+msgid "O: max real time priority"
+msgstr "O: massima priorità «real time»"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: limits.5.xml:123(para)
+msgid ""
+"P: process priority, set by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"P: priorità di processo, impostata con "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:128(para)
+msgid "R: max resident set size (KB)"
+msgstr "R: massimo «resident set size» (kB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:129(para)
+msgid "S: max stack size (KB)"
+msgstr "S: dimensione massima della pila (kB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid "T: max CPU time (MIN)"
+msgstr "T: quantità massima di tempo CPU (MIN)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:131(para)
+msgid "U: max number of processes"
+msgstr "U: massimo numero di processi"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"For example, <emphasis remap=\"I\">L2D2048N5</emphasis> is a valid "
+"<emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis>. For reading convenience, the following "
+"entries are equivalent:"
+msgstr ""
+"Ad esempio, <emphasis remap=\"I\">L2D2048N5</emphasis> è uno testo valido "
+"per <emphasis>TESTO_LIMITE</emphasis>. Per sempicità di lettura le seguenti "
+"scritture sono equivalenti:"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:140(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      username L2D2048N5\n"
+"      username L2 D2048 N5\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"   nomeutente L2D2048N5\n"
+"   nomeutente L2 D2048 N5\n"
+"   "
+
+#: limits.5.xml:145(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Be aware that after <emphasis remap=\"I\">username</emphasis> the rest of "
+#| "the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed. A "
+#| "invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the "
+#| "<command>login</command> program."
+msgid ""
+"Be aware that after <emphasis remap=\"I\">username</emphasis> the rest of "
+"the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed. An "
+"invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the "
+"<command>login</command> program."
+msgstr ""
+"Notare che dopo <emphasis remap=\"I\">nomeutente</emphasis> il resto della "
+"riga è considerato il testo del limite, quindi non sono ammessi commenti a "
+"fine riga. Un testo limite non valido verrà ignorato dal programma "
+"<command>login</command>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default entry is denoted by username \"<emphasis>*</emphasis>\". If you "
+"have multiple <emphasis remap=\"I\">default</emphasis> entries in your "
+"<emphasis>LIMITS_FILE</emphasis>, then the last one will be used as the "
+"default entry."
+msgstr ""
+"L'impostazione predefinita è quella che ha come nome utente «<emphasis>*</"
+"emphasis>». Se si hanno varie righe <emphasis remap=\"I\">predefinite</"
+"emphasis> nel file <emphasis>LIMITS_FILE</emphasis> verrà utilizzata solo "
+"l'ultima."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: limits.5.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"The limits specified in the form \"<replaceable>@group</replaceable>\" apply "
+"to the members of the specified <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"I limiti specificati nella forma «<replaceable>@gruppo</replaceable>» si "
+"applicano ai membri del <replaceable>gruppo</replaceable> specificato."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:165(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If more than one line with limits for an user exist, only the first line "
+#| "for this user will be considered."
+msgid ""
+"If more than one line with limits for a user exist, only the first line for "
+"this user will be considered."
+msgstr ""
+"Se ci sono più righe per lo stesso utente nel file limits, allora solo la "
+"prima verrà considerata."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:170(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If no lines are specified for an user, the last <replaceable>@group</"
+#| "replaceable> line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be "
+#| "considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the "
+#| "user."
+msgid ""
+"If no lines are specified for a user, the last <replaceable>@group</"
+"replaceable> line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be "
+"considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the "
+"user."
+msgstr ""
+"Se non ci sono righe specifiche per un utente, verrà presa l'ultima riga "
+"<replaceable>@group</replaceable> relativa ad un gruppo del quale l'utente è "
+"membro, oppure l'ultima riga con limiti predefiniti se non si trova nessuna "
+"riga con gruppi dell'utente."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:177(para)
+msgid ""
+"To completely disable limits for a user, a single dash \"<emphasis>-</"
+"emphasis>\" will do."
+msgstr ""
+"Per eliminare completamente l'impostazione di limiti per un certo utente, si "
+"può utilizzare «<emphasis>-</emphasis>»."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:182(para)
+msgid ""
+"To disable a limit for a user, a single dash \"<replaceable>-</replaceable>"
+"\" can be used instead of the numerical value for this limit."
+msgstr ""
+"Per disabilitare i limiti per un utente, un singolo trattino «<replaceable>-"
+"</replaceable>» può essere utilizzato al posto del valore numerico del "
+"limite."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"Also, please note that all limit settings are set PER LOGIN. They are not "
+"global, nor are they permanent. Perhaps global limits will come, but for now "
+"this will have to do ;)"
+msgstr ""
+"Notare inoltre che tutte queste impostazioni sono effettuate ad ogni "
+"accesso. Non si tratta di impostazioni globali né permanenti. Forse limiti "
+"globali saranno possibili in futuro, ma per ora devono bastare questi ;)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:199(filename)
+msgid "/etc/limits"
+msgstr "/etc/limits"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: limits.5.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:67(refpurpose)
+msgid "reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user"
+msgstr ""
+"riepiloga gli accessi più recenti di tutti gli utenti o dell'utente dato"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: lastlog.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>lastlog</command> formats and prints the contents of the last login "
+"log <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file. The <emphasis>login-name</"
+"emphasis>, <emphasis>port</emphasis>, and <emphasis>last login time</"
+"emphasis> will be printed. The default (no flags) causes lastlog entries to "
+"be printed, sorted by their order in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>lastlog</command> formatta e mostra il log degli ultimi accessi, "
+"contenuto nel file <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename>. Le informazioni "
+"mostrate sono il <emphasis>nome utente</emphasis>, la <emphasis>porta</"
+"emphasis> e la <emphasis>data dell'ultimo accesso</emphasis>. Il "
+"comportamento predefinito (nessuna opzione specificata) è di mostrare i "
+"record di ultimo accesso per tutti gli utenti, nell'ordine in cui compaiono "
+"in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+
+# type: TP
+#: lastlog.8.xml:93(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>lastlog</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>lastlog</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+# type: IP
+#: lastlog.8.xml:98(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GIORNI</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: lastlog.8.xml:102(para)
+msgid ""
+"Print only lastlog records older than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Mostra solo i record di ultimo accesso più vecchi di <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">GIORNI</emphasis> giorni."
+
+# type: IP
+#: lastlog.8.xml:108(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+msgid "<option>-C</option>, <option>--clear</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+
+# type: IP
+#: lastlog.8.xml:112(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-d</option> (or "
+#| "<option>--home</option>) option."
+msgid ""
+"Clear lastlog record of a user. This option can be used only together with "
+"<option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>))."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa opzione è valida solo in combinazioone con l'opzione <option>-d</"
+"option> (o <option>--home</option>)."
+
+# type: IP
+#: lastlog.8.xml:139(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgid "<option>-S</option>, <option>--set</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:143(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set lastlog record of a user to the current time. This option can be used "
+"only together with <option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>))."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: IP
+#: lastlog.8.xml:150(term) faillog.8.xml:192(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GIORNI</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: lastlog.8.xml:154(para)
+msgid ""
+"Print the lastlog records more recent than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</"
+"emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Mostra solo i record di ultimo accesso più recenti di <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">GIORNI</emphasis>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: lastlog.8.xml:161(term) faillog.8.xml:202(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>INTERVALLO</replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: lastlog.8.xml:165(para)
+msgid "Print the lastlog record of the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+"Mostra il record di ultimo accesso per l'utente o gli utenti specificati da "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">LOGIN</emphasis>."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:168(para) faillog.8.xml:211(para)
+msgid ""
+"The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a "
+"<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable> of users. This <replaceable>RANGE</"
+"replaceable> of users can be specified with a min and max values "
+"(<replaceable>UID_MIN-UID_MAX</replaceable>), a max value (<replaceable>-"
+"UID_MAX</replaceable>), or a min value (<replaceable>UID_MIN-</replaceable>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Gli utenti possono essere specificati utilizzando il loro nome oppure l'ID "
+"numerico o tramite un <replaceable>INTERVALLO</replaceable> di utenti. "
+"Questo <replaceable>INTERVALLO</replaceable> di utenti ha tre forme: tra "
+"minimo e massimo (<replaceable>UID_MIN-UID_MAX</replaceable>), fino ad un "
+"valore massimo (<replaceable>-UID_MAX</replaceable>) o da un valore minimo "
+"(<replaceable>UID_MIN-</replaceable>)."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: lastlog.8.xml:180(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the user has never logged in the message <emphasis>** Never logged in**</"
+"emphasis> will be displayed instead of the port and time."
+msgstr ""
+"Se l'utente non ha mai effettuato accessi al sistema viene mostrato, al "
+"posto della porta e della data, il messaggio «<emphasis>**Nessun accesso "
+"effettuato**</emphasis>»."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:185(para)
+msgid ""
+"Only the entries for the current users of the system will be displayed. "
+"Other entries may exist for users that were deleted previously."
+msgstr ""
+"Solo le registrazioni degli utenti correnti del sistema verranno mostrate. "
+"Ci potrebbero essere altre registrazioni per utenti cancellati in precedenza."
+
+# type: SH
+#: lastlog.8.xml:193(title) groups.1.xml:90(title) chsh.1.xml:140(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:237(title)
+msgid "NOTE"
+msgstr "NOTA"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <filename>lastlog</filename> file is a database which contains info on "
+"the last login of each user. You should not rotate it. It is a sparse file, "
+"so its size on the disk is usually much smaller than the one shown by "
+"\"<command>ls -l</command>\" (which can indicate a really big file if you "
+"have in <filename>passwd</filename> users with a high UID). You can display "
+"its real size with \"<command>ls -s</command>\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Il file <filename>lastlog</filename> è un database che contiene informazioni "
+"sull'ultimo accesso di ogni utente. Non deve essere ruotato. Si tratta di un "
+"file «sparse», quindi la sua dimensione è minore di quanto normalmente "
+"mostrato da «<command>ls -l</command>» (che potrebbe indicare una dimensione "
+"veramente grande se si hanno utenti con grandi UID in <filename>passwd</"
+"filename>). Si può vedere la dimensione effettiva con «<command>ls -s</"
+"command>»."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:220(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/lastlog"
+msgstr "/var/log/lastlog"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "Database times of previous user logins."
+msgstr "Database degli orari dei precedenti accessi utente."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: lastlog.8.xml:230(para)
+msgid ""
+"Large gaps in UID numbers will cause the lastlog program to run longer with "
+"no output to the screen (i.e. if in lastlog database there is no entries for "
+"users with UID between 170 and 800 lastlog will appear to hang as it "
+"processes entries with UIDs 171-799)."
+msgstr ""
+"Se ci sono dei grossi scarti tra i valori di UID, il programma lastlog può "
+"restare in esecuzione per un tempo prolungato senza produrre output sullo "
+"schermo (ad es. se nel database lastlog non ci sono registrazioni per UID "
+"tra 170 e 800, il programma sembrerà bloccato mentre esamina gli UID tra 171 "
+"e 799)."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:41(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2005"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:46(refentrytitle) gshadow.5.xml:53(refname)
+msgid "gshadow"
+msgstr "gshadow"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: gshadow.5.xml:54(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadowed group file"
+msgstr "file shadow per i gruppi"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: gshadow.5.xml:59(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> contains the shadowed information for "
+"group accounts."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>/etc/gshadow</emphasis> contiene le informazioni shadow sugli "
+"account di gruppo."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:69(para)
+msgid "Each line of this file contains the following colon-separated fields:"
+msgstr "Ogni riga di questo file contiene questi campi separati da due punti:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: gshadow.5.xml:75(emphasis)
+msgid "group name"
+msgstr "nome del gruppo"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:77(para)
+msgid "It must be a valid group name, which exist on the system."
+msgstr "Deve essere un nome di gruppo valido, che esista nel sistema."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: gshadow.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, for instance ! or *, users will not be able to use a unix "
+"password to access the group (but group members do not need the password)."
+msgstr ""
+"Se il campo password contiene un testo che non sia un risultato valido di "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, ad esempio ! o *, gli utenti non potranno accedere a quel "
+"gruppo utilizzando la password unix (ma i membri del gruppo non necessitano "
+"di password)."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: gshadow.5.xml:97(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The password is used when an user who is not a member of the group wants "
+#| "to gain the permissions of this group (see "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
+msgid ""
+"The password is used when a user who is not a member of the group wants to "
+"gain the permissions of this group (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
+msgstr ""
+"La password è utilizzata quanto un utente che non è membro del gruppo cerca "
+"di ottenerne i permessi (vedere <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field may be empty, in which case only the group members can gain the "
+"group permissions."
+msgstr ""
+"Questo campo può essere vuoto, nel qual caso solo i membri del gruppo "
+"possono ottenere i permessi del gruppo."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: gshadow.5.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"This password supersedes any password specified in <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa password ha la precedenza su ogni altra specificata in <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename>."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:121(emphasis)
+msgid "administrators"
+msgstr "amministratori"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: gshadow.5.xml:123(para) gshadow.5.xml:139(para)
+msgid "It must be a comma-separated list of user names."
+msgstr "Deve essere una lista di nomi utente separati da virgole."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:126(para)
+msgid "Administrators can change the password or the members of the group."
+msgstr "Gli amministratori possono cambiare la password o i membri del gruppo."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"Administrators also have the same permissions as the members (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"Gli amministratori hanno anche gli stessi permessi dei membri (vedere sotto),"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:137(emphasis)
+msgid "members"
+msgstr "membri"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:142(para)
+msgid "Members can access the group without being prompted for a password."
+msgstr ""
+"I membri possono accedere al gruppo senza che ne sia richiesta la password."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: gshadow.5.xml:146(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should use the same list of users as in <filename>/etc/group</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Si dovrebbe utilizzare la stessa lista di utenti di <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: gshadow.5.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: grpck.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "verify integrity of group files"
+msgstr "verifica l'integrità dei file dei gruppi"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: grpck.8.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpck</command> command verifies the integrity of the groups "
+"information. It checks that all entries in <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase> have the proper format and contain valid data. The user "
+"is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have "
+"other uncorrectable errors."
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando <command>grpck</command> verifica l'integrità delle informazioni "
+"sui gruppi. Ogni voce in <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\"> e in <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase> viene "
+"controllata per verificare che abbia il formato corretto e dati validi. "
+"Viene richiesto all'utente di rimuovere le voci che non hanno un formato "
+"appropriato o che presentano altri errori impossibili da correggere."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: grpck.8.xml:101(para)
+msgid "a unique and valid group name"
+msgstr "un nome univoco e valido di gruppo"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"a valid group identifier <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> (<filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename> only)</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"un identificatore valido di gruppo <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> (solo "
+"<filename>/etc/group</filename>)</phrase>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: grpck.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"a valid list of members <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> and administrators</"
+"phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"un elenco valido di membri<phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> e amministratori</"
+"phrase>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: grpck.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"a corresponding entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file "
+"(respectively <filename>/etc/group</filename> for the <filename>gshadow</"
+"filename> checks)"
+msgstr ""
+"una voce corrispondente nel file <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> "
+"(rispettivamente <filename>/etc/group</filename> per i controlli in "
+"<filename>gshadow</filename>)"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: grpck.8.xml:125(para)
+msgid ""
+"The checks for correct number of fields and unique group name are fatal. If "
+"an entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete "
+"the entire line. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further "
+"checks are bypassed. An entry with a duplicated group name is prompted for "
+"deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made. All other errors are "
+"warnings and the user is encouraged to run the <command>groupmod</command> "
+"command to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+"Gli errori nelle verifiche sul corretto numero di campi e sull'univocità del "
+"nome del gruppo sono irrimediabili. Se una voce ha un numero errato di "
+"campi, all'utente viene chiesto di cancellare l'intera riga; se l'utente non "
+"risponde affermativamente, vengono omessi tutti gli ulteriori controlli. "
+"Viene richiesta la cancellazione anche per le voci aventi il nome del gruppo "
+"duplicato, ma i rimanenti controlli vengono ugualmente effettuati. Tutti gli "
+"altri errori non sono gravi e l'utente è invitato a eseguire il comando "
+"<command>groupmod</command> per correggerli."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: grpck.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid ""
+"The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"no_gshadow\">file</phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and "
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</phrase> are not able to alter "
+"corrupted or duplicated entries. <command>grpck</command> should be used in "
+"those circumstances to remove the offending entries."
+msgstr ""
+"I comandi che operano <phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">sul file <filename>/"
+"etc/group</filename></phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">sui file "
+"<filename>/etc/group</filename> e <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase> "
+"non sono in grado di modificare voci corrotte o duplicate; in tali "
+"circostanze va usato <command>grpck</command> per rimuovere le voci "
+"scorrette."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: grpck.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>grpck</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>grpck</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:165(para)
+msgid ""
+"Execute the <command>grpck</command> command in read-only mode. This causes "
+"all questions regarding changes to be answered <emphasis>no</emphasis> "
+"without user intervention."
+msgstr ""
+"Esegue il comando <command>grpck</command> in sola lettura. Questo implica "
+"che sia risposto <emphasis>no</emphasis> automaticamente a tutte le domande "
+"relative alle modifiche."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"Sort entries in <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase> by GID."
+msgstr ""
+"Ordina le voci in <filename>/etc/group</filename> <phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">e <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> </phrase>per GID."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:196(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "By default, <command>grpck</command> operates on <filename>/etc/group</"
+#| "filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+#| "filename></phrase>. The user may select alternate files with the "
+#| "<emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow"
+#| "\">parameter.</phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <emphasis remap="
+#| "\"I\">shadow</emphasis> parameters.</phrase>"
+msgid ""
+"By default, <command>grpck</command> operates on <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. The user may select alternate files with the <emphasis "
+"remap=\"I\">group</emphasis><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">parameter.</"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</"
+"emphasis> parameters.</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"Come impostazione predefinita, <command>grpck</command> opera sul file "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> e su "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename></phrase>. L'utente può selezionare file "
+"alternativi con <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">i parametri <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">group</emphasis> e <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis></"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">il parametro <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">group</emphasis></phrase>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: grpck.8.xml:264(para)
+msgid "one or more bad group entries"
+msgstr "una o più voci di gruppo contengono errori"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: grpck.8.xml:270(para)
+msgid "can't open group files"
+msgstr "impossibile aprire i file dei gruppi"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: grpck.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "can't lock group files"
+msgstr "impossibile fare il lock dei file dei gruppi"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: grpck.8.xml:282(para)
+msgid "can't update group files"
+msgstr "impossibile aggiornare i file dei gruppi"
+
+# type: TP
+#: grpck.8.xml:246(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpck</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando <command>grpck</command> restituisce i seguenti valori: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: grpck.8.xml:291(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>, </citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>, </citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: groups.1.xml:57(refentrytitle) groups.1.xml:64(refname)
+#: groups.1.xml:70(command)
+msgid "groups"
+msgstr "groups"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groups.1.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "display current group names"
+msgstr "mostra i nomi dei gruppi correnti"
+
+#: groups.1.xml:72(replaceable)
+msgid "user"
+msgstr "utente"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groups.1.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groups</command> command displays the current group names or ID "
+"values. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename>, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value. "
+"The optional <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis> parameter will display "
+"the groups for the named <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Per ciascuno dei gruppi correnti, il comando <command>groups</command> "
+"mostra i nomi o i valori ID. Se un valore non ha nessuna voce corrispondente "
+"in <filename>/etc/group</filename>, esso viene mostrato in forma numerica. "
+"Se viene specificato un <emphasis remap=\"I\">utente</emphasis>, vengono "
+"mostrati i gruppi a cui appartiene quel determinato <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">utente</emphasis>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groups.1.xml:91(para)
+msgid ""
+"Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information "
+"from <filename>/etc/group</filename> reported. The user must use "
+"<command>newgrp</command> or <command>sg</command> to change his current "
+"real and effective group ID."
+msgstr ""
+"Sui sistemi che non supportano l'appartenenza contemporanea a più gruppi, "
+"vengono riportate le informazioni da <filename>/etc/group</filename>. "
+"L'utente deve usare <command>newgrp</command> o <command>sg</command> per "
+"cambiare gli ID reale ed effettivo del gruppo."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groups.1.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgroups</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgroups</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupmod.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "modify a group definition on the system"
+msgstr "modifica la definizione di un gruppo del sistema"
+
+# type: TH
+#: groupmod.8.xml:75(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:75(replaceable)
+msgid "GROUP"
+msgstr "GRUPPO"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmod</command> command modifies the definition of the "
+"specified <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> by modifying the appropriate "
+"entry in the group database."
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando <command>groupmod</command> cambia la definizione del "
+"<replaceable>GRUPPO</replaceable> modificando appropriatamente il database "
+"dei gruppi."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupmod.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupmod</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>groupmod</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+# type: TP
+#: groupmod.8.xml:96(term) groupadd.8.xml:114(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"\"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupmod.8.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group ID of the given <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> will be changed "
+"to <replaceable>GID</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Verrà modificato l'ID del <replaceable>GRUPPO</replaceable> in "
+"<replaceable>GID</replaceable>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupmod.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value of <replaceable>GID</replaceable> must be a non-negative decimal "
+"integer. This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is "
+"used."
+msgstr ""
+"Il valore <replaceable>GID</replaceable> deve essere un numero intero "
+"decimale non negativo. Deve essere univoco, a meno che non venga usata "
+"l'opzione <option>-o</option>."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:110(para)
+msgid ""
+"Users who use the group as primary group will be updated to keep the group "
+"as their primary group."
+msgstr ""
+"Gli utenti che hanno il gruppo come gruppo primario verranno aggiornati per "
+"mantenere tale gruppo come loro gruppo primario."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any files that have the old group ID and must continue to belong to "
+"<replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>, must have their group ID changed manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Tutti i file che hanno il vecchio ID di gruppo e devono continuare ad "
+"appartenere a <replaceable>GRUPPO</replaceable>, devono essere aggiornati "
+"manualmente."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>GID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>, or "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Non verrà effettuato nessun controllo riguardo i limiti <option>GID_MIN</"
+"option>, <option>GID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> o "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> definiti in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+
+# type: TP
+#: groupmod.8.xml:135(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--new-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--new-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NUOVO_GRUPPO</replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupmod.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the group will be changed from <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> "
+"to <replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable> name."
+msgstr ""
+"Il nome del gruppo verrà modificato da <replaceable>GRUPPO</replaceable> a "
+"<replaceable>NUOVO_GRUPPO</replaceable>."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"When used with the <option>-g</option> option, allow to change the group "
+"<replaceable>GID</replaceable> to a non-unique value."
+msgstr ""
+"Quando è usato con l'opzione <option>-g</option>, permette di cambiare il "
+"<replaceable>GID</replaceable> in un valore non univoco."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:259(para)
+msgid "E_SUCCESS: success"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupmod.8.xml:265(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "invalid command syntax"
+msgid "E_USAGE: invalid command syntax"
+msgstr "sintassi del comando errata"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:271(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "invalid argument to option"
+msgid "E_BAD_ARG: invalid argument to option"
+msgstr "argomento non valido per l'opzione"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupmod.8.xml:277(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgid "E_GID_IN_USE: specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "il gruppo specificato non esiste"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupmod.8.xml:283(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgid "E_NOTFOUND: specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "il gruppo specificato non esiste"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:289(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "group name already in use"
+msgid "E_NAME_IN_USE: group name already in use"
+msgstr "nome di gruppo già in uso"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupmod.8.xml:295(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "can't update group file"
+msgid "E_GRP_UPDATE: can't update group file"
+msgstr "non è possibile aggiornare il file group"
+
+# type: IP
+#: groupmod.8.xml:299(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "1"
+msgid "11"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:301(para)
+msgid "E_CLEANUP_SERVICE: can't setup cleanup service"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:307(para)
+msgid "E_PAM_USERNAME: can't determine your username for use with pam"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: IP
+#: groupmod.8.xml:311(replaceable)
+msgid "13"
+msgstr "13"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"E_PAM_ERROR: pam returned an error, see syslog facility id groupmod for the "
+"PAM error message"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: TP
+#: groupmod.8.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmod</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>groupmod</command> esce con i seguenti valori:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupmod.8.xml:322(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:42(firstname)
+msgid "George"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:43(surname)
+msgid "Kraft"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:44(lineage)
+msgid "IV"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:45(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2000"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupmems.8.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "administer members of a user's primary group"
+msgstr "membri amministratori del gruppo primario dell'utente"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:76(replaceable) groupmems.8.xml:77(replaceable)
+msgid "user_name"
+msgstr "user_name"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:76(arg)
+msgid "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:77(arg)
+msgid "-d <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-d <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:78(replaceable)
+msgid "group_name"
+msgstr "group_name"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:78(arg)
+msgid "-g <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-g <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:79(arg)
+msgid "-l"
+msgstr "-l"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:86(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmems</command> command allows a user to administer their "
+"own group membership list without the requirement of superuser privileges. "
+"The <command>groupmems</command> utility is for systems that configure its "
+"users to be in their own name sake primary group (i.e., guest / guest)."
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando <command>groupmems</command> permette a utenti di amministrare la "
+"lista di membri del proprio gruppo senza richiedere i privilegi di "
+"amministratore. Il comando <command>groupmems</command> è per sistemi che "
+"configurano gli utenti perché siano in un gruppo primario con lo stesso nome "
+"dell'utente (esempio: guest/guest)."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid ""
+"Only the superuser, as administrator, can use <command>groupmems</command> "
+"to alter the memberships of other groups."
+msgstr ""
+"Solo il super utente, come amministratore, può utilizzare "
+"<command>groupmems</command> per modificare l'elenco di membri di altri "
+"gruppi."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupmems.8.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>groupmems</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>groupmems</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+# type: IP
+#: groupmems.8.xml:107(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:109(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Add an user to the group membership list."
+msgid "Add a user to the group membership list."
+msgstr "Aggiunge un utente all'elenco di membri del gruppo."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:110(para) groupmems.8.xml:126(para)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, and the group has no "
+"entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file, a new entry will be "
+"created."
+msgstr ""
+"Se esiste il file <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> e il gruppo non vi è "
+"presente, viene aggiunto."
+
+# type: IP
+#: groupmems.8.xml:118(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "Delete a user from the group membership list."
+msgstr "Cancella un utente dall'elenco degli utenti del gruppo."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, the user will be "
+"removed from the list of members and administrators of the group."
+msgstr ""
+"Se esiste il file <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, l'utente verrà rimosso "
+"dalle liste di utenti e amministratori del gruppo."
+
+# type: IP
+#: groupmems.8.xml:134(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>group_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>group_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The superuser can specify which group membership list to modify."
+msgstr ""
+"Il super utente può specificare quale elenco di membri del gruppo modificare."
+
+# type: IP
+#: groupmems.8.xml:148(term) chage.1.xml:160(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid "List the group membership list."
+msgstr "Elenca tutti i membri del gruppo."
+
+# type: TP
+#: groupmems.8.xml:154(term)
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--purge</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-p</option>, <option>--purge</option>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid "Purge all users from the group membership list."
+msgstr "Elimina tutti gli utenti dalla lista dei membri del gruppo."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:180(title)
+msgid "SETUP"
+msgstr "CONFIGURAZIONE"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmems</command> executable should be in mode <literal>2710</"
+"literal> as user <emphasis>root</emphasis> and in group <emphasis>groups</"
+"emphasis>. The system administrator can add users to group <emphasis>groups</"
+"emphasis> to allow or disallow them using the <command>groupmems</command> "
+"utility to manage their own group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+"L'eseguibile <command>groupmems</command> dovrebbe avere i permessi "
+"<literal>2710</literal> ed essere di proprietà di <emphasis>root</emphasis> "
+"e del gruppo <emphasis>groups</emphasis>. L'amministratore di sistema può "
+"aggiungere utenti al gruppo <emphasis>groups</emphasis> per permettere loro "
+"di poter gestire l'elenco di membri del proprio gruppo tramite il comando "
+"<command>groupmems</command>."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:190(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"\t$ groupadd -r groups\n"
+"\t$ chmod 2710 groupmems\n"
+"\t$ chown root.groups groupmems\n"
+"\t$ groupmems -g groups -a gk4\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"        $ groupadd -r groups\n"
+"        $ chmod 2710 groupmems\n"
+"        $ chown root.groups groupmems\n"
+"        $ groupmems -g groups -a gk4\n"
+"    "
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupmems.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "secure group account information"
+msgstr "informazioni sicure sugli account di gruppo"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupmems.8.xml:230(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupdel.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "delete a group"
+msgstr "rimuove un gruppo"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupdel.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupdel</command> command modifies the system account files, "
+"deleting all entries that refer to <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>. The "
+"named group must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando <command>groupdel</command> modifica i file di account di sistema "
+"rimuovendo tutte le voci che si riferiscono a <replaceable>GRUPPO</"
+"replaceable>. Il gruppo indicato deve esistere."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupdel.8.xml:89(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupdel</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>groupdel</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupdel.8.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not remove the primary group of any existing user. You must remove "
+"the user before you remove the group."
+msgstr ""
+"Non si può rimuovere un gruppo che sia gruppo primario di un utente. Occorre "
+"rimuovere l'utente prima di rimuovere il gruppo."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupdel.8.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain "
+"owned by this group."
+msgstr ""
+"Occorre controllare manualmente tutti i file system per assicurarsi che non "
+"rimanga alcun file avente questo ID di gruppo."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupdel.8.xml:200(para)
+msgid "can't remove user's primary group"
+msgstr "operazione impossibile perché il gruppo è primario per un utente"
+
+# type: TP
+#: groupdel.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupdel</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando <command>groupdel</command> restituisce i seguenti valori: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupdel.8.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupadd.8.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "create a new group"
+msgstr "crea un nuovo gruppo"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupadd.8.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupadd</command> command creates a new group account using "
+"the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the "
+"system. The new group will be entered into the system files as needed."
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando <command>groupadd</command> crea un nuovo account di gruppo "
+"usando i valori specificati sulla riga di comando ed i valori predefiniti "
+"dal sistema. Il nuovo gruppo verrà aggiunto ai file di sistema secondo "
+"necessità."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupadd.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupadd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>groupadd</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option causes the command to simply exit with success status if the "
+"specified group already exists. When used with <option>-g</option>, and the "
+"specified GID already exists, another (unique) GID is chosen (i.e. <option>-"
+"g</option> is turned off)."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa opzione fa sì che il comando esca con esito positivo nel caso che il "
+"gruppo esista già. Quando utilizzato con l'opzione <option>-g</option>, e il "
+"GID specificato esiste, un altro GID (univoco) viene scelto (cioè <option>-"
+"g</option> viene ignorato)."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupadd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numerical value of the group's ID. This value must be unique, unless the "
+"<option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. The "
+"default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to "
+"<option>GID_MIN</option> and greater than every other group."
+msgstr ""
+"Il valore numerico dell'identificatore (ID) del gruppo. Questo valore deve "
+"essere univoco, a meno che non venga usata l'opzione <option>-o</option>. Il "
+"valore deve essere non-negativo. La scelta predefinita è quella di usare il "
+"minimo valore di ID maggiore o eguale a <option>GID_MIN</option> e superiore "
+"a qualunque altro gruppo."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupadd.8.xml:124(para)
+msgid ""
+"See also the <option>-r</option> option and the <option>GID_MAX</option> "
+"description."
+msgstr ""
+"Vedere anche l'opzione <option>-r</option> e la descrizione di "
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (GID_MIN, GID_MAX "
+"and others). Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified."
+msgstr ""
+"Ha la precedenza sui valori predefiniti (GID_MIN, GID_MAX e altri) definiti "
+"in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>. Più opzioni <option>-K</option> "
+"possono essere specificate."
+
+# type: IP
+#: groupadd.8.xml:146(para)
+msgid ""
+"Example: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"Esempio: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>GID_MAX</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> doesn't work yet."
+msgstr ""
+"Nota: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>GID_MAX</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> non funziona ancora."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:161(para)
+msgid "This option permits to add a group with a non-unique GID."
+msgstr ""
+"Questa opzione permette di aggiungere un gruppo con un GID non univoco."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupadd.8.xml:192(para)
+msgid "Create a system group."
+msgstr "Crea un gruppo di sistema."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numeric identifiers of new system groups are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>GID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"L'identificativo numerico del nuovo gruppo di sistema è scelto "
+"nell'intervallo <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> "
+"definito in <filename>login.defs</filename>, al posto di <option>GID_MIN</"
+"option>-<option>GID_MAX</option>."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:275(para)
+msgid ""
+"Groupnames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by "
+"lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a "
+"dollar sign. In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+msgstr ""
+"I nomi di gruppo devono iniziare con una lettera minuscola o l'underscore, "
+"seguiti da lettere minuscole, cifre numeriche, underscore o trattini. "
+"Possono terminare con il simbolo del dollaro. In termini di espressioni "
+"regolari: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:281(para)
+msgid "Groupnames may only be up to &GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH; characters long."
+msgstr ""
+"I nomi di gruppo possono essere al massimo di &GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH; "
+"caratteri."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupadd.8.xml:284(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not add a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the "
+"corresponding server."
+msgstr ""
+"Non è possibile aggiungere un gruppo NIS o LDAP. Questo deve essere fatto "
+"sul server corrispondente."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the groupname already exists in an external group database such as NIS or "
+"LDAP, <command>groupadd</command> will deny the group creation request."
+msgstr ""
+"Se il nome di gruppo esiste già in un database esterno come quello NIS o "
+"LDAP, <command>groupadd</command> negherà la richiesta di creazione del "
+"gruppo."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:321(para)
+msgid "GID not unique (when <option>-o</option> not used)"
+msgstr "GID non univoco (quando <option>-o</option> non è usata)"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:327(para)
+msgid "group name not unique"
+msgstr "nome di gruppo non univoco"
+
+# type: TP
+#: groupadd.8.xml:297(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupadd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>groupadd</command> restituisce i seguenti valori:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: groupadd.8.xml:342(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:44(firstname)
+msgid "Rafal"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:45(surname)
+msgid "Maszkowski"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:71(phrase)
+msgid "administer <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "amministra <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:74(phrase)
+msgid "administer <placeholder-1/> and <placeholder-2/>"
+msgstr "amministra <placeholder-1/> e <placeholder-2/>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:85(replaceable) expiry.1.xml:76(replaceable)
+msgid "option"
+msgstr "opzione"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:95(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>gpasswd</command> command is used to administer <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. Every group can have <phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">administrators,</phrase> members and a password."
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando <command>gpasswd</command> è utilizzato per amministrare "
+"<filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> e <filename>/"
+"etc/gshadow</filename></phrase>. Ogni gruppo può avere<phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\"> amministratori,</phrase> membri e una password."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"System administrators can use the <option>-A</option> option to define group "
+"administrator(s) and the <option>-M</option> option to define members. They "
+"have all rights of group administrators and members."
+msgstr ""
+"Gli amministratori di sistema possono usare l'opzione <option>-A</option> "
+"per definire l'amministratore/gli amministratori di gruppo e l'opzione "
+"<option>-M</option> per definire i membri ed hanno tutti i permessi degli "
+"amministratori di gruppo e dei membri."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>gpasswd</command> called by <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">a group "
+"administrator</phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">a system "
+"administrator</phrase> with a group name only prompts for the new password "
+"of the <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>gpasswd</command> richiamato da <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">un "
+"amminstatore di gruppo </phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">un "
+"amministratore di sistema</phrase> con un nome di gruppo richiede solo la "
+"nuova password del <replaceable>gruppo</replaceable>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:115(para)
+msgid ""
+"If a password is set the members can still use "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> without a password, and non-members must supply the password."
+msgstr ""
+"Se la password è impostata i membri possono ancora usare "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> senza la password, i non-membri devono fornire la password."
+
+# type: SS
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:123(title)
+msgid "Notes about group passwords"
+msgstr "Note sulle password di gruppo"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:124(para)
+msgid ""
+"Group passwords are an inherent security problem since more than one person "
+"is permitted to know the password. However, groups are a useful tool for "
+"permitting co-operation between different users."
+msgstr ""
+"Le password di gruppo rappresentano un intrinseco problema di sicurezza "
+"perché più di una persona deve conoscerle. Ciononostante i gruppi sono uno "
+"strumento molto utile per la cooperazione tra vari utenti."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:135(para)
+msgid ""
+"Except for the <option>-A</option> and <option>-M</option> options, the "
+"options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+"Ad eccezione di <option>-A</option> e <option>-M</option>, le altre opzioni "
+"non possono essere combinate."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The options cannot be combined."
+msgstr "Le opzioni non possono essere combinate."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:142(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>gpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>gpasswd</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+# type: IP
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:147(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>utente</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:151(para)
+msgid ""
+"Add the <replaceable>user</replaceable> to the named <replaceable>group</"
+"replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Aggiunge <replaceable>utente</replaceable> al <replaceable>gruppo</"
+"replaceable> indicato."
+
+# type: IP
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:160(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>utente</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:164(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remove the <replaceable>user</replaceable> from the named "
+"<replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Rimuove <replaceable>utente</replaceable> dal <replaceable>gruppo</"
+"replaceable> indicato."
+
+# type: IP
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:181(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-Q</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-Q</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: IP
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:195(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove-password</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove-password</option>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:199(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remove the password from the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>. The "
+"group password will be empty. Only group members will be allowed to use "
+"<command>newgrp</command> to join the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Rimuove la password dal <replaceable>gruppo</replaceable> indicato. La "
+"password del gruppo sarà vuota. Solo ai membri del gruppo sarà ammesso "
+"l'accesso tramite <command>newgrp</command> al <replaceable>gruppo</"
+"replaceable> indicato."
+
+# type: IP
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:211(term)
+msgid "<option>-R</option>, <option>--restrict</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-R</option>, <option>--restrict</option>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"Restrict the access to the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>. The group "
+"password is set to \"!\". Only group members with a password will be allowed "
+"to use <command>newgrp</command> to join the named <replaceable>group</"
+"replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Limita l'accesso al <replaceable>gruppo</replaceable> indicato. La password "
+"del gruppo è cambiata in «!». Solo ai membri del gruppo con una password "
+"verrà permesso di usare <command>newgrp</command> per accedere al "
+"<replaceable>gruppo</replaceable> indicato."
+
+# type: IP
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:227(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-A</option>, <option>--administrators</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>user</replaceable>,..."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-A</option>, <option>--administrators</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>utente</replaceable>,..."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:231(para)
+msgid "Set the list of administrative users."
+msgstr "Imposta l'elenco degli utenti amministratori."
+
+# type: IP
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:239(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--members</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>,..."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--members</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>utente</"
+"replaceable>,..."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:243(para)
+msgid "Set the list of group members."
+msgstr "Definisce l'elenco dei membri del gruppo."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"This tool only operates on the <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"gshadow\"> and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files.</"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">file.</phrase> Thus you cannot "
+"change any NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the corresponding "
+"server."
+msgstr ""
+"Questo strumento opera solo sul file <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"gshadow\"> e sul file <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></"
+"phrase>. Quindi non si possono modificare gruppi NIS o LDAP. Questo dovrebbe "
+"essere fatto sul corrispondente server."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:298(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry><phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry><phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) faillog.8.xml:64(refname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:70(command) faillog.5.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: faillog.5.xml:64(refname) faillog.5.xml:111(refentrytitle)
+msgid "faillog"
+msgstr "faillog"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: faillog.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "display faillog records or set login failure limits"
+msgstr "mostra le registrazioni e imposta i limiti degli accessi falliti"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: faillog.8.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>faillog</command> displays the contents of the failure log database "
+"(<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>). It can also set the failure "
+"counters and limits. When <command>faillog</command> is run without "
+"arguments, it only displays the faillog records of the users who had a login "
+"failure."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>faillog</command> mostra il contentuto del database degli accessi "
+"falliti (<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>); può anche essere usato per "
+"impostare i conteggi e i limiti dei tentativi falliti. Eseguire "
+"<command>faillog</command> senza argomenti per ottenere un elenco degli "
+"utenti che hanno fallito almeno un tentativo di accesso."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: faillog.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>faillog</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>faillog</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display (or act on) faillog records for all users having an entry in the "
+"<filename>faillog</filename> database."
+msgstr ""
+"Mostra (o opera su) registrazioni faillog per tutti gli utenti presenti nel "
+"database <filename>faillog</filename>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: faillog.8.xml:102(para)
+msgid ""
+"The range of users can be restricted with the <option>-u</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"L'intervallo di utenti può essere ristretto con l'opzione <option>-u</"
+"option>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"In display mode, this is still restricted to existing users but forces the "
+"display of the faillog entries even if they are empty."
+msgstr ""
+"Nella modalità di visualizzazione, questo è già ristretto ai soli utenti "
+"esistenti, ma vengono mostrate anche eventuali registrazioni vuote."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"With the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, <option>-r</option>, "
+"<option>-t</option> options, the users' records are changed, even if the "
+"user does not exist on the system. This is useful to reset records of users "
+"that have been deleted or to set a policy in advance for a range of users."
+msgstr ""
+"Con le opzioni <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, <option>-r</option> "
+"e <option>-t</option>, le registrazioni degli utenti sono modificate anche "
+"se l'utente non esiste nel sistema. Questo è utile quando si vogliono "
+"azzerare le registrazioni degli utenti cancellati, o per definire in "
+"anticipo delle norme per intervalli di utenti."
+
+# type: IP
+#: faillog.8.xml:128(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-secs</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEC</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-secs</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEC</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: faillog.8.xml:132(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock account for <replaceable>SEC</replaceable> seconds after failed login."
+msgstr ""
+"Blocca l'account per <replaceable>SEC</replaceable> secondi dopo un "
+"tentativo di accesso fallito."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:136(para) faillog.8.xml:161(para) faillog.8.xml:173(para)
+msgid ""
+"Write access to <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> is required for this "
+"option."
+msgstr ""
+"Per questa opzione è necessario l'accesso in scrittura a <filename>/var/log/"
+"faillog</filename>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: faillog.8.xml:143(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--maximum</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--maximum</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: faillog.8.xml:147(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of login failures after the account is disabled to "
+"<replaceable>MAX</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Imposta a <replaceable>MAX</replaceable> il massimo numero di accessi "
+"falliti prima che l'account sia disabilitato."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:151(para)
+msgid ""
+"Selecting a <replaceable>MAX</replaceable> value of 0 has the effect of not "
+"placing a limit on the number of failed logins."
+msgstr ""
+"Impostare <replaceable>MAX</replaceable> al valore 0 ha l'effetto di non "
+"porre nessun limite al numero di accessi falliti."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum failure count should always be 0 for <emphasis>root</emphasis> "
+"to prevent a denial of services attack against the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Il numero massimo di fallimenti dovrebbe sempre essere 0 per <emphasis>root</"
+"emphasis> in modo da evitare attacchi al sistema di tipo «denial of service»."
+
+# type: IP
+#: faillog.8.xml:168(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:170(para)
+msgid "Reset the counters of login failures."
+msgstr "Azzera i contatori degli accessi falliti."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: faillog.8.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display faillog records more recent than <replaceable>DAYS</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Visualizza le registrazioni faillog più recenti di <replaceable>GIORNI</"
+"replaceable> giorni."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: faillog.8.xml:206(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display faillog record or maintains failure counters and limits (if used "
+"with <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option> or <option>-r</option> "
+"options) only for the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+"Mostra la registrazione degli accessi falliti o, se sono state usate le "
+"opzioni <option>-r</option>, <option>-m</option> o <option>-l</option>, "
+"imposta contatori e limiti solo gli utenti specificati."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: faillog.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"When none of the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-r</"
+"option> options are used, <command>faillog</command> displays the faillog "
+"record of the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+"Quando nessuna tra le opzioni <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option> o "
+"<option>-r</option> è utilizzata, <command>faillog</command> mostra le voci "
+"dei fallimenti degli utenti specificati."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: faillog.8.xml:233(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>faillog</command> only prints out users with no successful login "
+"since the last failure. To print out a user who has had a successful login "
+"since their last failure, you must explicitly request the user with the "
+"<option>-u</option> flag, or print out all users with the <option>-a</"
+"option> flag."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>faillog</command> mostra solo gli utenti che non hanno effettuato "
+"nessun accesso corretto dopo l'ultimo tentativo fallito. Un utente che abbia "
+"completato correttamente un accesso dopo l'ultimo tentativo fallito è "
+"mostrato solo se viene richiesto esplicitamente con l'opzione <option>-u</"
+"option> o se viene richiesto di mostrare tutti gli utenti con l'opzione "
+"<option>-a</option>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:246(filename) faillog.5.xml:99(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/faillog"
+msgstr "/var/log/faillog"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: faillog.8.xml:248(para) faillog.5.xml:101(para)
+msgid "Failure logging file."
+msgstr "File per tracciare gli accessi falliti."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: faillog.8.xml:256(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>faillog</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>faillog</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: faillog.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "login failure logging file"
+msgstr "file di log degli accessi falliti"
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> maintains a count of login failures "
+"and the limits for each account."
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> mantiene un contatore di accessi "
+"falliti e dei vari limiti per ogni account."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: faillog.5.xml:74(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file contains fixed length records, indexed by numerical UID. Each "
+"record contains the count of login failures since the last successful login; "
+"the maximum number of failures before the account is disabled; the line on "
+"which the last login failure occurred; the date of the last login failure; "
+"and the duration (in seconds) during which the account will be locked after "
+"a failure."
+msgstr ""
+"Questo file è composto da record di lunghezza fissa, indicizzati dal valore "
+"numerico di UID. Ciascun record contiene il conteggio degli accessi falliti "
+"a partire dall'ultimo login corretto, il numero massimo di tentativi "
+"permessi prima che l'account venga disabilitato, il terminale sul quale "
+"l'ultimo tentativo fallito è avvenuto, la data in cui è avvenuto, e infine "
+"il periodo (in secondi) durante il quale l'account verrà bloccato a seguito "
+"di un fallimento."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: faillog.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "The structure of the file is:"
+msgstr "La struttura del file è la seguente:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: faillog.5.xml:85(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"struct\tfaillog {\n"
+"\tshort   fail_cnt;\n"
+"\tshort   fail_max;\n"
+"\tchar    fail_line[12];\n"
+"\ttime_t  fail_time;\n"
+"\tlong    fail_locktime;\n"
+"};"
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"struct\tfaillog {\n"
+"\tshort   fail_cnt;\n"
+"\tshort   fail_max;\n"
+"\tchar    fail_line[12];\n"
+"\ttime_t  fail_time;\n"
+"\tlong    fail_locktime;\n"
+"};"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:45(contrib) chsh.1.xml:44(contrib) chfn.1.xml:44(contrib)
+#: chage.1.xml:42(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1990"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:61(refentrytitle) expiry.1.xml:68(refname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:74(command)
+msgid "expiry"
+msgstr "expiry"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: expiry.1.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "check and enforce password expiration policy"
+msgstr "controlla e fa rispettare la scadenza della password"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: expiry.1.xml:83(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>expiry</command> command checks (<option>-c</option>) the "
+"current password expiration and forces (<option>-f</option>) changes when "
+"required. It is callable as a normal user command."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>expiry</command> controlla (<option>-c</option>) la scadenza della "
+"password in uso e, se necessario, richiede (<option>-f</option>) che venga "
+"cambiata quando necessario. Questo comando può essere eseguito da un utente "
+"qualsiasi."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: expiry.1.xml:92(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>expiry</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>expiry</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+# type: IP
+#: expiry.1.xml:97(term)
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--check</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-c</option>, <option>--check</option>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: expiry.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid "Check the password expiration of the current user."
+msgstr "Controlla la scadenza della password dell'utente corrente."
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:105(para)
+msgid "Force a password change if the current user has an expired password."
+msgstr ""
+"Forza un cambio di password se l'utente corrente ha una password scaduta."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: expiry.1.xml:140(para) chage.1.xml:318(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chsh.1.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "change login shell"
+msgstr "cambia la shell di login"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chsh.1.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chsh</command> command changes the user login shell. This "
+"determines the name of the user's initial login command. A normal user may "
+"only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change "
+"the login shell for any account."
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando <command>chsh</command> cambia la shell di login dell'utente, in "
+"altre parole determina il comando iniziale eseguito quando un utente accede "
+"al sistema. Chiunque può cambiare la propria shell di login, mentre "
+"l'amministratore può cambiare la shell di login per ogni account."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chsh.1.xml:96(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chsh</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>chsh</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chsh.1.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <option>-s</option> option is not selected, <command>chsh</command> "
+"operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current "
+"login shell. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line "
+"blank to use the current one. The current shell is displayed between a pair "
+"of <emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks."
+msgstr ""
+"Se non viene usata l'opzione <option>-s</option>, <command>chsh</command> "
+"opera in maniera interattiva, mostrando all'utente la shell attuale. "
+"Inserire il nuovo valore oppure lasciare la riga vuota per non modificare il "
+"valore attuale. La shell attuale è mostrata tra parentesi <emphasis>[ ]</"
+"emphasis>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chsh.1.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must "
+"be listed in <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, unless the invoker is the "
+"superuser, and then any value may be added. An account with a restricted "
+"login shell may not change her login shell. For this reason, placing "
+"<filename>/bin/rsh</filename> in <filename>/etc/shells</filename> is "
+"discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent "
+"the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value."
+msgstr ""
+"L'unica limitazione sulla scelta della shell di login è che il nome del "
+"comando deve essere presente in <filename>/etc/shells</filename>; fa "
+"eccezione l'amministratore di sistema, che è libero di scegliere qualsiasi "
+"valore. Un account con una shell di login limitata non può cambiare la "
+"propria shell di login. Per questo motivo è sconsigliato includere "
+"<filename>/bin/rsh</filename> in <filename>/etc/shells</filename>: se "
+"accidentalmente un utente selezionasse una shell limitata, non potrebbe più "
+"tornare alla shell di login che usava originariamente."
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:176(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shells"
+msgstr "/etc/shells"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chsh.1.xml:178(para)
+msgid "List of valid login shells."
+msgstr "Elenco delle shell di login ammesse."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chsh.1.xml:192(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "update passwords in batch mode"
+msgstr "aggiorna le password in modo non interattivo"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:83(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chpasswd</command> command reads a list of user name and "
+"password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a "
+"group of existing users. Each line is of the format:"
+msgstr ""
+"<command>chpasswd</command> legge da standard input un elenco di coppie di "
+"nomi utente e password e usa queste informazioni per aggiornare un gruppo di "
+"utenti esistenti. Ciascuna riga usa il formato:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:88(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">user_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">nome_utente</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:92(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default the passwords must be supplied in clear-text, and are encrypted "
+"by <command>chpasswd</command>. Also the password age will be updated, if "
+"present."
+msgstr ""
+"Come impostazione predefinita, si devono fornire password in chiaro che "
+"vengono poi cifrate da <command>chpasswd</command>. Vengono aggiornate, se "
+"presenti, anche le informazioni sulla durata delle password."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:97(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+#| "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> "
+#| "variables of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, and can be overwitten "
+#| "with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> "
+#| "options."
+msgid ""
+"The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variables "
+"of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, and can be overwritten with the "
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+"L'algoritmo di cifratura predefinito può essere impostato con le variabili "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> e <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> in "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, e può essere ulteriormente modificato "
+"con le opzioni <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option> o <option>-c</"
+"option>."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:105(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, passwords are encrypted by PAM, but (even if not recommended) "
+"you can select a different encryption method with the <option>-e</option>, "
+"<option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+"Se non diversamente impostato, le password saranno cifrate da PAM, ma (anche "
+"se non è raccomandato) si può impostare un metodo di cifratura diverso con "
+"le opzioni <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option> e <option>-c</option>."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:111(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<phrase condition=\"pam\">Except when PAM is used to encrypt the "
+#| "passwords,</phrase><command>chpasswd</command> first updates all the "
+#| "passwords in memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no "
+#| "errors occured for any user."
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"pam\">Except when PAM is used to encrypt the passwords,</"
+"phrase><command>chpasswd</command> first updates all the passwords in "
+"memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no errors occurred for "
+"any user."
+msgstr ""
+"<phrase condition=\"pam\">Escluso quando PAM viene utilizzato per cifrare le "
+"password, </phrase><command>chpasswd</command> prima aggiorna tutte le "
+"passwor in memoria, e poi scrive tutto su disco se non trova errori per "
+"nessun utente."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"When PAM is used to encrypt the passwords (and update the passwords in the "
+"system database) then if a password cannot be updated <command>chpasswd</"
+"command> continues updating the passwords of the next users, and will return "
+"an error code on exit."
+msgstr ""
+"Quando PAM è utilizzato per cifrare le password (e aggiornare le password "
+"nel database di sistema), se una password non può essere aggiornata "
+"<command>chpasswd</command> continua con l'aggiornamento delle password "
+"degli utenti seguenti, e restituisce un codice d'errore all'uscita."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:123(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many "
+"accounts are created at a single time."
+msgstr ""
+"Questo comando è appositamente pensato per grossi sistemi in cui si abbia la "
+"necessità di creare molti account nello stesso momento."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:131(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>chpasswd</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+# type: IP
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>METHOD</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>METODO</replaceable>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:142(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:115(para)
+msgid "The available methods are DES, MD5, and NONE."
+msgstr "I metodi disponibili sono DES, MD5 e NONE (nessuno)."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "By default, PAM is used to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr "PAM viene utilizzato, in maniera predefinita, per cifrare le password."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default (if none of the <option>-c</option>, <option>-m</option>, or "
+"<option>-e</option> options are specified), the encryption method is defined "
+"by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> "
+"variables of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Normalmente (se nessuna delle opzioni <option>-c</option>, <option>-m</"
+"option> o <option>-e</option> viene specificata), il metodo di cifratura è "
+"definito dalle variabili <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> o "
+"<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+
+# type: IP
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:163(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:125(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:165(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "Supplied passwords are in encrypted form."
+msgstr "Le password fornite sono in forma cifrata."
+
+# type: IP
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:179(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--md5</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--md5</option>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:181(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"Use MD5 encryption instead of DES when the supplied passwords are not "
+"encrypted."
+msgstr ""
+"Usa la cifratura MD5 anziché DES quando le password fornite non sono cifrate."
+
+# type: IP
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:200(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROUNDS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CICLI</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the number of rounds is defined by the "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> and <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option> variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Il numero di cicli è definito dalle variabili <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</"
+"option> e <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:232(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remember to set permissions or umask to prevent readability of unencrypted "
+"files by other users."
+msgstr ""
+"Ricordarsi di impostare i permessi o umask in modo da prevenire la lettura "
+"in chiaro da parte di altri utenti."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:276(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/chpasswd"
+msgstr "/etc/pam.d/chpasswd"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:278(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>chpasswd</command>."
+msgstr "Configurazione PAM per <command>chpasswd</command>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:286(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:47(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2006"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "update group passwords in batch mode"
+msgstr "aggiorna le password di gruppo in modalità non interattiva"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chgpasswd</command> command reads a list of group name and "
+"password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a set "
+"of existing groups. Each line is of the format:"
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando <command>chgpasswd</command> legge un elenco di coppie di nomi "
+"gruppo e password e usa queste informazioni per aggiornare un insieme di "
+"gruppi esistenti. Ciascuna riga usa il formato:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">group_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">nome_gruppo</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:88(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default the supplied password must be in clear-text, and is encrypted by "
+"<command>chgpasswd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Come impostazione predefinita la password deve essere in chiaro ed è cifrata "
+"da <command>chgpasswd</command>."
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:92(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+#| "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable of <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+#| "filename>, and can be overwiten with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</"
+#| "option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgid ""
+"The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable of <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>, and can be overwritten with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</"
+"option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+"L'algoritmo di cifratura utilizzato può essere definito per tutto il sistema "
+"dalla variabile <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>, e può essere modificato con le opzioni <option>-e</option>, "
+"<option>-m</option> o <option>-c</option>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>chgpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>chgpasswd</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chfn.1.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "change real user name and information"
+msgstr "cambia il nome dell'utente e altre informazioni"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chfn.1.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chfn</command> command changes user fullname, office room "
+"number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user's "
+"account. This information is typically printed by "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> and similar programs. A normal user may only change the fields "
+"for her own account, subject to the restrictions in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>. (The default configuration is to prevent users from "
+"changing their fullname.) The superuser may change any field for any "
+"account. Additionally, only the superuser may use the <option>-o</option> "
+"option to change the undefined portions of the GECOS field."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>chfn</command> è usato per cambiare il nome completo "
+"dell'utilizzatore, il numero di stanza dell'ufficio, quello di telefono "
+"dell'ufficio e di casa. Questi dati sono normalmente stampati dal programma "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> o equivalenti. Un utente normale può cambiare solo i dati "
+"relativi al proprio account, con eventuali altre limitazioni specificate in "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>. (La configurazione predefinita "
+"impedisce la modifica del proprio nome completo.) Il super utente può "
+"cambiare tutte le informazioni di ciascun utente. Inoltre, solo il super "
+"utente può usare l'opzione <option>-o</option> per la modifica delle parti "
+"non definite del campo GECOS."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"These fields must not contain any colons. Except for the <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">other</emphasis> field, they should not contain any comma or equal sign. "
+"It is also recommended to avoid non-US-ASCII characters, but this is only "
+"enforced for the phone numbers. The <emphasis remap=\"I\">other</emphasis> "
+"field is used to store accounting information used by other applications."
+msgstr ""
+"Questi campi non possono contenere nessun carattere due punti. Ad eccezione "
+"del campo <emphasis remap=\"I\">other</emphasis>, non dovrebbero contenere "
+"nessuna virgola e nessun segno uguale. È anche consigliato di evitare "
+"caratteri non US-ACII, ma su questo viene fatto un controllo solo per il "
+"numero di telefono. Il campo <emphasis remap=\"I\">other</emphasis> viene "
+"utilizzato per memorizzare informazioni sull'«accounting» da altre "
+"applicazioni."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chfn.1.xml:112(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chfn</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>chfn</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+# type: IP
+#: chfn.1.xml:117(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--full-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>FULL_NAME</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--full-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NOME_COMPLETO</replaceable>"
+
+# type: SS
+#: chfn.1.xml:121(para)
+msgid "Change the user's full name."
+msgstr "Cambia il nome completo dell'utente."
+
+# type: IP
+#: chfn.1.xml:125(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-h</option>, <option>--home-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HOME_PHONE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-h</option>, <option>--home-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>TELEFONO_CASA</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:129(para)
+msgid "Change the user's home phone number."
+msgstr "Cambia il numero di telefono di casa dell'utente."
+
+# type: IP
+#: chfn.1.xml:133(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-o</option>, <option>--other</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>OTHER</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-o</option>, <option>--other</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ALTRO</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"Change the user's other GECOS information. This field is used to store "
+"accounting information used by other applications, and can be changed only "
+"by a superuser."
+msgstr ""
+"Cambia il campo GECOS per le altre informazioni. Questo campo viene "
+"utilizzato per memorizzare informazioni di «accounting» usate da altre "
+"applicazioni, e può essere modificato solo dal super utente."
+
+# type: IP
+#: chfn.1.xml:145(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--room</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROOM_NUMBER</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--room</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NUMERO_STANZA</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:149(para)
+msgid "Change the user's room number."
+msgstr "Cambia il numero della stanza dell'utente."
+
+# type: TP
+#: chfn.1.xml:165(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+
+# type: IP
+#: chfn.1.xml:173(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--work-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WORK_PHONE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--work-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>TELEFONO_LAVORO</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:177(para)
+msgid "Change the user's office phone number."
+msgstr "Cambia il numero di telefono di lavoro dell'utente."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chfn.1.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"If none of the options are selected, <command>chfn</command> operates in an "
+"interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of "
+"the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank "
+"to use the current value. The current value is displayed between a pair of "
+"<emphasis remap=\"B\">[ ]</emphasis> marks. Without options, <command>chfn</"
+"command> prompts for the current user account."
+msgstr ""
+"Se nessuna delle opzioni è selezionata, <command>chfn</command> opera in "
+"maniera interattiva, chiedendo all'utente il valore da impostare per ogni "
+"campo. Inserire un nuovo valore per sostituire il contenuto attuale, oppure "
+"lasciare la riga vuota per non cambiarlo. Il valore attuale è mostrato tra "
+"le parentesi <emphasis remap=\"B\">[ ]</emphasis>. Senza nessuna opzione, "
+"<command>chfn</command> opera sull'account corrente."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chfn.1.xml:226(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chage.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user password expiry information"
+msgstr "cambia le informazioni sulla scadenza della password"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chage.1.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command changes the number of days between "
+"password changes and the date of the last password change. This information "
+"is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>chage</command> modifica il numero minimo di giorni tra i cambi di "
+"password e la data dell'ultimo cambio. Queste informazioni sono usate dal "
+"sistema per determinare quando un utente deve cambiare la propria password."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chage.1.xml:92(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chage</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Il comando <command>chage</command> accetta le seguenti opzioni:"
+
+# type: IP
+#: chage.1.xml:97(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--lastday</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LAST_DAY</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--lastday</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>ULTIMO_GIORNO</replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chage.1.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days since January 1st, 1970 when the password was last "
+"changed. The date may also be expressed in the format YYYY-MM-DD (or the "
+"format more commonly used in your area)."
+msgstr ""
+"Imposta la data dell'ultimo cambio della password, espressa come il numero "
+"di giorni trascorsi dal 1 gennaio 1970. La data può anche essere specificata "
+"nel formato AAAA-MM-GG o nella notazione comunemente usata nel proprio paese."
+
+# type: TP
+#: chage.1.xml:109(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-E</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-E</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>DATA_SCADENZA</replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chage.1.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the date or number of days since January 1, 1970 on which the user's "
+"account will no longer be accessible. The date may also be expressed in the "
+"format YYYY-MM-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area). A user "
+"whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being "
+"able to use the system again."
+msgstr ""
+"Imposta la data o il numero di giorni dal 1 gennaio 1970 dal quale l'account "
+"utente non sarà più accessibile. La data può essere inserita nel formato "
+"AAAA-MM-GG (o il formato più comunemente utilizzato nel proprio paese). Un "
+"utente il cui account sia bloccato deve contattare l'amministratore di "
+"sistema prima di poter accedere nuovamente al sistema."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as the "
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> will remove an account expiration "
+"date."
+msgstr ""
+"Se si passa il numero <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> come "
+"<replaceable>DATA_SCADENZA</replaceable>, si rimuove la data di scadenza "
+"dell'account."
+
+# type: IP
+#: chage.1.xml:135(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+msgid "<option>-i</option>, <option>--iso8601</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:137(para)
+msgid "When printing dates, use YYYY-MM-DD format."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: TP
+#: chage.1.xml:141(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-I</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-I</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INATTIVO</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chage.1.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the "
+"account is locked. The <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> option is the "
+"number of days of inactivity. A user whose account is locked must contact "
+"the system administrator before being able to use the system again."
+msgstr ""
+"Imposta il numero di giorni di inattività dopo la scadenza della password "
+"dopo i quali l'account viene bloccato. L'opzione <replaceable>INATTIVO</"
+"replaceable> indica il numero di giorni di inattività. Un utente con "
+"l'account bloccato deve contattare l'amministratore prima di poter usare "
+"ancora il sistema."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as the "
+"<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> will remove an account's inactivity."
+msgstr ""
+"Utilizzare il numero <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> come "
+"<replaceable>INATTIVO</replaceable> elimina l'intervallo di inattività "
+"dall'account."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chage.1.xml:164(para)
+msgid "Show account aging information."
+msgstr "Visualizza le informazioni sulla scadenza dell'account."
+
+# type: IP
+#: chage.1.xml:170(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>MIN_GIORNI</replaceable>"
+
+# type: IP
+#: chage.1.xml:182(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>MAX_GIORNI</replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chage.1.xml:186(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid. When "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> plus <replaceable>LAST_DAY</replaceable> "
+"is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their "
+"password before being able to use their account. This occurrence can be "
+"planned for in advance by use of the <option>-W</option> option, which "
+"provides the user with advance warning."
+msgstr ""
+"Imposta il numero massimo di giorni di validità di una password. Quando la "
+"somma di <replaceable>MAX_GIORNI</replaceable> e <replaceable>ULTIMO_GIORNO</"
+"replaceable> è inferiore alla data odierna, l'utente è obbligato a cambiare "
+"la password prima di poter usare ancora il proprio account. Questo evento "
+"può essere reso noto in anticipo usando l'opzione <option>-W</option>, che "
+"fornisce un preavviso all'utente."
+
+# type: IP
+#: chage.1.xml:215(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>AVVISO_GIORNI</replaceable>"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chage.1.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The "
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the number of days prior to "
+"the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to "
+"expire."
+msgstr ""
+"Imposta il numero di giorni di preavviso prima che sia obbligatorio cambiare "
+"la password. L'opzione <replaceable>AVVISO_GIORNI</replaceable> indica il "
+"numero di giorni prima della scadenza della password in cui l'utente viene "
+"avvertito dell'imminente scadenza."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chage.1.xml:228(para)
+msgid ""
+"If none of the options are selected, <command>chage</command> operates in an "
+"interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of "
+"the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank "
+"to use the current value. The current value is displayed between a pair of "
+"<emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks."
+msgstr ""
+"Se non viene specificata nessuna opzione, <command>chage</command> opera in "
+"modalità interattiva, chiedendo all'utente il nuovo valore per ogni campo. "
+"Inserire un nuovo valore per modificare il campo, oppure lasciare la riga "
+"vuota per continuare a usare il valore attuale. I valori attuali vengono "
+"mostrati tra parentesi quadre <emphasis>[ ]</emphasis>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chage.1.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> program requires a shadow password file to be "
+"available."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>chage</command> richiede che il file delle password shadow sia "
+"disponibile."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chage.1.xml:242(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command is restricted to the root user, except "
+"for the <option>-l</option> option, which may be used by an unprivileged "
+"user to determine when their password or account is due to expire."
+msgstr ""
+"L'uso del comando <command>chage</command> è permesso solo all'utente root, "
+"tranne per l'opzione <option>-l</option>, che può essere usata da un utente "
+"non privilegiato per conoscere la scadenza della propria password o "
+"dell'account."
+
+# type: IP
+#: chage.1.xml:307(replaceable)
+msgid "15"
+msgstr "15"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#: chage.1.xml:309(para)
+msgid "can't find the shadow password file"
+msgstr "non è possibile trovare il file delle password shadow"
+
+# type: TP
+#: chage.1.xml:285(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Il comando <command>chage</command> restituisce i seguenti valori: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#. Put one translator per line, in the form of NAME <EMAIL>, YEAR1, YEAR2
+#: chage.1.xml:0(None)
+msgid "translator-credits"
+msgstr ""
+"Giuseppe Sacco <eppesuig@debian.org>, 2005, 2012.\n"
+"Danilo Piazzalunga <danilopiazza@libero.it>, 2005."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Additional arguments may be provided after the username, in which case "
+#~ "they are supplied to the user's login shell. In particular, an argument "
+#~ "of <option>-c</option> will cause the next argument to be treated as a "
+#~ "command by most command interpreters. The command will be executed by the "
+#~ "shell specified in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> for the target user."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Dopo il nome utente, è possibile specificare argomenti aggiuntivi da "
+#~ "passare alla shell di login dell'utente. In particolare, molti interpreti "
+#~ "di comando adottano la convenzione per cui l'opzione <option>-c</option> "
+#~ "seguita da un argomento fa sì che quest'ultimo sia considerato un "
+#~ "comando. Il comando viene eseguito dalla shell specificata in <filename>/"
+#~ "etc/passwd</filename> per l'utente di destinazione."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "You can use the <option>--</option> argument to separate <command>su</"
+#~ "command> options from the arguments supplied to the shell."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Si può utilizzare <option>--</option> per separare le opzioni di "
+#~ "<command>su</command> dagli argomenti passati alla shell."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The encrypted password field may be blank, in which case no password is "
+#~ "required to authenticate as the specified login name. However, some "
+#~ "applications which read the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file may "
+#~ "decide not to permit <emphasis>any</emphasis> access at all if the "
+#~ "<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is blank. If the <emphasis>password</"
+#~ "emphasis> field is a lower-case <quote>x</quote>, then the encrypted "
+#~ "password is actually stored in the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> file instead; there "
+#~ "<emphasis>must</emphasis> be a corresponding line in the <filename>/etc/"
+#~ "shadow</filename> file, or else the user account is invalid. If the "
+#~ "<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is any other string, then it will be "
+#~ "treated as an encrypted password, as specified by "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Il campo password cifrata può essere vuoto, nel qual caso non viene "
+#~ "richiesta nessuna password per autenticare lo specifico login. Tuttavia "
+#~ "alcune applicazioni che leggono il file <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+#~ "possono decidere di non permettere <emphasis>nessun</emphasis> accesso se "
+#~ "il campo <emphasis>password</emphasis> è vuoto. Se il campo "
+#~ "<emphasis>password</emphasis> contiene solo una <quote>x</quote> "
+#~ "minuscola, la password cifrata è invece memorizzata nel file "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>; ci <emphasis>deve</emphasis> essere una riga "
+#~ "corrispondente nel file <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> altrimenti "
+#~ "l'account non sarà valido. Se il campo <emphasis>password</emphasis> ha "
+#~ "un qualsiasi altro contenuto allora viene trattato come password cifrata, "
+#~ "come specificato da <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "-M"
+#~ msgstr "-M"
+
+# type: Plain text
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Plain text
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "can't create mail spool"
+#~ msgstr "non è possibile creare la casella di posta"
diff --git a/man/po/pl.po b/man/po/pl.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc475a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/po/pl.po
@@ -0,0 +1,9659 @@
+# Polish translation for shadow man pages
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: man pages for shadow 4.0.16\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-01-23 15:00-0600\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-08-23 01:38+0200\n"
+"Last-Translator: Tomasz Kłoczko <kloczek@pld.org.pl>\n"
+"Language-Team: Polish <translation-team-pl@lists.sourceforge.net>\n"
+"Language: pl\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:41(firstname) suauth.5.xml:39(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:45(firstname) login.access.5.xml:40(firstname)
+msgid "Marek"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:42(surname) suauth.5.xml:40(surname) pwconv.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:41(surname)
+msgid "Michałkiewicz"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:43(contrib) limits.5.xml:43(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1997"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:46(firstname) usermod.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:50(firstname) useradd.8.xml:63(firstname)
+#: suauth.5.xml:44(firstname) su.1.xml:61(firstname) sg.1.xml:45(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:44(firstname) shadow.3.xml:44(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:50(firstname) pwck.8.xml:50(firstname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:44(firstname) passwd.5.xml:44(firstname)
+#: passwd.1.xml:51(firstname) newusers.8.xml:60(firstname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:45(firstname) logoutd.8.xml:44(firstname)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:111(firstname) login.access.5.xml:45(firstname)
+#: login.1.xml:77(firstname) limits.5.xml:46(firstname)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:46(firstname) grpck.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groups.1.xml:44(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:48(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:47(firstname) gpasswd.1.xml:49(firstname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:44(firstname) faillog.5.xml:44(firstname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:48(firstname) chsh.1.xml:47(firstname)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:48(firstname) chgpasswd.8.xml:44(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:47(firstname) chage.1.xml:45(firstname)
+msgid "Thomas"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:47(surname) usermod.8.xml:52(surname) userdel.8.xml:51(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:64(surname) suauth.5.xml:45(surname) su.1.xml:62(surname)
+#: sg.1.xml:46(surname) shadow.5.xml:45(surname) shadow.3.xml:45(surname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:51(surname) pwck.8.xml:51(surname) porttime.5.xml:45(surname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:45(surname) passwd.1.xml:52(surname) newusers.8.xml:61(surname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:46(surname) logoutd.8.xml:45(surname)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:112(surname) login.access.5.xml:46(surname)
+#: login.1.xml:78(surname) limits.5.xml:47(surname) lastlog.8.xml:47(surname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:46(surname) groups.1.xml:45(surname) groupmod.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:49(surname) groupdel.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:48(surname) gpasswd.1.xml:50(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:45(surname) faillog.5.xml:45(surname) expiry.1.xml:49(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:48(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:49(surname)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:45(surname) chfn.1.xml:48(surname) chage.1.xml:46(surname)
+msgid "Kłoczko"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:48(email) usermod.8.xml:53(email) userdel.8.xml:52(email)
+#: useradd.8.xml:65(email) suauth.5.xml:46(email) su.1.xml:63(email)
+#: sg.1.xml:47(email) shadow.5.xml:46(email) shadow.3.xml:46(email)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:52(email) pwck.8.xml:52(email) porttime.5.xml:46(email)
+#: passwd.5.xml:46(email) passwd.1.xml:53(email) newusers.8.xml:62(email)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:47(email) logoutd.8.xml:46(email) login.defs.5.xml:113(email)
+#: login.access.5.xml:47(email) login.1.xml:79(email) limits.5.xml:48(email)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:48(email) grpck.8.xml:47(email) groups.1.xml:46(email)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:47(email) groupmems.8.xml:50(email) groupdel.8.xml:47(email)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:49(email) gpasswd.1.xml:51(email) faillog.8.xml:46(email)
+#: faillog.5.xml:46(email) expiry.1.xml:50(email) chsh.1.xml:49(email)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:50(email) chgpasswd.8.xml:46(email) chfn.1.xml:49(email)
+#: chage.1.xml:47(email)
+msgid "kloczek@pld.org.pl"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:49(contrib) usermod.8.xml:54(contrib) userdel.8.xml:53(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:66(contrib) suauth.5.xml:47(contrib) su.1.xml:64(contrib)
+#: sg.1.xml:48(contrib) shadow.5.xml:47(contrib) shadow.3.xml:47(contrib)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:53(contrib) pwck.8.xml:53(contrib) porttime.5.xml:47(contrib)
+#: passwd.5.xml:47(contrib) passwd.1.xml:54(contrib) newusers.8.xml:63(contrib)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:48(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:114(contrib) login.access.5.xml:48(contrib)
+#: login.1.xml:80(contrib) limits.5.xml:49(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:49(contrib)
+#: grpck.8.xml:48(contrib) groups.1.xml:47(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:48(contrib)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:51(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:48(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:50(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:52(contrib)
+#: faillog.8.xml:47(contrib) faillog.5.xml:47(contrib) expiry.1.xml:51(contrib)
+#: chsh.1.xml:50(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:51(contrib) chfn.1.xml:50(contrib)
+#: chage.1.xml:48(contrib)
+msgid "shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:52(firstname) usermod.8.xml:57(firstname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:56(firstname) useradd.8.xml:69(firstname)
+#: suauth.5.xml:50(firstname) su.1.xml:67(firstname) sg.1.xml:51(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:50(firstname) shadow.3.xml:50(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:56(firstname) pwck.8.xml:56(firstname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:50(firstname) passwd.5.xml:50(firstname)
+#: passwd.1.xml:57(firstname) nologin.8.xml:39(firstname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:66(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:51(firstname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:50(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:117(firstname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:51(firstname) login.1.xml:83(firstname)
+#: limits.5.xml:52(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:52(firstname)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:38(firstname) grpck.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groups.1.xml:50(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:54(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:53(firstname) gpasswd.1.xml:55(firstname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:50(firstname) faillog.5.xml:50(firstname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:54(firstname) chsh.1.xml:53(firstname)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:54(firstname) chgpasswd.8.xml:50(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:53(firstname) chage.1.xml:51(firstname)
+msgid "Nicolas"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:53(surname) usermod.8.xml:58(surname) userdel.8.xml:57(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:70(surname) suauth.5.xml:51(surname) su.1.xml:68(surname)
+#: sg.1.xml:52(surname) shadow.5.xml:51(surname) shadow.3.xml:51(surname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:57(surname) pwck.8.xml:57(surname) porttime.5.xml:51(surname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:51(surname) passwd.1.xml:58(surname) nologin.8.xml:40(surname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:67(surname) newgrp.1.xml:52(surname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:51(surname) login.defs.5.xml:118(surname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:52(surname) login.1.xml:84(surname)
+#: limits.5.xml:53(surname) lastlog.8.xml:53(surname) gshadow.5.xml:39(surname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:52(surname) groups.1.xml:51(surname) groupmod.8.xml:52(surname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:55(surname) groupdel.8.xml:52(surname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:54(surname) gpasswd.1.xml:56(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:51(surname) faillog.5.xml:51(surname) expiry.1.xml:55(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:54(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:55(surname)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:51(surname) chfn.1.xml:54(surname) chage.1.xml:52(surname)
+msgid "François"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:54(email) usermod.8.xml:59(email) userdel.8.xml:58(email)
+#: useradd.8.xml:71(email) suauth.5.xml:52(email) su.1.xml:69(email)
+#: sg.1.xml:53(email) shadow.5.xml:52(email) shadow.3.xml:52(email)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:58(email) pwck.8.xml:58(email) porttime.5.xml:52(email)
+#: passwd.5.xml:52(email) passwd.1.xml:59(email) nologin.8.xml:41(email)
+#: newusers.8.xml:68(email) newgrp.1.xml:53(email) logoutd.8.xml:52(email)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:119(email) login.access.5.xml:53(email)
+#: login.1.xml:85(email) limits.5.xml:54(email) lastlog.8.xml:54(email)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:40(email) grpck.8.xml:53(email) groups.1.xml:52(email)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:53(email) groupmems.8.xml:56(email) groupdel.8.xml:53(email)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:55(email) gpasswd.1.xml:57(email) faillog.8.xml:52(email)
+#: faillog.5.xml:52(email) expiry.1.xml:56(email) chsh.1.xml:55(email)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:56(email) chgpasswd.8.xml:52(email) chfn.1.xml:55(email)
+#: chage.1.xml:53(email)
+msgid "nicolas.francois@centraliens.net"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:55(contrib) usermod.8.xml:60(contrib) userdel.8.xml:59(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:72(contrib) suauth.5.xml:53(contrib) su.1.xml:70(contrib)
+#: sg.1.xml:54(contrib) shadow.5.xml:53(contrib) shadow.3.xml:53(contrib)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:59(contrib) pwck.8.xml:59(contrib) porttime.5.xml:53(contrib)
+#: passwd.5.xml:53(contrib) passwd.1.xml:60(contrib) nologin.8.xml:42(contrib)
+#: newusers.8.xml:69(contrib) newgrp.1.xml:54(contrib)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:53(contrib) login.defs.5.xml:120(contrib)
+#: login.access.5.xml:54(contrib) login.1.xml:86(contrib)
+#: limits.5.xml:55(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:55(contrib) gshadow.5.xml:42(contrib)
+#: grpck.8.xml:54(contrib) groups.1.xml:53(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:54(contrib)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:57(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:54(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:56(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:58(contrib)
+#: faillog.8.xml:53(contrib) faillog.5.xml:53(contrib) expiry.1.xml:57(contrib)
+#: chsh.1.xml:56(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:57(contrib)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:53(contrib) chfn.1.xml:56(contrib) chage.1.xml:54(contrib)
+msgid "shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:59(refentrytitle) vipw.8.xml:66(refname) vipw.8.xml:75(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:520(term)
+msgid "vipw"
+msgstr "vipw"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:60(manvolnum) usermod.8.xml:65(manvolnum)
+#: userdel.8.xml:64(manvolnum) userdel.8.xml:276(replaceable)
+#: useradd.8.xml:77(manvolnum) pwconv.8.xml:64(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:64(manvolnum) nologin.8.xml:47(manvolnum)
+#: newusers.8.xml:74(manvolnum) logoutd.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:60(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupmems.8.xml:62(manvolnum)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupdel.8.xml:198(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:61(manvolnum) faillog.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: faillog.5.xml:111(manvolnum) chpasswd.8.xml:62(manvolnum)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+msgid "8"
+msgstr "8"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) usermod.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo)
+#: userdel.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) useradd.8.xml:78(refmiscinfo)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) pwck.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo)
+#: nologin.8.xml:48(refmiscinfo) newusers.8.xml:75(refmiscinfo)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo) lastlog.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+#: grpck.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) groupmod.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) groupdel.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) faillog.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chgpasswd.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "System Management Commands"
+msgstr "Polecenia Zarządzania Systemem"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) usermod.8.xml:67(refmiscinfo)
+#: userdel.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) useradd.8.xml:79(refmiscinfo)
+#: suauth.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) su.1.xml:77(refmiscinfo)
+#: sg.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo) shadow.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: shadow.3.xml:60(refmiscinfo) pwconv.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo)
+#: pwck.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) porttime.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: passwd.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) passwd.1.xml:67(refmiscinfo)
+#: nologin.8.xml:49(refmiscinfo) newusers.8.xml:76(refmiscinfo)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo) logoutd.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:127(refmiscinfo) login.access.5.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.1.xml:93(refmiscinfo) limits.5.xml:62(refmiscinfo)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) gshadow.5.xml:49(refmiscinfo)
+#: grpck.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groups.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groupmems.8.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groupadd.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:65(refmiscinfo) faillog.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: faillog.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) expiry.1.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: chsh.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chpasswd.8.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) chfn.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: chage.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "gshadow"
+msgid "shadow-utils"
+msgstr "gshadow"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:67(refname) vipw.8.xml:81(command)
+msgid "vigr"
+msgstr "vigr"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "edit the password, group, shadow-password or shadow-group file"
+msgstr "edytuj plik haseł, grup lub ich wersji chronionych"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:77(replaceable) vipw.8.xml:83(replaceable)
+#: usermod.8.xml:79(replaceable) userdel.8.xml:76(arg)
+#: useradd.8.xml:90(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:102(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:88(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:81(replaceable)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:87(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:93(replaceable)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:99(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:77(arg) passwd.1.xml:79(replaceable)
+#: newusers.8.xml:88(replaceable) lastlog.8.xml:74(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:72(arg) groupmod.8.xml:73(replaceable)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:73(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:75(replaceable)
+#: faillog.8.xml:72(replaceable) chsh.1.xml:75(replaceable)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:76(replaceable) chgpasswd.8.xml:72(replaceable)
+#: chfn.1.xml:75(replaceable) chage.1.xml:72(replaceable)
+msgid "options"
+msgstr "opcje"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:89(title) usermod.8.xml:86(title) userdel.8.xml:84(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:108(title) suauth.5.xml:75(title) su.1.xml:103(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:81(title) shadow.5.xml:69(title) shadow.3.xml:118(title)
+#: shadow.3.xml:174(title) pwconv.8.xml:105(title) pwck.8.xml:92(title)
+#: porttime.5.xml:69(title) passwd.5.xml:69(title) passwd.1.xml:88(title)
+#: nologin.8.xml:64(title) newusers.8.xml:97(title) newgrp.1.xml:77(title)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:75(title) login.defs.5.xml:136(title)
+#: login.access.5.xml:70(title) login.1.xml:125(title) limits.5.xml:72(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:80(title) gshadow.5.xml:58(title) grpck.8.xml:83(title)
+#: groups.1.xml:78(title) groupmod.8.xml:80(title) groupmems.8.xml:85(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:80(title) groupadd.8.xml:84(title) gpasswd.1.xml:94(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:78(title) faillog.5.xml:69(title) expiry.1.xml:82(title)
+#: chsh.1.xml:84(title) chpasswd.8.xml:82(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:78(title)
+#: chfn.1.xml:84(title) chage.1.xml:81(title)
+msgid "DESCRIPTION"
+msgstr "OPIS"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</command> commands edits the "
+"files <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"respectively. With the <option>-s</option> flag, they will edit the shadow "
+"versions of those files, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and <filename>/etc/"
+"gshadow</filename>, respectively. The programs will set the appropriate "
+"locks to prevent file corruption. When looking for an editor, the programs "
+"will first try the environment variable <envar>$VISUAL</envar>, then the "
+"environment variable <envar>$EDITOR</envar>, and finally the default editor, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenia <command>vipw</command> i <command>vigr</command> umożliwiają "
+"modyfikację plików odpowiednio <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> i <filename>/"
+"etc/group</filename>. Przy zastosowaniu flagi <option>-s</option> modyfikują "
+"także dodatkowe wersje chronione tych plików - odpowiednio <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename> i <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>. Dla ochrony przed "
+"uszkodzeniem w trakcie modyfikacji tych plików programy te ustawiają "
+"odpowiednie blokady. Szukając edytora programy te używają w pierwszej "
+"kolejności zmiennej środowiska <envar>$VISUAL</envar>, a następnie <envar>"
+"$EDITOR</envar>, a na końcu a na końcu domyślnego edytora "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:107(title) usermod.8.xml:94(title) userdel.8.xml:93(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:126(title) su.1.xml:144(title) pwconv.8.xml:187(title)
+#: pwck.8.xml:176(title) passwd.1.xml:174(title) newusers.8.xml:266(title)
+#: login.1.xml:210(title) lastlog.8.xml:92(title) grpck.8.xml:147(title)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:89(title) groupmems.8.xml:100(title) groupdel.8.xml:88(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:93(title) gpasswd.1.xml:134(title) faillog.8.xml:89(title)
+#: expiry.1.xml:91(title) chsh.1.xml:95(title) chpasswd.8.xml:130(title)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:105(title) chfn.1.xml:111(title) chage.1.xml:91(title)
+msgid "OPTIONS"
+msgstr "OPCJE"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</"
+"command> commands are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenia <command>vipw</command> i <command>vigr</command> posiadają "
+"następujące opcje:Polecenia <command>vipw</command> i <command>vigr</"
+"command> posiadają następujące opcje:"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:114(term)
+msgid "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:116(para)
+msgid "Edit group database."
+msgstr "Edycja bazy grup."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:120(term) userdel.8.xml:123(term) useradd.8.xml:278(term)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:195(term) pwck.8.xml:196(term) passwd.1.xml:214(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:296(term) lastlog.8.xml:119(term) grpck.8.xml:157(term)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:129(term) groupmems.8.xml:142(term) groupdel.8.xml:95(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:131(term) gpasswd.1.xml:173(term) faillog.8.xml:122(term)
+#: expiry.1.xml:112(term) chsh.1.xml:101(term) chpasswd.8.xml:171(term)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:131(term) chage.1.xml:129(term)
+msgid "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:122(para) userdel.8.xml:125(para) useradd.8.xml:280(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:197(para) pwck.8.xml:198(para) passwd.1.xml:216(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:298(para) lastlog.8.xml:123(para) grpck.8.xml:159(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:131(para) groupmems.8.xml:144(para) groupdel.8.xml:97(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:133(para) gpasswd.1.xml:175(para) faillog.8.xml:124(para)
+#: expiry.1.xml:114(para) chsh.1.xml:103(para) chpasswd.8.xml:173(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:133(para) chfn.1.xml:169(para) chage.1.xml:131(para)
+msgid "Display help message and exit."
+msgstr "Wyświetlenie komunikatu pomocy i zakończenie działania."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:126(term)
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--passwd</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-p</option>, <option>--passwd</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:128(para)
+msgid "Edit passwd database."
+msgstr "Edycja bazy passwd."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:132(term) pwck.8.xml:202(term) passwd.1.xml:281(term)
+msgid "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:134(para) passwd.1.xml:285(para)
+msgid "Quiet mode."
+msgstr "Cichy tryb pracy."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:138(term) usermod.8.xml:322(term) userdel.8.xml:146(term)
+#: useradd.8.xml:457(term) pwconv.8.xml:201(term) pwck.8.xml:219(term)
+#: passwd.1.xml:301(term) newusers.8.xml:321(term) lastlog.8.xml:127(term)
+#: grpck.8.xml:173(term) groupmod.8.xml:178(term) groupmems.8.xml:165(term)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:101(term) groupadd.8.xml:204(term) faillog.8.xml:180(term)
+#: chsh.1.xml:107(term) chpasswd.8.xml:188(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:146(term)
+#: chfn.1.xml:153(term) chage.1.xml:203(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KAT_DOMOWY</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:142(para) usermod.8.xml:326(para) userdel.8.xml:150(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:461(para) pwconv.8.xml:205(para) pwck.8.xml:223(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:305(para) newusers.8.xml:325(para) lastlog.8.xml:131(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:177(para) groupmod.8.xml:182(para) groupmems.8.xml:169(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:105(para) groupadd.8.xml:208(para) gpasswd.1.xml:185(para)
+#: faillog.8.xml:184(para) chsh.1.xml:111(para) chpasswd.8.xml:192(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:150(para) chfn.1.xml:157(para) chage.1.xml:207(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory and use "
+"the configuration files from the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Nazwa grupy zostanie zmieniona z <replaceable>GRUPA</replaceable> na nazwę "
+"<replaceable>NOWA_GRUPA</replaceable>."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:150(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "Edit shadow or gshadow database."
+msgstr "Edycja bazy shadow lub gshadow."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:156(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:158(para)
+msgid "Indicates which user's tcb shadow file to edit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:165(title) usermod.8.xml:524(title) userdel.8.xml:188(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:676(title) su.1.xml:338(title) sg.1.xml:98(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:227(title) pwck.8.xml:262(title) passwd.1.xml:395(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:375(title) newgrp.1.xml:109(title) login.1.xml:294(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:205(title) grpck.8.xml:209(title) groupmod.8.xml:210(title)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:199(title) groupdel.8.xml:145(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:236(title) gpasswd.1.xml:264(title) chsh.1.xml:154(title)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:239(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:198(title) chfn.1.xml:193(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:250(title)
+msgid "CONFIGURATION"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:166(para) usermod.8.xml:525(para) userdel.8.xml:189(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:677(para) su.1.xml:339(para) sg.1.xml:99(para)
+#: pwck.8.xml:263(para) passwd.1.xml:396(para) newusers.8.xml:376(para)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:110(para) login.1.xml:295(para) lastlog.8.xml:206(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:210(para) groupmod.8.xml:211(para) groupmems.8.xml:200(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:146(para) groupadd.8.xml:237(para) gpasswd.1.xml:265(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:155(para) chpasswd.8.xml:240(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:199(para)
+#: chfn.1.xml:194(para) chage.1.xml:251(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> change the behavior of this tool:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:30(term) usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term)
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwconv.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term) chage.1.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>USE_TCB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:32(para) usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwconv.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(para) chage.1.xml:32(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> password shadowing "
+"scheme will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Nowa wartość pola komentarza dla danego użytkownika w pliku haseł. Zwykle "
+"jest zmieniana przy pomocy polecenia <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:177(title)
+msgid "ENVIRONMENT"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:180(option)
+msgid "VISUAL"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:182(para)
+msgid "Editor to be used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:186(option)
+msgid "EDITOR"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:188(para)
+msgid "Editor to be used if <option>VISUAL</option> is not set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:195(title) usermod.8.xml:542(title) userdel.8.xml:205(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:706(title) suauth.5.xml:193(title) su.1.xml:366(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:110(title) shadow.5.xml:255(title) shadow.3.xml:226(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:250(title) pwck.8.xml:279(title) porttime.5.xml:130(title)
+#: passwd.5.xml:160(title) passwd.1.xml:413(title) newusers.8.xml:411(title)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:121(title) logoutd.8.xml:89(title)
+#: login.access.5.xml:121(title) login.1.xml:338(title) limits.5.xml:196(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:217(title) gshadow.5.xml:156(title) grpck.8.xml:221(title)
+#: groups.1.xml:100(title) groupmod.8.xml:222(title) groupmems.8.xml:211(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:157(title) groupadd.8.xml:250(title) gpasswd.1.xml:279(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:243(title) faillog.5.xml:96(title) expiry.1.xml:121(title)
+#: chsh.1.xml:167(title) chpasswd.8.xml:255(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:213(title)
+#: chfn.1.xml:207(title) chage.1.xml:262(title)
+msgid "FILES"
+msgstr "PLIKI"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:198(filename) usermod.8.xml:545(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:208(filename) useradd.8.xml:721(filename)
+#: sg.1.xml:125(filename) pwck.8.xml:282(filename) newusers.8.xml:426(filename)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:136(filename) gshadow.5.xml:159(filename)
+#: grpck.8.xml:224(filename) groups.1.xml:103(filename)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:225(filename) groupmems.8.xml:214(filename)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:160(filename) groupadd.8.xml:253(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:72(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:75(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:282(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:216(filename)
+msgid "/etc/group"
+msgstr "/etc/group"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:200(para) usermod.8.xml:547(para) userdel.8.xml:210(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:723(para) sg.1.xml:127(para) pwck.8.xml:284(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:428(para) newgrp.1.xml:138(para) gshadow.5.xml:161(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:226(para) groups.1.xml:105(para) groupmod.8.xml:227(para)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:216(para) groupdel.8.xml:162(para) groupadd.8.xml:255(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:284(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:218(para)
+msgid "Group account information."
+msgstr "Informacje o grupach użytkowników."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:204(filename) usermod.8.xml:551(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:727(filename) sg.1.xml:131(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:432(filename) newgrp.1.xml:142(filename)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:165(filename) grpck.8.xml:230(filename)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:231(filename) groupmems.8.xml:220(filename)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:166(filename) groupadd.8.xml:259(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:76(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:288(filename)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:222(filename)
+msgid "/etc/gshadow"
+msgstr "/etc/gshadow"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:206(para) usermod.8.xml:553(para) useradd.8.xml:729(para)
+#: sg.1.xml:133(para) newusers.8.xml:434(para) newgrp.1.xml:144(para)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:167(para) grpck.8.xml:232(para) groupmod.8.xml:233(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:168(para) groupadd.8.xml:261(para) gpasswd.1.xml:290(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid "Secure group account information."
+msgstr "Informacje chronione o grupach użytkowników."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:210(filename) usermod.8.xml:563(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:220(filename) useradd.8.xml:709(filename)
+#: su.1.xml:369(filename) sg.1.xml:113(filename) shadow.5.xml:258(filename)
+#: pwck.8.xml:288(filename) passwd.5.xml:163(filename)
+#: passwd.1.xml:416(filename) newusers.8.xml:414(filename)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:124(filename) login.1.xml:353(filename)
+#: grpck.8.xml:236(filename) groupmod.8.xml:243(filename)
+#: expiry.1.xml:124(filename) chsh.1.xml:170(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:258(filename) chfn.1.xml:216(filename)
+#: chage.1.xml:266(filename)
+msgid "/etc/passwd"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:212(para) usermod.8.xml:565(para) userdel.8.xml:222(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:711(para) su.1.xml:371(para) sg.1.xml:115(para)
+#: shadow.5.xml:260(para) pwck.8.xml:290(para) passwd.5.xml:165(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:418(para) newusers.8.xml:416(para) newgrp.1.xml:126(para)
+#: login.1.xml:355(para) grpck.8.xml:238(para) groupmod.8.xml:245(para)
+#: expiry.1.xml:126(para) chsh.1.xml:172(para) chpasswd.8.xml:260(para)
+#: chfn.1.xml:218(para) chage.1.xml:269(para)
+msgid "User account information."
+msgstr "Informacja o kontach użytkowników."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:216(filename) usermod.8.xml:569(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:226(filename) useradd.8.xml:715(filename)
+#: su.1.xml:375(filename) sg.1.xml:119(filename) shadow.5.xml:264(filename)
+#: shadow.3.xml:229(filename) pwck.8.xml:294(filename)
+#: passwd.5.xml:169(filename) passwd.1.xml:422(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:420(filename) newgrp.1.xml:130(filename)
+#: login.1.xml:359(filename) expiry.1.xml:130(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:264(filename) chage.1.xml:274(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shadow"
+msgstr "/etc/shadow"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:218(para) usermod.8.xml:571(para) userdel.8.xml:228(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:717(para) su.1.xml:377(para) sg.1.xml:121(para)
+#: shadow.5.xml:266(para) shadow.3.xml:231(para) pwck.8.xml:296(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:424(para) newusers.8.xml:422(para) newgrp.1.xml:132(para)
+#: login.1.xml:361(para) expiry.1.xml:132(para) chpasswd.8.xml:266(para)
+#: chage.1.xml:277(para)
+msgid "Secure user account information."
+msgstr "Informacje chronione o użytkownikach."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:225(title) usermod.8.xml:590(title) userdel.8.xml:325(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:835(title) suauth.5.xml:222(title) su.1.xml:437(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:140(title) shadow.5.xml:283(title) shadow.3.xml:238(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:262(title) pwck.8.xml:354(title) porttime.5.xml:142(title)
+#: passwd.5.xml:188(title) passwd.1.xml:494(title) nologin.8.xml:81(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:465(title) newgrp.1.xml:151(title)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:547(title) login.access.5.xml:133(title)
+#: login.1.xml:398(title) limits.5.xml:206(title) gshadow.5.xml:174(title)
+#: grpck.8.xml:290(title) groups.1.xml:112(title) groupmod.8.xml:321(title)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:229(title) groupdel.8.xml:214(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:341(title) gpasswd.1.xml:297(title) faillog.8.xml:255(title)
+#: faillog.5.xml:108(title) expiry.1.xml:139(title) chsh.1.xml:191(title)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:285(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:237(title) chfn.1.xml:225(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:317(title)
+msgid "SEE ALSO"
+msgstr "ZOBACZ TAKŻE"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:226(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+"\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+"condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:46(firstname) userdel.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:58(firstname) su.1.xml:56(firstname) sg.1.xml:40(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:39(firstname) shadow.3.xml:39(firstname)
+#: pwck.8.xml:45(firstname) porttime.5.xml:39(firstname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:39(firstname) passwd.1.xml:46(firstname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:55(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:40(firstname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:39(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:106(firstname)
+#: login.1.xml:72(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:41(firstname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:40(firstname) groups.1.xml:39(firstname)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:40(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:40(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:42(firstname) faillog.8.xml:39(firstname)
+#: faillog.5.xml:39(firstname) expiry.1.xml:43(firstname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:42(firstname) chpasswd.8.xml:43(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:42(firstname) chage.1.xml:40(firstname)
+msgid "Julianne Frances"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:47(surname) userdel.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:59(surname) su.1.xml:57(surname) sg.1.xml:41(surname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:40(surname) shadow.3.xml:40(surname) pwck.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:40(surname) passwd.5.xml:40(surname) passwd.1.xml:47(surname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:56(surname) newgrp.1.xml:41(surname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:40(surname) login.defs.5.xml:107(surname)
+#: login.1.xml:73(surname) lastlog.8.xml:42(surname) grpck.8.xml:41(surname)
+#: groups.1.xml:40(surname) groupmod.8.xml:41(surname)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:41(surname) groupadd.8.xml:43(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:40(surname) faillog.5.xml:40(surname) expiry.1.xml:44(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:43(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:44(surname) chfn.1.xml:43(surname)
+#: chage.1.xml:41(surname)
+msgid "Haugh"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:48(contrib) userdel.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:60(contrib) sg.1.xml:42(contrib) newusers.8.xml:57(contrib)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:42(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:41(contrib)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:108(contrib) groups.1.xml:41(contrib)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:42(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:42(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:44(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:45(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1991"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:64(refentrytitle) usermod.8.xml:71(refname)
+#: usermod.8.xml:77(command) login.defs.5.xml:510(term)
+msgid "usermod"
+msgstr "usermod"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:72(refpurpose)
+msgid "modify a user account"
+msgstr "zmiana danych konta użytkownika"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:81(replaceable) userdel.8.xml:78(replaceable)
+#: useradd.8.xml:92(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:82(replaceable)
+#: chsh.1.xml:78(replaceable) chfn.1.xml:78(replaceable)
+#: chage.1.xml:75(replaceable)
+msgid "LOGIN"
+msgstr "LOGIN"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:87(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>usermod</command> command modifies the system account files to "
+"reflect the changes that are specified on the command line."
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>usermod</command> zmienia systemowe pliki kont, "
+"odzwierciedlając zmiany podane w wierszu poleceń."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:95(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>usermod</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>usermod</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:101(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--append</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:105(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Add the user to the supplemental group(s). Use only with <option>-G</"
+#| "option> option."
+msgid ""
+"Add the user to the supplementary group(s). Use only with the <option>-G</"
+"option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"Dodaj użytkownika do dodatkowej grupy lub grup. Może być użyte tylko z opcją "
+"<option>-G</option>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:112(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgid "<option>-b</option>, <option>--badnames</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:116(para) useradd.8.xml:135(para) pwck.8.xml:190(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "Allow names that do not conform to standards."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:122(term) useradd.8.xml:162(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMENT</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KOMENTARZ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:126(para)
+msgid ""
+"The new value of the user's password file comment field. It is normally "
+"modified using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utility."
+msgstr ""
+"Nowa wartość pola komentarza dla danego użytkownika w pliku haseł. Zwykle "
+"jest zmieniana przy pomocy polecenia <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:135(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>KAT_DOMOWY</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The user's new login directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:142(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The user's new login directory. If the <option>-m</option> option is "
+#| "given the contents of the current home directory will be moved to the new "
+#| "home directory, which is created if it does not already exist."
+msgid ""
+"If the <option>-m</option> option is given, the contents of the current home "
+"directory will be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it "
+"does not already exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Nowy katalog domowy użytkownika. Jeżeli podano opcję <option>-m</option>, to "
+"zawartość aktualnego katalogu domowego zostanie przesunięta do nowego "
+"katalogu. Nowy katalog domowy jest tworzony jeśli nie istnieje."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:151(term) useradd.8.xml:200(term) useradd.8.xml:577(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>DATA_WAŻN</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:155(para) useradd.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date on which the user account will be disabled. The date is specified "
+"in the format <emphasis remap=\"I\">YYYY-MM-DD</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Data, od której konto danego użytkownika zostanie wyłączone. Data podawana "
+"jest w formacie <emphasis remap=\"I\">MM/DD/RR</emphasis>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> argument will disable the "
+"expiration of the account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:163(para) usermod.8.xml:184(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option requires a <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. A <filename>/"
+"etc/shadow</filename> entry will be created if there were none."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:171(term) useradd.8.xml:217(term) useradd.8.xml:589(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NIEAKTYWNE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently "
+"disabled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:179(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The number of days after a password expires until the account is "
+#| "permanently disabled. A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the "
+#| "password has expired, and a value of -1 disables the feature. The default "
+#| "value is -1."
+msgid ""
+"A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has expired, and a "
+"value of -1 disables the feature."
+msgstr ""
+"Liczba dni po wygaśnięciu hasła do stałego wyłączenia konta. Wartość 0 "
+"wyłącza konto natychmiast po przeterminowaniu hasła, zaś wartość -1 wyłącza "
+"tę cechę. Domyślną wartością jest -1."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:192(term) useradd.8.xml:236(term) useradd.8.xml:604(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GRUPA</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:196(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The group name or number of the user's new initial login group. The group "
+#| "name must exist. A group number must refer to an already existing group. "
+#| "The default group number is 1."
+msgid ""
+"The group name or number of the user's new initial login group. The group "
+"must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Nazwa lub numer początkowej grupy logowania użytkownika. Nazwa grupy musi "
+"istnieć. Numer grupy musi odnosić się do już istniejącej grupy. Domyślnym "
+"numerem grupy jest 1."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:200(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any file from the user's home directory owned by the previous primary group "
+"of the user will be owned by this new group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group ownership of files outside of the user's home directory must be "
+"fixed manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:211(term) useradd.8.xml:263(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-G</option>, <option>--groups</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP1</"
+"replaceable>[<emphasis remap=\"I\">,GROUP2,...</emphasis>[<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">,GROUPN</emphasis>]]]"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-G</option>, <option>--groups</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GRUPA1</"
+"replaceable>[<emphasis remap=\"I\">,GRUPA2,...</emphasis>[<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">,GRUPAN</emphasis>]]]"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:215(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each "
+"group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. "
+"The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the "
+"<option>-g</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"Lista dodatkowych grup, do których również należy użytkownik. Każda grupa "
+"oddzielona jest od następnej przecinkiem, bez wtrąconej spacji. Do grup "
+"odnoszą się te same ograniczenia, które obowiązują przy grupie podanej w "
+"opcji <option>-g</option>.   Jeżeli użytkownik jest obecnie członkiem grupy, "
+"której nie podano na liście, to zostanie z niej usunięty."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:222(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If the user is currently a member of a group which is not listed, the user "
+"will be removed from the group. This behaviour can be changed via the "
+"<option>-a</option> option, which appends the user to the current "
+"supplementary group list."
+msgstr ""
+"Lista dodatkowych grup, do których również należy użytkownik. Każda grupa "
+"oddzielona jest od następnej przecinkiem, bez wtrąconej spacji. Do grup "
+"odnoszą się te same ograniczenia, które obowiązują przy grupie podanej w "
+"opcji <option>-g</option>.   Jeżeli użytkownik jest obecnie członkiem grupy, "
+"której nie podano na liście, to zostanie z niej usunięty."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:231(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NOWY_LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:235(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user will be changed from <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> "
+"to <replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</replaceable>. Nothing else is changed. In "
+"particular, the user's home directory or mail spool should probably be "
+"renamed manually to reflect the new login name."
+msgstr ""
+"Nazwa użytkownika zostanie zmieniona z <emphasis remap=\"I\">LOGIN</"
+"emphasis> na <emphasis remap=\"I\">NOWY_LOGIN</emphasis>. Nic więcej nie "
+"jest zmieniane. W szczególności, prawdopodobnie powinna zostać zmieniona "
+"nazwa katalogu domowego użytkownika, tak by odzwierciedlała nową nazwę "
+"użytkownika."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:245(term)
+msgid "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:249(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock a user's password. This puts a '!' in front of the encrypted password, "
+"effectively disabling the password. You can't use this option with <option>-"
+"p</option> or <option>-U</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Zablokuj hasło użytkownika. Opcja ta powoduje wstawienie ’!’ na początku "
+"zakodowanego hasła. Opcji tej nie można używać z opcjami <option>-p</option> "
+"or <option>-U</option>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:255(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: if you wish to lock the account (not only access with a password), you "
+"should also set the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> to "
+"<replaceable>1</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:264(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--move-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:268(para)
+msgid "Move the content of the user's home directory to the new location."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:272(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-d</option> (or "
+"<option>--home</option>) option."
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>usermod</command> will try to adapt the ownership of the files and "
+"to copy the modes, ACL and extended attributes, but manual changes might be "
+"needed afterwards."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:284(term) useradd.8.xml:397(term) groupmod.8.xml:146(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:157(term)
+msgid "<option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"When used with the <option>-u</option> option, this option allows to change "
+"the user ID to a non-unique value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:295(term) useradd.8.xml:409(term) groupmod.8.xml:157(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:167(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASSWORD</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HASŁO</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:299(para) groupmod.8.xml:161(para)
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:304(para) useradd.8.xml:418(para) groupmod.8.xml:166(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"bold\">Note:</emphasis> This option is not recommended "
+"because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users "
+"listing the processes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"The password will be written in the local <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+"or <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. This might differ from the "
+"password database configured in your PAM configuration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:315(para) useradd.8.xml:423(para) groupmod.8.xml:171(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should make sure the password respects the system's password policy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:334(term) userdel.8.xml:158(term) useradd.8.xml:469(term)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:190(term) groupdel.8.xml:113(term) groupadd.8.xml:216(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-P</option>, <option>--prefix</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>KAT_DOMOWY</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:338(para) userdel.8.xml:162(para) useradd.8.xml:473(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:194(para) groupdel.8.xml:117(para) groupadd.8.xml:220(para)
+msgid ""
+"Apply changes in the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> directory and use "
+"the configuration files from the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> "
+"directory. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross-"
+"compilation target. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not "
+"verified. PAM authentication is using the host files. No SELINUX support."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:351(term) useradd.8.xml:486(term) useradd.8.xml:624(term)
+#: su.1.xml:186(term) chsh.1.xml:119(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:355(para) chsh.1.xml:123(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user's new login shell. Setting this field to blank causes "
+"the system to select the default login shell."
+msgstr ""
+"Nazwa nowej powłoki (shell) użytkownika. Ustawienie tego pola na puste "
+"powoduje, że system wybierze domyślną powłokę logowania."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:362(term) useradd.8.xml:500(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:366(para)
+msgid "The new numerical value of the user's ID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:369(para)
+msgid ""
+"This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is used. "
+"The value must be non-negative."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:374(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user's mailbox, and any files which the user owns and which are located "
+"in the user's home directory will have the file user ID changed "
+"automatically."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:379(para)
+msgid ""
+"The ownership of files outside of the user's home directory must be fixed "
+"manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:383(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>, or "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:392(term)
+msgid "<option>-U</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-U</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:396(para)
+msgid ""
+"Unlock a user's password. This removes the '!' in front of the encrypted "
+"password. You can't use this option with <option>-p</option> or <option>-L</"
+"option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Odblokowuje hasło użytkownika. Opcja ta powoduje usuniecie ’!’ z początku "
+"zakodowanego hasła. Opcji tej nie można używać z opcjami <option>-p</option> "
+"lub <option>-L</option>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:401(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: if you wish to unlock the account (not only access with a password), "
+"you should also set the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> (for example "
+"to <replaceable>99999</replaceable>, or to the <option>EXPIRE</option> value "
+"from <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:412(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-v</option>, <option>--add-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KLUCZ</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>WARTOŚĆ</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:416(para)
+msgid "Add a range of subordinate uids to the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:419(para) usermod.8.xml:457(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a "
+"users account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:422(para) usermod.8.xml:442(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option>, or <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> from /etc/"
+"login.defs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:430(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-V</option>, <option>--del-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KLUCZ</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>WARTOŚĆ</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:434(para)
+msgid "Remove a range of subordinate uids from the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:437(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a "
+"users account. When both <option>--del-subuids</option> and <option>--add-"
+"subuids</option> are specified, the removal of all subordinate uid ranges "
+"happens before any subordinate uid range is added."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:450(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--add-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KLUCZ</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>WARTOŚĆ</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:454(para)
+msgid "Add a range of subordinate gids to the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:460(para) usermod.8.xml:480(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option>, or <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> from /etc/"
+"login.defs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:468(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--del-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KLUCZ</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>WARTOŚĆ</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:472(para)
+msgid "Remove a range of subordinate gids from the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:475(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a "
+"users account. When both <option>--del-subgids</option> and <option>--add-"
+"subgids</option> are specified, the removal of all subordinate gid ranges "
+"happens before any subordinate gid range is added."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:488(term) useradd.8.xml:535(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:492(para)
+msgid "The new SELinux user for the user's login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:495(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"A blank <replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable> will remove the SELinux user "
+"mapping for user <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> (if any)."
+msgstr ""
+"Nazwa grupy zostanie zmieniona z <replaceable>GRUPA</replaceable> na nazwę "
+"<replaceable>NOWA_GRUPA</replaceable>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:506(title) userdel.8.xml:298(title) useradd.8.xml:652(title)
+#: su.1.xml:330(title) shadow.3.xml:218(title) passwd.1.xml:377(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:363(title) login.1.xml:260(title) lastlog.8.xml:229(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:133(title) groupadd.8.xml:274(title) gpasswd.1.xml:252(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:232(title) chpasswd.8.xml:231(title)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:186(title)
+msgid "CAVEATS"
+msgstr "OSTRZEŻENIA"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:507(para)
+msgid ""
+"You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes "
+"when this command is being executed if the user's numerical user ID, the "
+"user's name, or the user's home directory is being changed. "
+"<command>usermod</command> checks this on Linux. On other platforms it only "
+"uses utmp to check if the user is logged in."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:514(para)
+msgid ""
+"You must change the owner of any <command>crontab</command> files or "
+"<command>at</command> jobs manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:518(para)
+msgid "You must make any changes involving NIS on the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:33(term) useradd.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:35(para) useradd.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated. As "
+"higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and "
+"authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog "
+"file for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:41(para) useradd.8.xml:41(para) login.defs.5.xml:41(para)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:41(para)
+msgid ""
+"No <option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> option present in the configuration "
+"means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) userdel.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term)
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>MAIL_DIR</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (łańcuch)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) userdel.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para)
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mail spool directory. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its "
+"corresponding user account is modified or deleted. If not specified, a "
+"compile-time default is used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:41(term) userdel.8.xml:41(term) useradd.8.xml:41(term)
+#: su.1.xml:41(term) login.defs.5.xml:41(term) login.1.xml:41(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>MAIL_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (łańcuch)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:43(para) userdel.8.xml:43(para) useradd.8.xml:43(para)
+#: su.1.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. FIXME: MAIL_FILE not used in useradd
+#: usermod.8.xml:50(para) userdel.8.xml:50(para) useradd.8.xml:50(para)
+#: su.1.xml:50(para) login.defs.5.xml:50(para) login.1.xml:50(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>MAIL_DIR</option> and <option>MAIL_FILE</option> variables are "
+"used by <command>useradd</command>, <command>usermod</command>, and "
+"<command>userdel</command> to create, move, or delete the user's mail spool."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:56(para) userdel.8.xml:56(para) useradd.8.xml:56(para)
+#: su.1.xml:56(para) login.defs.5.xml:56(para) login.1.xml:56(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> is set to <replaceable>yes</"
+"replaceable>, they are also used to define the <envar>MAIL</envar> "
+"environment variable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: grpck.8.xml:30(term) groupmod.8.xml:30(term) groupmems.8.xml:30(term)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:30(term) groupadd.8.xml:30(term) gpasswd.1.xml:30(term)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:32(para) newusers.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:32(para) groupmod.8.xml:32(para) groupmems.8.xml:32(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:32(para) groupadd.8.xml:32(para) gpasswd.1.xml:32(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"Maximum members per group entry. When the maximum is reached, a new group "
+"entry (line) is started in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (with the same "
+"name, same password, and same GID)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:37(para) userdel.8.xml:37(para) useradd.8.xml:37(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:37(para) newusers.8.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:37(para) groupmod.8.xml:37(para) groupmems.8.xml:37(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:37(para) groupadd.8.xml:37(para) gpasswd.1.xml:37(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of "
+"members in a group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. Note: on HP, split groups have the same ID, but different
+#.                names.
+#: usermod.8.xml:43(para) userdel.8.xml:43(para) useradd.8.xml:43(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:43(para) groupmod.8.xml:43(para) groupmems.8.xml:43(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:43(para) groupadd.8.xml:43(para) gpasswd.1.xml:43(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group "
+"file. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger "
+"than 1024 characters."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:48(para) userdel.8.xml:48(para) useradd.8.xml:48(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:48(para) newusers.8.xml:48(para) login.defs.5.xml:48(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:48(para) groupmod.8.xml:48(para) groupmems.8.xml:48(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:48(para) groupadd.8.xml:48(para) gpasswd.1.xml:48(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:48(para)
+msgid "If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:51(para) userdel.8.xml:51(para) useradd.8.xml:51(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:51(para) newusers.8.xml:51(para) login.defs.5.xml:51(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:51(para) groupmod.8.xml:51(para) groupmems.8.xml:51(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:51(para) groupadd.8.xml:51(para) gpasswd.1.xml:51(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:51(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow "
+"toolsuite). You should not use this variable unless you really need it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MIN (numer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:31(term) useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MIN (numer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands <command>useradd</"
+"command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless the user already have "
+"subordinate group IDs) allocate <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> unused group "
+"IDs from the range <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_GID_MAX</"
+"option> for each new user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:42(para) useradd.8.xml:42(para) newusers.8.xml:42(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:42(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default values for <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_GID_MAX</"
+"option>, <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> are respectively 100000, 600100000 "
+"and 65536."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UID_MIN (numer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:31(term) useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UID_MIN (numer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands <command>useradd</"
+"command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless the user already have "
+"subordinate user IDs) allocate <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> unused user "
+"IDs from the range <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_UID_MAX</"
+"option> for each new user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:42(para) useradd.8.xml:42(para) newusers.8.xml:42(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:42(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default values for <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_UID_MAX</"
+"option>, <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> are respectively 100000, 600100000 "
+"and 65536."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term)
+#: pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>TCB_SYMLINKS</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:37(programlisting) userdel.8.xml:37(programlisting)
+#: useradd.8.xml:37(programlisting) pwck.8.xml:37(programlisting)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:37(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"if ( UID is less than 1000) {\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/user\n"
+"} else if ( UID is less than 1000000) {\n"
+"  kilos = UID / 1000\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/:kilos/user\n"
+"  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n"
+"} else {\n"
+"  megas = UID / 1000000\n"
+"  kilos = ( UID / megas * 1000000 ) / 1000\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/:megas/:kilos/user\n"
+"  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n"
+"}\n"
+"      "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para)
+#: pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the location of the user tcb directory to "
+"be created will not be automatically set to /etc/tcb/user, but will be "
+"computed depending on the UID of the user, according to the following "
+"algorithm: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:557(filename) userdel.8.xml:214(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:757(filename) su.1.xml:381(filename)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:253(filename) passwd.1.xml:428(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:438(filename) login.access.5.xml:124(filename)
+#: login.1.xml:389(filename) groupmod.8.xml:237(filename)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:265(filename) chsh.1.xml:182(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:270(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:228(filename)
+#: chfn.1.xml:210(filename)
+msgid "/etc/login.defs"
+msgstr "/etc/login.defs"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:559(para) userdel.8.xml:216(para) useradd.8.xml:759(para)
+#: su.1.xml:383(para) pwconv.8.xml:255(para) passwd.1.xml:430(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:440(para) login.access.5.xml:126(para) login.1.xml:391(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:239(para) groupadd.8.xml:267(para) chsh.1.xml:184(para)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:272(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:230(para) chfn.1.xml:212(para)
+msgid "Shadow password suite configuration."
+msgstr "Konfiguracja pakietu shadow."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:575(filename) userdel.8.xml:232(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:745(filename) newusers.8.xml:450(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgid "/etc/subgid"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:577(para) userdel.8.xml:234(para) useradd.8.xml:747(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:452(para)
+msgid "Per user subordinate group IDs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:581(filename) userdel.8.xml:238(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:751(filename) newusers.8.xml:456(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgid "/etc/subuid"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:583(para) userdel.8.xml:240(para) useradd.8.xml:753(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:458(para)
+msgid "Per user subordinate user IDs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:591(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) userdel.8.xml:70(refname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:75(command) login.defs.5.xml:500(term)
+msgid "userdel"
+msgstr "userdel"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:71(refpurpose)
+msgid "delete a user account and related files"
+msgstr "plik chroniony informacji o użytkownikach"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:85(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The <command>userdel</command> command modifies the system account files, "
+"deleting all entries that refer to the user name <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">LOGIN</emphasis>. The named user must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>usermod</command> zmienia systemowe pliki kont, "
+"odzwierciedlając zmiany podane w wierszu poleceń."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>userdel</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>userdel</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:99(term) groupadd.8.xml:100(term) expiry.1.xml:103(term)
+msgid "<option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option forces the removal of the user account, even if the user is "
+"still logged in. It also forces <command>userdel</command> to remove the "
+"user's home directory and mail spool, even if another user uses the same "
+"home directory or if the mail spool is not owned by the specified user. If "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> and if a group exists with "
+"the same name as the deleted user, then this group will be removed, even if "
+"it is still the primary group of another user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:116(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Note:</emphasis> This option is dangerous and may leave your "
+"system in an inconsistent state."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:129(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:133(para)
+msgid ""
+"Files in the user's home directory will be removed along with the home "
+"directory itself and the user's mail spool. Files located in other file "
+"systems will have to be searched for and deleted manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mail spool is defined by the <option>MAIL_DIR</option> variable in the "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename> file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:175(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+msgid "<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid "Remove any SELinux user mapping for the user's login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>USERDEL_CMD</option> (string)"
+msgstr "USERDEL_CMD (łańcuch)"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, this command is run when removing a user. It should remove any "
+"at/cron/print jobs etc. owned by the user to be removed (passed as the first "
+"argument)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+msgid "The return code of the script is not taken into account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:46(programlisting) login.defs.5.xml:46(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"#! /bin/sh\n"
+"\n"
+"# Check for the required argument.\n"
+"if [ $# != 1 ]; then\n"
+"\techo \"Usage: $0 username\"\n"
+"\texit 1\n"
+"fi\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove cron jobs.\n"
+"crontab -r -u $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove at jobs.\n"
+"# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,\n"
+"# even if it was shared by a different username.\n"
+"AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs\n"
+"find $AT_SPOOL_DIR -name \"[^.]*\" -type f -user $1 -delete \\;\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove print jobs.\n"
+"lprm $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# All done.\n"
+"exit 0\n"
+"      "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Here is an example script, which removes the user's cron, at and print jobs: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) su.1.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) su.1.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits "
+"(examples: 022 -&gt; 002, 077 -&gt; 007) for non-root users, if the uid is "
+"the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:39(para) useradd.8.xml:39(para) su.1.xml:39(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, <command>userdel</command> will "
+"remove the user's group if it contains no more members, and "
+"<command>useradd</command> will create by default a group with the name of "
+"the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:247(title) useradd.8.xml:766(title) su.1.xml:390(title)
+#: pwck.8.xml:303(title) passwd.1.xml:443(title) grpck.8.xml:245(title)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:252(title) groupdel.8.xml:175(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:296(title) chage.1.xml:284(title)
+msgid "EXIT VALUES"
+msgstr "KOD ZAKOŃCZENIA"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:252(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:771(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:409(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:308(replaceable)
+#: passwd.1.xml:448(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:250(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:257(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:180(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:301(replaceable) chage.1.xml:289(replaceable)
+msgid "0"
+msgstr "0"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:254(para) useradd.8.xml:773(para) pwck.8.xml:310(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:450(para) grpck.8.xml:252(para) groupdel.8.xml:182(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:303(para) chage.1.xml:291(para)
+msgid "success"
+msgstr "poprawne zakończenie działania programu"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:258(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:777(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:75(manvolnum) su.1.xml:415(replaceable) sg.1.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:314(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:65(manvolnum)
+#: passwd.1.xml:454(replaceable) newgrp.1.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: login.1.xml:91(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:256(replaceable)
+#: groups.1.xml:58(manvolnum) gpasswd.1.xml:63(manvolnum)
+#: expiry.1.xml:62(manvolnum) chsh.1.xml:61(manvolnum) chfn.1.xml:61(manvolnum)
+#: chage.1.xml:59(manvolnum) chage.1.xml:295(replaceable)
+msgid "1"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:260(para) useradd.8.xml:779(para)
+msgid "can't update password file"
+msgstr "nie można zaktualizować pliku z hasłami"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:264(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:783(replaceable)
+#: pwck.8.xml:320(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:460(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:262(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:263(replaceable)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:186(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:307(replaceable)
+#: chage.1.xml:301(replaceable)
+msgid "2"
+msgstr "2"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:266(para) useradd.8.xml:785(para) pwck.8.xml:316(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:258(para) groupdel.8.xml:188(para) groupadd.8.xml:309(para)
+#: chage.1.xml:303(para)
+msgid "invalid command syntax"
+msgstr "niepoprawna składnia polecenia"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:270(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:801(replaceable)
+#: pwck.8.xml:344(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:484(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:281(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:192(replaceable)
+msgid "6"
+msgstr "6"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:272(para)
+msgid "specified user doesn't exist"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:278(para)
+msgid "user currently logged in"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:282(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:813(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:293(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:204(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:331(replaceable)
+msgid "10"
+msgstr "10"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:284(para) useradd.8.xml:815(para) groupdel.8.xml:206(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:333(para)
+msgid "can't update group file"
+msgstr "nie można zaktualizować pliku z grupami"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:288(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:819(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:305(replaceable)
+msgid "12"
+msgstr "12"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:290(para)
+msgid "can't remove home directory"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:248(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>userdel</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>userdel</command> kończy działanie z następującymi "
+"wartościami kodów zakończenia: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:299(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>userdel</command> will not allow you to remove an account if there "
+"are running processes which belong to this account. In that case, you may "
+"have to kill those processes or lock the user's password or account and "
+"remove the account later. The <option>-f</option> option can force the "
+"deletion of this account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:306(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain "
+"owned by this user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:310(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not remove any NIS attributes on a NIS client. This must be "
+"performed on the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, <command>userdel</"
+"command> will delete the group with the same name as the user. To avoid "
+"inconsistencies in the passwd and group databases, <command>userdel</"
+"command> will check that this group is not used as a primary group for "
+"another user, and will just warn without deleting the group otherwise. The "
+"<option>-f</option> option can force the deletion of this group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:326(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:76(refentrytitle) useradd.8.xml:83(refname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:88(command) useradd.8.xml:95(command)
+#: useradd.8.xml:99(command) login.defs.5.xml:482(term)
+msgid "useradd"
+msgstr "useradd"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:84(refpurpose)
+msgid "create a new user or update default new user information"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:96(arg) useradd.8.xml:100(arg)
+msgid "-D"
+msgstr "-D"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:109(para)
+msgid ""
+"When invoked without the <option>-D</option> option, the <command>useradd</"
+"command> command creates a new user account using the values specified on "
+"the command line plus the default values from the system. Depending on "
+"command line options, the <command>useradd</command> command will update "
+"system files and may also create the new user's home directory and copy "
+"initial files."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see <option>-g</"
+"option>, <option>-N</option>, <option>-U</option>, and "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>useradd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>useradd</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:132(option) pwck.8.xml:187(option) newusers.8.xml:273(option)
+msgid "--badname"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:141(term) useradd.8.xml:559(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--base-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>BASE_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--base-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>KAT_BAZOWY</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default base directory for the system if <option>-d</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> is not specified. <replaceable>BASE_DIR</"
+"replaceable> is concatenated with the account name to define the home "
+"directory. If the <option>-m</option> option is not used, "
+"<replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> must exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this option is not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the "
+"base directory specified by the <option>HOME</option> variable in <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>, or <filename>/home</filename> by default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any text string. It is generally a short description of the login, and is "
+"currently used as the field for the user's full name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:174(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>KAT_DOMOWY</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:178(para)
+msgid ""
+"The new user will be created using <replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> as "
+"the value for the user's login directory. The default is to append the "
+"<replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> name to <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> "
+"and use that as the login directory name. The directory "
+"<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> does not have to exist but will not be "
+"created if it is missing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:190(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+msgid "<option>-D</option>, <option>--defaults</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid "See below, the subsection \"Changing the default values\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:208(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the default expiry "
+"date specified by the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>, or an empty string (no expiry) by default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:221(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The number of days after a password expires until the account is "
+#| "permanently disabled. A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the "
+#| "password has expired, and a value of -1 disables the feature. The default "
+#| "value is -1."
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently "
+"disabled. A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has "
+"expired, and a value of -1 disables the feature."
+msgstr ""
+"Liczba dni po wygaśnięciu hasła do stałego wyłączenia konta. Wartość 0 "
+"wyłącza konto natychmiast po przeterminowaniu hasła, zaś wartość -1 wyłącza "
+"tę cechę. Domyślną wartością jest -1."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:227(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the default inactivity "
+"period specified by the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>, or -1 by default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:240(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The group name or number of the user's new initial login group. The group "
+#| "name must exist. A group number must refer to an already existing group. "
+#| "The default group number is 1."
+msgid ""
+"The group name or number of the user's initial login group. The group name "
+"must exist. A group number must refer to an already existing group."
+msgstr ""
+"Nazwa lub numer początkowej grupy logowania użytkownika. Nazwa grupy musi "
+"istnieć. Numer grupy musi odnosić się do już istniejącej grupy. Domyślnym "
+"numerem grupy jest 1."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:245(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, the behavior of <command>useradd</command> will depend on "
+"the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>. If this variable is set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable> (or "
+"<option>-U/--user-group</option> is specified on the command line), a group "
+"will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname. If the "
+"variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> (or <option>-N/--no-user-"
+"group</option> is specified on the command line), useradd will set the "
+"primary group of the new user to the value specified by the <option>GROUP</"
+"option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, or 100 by "
+"default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:267(para)
+msgid ""
+"A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each "
+"group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. "
+"The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the "
+"<option>-g</option> option. The default is for the user to belong only to "
+"the initial group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:284(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-k</option>, <option>--skel</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SKEL_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in "
+"the user's home directory, when the home directory is created by "
+"<command>useradd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:293(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid if the <option>-m</option> (or <option>--create-"
+"home</option>) option is specified."
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:297(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the "
+"<option>SKEL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> "
+"or, by default, <filename>/etc/skel</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:303(para)
+msgid "If possible, the ACLs and extended attributes are copied."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:309(term) groupadd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KLUCZ</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>WARTOŚĆ</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (<option>UID_MIN</"
+"option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>UMASK</option>, "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> and others). <placeholder-1/> Example: "
+"<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</replaceable> can be used when creating system "
+"account to turn off password aging, even though system account has no "
+"password at all. Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified, e."
+"g.: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:334(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--no-log-init</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:336(para)
+msgid "Do not add the user to the lastlog and faillog databases."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:339(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the user's entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are "
+"reset to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:347(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:351(para)
+msgid ""
+"Create the user's home directory if it does not exist. The files and "
+"directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with "
+"the <option>-k</option> option) will be copied to the home directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:357(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, if this option is not specified and <option>CREATE_HOME</option> "
+"is not enabled, no home directories are created."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:365(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid "<option>-M</option>, <option>--no-create-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:369(para)
+msgid ""
+"Do no create the user's home directory, even if the system wide setting from "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>) is set "
+"to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:378(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+msgid "<option>-N</option>, <option>--no-user-group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:382(para)
+msgid ""
+"Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to "
+"the group specified by the <option>-g</option> option or by the "
+"<option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:388(para) useradd.8.xml:526(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default behavior (if the <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option>, and "
+"<option>-U</option> options are not specified) is defined by the "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:401(para)
+msgid "Allow the creation of a user account with a duplicate (non-unique) UID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:402(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-u</option> option."
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:413(para) groupadd.8.xml:171(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. The default is to "
+"disable the password."
+msgstr ""
+"Nowa wartość pola komentarza dla danego użytkownika w pliku haseł. Zwykle "
+"jest zmieniana przy pomocy polecenia <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:430(term) newusers.8.xml:302(term) groupadd.8.xml:188(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--system</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:434(para) newusers.8.xml:306(para)
+msgid "Create a system account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:437(para)
+msgid ""
+"System users will be created with no aging information in <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</option> counterparts for "
+"the creation of groups)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:446(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that <command>useradd</command> will not create a home directory for "
+"such a user, regardless of the default setting in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>). You have to specify the <option>-"
+"m</option> options if you want a home directory for a system account to be "
+"created."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:490(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user's login shell. The default is to leave this field "
+"blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified "
+"by the <option>SHELL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+"filename>, or an empty string by default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:504(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numerical value of the user's ID. This value must be unique, unless the "
+"<option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. The "
+"default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to "
+"<option>UID_MIN</option> and greater than every other user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:511(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See also the <option>-r</option> option and the <option>UID_MAX</option> "
+"description."
+msgstr "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:518(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+msgid "<option>-U</option>, <option>--user-group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:522(para)
+msgid ""
+"Create a group with the same name as the user, and add the user to this "
+"group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:539(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The name of the user's new login shell. Setting this field to blank "
+#| "causes the system to select the default login shell."
+msgid ""
+"The SELinux user for the user's login. The default is to leave this field "
+"blank, which causes the system to select the default SELinux user."
+msgstr ""
+"Nazwa nowej powłoki (shell) użytkownika. Ustawienie tego pola na puste "
+"powoduje, że system wybierze domyślną powłokę logowania."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:549(title)
+msgid "Changing the default values"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:550(para)
+msgid ""
+"When invoked with only the <option>-D</option> option, <command>useradd</"
+"command> will display the current default values. When invoked with <option>-"
+"D</option> plus other options, <command>useradd</command> will update the "
+"default values for the specified options. Valid default-changing options are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:563(para)
+msgid ""
+"The path prefix for a new user's home directory. The user's name will be "
+"affixed to the end of <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> to form the new "
+"user's home directory name, if the <option>-d</option> option is not used "
+"when creating a new account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:570(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>HOME</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:581(para)
+msgid "The date on which the user account is disabled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:582(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:593(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password has expired before the account will be "
+"disabled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:597(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:608(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or ID for a new user's initial group (when the <option>-N/--"
+"no-user-group</option> is used or when the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> "
+"variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>). The named group must exist, and a numerical group ID must "
+"have an existing entry."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:617(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:628(para)
+msgid "The name of a new user's login shell."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:631(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>SHELL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:643(title)
+msgid "NOTES"
+msgstr "UWAGI"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:644(para)
+msgid ""
+"The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files "
+"in the <filename>/etc/skel/</filename> directory (or any other skeleton "
+"directory specified in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> or on the "
+"command line)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:653(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not add a user to a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the "
+"corresponding server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:658(para)
+msgid ""
+"Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such "
+"as NIS or LDAP, <command>useradd</command> will deny the user account "
+"creation request."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:664(para)
+msgid ""
+"Usernames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by "
+"lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a "
+"dollar sign. In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:670(para)
+msgid "Usernames may only be up to 32 characters long."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>CREATE_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if a home directory should be created by default for new users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:36(para) login.defs.5.xml:36(para)
+msgid ""
+"This setting does not apply to system users, and can be overridden on the "
+"command line."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(term) newusers.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MIN (numer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:35(para) newusers.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:40(para) newusers.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>GID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>GID_MAX</"
+"option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>HOME_MODE</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mode for new home directories. If not specified, the <option>UMASK</"
+"option> is used to create the mode."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this to set "
+"the mode of the home directory they create."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "PASS_MAX_DAYS (numer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum number of days a password may be used. If the password is older "
+"than this, a password change will be forced. If not specified, -1 will be "
+"assumed (which disables the restriction)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "PASS_MIN_DAYS (numer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The minimum number of days allowed between password changes. Any password "
+"changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected. If not specified, -1 "
+"will be assumed (which disables the restriction)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> (number)"
+msgstr "PASS_WARN_AGE (numer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days warning given before a password expires. A zero means "
+"warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no "
+"warning is given. If not specified, no warning will be provided."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:31(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MIN (numer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>GID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UID_MIN (numer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by <command>useradd</"
+"command> or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:37(para) newusers.8.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>UID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>TCB_AUTH_GROUP</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, newly created tcb shadow files will be "
+"group owned by the <replaceable>auth</replaceable> group."
+msgstr ""
+"Nazwa grupy zostanie zmieniona z <replaceable>GRUPA</replaceable> na nazwę "
+"<replaceable>NOWA_GRUPA</replaceable>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(term) newusers.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UID_MIN (numer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:35(para) newusers.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by "
+"<command>useradd</command> or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:39(para) newusers.8.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>UID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>UID_MAX</"
+"option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>UMASK</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UMASK (number)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+#: login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value. If not specified, "
+"the mask will be initialized to 022."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#: login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask to "
+"set the mode of the home directory they create if <option>HOME_MODE</option> "
+"is not set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"It is also used by <command>login</command> to define users' initial umask. "
+"Note that this mask can be overridden by the user's GECOS line (if "
+"<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> is set) or by the specification of a limit with "
+"the <emphasis>K</emphasis> identifier in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>limits</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:51(para) newusers.8.xml:51(para) login.defs.5.xml:51(para)
+#: login.1.xml:51(para)
+msgid ""
+"It is also used by <command>pam_umask</command> as the default umask value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:733(filename)
+msgid "/etc/default/useradd"
+msgstr "/etc/default/useradd"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:735(para)
+msgid "Default values for account creation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:739(filename)
+msgid "/etc/skel/"
+msgstr "/etc/skel/"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:741(para)
+msgid "Directory containing default files."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:789(replaceable) shadow.3.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:326(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:466(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:268(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:269(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:313(replaceable)
+msgid "3"
+msgstr "3"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:791(para) passwd.1.xml:486(para) groupadd.8.xml:315(para)
+msgid "invalid argument to option"
+msgstr "nieprawidłowy argument opcji"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:795(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:332(replaceable)
+#: passwd.1.xml:472(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:274(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:275(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:319(replaceable)
+msgid "4"
+msgstr "4"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:797(para)
+msgid "UID already in use (and no <option>-o</option>)"
+msgstr "UID juz jest używany (i nie uzyto opcji <option>-o</option>)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:803(para) groupdel.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:807(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:287(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:325(replaceable)
+msgid "9"
+msgstr "9"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:809(para)
+msgid "username already in use"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:821(para)
+msgid "can't create home directory"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:825(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "1"
+msgid "14"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:827(para)
+msgid "can't update SELinux user mapping"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:767(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>useradd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>useradd</command> kończy działanie z następującymi "
+"wartościami kodów zakończenia: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:836(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:41(contrib) pwconv.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: login.access.5.xml:42(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:46(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1996"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) suauth.5.xml:64(refname)
+msgid "suauth"
+msgstr "suauth"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:58(manvolnum) shadow.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:338(replaceable) porttime.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: passwd.5.xml:58(manvolnum) passwd.1.xml:478(replaceable)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:125(manvolnum) login.access.5.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: limits.5.xml:60(manvolnum) gshadow.5.xml:47(manvolnum)
+#: grpck.8.xml:280(replaceable) faillog.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+msgid "5"
+msgstr "5"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) shadow.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: porttime.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) passwd.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:126(refmiscinfo) login.access.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: limits.5.xml:61(refmiscinfo) gshadow.5.xml:48(refmiscinfo)
+#: faillog.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "File Formats and Conversions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "detailed su control file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:70(command) suauth.5.xml:196(filename)
+msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:76(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file <filename>/etc/suauth</filename> is referenced whenever the su "
+"command is called. It can change the behaviour of the su command, based upon:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. .RS
+#: suauth.5.xml:83(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      1) the user su is targeting\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#. .fi
+#: suauth.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid ""
+"2) the user executing the su command (or any groups he might be a member of)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:92(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file is formatted like this, with lines starting with a # being treated "
+"as comment lines and ignored;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:97(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      to-id:from-id:ACTION\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"Where to-id is either the word <emphasis>ALL</emphasis>, a list of usernames "
+"delimited by \",\" or the words <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT</emphasis> followed by "
+"a list of usernames delimited by \",\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"from-id is formatted the same as to-id except the extra word "
+"<emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> is recognized. <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</"
+"emphasis> is perfectly valid too. Following <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> "
+"appears one or more group names, delimited by \",\". It is not sufficient to "
+"have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> is necessary."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:118(para)
+msgid "Action can be one only of the following currently supported options."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:124(emphasis)
+msgid "DENY"
+msgstr "DENY"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The attempt to su is stopped before a password is even asked for."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:134(emphasis)
+msgid "NOPASS"
+msgstr "NOPASS"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"The attempt to su is automatically successful; no password is asked for."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:145(emphasis)
+msgid "OWNPASS"
+msgstr "OWNPASS"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"For the su command to be successful, the user must enter his or her own "
+"password. They are told this."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note there are three separate fields delimited by a colon. No whitespace "
+"must surround this colon. Also note that the file is examined sequentially "
+"line by line, and the first applicable rule is used without examining the "
+"file further. This makes it possible for a system administrator to exercise "
+"as fine control as he or she wishes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:166(title)
+msgid "EXAMPLE"
+msgstr "EXAMPLE"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:167(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      # sample /etc/suauth file\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # A couple of privileged usernames may\n"
+"      # su to root with their own password.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Anyone else may not su to root unless in\n"
+"      # group wheel. This is how BSD does things.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Perhaps terry and birddog are accounts\n"
+"      # owned by the same person.\n"
+"      # Access can be arranged between them\n"
+"      # with no password.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      terry:birddog:NOPASS\n"
+"      birddog:terry:NOPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:203(title) pwconv.8.xml:216(title) login.defs.5.xml:531(title)
+msgid "BUGS"
+msgstr "BŁĘDY"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"There could be plenty lurking. The file parser is particularly unforgiving "
+"about syntax errors, expecting no spurious whitespace (apart from beginning "
+"and end of lines), and a specific token delimiting different things."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:213(title) shadow.3.xml:208(title)
+msgid "DIAGNOSTICS"
+msgstr "DIAGNOSTYKA"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"An error parsing the file is reported using "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> as level ERR on facility AUTH."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:223(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:58(contrib) shadow.5.xml:41(contrib) shadow.3.xml:41(contrib)
+#: porttime.5.xml:41(contrib) passwd.5.xml:41(contrib) passwd.1.xml:48(contrib)
+#: login.1.xml:74(contrib) faillog.8.xml:41(contrib) faillog.5.xml:41(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1989"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:74(refentrytitle) su.1.xml:81(refname) su.1.xml:86(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:456(term)
+msgid "su"
+msgstr "su"
+
+#: su.1.xml:76(refmiscinfo) sg.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: passwd.1.xml:66(refmiscinfo) newgrp.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.1.xml:92(refmiscinfo) groups.1.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:64(refmiscinfo) expiry.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: chsh.1.xml:62(refmiscinfo) chfn.1.xml:62(refmiscinfo)
+#: chage.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "User Commands"
+msgstr "Polecenia użytkowników"
+
+#: su.1.xml:82(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user ID or become superuser"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:91(replaceable) sg.1.xml:72(arg) newgrp.1.xml:71(arg)
+msgid "-"
+msgstr "-"
+
+#: su.1.xml:94(replaceable) login.1.xml:107(replaceable)
+#: login.1.xml:115(replaceable)
+msgid "username"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:96(replaceable)
+msgid "args"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>su</command> command is used to become another user during a "
+"login session. Invoked without a <option>username</option>, <command>su</"
+"command> defaults to becoming the superuser. The <option>-</option> option "
+"may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect "
+"had the user logged in directly. The <option>-c</option> option may be used "
+"to treat the next argument as a command by most shells."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list. You can use the "
+"<option>--</option> argument to stop option parsing. The <option>-</option> "
+"option is special: it is also recognized after <option>--</option>, but has "
+"to be placed before <option>username</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:122(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user will be prompted for a password, if appropriate. Invalid passwords "
+"will produce an error message. All attempts, both valid and invalid, are "
+"logged to detect abuse of the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"The current environment is passed to the new shell. The value of <envar>"
+"$PATH</envar> is reset to <filename>/bin:/usr/bin</filename> for normal "
+"users, or <filename>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</filename> for the "
+"superuser. This may be changed with the <option>ENV_PATH</option> and "
+"<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> definitions in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:136(para) login.1.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"A subsystem login is indicated by the presence of a \"*\" as the first "
+"character of the login shell. The given home directory will be used as the "
+"root of a new file system which the user is actually logged into."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:145(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>su</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>su</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: su.1.xml:149(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--command</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMAND</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--command</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>POLECENIE</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:153(para)
+msgid ""
+"Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its <option>-c</"
+"option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"The executed command will have no controlling terminal. This option cannot "
+"be used to execute interactive programs which need a controlling TTY."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:167(term)
+msgid "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"Provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user "
+"logged in directly."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"When <option>-</option> is used, it must be specified before any "
+"<option>username</option>. For portability it is recommended to use it as "
+"last option, before any <option>username</option>. The other forms (<option>-"
+"l</option> and <option>--login</option>) do not have this restriction."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:190(para)
+msgid "The shell that will be invoked."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:198(para)
+msgid "The shell specified with --shell."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:201(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--preserve-environment</option> is used, the shell specified by "
+"the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environment variable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:208(para)
+msgid ""
+"The shell indicated in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> entry for the "
+"target user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/bin/sh</filename> if a shell could not be found by any above "
+"method."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first): <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the target user has a restricted shell (i.e. the shell field of this "
+"user's entry in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> is not listed in <filename>/"
+"etc/shells</filename>), then the <option>--shell</option> option or the "
+"<envar>$SHELL</envar> environment variable won't be taken into account, "
+"unless <command>su</command> is called by root."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:230(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>-p</option>, <option>--preserve-environment</"
+"option>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>-p</option>, <option>--preserve-environment</"
+"option>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:239(envar)
+msgid "$PATH"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:241(para)
+msgid ""
+"reset according to the <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options "
+"<option>ENV_PATH</option> or <option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (see below);"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:250(envar)
+msgid "$IFS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:252(para)
+msgid ""
+"reset to <quote>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</quote>, if it was "
+"set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:235(para)
+msgid "Preserve the current environment, except for: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless "
+"<command>su</command> is called by root)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:270(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <envar>$HOME</envar>, <envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$USER</envar>, "
+"<envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, and <envar>$IFS</envar> "
+"environment variables are reset."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:279(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is not used, the environment is copied, except "
+"for the variables above."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:286(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, the <envar>$TERM</envar>, <envar>"
+"$COLORTERM</envar>, <envar>$DISPLAY</envar>, and <envar>$XAUTHORITY</envar> "
+"environment variables are copied if they were set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:296(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, the <envar>$TZ</envar>, <envar>$HZ</"
+"envar>, and <envar>$MAIL</envar> environment variables are set according to "
+"the <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options <option>ENV_TZ</option>, "
+"<option>ENV_HZ</option>, <option>MAIL_DIR</option>, and <option>MAIL_FILE</"
+"option> (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, other environment variables might be "
+"set by the <option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> file (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:317(para)
+msgid "Other environments might be set by PAM modules."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:265(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:331(para)
+msgid ""
+"This version of <command>su</command> has many compilation options, only "
+"some of which may be in use at any particular site."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>CONSOLE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (łańcuch)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, either full pathname of a file containing device names (one per "
+"line) or a \":\" delimited list of device names. Root logins will be allowed "
+"only upon these devices."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid "If not defined, root will be allowed on any device."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:42(para) login.defs.5.xml:42(para) login.1.xml:42(para)
+msgid "The device should be specified without the /dev/ prefix."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>CONSOLE_GROUPS</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (łańcuch)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"List of groups to add to the user's supplementary groups set when logging in "
+"on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting). Default is none. "
+"<placeholder-1/> Use with caution - it is possible for users to gain "
+"permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>DEFAULT_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if login is allowed if we can't cd to the home directory. Default "
+"is no."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user will login in the root "
+"(<filename>/</filename>) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. XXX: When compiled with PAM support, only sulogin uses ENV_HZ
+#: su.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term) login.1.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>ENV_HZ</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (łańcuch)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para) login.1.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user "
+"login. The value must be preceded by <replaceable>HZ=</replaceable>. A "
+"common value on Linux is <replaceable>HZ=100</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:41(para) login.defs.5.xml:41(para) login.1.xml:41(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <envar>HZ</envar> environment variable is only set when the user (the "
+"superuser) logs in with <command>sulogin</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (łańcuch)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this file exists and is readable, login environment will be read from it. "
+"Every line should be in the form name=value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid "Lines starting with a # are treated as comment lines and ignored."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>ENV_PATH</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (łańcuch)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a "
+"regular user login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for "
+"example <replaceable>/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be preceded by "
+"<replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is <replaceable>PATH=/"
+"bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (łańcuch)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the "
+"superuser login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example "
+"<replaceable>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be "
+"preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is "
+"<replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>ENV_TZ</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (łańcuch)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user "
+"login. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by <replaceable>TZ=</"
+"replaceable> (for example <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>), or the "
+"full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example "
+"<filename>/etc/tzname</filename>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TODO: it can in fact be used to set any other variable
+#: su.1.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, "
+"the default is to use <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#: chsh.1.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_STRING</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (łańcuch)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The string used for prompting a password. The default is to use \"Password: "
+"\", or a translation of that string. If you set this variable, the prompt "
+"will not be translated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:39(para) chfn.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the string contains <replaceable>%s</replaceable>, this will be replaced "
+"by the user's name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable checking and display of mailbox status upon login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should disable it if the shell startup files already check for mail "
+"(\"mailx -e\" or equivalent)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable setting of resource limits from <filename>/etc/limits</filename> and "
+"ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user's passwd gecos field."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SULOG_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (łańcuch)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, all su activity is logged to this file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SU_NAME</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (łańcuch)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, the command name to display when running \"su -\". For example, "
+"if this is defined as \"su\" then a \"ps\" will display the command is \"-su"
+"\". If not defined, then \"ps\" would display the name of the shell actually "
+"being run, e.g. something like \"-sh\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SU_WHEEL_ONLY</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user must be listed as a member of "
+"the first gid 0 group in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (called "
+"<replaceable>root</replaceable> on most Linux systems) to be able to "
+"<command>su</command> to uid 0 accounts. If the group doesn't exist or is "
+"empty, no one will be able to <command>su</command> to uid 0."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SYSLOG_SU_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable \"syslog\" logging of <command>su</command> activity - in addition to "
+"sulog file logging."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:391(para)
+msgid ""
+"On success, <command>su</command> returns the exit value of the command it "
+"executed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:395(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this command was terminated by a signal, <command>su</command> returns "
+"the number of this signal plus 128."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:399(para)
+msgid ""
+"If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the "
+"command did not terminate in time), <command>su</command> returns 255."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:411(para)
+msgid "success (<option>--help</option> only)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:417(para)
+msgid "System or authentication failure"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:421(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "12"
+msgid "126"
+msgstr "12"
+
+#: su.1.xml:423(para)
+msgid "The requested command was not found"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:427(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "12"
+msgid "127"
+msgstr "12"
+
+#: su.1.xml:429(para)
+msgid "The requested command could not be executed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:404(para)
+msgid ""
+"Some exit values from <command>su</command> are independent from the "
+"executed command: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:438(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) sg.1.xml:65(refname) sg.1.xml:71(command)
+msgid "sg"
+msgstr "sg"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "execute command as different group ID"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:74(arg)
+msgid "-c"
+msgstr "-c"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:73(arg)
+msgid "group <placeholder-1/> command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>sg</command> command works similar to <command>newgrp</command> "
+"but accepts a command. The command will be executed with the <filename>/bin/"
+"sh</filename> shell. With most shells you may run <command>sg</command> "
+"from, you need to enclose multi-word commands in quotes. Another difference "
+"between <command>newgrp</command> and <command>sg</command> is that some "
+"shells treat <command>newgrp</command> specially, replacing themselves with "
+"a new instance of a shell that <command>newgrp</command> creates. This "
+"doesn't happen with <command>sg</command>, so upon exit from a <command>sg</"
+"command> command you are returned to your previous group ID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:32(term) newgrp.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SYSLOG_SG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:34(para) newgrp.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable \"syslog\" logging of <command>sg</command> activity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:141(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) shadow.5.xml:64(refname)
+#: shadow.3.xml:57(refentrytitle) shadow.3.xml:64(refname)
+#: pwck.8.xml:84(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:76(replaceable)
+msgid "shadow"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "can't update password file"
+msgid "shadowed password file"
+msgstr "nie można zaktualizować pliku z hasłami"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> is a file which contains the password "
+"information for the system's accounts and optional aging information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:76(para) gshadow.5.xml:64(para)
+msgid ""
+"This file must not be readable by regular users if password security is to "
+"be maintained."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each line of this file contains 9 fields, separated by colons (<quote>:</"
+"quote>), in the following order:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:88(emphasis) passwd.5.xml:78(para)
+msgid "login name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "It must be a valid account name, which exist on the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:96(emphasis) gshadow.5.xml:83(emphasis)
+msgid "encrypted password"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to "
+"authenticate as the specified login name. However, some applications which "
+"read the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file may decide not to permit any "
+"access at all if the password field is empty."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:105(para) gshadow.5.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the "
+"password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the "
+"password field before the password was locked."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:111(para) passwd.5.xml:126(para) gshadow.5.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"Refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> for details on how this string is interpreted."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:116(para) passwd.5.xml:131(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix "
+"password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)."
+msgstr ""
+"Nowa wartość pola komentarza dla danego użytkownika w pliku haseł. Zwykle "
+"jest zmieniana przy pomocy polecenia <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:127(emphasis)
+msgid "date of last password change"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date of the last password change, expressed as the number of days since "
+"Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user should change her "
+"password the next time she will log in the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:139(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that password aging features are disabled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:146(emphasis)
+msgid "minimum password age"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The minimum password age is the number of days the user will have to wait "
+"before she will be allowed to change her password again."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:153(para)
+msgid "An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no minimum password age."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:160(emphasis)
+msgid "maximum password age"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:162(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum password age is the number of days after which the user will "
+"have to change her password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"After this number of days is elapsed, the password may still be valid. The "
+"user should be asked to change her password the next time she will log in."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field means that there are no maximum password age, no password "
+"warning period, and no password inactivity period (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the maximum password age is lower than the minimum password age, the user "
+"cannot change her password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:184(emphasis)
+msgid "password warning period"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days before a password is going to expire (see the maximum "
+"password age above) during which the user should be warned."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:192(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no password warning period."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:200(emphasis)
+msgid "password inactivity period"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:203(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password has expired (see the maximum password "
+"age above) during which the password should still be accepted (and the user "
+"should update her password during the next login)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:209(para)
+msgid ""
+"After expiration of the password and this expiration period is elapsed, no "
+"login is possible using the current user's password. The user should contact "
+"her administrator."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field means that there are no enforcement of an inactivity period."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:222(emphasis)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "User account information."
+msgid "account expiration date"
+msgstr "Informacja o kontach użytkowników."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:225(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date of expiration of the account, expressed as the number of days since "
+"Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:229(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that an account expiration differs from a password expiration. In case "
+"of an account expiration, the user shall not be allowed to login. In case of "
+"a password expiration, the user is not allowed to login using her password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:235(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that the account will never expire."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 should not be used as it is interpreted as either an account "
+"with no expiration, or as an expiration on Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:246(emphasis)
+msgid "reserved field"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:248(para)
+msgid "This field is reserved for future use."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:270(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/shadow"
+msgid "/etc/shadow-"
+msgstr "/etc/shadow"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:272(para)
+msgid "Backup file for /etc/shadow."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:273(para) passwd.5.xml:178(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that this file is used by the tools of the shadow toolsuite, but not by "
+"all user and password management tools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:284(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "Library Calls"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:65(refname)
+msgid "getspnam"
+msgstr "getspnam"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "encrypted password file routines"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:70(title)
+msgid "SYNTAX"
+msgstr "SKŁADNIA"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:72(emphasis)
+msgid "#include &lt;shadow.h&gt;"
+msgstr "#include &lt;shadow.h&gt;"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:76(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *getspent();"
+msgstr "struct spwd *getspent();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:80(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *getspnam(char"
+msgstr "struct spwd *getspnam(char"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:81(emphasis)
+msgid "*name"
+msgstr "*name"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:81(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:94(emphasis)
+#: shadow.3.xml:99(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:105(emphasis)
+msgid ");"
+msgstr ");"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:85(emphasis)
+msgid "void setspent();"
+msgstr "void setspent()"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:89(emphasis)
+msgid "void endspent();"
+msgstr "void endspent();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:93(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *fgetspent(FILE"
+msgstr "struct spwd *fgetspent(FILE"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:94(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:105(emphasis)
+msgid "*fp"
+msgstr "*fp"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:98(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *sgetspent(char"
+msgstr "struct spwd *sgetspent(char"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:99(emphasis)
+msgid "*cp"
+msgstr "*cp"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:103(emphasis)
+msgid "int putspent(struct spwd"
+msgstr "int putspent(struct spwd"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:104(emphasis)
+msgid "*p,"
+msgstr "*p,"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:104(emphasis)
+msgid "FILE"
+msgstr "FILE"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:109(emphasis)
+msgid "int lckpwdf();"
+msgstr "int lckpwdf();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:113(emphasis)
+msgid "int ulckpwdf();"
+msgstr "int ulckpwdf();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:119(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> manipulates the contents of the "
+"shadow password file, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. The structure in the "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">#include</emphasis> file is:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:124(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"struct spwd {\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_namp; /* user login name */\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_lstchg; /* last password change */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_min; /* days until change allowed. */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_max; /* days before change required */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_inact; /* days before account inactive */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_expire; /* date when account expires */\n"
+"      unsigned long int\tsp_flag; /* reserved for future use */\n"
+"}\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The meanings of each field are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:139(para)
+msgid "sp_namp - pointer to null-terminated user name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:142(para)
+msgid "sp_pwdp - pointer to null-terminated password"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:145(para)
+msgid "sp_lstchg - days since Jan 1, 1970 password was last changed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:148(para)
+msgid "sp_min - days before which password may not be changed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:151(para)
+msgid "sp_max - days after which password must be changed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:154(para)
+msgid ""
+"sp_warn - days before password is to expire that user is warned of pending "
+"password expiration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"sp_inact - days after password expires that account is considered inactive "
+"and disabled"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:164(para)
+msgid "sp_expire - days since Jan 1, 1970 when account will be disabled"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:167(para)
+msgid "sp_flag - reserved for future use"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>getspent</emphasis>, <emphasis>getspname</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis>, and <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> each "
+"return a pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis>. <emphasis>getspent</"
+"emphasis> returns the next entry from the file, and <emphasis>fgetspent</"
+"emphasis> returns the next entry from the given stream, which is assumed to "
+"be a file of the proper format. <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> returns a "
+"pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis> using the provided string as "
+"input. <emphasis>getspnam</emphasis> searches from the current position in "
+"the file for an entry matching <emphasis>name</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>setspent</emphasis> and <emphasis>endspent</emphasis> may be used "
+"to begin and end, respectively, access to the shadow password file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:194(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> and <emphasis>ulckpwdf</emphasis> routines "
+"should be used to insure exclusive access to the <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> file. <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> attempts to acquire a lock "
+"using <emphasis>pw_lock</emphasis> for up to 15 seconds. It continues by "
+"attempting to acquire a second lock using <emphasis>spw_lock</emphasis> for "
+"the remainder of the initial 15 seconds. Should either attempt fail after a "
+"total of 15 seconds, <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> returns -1. When both "
+"locks are acquired 0 is returned."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:209(para)
+msgid ""
+"Routines return NULL if no more entries are available or if an error occurs "
+"during processing. Routines which have <emphasis>int</emphasis> as the "
+"return value return 0 for success and -1 for failure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"These routines may only be used by the superuser as access to the shadow "
+"password file is restricted."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:239(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) pwconv.8.xml:70(refname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:79(command) login.defs.5.xml:439(term)
+msgid "pwconv"
+msgstr "pwconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:71(refname) pwconv.8.xml:85(command) login.defs.5.xml:448(term)
+msgid "pwunconv"
+msgstr "pwunconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:72(refname) pwconv.8.xml:91(command) login.defs.5.xml:344(term)
+msgid "grpconv"
+msgstr "grpconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:73(refname) pwconv.8.xml:97(command) login.defs.5.xml:350(term)
+msgid "grpunconv"
+msgstr "grpunconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:74(refpurpose)
+msgid "convert to and from shadow passwords and groups"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</"
+"emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> and an optionally "
+"existing <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> does not work with <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"enabled. To convert to tcb passwords, you should first use <command>pwconv</"
+"command> to convert to shadowed passwords by disabling <option>USE_TCB</"
+"option> in <filename>login.defs</filename> and then convert to tcb password "
+"using <command>tcb_convert</command> (and re-enable <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"in <filename>login.defs</filename>.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwunconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">passwd</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> and "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">shadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwunconv</command> does not work with <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"enabled. You should first switch back from tcb to shadowed passwords using "
+"<command>tcb_unconvert</command>, and then disable <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"in <filename>login.defs</filename> before using <command>pwunconv</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> and an "
+"optionally existing <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpunconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">group</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> and "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid ""
+"These four programs all operate on the normal and shadow password and group "
+"files: <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>, <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each program acquires the necessary locks before conversion. "
+"<command>pwconv</command> and <command>grpconv</command> are similar. First, "
+"entries in the shadowed file which don't exist in the main file are removed. "
+"Then, shadowed entries which don't have `x' as the password in the main file "
+"are updated. Any missing shadowed entries are added. Finally, passwords in "
+"the main file are replaced with `x'. These programs can be used for initial "
+"conversion as well to update the shadowed file if the main file is edited by "
+"hand."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> will use the values of <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">PASS_MIN_DAYS</emphasis>, <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_MAX_DAYS</emphasis>, "
+"and <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_WARN_AGE</emphasis> from <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename> when adding new entries to <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"Likewise <command>pwunconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</command> are "
+"similar. Passwords in the main file are updated from the shadowed file. "
+"Entries which exist in the main file but not in the shadowed file are left "
+"alone. Finally, the shadowed file is removed. Some password aging "
+"information is lost by <command>pwunconv</command>. It will convert what it "
+"can."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:188(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The options which apply to the <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</"
+#| "command> commands are:"
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>pwconv</command>, <command>pwunconv</"
+"command>, <command>grpconv</command>, and <command>grpunconv</command> "
+"commands are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenia <command>vipw</command> i <command>vigr</command> posiadają "
+"następujące opcje:Polecenia <command>vipw</command> i <command>vigr</"
+"command> posiadają następujące opcje:"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:217(para)
+msgid ""
+"Errors in the password or group files (such as invalid or duplicate entries) "
+"may cause these programs to loop forever or fail in other strange ways. "
+"Please run <command>pwck</command> and <command>grpck</command> to correct "
+"any such errors before converting to or from shadow passwords or groups."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:228(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"changes the behavior of <command>grpconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</"
+"command>:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:236(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> change the behavior of <command>pwconv</command>:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:263(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"tcb\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_convert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_unconvert</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:47(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:43(contrib) grpck.8.xml:42(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1992"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) pwck.8.xml:70(refname) pwck.8.xml:76(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:430(term)
+msgid "pwck"
+msgstr "pwck"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:71(refpurpose)
+msgid "verify integrity of password files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:80(replaceable) passwd.5.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: passwd.5.xml:64(refname) passwd.1.xml:64(refentrytitle)
+#: passwd.1.xml:71(refname) passwd.1.xml:77(command) login.defs.5.xml:419(term)
+msgid "passwd"
+msgstr "passwd"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:93(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwck</command> command verifies the integrity of the users and "
+"authentication information. It checks that all entries in <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">(or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>, when <option>USE_TCB</"
+"option> is enabled)</phrase> have the proper format and contain valid data. "
+"The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or "
+"which have other uncorrectable errors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:105(para) grpck.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "Checks are made to verify that each entry has:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:108(para) grpck.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid "the correct number of fields"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid "a unique and valid user name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "a valid user and group identifier"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid "a valid primary group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "a valid home directory"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:123(para)
+msgid "a valid login shell"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> checks are enabled when a second file parameter "
+"is specified or when <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> exists on the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:132(para)
+msgid "These checks are the following:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"every passwd entry has a matching shadow entry, and every shadow entry has a "
+"matching passwd entry"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:143(para)
+msgid "passwords are specified in the shadowed file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:146(para)
+msgid "shadow entries have the correct number of fields"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "shadow entries are unique in shadow"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "the last password changes are not in the future"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"The checks for correct number of fields and unique user name are fatal. If "
+"the entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to "
+"delete the entire line. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all "
+"further checks are bypassed. An entry with a duplicated user name is "
+"prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made. All "
+"other errors are warning and the user is encouraged to run the "
+"<command>usermod</command> command to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file are "
+"not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries. <command>pwck</command> "
+"should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entry."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:177(para) grpck.8.xml:148(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The <option>-r</option> and <option>-s</option> options cannot be combined."
+msgstr "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>pwck</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>pwck</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"Report errors only. The warnings which do not require any action from the "
+"user won't be displayed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:211(term) grpck.8.xml:163(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--read-only</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:213(para)
+msgid "Execute the <command>pwck</command> command in read-only mode."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:231(term) grpck.8.xml:185(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:233(para)
+msgid ""
+"Sort entries in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> by UID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:237(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid "This option has no effect when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled."
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:244(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, <command>pwck</command> operates on the files <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\"> (or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>)</phrase>. The user may "
+"select alternate files with the <replaceable>passwd</replaceable> and "
+"<replaceable>shadow</replaceable> parameters."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled, you cannot specify an "
+"alternative <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> file. In future releases, this "
+"parameter could be replaced by an alternate TCB directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:322(para)
+msgid "one or more bad password entries"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:328(para)
+msgid "can't open password files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:334(para)
+msgid "can't lock password files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:340(para)
+msgid "can't update password files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:346(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "can't update password file"
+msgid "can't sort password files"
+msgstr "nie można zaktualizować pliku z hasłami"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:304(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwck</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>pwck</command> kończy działanie z następującymi "
+"wartościami kodów zakończenia: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:355(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) porttime.5.xml:64(refname)
+msgid "porttime"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "port access time file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">porttime</emphasis> contains a list of tty devices, "
+"user names, and permitted login times."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:75(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each entry consists of three colon separated fields. The first field is a "
+"comma separated list of tty devices, or an asterisk to indicate that all tty "
+"devices are matched by this entry. The second field is a comma separated "
+"list of user names, or an asterisk to indicated that all user names are "
+"matched by this entry. The third field is a comma separated list of "
+"permitted access times."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each access time entry consists of zero or more days of the week, "
+"abbreviated <emphasis>Su</emphasis>, <emphasis>Mo</emphasis>, <emphasis>Tu</"
+"emphasis>, <emphasis>We</emphasis>, <emphasis>Th</emphasis>, <emphasis>Fr</"
+"emphasis>, and <emphasis>Sa</emphasis>, followed by a pair of times "
+"separated by a hyphen. The abbreviation <emphasis>Wk</emphasis> may be used "
+"to represent Monday thru Friday, and <emphasis>Al</emphasis> may be used to "
+"indicate every day. If no days are given, <emphasis>Al</emphasis> is assumed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:98(title)
+msgid "EXAMPLES"
+msgstr "PRZYKŁADY"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entry allows access to user <emphasis remap=\"B\">jfh</"
+"emphasis> on every port during weekdays from 9am to 5pm."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:105(para)
+msgid "*:jfh:Wk0900-1700"
+msgstr "*:jfh:Wk0900-1700"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entries allow access only to the users <emphasis>root</"
+"emphasis> and <emphasis>oper</emphasis> on <filename>/dev/console</filename> "
+"at any time. This illustrates how the <filename>/etc/porttime</filename> "
+"file is an ordered list of access times. Any other user would match the "
+"second entry which does not permit access at any time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:116(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      console:root,oper:Al0000-2400\n"
+"      console:*:\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      console:root,oper:Al0000-2400\n"
+"      console:*:\n"
+"    "
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entry allows access for the user <emphasis>games</emphasis> on "
+"any port during non-working hours."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:126(para)
+msgid "*:games:Wk1700-0900,SaSu0000-2400"
+msgstr "*:games:Wk1700-0900,SaSu0000-2400"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:133(filename) logoutd.8.xml:92(filename)
+msgid "/etc/porttime"
+msgstr "/etc/porttime"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:135(para) logoutd.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "File containing port access."
+msgstr "Plik zawierający ustawienia dostępu do portów."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:143(para) login.access.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "the password file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> contains one line for each user account, "
+"with seven fields delimited by colons (<quote>:</quote>). These fields are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid "optional encrypted password"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "numerical user ID"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "numerical group ID"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "user name or comment field"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:93(para)
+msgid "user home directory"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:96(para)
+msgid "optional user command interpreter"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field is a lower-case <quote>x</quote>, "
+"then the encrypted password is actually stored in the "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> file instead; there <emphasis>must</emphasis> be a "
+"corresponding line in the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file, or else the "
+"user account is invalid."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:109(para)
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted <emphasis>password</emphasis> field may be empty, in which "
+"case no password is required to authenticate as the specified login name. "
+"However, some applications which read the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+"file may decide not to permit <emphasis>any</emphasis> access at all if the "
+"<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is blank."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"A <emphasis>password</emphasis> field which starts with an exclamation mark "
+"means that the password is locked. The remaining characters on the line "
+"represent the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field before the password was "
+"locked."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:144(para)
+msgid ""
+"The home directory field provides the name of the initial working directory. "
+"The <command>login</command> program uses this information to set the value "
+"of the <envar>$HOME</envar> environmental variable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"The command interpreter field provides the name of the user's command "
+"language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute. The "
+"<command>login</command> program uses this information to set the value of "
+"the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environmental variable. If this field is empty, it "
+"defaults to the value <filename>/bin/sh</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:171(para)
+msgid "optional encrypted password file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:175(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/passwd"
+msgid "/etc/passwd-"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:177(para)
+msgid "Backup file for /etc/passwd."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:189(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:72(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user password"
+msgstr "zmiana hasła użytkownika"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:89(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>passwd</command> command changes passwords for user accounts. A "
+"normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the "
+"superuser may change the password for any account. <command>passwd</command> "
+"also changes the account or associated password validity period."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:98(title)
+msgid "Password Changes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is first prompted for their old password, if one is present. This "
+"password is then encrypted and compared against the stored password. The "
+"user has only one chance to enter the correct password. The superuser is "
+"permitted to bypass this step so that forgotten passwords may be changed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked "
+"to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time. If not, "
+"<command>passwd</command> refuses to change the password and exits."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is then prompted twice for a replacement password. The second entry "
+"is compared against the first and both are required to match in order for "
+"the password to be changed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:120(para)
+msgid ""
+"Then, the password is tested for complexity. As a general guideline, "
+"passwords should consist of 6 to 8 characters including one or more "
+"characters from each of the following sets:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:128(para)
+msgid "lower case alphabetics"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:131(para)
+msgid "digits 0 thru 9"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:134(para)
+msgid "punctuation marks"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill "
+"characters. <command>passwd</command> will reject any password which is not "
+"suitably complex."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:147(title)
+msgid "Hints for user passwords"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption "
+"algorithm and the size of the key space. The legacy <emphasis>UNIX</"
+"emphasis> System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm. More "
+"recent methods are now recommended (see <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>). "
+"The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which "
+"is selected."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"Compromises in password security normally result from careless password "
+"selection or handling. For this reason, you should not select a password "
+"which appears in a dictionary or which must be written down. The password "
+"should also not be a proper name, your license number, birth date, or street "
+"address. Any of these may be used as guesses to violate system security."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en."
+"wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:175(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>passwd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>passwd</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:180(term) faillog.8.xml:96(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:184(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option can be used only with <option>-S</option> and causes show status "
+"for all users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:191(term)
+msgid "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Delete a user's password (make it empty). This is a quick way to disable a "
+"password for an account. It will set the named account passwordless."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:203(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"Immediately expire an account's password. This in effect can force a user to "
+"change their password at the user's next login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:220(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NIEAKTYWNE</replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is used to disable an account after the password has been "
+"expired for a number of days. After a user account has had an expired "
+"password for <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> days, the user may no "
+"longer sign on to the account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:233(term)
+msgid "<option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:237(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate password change should be performed only for expired authentication "
+"tokens (passwords). The user wishes to keep their non-expired tokens as "
+"before."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:245(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:249(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock the password of the named account. This option disables a password by "
+"changing it to a value which matches no possible encrypted value (it adds a "
+"´!´ at the beginning of the password)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:255(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that this does not disable the account. The user may still be able to "
+"login using another authentication token (e.g. an SSH key). To disable the "
+"account, administrators should use <command>usermod --expiredate 1</command> "
+"(this set the account's expire date to Jan 2, 1970)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:262(para)
+msgid "Users with a locked password are not allowed to change their password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:269(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DNI</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:273(para) chage.1.xml:174(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the minimum number of days between password changes to "
+"<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>. A value of zero for this field "
+"indicates that the user may change their password at any time."
+msgstr ""
+"Utawia minimalną liczbę dni pomiędzy zmianami hasła na "
+"<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>. Wartość zerowa oznacza, że użytkownik "
+"może je zmieniać w dowolnym czasie."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:291(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--repository</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--repository</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>REPOZYTORIUM</replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:295(para)
+msgid "change password in <replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable> repository"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:313(term)
+msgid "<option>-S</option>, <option>--status</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-S</option>, <option>--status</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:317(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display account status information. The status information consists of 7 "
+"fields. The first field is the user's login name. The second field indicates "
+"if the user account has a locked password (L), has no password (NP), or has "
+"a usable password (P). The third field gives the date of the last password "
+"change. The next four fields are the minimum age, maximum age, warning "
+"period, and inactivity period for the password. These ages are expressed in "
+"days."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:331(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:335(para)
+msgid ""
+"Unlock the password of the named account. This option re-enables a password "
+"by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before "
+"using the <option>-l</option> option)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:344(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>DNI_OSTRZ</replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:348(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The "
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the number of days prior to "
+"the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is "
+"about to expire."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:357(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-x</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-x</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DNI</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:361(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid. After "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable>, the password is required to be changed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:366(para) chage.1.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> will remove checking a password's "
+"validity."
+msgstr ""
+"Przekazanie <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> jako <replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable> usuwa sprawdzanie wazności hasła."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:378(para)
+msgid ""
+"Password complexity checking may vary from site to site. The user is urged "
+"to select a password as complex as he or she feels comfortable with."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:383(para)
+msgid ""
+"Users may not be able to change their password on a system if NIS is enabled "
+"and they are not logged into the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:388(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>passwd</command> uses PAM to authenticate users and to change their "
+"passwords."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chpasswd.8.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(para) newusers.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:32(para) chpasswd.8.xml:32(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting "
+"passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:36(para) newusers.8.xml:36(para) login.defs.5.xml:36(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:36(para) chpasswd.8.xml:36(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:36(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"It can take one of these values: <replaceable>DES</replaceable> (default), "
+"<replaceable>MD5</replaceable><phrase condition=\"sha_crypt\">, "
+"<replaceable>SHA256</replaceable>, <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable></"
+"phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KLUCZ</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>WARTOŚĆ</replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:43(para) chpasswd.8.xml:43(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: this parameter overrides the <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:47(para) passwd.1.xml:53(para) passwd.1.xml:62(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:47(para) newusers.8.xml:53(para) newusers.8.xml:62(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:47(para) login.defs.5.xml:53(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:62(para) gpasswd.1.xml:47(para) gpasswd.1.xml:53(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:62(para) chpasswd.8.xml:47(para) chpasswd.8.xml:53(para)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:62(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:47(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:53(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:62(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: This only affect the generation of group passwords. The generation of "
+"user passwords is done by PAM and subject to the PAM configuration. It is "
+"recommended to set this variable consistently with the PAM configuration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:32(term) chpasswd.8.xml:32(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:34(para) chpasswd.8.xml:34(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5-based algorithm. If "
+"set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, new passwords will be encrypted using "
+"the MD5-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of "
+"FreeBSD. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings. "
+"Set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> if you need to copy encrypted passwords "
+"to other systems which don't understand the new algorithm. Default is "
+"<replaceable>no</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:44(para) newusers.8.xml:44(para) login.defs.5.xml:44(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:44(para) chpasswd.8.xml:44(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:44(para)
+msgid ""
+"This variable is superseded by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable "
+"or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:49(para) newusers.8.xml:49(para) login.defs.5.xml:49(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:49(para) chpasswd.8.xml:49(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:49(para)
+msgid ""
+"This variable is deprecated. You should use <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable additional checks upon password changes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>PASS_ALWAYS_WARN</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Warn about weak passwords (but still allow them) if you are root."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>PASS_CHANGE_TRIES</option> (number)"
+msgstr "PASS_WARN_AGE (numer)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Maximum number of attempts to change password if rejected (too easy)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "PASS_MAX_DAYS (numer)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>PASS_MIN_LEN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "PASS_MIN_DAYS (numer)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Number of significant characters in the password for crypt(). "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> is 8 by default. Don't change unless your "
+"crypt() is better. This is ignored if <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> set to "
+"<replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chpasswd.8.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:31(term) chpasswd.8.xml:31(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:33(para) chpasswd.8.xml:33(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"When <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> is set to <replaceable>SHA256</"
+"replaceable> or <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable>, this defines the number "
+"of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number "
+"of rounds is not specified on the command line)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:40(para) newusers.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:40(para) chpasswd.8.xml:40(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute forcing the password. "
+"But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:45(para) newusers.8.xml:45(para) login.defs.5.xml:45(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:45(para) chpasswd.8.xml:45(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:45(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:49(para) newusers.8.xml:49(para) login.defs.5.xml:49(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:49(para) chpasswd.8.xml:49(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:49(para)
+msgid "The values must be inside the 1000-999,999,999 range."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:52(para) newusers.8.xml:52(para) login.defs.5.xml:52(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:52(para) chpasswd.8.xml:52(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:52(para)
+msgid ""
+"If only one of the <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> or "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> values is set, then this value will be "
+"used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:57(para) newusers.8.xml:57(para) login.defs.5.xml:57(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:57(para) chpasswd.8.xml:57(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:57(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> &gt; <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option>, the highest value will be used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:434(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/passwd"
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/passwd"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:436(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>passwd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:456(para) chage.1.xml:297(para)
+msgid "permission denied"
+msgstr "brak dostępu"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:462(para)
+msgid "invalid combination of options"
+msgstr "nieprawidłowa kombinacja opcji"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:468(para)
+msgid "unexpected failure, nothing done"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:474(para)
+msgid "unexpected failure, <filename>passwd</filename> file missing"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:480(para)
+msgid "<filename>passwd</filename> file busy, try again"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:444(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>passwd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>passwd</command> kończy działanie z następującymi "
+"wartościami kodów zakończenia: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:495(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:46(refentrytitle) nologin.8.xml:53(refname)
+#: nologin.8.xml:59(command)
+msgid "nologin"
+msgstr "nologin"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:54(refpurpose)
+msgid "politely refuse a login"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:65(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>nologin</command> command displays a message that an account is "
+"not available and exits non-zero. It is intended as a replacement shell "
+"field for accounts that have been disabled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"To disable all logins, investigate <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:75(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <command>SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND</command> is populated it will be logged."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:93(title)
+msgid "HISTORY"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The <command>nologin</command> command appeared in BSD 4.4."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:73(refentrytitle) newusers.8.xml:80(refname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:86(command) login.defs.5.xml:400(term)
+msgid "newusers"
+msgstr "newusers"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:81(refpurpose)
+msgid "update and create new users in batch"
+msgstr "wsadowa aktualizacja i tworzenie nowych użytkowników"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:91(replaceable)
+msgid "file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:98(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The <command>newusers</command> command reads a file of user name and "
+#| "clear-text password pairs and uses this information to update a group of "
+#| "existing users or to create new users. Each line is in the same format as "
+#| "the standard password file (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) with the following "
+#| "exceptions:"
+msgid ""
+"The <command>newusers</command> command reads a <replaceable>file</"
+"replaceable> (or the standard input by default) and uses this information to "
+"update a set of existing users or to create new users. Each line is in the "
+"same format as the standard password file (see "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>) with the exceptions explained below:"
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>newusers</command> odczytuje z pliku nazwa użytkowników i "
+"podane jawnym tekstem hasło. Odczytane informacje wykorzystywane są do "
+"aktualizacji grupy istniejących użytkowników lub tworzenia nowych. Każdy "
+"wiersz pliku posiada taki sam format jak standardowy plik haseł (patrz "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>), z następującymi wyjątkami:"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid "pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:111(emphasis)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "*name"
+msgid "pw_name"
+msgstr "*name"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "This is the name of the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>). In case of an existing user, "
+"the user's information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:128(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_passwd"
+msgstr "pw_passwd"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:131(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field will be encrypted and used as the new value of the encrypted "
+"password."
+msgstr ""
+"To pole zostanie zakodowane i użyte jako nowa wartość zakodowanego hasła."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:139(emphasis)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "pw_gid"
+msgid "pw_uid"
+msgstr "pw_gid"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the UID of the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "If this field contains a number, this number will be used as the UID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:153(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>), the UID of the specified "
+"user will be used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the UID of an existing user is changed, the files ownership of the user's "
+"file should be fixed manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:167(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_gid"
+msgstr "pw_gid"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:170(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the primary group ID for the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:173(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created "
+"before by <command>newusers</command>), the GID of this group will be used "
+"as the primary group ID for the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field is a number, this number will be used as the primary group ID "
+"of the user. If no groups exist with this GID, a new group will be created "
+"with this GID, and the name of the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:185(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the "
+"user and a GID will be automatically defined by <command>newusers</command> "
+"to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new "
+"group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>), a new group will be created "
+"with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by "
+"<command>newusers</command> to be used as the primary group ID for the user "
+"and GID for the new group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:203(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_gecos"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:206(para)
+msgid "This field is copied in the GECOS field of the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:213(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_dir"
+msgstr "pw_dir"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:216(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the home directory of the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field does not specify an existing directory, the specified "
+"directory is created, with ownership set to the user being created or "
+"updated and its primary group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the home directory of an existing user is changed, <command>newusers</"
+"command> does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new "
+"location. This should be done manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:234(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_shell"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:237(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field defines the shell of the user. No checks are performed on this "
+"field."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:245(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>newusers</command> first tries to create or change all the "
+"specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group "
+"databases. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), "
+"no changes are committed to the databases."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:251(para)
+msgid ""
+"During this first pass, users are created with a locked password (and "
+"passwords are not changed for the users which are not created). A second "
+"pass is used to update the passwords using PAM. Failures to update a "
+"password are reported, but will not stop the other password updates."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:259(para)
+msgid ""
+"This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many "
+"accounts are updated at a single time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:267(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The options which apply to the <command>usermod</command> command are:"
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>newusers</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>usermod</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:284(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:112(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option>"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:286(para) chpasswd.8.xml:141(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "Use the specified method to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:287(para) chpasswd.8.xml:145(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"The available methods are DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 or SHA512 if your libc "
+"support these methods."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"System users will be created with no aging information in <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</option> counterparts for "
+"the creation of groups)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:335(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:158(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:337(para) chpasswd.8.xml:204(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:160(para)
+msgid "Use the specified number of rounds to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:340(para) chpasswd.8.xml:207(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:163(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 means that the system will choose the default number of rounds "
+"for the crypt method (5000)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:344(para) chpasswd.8.xml:211(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999 will be enforced."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:348(para) chpasswd.8.xml:215(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:171(para)
+msgid "You can only use this option with the SHA256 or SHA512 crypt method."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:352(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and "
+"SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:364(para)
+msgid ""
+"The input file must be protected since it contains unencrypted passwords."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:368(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should make sure the passwords and the encryption method respect the "
+"system's password policy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:444(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/passwd"
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/newusers"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:446(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:466(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) newgrp.1.xml:65(refname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:71(command)
+msgid "newgrp"
+msgstr "newgrp"
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "log in to a new group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:72(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:74(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:78(replaceable) gpasswd.1.xml:88(replaceable)
+msgid "group"
+msgstr "group"
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:78(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>newgrp</command> command is used to change the current group ID "
+"during a login session. If the optional <option>-</option> flag is given, "
+"the user's environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged "
+"in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, "
+"remains unchanged."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:86(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>newgrp</command> changes the current real group ID to the named "
+"group, or to the default group listed in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> if "
+"no group name is given. <command>newgrp</command> also tries to add the "
+"group to the user groupset. If not root, the user will be prompted for a "
+"password if she does not have a password (in <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> otherwise) and the group does, or if the "
+"user is not listed as a member and the group has a password. The user will "
+"be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed "
+"as a member."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"If there is an entry for this group in <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, "
+"then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from "
+"this file, otherwise, the entry in <filename>/etc/group</filename> is "
+"considered."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:152(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) logoutd.8.xml:64(refname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:70(command)
+msgid "logoutd"
+msgstr "logoutd"
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "enforce login time restrictions"
+msgstr "wymuszenie ograniczeń czasu logowania"
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:76(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>logoutd</command> enforces the login time and port restrictions "
+"specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</filename>. <command>logoutd</command> "
+"should be started from <filename>/etc/rc</filename>. The <filename>/var/run/"
+"utmp</filename> file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked "
+"to see if the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time. "
+"Any login session which is violating the restrictions in <filename>/etc/"
+"porttime</filename> is terminated."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>logoutd</command> wymusza ograniczenia portów i czasów logowania "
+"podane w <filename>/etc/porttime</filename>. <command>logoutd</command> "
+"powinno być uruchamiane z <filename>/etc/rc</filename>.  Okresowo "
+"przeglądany jest plik <filename>/var/run/utmp</filename>. Sprawdzana jest "
+"każda nazwa  użytkownika, aby stwierdzić, czy użytkownik ma zezwolenie na "
+"pracę w bieżącym czasie na danym porcie. Każda sesja pracy (logowania) "
+"naruszająca ograniczenia zawarte w <filename>/etc/porttime</filename> jest "
+"kończona."
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:98(filename) login.1.xml:341(filename)
+msgid "/var/run/utmp"
+msgstr "/var/run/utmp"
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:100(para) login.1.xml:343(para)
+msgid "List of current login sessions."
+msgstr "List bieżących sesji pracy."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:124(refentrytitle) login.defs.5.xml:131(refname)
+msgid "login.defs"
+msgstr "login.defs"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:132(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadow password suite configuration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> file defines the site-specific "
+"configuration for the shadow password suite. This file is required. Absence "
+"of this file will not prevent system operation, but will probably result in "
+"undesirable operation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:144(para)
+msgid ""
+"This file is a readable text file, each line of the file describing one "
+"configuration parameter. The lines consist of a configuration name and "
+"value, separated by whitespace. Blank lines and comment lines are ignored. "
+"Comments are introduced with a \"#\" pound sign and the pound sign must be "
+"the first non-white character of the line."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"Parameter values may be of four types: strings, booleans, numbers, and long "
+"numbers. A string is comprised of any printable characters. A boolean should "
+"be either the value <replaceable>yes</replaceable> or <replaceable>no</"
+"replaceable>. An undefined boolean parameter or one with a value other than "
+"these will be given a <replaceable>no</replaceable> value. Numbers (both "
+"regular and long) may be either decimal values, octal values (precede the "
+"value with <replaceable>0</replaceable>) or hexadecimal values (precede the "
+"value with <replaceable>0x</replaceable>). The maximum value of the regular "
+"and long numeric parameters is machine-dependent."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:167(para)
+msgid "The following configuration items are provided:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHFN_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chfn</command> program will "
+"require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the "
+"superuser."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>CHFN_RESTRICT</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (łańcuch)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"This parameter specifies which values in the <emphasis remap=\"I\">gecos</"
+"emphasis> field of the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file may be changed "
+"by regular users using the <command>chfn</command> program. It can be any "
+"combination of letters <replaceable>f</replaceable>, <replaceable>r</"
+"replaceable>, <replaceable>w</replaceable>, <replaceable>h</replaceable>, "
+"for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively. For "
+"backward compatibility, <replaceable>yes</replaceable> is equivalent to "
+"<replaceable>rwh</replaceable> and <replaceable>no</replaceable> is "
+"equivalent to <replaceable>frwh</replaceable>. If not specified, only the "
+"superuser can make any changes. The most restrictive setting is better "
+"achieved by not installing <command>chfn</command> SUID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chsh.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>CHSH_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chsh.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chsh</command> program will "
+"require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the "
+"superuser."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>ERASECHAR</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UMASK (number)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Terminal ERASE character (<replaceable>010</replaceable> = backspace, "
+"<replaceable>0177</replaceable> = DEL)."
+msgstr ""
+"Nazwa grupy zostanie zmieniona z <replaceable>GRUPA</replaceable> na nazwę "
+"<replaceable>NOWA_GRUPA</replaceable>."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+#: login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value can be prefixed \"0\" for an octal value, or \"0x\" for an "
+"hexadecimal value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>FAIL_DELAY</option> (number)"
+msgstr "PASS_MIN_DAYS (numer)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Delay in seconds before being allowed another attempt after a login failure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>FAILLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable logging and display of <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> login "
+"failure info."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>FAKE_SHELL</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (łańcuch)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, <command>login</command> will execute this shell instead of the "
+"users' shell specified in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>FTMP_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (łańcuch)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, login failures will be logged in this file in a utmp format."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>HUSHLOGIN_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (łańcuch)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, this file can inhibit all the usual chatter during the login "
+"sequence. If a full pathname is specified, then hushed mode will be enabled "
+"if the user's name or shell are found in the file. If not a full pathname, "
+"then hushed mode will be enabled if the file exists in the user's home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>ISSUE_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (łańcuch)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, this file will be displayed before each login prompt."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>KILLCHAR</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Terminal KILL character (<replaceable>025</replaceable> = CTRL/U)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>LASTLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging and display of /var/log/lastlog login time info."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>LOG_OK_LOGINS</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging of successful logins."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable display of unknown usernames when login failures are recorded."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: logging unknown usernames may be a security issue if an user enter her "
+"password instead of her login name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_RETRIES</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MIN (numer)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Maximum number of login retries in case of bad password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"This will most likely be overridden by PAM, since the default pam_unix "
+"module has its own built in of 3 retries. However, this is a safe fallback "
+"in case you are using an authentication module that does not enforce "
+"PAM_MAXTRIES."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_TIMEOUT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Max time in seconds for login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>MOTD_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (łańcuch)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, \":\" delimited list of \"message of the day\" files to be "
+"displayed upon login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>NOLOGINS_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (łańcuch)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, name of file whose presence will inhibit non-root logins. The "
+"contents of this file should be a message indicating why logins are "
+"inhibited."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:212(para)
+msgid ""
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option>, <option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> and "
+"<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> are only used at the time of account "
+"creation. Any changes to these settings won't affect existing accounts."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (numer)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable checking of time restrictions specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>TTYGROUP</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (łańcuch)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:33(term) login.1.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>TTYPERM</option> (string)"
+msgstr "USERDEL_CMD (łańcuch)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:35(para) login.1.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the "
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> group, and the permissions will be set to "
+"<option>TTYPERM</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:40(para) login.1.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user's primary group "
+"and the permissions are set to <replaceable>0600</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:45(para) login.1.xml:45(para)
+msgid ""
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> can be either the name of a group or a numeric "
+"group identifier."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:49(para) login.1.xml:49(para)
+msgid ""
+"If you have a <command>write</command> program which is \"setgid\" to a "
+"special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number "
+"and TTYPERM to 0620. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign "
+"TTYPERM to either 622 or 600."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>TTYTYPE_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (łańcuch)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, file which maps tty line to TERM environment parameter. Each "
+"line of the file is in a format something like \"vt100 tty01\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>ULIMIT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UID_MIN (numer)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Default <command>ulimit</command> value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:245(title)
+msgid "CROSS REFERENCES"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:246(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following cross references show which programs in the shadow password "
+"suite use which parameters."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:253(term) chage.1.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: chage.1.xml:65(refname) chage.1.xml:70(command)
+msgid "chage"
+msgstr "chage"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:255(para) login.defs.5.xml:451(phrase)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:523(phrase)
+msgid "USE_TCB"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:259(term) chfn.1.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: chfn.1.xml:67(refname) chfn.1.xml:73(command)
+msgid "chfn"
+msgstr "chfn"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CHFN_AUTH</phrase> CHFN_RESTRICT <phrase "
+"condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:269(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:64(refname) chgpasswd.8.xml:70(command)
+msgid "chgpasswd"
+msgstr "chgpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:271(para) login.defs.5.xml:302(para)
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:279(term) chpasswd.8.xml:61(refentrytitle)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:68(refname) chpasswd.8.xml:74(command)
+msgid "chpasswd"
+msgstr "chpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:282(phrase)
+msgid "ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:284(phrase)
+msgid "SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:290(term) chsh.1.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: chsh.1.xml:67(refname) chsh.1.xml:73(command)
+msgid "chsh"
+msgstr "chsh"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:292(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH CHFN_RESTRICT"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:300(term) gpasswd.1.xml:62(refentrytitle)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:69(refname) gpasswd.1.xml:83(command)
+msgid "gpasswd"
+msgstr "gpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:310(term) groupadd.8.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:67(refname) groupadd.8.xml:73(command)
+msgid "groupadd"
+msgstr "groupadd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:312(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN"
+msgstr ""
+"GID_MAX GID_MIN PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE UID_MAX UID_MIN "
+"UMASK"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:319(term) groupdel.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:65(refname) groupdel.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "groupdel"
+msgstr "groupdel"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:321(para) login.defs.5.xml:327(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:333(para) login.defs.5.xml:340(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:346(para) login.defs.5.xml:352(para)
+msgid "MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:325(term) groupmems.8.xml:61(refentrytitle)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:68(refname) groupmems.8.xml:74(command)
+msgid "groupmems"
+msgstr "groupmems"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:331(term) groupmod.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:65(refname) groupmod.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "groupmod"
+msgstr "groupmod"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:338(term) grpck.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: grpck.8.xml:65(refname) grpck.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "grpck"
+msgstr "grpck"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:357(term) lastlog.8.xml:59(refentrytitle)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:66(refname) lastlog.8.xml:72(command)
+msgid "lastlog"
+msgstr "lastlog"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:359(para)
+msgid "LASTLOG_UID_MAX"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:363(term) login.1.xml:90(refentrytitle)
+#: login.1.xml:97(refname) login.1.xml:103(command) login.1.xml:111(command)
+#: login.1.xml:118(command)
+msgid "login"
+msgstr "login"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:365(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE</"
+"phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FAILLOG_ENAB</"
+"phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> "
+"HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LASTLOG_ENAB LASTLOG_UID_MAX</phrase> "
+"LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> "
+"LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE "
+"PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</phrase> USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:392(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "newgrp"
+msgid "newgrp / sg"
+msgstr "newgrp"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:394(para)
+msgid "SYSLOG_SG_ENAB"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:402(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB "
+"HOME_MODE PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> "
+"SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN "
+"SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+msgstr ""
+"GID_MAX GID_MIN PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE UID_MAX UID_MIN "
+"UMASK"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:421(para)
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN "
+"PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:432(para)
+msgid ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:441(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE UMASK"
+msgid ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb\">USE_TCB</"
+"phrase>"
+msgstr "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE UMASK"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:458(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ENV_PATH "
+"ENV_SUPATH <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB "
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> SULOG_FILE SU_NAME <phrase condition="
+"\"no_pam\">SU_WHEEL_ONLY</phrase> SYSLOG_SU_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">USERGROUPS_ENAB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:473(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "sulogin"
+msgstr "login"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:475(para)
+msgid "ENV_HZ <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:484(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN HOME_MODE LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR "
+"MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE "
+"SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN "
+"SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK "
+"<phrase condition=\"tcb\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"GID_MAX GID_MIN PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE UID_MAX UID_MIN "
+"UMASK"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:502(para)
+msgid ""
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB <phrase "
+"condition=\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:512(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE UMASK"
+msgid ""
+"LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition="
+"\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE UMASK"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:532(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"Much of the functionality that used to be provided by the shadow password "
+"suite is now handled by PAM. Thus, <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> is "
+"no longer used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, or less used by "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Please refer to the "
+"corresponding PAM configuration files instead."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:548(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:58(refentrytitle) login.access.5.xml:65(refname)
+msgid "login.access"
+msgstr "login.access"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "login access control table"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:71(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> file specifies (user, "
+"host) combinations and/or (user, tty) combinations for which a login will be "
+"either accepted or refused."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:77(para)
+msgid ""
+"When someone logs in, the <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> is "
+"scanned for the first entry that matches the (user, host) combination, or, "
+"in case of non-networked logins, the first entry that matches the (user, "
+"tty) combination. The permissions field of that table entry determines "
+"whether the login will be accepted or refused."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each line of the login access control table has three fields separated by a "
+"\":\" character:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">permission</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">users</"
+"emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">origins</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:94(para)
+msgid ""
+"The first field should be a \"<emphasis>+</emphasis>\" (access granted) or "
+"\"<emphasis>-</emphasis>\" (access denied) character. The second field "
+"should be a list of one or more login names, group names, or <emphasis>ALL</"
+"emphasis> (always matches). The third field should be a list of one or more "
+"tty names (for non-networked logins), host names, domain names (begin with "
+"\"<literal>.</literal>\"), host addresses, internet network numbers (end "
+"with \"<literal>.</literal>\"), <emphasis>ALL</emphasis> (always matches) or "
+"<emphasis>LOCAL</emphasis> (matches any string that does not contain a "
+"\"<literal>.</literal>\" character). If you run NIS you can use "
+"@netgroupname in host or user patterns."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>EXCEPT</emphasis> operator makes it possible to write very "
+"compact rules."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group file is searched only when a name does not match that of the "
+"logged-in user. Only groups are matched in which users are explicitly "
+"listed: the program does not look at a user's primary group id value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:98(refpurpose)
+msgid "begin session on the system"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:104(arg) login.1.xml:112(arg) login.1.xml:119(arg)
+#: login.1.xml:236(option) groupmems.8.xml:79(arg)
+msgid "-p"
+msgstr "-p"
+
+#: login.1.xml:105(replaceable) login.1.xml:113(replaceable)
+#: login.1.xml:120(replaceable)
+msgid "host"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:105(arg) login.1.xml:113(arg)
+msgid "-h <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-h <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: login.1.xml:108(replaceable)
+msgid "ENV=VAR"
+msgstr "ENV=VAR"
+
+#: login.1.xml:114(arg) login.1.xml:214(option)
+msgid "-f"
+msgstr "-f"
+
+#: login.1.xml:120(arg)
+msgid "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: login.1.xml:126(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>login</command> program is used to establish a new session with "
+"the system. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">login:</emphasis> prompt on the user's terminal. "
+"<command>login</command> may be special to the shell and may not be invoked "
+"as a sub-process. When called from a shell, <command>login</command> should "
+"be executed as <emphasis remap=\"B\">exec login</emphasis> which will cause "
+"the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new "
+"logged in user to return to the session of the caller). Attempting to "
+"execute <command>login</command> from any shell but the login shell will "
+"produce an error message."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:140(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate. Echoing is "
+"disabled to prevent revealing the password. Only a small number of password "
+"failures are permitted before <command>login</command> exits and the "
+"communications link is severed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:147(para)
+msgid ""
+"If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for "
+"a new password before proceeding. You will be forced to provide your old "
+"password and the new password before continuing. Please refer to "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> for more information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and "
+"the presence of mail. You may turn off the printing of the system message "
+"file, <filename>/etc/motd</filename>, by creating a zero-length file "
+"<filename>.hushlogin</filename> in your login directory. The mail message "
+"will be one of \"<emphasis>You have new mail.</emphasis>\", \"<emphasis>You "
+"have mail.</emphasis>\", or \"<emphasis>No Mail.</emphasis>\" according to "
+"the condition of your mailbox."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file. The value for <envar>$HOME</envar>, "
+"<envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, <envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, and "
+"<envar>$MAIL</envar> are set according to the appropriate fields in the "
+"password entry. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to "
+"entries in the GECOS field."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"On some installations, the environmental variable <envar>$TERM</envar> will "
+"be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in "
+"<filename>/etc/ttytype</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:182(para)
+msgid ""
+"An initialization script for your command interpreter may also be executed. "
+"Please see the appropriate manual section for more information on this "
+"function."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:194(para) login.1.xml:270(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>login</command> program is NOT responsible for removing users "
+"from the utmp file. It is the responsibility of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to clean up apparent "
+"ownership of a terminal session. If you use <command>login</command> from "
+"the shell prompt without <command>exec</command>, the user you use will "
+"continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the \"subsession"
+"\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:217(para)
+msgid "Do not perform authentication, user is preauthenticated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:220(para)
+msgid "Note: In that case, <replaceable>username</replaceable> is mandatory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:228(option)
+msgid "-h"
+msgstr "-h"
+
+#: login.1.xml:231(para)
+msgid "Name of the remote host for this login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:239(para)
+msgid "Preserve environment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:244(option)
+msgid "-r"
+msgstr "-r"
+
+#: login.1.xml:247(para)
+msgid "Perform autologin protocol for rlogin."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:252(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> and <option>-f</option> options "
+"are only used when <command>login</command> is invoked by root."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"This version of <command>login</command> has many compilation options, only "
+"some of which may be in use at any particular site."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:266(para)
+msgid ""
+"The location of files is subject to differences in system configuration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:282(para)
+msgid ""
+"As with any program, <command>login</command>'s appearance can be faked. If "
+"non-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use "
+"this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the "
+"machine. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a "
+"trusted path and prevent this kind of attack."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:347(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/wtmp"
+msgstr "/var/log/wtmp"
+
+#: login.1.xml:349(para)
+msgid "List of previous login sessions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:365(filename)
+msgid "/etc/motd"
+msgstr "/etc/motd"
+
+#: login.1.xml:367(para)
+msgid "System message of the day file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:371(filename)
+msgid "/etc/nologin"
+msgstr "/etc/nologin"
+
+#: login.1.xml:373(para)
+msgid "Prevent non-root users from logging in."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:377(filename)
+msgid "/etc/ttytype"
+msgstr "/etc/ttytype"
+
+#: login.1.xml:379(para)
+msgid "List of terminal types."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:383(filename)
+msgid "$HOME/.hushlogin"
+msgstr "$HOME/.hushlogin"
+
+#: login.1.xml:385(para)
+msgid "Suppress printing of system messages."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:399(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:41(firstname)
+msgid "Luca"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:42(surname)
+msgid "Berra"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:59(refentrytitle) limits.5.xml:66(refname)
+msgid "limits"
+msgstr "limits"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:67(refpurpose)
+msgid "resource limits definition"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:73(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis remap=\"I\">limits</emphasis> file (<filename>/etc/limits</"
+"filename> by default or LIMITS_FILE defined <filename>config.h</filename>) "
+"describes the resource limits you wish to impose. It should be owned by root "
+"and readable by root account only."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default no quota is imposed on 'root'. In fact, there is no way to impose "
+"limits via this procedure to root-equiv accounts (accounts with UID 0)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "Each line describes a limit for a user in the form:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:90(emphasis)
+msgid "user LIMITS_STRING"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:93(para)
+msgid "or in the form:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:96(emphasis)
+msgid "@group LIMITS_STRING"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis> is a string of a concatenated list of "
+"resource limits. Each limit consists of a letter identifier followed by a "
+"numerical limit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:105(para)
+msgid "The valid identifiers are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:108(para)
+msgid "A: max address space (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:109(para)
+msgid "C: max core file size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:110(para)
+msgid "D: max data size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:111(para)
+msgid "F: maximum file size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:112(para)
+msgid ""
+"K: file creation mask, set by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:117(para)
+msgid "I: max nice value (0..39 which translates to 20..-19)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:119(para)
+msgid "L: max number of logins for this user"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:120(para)
+msgid "M: max locked-in-memory address space (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:121(para)
+msgid "N: max number of open files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:122(para)
+msgid "O: max real time priority"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:123(para)
+msgid ""
+"P: process priority, set by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:128(para)
+msgid "R: max resident set size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:129(para)
+msgid "S: max stack size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid "T: max CPU time (MIN)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:131(para)
+msgid "U: max number of processes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"For example, <emphasis remap=\"I\">L2D2048N5</emphasis> is a valid "
+"<emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis>. For reading convenience, the following "
+"entries are equivalent:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:140(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      username L2D2048N5\n"
+"      username L2 D2048 N5\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      username L2D2048N5\n"
+"      username L2 D2048 N5\n"
+"    "
+
+#: limits.5.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"Be aware that after <emphasis remap=\"I\">username</emphasis> the rest of "
+"the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed. An "
+"invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the "
+"<command>login</command> program."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default entry is denoted by username \"<emphasis>*</emphasis>\". If you "
+"have multiple <emphasis remap=\"I\">default</emphasis> entries in your "
+"<emphasis>LIMITS_FILE</emphasis>, then the last one will be used as the "
+"default entry."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:159(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The limits specified in the form \"<replaceable>@group</replaceable>\" apply "
+"to the members of the specified <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Nazwa grupy zostanie zmieniona z <replaceable>GRUPA</replaceable> na nazwę "
+"<replaceable>NOWA_GRUPA</replaceable>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:165(para)
+msgid ""
+"If more than one line with limits for a user exist, only the first line for "
+"this user will be considered."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:170(para)
+msgid ""
+"If no lines are specified for a user, the last <replaceable>@group</"
+"replaceable> line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be "
+"considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the "
+"user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:177(para)
+msgid ""
+"To completely disable limits for a user, a single dash \"<emphasis>-</"
+"emphasis>\" will do."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:182(para)
+msgid ""
+"To disable a limit for a user, a single dash \"<replaceable>-</replaceable>"
+"\" can be used instead of the numerical value for this limit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"Also, please note that all limit settings are set PER LOGIN. They are not "
+"global, nor are they permanent. Perhaps global limits will come, but for now "
+"this will have to do ;)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:199(filename)
+msgid "/etc/limits"
+msgstr "/etc/limits"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:67(refpurpose)
+msgid "reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user"
+msgstr ""
+"wyświetla informacje o ostanim logowaniu dla wybranego lub wszystkich "
+"użytkowaników"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>lastlog</command> formats and prints the contents of the last login "
+"log <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file. The <emphasis>login-name</"
+"emphasis>, <emphasis>port</emphasis>, and <emphasis>last login time</"
+"emphasis> will be printed. The default (no flags) causes lastlog entries to "
+"be printed, sorted by their order in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>lastlog</command> formatuje i wyświetla zawartość bazy "
+"ostatnich logowań zapisanych w pliku <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename>. "
+"Wyświetlone zostaną <emphasis>nazwa użytkownika</emphasis>, <emphasis>port</"
+"emphasis> i <emphasis>czas</emphasis> ostatniego logowania. Domyślnie (bez "
+"flag) pozycje wyświetlane są w kolejności w jakiej są w pliku <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename>."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:93(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>lastlog</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>lastlog</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:98(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DNI</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:102(para)
+msgid ""
+"Print only lastlog records older than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Wyświetlenie rekordów lastlog starszych niż zadana <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">DNI</emphasis>."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:108(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+msgid "<option>-C</option>, <option>--clear</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:112(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid ""
+"Clear lastlog record of a user. This option can be used only together with "
+"<option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>))."
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:139(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgid "<option>-S</option>, <option>--set</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:143(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set lastlog record of a user to the current time. This option can be used "
+"only together with <option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>))."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:150(term) faillog.8.xml:192(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DNI</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:154(para)
+msgid ""
+"Print the lastlog records more recent than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</"
+"emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Wyświetlenie rekordów lastlog nie starszych niż zadana ilość <emphasis remap="
+"\"I\">DNI</emphasis>."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:161(term) faillog.8.xml:202(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KLUCZ</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>WARTOŚĆ</replaceable>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:165(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Print the lastlog record for user with specified <emphasis remap=\"I"
+#| "\">LOGIN</emphasis> only."
+msgid "Print the lastlog record of the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+"Wyświetlenie informacji o ostanim logowaniu dla użytkownika "
+"<replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable>."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:168(para) faillog.8.xml:211(para)
+msgid ""
+"The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a "
+"<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable> of users. This <replaceable>RANGE</"
+"replaceable> of users can be specified with a min and max values "
+"(<replaceable>UID_MIN-UID_MAX</replaceable>), a max value (<replaceable>-"
+"UID_MAX</replaceable>), or a min value (<replaceable>UID_MIN-</replaceable>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:180(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the user has never logged in the message <emphasis>** Never logged in**</"
+"emphasis> will be displayed instead of the port and time."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeżeli użytkownik nigdy się nie logował to zamiast portu i czasu \n"
+"logowania wyświetlany jest komunikat <emphasis>**Nigdy nie zalogowany**</"
+"emphasis> (użytkownik nigdy się nie logował)."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:185(para)
+msgid ""
+"Only the entries for the current users of the system will be displayed. "
+"Other entries may exist for users that were deleted previously."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:193(title) groups.1.xml:90(title) chsh.1.xml:140(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:237(title)
+msgid "NOTE"
+msgstr "UWAGI"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <filename>lastlog</filename> file is a database which contains info on "
+"the last login of each user. You should not rotate it. It is a sparse file, "
+"so its size on the disk is usually much smaller than the one shown by "
+"\"<command>ls -l</command>\" (which can indicate a really big file if you "
+"have in <filename>passwd</filename> users with a high UID). You can display "
+"its real size with \"<command>ls -s</command>\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Baza danych <filename>lastlog</filename> jest plikiem zawierajacym "
+"informacje o ostanim logowaniu każdego użytkowanika. Pliku tego nie powinnoa "
+"się okresowo kasować i zakąłdać od nowa (rotacja). Plik ten jest plikiem z "
+"dziurami tak więc jego rozmiar jest zwykle znacznie mniejszy pokazywany "
+"przez polecenie \"<command>ls -l</command>\" (pokazujące że jest on dużych "
+"rozmiarów jeżeli masz w <filename>passwd</filename> użytkowaników z wysokimi "
+"wartościami UID). Mozesz wyświetlić rzeczywisty rozmiar tego pliku używając "
+"polecenia \"<command>ls -s</command>\"."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:220(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/lastlog"
+msgstr "/var/log/lastlog"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "Database times of previous user logins."
+msgstr "Baza danych ostatnich logowań użytkowników."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:230(para)
+msgid ""
+"Large gaps in UID numbers will cause the lastlog program to run longer with "
+"no output to the screen (i.e. if in lastlog database there is no entries for "
+"users with UID between 170 and 800 lastlog will appear to hang as it "
+"processes entries with UIDs 171-799)."
+msgstr ""
+"Duże luki w numeracji UID powodują, że program będzie pracował dłużej, nie "
+"wyświetlając wyników (np. jeśli w bazie lastlog nie ma wpisów dla o UID "
+"pomiedzy 170, a 800, to program będzie sprawiał wrażenie zawieszonego w "
+"trakcie przetwarzania wpisów dla użytkowanikół o UID 171-799)."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:41(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2005"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:46(refentrytitle) gshadow.5.xml:53(refname)
+msgid "gshadow"
+msgstr "gshadow"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:54(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadowed group file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:59(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> contains the shadowed information for "
+"group accounts."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:69(para)
+msgid "Each line of this file contains the following colon-separated fields:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:75(emphasis)
+msgid "group name"
+msgstr "nazwa grupy"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:77(para)
+msgid "It must be a valid group name, which exist on the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:90(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, for instance ! or *, users will not be able to use a unix "
+"password to access the group (but group members do not need the password)."
+msgstr ""
+"Nowa wartość pola komentarza dla danego użytkownika w pliku haseł. Zwykle "
+"jest zmieniana przy pomocy polecenia <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:97(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The new value of the user's password file comment field. It is normally "
+#| "modified using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utility."
+msgid ""
+"The password is used when a user who is not a member of the group wants to "
+"gain the permissions of this group (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Nowa wartość pola komentarza dla danego użytkownika w pliku haseł. Zwykle "
+"jest zmieniana przy pomocy polecenia <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field may be empty, in which case only the group members can gain the "
+"group permissions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"This password supersedes any password specified in <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:121(emphasis)
+msgid "administrators"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:123(para) gshadow.5.xml:139(para)
+msgid "It must be a comma-separated list of user names."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:126(para)
+msgid "Administrators can change the password or the members of the group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"Administrators also have the same permissions as the members (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:137(emphasis)
+msgid "members"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:142(para)
+msgid "Members can access the group without being prompted for a password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:146(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should use the same list of users as in <filename>/etc/group</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:175(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "verify integrity of group files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpck</command> command verifies the integrity of the groups "
+"information. It checks that all entries in <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase> have the proper format and contain valid data. The user "
+"is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have "
+"other uncorrectable errors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:101(para)
+msgid "a unique and valid group name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"a valid group identifier <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> (<filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename> only)</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"a valid list of members <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> and administrators</"
+"phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"a corresponding entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file "
+"(respectively <filename>/etc/group</filename> for the <filename>gshadow</"
+"filename> checks)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:125(para)
+msgid ""
+"The checks for correct number of fields and unique group name are fatal. If "
+"an entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete "
+"the entire line. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further "
+"checks are bypassed. An entry with a duplicated group name is prompted for "
+"deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made. All other errors are "
+"warnings and the user is encouraged to run the <command>groupmod</command> "
+"command to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid ""
+"The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"no_gshadow\">file</phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and "
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</phrase> are not able to alter "
+"corrupted or duplicated entries. <command>grpck</command> should be used in "
+"those circumstances to remove the offending entries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:152(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "The options which apply to the <command>pwck</command> command are:"
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>grpck</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>pwck</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:165(para)
+msgid ""
+"Execute the <command>grpck</command> command in read-only mode. This causes "
+"all questions regarding changes to be answered <emphasis>no</emphasis> "
+"without user intervention."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"Sort entries in <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase> by GID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:196(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, <command>grpck</command> operates on <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. The user may select alternate files with the <emphasis "
+"remap=\"I\">group</emphasis><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">parameter.</"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</"
+"emphasis> parameters.</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:264(para)
+msgid "one or more bad group entries"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:270(para)
+msgid "can't open group files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "can't lock group files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:282(para)
+msgid "can't update group files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:246(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpck</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>grpckl</command> kończy działanie z następującymi "
+"wartościami kodów zakończenia: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:291(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>, </citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groups.1.xml:57(refentrytitle) groups.1.xml:64(refname)
+#: groups.1.xml:70(command)
+msgid "groups"
+msgstr "groups"
+
+#: groups.1.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "display current group names"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groups.1.xml:72(replaceable)
+msgid "user"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groups.1.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groups</command> command displays the current group names or ID "
+"values. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename>, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value. "
+"The optional <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis> parameter will display "
+"the groups for the named <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groups.1.xml:91(para)
+msgid ""
+"Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information "
+"from <filename>/etc/group</filename> reported. The user must use "
+"<command>newgrp</command> or <command>sg</command> to change his current "
+"real and effective group ID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groups.1.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgroups</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgroups</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "modify a group definition on the system"
+msgstr "modyfikuj definicję grupy systemowej"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:75(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:75(replaceable)
+msgid "GROUP"
+msgstr "GRUPA"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmod</command> command modifies the definition of the "
+"specified <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> by modifying the appropriate "
+"entry in the group database."
+msgstr ""
+"Polcenie <command>groupmod</command> modifikuje definicję grupy "
+"<replaceable>GRUPA</replaceable> poprzez modifikację stosownego wpisu w "
+"bazie grup."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupmod</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>groupmod</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:96(term) groupadd.8.xml:114(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:100(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The name of the group will be changed from <replaceable>GROUP</"
+#| "replaceable> to <replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable> name."
+msgid ""
+"The group ID of the given <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> will be changed "
+"to <replaceable>GID</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Nazwa grupy zostanie zmieniona z <replaceable>GRUPA</replaceable> na nazwę "
+"<replaceable>NOWA_GRUPA</replaceable>."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:104(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The value of <replaceable>GID</replaceable> must be a non-negative decimal "
+"integer. This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is "
+"used."
+msgstr ""
+"Nowa wartość ID grupy <replaceable>GRUPA</replaceable>. Numeryczna wartość "
+"<replaceable>GID</replaceable> musi mieć nieujemną wartość całkowitą. "
+"Wartość ta musi być unikalna chyba że użyto opcji <option>-o</option>. "
+"Wartości pomiędzy 0 a 999 są zwykle zarezerwowane dla grup systemowych. "
+"Pliki, dla których stary identyfikator jest identyfikatorem grupy pliku, "
+"wymagają ręcznej zmiany ID grupy."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:110(para)
+msgid ""
+"Users who use the group as primary group will be updated to keep the group "
+"as their primary group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any files that have the old group ID and must continue to belong to "
+"<replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>, must have their group ID changed manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>GID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>, or "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:135(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--new-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--append</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NOWA_GRUPA</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the group will be changed from <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> "
+"to <replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable> name."
+msgstr ""
+"Nazwa grupy zostanie zmieniona z <replaceable>GRUPA</replaceable> na nazwę "
+"<replaceable>NOWA_GRUPA</replaceable>."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:150(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When used with the <option>-g</option> option, allow to change the group "
+"<replaceable>GID</replaceable> to a non-unique value."
+msgstr ""
+"Użyte z opcją <option>-g</option> umożliwia zmiane <replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable> grupy na wartość nieunikalną."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:259(para)
+msgid "E_SUCCESS: success"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:265(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "invalid command syntax"
+msgid "E_USAGE: invalid command syntax"
+msgstr "niepoprawna składnia polecenia"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:271(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "invalid argument to option"
+msgid "E_BAD_ARG: invalid argument to option"
+msgstr "nieprawidłowy argument opcji"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:277(para)
+msgid "E_GID_IN_USE: specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:283(para)
+msgid "E_NOTFOUND: specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:289(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "group name already in use"
+msgid "E_NAME_IN_USE: group name already in use"
+msgstr "nazwa grupy już jest w użyciu"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:295(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "can't update group file"
+msgid "E_GRP_UPDATE: can't update group file"
+msgstr "nie można zaktualizować pliku z grupami"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:299(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "1"
+msgid "11"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:301(para)
+msgid "E_CLEANUP_SERVICE: can't setup cleanup service"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:307(para)
+msgid "E_PAM_USERNAME: can't determine your username for use with pam"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:311(replaceable)
+msgid "13"
+msgstr "13"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"E_PAM_ERROR: pam returned an error, see syslog facility id groupmod for the "
+"PAM error message"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmod</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>groupmod</command> kończy działanie z następującymi "
+"wartościami kodów zakończenia: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:322(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:42(firstname)
+msgid "George"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:43(surname)
+msgid "Kraft"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:44(lineage)
+msgid "IV"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:45(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "administer members of a user's primary group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:76(replaceable) groupmems.8.xml:77(replaceable)
+msgid "user_name"
+msgstr "user_name"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:76(arg)
+msgid "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:77(arg)
+msgid "-d <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-d <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:78(replaceable)
+msgid "group_name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:78(arg)
+msgid "-g <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-g <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:79(arg)
+msgid "-l"
+msgstr "-l"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:86(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmems</command> command allows a user to administer their "
+"own group membership list without the requirement of superuser privileges. "
+"The <command>groupmems</command> utility is for systems that configure its "
+"users to be in their own name sake primary group (i.e., guest / guest)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid ""
+"Only the superuser, as administrator, can use <command>groupmems</command> "
+"to alter the memberships of other groups."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>groupmems</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>groupmems</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:107(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:109(para)
+msgid "Add a user to the group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:110(para) groupmems.8.xml:126(para)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, and the group has no "
+"entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file, a new entry will be "
+"created."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:118(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DNI</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "Delete a user from the group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, the user will be "
+"removed from the list of members and administrators of the group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:134(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>group_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The superuser can specify which group membership list to modify."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:148(term) chage.1.xml:160(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid "List the group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:154(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--purge</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid "Purge all users from the group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:180(title)
+msgid "SETUP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmems</command> executable should be in mode <literal>2710</"
+"literal> as user <emphasis>root</emphasis> and in group <emphasis>groups</"
+"emphasis>. The system administrator can add users to group <emphasis>groups</"
+"emphasis> to allow or disallow them using the <command>groupmems</command> "
+"utility to manage their own group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:190(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"\t$ groupadd -r groups\n"
+"\t$ chmod 2710 groupmems\n"
+"\t$ chown root.groups groupmems\n"
+"\t$ groupmems -g groups -a gk4\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"\t$ groupadd -r groups\n"
+"\t$ chmod 2710 groupmems\n"
+"\t$ chown root.groups groupmems\n"
+"\t$ groupmems -g groups -a gk4\n"
+"    "
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "secure group account information"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:230(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "delete a group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:81(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupdel</command> command modifies the system account files, "
+"deleting all entries that refer to <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>. The "
+"named group must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>usermod</command> zmienia systemowe pliki kont, "
+"odzwierciedlając zmiany podane w wierszu poleceń."
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:89(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The options which apply to the <command>groupmod</command> command are:"
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupdel</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>groupmod</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not remove the primary group of any existing user. You must remove "
+"the user before you remove the group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain "
+"owned by this group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:200(para)
+msgid "can't remove user's primary group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupdel</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>groupdel</command> kończy działanie z następującymi "
+"wartościami kodów zakończenia: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:215(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "create a new group"
+msgstr "utwórz nową grupę"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupadd</command> command creates a new group account using "
+"the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the "
+"system. The new group will be entered into the system files as needed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupadd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>groupadd</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option causes the command to simply exit with success status if the "
+"specified group already exists. When used with <option>-g</option>, and the "
+"specified GID already exists, another (unique) GID is chosen (i.e. <option>-"
+"g</option> is turned off)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numerical value of the group's ID. This value must be unique, unless the "
+"<option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. The "
+"default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to "
+"<option>GID_MIN</option> and greater than every other group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:124(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See also the <option>-r</option> option and the <option>GID_MAX</option> "
+"description."
+msgstr "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (GID_MIN, GID_MAX "
+"and others). Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:146(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"Example: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KLUCZ</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>WARTOŚĆ</replaceable>"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>GID_MAX</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> doesn't work yet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:161(para)
+msgid "This option permits to add a group with a non-unique GID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:192(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "create a new group"
+msgid "Create a system group."
+msgstr "twółrz nową grupę"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numeric identifiers of new system groups are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>GID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:275(para)
+msgid ""
+"Groupnames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by "
+"lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a "
+"dollar sign. In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:281(para)
+msgid "Groupnames may only be up to &GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH; characters long."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:284(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not add a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the "
+"corresponding server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the groupname already exists in an external group database such as NIS or "
+"LDAP, <command>groupadd</command> will deny the group creation request."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:321(para)
+msgid "GID not unique (when <option>-o</option> not used)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:327(para)
+msgid "group name not unique"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:297(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupadd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>groupadd</command> kończy działanie z następującymi "
+"wartościami kodów zakończenia: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:342(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:44(firstname)
+msgid "Rafal"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:45(surname)
+msgid "Maszkowski"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:71(phrase)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+msgid "administer <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:74(phrase)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "administer <placeholder-1/> and <placeholder-2/>"
+msgstr "-K <placeholder-1/>=<placeholder-2/>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:85(replaceable) expiry.1.xml:76(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "option"
+msgstr "opcje"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:95(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>gpasswd</command> command is used to administer <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. Every group can have <phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">administrators,</phrase> members and a password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"System administrators can use the <option>-A</option> option to define group "
+"administrator(s) and the <option>-M</option> option to define members. They "
+"have all rights of group administrators and members."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>gpasswd</command> called by <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">a group "
+"administrator</phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">a system "
+"administrator</phrase> with a group name only prompts for the new password "
+"of the <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:115(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If a password is set the members can still use "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> without a password, and non-members must supply the password."
+msgstr ""
+"Nowa wartość pola komentarza dla danego użytkownika w pliku haseł. Zwykle "
+"jest zmieniana przy pomocy polecenia <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:123(title)
+msgid "Notes about group passwords"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:124(para)
+msgid ""
+"Group passwords are an inherent security problem since more than one person "
+"is permitted to know the password. However, groups are a useful tool for "
+"permitting co-operation between different users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:135(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Except for the <option>-A</option> and <option>-M</option> options, the "
+"options cannot be combined."
+msgstr "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:142(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>gpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>passwd</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:147(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:151(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Add the <replaceable>user</replaceable> to the named <replaceable>group</"
+"replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Nazwa grupy zostanie zmieniona z <replaceable>GRUPA</replaceable> na nazwę "
+"<replaceable>NOWA_GRUPA</replaceable>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:160(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DNI</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:164(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Remove the <replaceable>user</replaceable> from the named "
+"<replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Nazwa grupy zostanie zmieniona z <replaceable>GRUPA</replaceable> na nazwę "
+"<replaceable>NOWA_GRUPA</replaceable>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:181(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-Q</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KAT_DOMOWY</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:195(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove-password</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:199(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remove the password from the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>. The "
+"group password will be empty. Only group members will be allowed to use "
+"<command>newgrp</command> to join the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:211(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgid "<option>-R</option>, <option>--restrict</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"Restrict the access to the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>. The group "
+"password is set to \"!\". Only group members with a password will be allowed "
+"to use <command>newgrp</command> to join the named <replaceable>group</"
+"replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:227(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-A</option>, <option>--administrators</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>user</replaceable>,..."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DNI</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:231(para)
+msgid "Set the list of administrative users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:239(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--members</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>,..."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DNI</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:243(para)
+msgid "Set the list of group members."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"This tool only operates on the <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"gshadow\"> and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files.</"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">file.</phrase> Thus you cannot "
+"change any NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the corresponding "
+"server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:298(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry><phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) faillog.8.xml:64(refname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:70(command) faillog.5.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: faillog.5.xml:64(refname) faillog.5.xml:111(refentrytitle)
+msgid "faillog"
+msgstr "faillog"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "display faillog records or set login failure limits"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>faillog</command> displays the contents of the failure log database "
+"(<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>). It can also set the failure "
+"counters and limits. When <command>faillog</command> is run without "
+"arguments, it only displays the faillog records of the users who had a login "
+"failure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>faillog</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>faillog</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display (or act on) faillog records for all users having an entry in the "
+"<filename>faillog</filename> database."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:102(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid ""
+"The range of users can be restricted with the <option>-u</option> option."
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"In display mode, this is still restricted to existing users but forces the "
+"display of the faillog entries even if they are empty."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"With the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, <option>-r</option>, "
+"<option>-t</option> options, the users' records are changed, even if the "
+"user does not exist on the system. This is useful to reset records of users "
+"that have been deleted or to set a policy in advance for a range of users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:128(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEC</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-secs</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEC</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEK</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:132(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock account for <replaceable>SEC</replaceable> seconds after failed login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:136(para) faillog.8.xml:161(para) faillog.8.xml:173(para)
+msgid ""
+"Write access to <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> is required for this "
+"option."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:143(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--maximum</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:147(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of login failures after the account is disabled to "
+"<replaceable>MAX</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:151(para)
+msgid ""
+"Selecting a <replaceable>MAX</replaceable> value of 0 has the effect of not "
+"placing a limit on the number of failed logins."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum failure count should always be 0 for <emphasis>root</emphasis> "
+"to prevent a denial of services attack against the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:168(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:170(para)
+msgid "Reset the counters of login failures."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:195(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Print the lastlog records more recent than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</"
+#| "emphasis>."
+msgid ""
+"Display faillog records more recent than <replaceable>DAYS</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Wyświetlenie rekordów lastlog nie starszych niż zadana ilość <emphasis remap="
+"\"I\">DNI</emphasis>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:206(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display faillog record or maintains failure counters and limits (if used "
+"with <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option> or <option>-r</option> "
+"options) only for the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"When none of the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-r</"
+"option> options are used, <command>faillog</command> displays the faillog "
+"record of the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:233(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>faillog</command> only prints out users with no successful login "
+"since the last failure. To print out a user who has had a successful login "
+"since their last failure, you must explicitly request the user with the "
+"<option>-u</option> flag, or print out all users with the <option>-a</"
+"option> flag."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:246(filename) faillog.5.xml:99(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/faillog"
+msgstr "/var/log/faillog"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:248(para) faillog.5.xml:101(para)
+msgid "Failure logging file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:256(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>faillog</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>faillog</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "login failure logging file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> maintains a count of login failures "
+"and the limits for each account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:74(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file contains fixed length records, indexed by numerical UID. Each "
+"record contains the count of login failures since the last successful login; "
+"the maximum number of failures before the account is disabled; the line on "
+"which the last login failure occurred; the date of the last login failure; "
+"and the duration (in seconds) during which the account will be locked after "
+"a failure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "The structure of the file is:"
+msgstr "Struktura tego pliku to:"
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:85(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"struct\tfaillog {\n"
+"\tshort   fail_cnt;\n"
+"\tshort   fail_max;\n"
+"\tchar    fail_line[12];\n"
+"\ttime_t  fail_time;\n"
+"\tlong    fail_locktime;\n"
+"};"
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"struct\tfaillog {\n"
+"\tshort   fail_cnt;\n"
+"\tshort   fail_max;\n"
+"\tchar    fail_line[12];\n"
+"\ttime_t  fail_time;\n"
+"\tlong    fail_locktime;\n"
+"};"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:45(contrib) chsh.1.xml:44(contrib) chfn.1.xml:44(contrib)
+#: chage.1.xml:42(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1990"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:61(refentrytitle) expiry.1.xml:68(refname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:74(command)
+msgid "expiry"
+msgstr "expiry"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "check and enforce password expiration policy"
+msgstr "sprawdzenie ważności i wymuszenie zmiany hasła"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:83(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>expiry</command> command checks (<option>-c</option>) the "
+"current password expiration and forces (<option>-f</option>) changes when "
+"required. It is callable as a normal user command."
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>expiry</command> sprawdza (<option>-c</option>), kiedy "
+"wygaśnie aktualne hasło oraz wymusza (<option>-f</option>) lub wymusza jego "
+"zmianę.Może ono być wywoływane jako zwykłe polecenie przez użytkownika."
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:92(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "The options which apply to the <command>pwck</command> command are:"
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>expiry</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>pwck</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:97(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--check</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:99(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "check and enforce password expiration policy"
+msgid "Check the password expiration of the current user."
+msgstr "sprawdzenie ważności i wymuszenie zmiany hasła"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:105(para)
+msgid "Force a password change if the current user has an expired password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:140(para) chage.1.xml:318(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "change login shell"
+msgstr "zmiana powłoki zgłoszeniowej"
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:85(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The <command>chsh</command> command changes the user login shell. This "
+#| "determines the name of the user's initial login command. A normal user "
+#| "may only change the login shell for her own account, the superuser may "
+#| "change the login shell for any account."
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chsh</command> command changes the user login shell. This "
+"determines the name of the user's initial login command. A normal user may "
+"only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change "
+"the login shell for any account."
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>chsh</command> zmienia powłokę zgłoszeniową użytkownika, "
+"która określa nazwę początkowego polecenia zgłoszeniowego użytkownika. "
+"Zwykły użytkownik może zmienić wyłącznie  powłokę zgłoszeniową własnego "
+"konta, superużytkownik może zmienić powłokę zgłoszeniową dla dowolnego konta."
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:96(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chsh</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>chsh</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <option>-s</option> option is not selected, <command>chsh</command> "
+"operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current "
+"login shell. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line "
+"blank to use the current one. The current shell is displayed between a pair "
+"of <emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeżeli nie podano opcji <option>-s</option>, to polecenie <command>chsh</"
+"command> działa w trybie interaktywnym, proponując użytkownikowi bieżącą "
+"powłokę logowania. Wprowadzenie nowej wartości powoduje zmianę powłoki, a "
+"podanie wartości pustej  pozostawia bieżącą powłokę. Bieżąca powłoka "
+"wyświetlana jest w nawiasach <emphasis>[ ]</emphasis>"
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must "
+"be listed in <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, unless the invoker is the "
+"superuser, and then any value may be added. An account with a restricted "
+"login shell may not change her login shell. For this reason, placing "
+"<filename>/bin/rsh</filename> in <filename>/etc/shells</filename> is "
+"discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent "
+"the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value."
+msgstr ""
+"Jedynym ograniczeniem nałożonym na powłokę zgłoszeniową jest to, że jej "
+"nazwa musi być wymieniona w <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, chyba że "
+"polecenie chsh zostało uruchomione przez superużytkownika wówczas może być "
+"podana dowolna nazwa. Użytkownicy kont z ograniczoną powłoką logowania nie "
+"mogą jej zmieniać. Odradza się z tego powodu umieszczanie <filename>/bin/"
+"rsh</filename> w pliku <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, gdyż przypadkowa "
+"zmiana na powłokę ograniczoną uniemożliwi użytkownikowi jakąkolwiek zmianę "
+"powłoki logowania, nawet z powrotem na dotychczasową."
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:176(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shells"
+msgstr "/etc/shells"
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:178(para)
+msgid "List of valid login shells."
+msgstr "Lista dozwolonych powłok zgłoszeniowych."
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:192(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "update passwords in batch mode"
+msgstr "wsadowa aktualizacja haseł użytkowników"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:83(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chpasswd</command> command reads a list of user name and "
+"password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a "
+"group of existing users. Each line is of the format:"
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>chpasswd</command> czyta pary danych (użytkownik i hasło) "
+"ze standardowego wejścia. Odczytane informacje wykorzystywane są do "
+"aktualizacji danych o grupie istniejących użytkowników. Każdy wiersz "
+"przekazywanych danych ma postać:"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:88(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">user_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">nazwa_użytkownika</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">hasło</emphasis>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:92(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"By default the passwords must be supplied in clear-text, and are encrypted "
+"by <command>chpasswd</command>. Also the password age will be updated, if "
+"present."
+msgstr ""
+"Domyślnie dostarczane hasła muszą być w postaci jawnej. Podczas kodowania "
+"haseł używany jest domyślnie algorytm DES. W trakcie zmiany hasła "
+"aktualizowany jest także wiek hasła."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:97(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variables "
+"of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, and can be overwritten with the "
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:105(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, passwords are encrypted by PAM, but (even if not recommended) "
+"you can select a different encryption method with the <option>-e</option>, "
+"<option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"pam\">Except when PAM is used to encrypt the passwords,</"
+"phrase><command>chpasswd</command> first updates all the passwords in "
+"memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no errors occurred for "
+"any user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"When PAM is used to encrypt the passwords (and update the passwords in the "
+"system database) then if a password cannot be updated <command>chpasswd</"
+"command> continues updating the passwords of the next users, and will return "
+"an error code on exit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:123(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many "
+"accounts are created at a single time."
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie to przeznaczone jest do użytku w dużych systemach, gdzie "
+"aktualizuje się wiele kont naraz."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:131(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>chpasswd</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:137(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>COMMENT</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>METHOD</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KOMENTARZ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:142(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:115(para)
+msgid "The available methods are DES, MD5, and NONE."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "By default, PAM is used to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default (if none of the <option>-c</option>, <option>-m</option>, or "
+"<option>-e</option> options are specified), the encryption method is defined "
+"by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> "
+"variables of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:163(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:125(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:165(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "Supplied passwords are in encrypted form."
+msgstr ""
+"Dostarczone na standardowe wejście hasła są traktowane jako już zakodowane."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:179(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--md5</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--md5</option>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:181(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"Use MD5 encryption instead of DES when the supplied passwords are not "
+"encrypted."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeżeli dpostarczane hasła są w postaci jawnej użyj kodowania MD5 zamiast "
+"domyślnego DES."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:200(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROUNDS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>DNI_OSTRZ</replaceable>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the number of rounds is defined by the "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> and <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option> variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:232(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remember to set permissions or umask to prevent readability of unencrypted "
+"files by other users."
+msgstr ""
+"Pamiętaj żeby zabezpieczyć przed odczytem plik przekazywany na standardowe "
+"wejście polecenia."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:276(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/passwd"
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/chpasswd"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:278(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>chpasswd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:286(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:47(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2006"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "update group passwords in batch mode"
+msgstr "wsadowa aktualizacja haseł grup"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chgpasswd</command> command reads a list of group name and "
+"password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a set "
+"of existing groups. Each line is of the format:"
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>chgpasswd</command> czyta pary danych (grupa i hasło) ze "
+"standardowego wejścia. Odczytane informacje wykorzystywane są do "
+"aktualizacji danych o grupach istniejących użytkowników. Każdy wiersz "
+"przekazywanych danych ma postać:"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">group_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">nazwa_grupy</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">hasło</"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:88(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"By default the supplied password must be in clear-text, and is encrypted by "
+"<command>chgpasswd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Domyślnie dostarczane hasła muszą być w postaci jawnej. Podczas kodowania "
+"haseł używany jest domyślnie algorytm DES."
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:92(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable of <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>, and can be overwritten with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</"
+"option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>chgpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>chgpasswd</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:238(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "change real user name and information"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chfn</command> command changes user fullname, office room "
+"number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user's "
+"account. This information is typically printed by "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> and similar programs. A normal user may only change the fields "
+"for her own account, subject to the restrictions in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>. (The default configuration is to prevent users from "
+"changing their fullname.) The superuser may change any field for any "
+"account. Additionally, only the superuser may use the <option>-o</option> "
+"option to change the undefined portions of the GECOS field."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"These fields must not contain any colons. Except for the <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">other</emphasis> field, they should not contain any comma or equal sign. "
+"It is also recommended to avoid non-US-ASCII characters, but this is only "
+"enforced for the phone numbers. The <emphasis remap=\"I\">other</emphasis> "
+"field is used to store accounting information used by other applications."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:112(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chsh</command> command are:"
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chfn</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>chsh</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:117(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--full-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>FULL_NAME</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:121(para)
+msgid "Change the user's full name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:125(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-h</option>, <option>--home-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HOME_PHONE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KAT_DOMOWY</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:129(para)
+msgid "Change the user's home phone number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:133(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-o</option>, <option>--other</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>OTHER</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KAT_DOMOWY</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"Change the user's other GECOS information. This field is used to store "
+"accounting information used by other applications, and can be changed only "
+"by a superuser."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:145(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--room</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROOM_NUMBER</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KAT_DOMOWY</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:149(para)
+msgid "Change the user's room number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:165(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:173(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--work-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WORK_PHONE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KAT_DOMOWY</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:177(para)
+msgid "Change the user's office phone number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"If none of the options are selected, <command>chfn</command> operates in an "
+"interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of "
+"the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank "
+"to use the current value. The current value is displayed between a pair of "
+"<emphasis remap=\"B\">[ ]</emphasis> marks. Without options, <command>chfn</"
+"command> prompts for the current user account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:226(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user password expiry information"
+msgstr "zmiana informacji o terminie ważności hasła użytkownika"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command changes the number of days between "
+"password changes and the date of the last password change. This information "
+"is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password."
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>chage</command> zmienia liczbę dni pomiędzy zmianami "
+"hasła i datę ostatniej zmiany hasła. Informację tę system wykorzystuje do "
+"ustalenia, kiedy użytkownik musi zmienić hasło."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:92(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chage</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Polecenie <command>chage</command> posiada następujące opcje:"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:97(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--lastday</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LAST_DAY</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--lastday</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>OSTATNI</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days since January 1st, 1970 when the password was last "
+"changed. The date may also be expressed in the format YYYY-MM-DD (or the "
+"format more commonly used in your area)."
+msgstr ""
+"Ustawia ilość dni od 1 stycznia 1970 kiedy hało było ostani raz zmieniane. "
+"Data ważności może być takze prezekazana w formacie RRRR-MM-DD (lub formacie "
+"używanym lokalnie)."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:109(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-E</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-E</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>DATA_WAŻN</replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the date or number of days since January 1, 1970 on which the user's "
+"account will no longer be accessible. The date may also be expressed in the "
+"format YYYY-MM-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area). A user "
+"whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being "
+"able to use the system again."
+msgstr ""
+"Ustawia datę, począwszy od której konto użytkownika nie będzie już dostępne. "
+"<replaceable>DATA_WAŻN</replaceable> jest liczbą dni od 1 stycznia 1970, od "
+"której konto jest blokowane. Data może być też wyrażona w formacie RRRR-MM-"
+"DD (lub innej, powszechniej używanej w danym regionie). Użytkownik, którego "
+"konto jest zablokowane musi skontaktować się z administratorem systemu zanim "
+"będzie mógł z niego ponownie skorzystać."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as the "
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> will remove an account expiration "
+"date."
+msgstr ""
+"Przekazanie <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> jako <replaceable>DATA_WAŻN</"
+"replaceable> usuwa ograniczenie ważności konta użytkownika."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:135(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+msgid "<option>-i</option>, <option>--iso8601</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:137(para)
+msgid "When printing dates, use YYYY-MM-DD format."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:141(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-I</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-I</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NIEAKTYWNE</replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the "
+"account is locked. The <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> option is the "
+"number of days of inactivity. A user whose account is locked must contact "
+"the system administrator before being able to use the system again."
+msgstr ""
+"Opcja ta służy do ustawiania czasu nieaktywności konta po wygaśnięciu "
+"ważności hasła, po którym to czasie konto jest blokowane. Parametr "
+"<replaceable>NIEAKTYWNE</replaceable> jest liczbą dni nieaktywności. "
+"Użytkownik, którego konto jest zablokowane musi skontaktować się z "
+"administratorem systemu zanim będzie mógł z niego ponownie skorzystać."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as the "
+"<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> will remove an account's inactivity."
+msgstr ""
+"Przekazanie <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> jako "
+"<replaceable>NIEAKTYWNE</replaceable> usuwa ograniczenie nieaktywniści konta "
+"użytkownika."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:164(para)
+msgid "Show account aging information."
+msgstr "Wyświetlenie informacji o terminach ważności konta i hasła."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:170(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DNI</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:182(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DNI</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:186(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid. When "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> plus <replaceable>LAST_DAY</replaceable> "
+"is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their "
+"password before being able to use their account. This occurrence can be "
+"planned for in advance by use of the <option>-W</option> option, which "
+"provides the user with advance warning."
+msgstr ""
+"Ustawia maksymalną liczbę dni, przez jakie hasło jest ważne. Gdy "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DNI</replaceable> plus <replaceable>OSTATNI</replaceable> "
+"jest mniejsze niż bieżący dzień, użytkownik musi zmienić swoje hasła, zanim "
+"będzie mógł skorzystać z konta. Zdarzenie to może być zaplanowane z "
+"wyprzedzeniem przez wykorzystanie opcji <option>-W</option>, ostrzegającej "
+"zawczasu użytkownika o zbliżającym się terminie zmiany."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:215(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>DNI_OSTRZ</replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The "
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the number of days prior to "
+"the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to "
+"expire."
+msgstr ""
+"Ustawia na <replaceable>DNI_OSTRZ</replaceable> liczbę dni przed upływem "
+"ważności hasła. Od tego dnia użytkownik będzie ostrzegany o nadchodzącym "
+"terminie zmiany hasła."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:228(para)
+msgid ""
+"If none of the options are selected, <command>chage</command> operates in an "
+"interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of "
+"the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank "
+"to use the current value. The current value is displayed between a pair of "
+"<emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks."
+msgstr ""
+"Jeśli nie podano żadnej opcji, to <command>chage</command> działa w trybie "
+"interaktywnym, proponując użytkownikowi wartości bieżące dla każdego z pól. "
+"Wprowadzenie nowej wartości powoduje zmianę wartości pola, a podanie "
+"wartości pustej pozostawia wartość bieżącą. Bieżąca wartość pola wyświetlana "
+"jest w nawiasach <emphasis>[ ]</emphasis>."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> program requires a shadow password file to be "
+"available."
+msgstr ""
+"Program <command>chage</command> wymaga do działania chronionego pliku haseł "
+"użytkowników (shadow)."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:242(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command is restricted to the root user, except "
+"for the <option>-l</option> option, which may be used by an unprivileged "
+"user to determine when their password or account is due to expire."
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenia chage może użyć tylko użytkownik root, za wyjątkiem opcji <option>-"
+"l</option>. Może się nią posłużyć się użytkownik nieuprzywilejowany  do "
+"stwierdzenia, kiedy wygasa jego własne hasło lub konto."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:307(replaceable)
+msgid "15"
+msgstr "15"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:309(para)
+msgid "can't find the shadow password file"
+msgstr "nie można znaleźć pliku shadow"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:285(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Polecenie <command>chage</command> kończy działanie z następującymi "
+"wartościami kodów zakończenia: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#. Put one translator per line, in the form of NAME <EMAIL>, YEAR1, YEAR2
+#: chage.1.xml:0(None)
+msgid "translator-credits"
+msgstr "Tomasz Kłoczko <kloczek@pld.org.pl>, 2006"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~| msgid "-"
+#~ msgid "-M"
+#~ msgstr "-"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~| msgid ""
+#~| "The name of the user's new login shell. Setting this field to blank "
+#~| "causes the system to select the default login shell."
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The SELinux user for the user's login. The default is to leave this field "
+#~ "the blank, which causes the system to select the default SELinux user."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Nazwa nowej powłoki (shell) użytkownika. Ustawienie tego pola na puste "
+#~ "powoduje, że system wybierze domyślną powłokę logowania."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "-q"
+#~ msgstr "-q"
+
+#~ msgid "-s"
+#~ msgstr "-s"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~| msgid ""
+#~| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#~| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+#~ "\"no_pam\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+#~ "phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "new_users"
+#~ msgstr "new_users"
+
+#~ msgid "full_name"
+#~ msgstr "full_name"
+
+#~ msgid "-f <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-f <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#~ msgid "room_no"
+#~ msgstr "room_no"
+
+#~ msgid "work_ph"
+#~ msgstr "work_ph"
+
+#~ msgid "-w <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-w <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#~ msgid "home_ph"
+#~ msgstr "home_ph"
+
+#~ msgid "other"
+#~ msgstr "other"
+
+#~ msgid "-o <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-o <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~| msgid ""
+#~| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</"
+#~| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+#~ "condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE"
+#~ msgstr "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~| msgid "Supplied passwords are in encrypted form."
+#~ msgid "The supplied passwords must be in clear-text."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Dostarczone na standardowe wejście hasła są traktowane jako już "
+#~ "zakodowane."
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~ msgid "and <placeholder-1/> files"
+#~ msgstr "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~| msgid ""
+#~| "<command>usermod</command> will not allow you to change the name of a "
+#~| "user who is logged in. You must make certain that the named user is not "
+#~| "executing any processes when this command is being executed if the "
+#~| "user's numerical user ID is being changed. You must change the owner of "
+#~| "any <command>crontab</command> files manually. You must change the owner "
+#~| "of any <command>at</command> jobs manually. You must make any changes "
+#~| "involving NIS on the NIS server."
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<command>usermod</command> will not allow you to change the name of an "
+#~ "user who is logged in. You must make certain that the named user is not "
+#~ "executing any processes when this command is being executed if the user's "
+#~ "numerical user ID is being changed. You must change the owner of any "
+#~ "<command>crontab</command> files manually. You must change the owner of "
+#~ "any <command>at</command> jobs manually. You must make any changes "
+#~ "involving NIS on the NIS server."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Polecenie <command>usermod</command> nie pozwola na zmianę nazwy "
+#~ "zalogowanego użytkownika. Jeśli zmieniany jest numeryczny identyfikator "
+#~ "użytkownika procesu to musisz się upewnić, że w trakcie wykonywania tego "
+#~ "polecenia użytkownik nie wykonuje żadnego procesu. Właśniciela plików "
+#~ "<command>crontab</command> musisz zmienić ręcznie. Właśniciela zadań "
+#~ "<command>at</command> musisz zmienić ręcznie. Jakiekolwiek zmiany "
+#~ "dotyczące NIS musisz wykonać na serwerze NIS."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The group name or number of the user's new initial login group. The group "
+#~ "name must exist. A group number must refer to an already existing group. "
+#~ "The default group number is 1."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Nazwa lub numer początkowej grupy logowania użytkownika. Nazwa grupy musi "
+#~ "istnieć. Numer grupy musi odnosić się do już istniejącej grupy. Domyślnym "
+#~ "numerem grupy jest 1."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "-a"
+#~ msgstr "-a"
+
+#~ msgid "-d"
+#~ msgstr "-d"
+
+#~ msgid "-g"
+#~ msgstr "-g"
+
+#~ msgid "GID"
+#~ msgstr "GID"
+
+#~ msgid "-o"
+#~ msgstr "-o"
+
+#~ msgid "KEY"
+#~ msgstr "KLUCZ"
+
+#~ msgid "VALUE"
+#~ msgstr "WARTOŚĆ"
+
+#~ msgid "-K <placeholder-1/>=<placeholder-2/>"
+#~ msgstr "-K <placeholder-1/>=<placeholder-2/>"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~ msgid "-R"
+#~ msgstr "-"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~ msgid "<option>-A</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</replaceable>,..."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+#~ "replaceable>"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~ msgid "<option>-M</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</replaceable>,..."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+#~ "replaceable>"
+
+#~ msgid "An4wtbt"
+#~ msgstr "An4wtbt"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The <option>-t</option> flag overrides the use of <option>-u</option>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Opcja <option>-t</option> przesłania użycie opcji <option>-u</option>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "MAIL_DIR USERDEL_CMD"
+#~ msgstr "MAIL_DIR USERDEL_CMD"
+
+#~ msgid "MAIL_DIR"
+#~ msgstr "MAIL_DIR"
+
+#~ msgid "CHFN_AUTH"
+#~ msgstr "CHFN_AUTH"
+
+#~ msgid "GID_MAX GID_MIN"
+#~ msgstr "GID_MAX GID_MIN"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "-R <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-R <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#~ msgid "-A <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-A <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#~ msgid "-M <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-M <placeholder-1/>"
diff --git a/man/po/ru.po b/man/po/ru.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c7df05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/po/ru.po
@@ -0,0 +1,12023 @@
+# translation of shadow_1:4.0.18.2-1_ru.po to Russian
+# Yuri Kozlov <kozlov.y@gmail.com>, 2005, 2006, 2007.
+# Yuri Kozlov <yuray@komyakino.ru>, 2012.
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: 1:4.0.18.2-1\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-01-23 15:00-0600\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-08-23 01:39+0200\n"
+"Last-Translator: Yuri Kozlov <yuray@komyakino.ru>\n"
+"Language-Team: Russian <debian-l10n-russian@lists.debian.org>\n"
+"Language: ru\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"X-Generator: Lokalize 1.0\n"
+"Plural-Forms:  nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n"
+"%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:41(firstname) suauth.5.xml:39(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:45(firstname) login.access.5.xml:40(firstname)
+msgid "Marek"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:42(surname) suauth.5.xml:40(surname) pwconv.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:41(surname)
+msgid "Michałkiewicz"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:43(contrib) limits.5.xml:43(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1997"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:46(firstname) usermod.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:50(firstname) useradd.8.xml:63(firstname)
+#: suauth.5.xml:44(firstname) su.1.xml:61(firstname) sg.1.xml:45(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:44(firstname) shadow.3.xml:44(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:50(firstname) pwck.8.xml:50(firstname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:44(firstname) passwd.5.xml:44(firstname)
+#: passwd.1.xml:51(firstname) newusers.8.xml:60(firstname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:45(firstname) logoutd.8.xml:44(firstname)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:111(firstname) login.access.5.xml:45(firstname)
+#: login.1.xml:77(firstname) limits.5.xml:46(firstname)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:46(firstname) grpck.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groups.1.xml:44(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:48(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:47(firstname) gpasswd.1.xml:49(firstname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:44(firstname) faillog.5.xml:44(firstname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:48(firstname) chsh.1.xml:47(firstname)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:48(firstname) chgpasswd.8.xml:44(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:47(firstname) chage.1.xml:45(firstname)
+msgid "Thomas"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:47(surname) usermod.8.xml:52(surname) userdel.8.xml:51(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:64(surname) suauth.5.xml:45(surname) su.1.xml:62(surname)
+#: sg.1.xml:46(surname) shadow.5.xml:45(surname) shadow.3.xml:45(surname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:51(surname) pwck.8.xml:51(surname) porttime.5.xml:45(surname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:45(surname) passwd.1.xml:52(surname) newusers.8.xml:61(surname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:46(surname) logoutd.8.xml:45(surname)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:112(surname) login.access.5.xml:46(surname)
+#: login.1.xml:78(surname) limits.5.xml:47(surname) lastlog.8.xml:47(surname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:46(surname) groups.1.xml:45(surname) groupmod.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:49(surname) groupdel.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:48(surname) gpasswd.1.xml:50(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:45(surname) faillog.5.xml:45(surname) expiry.1.xml:49(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:48(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:49(surname)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:45(surname) chfn.1.xml:48(surname) chage.1.xml:46(surname)
+msgid "Kłoczko"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:48(email) usermod.8.xml:53(email) userdel.8.xml:52(email)
+#: useradd.8.xml:65(email) suauth.5.xml:46(email) su.1.xml:63(email)
+#: sg.1.xml:47(email) shadow.5.xml:46(email) shadow.3.xml:46(email)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:52(email) pwck.8.xml:52(email) porttime.5.xml:46(email)
+#: passwd.5.xml:46(email) passwd.1.xml:53(email) newusers.8.xml:62(email)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:47(email) logoutd.8.xml:46(email) login.defs.5.xml:113(email)
+#: login.access.5.xml:47(email) login.1.xml:79(email) limits.5.xml:48(email)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:48(email) grpck.8.xml:47(email) groups.1.xml:46(email)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:47(email) groupmems.8.xml:50(email) groupdel.8.xml:47(email)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:49(email) gpasswd.1.xml:51(email) faillog.8.xml:46(email)
+#: faillog.5.xml:46(email) expiry.1.xml:50(email) chsh.1.xml:49(email)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:50(email) chgpasswd.8.xml:46(email) chfn.1.xml:49(email)
+#: chage.1.xml:47(email)
+msgid "kloczek@pld.org.pl"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:49(contrib) usermod.8.xml:54(contrib) userdel.8.xml:53(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:66(contrib) suauth.5.xml:47(contrib) su.1.xml:64(contrib)
+#: sg.1.xml:48(contrib) shadow.5.xml:47(contrib) shadow.3.xml:47(contrib)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:53(contrib) pwck.8.xml:53(contrib) porttime.5.xml:47(contrib)
+#: passwd.5.xml:47(contrib) passwd.1.xml:54(contrib) newusers.8.xml:63(contrib)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:48(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:114(contrib) login.access.5.xml:48(contrib)
+#: login.1.xml:80(contrib) limits.5.xml:49(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:49(contrib)
+#: grpck.8.xml:48(contrib) groups.1.xml:47(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:48(contrib)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:51(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:48(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:50(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:52(contrib)
+#: faillog.8.xml:47(contrib) faillog.5.xml:47(contrib) expiry.1.xml:51(contrib)
+#: chsh.1.xml:50(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:51(contrib) chfn.1.xml:50(contrib)
+#: chage.1.xml:48(contrib)
+msgid "shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:52(firstname) usermod.8.xml:57(firstname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:56(firstname) useradd.8.xml:69(firstname)
+#: suauth.5.xml:50(firstname) su.1.xml:67(firstname) sg.1.xml:51(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:50(firstname) shadow.3.xml:50(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:56(firstname) pwck.8.xml:56(firstname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:50(firstname) passwd.5.xml:50(firstname)
+#: passwd.1.xml:57(firstname) nologin.8.xml:39(firstname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:66(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:51(firstname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:50(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:117(firstname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:51(firstname) login.1.xml:83(firstname)
+#: limits.5.xml:52(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:52(firstname)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:38(firstname) grpck.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groups.1.xml:50(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:54(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:53(firstname) gpasswd.1.xml:55(firstname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:50(firstname) faillog.5.xml:50(firstname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:54(firstname) chsh.1.xml:53(firstname)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:54(firstname) chgpasswd.8.xml:50(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:53(firstname) chage.1.xml:51(firstname)
+msgid "Nicolas"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:53(surname) usermod.8.xml:58(surname) userdel.8.xml:57(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:70(surname) suauth.5.xml:51(surname) su.1.xml:68(surname)
+#: sg.1.xml:52(surname) shadow.5.xml:51(surname) shadow.3.xml:51(surname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:57(surname) pwck.8.xml:57(surname) porttime.5.xml:51(surname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:51(surname) passwd.1.xml:58(surname) nologin.8.xml:40(surname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:67(surname) newgrp.1.xml:52(surname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:51(surname) login.defs.5.xml:118(surname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:52(surname) login.1.xml:84(surname)
+#: limits.5.xml:53(surname) lastlog.8.xml:53(surname) gshadow.5.xml:39(surname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:52(surname) groups.1.xml:51(surname) groupmod.8.xml:52(surname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:55(surname) groupdel.8.xml:52(surname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:54(surname) gpasswd.1.xml:56(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:51(surname) faillog.5.xml:51(surname) expiry.1.xml:55(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:54(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:55(surname)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:51(surname) chfn.1.xml:54(surname) chage.1.xml:52(surname)
+msgid "François"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:54(email) usermod.8.xml:59(email) userdel.8.xml:58(email)
+#: useradd.8.xml:71(email) suauth.5.xml:52(email) su.1.xml:69(email)
+#: sg.1.xml:53(email) shadow.5.xml:52(email) shadow.3.xml:52(email)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:58(email) pwck.8.xml:58(email) porttime.5.xml:52(email)
+#: passwd.5.xml:52(email) passwd.1.xml:59(email) nologin.8.xml:41(email)
+#: newusers.8.xml:68(email) newgrp.1.xml:53(email) logoutd.8.xml:52(email)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:119(email) login.access.5.xml:53(email)
+#: login.1.xml:85(email) limits.5.xml:54(email) lastlog.8.xml:54(email)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:40(email) grpck.8.xml:53(email) groups.1.xml:52(email)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:53(email) groupmems.8.xml:56(email) groupdel.8.xml:53(email)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:55(email) gpasswd.1.xml:57(email) faillog.8.xml:52(email)
+#: faillog.5.xml:52(email) expiry.1.xml:56(email) chsh.1.xml:55(email)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:56(email) chgpasswd.8.xml:52(email) chfn.1.xml:55(email)
+#: chage.1.xml:53(email)
+msgid "nicolas.francois@centraliens.net"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:55(contrib) usermod.8.xml:60(contrib) userdel.8.xml:59(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:72(contrib) suauth.5.xml:53(contrib) su.1.xml:70(contrib)
+#: sg.1.xml:54(contrib) shadow.5.xml:53(contrib) shadow.3.xml:53(contrib)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:59(contrib) pwck.8.xml:59(contrib) porttime.5.xml:53(contrib)
+#: passwd.5.xml:53(contrib) passwd.1.xml:60(contrib) nologin.8.xml:42(contrib)
+#: newusers.8.xml:69(contrib) newgrp.1.xml:54(contrib)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:53(contrib) login.defs.5.xml:120(contrib)
+#: login.access.5.xml:54(contrib) login.1.xml:86(contrib)
+#: limits.5.xml:55(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:55(contrib) gshadow.5.xml:42(contrib)
+#: grpck.8.xml:54(contrib) groups.1.xml:53(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:54(contrib)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:57(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:54(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:56(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:58(contrib)
+#: faillog.8.xml:53(contrib) faillog.5.xml:53(contrib) expiry.1.xml:57(contrib)
+#: chsh.1.xml:56(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:57(contrib)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:53(contrib) chfn.1.xml:56(contrib) chage.1.xml:54(contrib)
+msgid "shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><command>
+#: vipw.8.xml:59(refentrytitle) vipw.8.xml:66(refname) vipw.8.xml:75(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:520(term)
+msgid "vipw"
+msgstr "vipw"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><manvolnum>
+#: vipw.8.xml:60(manvolnum) usermod.8.xml:65(manvolnum)
+#: userdel.8.xml:64(manvolnum) userdel.8.xml:276(replaceable)
+#: useradd.8.xml:77(manvolnum) pwconv.8.xml:64(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:64(manvolnum) nologin.8.xml:47(manvolnum)
+#: newusers.8.xml:74(manvolnum) logoutd.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:60(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupmems.8.xml:62(manvolnum)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupdel.8.xml:198(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:61(manvolnum) faillog.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: faillog.5.xml:111(manvolnum) chpasswd.8.xml:62(manvolnum)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+msgid "8"
+msgstr "8"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refmeta><refmiscinfo>
+#: vipw.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) usermod.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo)
+#: userdel.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) useradd.8.xml:78(refmiscinfo)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) pwck.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo)
+#: nologin.8.xml:48(refmiscinfo) newusers.8.xml:75(refmiscinfo)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo) lastlog.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+#: grpck.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) groupmod.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) groupdel.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) faillog.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chgpasswd.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "System Management Commands"
+msgstr "Команды управления системой"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: vipw.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) usermod.8.xml:67(refmiscinfo)
+#: userdel.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) useradd.8.xml:79(refmiscinfo)
+#: suauth.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) su.1.xml:77(refmiscinfo)
+#: sg.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo) shadow.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: shadow.3.xml:60(refmiscinfo) pwconv.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo)
+#: pwck.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) porttime.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: passwd.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) passwd.1.xml:67(refmiscinfo)
+#: nologin.8.xml:49(refmiscinfo) newusers.8.xml:76(refmiscinfo)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo) logoutd.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:127(refmiscinfo) login.access.5.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.1.xml:93(refmiscinfo) limits.5.xml:62(refmiscinfo)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) gshadow.5.xml:49(refmiscinfo)
+#: grpck.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groups.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groupmems.8.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groupadd.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:65(refmiscinfo) faillog.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: faillog.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) expiry.1.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: chsh.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chpasswd.8.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) chfn.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: chage.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "shadow-utils"
+msgstr "shadow-utils"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><command>
+#: vipw.8.xml:67(refname) vipw.8.xml:81(command)
+msgid "vigr"
+msgstr "vigr"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: vipw.8.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "edit the password, group, shadow-password or shadow-group file"
+msgstr ""
+"позволяют редактировать файлы паролей, групп, теневых паролей пользователей "
+"или групп."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsynopsisdiv><cmdsynopsis><arg><replaceable>
+#: vipw.8.xml:77(replaceable) vipw.8.xml:83(replaceable)
+#: usermod.8.xml:79(replaceable) userdel.8.xml:76(arg)
+#: useradd.8.xml:90(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:102(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:88(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:81(replaceable)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:87(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:93(replaceable)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:99(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:77(arg) passwd.1.xml:79(replaceable)
+#: newusers.8.xml:88(replaceable) lastlog.8.xml:74(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:72(arg) groupmod.8.xml:73(replaceable)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:73(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:75(replaceable)
+#: faillog.8.xml:72(replaceable) chsh.1.xml:75(replaceable)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:76(replaceable) chgpasswd.8.xml:72(replaceable)
+#: chfn.1.xml:75(replaceable) chage.1.xml:72(replaceable)
+msgid "options"
+msgstr "параметры"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><title>
+#: vipw.8.xml:89(title) usermod.8.xml:86(title) userdel.8.xml:84(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:108(title) suauth.5.xml:75(title) su.1.xml:103(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:81(title) shadow.5.xml:69(title) shadow.3.xml:118(title)
+#: shadow.3.xml:174(title) pwconv.8.xml:105(title) pwck.8.xml:92(title)
+#: porttime.5.xml:69(title) passwd.5.xml:69(title) passwd.1.xml:88(title)
+#: nologin.8.xml:64(title) newusers.8.xml:97(title) newgrp.1.xml:77(title)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:75(title) login.defs.5.xml:136(title)
+#: login.access.5.xml:70(title) login.1.xml:125(title) limits.5.xml:72(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:80(title) gshadow.5.xml:58(title) grpck.8.xml:83(title)
+#: groups.1.xml:78(title) groupmod.8.xml:80(title) groupmems.8.xml:85(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:80(title) groupadd.8.xml:84(title) gpasswd.1.xml:94(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:78(title) faillog.5.xml:69(title) expiry.1.xml:82(title)
+#: chsh.1.xml:84(title) chpasswd.8.xml:82(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:78(title)
+#: chfn.1.xml:84(title) chage.1.xml:81(title)
+msgid "DESCRIPTION"
+msgstr "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</command> commands edits the "
+"files <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"respectively. With the <option>-s</option> flag, they will edit the shadow "
+"versions of those files, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and <filename>/etc/"
+"gshadow</filename>, respectively. The programs will set the appropriate "
+"locks to prevent file corruption. When looking for an editor, the programs "
+"will first try the environment variable <envar>$VISUAL</envar>, then the "
+"environment variable <envar>$EDITOR</envar>, and finally the default editor, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"С помощью программ <command>vipw</command> и <command>vigr</command> можно "
+"изменять файлы <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> и <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename>, соответственно. Если указан параметр <option>-s</option>, то "
+"будут редактироваться теневые версии этих файлов, <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> и <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, соответственно. На время "
+"работы программы устанавливают блокировку для предотвращения повреждения "
+"файла. При выборе редактора программы сначала проверяют переменную окружения "
+"<envar>$VISUAL</envar>, затем <envar>$EDITOR</envar>, и если ничего не "
+"найдено, запускают стандартный редактор <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><title>
+#: vipw.8.xml:107(title) usermod.8.xml:94(title) userdel.8.xml:93(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:126(title) su.1.xml:144(title) pwconv.8.xml:187(title)
+#: pwck.8.xml:176(title) passwd.1.xml:174(title) newusers.8.xml:266(title)
+#: login.1.xml:210(title) lastlog.8.xml:92(title) grpck.8.xml:147(title)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:89(title) groupmems.8.xml:100(title) groupdel.8.xml:88(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:93(title) gpasswd.1.xml:134(title) faillog.8.xml:89(title)
+#: expiry.1.xml:91(title) chsh.1.xml:95(title) chpasswd.8.xml:130(title)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:105(title) chfn.1.xml:111(title) chage.1.xml:91(title)
+msgid "OPTIONS"
+msgstr "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</"
+"command> commands are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команд <command>vipw</command> и <command>vigr</command>:"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:114(term)
+msgid "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: vipw.8.xml:116(para)
+msgid "Edit group database."
+msgstr "Редактировать базу данных групп."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:120(term) userdel.8.xml:123(term) useradd.8.xml:278(term)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:195(term) pwck.8.xml:196(term) passwd.1.xml:214(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:296(term) lastlog.8.xml:119(term) grpck.8.xml:157(term)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:129(term) groupmems.8.xml:142(term) groupdel.8.xml:95(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:131(term) gpasswd.1.xml:173(term) faillog.8.xml:122(term)
+#: expiry.1.xml:112(term) chsh.1.xml:101(term) chpasswd.8.xml:171(term)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:131(term) chage.1.xml:129(term)
+msgid "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: vipw.8.xml:122(para) userdel.8.xml:125(para) useradd.8.xml:280(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:197(para) pwck.8.xml:198(para) passwd.1.xml:216(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:298(para) lastlog.8.xml:123(para) grpck.8.xml:159(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:131(para) groupmems.8.xml:144(para) groupdel.8.xml:97(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:133(para) gpasswd.1.xml:175(para) faillog.8.xml:124(para)
+#: expiry.1.xml:114(para) chsh.1.xml:103(para) chpasswd.8.xml:173(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:133(para) chfn.1.xml:169(para) chage.1.xml:131(para)
+msgid "Display help message and exit."
+msgstr "Показать краткую справку и закончить работу."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:126(term)
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--passwd</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-p</option>, <option>--passwd</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: vipw.8.xml:128(para)
+msgid "Edit passwd database."
+msgstr "Редактировать базу данных passwd."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:132(term) pwck.8.xml:202(term) passwd.1.xml:281(term)
+msgid "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: vipw.8.xml:134(para) passwd.1.xml:285(para)
+msgid "Quiet mode."
+msgstr "Не выводить сообщений при работе."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:138(term) usermod.8.xml:322(term) userdel.8.xml:146(term)
+#: useradd.8.xml:457(term) pwconv.8.xml:201(term) pwck.8.xml:219(term)
+#: passwd.1.xml:301(term) newusers.8.xml:321(term) lastlog.8.xml:127(term)
+#: grpck.8.xml:173(term) groupmod.8.xml:178(term) groupmems.8.xml:165(term)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:101(term) groupadd.8.xml:204(term) faillog.8.xml:180(term)
+#: chsh.1.xml:107(term) chpasswd.8.xml:188(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:146(term)
+#: chfn.1.xml:153(term) chage.1.xml:203(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>КАТ_CHROOT</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:142(para) usermod.8.xml:326(para) userdel.8.xml:150(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:461(para) pwconv.8.xml:205(para) pwck.8.xml:223(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:305(para) newusers.8.xml:325(para) lastlog.8.xml:131(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:177(para) groupmod.8.xml:182(para) groupmems.8.xml:169(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:105(para) groupadd.8.xml:208(para) gpasswd.1.xml:185(para)
+#: faillog.8.xml:184(para) chsh.1.xml:111(para) chpasswd.8.xml:192(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:150(para) chfn.1.xml:157(para) chage.1.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory and use "
+"the configuration files from the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Выполнить изменения в каталоге <replaceable>КАТ_CHROOT</replaceable> и "
+"использовать файлы настройки из каталога <replaceable>КАТ_CHROOT</"
+"replaceable>."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:150(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: vipw.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "Edit shadow or gshadow database."
+msgstr "Редактировать базу данных shadow или gshadow."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:156(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:158(para)
+msgid "Indicates which user's tcb shadow file to edit."
+msgstr "Указать какой пользовательский теневой файл tcb редактировать."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:165(title) usermod.8.xml:524(title) userdel.8.xml:188(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:676(title) su.1.xml:338(title) sg.1.xml:98(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:227(title) pwck.8.xml:262(title) passwd.1.xml:395(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:375(title) newgrp.1.xml:109(title) login.1.xml:294(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:205(title) grpck.8.xml:209(title) groupmod.8.xml:210(title)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:199(title) groupdel.8.xml:145(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:236(title) gpasswd.1.xml:264(title) chsh.1.xml:154(title)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:239(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:198(title) chfn.1.xml:193(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:250(title)
+msgid "CONFIGURATION"
+msgstr "НАСТРОЙКА"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:166(para) usermod.8.xml:525(para) userdel.8.xml:189(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:677(para) su.1.xml:339(para) sg.1.xml:99(para)
+#: pwck.8.xml:263(para) passwd.1.xml:396(para) newusers.8.xml:376(para)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:110(para) login.1.xml:295(para) lastlog.8.xml:206(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:210(para) groupmod.8.xml:211(para) groupmems.8.xml:200(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:146(para) groupadd.8.xml:237(para) gpasswd.1.xml:265(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:155(para) chpasswd.8.xml:240(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:199(para)
+#: chfn.1.xml:194(para) chage.1.xml:251(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> change the behavior of this tool:"
+msgstr ""
+"На работу этого инструмента влияют следующие переменные настройки из "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: vipw.8.xml:30(term) usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term)
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwconv.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term) chage.1.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>USE_TCB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>USE_TCB</option> (логический)"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:32(para) usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwconv.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(para) chage.1.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> password shadowing "
+"scheme will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Если значение равно <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, то будет использоваться "
+"теневая схема паролей <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:177(title)
+msgid "ENVIRONMENT"
+msgstr "ОКРУЖЕНИЕ"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:180(option)
+msgid "VISUAL"
+msgstr "VISUAL"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:182(para)
+msgid "Editor to be used."
+msgstr "Редактор, который будет вызван."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><title>
+#: vipw.8.xml:186(option)
+msgid "EDITOR"
+msgstr "EDITOR"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:188(para)
+msgid "Editor to be used if <option>VISUAL</option> is not set."
+msgstr ""
+"Редактор, который будет вызван, если не задана переменная <option>VISUAL</"
+"option>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><title>
+#: vipw.8.xml:195(title) usermod.8.xml:542(title) userdel.8.xml:205(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:706(title) suauth.5.xml:193(title) su.1.xml:366(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:110(title) shadow.5.xml:255(title) shadow.3.xml:226(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:250(title) pwck.8.xml:279(title) porttime.5.xml:130(title)
+#: passwd.5.xml:160(title) passwd.1.xml:413(title) newusers.8.xml:411(title)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:121(title) logoutd.8.xml:89(title)
+#: login.access.5.xml:121(title) login.1.xml:338(title) limits.5.xml:196(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:217(title) gshadow.5.xml:156(title) grpck.8.xml:221(title)
+#: groups.1.xml:100(title) groupmod.8.xml:222(title) groupmems.8.xml:211(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:157(title) groupadd.8.xml:250(title) gpasswd.1.xml:279(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:243(title) faillog.5.xml:96(title) expiry.1.xml:121(title)
+#: chsh.1.xml:167(title) chpasswd.8.xml:255(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:213(title)
+#: chfn.1.xml:207(title) chage.1.xml:262(title)
+msgid "FILES"
+msgstr "ФАЙЛЫ"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><filename>
+#: vipw.8.xml:198(filename) usermod.8.xml:545(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:208(filename) useradd.8.xml:721(filename)
+#: sg.1.xml:125(filename) pwck.8.xml:282(filename) newusers.8.xml:426(filename)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:136(filename) gshadow.5.xml:159(filename)
+#: grpck.8.xml:224(filename) groups.1.xml:103(filename)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:225(filename) groupmems.8.xml:214(filename)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:160(filename) groupadd.8.xml:253(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:72(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:75(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:282(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:216(filename)
+msgid "/etc/group"
+msgstr "/etc/group"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: vipw.8.xml:200(para) usermod.8.xml:547(para) userdel.8.xml:210(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:723(para) sg.1.xml:127(para) pwck.8.xml:284(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:428(para) newgrp.1.xml:138(para) gshadow.5.xml:161(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:226(para) groups.1.xml:105(para) groupmod.8.xml:227(para)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:216(para) groupdel.8.xml:162(para) groupadd.8.xml:255(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:284(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:218(para)
+msgid "Group account information."
+msgstr "содержит информацию о группах"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><filename>
+#: vipw.8.xml:204(filename) usermod.8.xml:551(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:727(filename) sg.1.xml:131(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:432(filename) newgrp.1.xml:142(filename)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:165(filename) grpck.8.xml:230(filename)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:231(filename) groupmems.8.xml:220(filename)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:166(filename) groupadd.8.xml:259(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:76(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:288(filename)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:222(filename)
+msgid "/etc/gshadow"
+msgstr "/etc/gshadow"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: vipw.8.xml:206(para) usermod.8.xml:553(para) useradd.8.xml:729(para)
+#: sg.1.xml:133(para) newusers.8.xml:434(para) newgrp.1.xml:144(para)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:167(para) grpck.8.xml:232(para) groupmod.8.xml:233(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:168(para) groupadd.8.xml:261(para) gpasswd.1.xml:290(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid "Secure group account information."
+msgstr "содержит защищаемую информацию о группах"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><filename>
+#: vipw.8.xml:210(filename) usermod.8.xml:563(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:220(filename) useradd.8.xml:709(filename)
+#: su.1.xml:369(filename) sg.1.xml:113(filename) shadow.5.xml:258(filename)
+#: pwck.8.xml:288(filename) passwd.5.xml:163(filename)
+#: passwd.1.xml:416(filename) newusers.8.xml:414(filename)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:124(filename) login.1.xml:353(filename)
+#: grpck.8.xml:236(filename) groupmod.8.xml:243(filename)
+#: expiry.1.xml:124(filename) chsh.1.xml:170(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:258(filename) chfn.1.xml:216(filename)
+#: chage.1.xml:266(filename)
+msgid "/etc/passwd"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: vipw.8.xml:212(para) usermod.8.xml:565(para) userdel.8.xml:222(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:711(para) su.1.xml:371(para) sg.1.xml:115(para)
+#: shadow.5.xml:260(para) pwck.8.xml:290(para) passwd.5.xml:165(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:418(para) newusers.8.xml:416(para) newgrp.1.xml:126(para)
+#: login.1.xml:355(para) grpck.8.xml:238(para) groupmod.8.xml:245(para)
+#: expiry.1.xml:126(para) chsh.1.xml:172(para) chpasswd.8.xml:260(para)
+#: chfn.1.xml:218(para) chage.1.xml:269(para)
+msgid "User account information."
+msgstr "содержит информацию о пользователях"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><filename>
+#: vipw.8.xml:216(filename) usermod.8.xml:569(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:226(filename) useradd.8.xml:715(filename)
+#: su.1.xml:375(filename) sg.1.xml:119(filename) shadow.5.xml:264(filename)
+#: shadow.3.xml:229(filename) pwck.8.xml:294(filename)
+#: passwd.5.xml:169(filename) passwd.1.xml:422(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:420(filename) newgrp.1.xml:130(filename)
+#: login.1.xml:359(filename) expiry.1.xml:130(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:264(filename) chage.1.xml:274(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shadow"
+msgstr "/etc/shadow"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: vipw.8.xml:218(para) usermod.8.xml:571(para) userdel.8.xml:228(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:717(para) su.1.xml:377(para) sg.1.xml:121(para)
+#: shadow.5.xml:266(para) shadow.3.xml:231(para) pwck.8.xml:296(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:424(para) newusers.8.xml:422(para) newgrp.1.xml:132(para)
+#: login.1.xml:361(para) expiry.1.xml:132(para) chpasswd.8.xml:266(para)
+#: chage.1.xml:277(para)
+msgid "Secure user account information."
+msgstr "содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><title>
+#: vipw.8.xml:225(title) usermod.8.xml:590(title) userdel.8.xml:325(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:835(title) suauth.5.xml:222(title) su.1.xml:437(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:140(title) shadow.5.xml:283(title) shadow.3.xml:238(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:262(title) pwck.8.xml:354(title) porttime.5.xml:142(title)
+#: passwd.5.xml:188(title) passwd.1.xml:494(title) nologin.8.xml:81(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:465(title) newgrp.1.xml:151(title)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:547(title) login.access.5.xml:133(title)
+#: login.1.xml:398(title) limits.5.xml:206(title) gshadow.5.xml:174(title)
+#: grpck.8.xml:290(title) groups.1.xml:112(title) groupmod.8.xml:321(title)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:229(title) groupdel.8.xml:214(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:341(title) gpasswd.1.xml:297(title) faillog.8.xml:255(title)
+#: faillog.5.xml:108(title) expiry.1.xml:139(title) chsh.1.xml:191(title)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:285(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:237(title) chfn.1.xml:225(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:317(title)
+msgid "SEE ALSO"
+msgstr "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:226(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+"\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+"condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+"\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+"condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:46(firstname) userdel.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:58(firstname) su.1.xml:56(firstname) sg.1.xml:40(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:39(firstname) shadow.3.xml:39(firstname)
+#: pwck.8.xml:45(firstname) porttime.5.xml:39(firstname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:39(firstname) passwd.1.xml:46(firstname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:55(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:40(firstname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:39(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:106(firstname)
+#: login.1.xml:72(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:41(firstname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:40(firstname) groups.1.xml:39(firstname)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:40(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:40(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:42(firstname) faillog.8.xml:39(firstname)
+#: faillog.5.xml:39(firstname) expiry.1.xml:43(firstname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:42(firstname) chpasswd.8.xml:43(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:42(firstname) chage.1.xml:40(firstname)
+msgid "Julianne Frances"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:47(surname) userdel.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:59(surname) su.1.xml:57(surname) sg.1.xml:41(surname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:40(surname) shadow.3.xml:40(surname) pwck.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:40(surname) passwd.5.xml:40(surname) passwd.1.xml:47(surname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:56(surname) newgrp.1.xml:41(surname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:40(surname) login.defs.5.xml:107(surname)
+#: login.1.xml:73(surname) lastlog.8.xml:42(surname) grpck.8.xml:41(surname)
+#: groups.1.xml:40(surname) groupmod.8.xml:41(surname)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:41(surname) groupadd.8.xml:43(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:40(surname) faillog.5.xml:40(surname) expiry.1.xml:44(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:43(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:44(surname) chfn.1.xml:43(surname)
+#: chage.1.xml:41(surname)
+msgid "Haugh"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:48(contrib) userdel.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:60(contrib) sg.1.xml:42(contrib) newusers.8.xml:57(contrib)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:42(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:41(contrib)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:108(contrib) groups.1.xml:41(contrib)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:42(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:42(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:44(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:45(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1991"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>
+#: usermod.8.xml:64(refentrytitle) usermod.8.xml:71(refname)
+#: usermod.8.xml:77(command) login.defs.5.xml:510(term)
+msgid "usermod"
+msgstr "usermod"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: usermod.8.xml:72(refpurpose)
+msgid "modify a user account"
+msgstr "изменяет учётную запись пользователя"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para><emphasis>
+#: usermod.8.xml:81(replaceable) userdel.8.xml:78(replaceable)
+#: useradd.8.xml:92(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:82(replaceable)
+#: chsh.1.xml:78(replaceable) chfn.1.xml:78(replaceable)
+#: chage.1.xml:75(replaceable)
+msgid "LOGIN"
+msgstr "УЧЁТНАЯ_ЗАПИСЬ"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:87(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>usermod</command> command modifies the system account files to "
+"reflect the changes that are specified on the command line."
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>usermod</command> изменяет системные файлы учётных записей "
+"согласно переданным в командной строке параметрам."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:95(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>usermod</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>usermod</command>:"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:101(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--append</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-a</option>, <option>--append</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:105(para)
+msgid ""
+"Add the user to the supplementary group(s). Use only with the <option>-G</"
+"option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"Добавить пользователя в дополнительную группу(ы). Использовать только вместе "
+"с параметром <option>-G</option>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:112(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgid "<option>-b</option>, <option>--badnames</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:116(para) useradd.8.xml:135(para) pwck.8.xml:190(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "Allow names that do not conform to standards."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:122(term) useradd.8.xml:162(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMENT</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>КОММЕНТАРИЙ</replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:126(para)
+msgid ""
+"The new value of the user's password file comment field. It is normally "
+"modified using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utility."
+msgstr ""
+"Новое значение поля комментария в файле пользовательских паролей. Обычно его "
+"изменяют с помощью программы <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:135(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option> "
+"<replaceable>ДОМАШНИЙ_КАТАЛОГ</replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The user's new login directory."
+msgstr "Домашний каталог нового пользователя."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <option>-m</option> option is given, the contents of the current home "
+"directory will be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it "
+"does not already exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Если указан параметр <option>-m</option>, то содержимое текущего домашнего "
+"каталога будет перемещено в новый домашний каталог, который будет создан, "
+"если он ещё не существует."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:151(term) useradd.8.xml:200(term) useradd.8.xml:577(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option> "
+"<replaceable>ДАТА_УСТАРЕВАНИЯ</replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:155(para) useradd.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date on which the user account will be disabled. The date is specified "
+"in the format <emphasis remap=\"I\">YYYY-MM-DD</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Дата, когда учётная запись пользователя будет заблокирована. Дата задаётся в "
+"формате <emphasis remap=\"I\">ГГГГ-ММ-ДД</emphasis>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> argument will disable the "
+"expiration of the account."
+msgstr ""
+"Пустое значение аргумента <replaceable>ДАТА_УСТАРЕВАНИЯ</replaceable> "
+"отключает устаревание учётной записи."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:163(para) usermod.8.xml:184(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option requires a <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. A <filename>/"
+"etc/shadow</filename> entry will be created if there were none."
+msgstr ""
+"Для этого параметра требуется файл <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. При "
+"отсутствии в <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> создаётся необходимая запись."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:171(term) useradd.8.xml:217(term) useradd.8.xml:589(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ДНЕЙ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently "
+"disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Количество дней, которые должны пройти после устаревания пароля, чтобы "
+"учётная запись заблокировалась навсегда."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid ""
+"A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has expired, and a "
+"value of -1 disables the feature."
+msgstr ""
+"Если указано значение 0, то учётная запись блокируется сразу после "
+"устаревания пароля, а при значении -1 данная возможность не используется."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:192(term) useradd.8.xml:236(term) useradd.8.xml:604(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ГРУППА</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:196(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or number of the user's new initial login group. The group "
+"must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Имя или числовой идентификатор новой первичной группы пользователя. Группа с "
+"таким именем должна существовать."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:200(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any file from the user's home directory owned by the previous primary group "
+"of the user will be owned by this new group."
+msgstr ""
+"Все файлы в домашнем каталоге пользователя, принадлежавшие предыдущей "
+"первичной группе пользователя, будут принадлежать новой группе."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group ownership of files outside of the user's home directory must be "
+"fixed manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Группового владельца файлов вне домашнего каталога нужно изменить вручную."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:211(term) useradd.8.xml:263(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-G</option>, <option>--groups</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP1</"
+"replaceable>[<emphasis remap=\"I\">,GROUP2,...</emphasis>[<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">,GROUPN</emphasis>]]]"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-G</option>, <option>--groups</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ГРУППА1</"
+"replaceable>[<emphasis remap=\"I\">,ГРУППА2,…</emphasis>[<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">,ГРУППАN</emphasis>]]]"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each "
+"group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. "
+"The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the "
+"<option>-g</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"Список дополнительных групп, в которых числится пользователь. Перечисление "
+"групп осуществляется через запятую, без промежуточных пробелов. На указанные "
+"группы действуют те же ограничения, что и для группы указанной в параметре "
+"<option>-g</option>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the user is currently a member of a group which is not listed, the user "
+"will be removed from the group. This behaviour can be changed via the "
+"<option>-a</option> option, which appends the user to the current "
+"supplementary group list."
+msgstr ""
+"Если пользователь — член группы, которой в указанном списке нет, то "
+"пользователь удаляется из этой группы. Такое поведение можно изменить с "
+"помощью параметра <option>-a</option>, при указании которого к уже "
+"имеющемуся списку групп пользователя добавляется список указанных "
+"дополнительных групп."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:231(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>НОВОЕ_ИМЯ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:235(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user will be changed from <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> "
+"to <replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</replaceable>. Nothing else is changed. In "
+"particular, the user's home directory or mail spool should probably be "
+"renamed manually to reflect the new login name."
+msgstr ""
+"Имя пользователя будет изменено с <replaceable>ИМЯ</replaceable> на "
+"<replaceable>НОВОЕ_ИМЯ</replaceable>. Больше ничего не меняется. В "
+"частности, вероятно, должно быть изменено имя домашнего каталога и почтового "
+"ящика, чтобы отразить изменение имени пользователя."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:245(term)
+msgid "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:249(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock a user's password. This puts a '!' in front of the encrypted password, "
+"effectively disabling the password. You can't use this option with <option>-"
+"p</option> or <option>-U</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Заблокировать пароль пользователя. Это делается помещением символа «!» в "
+"начало шифрованного пароля, чтобы приводит к блокировке пароля. Не "
+"используйте этот параметр вместе с <option>-p</option> или <option>-U</"
+"option>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:255(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: if you wish to lock the account (not only access with a password), you "
+"should also set the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> to "
+"<replaceable>1</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Замечание: если вы хотите заблокировать учётную запись (не только доступ по "
+"паролю), также установите значение <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> в "
+"<replaceable>1</replaceable>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:264(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--move-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--move-home</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:268(para)
+msgid "Move the content of the user's home directory to the new location."
+msgstr "Переместить содержимое домашнего каталога в новое место."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:272(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-d</option> (or "
+"<option>--home</option>) option."
+msgstr ""
+"Этот параметр можно использовать только с параметром <option>-d</option> "
+"(или <option>--home</option>)."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>usermod</command> will try to adapt the ownership of the files and "
+"to copy the modes, ACL and extended attributes, but manual changes might be "
+"needed afterwards."
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>usermod</command> пытается изменить владельцев файлов и "
+"копирует права, ACL и расширенные атрибуты, но после неё всё равно могут "
+"потребоваться некоторые ручные действия."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:284(term) useradd.8.xml:397(term) groupmod.8.xml:146(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:157(term)
+msgid "<option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"When used with the <option>-u</option> option, this option allows to change "
+"the user ID to a non-unique value."
+msgstr ""
+"При использовании с параметром <option>-u</option>, этот параметр позволяет "
+"указывать не уникальный числовой идентификатор пользователя."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:295(term) useradd.8.xml:409(term) groupmod.8.xml:157(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:167(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASSWORD</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ПАРОЛЬ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:299(para) groupmod.8.xml:161(para)
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"Шифрованное значение пароля, которое возвращает функция "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:304(para) useradd.8.xml:418(para) groupmod.8.xml:166(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"bold\">Note:</emphasis> This option is not recommended "
+"because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users "
+"listing the processes."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"bold\">Замечание:</emphasis> Этот параметр использовать не "
+"рекомендуется, так как пароль (или не шифрованный пароль) будет видим "
+"другими пользователям в списке процессов."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"The password will be written in the local <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+"or <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. This might differ from the "
+"password database configured in your PAM configuration."
+msgstr ""
+"Пароль будет записан в локальный файл <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> или "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. Это может вызвать расхождения с базой "
+"данных паролей, настроенной в PAM."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:315(para) useradd.8.xml:423(para) groupmod.8.xml:171(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should make sure the password respects the system's password policy."
+msgstr ""
+"Вы должны проверить, что пароль соответствует политике системных паролей."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:334(term) userdel.8.xml:158(term) useradd.8.xml:469(term)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:190(term) groupdel.8.xml:113(term) groupadd.8.xml:216(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-P</option>, <option>--prefix</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option> "
+"<replaceable>ДОМАШНИЙ_КАТАЛОГ</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:338(para) userdel.8.xml:162(para) useradd.8.xml:473(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:194(para) groupdel.8.xml:117(para) groupadd.8.xml:220(para)
+msgid ""
+"Apply changes in the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> directory and use "
+"the configuration files from the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> "
+"directory. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross-"
+"compilation target. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not "
+"verified. PAM authentication is using the host files. No SELINUX support."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:351(term) useradd.8.xml:486(term) useradd.8.xml:624(term)
+#: su.1.xml:186(term) chsh.1.xml:119(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ОБОЛОЧКА</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:355(para) chsh.1.xml:123(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user's new login shell. Setting this field to blank causes "
+"the system to select the default login shell."
+msgstr ""
+"Имя новой регистрационной оболочки пользователя. Если задать пустое "
+"значение, то будет использована регистрационная оболочка по умолчанию."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:362(term) useradd.8.xml:500(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:366(para)
+msgid "The new numerical value of the user's ID."
+msgstr "Новый числовой идентификатор пользователя (UID)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:369(para)
+msgid ""
+"This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is used. "
+"The value must be non-negative."
+msgstr ""
+"Оно должно быть уникальным, если не используется параметр <option>-o</"
+"option>. Значение должно быть неотрицательным."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:374(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user's mailbox, and any files which the user owns and which are located "
+"in the user's home directory will have the file user ID changed "
+"automatically."
+msgstr ""
+"Для почтового ящика и всех файлов, которыми владеет пользователь и которые "
+"расположены в его домашнем каталоге, идентификатор владельца файла будет "
+"изменён автоматически."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:379(para)
+msgid ""
+"The ownership of files outside of the user's home directory must be fixed "
+"manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Для файлов, расположенных вне домашнего каталога, идентификатор нужно "
+"изменять вручную."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:383(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>, or "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Никаких проверок по <option>UID_MIN</option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> или <option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> из <filename>/"
+"etc/login.defs</filename> не производится."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:392(term)
+msgid "<option>-U</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-U</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:396(para)
+msgid ""
+"Unlock a user's password. This removes the '!' in front of the encrypted "
+"password. You can't use this option with <option>-p</option> or <option>-L</"
+"option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Разблокировать пароль пользователя. Это выполняется удалением символа «!» из "
+"начала шифрованного пароля. Не используйте этот параметр вместе с <option>-"
+"p</option> или <option>-L</option>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:401(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: if you wish to unlock the account (not only access with a password), "
+"you should also set the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> (for example "
+"to <replaceable>99999</replaceable>, or to the <option>EXPIRE</option> value "
+"from <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Замечание: если вы хотите разблокировать учётную запись (не только доступ по "
+"паролю), также установите значение <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> "
+"(например, в to <replaceable>99999</replaceable> или равным значению "
+"<option>EXPIRE</option> из файла <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>)."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:412(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+#| "replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-v</option>, <option>--add-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>УЧЁТНАЯ "
+"ЗАПИСЬ</replaceable>|<replaceable>ДИАПАЗОН</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:416(para)
+msgid "Add a range of subordinate uids to the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:419(para) usermod.8.xml:457(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a "
+"users account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:422(para) usermod.8.xml:442(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>UID_MIN</option>, "
+#| "<option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>, or "
+#| "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option>, or <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> from /etc/"
+"login.defs."
+msgstr ""
+"Никаких проверок по <option>UID_MIN</option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> или <option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> из <filename>/"
+"etc/login.defs</filename> не производится."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:430(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+#| "replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-V</option>, <option>--del-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>УЧЁТНАЯ "
+"ЗАПИСЬ</replaceable>|<replaceable>ДИАПАЗОН</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:434(para)
+msgid "Remove a range of subordinate uids from the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:437(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a "
+"users account. When both <option>--del-subuids</option> and <option>--add-"
+"subuids</option> are specified, the removal of all subordinate uid ranges "
+"happens before any subordinate uid range is added."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:450(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+#| "replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--add-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>УЧЁТНАЯ "
+"ЗАПИСЬ</replaceable>|<replaceable>ДИАПАЗОН</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:454(para)
+msgid "Add a range of subordinate gids to the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:460(para) usermod.8.xml:480(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>GID_MIN</option>, "
+#| "<option>GID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>, or "
+#| "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option>, or <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> from /etc/"
+"login.defs."
+msgstr ""
+"Никаких проверок по <option>GID_MIN</option>, <option>GID_MAX</option>, "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> или <option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> из <filename>/"
+"etc/login.defs</filename> не производится."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:468(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+#| "replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--del-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>УЧЁТНАЯ "
+"ЗАПИСЬ</replaceable>|<replaceable>ДИАПАЗОН</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:472(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Remove any SELinux user mapping for the user's login."
+msgid "Remove a range of subordinate gids from the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+"Удаляет все пользовательские сопоставления SELinux для учётной записи "
+"пользователя."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:475(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a "
+"users account. When both <option>--del-subgids</option> and <option>--add-"
+"subgids</option> are specified, the removal of all subordinate gid ranges "
+"happens before any subordinate gid range is added."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:488(term) useradd.8.xml:535(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:492(para)
+msgid "The new SELinux user for the user's login."
+msgstr "Новый пользователь SELinux для пользовательского входа."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:495(para)
+msgid ""
+"A blank <replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable> will remove the SELinux user "
+"mapping for user <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> (if any)."
+msgstr ""
+"При пустом значении <replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable> пользовательское "
+"сопоставление SELinux для пользователя <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> "
+"удаляется (если есть)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><title>
+#: usermod.8.xml:506(title) userdel.8.xml:298(title) useradd.8.xml:652(title)
+#: su.1.xml:330(title) shadow.3.xml:218(title) passwd.1.xml:377(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:363(title) login.1.xml:260(title) lastlog.8.xml:229(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:133(title) groupadd.8.xml:274(title) gpasswd.1.xml:252(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:232(title) chpasswd.8.xml:231(title)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:186(title)
+msgid "CAVEATS"
+msgstr "ПРЕДОСТЕРЕЖЕНИЯ"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:507(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes "
+#| "when this command is being executed if the user's numerical user ID, the "
+#| "user's name, or the user's home directory is being changed. "
+#| "<command>usermod</command> checks this on Linux, but only check if the "
+#| "user is logged in according to utmp on other architectures."
+msgid ""
+"You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes "
+"when this command is being executed if the user's numerical user ID, the "
+"user's name, or the user's home directory is being changed. "
+"<command>usermod</command> checks this on Linux. On other platforms it only "
+"uses utmp to check if the user is logged in."
+msgstr ""
+"Вы должны убедиться, что от указанного пользователя не запущено никаких "
+"процессов, если при выполнении этой команды изменяется числовой "
+"пользовательский ID, имя пользователя или домашний каталог пользователя. В "
+"Linux команда <command>usermod</command> выполняет такую проверку, но на "
+"других архитектурах проверяется только присутствие пользователя в системе "
+"согласно данным utmp."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:514(para)
+msgid ""
+"You must change the owner of any <command>crontab</command> files or "
+"<command>at</command> jobs manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Вы должны вручную изменить владельца всех файлов <command>crontab</command> "
+"или заданий <command>at</command>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:518(para)
+msgid "You must make any changes involving NIS on the NIS server."
+msgstr "Вы должны сделать все изменения NIS на сервере NIS самостоятельно."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: usermod.8.xml:33(term) useradd.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (число)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:35(para) useradd.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated. As "
+"higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and "
+"authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog "
+"file for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:41(para) useradd.8.xml:41(para) login.defs.5.xml:41(para)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:41(para)
+msgid ""
+"No <option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> option present in the configuration "
+"means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) userdel.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term)
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_DIR</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>MAIL_DIR</option> (строка)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) userdel.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para)
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mail spool directory. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its "
+"corresponding user account is modified or deleted. If not specified, a "
+"compile-time default is used."
+msgstr ""
+"Почтовый каталог. Данный параметр нужен для управления почтовым ящиком при "
+"изменении или удалении учётной записи пользователя. Если параметр не задан, "
+"то используется значение указанное при сборке."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: usermod.8.xml:41(term) userdel.8.xml:41(term) useradd.8.xml:41(term)
+#: su.1.xml:41(term) login.defs.5.xml:41(term) login.1.xml:41(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>MAIL_FILE</option> (строка)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:43(para) userdel.8.xml:43(para) useradd.8.xml:43(para)
+#: su.1.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Определяет расположение почтовых файлов пользователя относительно домашнего "
+"каталога."
+
+#. FIXME: MAIL_FILE not used in useradd
+#: usermod.8.xml:50(para) userdel.8.xml:50(para) useradd.8.xml:50(para)
+#: su.1.xml:50(para) login.defs.5.xml:50(para) login.1.xml:50(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>MAIL_DIR</option> and <option>MAIL_FILE</option> variables are "
+"used by <command>useradd</command>, <command>usermod</command>, and "
+"<command>userdel</command> to create, move, or delete the user's mail spool."
+msgstr ""
+"Переменные <option>MAIL_DIR</option> и <option>MAIL_FILE</option> "
+"используются командами <command>useradd</command>, <command>usermod</"
+"command> и <command>userdel</command> для создания, перемещения или удаления "
+"почты пользователя."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:56(para) userdel.8.xml:56(para) useradd.8.xml:56(para)
+#: su.1.xml:56(para) login.defs.5.xml:56(para) login.1.xml:56(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> is set to <replaceable>yes</"
+"replaceable>, they are also used to define the <envar>MAIL</envar> "
+"environment variable."
+msgstr ""
+"Если значение <option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> равно <replaceable>yes</"
+"replaceable>, то они также используются для определения переменной окружения "
+"<envar>MAIL</envar>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: grpck.8.xml:30(term) groupmod.8.xml:30(term) groupmems.8.xml:30(term)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:30(term) groupadd.8.xml:30(term) gpasswd.1.xml:30(term)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</option> (число)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:32(para) newusers.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:32(para) groupmod.8.xml:32(para) groupmems.8.xml:32(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:32(para) groupadd.8.xml:32(para) gpasswd.1.xml:32(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"Maximum members per group entry. When the maximum is reached, a new group "
+"entry (line) is started in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (with the same "
+"name, same password, and same GID)."
+msgstr ""
+"Максимальное количество членов в записи о группе. При достижения максимума "
+"заводится новая запись группы (строка) в <filename>/etc/group</filename> (с "
+"тем же именем, паролем и тем же GID)."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:37(para) userdel.8.xml:37(para) useradd.8.xml:37(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:37(para) newusers.8.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:37(para) groupmod.8.xml:37(para) groupmems.8.xml:37(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:37(para) groupadd.8.xml:37(para) gpasswd.1.xml:37(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of "
+"members in a group."
+msgstr ""
+"Значение по умолчанию равно 0, означающее, что ограничения на количество "
+"членов в группе нет."
+
+#. Note: on HP, split groups have the same ID, but different
+#.                names.
+#: usermod.8.xml:43(para) userdel.8.xml:43(para) useradd.8.xml:43(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:43(para) groupmod.8.xml:43(para) groupmems.8.xml:43(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:43(para) groupadd.8.xml:43(para) gpasswd.1.xml:43(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group "
+"file. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger "
+"than 1024 characters."
+msgstr ""
+"Данная возможность (разделение группы) позволяет ограничить длину строк в "
+"файле групп. Это полезно для ограничения длины строк групп NIS в 1024 "
+"символа."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:48(para) userdel.8.xml:48(para) useradd.8.xml:48(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:48(para) newusers.8.xml:48(para) login.defs.5.xml:48(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:48(para) groupmod.8.xml:48(para) groupmems.8.xml:48(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:48(para) groupadd.8.xml:48(para) gpasswd.1.xml:48(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:48(para)
+msgid "If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25."
+msgstr "Если вам нужно такое ограничение, укажите значение 25."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:51(para) userdel.8.xml:51(para) useradd.8.xml:51(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:51(para) newusers.8.xml:51(para) login.defs.5.xml:51(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:51(para) groupmod.8.xml:51(para) groupmems.8.xml:51(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:51(para) groupadd.8.xml:51(para) gpasswd.1.xml:51(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:51(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow "
+"toolsuite). You should not use this variable unless you really need it."
+msgstr ""
+"Замечание: разделение групп поддерживается не всеми инструментами (даже в "
+"наборе инструментов Shadow). Вы не должны использовать эту переменную, если "
+"вам действительно это ненужно."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (число)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: usermod.8.xml:31(term) useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (число)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (число)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands <command>useradd</"
+"command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless the user already have "
+"subordinate group IDs) allocate <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> unused group "
+"IDs from the range <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_GID_MAX</"
+"option> for each new user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:42(para) useradd.8.xml:42(para) newusers.8.xml:42(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:42(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default value for <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+#| "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>GID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgid ""
+"The default values for <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_GID_MAX</"
+"option>, <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> are respectively 100000, 600100000 "
+"and 65536."
+msgstr ""
+"Значение по умолчанию для <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (соотв."
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) равно 101 (соотв. <option>GID_MIN</option>-1)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (число)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: usermod.8.xml:31(term) useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (число)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (число)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands <command>useradd</"
+"command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless the user already have "
+"subordinate user IDs) allocate <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> unused user "
+"IDs from the range <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_UID_MAX</"
+"option> for each new user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:42(para) useradd.8.xml:42(para) newusers.8.xml:42(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:42(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default value for <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+#| "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>UID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgid ""
+"The default values for <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_UID_MAX</"
+"option>, <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> are respectively 100000, 600100000 "
+"and 65536."
+msgstr ""
+"Значение по умолчанию для <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (соотв. "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) равно 101 (соотв. <option>UID_MIN</option>-1)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term)
+#: pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>TCB_SYMLINKS</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>TCB_SYMLINKS</option> (логический)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:37(programlisting) userdel.8.xml:37(programlisting)
+#: useradd.8.xml:37(programlisting) pwck.8.xml:37(programlisting)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:37(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"if ( UID is less than 1000) {\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/user\n"
+"} else if ( UID is less than 1000000) {\n"
+"  kilos = UID / 1000\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/:kilos/user\n"
+"  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n"
+"} else {\n"
+"  megas = UID / 1000000\n"
+"  kilos = ( UID / megas * 1000000 ) / 1000\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/:megas/:kilos/user\n"
+"  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n"
+"}\n"
+"      "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"если ( UID меньше 1000) {\n"
+"  использовать /etc/tcb/user\n"
+"} иначе если ( UID меньше 1000000) {\n"
+"  kilos = UID / 1000\n"
+"  использовать /etc/tcb/:kilos/user\n"
+"  создать symlink /etc/tcb/user на каталог выше\n"
+"} иначе {\n"
+"  megas = UID / 1000000\n"
+"  kilos = ( UID / megas * 1000000 ) / 1000\n"
+"  использовать /etc/tcb/:megas/:kilos/user\n"
+"  создать symlink /etc/tcb/user на каталог выше\n"
+"}\n"
+"      "
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para)
+#: pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the location of the user tcb directory to "
+"be created will not be automatically set to /etc/tcb/user, but will be "
+"computed depending on the UID of the user, according to the following "
+"algorithm: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Если значение равно <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, то расположение "
+"создаваемого пользовательского каталога tcb directory не будет автоматически "
+"установлено в /etc/tcb/user, а будет вычислено в зависимости от UID "
+"пользователя, согласно следующему алгоритму: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><filename>
+#: usermod.8.xml:557(filename) userdel.8.xml:214(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:757(filename) su.1.xml:381(filename)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:253(filename) passwd.1.xml:428(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:438(filename) login.access.5.xml:124(filename)
+#: login.1.xml:389(filename) groupmod.8.xml:237(filename)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:265(filename) chsh.1.xml:182(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:270(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:228(filename)
+#: chfn.1.xml:210(filename)
+msgid "/etc/login.defs"
+msgstr "/etc/login.defs"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: usermod.8.xml:559(para) userdel.8.xml:216(para) useradd.8.xml:759(para)
+#: su.1.xml:383(para) pwconv.8.xml:255(para) passwd.1.xml:430(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:440(para) login.access.5.xml:126(para) login.1.xml:391(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:239(para) groupadd.8.xml:267(para) chsh.1.xml:184(para)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:272(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:230(para) chfn.1.xml:212(para)
+msgid "Shadow password suite configuration."
+msgstr "содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><filename>
+#: usermod.8.xml:575(filename) userdel.8.xml:232(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:745(filename) newusers.8.xml:450(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgid "/etc/subgid"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:577(para) userdel.8.xml:234(para) useradd.8.xml:747(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:452(para)
+msgid "Per user subordinate group IDs."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><filename>
+#: usermod.8.xml:581(filename) userdel.8.xml:238(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:751(filename) newusers.8.xml:456(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgid "/etc/subuid"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:583(para) userdel.8.xml:240(para) useradd.8.xml:753(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:458(para)
+msgid "Per user subordinate user IDs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:591(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><command>
+#: userdel.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) userdel.8.xml:70(refname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:75(command) login.defs.5.xml:500(term)
+msgid "userdel"
+msgstr "userdel"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: userdel.8.xml:71(refpurpose)
+msgid "delete a user account and related files"
+msgstr "удаляет учётную запись и файлы пользователя"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>userdel</command> command modifies the system account files, "
+"deleting all entries that refer to the user name <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">LOGIN</emphasis>. The named user must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>userdel</command> изменяет системные файлы учётных записей, "
+"удаляя все записи, относящиеся к указанному <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">имени_пользователя</emphasis>. Заданная учётная запись должна "
+"существовать."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: userdel.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>userdel</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>userdel</command>:"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:99(term) groupadd.8.xml:100(term) expiry.1.xml:103(term)
+msgid "<option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option forces the removal of the user account, even if the user is "
+"still logged in. It also forces <command>userdel</command> to remove the "
+"user's home directory and mail spool, even if another user uses the same "
+"home directory or if the mail spool is not owned by the specified user. If "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> and if a group exists with "
+"the same name as the deleted user, then this group will be removed, even if "
+"it is still the primary group of another user."
+msgstr ""
+"С этим параметром учётная запись будет удалена, даже если пользователь в "
+"этот момент работает в системе. Он также заставляет <command>userdel</"
+"command> удалить домашний каталог пользователя и почтовый ящик, даже если "
+"другой пользователь использует тот же домашний каталог или если почтовый "
+"ящик не принадлежит данному пользователю. Если значение "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> равно <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</emphasis> "
+"в файле <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> и если существует группа с "
+"именем удаляемого пользователя, то это группа будет удалена, даже если она "
+"всё ещё является первичной группой другого пользователя."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: userdel.8.xml:116(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Note:</emphasis> This option is dangerous and may leave your "
+"system in an inconsistent state."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>Замечание:</emphasis> Этот параметр опасно использовать; он может "
+"привести систему в нерабочее состояние."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:129(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: userdel.8.xml:133(para)
+msgid ""
+"Files in the user's home directory will be removed along with the home "
+"directory itself and the user's mail spool. Files located in other file "
+"systems will have to be searched for and deleted manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Файлы в домашнем каталоге пользователя будут удалены вместе с самим домашним "
+"каталогом и почтовым ящиком. Пользовательские файлы, расположенные в других "
+"файловых системах, нужно искать и удалять вручную."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mail spool is defined by the <option>MAIL_DIR</option> variable in the "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename> file."
+msgstr ""
+"Имя файла почтового ящика задаётся переменной <option>MAIL_DIR</option> в "
+"файле <filename>login.defs</filename>."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:175(term)
+msgid "<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid "Remove any SELinux user mapping for the user's login."
+msgstr ""
+"Удаляет все пользовательские сопоставления SELinux для учётной записи "
+"пользователя."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: userdel.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>USERDEL_CMD</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>USERDEL_CMD</option> (строка)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: userdel.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, this command is run when removing a user. It should remove any "
+"at/cron/print jobs etc. owned by the user to be removed (passed as the first "
+"argument)."
+msgstr ""
+"Определяет программу, которая будет запущена при удалении пользователя. Она "
+"должна удалять любые задания at/cron/печати удаляемого пользователя "
+"(передаётся в качестве первого аргумента)."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+msgid "The return code of the script is not taken into account."
+msgstr "Возвращаемый сценарием код завершения не учитывается."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:46(programlisting) login.defs.5.xml:46(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"#! /bin/sh\n"
+"\n"
+"# Check for the required argument.\n"
+"if [ $# != 1 ]; then\n"
+"\techo \"Usage: $0 username\"\n"
+"\texit 1\n"
+"fi\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove cron jobs.\n"
+"crontab -r -u $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove at jobs.\n"
+"# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,\n"
+"# even if it was shared by a different username.\n"
+"AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs\n"
+"find $AT_SPOOL_DIR -name \"[^.]*\" -type f -user $1 -delete \\;\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove print jobs.\n"
+"lprm $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# All done.\n"
+"exit 0\n"
+"      "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"#! /bin/sh\n"
+"\n"
+"# проверить все необходимые параметры\n"
+"if [ $# != 1 ]; then\n"
+"\techo \"Использование: $0 имя_пользователя\"\n"
+"\texit 1\n"
+"fi\n"
+"\n"
+"# удалить задания cron\n"
+"crontab -r -u $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# удалить задания at\n"
+"# Заметим, что это удалит все задания с указанным UID,\n"
+"# даже если он используется для другой учётной записи.\n"
+"AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs\n"
+"find $AT_SPOOL_DIR -name \"[^.]*\" -type f -user $1 -delete \\;\n"
+"\n"
+"# удалить задания печати\n"
+"lprm $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# всё\n"
+"exit 0\n"
+"      "
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Here is an example script, which removes the user's cron, at and print jobs: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Вот простой сценарий, который удаляет задания печати, cron и at: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: userdel.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) su.1.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> (логический)"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) su.1.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits "
+"(examples: 022 -&gt; 002, 077 -&gt; 007) for non-root users, if the uid is "
+"the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name."
+msgstr ""
+"Включает установку группы битов umask равной битам владельца (пример: 022 -"
+"&gt; 002, 077 -&gt; 007) для не суперпользователей, если uid равен gid и имя "
+"пользователя совпадает с именем первичной группы."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:39(para) useradd.8.xml:39(para) su.1.xml:39(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, <command>userdel</command> will "
+"remove the user's group if it contains no more members, and "
+"<command>useradd</command> will create by default a group with the name of "
+"the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Если значение равно <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, то <command>userdel</"
+"command> удаляет пользовательскую группу, если в ней нет больше членов, а "
+"<command>useradd</command> по умолчанию создаёт группу с именем пользователя."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><title>
+#: userdel.8.xml:247(title) useradd.8.xml:766(title) su.1.xml:390(title)
+#: pwck.8.xml:303(title) passwd.1.xml:443(title) grpck.8.xml:245(title)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:252(title) groupdel.8.xml:175(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:296(title) chage.1.xml:284(title)
+msgid "EXIT VALUES"
+msgstr "ВОЗВРАЩАЕМЫЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#: userdel.8.xml:252(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:771(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:409(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:308(replaceable)
+#: passwd.1.xml:448(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:250(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:257(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:180(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:301(replaceable) chage.1.xml:289(replaceable)
+msgid "0"
+msgstr "0"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: userdel.8.xml:254(para) useradd.8.xml:773(para) pwck.8.xml:310(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:450(para) grpck.8.xml:252(para) groupdel.8.xml:182(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:303(para) chage.1.xml:291(para)
+msgid "success"
+msgstr "успешное выполнение"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refmeta><manvolnum>
+#: userdel.8.xml:258(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:777(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:75(manvolnum) su.1.xml:415(replaceable) sg.1.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:314(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:65(manvolnum)
+#: passwd.1.xml:454(replaceable) newgrp.1.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: login.1.xml:91(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:256(replaceable)
+#: groups.1.xml:58(manvolnum) gpasswd.1.xml:63(manvolnum)
+#: expiry.1.xml:62(manvolnum) chsh.1.xml:61(manvolnum) chfn.1.xml:61(manvolnum)
+#: chage.1.xml:59(manvolnum) chage.1.xml:295(replaceable)
+msgid "1"
+msgstr "1"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: userdel.8.xml:260(para) useradd.8.xml:779(para)
+msgid "can't update password file"
+msgstr "не удалось изменить файл паролей"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#: userdel.8.xml:264(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:783(replaceable)
+#: pwck.8.xml:320(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:460(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:262(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:263(replaceable)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:186(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:307(replaceable)
+#: chage.1.xml:301(replaceable)
+msgid "2"
+msgstr "2"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: userdel.8.xml:266(para) useradd.8.xml:785(para) pwck.8.xml:316(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:258(para) groupdel.8.xml:188(para) groupadd.8.xml:309(para)
+#: chage.1.xml:303(para)
+msgid "invalid command syntax"
+msgstr "ошибка в параметрах команды"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#: userdel.8.xml:270(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:801(replaceable)
+#: pwck.8.xml:344(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:484(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:281(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:192(replaceable)
+msgid "6"
+msgstr "6"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: userdel.8.xml:272(para)
+msgid "specified user doesn't exist"
+msgstr "указанный пользователь не существует"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: userdel.8.xml:278(para)
+msgid "user currently logged in"
+msgstr "пользователь сейчас работает в системе"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#: userdel.8.xml:282(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:813(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:293(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:204(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:331(replaceable)
+msgid "10"
+msgstr "10"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: userdel.8.xml:284(para) useradd.8.xml:815(para) groupdel.8.xml:206(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:333(para)
+msgid "can't update group file"
+msgstr "не удалось изменить файл групп"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#: userdel.8.xml:288(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:819(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:305(replaceable)
+msgid "12"
+msgstr "12"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: userdel.8.xml:290(para)
+msgid "can't remove home directory"
+msgstr "не удалось удалить домашний каталог"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: userdel.8.xml:248(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>userdel</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>userdel</command> завершая работу, возвращает следующие "
+"значения: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:299(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>userdel</command> will not allow you to remove an account if there "
+"are running processes which belong to this account. In that case, you may "
+"have to kill those processes or lock the user's password or account and "
+"remove the account later. The <option>-f</option> option can force the "
+"deletion of this account."
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>userdel</command> не позволит удалить учётную запись, если "
+"есть запущенные процессы, принадлежащие данной учётной записи. В этом случае "
+"вы можете удалить эти процессы или заблокировать пароль пользователя или "
+"учётную запись, а затем удалить учётную запись. Если указан параметр "
+"<option>-f</option>, то учётная запись будет удалена несмотря ни на что."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: userdel.8.xml:306(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain "
+"owned by this user."
+msgstr ""
+"Вы должны вручную проверить все файловые системы, чтобы убедиться, что не "
+"осталось файлов, принадлежащих этому пользователю."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: userdel.8.xml:310(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not remove any NIS attributes on a NIS client. This must be "
+"performed on the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+"Нельзя удалить NIS атрибуты клиента NIS. Это необходимо сделать на NIS "
+"сервере."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, <command>userdel</"
+"command> will delete the group with the same name as the user. To avoid "
+"inconsistencies in the passwd and group databases, <command>userdel</"
+"command> will check that this group is not used as a primary group for "
+"another user, and will just warn without deleting the group otherwise. The "
+"<option>-f</option> option can force the deletion of this group."
+msgstr ""
+"Если значение переменной <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> равно <emphasis "
+"remap=\"I\">yes</emphasis> в файле <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, то "
+"<command>userdel</command> удалит группу с именем как у пользователя. Чтобы "
+"избежать рассогласованности в базах данных групп и паролей, "
+"<command>userdel</command> проверит, что данная группа не используется в "
+"качестве первичной для другого пользователя, и выдаст предупреждение без "
+"удаления, если такое случится. Параметр <option>-f</option> поможет удалить "
+"группу в любом случае."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:326(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>
+#: useradd.8.xml:76(refentrytitle) useradd.8.xml:83(refname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:88(command) useradd.8.xml:95(command)
+#: useradd.8.xml:99(command) login.defs.5.xml:482(term)
+msgid "useradd"
+msgstr "useradd"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: useradd.8.xml:84(refpurpose)
+msgid "create a new user or update default new user information"
+msgstr ""
+"регистрирует нового пользователя или изменяет информацию по умолчанию о "
+"новых пользователях"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><option>
+#: useradd.8.xml:96(arg) useradd.8.xml:100(arg)
+msgid "-D"
+msgstr "-D"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:109(para)
+msgid ""
+"When invoked without the <option>-D</option> option, the <command>useradd</"
+"command> command creates a new user account using the values specified on "
+"the command line plus the default values from the system. Depending on "
+"command line options, the <command>useradd</command> command will update "
+"system files and may also create the new user's home directory and copy "
+"initial files."
+msgstr ""
+"При запуске без параметра <option>-D</option> команда <command>useradd</"
+"command> создаёт новую учётную запись пользователя, используя значения из "
+"командной строки и системные значения по умолчанию. В зависимости от "
+"параметров командной строки, команда <command>useradd</command> обновляет "
+"системные файлы, а также может создать домашний каталог нового пользователя "
+"и скопировать начальные файлы настроек."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see <option>-g</"
+"option>, <option>-N</option>, <option>-U</option>, and "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option>)."
+msgstr ""
+"По умолчанию, для нового пользователя также создаётся группа (смотрите "
+"параметры <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option>, <option>-U</option> и "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option>)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>useradd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>useradd</command>:"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:132(option) pwck.8.xml:187(option) newusers.8.xml:273(option)
+msgid "--badname"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:141(term) useradd.8.xml:559(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--base-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>BASE_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--base-dir</option> "
+"<replaceable>БАЗОВЫЙ_КАТАЛОГ</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default base directory for the system if <option>-d</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> is not specified. <replaceable>BASE_DIR</"
+"replaceable> is concatenated with the account name to define the home "
+"directory. If the <option>-m</option> option is not used, "
+"<replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Базовый системный каталог по умолчанию, если другой каталог не указан с "
+"помощью параметра <option>-d</option>. Значение "
+"<replaceable>БАЗОВЫЙ_КАТАЛОГ</replaceable> объединяется с именем учётной "
+"записи для определения домашнего каталога. Если не указан параметр <option>-"
+"m</option>, то <replaceable>БАЗОВЫЙ_КАТАЛОГ</replaceable> должен "
+"существовать."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this option is not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the "
+"base directory specified by the <option>HOME</option> variable in <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>, or <filename>/home</filename> by default."
+msgstr ""
+"Если этот параметр не задан, то команда <command>useradd</command> будет "
+"использовать базовый каталог, указанный в переменной <option>HOME</option> в "
+"файле <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> иначе <filename>/home</"
+"filename> (по умолчанию)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any text string. It is generally a short description of the login, and is "
+"currently used as the field for the user's full name."
+msgstr ""
+"Любая текстовая строка. Обычно, здесь коротко описывается учётная запись, и "
+"в настоящее время используется как поле для имени и фамилии пользователя."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:174(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option> "
+"<replaceable>ДОМАШНИЙ_КАТАЛОГ</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:178(para)
+msgid ""
+"The new user will be created using <replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> as "
+"the value for the user's login directory. The default is to append the "
+"<replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> name to <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> "
+"and use that as the login directory name. The directory "
+"<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> does not have to exist but will not be "
+"created if it is missing."
+msgstr ""
+"Для создаваемого пользователя будет использован каталог "
+"<replaceable>ДОМАШНИЙ_КАТАЛОГ</replaceable> в качестве начального каталога. "
+"По умолчанию, это значение получается объединением <replaceable>ИМЕНИ</"
+"replaceable> пользователя с <replaceable>БАЗОВЫМ_КАТАЛОГОМ</replaceable> и "
+"используется как имя домашнего каталога. Каталог "
+"<replaceable>ДОМАШНИЙ_КАТАЛОГ</replaceable> необязательно должен "
+"существовать, но не будет создан, если его нет."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:190(term)
+msgid "<option>-D</option>, <option>--defaults</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-D</option>, <option>--defaults</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><title>
+#: useradd.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid "See below, the subsection \"Changing the default values\"."
+msgstr "Смотрите далее в подразделе «Изменение значений по умолчанию»."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:208(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the default expiry "
+"date specified by the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>, or an empty string (no expiry) by default."
+msgstr ""
+"Если этот параметр не задан, то команда <command>useradd</command> будет "
+"использовать дату устаревания по умолчанию, указанную в переменной "
+"<option>EXPIRE</option> в файле <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, "
+"иначе пустую строку (без устаревания, по умолчанию)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:221(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently "
+"disabled. A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has "
+"expired, and a value of -1 disables the feature."
+msgstr ""
+"Если указано значение 0, то учётная запись блокируется сразу после "
+"устаревания пароля, а при значении -1 данная возможность не используется."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:227(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the default inactivity "
+"period specified by the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>, or -1 by default."
+msgstr ""
+"Если этот параметр не задан, то команда <command>useradd</command> будет "
+"использовать срок неактивности по умолчанию, указанный в переменной "
+"<option>INACTIVE</option> в файле <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> "
+"или -1 (по умолчанию)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:240(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or number of the user's initial login group. The group name "
+"must exist. A group number must refer to an already existing group."
+msgstr ""
+"Имя или числовой идентификатор первичной группы пользователя. Группа с таким "
+"именем должна существовать. Идентификатор группы должен указывать на уже "
+"существующую группу."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:245(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, the behavior of <command>useradd</command> will depend on "
+"the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>. If this variable is set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable> (or "
+"<option>-U/--user-group</option> is specified on the command line), a group "
+"will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname. If the "
+"variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> (or <option>-N/--no-user-"
+"group</option> is specified on the command line), useradd will set the "
+"primary group of the new user to the value specified by the <option>GROUP</"
+"option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, or 100 by "
+"default."
+msgstr ""
+"Если не указан, то поведение <command>useradd</command> зависит от "
+"переменной <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> в файле <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>. Если значение этой переменной равно <replaceable>yes</"
+"replaceable> (или в командной строке указан параметр <option>-U/--user-"
+"group</option>), то для пользователя будет создана группа с тем же именем "
+"как его имя для входа. Если значение переменной равно <replaceable>no</"
+"replaceable> (или в  командной строке указан параметр <option>-N/--no-user-"
+"group</option>), то useradd установит первичную группу нового пользователя "
+"равной значению переменной <option>GROUP</option> из файла <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>, или 100 (по умолчанию)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:267(para)
+msgid ""
+"A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each "
+"group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. "
+"The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the "
+"<option>-g</option> option. The default is for the user to belong only to "
+"the initial group."
+msgstr ""
+"Список дополнительных групп, в которых числится пользователь. Перечисление "
+"групп осуществляется через запятую, без промежуточных пробелов. На указанные "
+"группы действуют те же ограничения, что и для группы указанной в параметре "
+"<option>-g</option>. По умолчанию пользователь входит только в начальную "
+"группу."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:284(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-k</option>, <option>--skel</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SKEL_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-k</option>, <option>--skel</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>КАТАЛОГ_ШАБЛОНОВ</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in "
+"the user's home directory, when the home directory is created by "
+"<command>useradd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Каталог с шаблонами, который содержит файлы и каталоги для копирования в "
+"домашний каталог пользователя при создании домашнего каталога командой "
+"<command>useradd</command>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:293(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid if the <option>-m</option> (or <option>--create-"
+"home</option>) option is specified."
+msgstr ""
+"Этот параметр можно использовать только с параметром <option>-m</option> "
+"(или <option>--create-home</option>)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:297(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the "
+"<option>SKEL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> "
+"or, by default, <filename>/etc/skel</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Если этот параметр не задан, то каталог шаблонов определяется переменной "
+"<option>SKEL</option> из файла <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, "
+"или равен <filename>/etc/skel</filename> (по умолчанию)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:303(para)
+msgid "If possible, the ACLs and extended attributes are copied."
+msgstr "Если возможно, выполняется копирование ACL и расширенных атрибутов."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:309(term) groupadd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>КЛЮЧ</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>ЗНАЧЕНИЕ</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:313(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (<option>UID_MIN</"
+#| "option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>UMASK</option>, "
+#| "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> and others). <placeholder-1/> Example: "
+#| "<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</replaceable> can be used when creating "
+#| "system account to turn off password ageing, even though system account "
+#| "has no password at all. Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be "
+#| "specified, e.g.: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (<option>UID_MIN</"
+"option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>UMASK</option>, "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> and others). <placeholder-1/> Example: "
+"<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</replaceable> can be used when creating system "
+"account to turn off password aging, even though system account has no "
+"password at all. Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified, e."
+"g.: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"Заменяет значения по умолчанию из файла <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"(<option>UID_MIN</option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>UMASK</option>, "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> и других). <placeholder-1/> Пример: <option>-"
+"K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</"
+"replaceable> можно использовать при создании системной учётной записи, чтобы "
+"выключить устаревание пароля, даже если системная учётная запись вообще не "
+"имеет пароля. Можно указывать параметр <option>-K</option> несколько раз, "
+"например: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:334(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--no-log-init</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--no-log-init</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:336(para)
+msgid "Do not add the user to the lastlog and faillog databases."
+msgstr "Не добавлять пользователя в базы данных lastlog и faillog."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:339(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "By default, the user's entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are "
+#| "resetted to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user."
+msgid ""
+"By default, the user's entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are "
+"reset to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user."
+msgstr ""
+"По умолчанию, записи пользователя в базах данных lastlog и faillog "
+"сбрасываются во избежание повторного использования записи, оставшейся от "
+"ранее удалённого пользователя."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:347(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:351(para)
+msgid ""
+"Create the user's home directory if it does not exist. The files and "
+"directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with "
+"the <option>-k</option> option) will be copied to the home directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Создать домашний каталог пользователя, если он не существует. Файлы и "
+"каталоги, содержащиеся в каталоге шаблонов (который можно указать с помощью "
+"параметра the <option>-k</option> option), будут скопированы в домашний "
+"каталог."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:357(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, if this option is not specified and <option>CREATE_HOME</option> "
+"is not enabled, no home directories are created."
+msgstr ""
+"По умолчанию, если этот параметр не указан и не задана переменная "
+"<option>CREATE_HOME</option>, домашний каталог не создаётся."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:365(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid "<option>-M</option>, <option>--no-create-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:369(para)
+msgid ""
+"Do no create the user's home directory, even if the system wide setting from "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>) is set "
+"to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Не создавать домашний каталог пользователя, даже если значение системной "
+"переменной в файле <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"(<option>CREATE_HOME</option>) равно <replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:378(term)
+msgid "<option>-N</option>, <option>--no-user-group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-N</option>, <option>--no-user-group</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:382(para)
+msgid ""
+"Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to "
+"the group specified by the <option>-g</option> option or by the "
+"<option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Не создавать группу с тем же именем как у пользователя, но добавить "
+"пользователя в группу, заданную параметром <option>-g</option> или "
+"переменной <option>GROUP</option> из файла <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+"filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:388(para) useradd.8.xml:526(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default behavior (if the <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option>, and "
+"<option>-U</option> options are not specified) is defined by the "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Поведение по умолчанию (если не указан параметр <option>-g</option>, "
+"<option>-N</option> и <option>-U</option>) определяется переменной "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> из файла <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:401(para)
+msgid "Allow the creation of a user account with a duplicate (non-unique) UID."
+msgstr "Разрешить создание учётной записи с уже имеющимся (не уникальным) UID."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:402(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-u</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"Этот параметр можно использовать только с параметром <option>-u</option>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:413(para) groupadd.8.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. The default is to "
+"disable the password."
+msgstr ""
+"Шифрованное значение пароля, которое возвращает функция "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>. По умолчанию пароль отключён."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:430(term) newusers.8.xml:302(term) groupadd.8.xml:188(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--system</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--system</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:434(para) newusers.8.xml:306(para)
+msgid "Create a system account."
+msgstr "Создать системную учётную запись."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:437(para)
+msgid ""
+"System users will be created with no aging information in <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</option> counterparts for "
+"the creation of groups)."
+msgstr ""
+"Системные пользователи создаются без информации об устаревании в <filename>/"
+"etc/shadow</filename>, и их числовые идентификаторы выбираются из диапазона "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>, определённого в "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, а не из <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (это же касается и части с <option>GID</option> при "
+"создании групп)."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:446(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Note that <command>useradd</command> will not create a home directory for "
+#| "such an user, regardless of the default setting in <filename>/etc/login."
+#| "defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>). You have to specify the "
+#| "<option>-m</option> options if you want a home directory for a system "
+#| "account to be created."
+msgid ""
+"Note that <command>useradd</command> will not create a home directory for "
+"such a user, regardless of the default setting in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>). You have to specify the <option>-"
+"m</option> options if you want a home directory for a system account to be "
+"created."
+msgstr ""
+"Заметим, что <command>useradd</command> не создаёт домашний каталог для "
+"данного пользователя независимо от значения по умолчанию в <filename>/etc/"
+"login.defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>). Если вы хотите создать "
+"домашний каталог  для системной учётной записи укажите параметр <option>-m</"
+"option>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:490(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user's login shell. The default is to leave this field "
+"blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified "
+"by the <option>SHELL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+"filename>, or an empty string by default."
+msgstr ""
+"Имя регистрационной оболочки пользователя. По умолчанию это поле пусто, что "
+"вызывает выбор регистрационной оболочки по умолчанию согласно значению "
+"переменной <option>SHELL</option> из файла <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+"filename>, или по умолчанию используется пустая строка."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:504(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numerical value of the user's ID. This value must be unique, unless the "
+"<option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. The "
+"default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to "
+"<option>UID_MIN</option> and greater than every other user."
+msgstr ""
+"Числовое значение идентификатора пользователя (ID). Оно должно быть "
+"уникальным, если не используется параметр <option>-o</option>. Значение "
+"должно быть неотрицательным. По умолчанию используется наименьшее значение "
+"ID большее или равное <option>UID_MIN</option> и большее чем у остальных "
+"пользователей."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:511(para)
+msgid ""
+"See also the <option>-r</option> option and the <option>UID_MAX</option> "
+"description."
+msgstr ""
+"Смотрите также описание <option>-r</option> и <option>UID_MAX</option>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:518(term)
+msgid "<option>-U</option>, <option>--user-group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-U</option>, <option>--user-group</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:522(para)
+msgid ""
+"Create a group with the same name as the user, and add the user to this "
+"group."
+msgstr ""
+"Создать группу с тем же именем что и у пользователя, и добавить пользователя "
+"в эту группу."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:539(para)
+msgid ""
+"The SELinux user for the user's login. The default is to leave this field "
+"blank, which causes the system to select the default SELinux user."
+msgstr ""
+"Пользователь SELinux для регистрационной оболочки пользователя. По умолчанию "
+"это поле пусто, что заставляет систему выбрать пользователя SELinux по "
+"умолчанию."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><title>
+#: useradd.8.xml:549(title)
+msgid "Changing the default values"
+msgstr "Изменение значений по умолчанию"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:550(para)
+msgid ""
+"When invoked with only the <option>-D</option> option, <command>useradd</"
+"command> will display the current default values. When invoked with <option>-"
+"D</option> plus other options, <command>useradd</command> will update the "
+"default values for the specified options. Valid default-changing options are:"
+msgstr ""
+"При запуске программы только с параметром <option>-D</option> команда "
+"<command>useradd</command> показывает текущие значения по умолчанию. Если "
+"программа запускается с параметром <option>-D</option> вместе с другими "
+"параметрами, то <command>useradd</command> обновляет значения по умолчанию "
+"этих указанных параметров. Изменяемые параметры:"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:563(para)
+msgid ""
+"The path prefix for a new user's home directory. The user's name will be "
+"affixed to the end of <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> to form the new "
+"user's home directory name, if the <option>-d</option> option is not used "
+"when creating a new account."
+msgstr ""
+"Начальная часть пути нового домашнего каталога пользователя. Имя "
+"пользователя будет добавлено в конец <replaceable>ДОМАШНЕГО_КАТАЛОГА</"
+"replaceable> для создания имени нового каталога, если при создании новой "
+"учётной записи не указан параметр <option>-d</option>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:570(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>HOME</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Этот параметр изменяет переменную <option>HOME</option> в файле <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:581(para)
+msgid "The date on which the user account is disabled."
+msgstr "Дата, когда учётная запись пользователя заблокирована."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:582(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Этот параметр изменяет переменную <option>EXPIRE</option> в файле <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:593(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password has expired before the account will be "
+"disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Число дней, которые должны пройти после устаревания пароля, перед тем как "
+"учётная запись будет заблокирована."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:597(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Этот параметр изменяет переменную <option>INACTIVE</option> в файле "
+"<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:608(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or ID for a new user's initial group (when the <option>-N/--"
+"no-user-group</option> is used or when the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> "
+"variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>). The named group must exist, and a numerical group ID must "
+"have an existing entry."
+msgstr ""
+"Имя группы или ID новой первичной группы пользователя (если используется "
+"<option>-N/--no-user-group</option> или когда значение переменной "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> равно <replaceable>no</replaceable> (файл "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>). Группа с указанным именем должна "
+"существовать, а для числового идентификатора группы должна быть "
+"соответствующая запись."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:617(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Этот параметр изменяет переменную <option>GROUP</option> в файле <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:628(para)
+msgid "The name of a new user's login shell."
+msgstr "Имя новой регистрационной командной оболочки пользователя."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:631(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>SHELL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Этот параметр изменяет переменную <option>SHELL</option> в файле <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><title>
+#: useradd.8.xml:643(title)
+msgid "NOTES"
+msgstr "ЗАМЕЧАНИЯ"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:644(para)
+msgid ""
+"The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files "
+"in the <filename>/etc/skel/</filename> directory (or any other skeleton "
+"directory specified in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> or on the "
+"command line)."
+msgstr ""
+"Системный администратор сам решает, какие файлы нужно положить в каталог "
+"<filename>/etc/skel/</filename> (или в любой другой каталог шаблонов, "
+"указанный в <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> или в командной "
+"строке)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:653(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not add a user to a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the "
+"corresponding server."
+msgstr ""
+"Нельзя добавить пользователя в группу NIS или LDAP. Это необходимо делать на "
+"соответствующем сервере."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:658(para)
+msgid ""
+"Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such "
+"as NIS or LDAP, <command>useradd</command> will deny the user account "
+"creation request."
+msgstr ""
+"Также, если имя пользователя уже существует во внешней базе данных такой как "
+"NIS или LDAP, то <command>useradd</command> не станет создавать учётную "
+"запись пользователя."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:664(para)
+msgid ""
+"Usernames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by "
+"lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a "
+"dollar sign. In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+msgstr ""
+"Имена пользователей должны начинаться со строчной буквы или символа "
+"подчёркивания, и должны состоять только из строчных букв, цифр, символов "
+"подчёркивания и минус. Они могут заканчиваться знаком доллара. Это можно "
+"описать регулярным выражением: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:670(para)
+msgid "Usernames may only be up to 32 characters long."
+msgstr "Имена пользователей могут быть длиной не более 32 знаков."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>CREATE_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>CREATE_HOME</option> (логический)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if a home directory should be created by default for new users."
+msgstr ""
+"Определяет, должен ли создаваться по умолчанию домашний каталог для новых "
+"пользователей."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:36(para) login.defs.5.xml:36(para)
+msgid ""
+"This setting does not apply to system users, and can be overridden on the "
+"command line."
+msgstr ""
+"Эта переменная не влияет на системных пользователей и может быть "
+"переопределена из командной строки."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MAX</option> (число)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(term) newusers.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MIN</option> (число)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:35(para) newusers.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Диапазон идентификаторов групп, используемый в программах <command>useradd</"
+"command>, <command>groupadd</command> или <command>newusers</command> для "
+"создания обычных групп."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:40(para) newusers.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>GID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>GID_MAX</"
+"option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgstr ""
+"Значение по умолчанию для <option>GID_MIN</option> (соотв. <option>GID_MAX</"
+"option>) равно 1000 (соотв. 60000)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>HOME_MODE</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MAX</option> (число)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mode for new home directories. If not specified, the <option>UMASK</"
+"option> is used to create the mode."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask "
+#| "to set the mode of the home directory they create"
+msgid ""
+"<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this to set "
+"the mode of the home directory they create."
+msgstr ""
+"Команды <command>useradd</command> и <command>newusers</command> используют "
+"эту маску для установки прав доступа к домашнему каталогу, который они "
+"создают."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> (число)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum number of days a password may be used. If the password is older "
+"than this, a password change will be forced. If not specified, -1 will be "
+"assumed (which disables the restriction)."
+msgstr ""
+"Максимальное число дней использования пароля. Если пароль старее этого "
+"числа, то будет запущена процедура смены пароля. Если значение не задано, то "
+"предполагается значение -1 (то есть возможность ограничения не используется)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> (число)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The minimum number of days allowed between password changes. Any password "
+"changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected. If not specified, -1 "
+"will be assumed (which disables the restriction)."
+msgstr ""
+"Максимальное число дней между изменениями пароля. Любая смена пароля ранее "
+"заданного срока выполнена не будет. Если значение не задано, то "
+"предполагается значение -1 (то есть возможность ограничения не используется)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> (число)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days warning given before a password expires. A zero means "
+"warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no "
+"warning is given. If not specified, no warning will be provided."
+msgstr ""
+"Число дней за которое начнёт выдаваться предупреждение об устаревании "
+"пароля. Нулевое значение означает, что предупреждение выдаётся в день "
+"устаревания, при отрицательном значении предупреждение выдаваться не будет. "
+"Если значение не задано, выдача предупреждения отключается."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (число)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (число)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Диапазон идентификаторов групп, используемый в программах <command>useradd</"
+"command>, <command>groupadd</command> или <command>newusers</command> для "
+"создания системных групп."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>GID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgstr ""
+"Значение по умолчанию для <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (соотв."
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) равно 101 (соотв. <option>GID_MIN</option>-1)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (число)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (число)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by <command>useradd</"
+"command> or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Диапазон идентификаторов пользователей, используемый в программах "
+"<command>useradd</command> или <command>newusers</command> для создания "
+"системных пользователей."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:37(para) newusers.8.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>UID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgstr ""
+"Значение по умолчанию для <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (соотв. "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) равно 101 (соотв. <option>UID_MIN</option>-1)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>TCB_AUTH_GROUP</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>TCB_AUTH_GROUP</option> (логический)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, newly created tcb shadow files will be "
+"group owned by the <replaceable>auth</replaceable> group."
+msgstr ""
+"Если равно <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, то новые создаваемые теневые "
+"файлы tcb будут принадлежать группе <replaceable>auth</replaceable>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>UID_MAX</option> (число)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(term) newusers.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>UID_MIN</option> (число)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:35(para) newusers.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by "
+"<command>useradd</command> or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Диапазон идентификаторов пользователей, используемый в программах "
+"<command>useradd</command> или <command>newusers</command> для создания "
+"обычных пользователей."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:39(para) newusers.8.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>UID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>UID_MAX</"
+"option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgstr ""
+"Значение по умолчанию для <option>UID_MIN</option> (соотв. <option>UID_MAX</"
+"option>) равно 1000 (соотв. 60000)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>UMASK</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>UMASK</option> (число)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+#: login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value. If not specified, "
+"the mask will be initialized to 022."
+msgstr ""
+"Задаёт начальное значение маски доступа для создаваемых файлов. Если не "
+"указано, то маска устанавливается в 022."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#: login.1.xml:38(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask "
+#| "to set the mode of the home directory they create"
+msgid ""
+"<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask to "
+"set the mode of the home directory they create if <option>HOME_MODE</option> "
+"is not set."
+msgstr ""
+"Команды <command>useradd</command> и <command>newusers</command> используют "
+"эту маску для установки прав доступа к домашнему каталогу, который они "
+"создают."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"It is also used by <command>login</command> to define users' initial umask. "
+"Note that this mask can be overridden by the user's GECOS line (if "
+"<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> is set) or by the specification of a limit with "
+"the <emphasis>K</emphasis> identifier in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>limits</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"Также она используется программой <command>login</command> для задания "
+"начального значения umask пользователя. Заметим, что эта маска может быть "
+"переопределена из пользовательской строки GECOS (если установлена переменная "
+"<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option>) или указанием ограничения с идентификатором "
+"<emphasis>K</emphasis>, в <citerefentry><refentrytitle>limits</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:51(para) newusers.8.xml:51(para) login.defs.5.xml:51(para)
+#: login.1.xml:51(para)
+msgid ""
+"It is also used by <command>pam_umask</command> as the default umask value."
+msgstr ""
+"Она также используется командой <command>pam_umask</command> как значение "
+"umask по умолчанию."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><filename>
+#: useradd.8.xml:733(filename)
+msgid "/etc/default/useradd"
+msgstr "/etc/default/useradd"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:735(para)
+msgid "Default values for account creation."
+msgstr "значения по умолчанию для создаваемой учётной записи"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><filename>
+#: useradd.8.xml:739(filename)
+msgid "/etc/skel/"
+msgstr "/etc/skel/"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:741(para)
+msgid "Directory containing default files."
+msgstr "каталог, содержащий файлы по умолчанию"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#: useradd.8.xml:789(replaceable) shadow.3.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:326(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:466(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:268(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:269(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:313(replaceable)
+msgid "3"
+msgstr "3"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:791(para) passwd.1.xml:486(para) groupadd.8.xml:315(para)
+msgid "invalid argument to option"
+msgstr "недопустимое значение параметра"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#: useradd.8.xml:795(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:332(replaceable)
+#: passwd.1.xml:472(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:274(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:275(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:319(replaceable)
+msgid "4"
+msgstr "4"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:797(para)
+msgid "UID already in use (and no <option>-o</option>)"
+msgstr "такой UID уже существует (и не задан параметр <option>-o</option>)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:803(para) groupdel.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "указанная группа не существует"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#: useradd.8.xml:807(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:287(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:325(replaceable)
+msgid "9"
+msgstr "9"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:809(para)
+msgid "username already in use"
+msgstr "имя пользователя уже существует"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:821(para)
+msgid "can't create home directory"
+msgstr "не удалось создать домашний каталог"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refmeta><manvolnum>
+#: useradd.8.xml:825(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "1"
+msgid "14"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:827(para)
+msgid "can't update SELinux user mapping"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: useradd.8.xml:767(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>useradd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>useradd</command> завершая работу, возвращает следующие "
+"значения: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:836(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:41(contrib) pwconv.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: login.access.5.xml:42(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:46(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1996"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refname>
+#: suauth.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) suauth.5.xml:64(refname)
+msgid "suauth"
+msgstr "suauth"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><manvolnum>
+#: suauth.5.xml:58(manvolnum) shadow.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:338(replaceable) porttime.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: passwd.5.xml:58(manvolnum) passwd.1.xml:478(replaceable)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:125(manvolnum) login.access.5.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: limits.5.xml:60(manvolnum) gshadow.5.xml:47(manvolnum)
+#: grpck.8.xml:280(replaceable) faillog.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+msgid "5"
+msgstr "5"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refmeta><refmiscinfo>
+#: suauth.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) shadow.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: porttime.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) passwd.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:126(refmiscinfo) login.access.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: limits.5.xml:61(refmiscinfo) gshadow.5.xml:48(refmiscinfo)
+#: faillog.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "File Formats and Conversions"
+msgstr "Форматы файлов"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: suauth.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "detailed su control file"
+msgstr "файл управления командой su"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><filename>
+#: suauth.5.xml:70(command) suauth.5.xml:196(filename)
+msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: suauth.5.xml:76(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file <filename>/etc/suauth</filename> is referenced whenever the su "
+"command is called. It can change the behaviour of the su command, based upon:"
+msgstr ""
+"Файл <filename>/etc/suauth</filename> проверяется каждый раз при запуске "
+"команды su. Он влияет на поведение команды su, в зависимости от:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><literallayout>
+#. .RS
+#: suauth.5.xml:83(literallayout)
+#, fuzzy, no-wrap
+#| msgid ""
+#| "\n"
+#| "      1) the user su is targetting\n"
+#| "    "
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      1) the user su is targeting\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      1) пользователя, права которого нужно получить с помощью su\n"
+"    "
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#. .fi
+#: suauth.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid ""
+"2) the user executing the su command (or any groups he might be a member of)"
+msgstr ""
+"2) пользователя, запустившего команду su (или группы, членом которой он "
+"может быть)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: suauth.5.xml:92(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file is formatted like this, with lines starting with a # being treated "
+"as comment lines and ignored;"
+msgstr ""
+"Формат файла показан ниже, строки начинающиеся с # считаются комментарием и "
+"игнорируются;"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><literallayout>
+#: suauth.5.xml:97(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      to-id:from-id:ACTION\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      желаемый-id:желающий-id:ДЕЙСТВИЕ\n"
+"    "
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"Where to-id is either the word <emphasis>ALL</emphasis>, a list of usernames "
+"delimited by \",\" or the words <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT</emphasis> followed by "
+"a list of usernames delimited by \",\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Где желаемый-id может быть словом <emphasis>ALL</emphasis>, списком имён "
+"пользователей, перечисленных через запятую («,») или фразы <emphasis>ALL "
+"EXCEPT</emphasis>, после которой идёт список имён пользователей "
+"перечисленных через «,»."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:107(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "from-id is formatted the same as to-id except the extra word "
+#| "<emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> is recognised. <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</"
+#| "emphasis> is perfectly valid too. Following <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> "
+#| "appears one or more group names, delimited by \",\". It is not sufficient "
+#| "to have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry> is neccessary."
+msgid ""
+"from-id is formatted the same as to-id except the extra word "
+"<emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> is recognized. <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</"
+"emphasis> is perfectly valid too. Following <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> "
+"appears one or more group names, delimited by \",\". It is not sufficient to "
+"have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> is necessary."
+msgstr ""
+"желающий-id может содержать то же, что и желательный-id, плюс новое "
+"слово<emphasis>GROUP</emphasis>. <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</emphasis> тоже "
+"допустимо. После <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> указывается одна или более "
+"названий групп, разделённых «,». Недостаточно иметь id первичной группы "
+"соответствующей группы, необходимо иметь запись в файле "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: suauth.5.xml:118(para)
+msgid "Action can be one only of the following currently supported options."
+msgstr "В поле ДЕЙСТВИЕ может быть только одно из следующих значений:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><emphasis>
+#: suauth.5.xml:124(emphasis)
+msgid "DENY"
+msgstr "DENY"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: suauth.5.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The attempt to su is stopped before a password is even asked for."
+msgstr "Команда su останавливает выполнение, даже не спрашивая пароль."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><emphasis>
+#: suauth.5.xml:134(emphasis)
+msgid "NOPASS"
+msgstr "NOPASS"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: suauth.5.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"The attempt to su is automatically successful; no password is asked for."
+msgstr "Команда su выполняется без запроса пароля."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><emphasis>
+#: suauth.5.xml:145(emphasis)
+msgid "OWNPASS"
+msgstr "OWNPASS"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: suauth.5.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"For the su command to be successful, the user must enter his or her own "
+"password. They are told this."
+msgstr ""
+"Чтобы успешно выполнить команду su, пользователь должен ввести свой "
+"собственный пароль."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: suauth.5.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note there are three separate fields delimited by a colon. No whitespace "
+"must surround this colon. Also note that the file is examined sequentially "
+"line by line, and the first applicable rule is used without examining the "
+"file further. This makes it possible for a system administrator to exercise "
+"as fine control as he or she wishes."
+msgstr ""
+"Заметим, что тут используются три поля, разделённых двоеточиями. Никаких "
+"пробелов не допускается около двоеточий. Также заметим, что файл "
+"просматривается строка за строкой, и первое подходящее правило будет "
+"использовано без проверки оставшихся правил. Это позволяет системному "
+"администратору осуществлять любой контроль, какой он пожелает."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><title>
+#: suauth.5.xml:166(title)
+msgid "EXAMPLE"
+msgstr "ПРИМЕР"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><literallayout>
+#: suauth.5.xml:167(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      # sample /etc/suauth file\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # A couple of privileged usernames may\n"
+"      # su to root with their own password.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Anyone else may not su to root unless in\n"
+"      # group wheel. This is how BSD does things.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Perhaps terry and birddog are accounts\n"
+"      # owned by the same person.\n"
+"      # Access can be arranged between them\n"
+"      # with no password.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      terry:birddog:NOPASS\n"
+"      birddog:terry:NOPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      # пример файла /etc/suauth\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Пара привилегированных имён пользователей\n"
+"      # могут выполнить su, чтобы получить права суперпользователя введя свой пароль.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Все остальные не могут выполнить su для получения root, если они \n"
+"      # не члены группы wheel. Так настроено в BSD.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Возможно учётными записями terry и birddog\n"
+"      # владеет один человек.\n"
+"      # Переход из одной записи в другую\n"
+"      # можно сделать без запроса пароля.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      terry:birddog:NOPASS\n"
+"      birddog:terry:NOPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"    "
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><title>
+#: suauth.5.xml:203(title) pwconv.8.xml:216(title) login.defs.5.xml:531(title)
+msgid "BUGS"
+msgstr "ОШИБКИ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: suauth.5.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"There could be plenty lurking. The file parser is particularly unforgiving "
+"about syntax errors, expecting no spurious whitespace (apart from beginning "
+"and end of lines), and a specific token delimiting different things."
+msgstr ""
+"Может быть несколько угроз. Анализатор файла, в частности, не прощает "
+"синтаксических ошибок, ожидая, что не будет недопустимых пробелов (кроме как "
+"в начале и конце строк) и специальных слов, разделяющих различные вещи."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><title>
+#: suauth.5.xml:213(title) shadow.3.xml:208(title)
+msgid "DIAGNOSTICS"
+msgstr "ДИАГНОСТИКА"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"An error parsing the file is reported using "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> as level ERR on facility AUTH."
+msgstr ""
+"Ошибки при анализе файла выводятся с помощью "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> с уровнем ERR средства AUTH."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:223(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:58(contrib) shadow.5.xml:41(contrib) shadow.3.xml:41(contrib)
+#: porttime.5.xml:41(contrib) passwd.5.xml:41(contrib) passwd.1.xml:48(contrib)
+#: login.1.xml:74(contrib) faillog.8.xml:41(contrib) faillog.5.xml:41(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1989"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>
+#: su.1.xml:74(refentrytitle) su.1.xml:81(refname) su.1.xml:86(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:456(term)
+msgid "su"
+msgstr "su"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refmeta><refmiscinfo>
+#: su.1.xml:76(refmiscinfo) sg.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: passwd.1.xml:66(refmiscinfo) newgrp.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.1.xml:92(refmiscinfo) groups.1.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:64(refmiscinfo) expiry.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: chsh.1.xml:62(refmiscinfo) chfn.1.xml:62(refmiscinfo)
+#: chage.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "User Commands"
+msgstr "Пользовательские команды"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: su.1.xml:82(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user ID or become superuser"
+msgstr "изменяет ID пользователя или делает его суперпользователем"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para><option>
+#: su.1.xml:91(replaceable) sg.1.xml:72(arg) newgrp.1.xml:71(arg)
+msgid "-"
+msgstr "-"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsynopsisdiv><cmdsynopsis><arg><arg><replaceable>
+#: su.1.xml:94(replaceable) login.1.xml:107(replaceable)
+#: login.1.xml:115(replaceable)
+msgid "username"
+msgstr "имя_пользователя"
+
+#: su.1.xml:96(replaceable)
+msgid "args"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:104(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The <command>su</command> command is used to become another user during a "
+#| "login session. Invoked without a <option>username</option>, <command>su</"
+#| "command> defaults to becoming the superuser. The optional argument "
+#| "<option>-</option> may be used to provide an environment similar to what "
+#| "the user would expect had the user logged in directly."
+msgid ""
+"The <command>su</command> command is used to become another user during a "
+"login session. Invoked without a <option>username</option>, <command>su</"
+"command> defaults to becoming the superuser. The <option>-</option> option "
+"may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect "
+"had the user logged in directly. The <option>-c</option> option may be used "
+"to treat the next argument as a command by most shells."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>su</command> используется для того, чтобы пользователь "
+"мог стать другим пользователем в текущем сеансе. Если <command>su</command> "
+"вызывается без <option>имени_пользователя</option>, то это по умолчанию "
+"делает пользователя суперпользователем. Необязательный параметр <option>-</"
+"option> можно использовать для воссоздания окружения, такого же как если бы "
+"настоящий пользователь выполнял вход в систему."
+
+#: su.1.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list. You can use the "
+"<option>--</option> argument to stop option parsing. The <option>-</option> "
+"option is special: it is also recognized after <option>--</option>, but has "
+"to be placed before <option>username</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: su.1.xml:122(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user will be prompted for a password, if appropriate. Invalid passwords "
+"will produce an error message. All attempts, both valid and invalid, are "
+"logged to detect abuse of the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Пользователю предложат ввести пароль, если он задан. При неверном пароле "
+"возникает сообщение об ошибке. Все попытки, удачные и неудачные, "
+"протоколируются системой с целью обнаружения злоупотреблений."
+
+#: su.1.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"The current environment is passed to the new shell. The value of <envar>"
+"$PATH</envar> is reset to <filename>/bin:/usr/bin</filename> for normal "
+"users, or <filename>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</filename> for the "
+"superuser. This may be changed with the <option>ENV_PATH</option> and "
+"<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> definitions in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Текущее окружение передаётся новой оболочке. Значение <envar>$PATH</envar> "
+"сбрасывается в значение <filename>/bin:/usr/bin</filename> для обычных "
+"пользователей или в <filename>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</filename> для "
+"суперпользователя. Эти значения можно изменить в переменных "
+"<option>ENV_PATH</option> и <option>ENV_SUPATH</option> в файле <filename>/"
+"etc/login.defs</filename>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: su.1.xml:136(para) login.1.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"A subsystem login is indicated by the presence of a \"*\" as the first "
+"character of the login shell. The given home directory will be used as the "
+"root of a new file system which the user is actually logged into."
+msgstr ""
+"Субсистемный вход в систему можно распознать по наличию символа «*» в начале "
+"регистрационной оболочки. Заданный домашний каталог будет использован как "
+"корень новой файловой системы, в которой регистрируется пользователь."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: su.1.xml:145(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>su</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>su</command>:"
+
+#: su.1.xml:149(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--command</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMAND</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--command</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>КОМАНДА</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: su.1.xml:153(para)
+msgid ""
+"Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its <option>-c</"
+"option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Указать команду, которая будет запущена оболочкой в виде параметра для "
+"<option>-c</option>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:157(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The executed command will have no controlling terminal. This option "
+#| "cannot be used to execute interractive programs which need a controlling "
+#| "TTY."
+msgid ""
+"The executed command will have no controlling terminal. This option cannot "
+"be used to execute interactive programs which need a controlling TTY."
+msgstr ""
+"Запускаемая программа не будет иметь управляющего терминала. Этот параметр "
+"не может быть использован для запуска интерактивных программ, которым "
+"требуется управляющий TTY."
+
+#: su.1.xml:167(term)
+msgid "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: su.1.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"Provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user "
+"logged in directly."
+msgstr ""
+"Предоставляет окружение, как если бы пользователь непосредственно "
+"регистрировался в системе."
+
+#: su.1.xml:175(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "When <option>-</option> is used, it must be specified as the last "
+#| "<command>su</command> option. The other forms (<option>-l</option> and "
+#| "<option>--login</option>) do not have this restriction."
+msgid ""
+"When <option>-</option> is used, it must be specified before any "
+"<option>username</option>. For portability it is recommended to use it as "
+"last option, before any <option>username</option>. The other forms (<option>-"
+"l</option> and <option>--login</option>) do not have this restriction."
+msgstr ""
+"Если используется <option>-</option>, то он должен быть задан последним "
+"параметром <command>su</command>. Другие формы (<option>-l</option> и "
+"<option>--login</option>) не имеют этого ограничения."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: su.1.xml:190(para)
+msgid "The shell that will be invoked."
+msgstr "Оболочка, которая будет запущена."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: su.1.xml:198(para)
+msgid "The shell specified with --shell."
+msgstr "Оболочка указанная в параметре --shell."
+
+#: su.1.xml:201(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--preserve-environment</option> is used, the shell specified by "
+"the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environment variable."
+msgstr ""
+"Если используется <option>--preserve-environment</option>, то оболочка "
+"задаётся переменной окружения <envar>$SHELL</envar>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: su.1.xml:208(para)
+msgid ""
+"The shell indicated in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> entry for the "
+"target user."
+msgstr ""
+"Оболочка, указанная в записи файла <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> для "
+"заданного пользователя."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: su.1.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/bin/sh</filename> if a shell could not be found by any above "
+"method."
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>/bin/sh</filename>, если ни одной оболочке не было найдено с "
+"помощью методов, указанных выше."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: su.1.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first): <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Запущенная оболочка выбирается из (в порядке убывания приоритета): "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the target user has a restricted shell (i.e. the shell field of this "
+"user's entry in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> is not listed in <filename>/"
+"etc/shells</filename>), then the <option>--shell</option> option or the "
+"<envar>$SHELL</envar> environment variable won't be taken into account, "
+"unless <command>su</command> is called by root."
+msgstr ""
+"Если заданный пользователь имеет ограниченную оболочку (то есть оболочка в "
+"поле пользовательской записи в файле <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+"отсутствует в файле <filename>/etc/shells</filename>), то параметр <option>--"
+"shell</option> или переменная окружения <envar>$SHELL</envar> не будут "
+"учтены, если <command>su</command> не была запущена суперпользователем."
+
+#: su.1.xml:230(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>-p</option>, <option>--preserve-environment</"
+"option>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>-p</option>, <option>--preserve-environment</"
+"option>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:239(envar)
+msgid "$PATH"
+msgstr "$PATH"
+
+#: su.1.xml:241(para)
+msgid ""
+"reset according to the <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options "
+"<option>ENV_PATH</option> or <option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (see below);"
+msgstr ""
+"сбрасывается в значение <option>ENV_PATH</option> или <option>ENV_SUPATH</"
+"option> (смотрите далее) из <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>;"
+
+#: su.1.xml:250(envar)
+msgid "$IFS"
+msgstr "$IFS"
+
+#: su.1.xml:252(para)
+msgid ""
+"reset to <quote>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</quote>, if it was "
+"set."
+msgstr ""
+"сбрасывается в значение <quote>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</"
+"quote>, если она установлена."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: su.1.xml:235(para)
+msgid "Preserve the current environment, except for: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "Сохранить текущее окружение за исключением: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: su.1.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless "
+"<command>su</command> is called by root)."
+msgstr ""
+"Если заданный пользователь имеет ограниченную оболочку, то этот параметр не "
+"сработает (если <command>su</command> не запускается суперпользователем)."
+
+#: su.1.xml:270(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <envar>$HOME</envar>, <envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$USER</envar>, "
+"<envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, and <envar>$IFS</envar> "
+"environment variables are reset."
+msgstr ""
+"Переменные окружение <envar>$HOME</envar>, <envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>"
+"$USER</envar>, <envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar> и <envar>$IFS</"
+"envar> сбрасываются."
+
+#: su.1.xml:279(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is not used, the environment is copied, except "
+"for the variables above."
+msgstr ""
+"Если параметр <option>--login</option> не указан, то окружение копируется, "
+"за исключением переменных, перечисленных выше."
+
+#: su.1.xml:286(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, the <envar>$TERM</envar>, <envar>"
+"$COLORTERM</envar>, <envar>$DISPLAY</envar>, and <envar>$XAUTHORITY</envar> "
+"environment variables are copied if they were set."
+msgstr ""
+"Если параметр <option>--login</option> указан, то переменные окружения "
+"<envar>$TERM</envar>, <envar>$COLORTERM</envar>, <envar>$DISPLAY</envar> и "
+"<envar>$XAUTHORITY</envar> копируются (если они установлены)."
+
+#: su.1.xml:296(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, the <envar>$TZ</envar>, <envar>$HZ</"
+"envar>, and <envar>$MAIL</envar> environment variables are set according to "
+"the <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options <option>ENV_TZ</option>, "
+"<option>ENV_HZ</option>, <option>MAIL_DIR</option>, and <option>MAIL_FILE</"
+"option> (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"Если параметр <option>--login</option> указан, то переменные окружения "
+"<envar>$TZ</envar>, <envar>$HZ</envar> и <envar>$MAIL</envar> "
+"устанавливаются согласно переменным файла <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>: <option>ENV_TZ</option>, <option>ENV_HZ</option>, "
+"<option>MAIL_DIR</option> и <option>MAIL_FILE</option> (смотрите далее)."
+
+#: su.1.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, other environment variables might be "
+"set by the <option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> file (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"Если параметр <option>--login</option> указан, то дополнительные переменные "
+"окружения могут быть установлены из файла <option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> "
+"(смотрите далее)."
+
+#: su.1.xml:317(para)
+msgid "Other environments might be set by PAM modules."
+msgstr ""
+"Дополнительные переменные окружения могут быть установлены из модулей PAM."
+
+#: su.1.xml:265(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "Заметим, что поведение окружения по умолчанию таково: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: su.1.xml:331(para)
+msgid ""
+"This version of <command>su</command> has many compilation options, only "
+"some of which may be in use at any particular site."
+msgstr ""
+"Данная версия программы <command>su</command> может быть собрана с разными "
+"параметрами и только некоторые из них смогут быть использованы на любой "
+"машине."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CONSOLE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>CONSOLE</option> (строка)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, either full pathname of a file containing device names (one per "
+"line) or a \":\" delimited list of device names. Root logins will be allowed "
+"only upon these devices."
+msgstr ""
+"Если определена, то значение равно или полному пути к файлу с именами "
+"устройств (одно на строку), или списку имён устройств, перечисленных через "
+"«:». Вход суперпользователя будет разрешён только с этих устройств."
+
+#: su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid "If not defined, root will be allowed on any device."
+msgstr ""
+"Если не определена, то суперпользователь может входить в систему с любого "
+"устройства."
+
+#: su.1.xml:42(para) login.defs.5.xml:42(para) login.1.xml:42(para)
+msgid "The device should be specified without the /dev/ prefix."
+msgstr "Устройства должны указываться без начального префикса /dev/."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CONSOLE_GROUPS</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>CONSOLE_GROUPS</option> (строка)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"List of groups to add to the user's supplementary groups set when logging in "
+"on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting). Default is none. "
+"<placeholder-1/> Use with caution - it is possible for users to gain "
+"permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console."
+msgstr ""
+"Список групп для добавления к набору пользовательских дополнительных групп "
+"при входе с консоли (определяемой переменной CONSOLE). По умолчанию не "
+"указана. <placeholder-1/> Используйте осторожно — может дать пользователям "
+"постоянный доступ к этим группам, даже если они не входили с консоли."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>DEFAULT_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>DEFAULT_HOME</option> (логический)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if login is allowed if we can't cd to the home directory. Default "
+"is no."
+msgstr ""
+"Определяет, можно ли войти в систему, если нельзя выполнить cd в домашний "
+"каталог. По умолчанию «no»."
+
+#: su.1.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user will login in the root "
+"(<filename>/</filename>) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Если равно <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, то пользователь будет попадать в "
+"корневой каталог (<filename>/</filename>), если невозможно выполнить cd в "
+"его домашний каталог."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#. XXX: When compiled with PAM support, only sulogin uses ENV_HZ
+#: su.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term) login.1.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_HZ</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_HZ</option> (строка)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para) login.1.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user "
+"login. The value must be preceded by <replaceable>HZ=</replaceable>. A "
+"common value on Linux is <replaceable>HZ=100</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Если установлена, то будет использоваться для определения переменной "
+"окружения HZ при входе пользователя в систему. Значение должно начинаться с "
+"<replaceable>HZ=</replaceable>. Обычное значение для Linux — "
+"<replaceable>HZ=100</replaceable>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:41(para) login.defs.5.xml:41(para) login.1.xml:41(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <envar>HZ</envar> environment variable is only set when the user (the "
+"superuser) logs in with <command>sulogin</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Переменная окружения <envar>HZ</envar> устанавливается только когда "
+"пользователь (суперпользователь) входит в систему с помощью "
+"<command>sulogin</command>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> (строка)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this file exists and is readable, login environment will be read from it. "
+"Every line should be in the form name=value."
+msgstr ""
+"Если этот файл существует и доступ для чтения, то из него читает "
+"регистрационное окружение. Каждая строка должна иметь формат: имя=значение."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: su.1.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid "Lines starting with a # are treated as comment lines and ignored."
+msgstr "Строки, начинающиеся с #, считаются комментарием и игнорируются."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_PATH</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_PATH</option> (строка)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a "
+#| "regular user login. The value can be preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</"
+#| "replaceable>, or a colon separated list of paths (for example "
+#| "<replaceable>/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>). The default value is "
+#| "<replaceable>PATH=/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a "
+"regular user login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for "
+"example <replaceable>/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be preceded by "
+"<replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is <replaceable>PATH=/"
+"bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Если установлена, то будет использоваться для определения переменной "
+"окружения PATH, при входе обычного пользователя. Значение может начинаться с "
+"<replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>, или представлять собой список путей через "
+"двоеточие (например, <replaceable>/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>). Значение по "
+"умолчанию равно <replaceable>PATH=/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (строка)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the "
+#| "superuser login. The value can be preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</"
+#| "replaceable>, or a colon separated list of paths (for example "
+#| "<replaceable>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>). The default "
+#| "value is <replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the "
+"superuser login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example "
+"<replaceable>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be "
+"preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is "
+"<replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Если установлена, то будет использоваться для определения переменной "
+"окружения PATH при входе суперпользователя. Значение может начинаться с "
+"<replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>, или представлять собой список путей через "
+"двоеточие (например, <replaceable>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</"
+"replaceable>). Значение по умолчанию равно <replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/"
+"sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_TZ</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_TZ</option> (строка)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user "
+"login. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by <replaceable>TZ=</"
+"replaceable> (for example <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>), or the "
+"full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example "
+"<filename>/etc/tzname</filename>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Если установлена, то будет использоваться для определения переменной "
+"окружения TZ при входе пользователя. Значение может быть равно имени "
+"часового пояса, начинающегося <replaceable>TZ=</replaceable> (например, "
+"<replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>), или полному пути к файлу с "
+"параметрами часового пояса (например, <filename>/etc/tzname</filename>)."
+
+#. TODO: it can in fact be used to set any other variable
+#: su.1.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, "
+"the default is to use <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Если указан полный путь, но файл не существует или недоступен для чтения, то "
+"используется значение по умолчанию: <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#: chsh.1.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_STRING</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>LOGIN_STRING</option> (строка)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The string used for prompting a password. The default is to use \"Password: "
+"\", or a translation of that string. If you set this variable, the prompt "
+"will not be translated."
+msgstr ""
+"Строка-приглашение к вводу пароля. Значение по умолчанию: «Password:» или "
+"перевод этой строки на разные языки. Если вы измените эту переменную, то "
+"перевод будет отсутствовать."
+
+#: su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:39(para) chfn.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the string contains <replaceable>%s</replaceable>, this will be replaced "
+"by the user's name."
+msgstr ""
+"Если в строке содержится подстрока <replaceable>%s</replaceable>, то она "
+"будет заменена на имя пользователя."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> (логический)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable checking and display of mailbox status upon login."
+msgstr "Включает проверку и показ состояния почтового ящика при входе."
+
+#: su.1.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should disable it if the shell startup files already check for mail "
+"(\"mailx -e\" or equivalent)."
+msgstr ""
+"Вы должны выключить это, если почтовый ящик проверяется из файлов "
+"автозапуска оболочки («mailx -e» или похожей командой)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> (логический)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable setting of resource limits from <filename>/etc/limits</filename> and "
+"ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user's passwd gecos field."
+msgstr ""
+"Включает установку ограничений ресурсов из <filename>/etc/limits</filename> "
+"и ulimit, umask и niceness из поля gecos файла passwd."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SULOG_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>SULOG_FILE</option> (строка)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, all su activity is logged to this file."
+msgstr ""
+"Если определена, то любая активность su будет протоколироваться в этот файл."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SU_NAME</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>SU_NAME</option> (строка)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, the command name to display when running \"su -\". For example, "
+"if this is defined as \"su\" then a \"ps\" will display the command is \"-su"
+"\". If not defined, then \"ps\" would display the name of the shell actually "
+"being run, e.g. something like \"-sh\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Если определена, то выводится имя команды когда работает «su -». Например, "
+"если значение равно «su», то «ps» покажет команду как «-su». Если не "
+"определена, то «ps» покажет имя запускаемой оболочки например как «-sh»."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: su.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>SU_WHEEL_ONLY</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>SU_WHEEL_ONLY</option> (логический)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user must be listed as a member of "
+"the first gid 0 group in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (called "
+"<replaceable>root</replaceable> on most Linux systems) to be able to "
+"<command>su</command> to uid 0 accounts. If the group doesn't exist or is "
+"empty, no one will be able to <command>su</command> to uid 0."
+msgstr ""
+"Если равна <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, то пользователь должен быть "
+"членом первой группы с gid 0 в файле <filename>/etc/group</filename> (в "
+"большинстве систем Linux называется <replaceable>root</replaceable>), чтобы "
+"иметь возможность запускать <command>su</command> для получения uid 0. Если "
+"группа не существует, или пуста, то никто не сможет получить uid 0 с помощью "
+"<command>su</command>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SYSLOG_SU_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>SYSLOG_SU_ENAB</option> (логический)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable \"syslog\" logging of <command>su</command> activity - in addition to "
+"sulog file logging."
+msgstr ""
+"Включить протоколирование «syslog» действий <command>su</command> — "
+"дополнительно к протоколированию в файле sulog."
+
+#: su.1.xml:391(para)
+msgid ""
+"On success, <command>su</command> returns the exit value of the command it "
+"executed."
+msgstr ""
+"При успешном выполнении <command>su</command> возвращает код выхода команды, "
+"которая была выполнена."
+
+#: su.1.xml:395(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this command was terminated by a signal, <command>su</command> returns "
+"the number of this signal plus 128."
+msgstr ""
+"Если выполнение команды завершилось по сигналу, то <command>su</command> "
+"возвращает номер этого сигнала плюс 128."
+
+#: su.1.xml:399(para)
+msgid ""
+"If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the "
+"command did not terminate in time), <command>su</command> returns 255."
+msgstr ""
+"Если su завершила команду (так как был запрос сделать это и команда не "
+"завершилась в положенное время), то <command>su</command> завершается с "
+"кодом 255."
+
+#: su.1.xml:411(para)
+msgid "success (<option>--help</option> only)"
+msgstr "Успешно (только для <option>--help</option>)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:417(para)
+msgid "System or authentication failure"
+msgstr "Сбой аутентификации или системы"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#: su.1.xml:421(replaceable)
+msgid "126"
+msgstr "126"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: su.1.xml:423(para)
+msgid "The requested command was not found"
+msgstr "Запрошенная команда не найдена"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#: su.1.xml:427(replaceable)
+msgid "127"
+msgstr "127"
+
+#: su.1.xml:429(para)
+msgid "The requested command could not be executed"
+msgstr "Запрошенная команда не может быть выполнена"
+
+#: su.1.xml:404(para)
+msgid ""
+"Some exit values from <command>su</command> are independent from the "
+"executed command: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Некоторые коды выхода <command>su</command> не зависят от запускаемой "
+"команды: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:438(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><command>
+#: sg.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) sg.1.xml:65(refname) sg.1.xml:71(command)
+msgid "sg"
+msgstr "sg"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: sg.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "execute command as different group ID"
+msgstr "выполняет команду с правами другой группы"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><option>
+#: sg.1.xml:74(arg)
+msgid "-c"
+msgstr "-c"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:73(arg)
+msgid "group <placeholder-1/> command"
+msgstr "группа <placeholder-1/> команда"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>sg</command> command works similar to <command>newgrp</command> "
+"but accepts a command. The command will be executed with the <filename>/bin/"
+"sh</filename> shell. With most shells you may run <command>sg</command> "
+"from, you need to enclose multi-word commands in quotes. Another difference "
+"between <command>newgrp</command> and <command>sg</command> is that some "
+"shells treat <command>newgrp</command> specially, replacing themselves with "
+"a new instance of a shell that <command>newgrp</command> creates. This "
+"doesn't happen with <command>sg</command>, so upon exit from a <command>sg</"
+"command> command you are returned to your previous group ID."
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>sg</command> работает подобно команде <command>newgrp</"
+"command>, но в качестве параметра ожидает команду. Команда будет выполнена "
+"оболочкой <filename>/bin/sh</filename>. В большинстве оболочек, откуда может "
+"запускаться <command>sg</command>, команду из нескольких слов нужно "
+"заключать в кавычки. Другим отличием между <command>newgrp</command> и "
+"<command>sg</command> является то, что некоторые оболочки воспринимают "
+"<command>newgrp</command> особенным образом, заменяя себя новым экземпляром "
+"оболочки, которую создаёт <command>newgrp</command>. Этого не происходит с "
+"командой <command>sg</command>, поэтому после завершения работы <command>sg</"
+"command> вы возвращаетесь в предыдущую группу."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: sg.1.xml:32(term) newgrp.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SYSLOG_SG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>SYSLOG_SG_ENAB</option> (логический)"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:34(para) newgrp.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable \"syslog\" logging of <command>sg</command> activity."
+msgstr "Включить протоколирование «syslog» действий <command>sg</command>."
+
+#: sg.1.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: shadow.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) shadow.5.xml:64(refname)
+#: shadow.3.xml:57(refentrytitle) shadow.3.xml:64(refname)
+#: pwck.8.xml:84(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:76(replaceable)
+msgid "shadow"
+msgstr "shadow"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: shadow.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadowed password file"
+msgstr "файл теневых паролей"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: shadow.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> is a file which contains the password "
+"information for the system's accounts and optional aging information."
+msgstr ""
+"Файл <filename>shadow</filename> содержит шифрованные пароли учётных записей "
+"пользователей и необязательную информацию об устаревании пароля."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: shadow.5.xml:76(para) gshadow.5.xml:64(para)
+msgid ""
+"This file must not be readable by regular users if password security is to "
+"be maintained."
+msgstr ""
+"Этот файл должен быть недоступен обычному пользователю, если нужно "
+"обеспечить безопасность паролей."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each line of this file contains 9 fields, separated by colons (<quote>:</"
+"quote>), in the following order:"
+msgstr ""
+"Каждая строка файла содержит 9 полей, разделённых двоеточиями (<quote>:</"
+"quote>), расположенных в следующем порядке:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.5.xml:88(emphasis) passwd.5.xml:78(para)
+msgid "login name"
+msgstr "имя пользователя для входа в систему"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "It must be a valid account name, which exist on the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Должно содержать правильное имя учётной записи, которая существует в системе."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.5.xml:96(emphasis) gshadow.5.xml:83(emphasis)
+msgid "encrypted password"
+msgstr "шифрованный пароль"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to "
+"authenticate as the specified login name. However, some applications which "
+"read the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file may decide not to permit any "
+"access at all if the password field is empty."
+msgstr ""
+"Это поле может быть пустым, то есть для указанной учётной записи не "
+"требуется аутентификация по паролю. Однако, некоторые приложения, читающие "
+"файл <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, могут вообще отказать в доступе, если "
+"поле пароля пусто."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:105(para) gshadow.5.xml:107(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "A password field which starts with a exclamation mark means that the "
+#| "password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the "
+#| "password field before the password was locked."
+msgid ""
+"A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the "
+"password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the "
+"password field before the password was locked."
+msgstr ""
+"Поле пароля может начинаться с восклицательного знака, означающего, что "
+"пароль заблокирован. Оставшиеся символы в строке представляют поле пароля до "
+"его блокировки."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:111(para) passwd.5.xml:126(para) gshadow.5.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"Refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> for details on how this string is interpreted."
+msgstr ""
+"Подробней о пароле смотрите в справочной странице "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:116(para) passwd.5.xml:131(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix "
+"password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)."
+msgstr ""
+"Если поле пароля содержит строку, которая не удовлетворяет требованиям "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, например содержит ! или *, то пользователь не сможет "
+"использовать этот пароль unix для входа (но может войти в систему под "
+"другими паролями)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.5.xml:127(emphasis)
+msgid "date of last password change"
+msgstr "дата последней смены пароля"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date of the last password change, expressed as the number of days since "
+"Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr "Дата последней смены пароля в днях начиная с 1 января 1970 года."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:134(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user should change "
+#| "her pasword the next time she will log in the system."
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user should change her "
+"password the next time she will log in the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Значение 0 имеет специальное предназначение: оно указывает, что пользователь "
+"должен сменить пароль в следующий раз при входе в систему."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:139(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that password aging features are disabled."
+msgstr "Пустое значение обозначает, что проверка устаревания пароля выключена."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><title>
+#: shadow.5.xml:146(emphasis)
+msgid "minimum password age"
+msgstr "минимальный срок действия пароля"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The minimum password age is the number of days the user will have to wait "
+"before she will be allowed to change her password again."
+msgstr ""
+"Минимальный срок действия пароля в днях, которые пользователь должен ждать, "
+"чтобы поменять пароль."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:153(para)
+msgid "An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no minimum password age."
+msgstr "Пустое значение поля и 0 отключают минимальный срок действия пароля."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><title>
+#: shadow.5.xml:160(emphasis)
+msgid "maximum password age"
+msgstr "максимальный срок действия пароля"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:162(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum password age is the number of days after which the user will "
+"have to change her password."
+msgstr ""
+"Максимальный срок действия пароля в днях, после которого пользователь должен "
+"изменить пароль."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"After this number of days is elapsed, the password may still be valid. The "
+"user should be asked to change her password the next time she will log in."
+msgstr ""
+"По прошествии этого количества дней пароль может быть ещё действительным. "
+"Пользователя нужно попросить изменить пароль при следующем входе."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field means that there are no maximum password age, no password "
+"warning period, and no password inactivity period (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"Пустое значение поля означает, что нет максимального срока действия пароля, "
+"нет периода предупреждения о пароле и нет периода неактивности пароля "
+"(смотрите далее)."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the maximum password age is lower than the minimum password age, the user "
+"cannot change her password."
+msgstr ""
+"Если максимальный срок действия пароля меньше чем минимальный срок действия "
+"пароля, то пользователь не сможет изменить свой пароль."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><title>
+#: shadow.5.xml:184(emphasis)
+msgid "password warning period"
+msgstr "период предупреждения о пароле"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.5.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days before a password is going to expire (see the maximum "
+"password age above) during which the user should be warned."
+msgstr ""
+"Количество дней до устаревания пароля (смотрите максимальный срок действия "
+"пароля) во время которых пользователю выдаётся предупреждение."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:192(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no password warning period."
+msgstr "Пустое значение поля и 0 отключают период предупреждения о пароле."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:200(emphasis)
+msgid "password inactivity period"
+msgstr "период неактивности пароля"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:203(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password has expired (see the maximum password "
+"age above) during which the password should still be accepted (and the user "
+"should update her password during the next login)."
+msgstr ""
+"Количество дней после устаревания пароля (смотрите максимальный срок "
+"действия пароля) во время которых пароль всё ещё принимается (и пользователь "
+"должен обновить свой пароль при следующем входе)."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:209(para)
+msgid ""
+"After expiration of the password and this expiration period is elapsed, no "
+"login is possible using the current user's password. The user should contact "
+"her administrator."
+msgstr ""
+"После устаревания пароля и истечения этого периода устаревания вход с "
+"текущим паролем становится невозможным. Пользователь должен обратиться к "
+"администратору."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field means that there are no enforcement of an inactivity period."
+msgstr "Пустое значение поля означает, что период неактивности отсутствует."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.5.xml:222(emphasis)
+msgid "account expiration date"
+msgstr "дата истечения срока действия учётной записи"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:225(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date of expiration of the account, expressed as the number of days since "
+"Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+"Дата истечения срока действия учётной записи, указывается в днях начиная с 1 "
+"января 1970 года."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:229(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Note that an account expiration differs from a password expiration. In "
+#| "case of an acount expiration, the user shall not be allowed to login. In "
+#| "case of a password expiration, the user is not allowed to login using her "
+#| "password."
+msgid ""
+"Note that an account expiration differs from a password expiration. In case "
+"of an account expiration, the user shall not be allowed to login. In case of "
+"a password expiration, the user is not allowed to login using her password."
+msgstr ""
+"Заметим, что устаревание учётной записи отличается от устаревания пароля. "
+"При устаревании учётной записи пользователь не сможет войти в систему. При "
+"устаревании пароля пользователь не может войти в систему по этому паролю."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:235(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that the account will never expire."
+msgstr "Пустое значение обозначает, что учётная запись никогда не устаревает."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 should not be used as it is interpreted as either an account "
+"with no expiration, or as an expiration on Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+"Значение 0 не должно использоваться, так как это может рассматриваться как "
+"неустаревающая учётная запись или что запись устарела 1 января 1970 года."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.5.xml:246(emphasis)
+msgid "reserved field"
+msgstr "зарезервированное поле"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.5.xml:248(para)
+msgid "This field is reserved for future use."
+msgstr "Это поле зарезервировано для использования в будущем."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><filename>
+#: shadow.5.xml:270(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shadow-"
+msgstr "/etc/shadow-"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:272(para)
+msgid "Backup file for /etc/shadow."
+msgstr "резервная копия файла /etc/shadow"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:273(para) passwd.5.xml:178(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that this file is used by the tools of the shadow toolsuite, but not by "
+"all user and password management tools."
+msgstr ""
+"Заметим, что этот файл используется программами из комплекта утилит shadow, "
+"но не всеми инструментами управления пользователями и паролями."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:284(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refmeta><refmiscinfo>
+#: shadow.3.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "Library Calls"
+msgstr "Библиотечные функции"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>
+#: shadow.3.xml:65(refname)
+msgid "getspnam"
+msgstr "getspnam"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.3.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "encrypted password file routines"
+msgstr "процедуры для работы с файлом шифрованных паролей"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><title>
+#: shadow.3.xml:70(title)
+msgid "SYNTAX"
+msgstr "СИНТАКСИС"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: shadow.3.xml:72(emphasis)
+msgid "#include &lt;shadow.h&gt;"
+msgstr "#include &lt;shadow.h&gt;"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: shadow.3.xml:76(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *getspent();"
+msgstr "struct spwd *getspent();"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: shadow.3.xml:80(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *getspnam(char"
+msgstr "struct spwd *getspnam(char"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.3.xml:81(emphasis)
+msgid "*name"
+msgstr "*name"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.3.xml:81(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:94(emphasis)
+#: shadow.3.xml:99(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:105(emphasis)
+msgid ");"
+msgstr ");"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: shadow.3.xml:85(emphasis)
+msgid "void setspent();"
+msgstr "void setspent();"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: shadow.3.xml:89(emphasis)
+msgid "void endspent();"
+msgstr "void endspent();"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: shadow.3.xml:93(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *fgetspent(FILE"
+msgstr "struct spwd *fgetspent(FILE"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para><emphasis>
+#: shadow.3.xml:94(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:105(emphasis)
+msgid "*fp"
+msgstr "*fp"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: shadow.3.xml:98(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *sgetspent(char"
+msgstr "struct spwd *sgetspent(char"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: shadow.3.xml:99(emphasis)
+msgid "*cp"
+msgstr "*cp"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: shadow.3.xml:103(emphasis)
+msgid "int putspent(struct spwd"
+msgstr "int putspent(struct spwd"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: shadow.3.xml:104(emphasis)
+msgid "*p,"
+msgstr "*p,"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><title>
+#: shadow.3.xml:104(emphasis)
+msgid "FILE"
+msgstr "ФАЙЛ"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: shadow.3.xml:109(emphasis)
+msgid "int lckpwdf();"
+msgstr "int lckpwdf();"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: shadow.3.xml:113(emphasis)
+msgid "int ulckpwdf();"
+msgstr "int ulckpwdf();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:119(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> manipulates the contents of the "
+"shadow password file, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. The structure in the "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">#include</emphasis> file is:"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> управляет содержимым файла теневых "
+"паролей, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. Структура в файле <emphasis remap="
+"\"I\">#include</emphasis>:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><programlisting>
+#: shadow.3.xml:124(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"struct spwd {\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_namp; /* user login name */\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_lstchg; /* last password change */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_min; /* days until change allowed. */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_max; /* days before change required */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_inact; /* days before account inactive */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_expire; /* date when account expires */\n"
+"      unsigned long int\tsp_flag; /* reserved for future use */\n"
+"}\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"struct spwd {\n"
+"      char\t \t \t*sp_namp;  /* имя пользователя */\n"
+"      char\t \t \t*sp_pwdp;  /* шифрованный пароль */\n"
+"      long int\t \t \tsp_lstchg; /* дата последней смены пароля */\n"
+"      long int\t \t \tsp_min;    /* дней должно пройти между сменами пароля. */\n"
+"      long int\t \t \tsp_max;    /* дней перед необходимостью смены пароля */\n"
+"      long int\t \t \tsp_warn;   /* дней вывода предупреждения об устаревании */\n"
+"      long int\t \t \tsp_inact;  /* дней перед тем как учётная запись заблокируется */\n"
+"      long int\t \t \tsp_expire; /* дата устаревания учётной записи */\n"
+"      unsigned long int\tsp_flag;   /* зарезервировано */\n"
+"}"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: shadow.3.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The meanings of each field are:"
+msgstr "Значение каждого поля:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.3.xml:139(para)
+msgid "sp_namp - pointer to null-terminated user name"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_namp - указатель на строку с именем пользователя, завершающуюся нулевым "
+"символом"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.3.xml:142(para)
+msgid "sp_pwdp - pointer to null-terminated password"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_pwdp - указатель на строку с паролем, завершающуюся нулевым символом"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.3.xml:145(para)
+msgid "sp_lstchg - days since Jan 1, 1970 password was last changed"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_lstchg - количество дней, когда был изменён пароль последний раз, начиная "
+"с 1 января 1970 года"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.3.xml:148(para)
+msgid "sp_min - days before which password may not be changed"
+msgstr "sp_min - количество дней, когда можно не менять пароль"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.3.xml:151(para)
+msgid "sp_max - days after which password must be changed"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_max - количество дней, которое должно пройти, чтобы нужно было поменять "
+"пароль"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.3.xml:154(para)
+msgid ""
+"sp_warn - days before password is to expire that user is warned of pending "
+"password expiration"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_warn - количество дней, когда будет выдаваться предупреждение о скором "
+"устаревании пароля перед тем как пароль устареет"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.3.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"sp_inact - days after password expires that account is considered inactive "
+"and disabled"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_inact - количество дней, которые должны пройти после устаревания пароля, "
+"когда начинать считать, что учётная запись неактивна и заблокирована"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.3.xml:164(para)
+msgid "sp_expire - days since Jan 1, 1970 when account will be disabled"
+msgstr ""
+"sp_expire - дней, после которых учётная запись будет заблокирована, начиная "
+"с 1 января 1970 года"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: shadow.3.xml:167(para)
+msgid "sp_flag - reserved for future use"
+msgstr "sp_flag - зарезервировано"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>getspent</emphasis>, <emphasis>getspname</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis>, and <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> each "
+"return a pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis>. <emphasis>getspent</"
+"emphasis> returns the next entry from the file, and <emphasis>fgetspent</"
+"emphasis> returns the next entry from the given stream, which is assumed to "
+"be a file of the proper format. <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> returns a "
+"pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis> using the provided string as "
+"input. <emphasis>getspnam</emphasis> searches from the current position in "
+"the file for an entry matching <emphasis>name</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Функции <emphasis>getspent</emphasis>, <emphasis>getspname</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis> и <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> возвращают "
+"указатель на структуру <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis>. <emphasis>getspent</"
+"emphasis> возвращает следующую запись из файла, а <emphasis>fgetspent</"
+"emphasis> возвращает следующую запись из заданного канала, предполагая, что "
+"это файл правильного формата.<emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> возвращает "
+"указатель на <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis>, используя предоставленную "
+"строку в качестве входящих данных. <emphasis>getspnam</emphasis> ищет "
+"начиная с текущей позиции в файле запись по имени <emphasis>name</emphasis>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: shadow.3.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>setspent</emphasis> and <emphasis>endspent</emphasis> may be used "
+"to begin and end, respectively, access to the shadow password file."
+msgstr ""
+"Функции <emphasis>setspent</emphasis> и <emphasis>endspent</emphasis> можно "
+"использовать для перемещения в начало и конец файла теневых паролей "
+"соответственно."
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:194(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> and <emphasis>ulckpwdf</emphasis> routines "
+"should be used to insure exclusive access to the <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> file. <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> attempts to acquire a lock "
+"using <emphasis>pw_lock</emphasis> for up to 15 seconds. It continues by "
+"attempting to acquire a second lock using <emphasis>spw_lock</emphasis> for "
+"the remainder of the initial 15 seconds. Should either attempt fail after a "
+"total of 15 seconds, <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> returns -1. When both "
+"locks are acquired 0 is returned."
+msgstr ""
+"Функции <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> и <emphasis>ulckpwdf</emphasis> "
+"используются для получения монопольного доступа к файлу <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>. <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> пытается выполнить "
+"блокировку с помощью <emphasis>pw_lock</emphasis> в течении 15 секунд. Далее "
+"выполняется попытка получить вторую блокировку с помощью <emphasis>spw_lock</"
+"emphasis> в течении времени оставшегося от первоначальных 15 секунд. При "
+"неудаче в любой из блокировок в течении 15 секунд, функция "
+"<emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> возвращает -1. Если обе блокировки прошли "
+"успешно возвращается 0."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: shadow.3.xml:209(para)
+msgid ""
+"Routines return NULL if no more entries are available or if an error occurs "
+"during processing. Routines which have <emphasis>int</emphasis> as the "
+"return value return 0 for success and -1 for failure."
+msgstr ""
+"Функции возвращают NULL, если все записи кончились или произошла ошибка во "
+"время работы. Функции, возвращающие <emphasis>int</emphasis>, возвращают 0 "
+"при успешном выполнении и -1 в случае неудачи."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: shadow.3.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"These routines may only be used by the superuser as access to the shadow "
+"password file is restricted."
+msgstr ""
+"Данные функции могут использоваться только суперпользователем, так как "
+"доступ к файлу теневых паролей ограничен."
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:239(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><command>
+#: pwconv.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) pwconv.8.xml:70(refname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:79(command) login.defs.5.xml:439(term)
+msgid "pwconv"
+msgstr "pwconv"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><command>
+#: pwconv.8.xml:71(refname) pwconv.8.xml:85(command) login.defs.5.xml:448(term)
+msgid "pwunconv"
+msgstr "pwunconv"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><command>
+#: pwconv.8.xml:72(refname) pwconv.8.xml:91(command) login.defs.5.xml:344(term)
+msgid "grpconv"
+msgstr "grpconv"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><command>
+#: pwconv.8.xml:73(refname) pwconv.8.xml:97(command) login.defs.5.xml:350(term)
+msgid "grpunconv"
+msgstr "grpunconv"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: pwconv.8.xml:74(refpurpose)
+msgid "convert to and from shadow passwords and groups"
+msgstr "преобразует пароли пользователей и групп в/из защищённую форму"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</"
+"emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> and an optionally "
+"existing <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>pwconv</command> создаёт файл <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</"
+"emphasis> из файла <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> и необязательно "
+"существующего файла <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> does not work with <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"enabled. To convert to tcb passwords, you should first use <command>pwconv</"
+"command> to convert to shadowed passwords by disabling <option>USE_TCB</"
+"option> in <filename>login.defs</filename> and then convert to tcb password "
+"using <command>tcb_convert</command> (and re-enable <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"in <filename>login.defs</filename>.)"
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>pwconv</command> не работает, если включена "
+"<option>USE_TCB</option>. Для преобразования паролей tcb, сначала "
+"используйте команду <command>pwconv</command> для преобразования теневых "
+"паролей, выключив <option>USE_TCB</option> в <filename>login.defs</"
+"filename>, а затем преобразуйте пароль tcb с помощью <command>tcb_convert</"
+"command> (и включите <option>USE_TCB</option> в <filename>login.defs</"
+"filename> опять)."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwunconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">passwd</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> and "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">shadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>pwunconv</command> создаёт файл <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">passwd</emphasis> из файлов <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> и "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>, а затем удаляет файл <emphasis "
+"remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwunconv</command> does not work with <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"enabled. You should first switch back from tcb to shadowed passwords using "
+"<command>tcb_unconvert</command>, and then disable <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"in <filename>login.defs</filename> before using <command>pwunconv</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>pwunconv</command> не работает, если включена "
+"<option>USE_TCB</option>. Сначала вам нужно перейти с tcb обратно к "
+"использованию теневых паролей с помощью <command>tcb_unconvert</command>, а "
+"затем выключить <option>USE_TCB</option> в <filename>login.defs</filename> "
+"перед использованием <command>pwunconv</command>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> and an "
+"optionally existing <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>grpconv</command> создаёт файл <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis> из файла <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> и "
+"необязательно существующего файла <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpunconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">group</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> and "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>grpunconv</command> создаёт файл <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">group</emphasis> из файлов <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> и "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>, а затем удаляет файл <emphasis "
+"remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid ""
+"These four programs all operate on the normal and shadow password and group "
+"files: <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>, <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Эти четыре программы работают с файлами обычных или теневых паролей "
+"пользователей и групп: <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>, <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename>, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> и <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: pwconv.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each program acquires the necessary locks before conversion. "
+"<command>pwconv</command> and <command>grpconv</command> are similar. First, "
+"entries in the shadowed file which don't exist in the main file are removed. "
+"Then, shadowed entries which don't have `x' as the password in the main file "
+"are updated. Any missing shadowed entries are added. Finally, passwords in "
+"the main file are replaced with `x'. These programs can be used for initial "
+"conversion as well to update the shadowed file if the main file is edited by "
+"hand."
+msgstr ""
+"Каждая программа выполняет необходимые блокировки перед преобразованиями. "
+"Команды <command>pwconv</command> и <command>grpconv</command> выполняют "
+"схожий порядок действий. Сначала удаляются записи из теневого файла которых "
+"нет в главном файле. Затем обновляются записи в теневом файле которые не "
+"содержат «x» вместо пароля в главном файле. Далее добавляются отсутствующие "
+"теневые записи. Наконец, пароли в главном файле заменяются символом «x». "
+"Данные программы можно использовать как для первоначального преобразования, "
+"так и для обновления теневого файла, если главный файл редактировался "
+"вручную."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> will use the values of <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">PASS_MIN_DAYS</emphasis>, <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_MAX_DAYS</emphasis>, "
+"and <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_WARN_AGE</emphasis> from <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename> when adding new entries to <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>pwconv</command> использует значения переменных <emphasis "
+"remap=\"I\">PASS_MIN_DAYS</emphasis>, <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_MAX_DAYS</"
+"emphasis> и <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_WARN_AGE</emphasis> из файла "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> при добавлении новых записей в файл "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: pwconv.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"Likewise <command>pwunconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</command> are "
+"similar. Passwords in the main file are updated from the shadowed file. "
+"Entries which exist in the main file but not in the shadowed file are left "
+"alone. Finally, the shadowed file is removed. Some password aging "
+"information is lost by <command>pwunconv</command>. It will convert what it "
+"can."
+msgstr ""
+"Программы <command>pwunconv</command> и <command>grpunconv</command> также "
+"выполняют схожий порядок действий. Пароли в главном файле обновляются из "
+"теневого файла. Записи, которые существуют в главном файле, но не существуют "
+"в теневом файле оставляются как есть. По окончании, теневой файл удаляется. "
+"Информация об устаревании пароля не учитывается программой "
+"<command>pwunconv</command>. Конвертируется только возможное."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>pwconv</command>, <command>pwunconv</"
+"command>, <command>grpconv</command>, and <command>grpunconv</command> "
+"commands are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Параметры, применимые к <command>pwconv</command>, <command>pwunconv</"
+"command>, <command>grpconv</command> и <command>grpunconv</command>:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: pwconv.8.xml:217(para)
+msgid ""
+"Errors in the password or group files (such as invalid or duplicate entries) "
+"may cause these programs to loop forever or fail in other strange ways. "
+"Please run <command>pwck</command> and <command>grpck</command> to correct "
+"any such errors before converting to or from shadow passwords or groups."
+msgstr ""
+"Ошибки в файлах паролей или групп (типа неверных или дублирующихся записей) "
+"могут зациклить программу или произойдут какие-то другие странные вещи. "
+"Перед конвертацией запустите <command>pwck</command> и <command>grpck</"
+"command>, чтобы исправить возможные ошибки."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:228(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"changes the behavior of <command>grpconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</"
+"command>:"
+msgstr ""
+"Следующая переменная настройки в <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"изменяет поведение <command>grpconv</command> и <command>grpunconv</command>:"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:236(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> change the behavior of <command>pwconv</command>:"
+msgstr ""
+"Следующая переменная настройки в <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"изменяет поведение <command>pwconv</command>:"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:263(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"tcb\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_convert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_unconvert</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"tcb\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_convert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_unconvert</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:47(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:43(contrib) grpck.8.xml:42(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1992"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>
+#: pwck.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) pwck.8.xml:70(refname) pwck.8.xml:76(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:430(term)
+msgid "pwck"
+msgstr "pwck"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: pwck.8.xml:71(refpurpose)
+msgid "verify integrity of password files"
+msgstr "проверяет целостность файлов паролей"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: pwck.8.xml:80(replaceable) passwd.5.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: passwd.5.xml:64(refname) passwd.1.xml:64(refentrytitle)
+#: passwd.1.xml:71(refname) passwd.1.xml:77(command) login.defs.5.xml:419(term)
+msgid "passwd"
+msgstr "passwd"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:93(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwck</command> command verifies the integrity of the users and "
+"authentication information. It checks that all entries in <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">(or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>, when <option>USE_TCB</"
+"option> is enabled)</phrase> have the proper format and contain valid data. "
+"The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or "
+"which have other uncorrectable errors."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>pwck</command> проверяет целостность информации о "
+"пользователях и аутентификации. Проверяется формат всех записей файлов "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> и <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"tcb\">(или файлов в <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>, если включена "
+"<option>USE_TCB</option>)</phrase> и корректность данных каждого поля. В "
+"случае обнаружения ошибок пользователю предлагается подтвердить удаление "
+"записей, имеющих неверный формат или восстановление которых невозможно."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:105(para) grpck.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "Checks are made to verify that each entry has:"
+msgstr "Выполняются следующие проверки:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:108(para) grpck.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid "the correct number of fields"
+msgstr "правильное количество полей"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid "a unique and valid user name"
+msgstr "уникальность и корректность имени пользователя"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "a valid user and group identifier"
+msgstr "корректность идентификатора пользователя и группы"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid "a valid primary group"
+msgstr "корректность первичной группы"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "a valid home directory"
+msgstr "корректность домашнего каталога"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:123(para)
+msgid "a valid login shell"
+msgstr "корректность регистрационной оболочки"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> checks are enabled when a second file parameter "
+"is specified or when <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> exists on the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Проверки <filename>shadow</filename> выполняются, если указан второй "
+"файловый параметр или когда в системе существует файл <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename>."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:132(para)
+msgid "These checks are the following:"
+msgstr "Выполняются следующие проверки:"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"every passwd entry has a matching shadow entry, and every shadow entry has a "
+"matching passwd entry"
+msgstr ""
+"что каждая запись passwd имеет соответствующую запись shadow и каждая запись "
+"shadow имеет соответствующую запись passwd"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:143(para)
+msgid "passwords are specified in the shadowed file"
+msgstr "пароли указаны в теневом файле"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:146(para)
+msgid "shadow entries have the correct number of fields"
+msgstr "записи shadow содержат корректное количество полей"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "shadow entries are unique in shadow"
+msgstr "записи shadow уникальны в shadow"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "the last password changes are not in the future"
+msgstr "дата последней смены пароля не находится в будущем"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"The checks for correct number of fields and unique user name are fatal. If "
+"the entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to "
+"delete the entire line. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all "
+"further checks are bypassed. An entry with a duplicated user name is "
+"prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made. All "
+"other errors are warning and the user is encouraged to run the "
+"<command>usermod</command> command to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+"Ошибки в количестве полей и уникальности имён пользователей невосстановимы. "
+"Если запись содержит неверное число полей, пользователя попросят подтвердить "
+"удаление всей записи. Если пользователь ответит отрицательно, дальнейшая "
+"проверка выполняться не будет. При ошибке повторения имени пользователя "
+"также возникает запрос на удаление, но в случае отказа проверка будет "
+"продолжена. Обо всех остальных ошибках выводится предупреждение и "
+"пользователю предлагается запустить команду <command>usermod</command>, "
+"чтобы исправить ошибку."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file are "
+"not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries. <command>pwck</command> "
+"should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entry."
+msgstr ""
+"Команды, которые работают с файлом <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>, не "
+"могут изменять повреждённые или дублирующиеся записи. Как раз в этом случае "
+"и нужно использовать <command>pwck</command> для удаления испорченной записи."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:177(para) grpck.8.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>-r</option> and <option>-s</option> options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+"Параметры <option>-r</option>, <option>-s</option> не могут использоваться "
+"одновременно."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>pwck</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>pwck</command>:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"Report errors only. The warnings which do not require any action from the "
+"user won't be displayed."
+msgstr ""
+"Сообщать только об ошибках. Предупреждения, которые не требуют от "
+"пользователя никаких действий, показаны не будут."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:211(term) grpck.8.xml:163(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--read-only</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--read-only</option>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:213(para)
+msgid "Execute the <command>pwck</command> command in read-only mode."
+msgstr "Выполнять команду <command>pwck</command> в режиме «только чтение»."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:231(term) grpck.8.xml:185(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:233(para)
+msgid ""
+"Sort entries in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> by UID."
+msgstr ""
+"Отсортировать все записи в файлах <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> и "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename> по числовому идентификатору пользователя."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:237(para)
+msgid "This option has no effect when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled."
+msgstr "Этот параметр не действует, если определена <option>USE_TCB</option>."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:244(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, <command>pwck</command> operates on the files <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\"> (or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>)</phrase>. The user may "
+"select alternate files with the <replaceable>passwd</replaceable> and "
+"<replaceable>shadow</replaceable> parameters."
+msgstr ""
+"По умолчанию, команда <command>pwck</command> работает с файлами <filename>/"
+"etc/passwd</filename> и <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition="
+"\"tcb\"> (или файлами в <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>)</phrase>. "
+"Пользователь может указать другие файлы с помощью параметров "
+"<replaceable>passwd</replaceable> и <replaceable>shadow</replaceable>."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:253(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Note that when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled, you cannot specify an "
+#| "alternative <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> file. In future releases, "
+#| "this paramater could be replaced by an alternate TCB directory."
+msgid ""
+"Note that when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled, you cannot specify an "
+"alternative <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> file. In future releases, this "
+"parameter could be replaced by an alternate TCB directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Заметим, что если определена <option>USE_TCB</option>, то вы не можете "
+"указать другой файл <replaceable>shadow</replaceable>. В следующих версиях "
+"этим параметром можно будет задать другой каталог TCB."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:322(para)
+msgid "one or more bad password entries"
+msgstr "есть одна или более записей с недопустимыми паролями"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:328(para)
+msgid "can't open password files"
+msgstr "не удалось открыть файл паролей"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:334(para)
+msgid "can't lock password files"
+msgstr "не удалось заблокировать файл паролей"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:340(para)
+msgid "can't update password files"
+msgstr "не удалось изменить файл паролей"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:346(para)
+msgid "can't sort password files"
+msgstr "не удалось отсортировать файл паролей"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: pwck.8.xml:304(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwck</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>pwck</command> завершая работу, возвращает следующие "
+"значения: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:355(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: porttime.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) porttime.5.xml:64(refname)
+msgid "porttime"
+msgstr "porttime"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: porttime.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "port access time file"
+msgstr "файл с временами доступа к портам"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: porttime.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">porttime</emphasis> contains a list of tty devices, "
+"user names, and permitted login times."
+msgstr ""
+"Файл <emphasis remap=\"I\">porttime</emphasis> содержит список устройств "
+"tty, имена пользователей и разрешённое время входа."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: porttime.5.xml:75(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each entry consists of three colon separated fields. The first field is a "
+"comma separated list of tty devices, or an asterisk to indicate that all tty "
+"devices are matched by this entry. The second field is a comma separated "
+"list of user names, or an asterisk to indicated that all user names are "
+"matched by this entry. The third field is a comma separated list of "
+"permitted access times."
+msgstr ""
+"Каждая запись состоит из трёх полей, разделённых двоеточиями. В первом поле "
+"содержится список устройств tty (перечисленных через запятую) или звёздочка, "
+"указывающая, что все устройства tty попадают под правило этой записи. Во "
+"втором поле содержится список имён пользователей (перечисленных через "
+"запятую) или звёздочка, указывающая, что все имена пользователей попадают "
+"под правило этой записи. В третьем поле содержится список (через запятую) "
+"допустимого времени работы."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each access time entry consists of zero or more days of the week, "
+"abbreviated <emphasis>Su</emphasis>, <emphasis>Mo</emphasis>, <emphasis>Tu</"
+"emphasis>, <emphasis>We</emphasis>, <emphasis>Th</emphasis>, <emphasis>Fr</"
+"emphasis>, and <emphasis>Sa</emphasis>, followed by a pair of times "
+"separated by a hyphen. The abbreviation <emphasis>Wk</emphasis> may be used "
+"to represent Monday thru Friday, and <emphasis>Al</emphasis> may be used to "
+"indicate every day. If no days are given, <emphasis>Al</emphasis> is assumed."
+msgstr ""
+"Каждая запись времени доступа состоит из нуля или более дней недели, "
+"обозначенных как <emphasis>Su</emphasis>, <emphasis>Mo</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>Tu</emphasis>, <emphasis>We</emphasis>, <emphasis>Th</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>Fr</emphasis> и <emphasis>Sa</emphasis>, а также временем начала и "
+"конца, записанного через дефис. Сокращение <emphasis>Wk</emphasis> можно "
+"использовать для обозначения периода с понедельника по пятницу, а "
+"<emphasis>Al</emphasis> обозначает каждый день. Если день не задан, то "
+"предполагается <emphasis>Al</emphasis> в качестве значения по умолчанию."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><title>
+#: porttime.5.xml:98(title)
+msgid "EXAMPLES"
+msgstr "ПРИМЕРЫ"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entry allows access to user <emphasis remap=\"B\">jfh</"
+"emphasis> on every port during weekdays from 9am to 5pm."
+msgstr ""
+"Следующая запись разрешает доступ пользователю <emphasis remap=\"B\">jfh</"
+"emphasis> с любого порта по будням с 9:00 до 17:00."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: porttime.5.xml:105(para)
+msgid "*:jfh:Wk0900-1700"
+msgstr "*:jfh:Wk0900-1700"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entries allow access only to the users <emphasis>root</"
+"emphasis> and <emphasis>oper</emphasis> on <filename>/dev/console</filename> "
+"at any time. This illustrates how the <filename>/etc/porttime</filename> "
+"file is an ordered list of access times. Any other user would match the "
+"second entry which does not permit access at any time."
+msgstr ""
+"Следующие записи разрешают доступ только пользователям <emphasis>root</"
+"emphasis> и <emphasis>oper</emphasis> с <filename>/dev/console</filename> в "
+"любое время. Это показывает, что файл <filename>/etc/porttime</filename> "
+"обрабатывается в порядке появления записей в файле. Любой другой "
+"пользователь попадёт под правило второй записи, которая не разрешает доступ "
+"в любое время."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><programlisting>
+#: porttime.5.xml:116(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      console:root,oper:Al0000-2400\n"
+"      console:*:\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      console:root,oper:Al0000-2400\n"
+"      console:*:\n"
+"    "
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entry allows access for the user <emphasis>games</emphasis> on "
+"any port during non-working hours."
+msgstr ""
+"Следующая запись разрешает доступ пользователю <emphasis>games</emphasis> с "
+"любого порта в нерабочие часы."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: porttime.5.xml:126(para)
+msgid "*:games:Wk1700-0900,SaSu0000-2400"
+msgstr "*:games:Wk1700-0900,SaSu0000-2400"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><filename>
+#: porttime.5.xml:133(filename) logoutd.8.xml:92(filename)
+msgid "/etc/porttime"
+msgstr "/etc/porttime"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: porttime.5.xml:135(para) logoutd.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "File containing port access."
+msgstr ""
+"содержит разрешённое время работы определённых пользователей с определённых "
+"портов"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:143(para) login.access.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: passwd.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "the password file"
+msgstr "файл паролей"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: passwd.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> contains one line for each user account, "
+"with seven fields delimited by colons (<quote>:</quote>). These fields are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Файл <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> содержит учётные записи пользователей, "
+"по одной в каждой строке. Строка состоит из семи полей, разделённых "
+"двоеточиями (<quote>:</quote>). Поля:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid "optional encrypted password"
+msgstr "необязательный зашифрованный пароль"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "numerical user ID"
+msgstr "числовой идентификатор пользователя"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "numerical group ID"
+msgstr "числовой идентификатор группы"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "user name or comment field"
+msgstr "ФИО пользователя или поле комментария"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.5.xml:93(para)
+msgid "user home directory"
+msgstr "домашний каталог пользователя"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.5.xml:96(para)
+msgid "optional user command interpreter"
+msgstr "необязательный интерпретатор командной строки пользователя"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field is a lower-case <quote>x</quote>, "
+"then the encrypted password is actually stored in the "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> file instead; there <emphasis>must</emphasis> be a "
+"corresponding line in the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file, or else the "
+"user account is invalid."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:109(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to "
+#| "authenticate as the specified login name. However, some applications "
+#| "which read the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file may decide not to "
+#| "permit any access at all if the password field is empty."
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted <emphasis>password</emphasis> field may be empty, in which "
+"case no password is required to authenticate as the specified login name. "
+"However, some applications which read the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+"file may decide not to permit <emphasis>any</emphasis> access at all if the "
+"<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is blank."
+msgstr ""
+"Это поле может быть пустым, то есть для указанной учётной записи не "
+"требуется аутентификация по паролю. Однако, некоторые приложения, читающие "
+"файл <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, могут вообще отказать в доступе, если "
+"поле пароля пусто."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:118(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "A password field which starts with a exclamation mark means that the "
+#| "password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the "
+#| "password field before the password was locked."
+msgid ""
+"A <emphasis>password</emphasis> field which starts with an exclamation mark "
+"means that the password is locked. The remaining characters on the line "
+"represent the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field before the password was "
+"locked."
+msgstr ""
+"Поле пароля может начинаться с восклицательного знака, означающего, что "
+"пароль заблокирован. Оставшиеся символы в строке представляют поле пароля до "
+"его блокировки."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"Поле комментария используется различными системными утилитами, такими как "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:144(para)
+msgid ""
+"The home directory field provides the name of the initial working directory. "
+"The <command>login</command> program uses this information to set the value "
+"of the <envar>$HOME</envar> environmental variable."
+msgstr ""
+"В поле домашнего каталога хранится начальный рабочий каталог. Программа "
+"<command>login</command> использует эту информацию для установки значения "
+"переменной окружения <envar>$HOME</envar>."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"The command interpreter field provides the name of the user's command "
+"language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute. The "
+"<command>login</command> program uses this information to set the value of "
+"the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environmental variable. If this field is empty, it "
+"defaults to the value <filename>/bin/sh</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"В поле интерпретатора командной строки хранится название интерпретатора "
+"командной строки пользователя или программы, которая будет запущена первой. "
+"Программа <command>login</command> использует эту информацию для установки "
+"значения переменной окружения <envar>$SHELL</envar>. Если это поле пустое, "
+"то используется значение по умолчанию <filename>/bin/sh</filename>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.5.xml:171(para)
+msgid "optional encrypted password file"
+msgstr "необязательный файл с шифрованными паролями"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><filename>
+#: passwd.5.xml:175(filename)
+msgid "/etc/passwd-"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd-"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:177(para)
+msgid "Backup file for /etc/passwd."
+msgstr "резервная копия файла /etc/passwd"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:189(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: passwd.1.xml:72(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user password"
+msgstr "изменяет пароль пользователя"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:89(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>passwd</command> command changes passwords for user accounts. A "
+"normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the "
+"superuser may change the password for any account. <command>passwd</command> "
+"also changes the account or associated password validity period."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>passwd</command> изменяет пароли пользовательских учётных "
+"записей. Обычный пользователь может изменить пароль только своей учётной "
+"записи, суперпользователь может изменить пароль любой учётной записи. "
+"Программа <command>passwd</command> также изменяет информацию об учётной "
+"записи или срок действия пароля."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><title>
+#: passwd.1.xml:98(title)
+msgid "Password Changes"
+msgstr "Изменение пароля"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is first prompted for their old password, if one is present. This "
+"password is then encrypted and compared against the stored password. The "
+"user has only one chance to enter the correct password. The superuser is "
+"permitted to bypass this step so that forgotten passwords may be changed."
+msgstr ""
+"Сначала пользователя попросят ввести старый пароль, если он был. Этот пароль "
+"зашифровывается и сравнивается с имеющимся. У пользователя есть только одна "
+"попытка ввести правильный пароль. Для суперпользователя этот шаг "
+"пропускается, для того чтобы можно было изменить забытый пароль."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked "
+"to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time. If not, "
+"<command>passwd</command> refuses to change the password and exits."
+msgstr ""
+"После ввода пароля проверяется информация об устаревании пароля, чтобы "
+"убедиться, что пользователю разрешено изменять пароль в настоящий момент. "
+"Если нет, то <command>passwd</command> не производит изменение пароля и "
+"завершает работу."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is then prompted twice for a replacement password. The second entry "
+"is compared against the first and both are required to match in order for "
+"the password to be changed."
+msgstr ""
+"Затем пользователю предложат дважды ввести новый пароль. Значение второго "
+"ввода сравнивается с первым и для изменения пароли из обеих попыток должны "
+"совпасть."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:120(para)
+msgid ""
+"Then, the password is tested for complexity. As a general guideline, "
+"passwords should consist of 6 to 8 characters including one or more "
+"characters from each of the following sets:"
+msgstr ""
+"Затем пароль тестируется на сложность подбора. Согласно общим принципам, "
+"пароли должны быть длиной от 6 до 8 символов и включать один или более "
+"символов каждого типа:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:128(para)
+msgid "lower case alphabetics"
+msgstr "строчные буквы"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:131(para)
+msgid "digits 0 thru 9"
+msgstr "цифры от 0 до 9"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:134(para)
+msgid "punctuation marks"
+msgstr "знаки пунктуации"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill "
+"characters. <command>passwd</command> will reject any password which is not "
+"suitably complex."
+msgstr ""
+"Не включайте системные символы стирания и удаления. Программа "
+"<command>passwd</command> не примет пароль, который не имеет достаточной "
+"сложности."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><title>
+#: passwd.1.xml:147(title)
+msgid "Hints for user passwords"
+msgstr "Выбор пароля"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption "
+"algorithm and the size of the key space. The legacy <emphasis>UNIX</"
+"emphasis> System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm. More "
+"recent methods are now recommended (see <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>). "
+"The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which "
+"is selected."
+msgstr ""
+"Безопасность пароля зависит от стойкости алгоритма шифрования и размера "
+"пространства ключа. В старых системах <emphasis>UNIX</emphasis> метод "
+"шифрования основывался на алгоритме NBS DES. Сейчас рекомендуют более новые "
+"методы (смотрите <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>). Размер пространства ключа "
+"зависит от степени произвольности выбранного пароля."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"Compromises in password security normally result from careless password "
+"selection or handling. For this reason, you should not select a password "
+"which appears in a dictionary or which must be written down. The password "
+"should also not be a proper name, your license number, birth date, or street "
+"address. Any of these may be used as guesses to violate system security."
+msgstr ""
+"При обеспечении безопасности пароля выбирают нечто среднее между сложным "
+"паролем и сложностью работы с ним. По этой причине, вы не должны "
+"использовать пароль, который является словом из словаря или который придётся "
+"записать из-за его сложности. Также, пароль не должен быть названием чего-"
+"либо, номером вашей лицензии, днём рождения и домашним адресом. Обо всём "
+"этом легко догадаться, что приведёт к нарушению безопасности системы."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:166(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "You can find advices on how to choose a strong password on http://en."
+#| "wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength"
+msgid ""
+"You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en."
+"wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength"
+msgstr ""
+"О том, как выбрать стойкий пароль, читайте в http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
+"Сложность_пароля."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:175(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>passwd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>passwd</command>:"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:180(term) faillog.8.xml:96(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:184(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option can be used only with <option>-S</option> and causes show status "
+"for all users."
+msgstr ""
+"Этот параметр можно использовать только вместе с <option>-S</option> для "
+"вывода статуса всех пользователей."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:191(term)
+msgid "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Delete a user's password (make it empty). This is a quick way to disable a "
+"password for an account. It will set the named account passwordless."
+msgstr ""
+"Удалить пароль пользователя (сделать его пустым). Это быстрый способ "
+"заблокировать пароль учётной записи. Это сделает указанную учётную запись "
+"беспарольной."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:203(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"Immediately expire an account's password. This in effect can force a user to "
+"change their password at the user's next login."
+msgstr ""
+"Немедленно сделать пароль устаревшим. В результате это заставит пользователя "
+"изменить пароль при следующем входе в систему."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:220(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ДНЕЙ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is used to disable an account after the password has been "
+"expired for a number of days. After a user account has had an expired "
+"password for <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> days, the user may no "
+"longer sign on to the account."
+msgstr ""
+"Этот параметр используется для блокировки учётной записи по прошествии "
+"заданного числа дней после устаревания пароля. То есть, если пароль устарел "
+"и прошло более указанных <replaceable>ДНЕЙ</replaceable>, то пользователь "
+"больше не сможет использовать данную учётную запись."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:233(term)
+msgid "<option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:237(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate password change should be performed only for expired authentication "
+"tokens (passwords). The user wishes to keep their non-expired tokens as "
+"before."
+msgstr ""
+"Указывает, что изменение пароля нужно выполнить только для устаревших ключей "
+"аутентификации (паролей). Пользователи хотят оставить свои непросроченные "
+"ключи нетронутыми."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:245(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:249(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock the password of the named account. This option disables a password by "
+"changing it to a value which matches no possible encrypted value (it adds a "
+"´!´ at the beginning of the password)."
+msgstr ""
+"Заблокировать пароль указанной учётной записи. Этот параметр блокирует "
+"пароль, изменяя его значение на вариант, который не может быть шифрованным "
+"паролем (добавляется символ «!» в начало пароля)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:255(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that this does not disable the account. The user may still be able to "
+"login using another authentication token (e.g. an SSH key). To disable the "
+"account, administrators should use <command>usermod --expiredate 1</command> "
+"(this set the account's expire date to Jan 2, 1970)."
+msgstr ""
+"Заметим, что это не блокирует учётную запись. Пользователь всё ещё может "
+"войти в систему с помощью другого способа аутентификации (например, с "
+"помощью ключа SSH). Чтобы заблокировать учётную запись, администратор должен "
+"использовать команду <command>usermod --expiredate 1</command> (это "
+"установит дату устаревания учётной запись равной 2 января 1970 года)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:262(para)
+msgid "Users with a locked password are not allowed to change their password."
+msgstr "Посетитель с заблокированным паролем не может изменить свой пароль."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:269(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>МИН_ДНЕЙ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:273(para) chage.1.xml:174(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the minimum number of days between password changes to "
+"<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>. A value of zero for this field "
+"indicates that the user may change their password at any time."
+msgstr ""
+"Задать <replaceable>минимальное количество дней</replaceable> между сменами "
+"пароля. Нулевое значение этого поля указывает на то, что пользователь может "
+"менять свой пароль когда захочет."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:291(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--repository</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--repository</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>РЕПОЗИТОРИЙ</replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:295(para)
+msgid "change password in <replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable> repository"
+msgstr "Изменить пароль в <replaceable>РЕПОЗИТОРИИ</replaceable>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:313(term)
+msgid "<option>-S</option>, <option>--status</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-S</option>, <option>--status</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:317(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display account status information. The status information consists of 7 "
+"fields. The first field is the user's login name. The second field indicates "
+"if the user account has a locked password (L), has no password (NP), or has "
+"a usable password (P). The third field gives the date of the last password "
+"change. The next four fields are the minimum age, maximum age, warning "
+"period, and inactivity period for the password. These ages are expressed in "
+"days."
+msgstr ""
+"Показать состояние учётной записи. Информация о состоянии содержит 7 полей. "
+"Первое поле содержит имя учётной записи. Второе поле указывает, заблокирован "
+"ли пароль учётной записи (L), она без пароля (NP) или у неё есть рабочий "
+"пароль (P). Третье поле хранит дату последнего изменения пароля. В следующих "
+"четырёх полях хранятся минимальный срок, максимальный срок, период выдачи "
+"предупреждения и период неактивности пароля. Эти сроки измеряются в днях."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:331(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:335(para)
+msgid ""
+"Unlock the password of the named account. This option re-enables a password "
+"by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before "
+"using the <option>-l</option> option)."
+msgstr ""
+"Разблокировать пароль указанной учётной записи. Этот параметр разблокирует "
+"пароль, возвращая его прежнее значение (которое было перед использованием "
+"параметра <option>-l</option>)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:344(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>ПРЕД_ДНЕЙ</replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:348(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The "
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the number of days prior to "
+"the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is "
+"about to expire."
+msgstr ""
+"Установить число дней выдачи предупреждения, перед тем как потребуется смена "
+"пароля. В параметре <replaceable>ПРЕД_ДНЕЙ</replaceable> указывается число "
+"дней перед тем как пароль устареет, в течении которых пользователю будут "
+"напоминать, что пароль скоро устареет."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:357(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-x</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-x</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>МАКС_ДНЕЙ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:361(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid. After "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable>, the password is required to be changed."
+msgstr ""
+"Установить максимальное количество дней, в течении которых пароль остаётся "
+"рабочим. После <replaceable>МАКС_ДНЕЙ</replaceable> пароль нужно изменить."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:366(para) chage.1.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> will remove checking a password's "
+"validity."
+msgstr ""
+"Значение <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> в параметре "
+"<replaceable>МАКС_ДНЕЙ</replaceable> отменяет проверку пароля."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:378(para)
+msgid ""
+"Password complexity checking may vary from site to site. The user is urged "
+"to select a password as complex as he or she feels comfortable with."
+msgstr ""
+"Сложность пароля проверяется на разных машинах по разному. Пользователю "
+"настоятельно рекомендуется выбирать пароль такой сложности, чтобы ему "
+"нормально работалось."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:383(para)
+msgid ""
+"Users may not be able to change their password on a system if NIS is enabled "
+"and they are not logged into the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+"Пользователи не могут изменять свои пароли в системе, если включён NIS и они "
+"не вошли на сервер NIS."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:388(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>passwd</command> uses PAM to authenticate users and to change their "
+"passwords."
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>passwd</command> для аутентификации пользователей и для "
+"смены паролей использует PAM."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chpasswd.8.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> (строка)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(para) newusers.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:32(para) chpasswd.8.xml:32(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting "
+"passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line)."
+msgstr ""
+"Задаёт системный алгоритм шифрования по умолчанию для шифрования паролей "
+"(используется, если алгоритм не указан в командной строке)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:36(para) newusers.8.xml:36(para) login.defs.5.xml:36(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:36(para) chpasswd.8.xml:36(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:36(para)
+msgid ""
+"It can take one of these values: <replaceable>DES</replaceable> (default), "
+"<replaceable>MD5</replaceable><phrase condition=\"sha_crypt\">, "
+"<replaceable>SHA256</replaceable>, <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable></"
+"phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"Возможны следующие значения: <replaceable>DES</replaceable> (по умолчанию), "
+"<replaceable>MD5</replaceable><phrase condition=\"sha_crypt\">, "
+"<replaceable>SHA256</replaceable>, <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable></"
+"phrase>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:43(para) chpasswd.8.xml:43(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: this parameter overrides the <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variable."
+msgstr ""
+"Замечание: этот параметр переопределяет переменную <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</"
+"option>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:47(para) passwd.1.xml:53(para) passwd.1.xml:62(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:47(para) newusers.8.xml:53(para) newusers.8.xml:62(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:47(para) login.defs.5.xml:53(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:62(para) gpasswd.1.xml:47(para) gpasswd.1.xml:53(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:62(para) chpasswd.8.xml:47(para) chpasswd.8.xml:53(para)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:62(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:47(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:53(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:62(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: This only affect the generation of group passwords. The generation of "
+"user passwords is done by PAM and subject to the PAM configuration. It is "
+"recommended to set this variable consistently with the PAM configuration."
+msgstr ""
+"Замечание: действует только при генерации паролей к группам. Генерация "
+"пользовательских паролей выполняется PAM и там же настраивается. "
+"Рекомендуется устанавливать значение этой переменной согласно настройкам PAM."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:32(term) chpasswd.8.xml:32(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> (логический)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:34(para) chpasswd.8.xml:34(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5-based algorithm. If "
+"set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, new passwords will be encrypted using "
+"the MD5-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of "
+"FreeBSD. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings. "
+"Set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> if you need to copy encrypted passwords "
+"to other systems which don't understand the new algorithm. Default is "
+"<replaceable>no</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Обозначает, что пароль должен быть зашифрован по алгоритму на основе MD5. "
+"Если значение равно <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, то новые пароли будут "
+"зашифрованы по алгоритму на основе MD5, совместимому с используемым в новых "
+"версиях FreeBSD. Он поддерживает пароли неограниченной длины и имеет более "
+"длинную строку соли. Установите в <replaceable>no</replaceable>, если вам "
+"нужно копировать шифрованные пароли в другие системы, которые не "
+"поддерживают новый алгоритм. По умолчанию <replaceable>no</replaceable>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:44(para) newusers.8.xml:44(para) login.defs.5.xml:44(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:44(para) chpasswd.8.xml:44(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:44(para)
+msgid ""
+"This variable is superseded by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable "
+"or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm."
+msgstr ""
+"Эта переменная переопределяется переменной <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> "
+"или любым параметром командной строки, который задаёт алгоритм шифрования."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:49(para) newusers.8.xml:49(para) login.defs.5.xml:49(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:49(para) chpasswd.8.xml:49(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:49(para)
+msgid ""
+"This variable is deprecated. You should use <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>."
+msgstr "Эта переменная устарела; используйте <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (логический)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable additional checks upon password changes."
+msgstr "Включает дополнительные проверки при смене пароля."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_ALWAYS_WARN</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_ALWAYS_WARN</option> (логический)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Warn about weak passwords (but still allow them) if you are root."
+msgstr ""
+"Предупреждать о слабых паролях (но разрешать их использовать) для "
+"суперпользователя."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_CHANGE_TRIES</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_CHANGE_TRIES</option> (число)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Maximum number of attempts to change password if rejected (too easy)."
+msgstr ""
+"Максимальное количество попыток смены пароля (слишком простого) при "
+"непрохождении проверки."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> (число)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: passwd.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MIN_LEN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MIN_LEN</option> (число)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Number of significant characters in the password for crypt(). "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> is 8 by default. Don't change unless your "
+"crypt() is better. This is ignored if <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> set to "
+"<replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Количество значимых символов в пароле для crypt(). По умолчанию значение "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> равно 8. Не изменяйте, если ваш crypt() лучше. "
+"Игнорируется, если значение <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> равно "
+"<replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chpasswd.8.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> (число)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:31(term) chpasswd.8.xml:31(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> (число)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:33(para) chpasswd.8.xml:33(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"When <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> is set to <replaceable>SHA256</"
+"replaceable> or <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable>, this defines the number "
+"of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number "
+"of rounds is not specified on the command line)."
+msgstr ""
+"Если значение <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> равно <replaceable>SHA256</"
+"replaceable> или <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable>, эта переменная "
+"определяет количество раундов SHA, используемых алгоритмом шифрования по "
+"умолчанию (если количество раундов не задано в командной строке)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:40(para) newusers.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:40(para) chpasswd.8.xml:40(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute forcing the password. "
+"But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users."
+msgstr ""
+"Увеличение количества раундов повышает сложность подбора пароля простым "
+"перебором. Но заметим, что при этом для аутентификации пользователей "
+"требуется большее количество процессорных ресурсов."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:45(para) newusers.8.xml:45(para) login.defs.5.xml:45(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:45(para) chpasswd.8.xml:45(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:45(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000)."
+msgstr ""
+"Если не задана, то libc выбирает значение количества раундов по умолчанию "
+"(5000)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:49(para) newusers.8.xml:49(para) login.defs.5.xml:49(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:49(para) chpasswd.8.xml:49(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:49(para)
+msgid "The values must be inside the 1000-999,999,999 range."
+msgstr "Значения должны лежать в диапазоне 1000-999999999."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:52(para) newusers.8.xml:52(para) login.defs.5.xml:52(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:52(para) chpasswd.8.xml:52(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:52(para)
+msgid ""
+"If only one of the <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> or "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> values is set, then this value will be "
+"used."
+msgstr ""
+"Если задано какое-то одно значение — <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> "
+"или <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> — то будет использовано это "
+"значение."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:57(para) newusers.8.xml:57(para) login.defs.5.xml:57(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:57(para) chpasswd.8.xml:57(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:57(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> &gt; <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option>, the highest value will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Если <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> &gt; "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option>, то используется большее значение."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><filename>
+#: passwd.1.xml:434(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/passwd"
+msgstr "/etc/pam.d/passwd"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:436(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>passwd</command>."
+msgstr "настройки PAM для <command>passwd</command>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:456(para) chage.1.xml:297(para)
+msgid "permission denied"
+msgstr "доступ запрещён"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:462(para)
+msgid "invalid combination of options"
+msgstr "недопустимая комбинация параметров"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:468(para)
+msgid "unexpected failure, nothing done"
+msgstr "неожиданная ошибка при работе, ничего не сделано"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:474(para)
+msgid "unexpected failure, <filename>passwd</filename> file missing"
+msgstr ""
+"неожиданная ошибка при работе, отсутствует файл <filename>passwd</filename>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:480(para)
+msgid "<filename>passwd</filename> file busy, try again"
+msgstr ""
+"файл <filename>passwd</filename> занят другой программой, попробуйте ещё раз"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: passwd.1.xml:444(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>passwd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>passwd</command> завершая работу, возвращает следующие "
+"значения: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:495(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><command>
+#: nologin.8.xml:46(refentrytitle) nologin.8.xml:53(refname)
+#: nologin.8.xml:59(command)
+msgid "nologin"
+msgstr "nologin"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: nologin.8.xml:54(refpurpose)
+msgid "politely refuse a login"
+msgstr "вежливо отказывает во входе в систему"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: nologin.8.xml:65(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>nologin</command> command displays a message that an account is "
+"not available and exits non-zero. It is intended as a replacement shell "
+"field for accounts that have been disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>nologin</command> выдаёт сообщение, что учётная запись "
+"недоступна и завершает работу с ненулевым кодом возврата. Она предназначена "
+"для замены оболочки командной строки в поле оболочки у заблокированных "
+"учётных записей."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"To disable all logins, investigate <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"Чтобы заблокировать все учётные записи посмотрите справочную страницу "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:75(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <command>SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND</command> is populated it will be logged."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><title>
+#: nologin.8.xml:93(title)
+msgid "HISTORY"
+msgstr "ИСТОРИЯ"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: nologin.8.xml:94(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "The <command>nologin</command> command appearred in BSD 4.4."
+msgid "The <command>nologin</command> command appeared in BSD 4.4."
+msgstr "Программа <command>nologin</command> впервые появилась в BSD 4.4."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: newusers.8.xml:73(refentrytitle) newusers.8.xml:80(refname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:86(command) login.defs.5.xml:400(term)
+msgid "newusers"
+msgstr "newusers"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: newusers.8.xml:81(refpurpose)
+msgid "update and create new users in batch"
+msgstr ""
+"обновляет и создаёт новые учётные записи пользователей в пакетном режиме"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:91(replaceable)
+msgid "file"
+msgstr "файл"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: newusers.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>newusers</command> command reads a <replaceable>file</"
+"replaceable> (or the standard input by default) and uses this information to "
+"update a set of existing users or to create new users. Each line is in the "
+"same format as the standard password file (see "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>) with the exceptions explained below:"
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>newusers</command> читает <replaceable>файл</replaceable> "
+"(или по умолчанию стандартный ввод)  и использует эту информацию для "
+"обновления группы существующих или создания новых учётных записей. Каждая "
+"строка имеет формат стандартного файла паролей (смотрите "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>) за исключением:"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid "pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell"
+msgstr "pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#: newusers.8.xml:111(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_name"
+msgstr "pw_name"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "This is the name of the user."
+msgstr "Имя пользователя."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:117(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or an "
+#| "user created before by <command>newusers</command>). In case of an "
+#| "existing user, the user's information will be changed, otherwise a new "
+#| "user will be created."
+msgid ""
+"It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>). In case of an existing user, "
+"the user's information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created."
+msgstr ""
+"Это может быть имя нового пользователя или имя существующего пользователя "
+"(или пользователя, созданного <command>newusers</command> ранее). Если "
+"пользователь существует, то будет изменена информация о пользователе, или же "
+"создаётся новый пользователь."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: newusers.8.xml:128(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_passwd"
+msgstr "pw_passwd"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: newusers.8.xml:131(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field will be encrypted and used as the new value of the encrypted "
+"password."
+msgstr ""
+"Это поле будет зашифровано и использовано как новое значение шифрованного "
+"пароля."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#: newusers.8.xml:139(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_uid"
+msgstr " pw_gid"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the UID of the user."
+msgstr "Это поле используется для определения UID пользователя."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:145(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If the field is empty, an new (unused) UID will be defined automatically "
+#| "by <command>newusers</command>."
+msgid ""
+"If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Если это поле пусто, то командой <command>newusers</command> автоматически "
+"определяется новый (неиспользованный) UID."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "If this field contains a number, this number will be used as the UID."
+msgstr ""
+"Если в этом поле указано число, то оно будет использовано в качестве UID."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:153(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of an "
+#| "user created before by <command>newusers</command>), the UID of the "
+#| "specified user will be used."
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>), the UID of the specified "
+"user will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Если в поле содержится имя существующего пользователя (или имя пользователя, "
+"созданного <command>newusers</command> ранее), то использует UID указанного "
+"пользователя."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the UID of an existing user is changed, the files ownership of the user's "
+"file should be fixed manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Если изменяется UID существующего пользователя, то у файлов, которыми владел "
+"этот пользователь, нужно вручную переопределить владельца."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#: newusers.8.xml:167(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_gid"
+msgstr "pw_gid"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:170(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the primary group ID for the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Это поле используется для определения ID первичной группы пользователя."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:173(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created "
+"before by <command>newusers</command>), the GID of this group will be used "
+"as the primary group ID for the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Если в этом поле содержится имя существующей группы (или группы, созданной "
+"<command>newusers</command> ранее), то в качестве ID первичной группы "
+"пользователя будет использован GID этой группы."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field is a number, this number will be used as the primary group ID "
+"of the user. If no groups exist with this GID, a new group will be created "
+"with this GID, and the name of the user."
+msgstr ""
+"Если в этом поле содержится число, то это число будет использовано как ID "
+"первичной группы пользователя. Если с таким GID не существует, то будет "
+"создана новая группа с этим GID и именем пользователя."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:185(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the "
+"user and a GID will be automatically defined by <command>newusers</command> "
+"to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new "
+"group."
+msgstr ""
+"Если это поле пусто, то новая группа будет создана с именем пользователя, а "
+"GID будет определён <command>newusers</command> автоматически (для "
+"использования в качестве ID первичной группы пользователя и GID новой "
+"группы)."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>), a new group will be created "
+"with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by "
+"<command>newusers</command> to be used as the primary group ID for the user "
+"and GID for the new group."
+msgstr ""
+"Если поле содержит имя группы, которой не существует (и которая не была "
+"создана <command>newusers</command> ранее), то будет создана новая группа с "
+"указанным именем, GID будет определён <command>newusers</command> "
+"автоматически (для использования в качестве ID первичной группы пользователя "
+"и GID новой группы)."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:203(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_gecos"
+msgstr "pw_gecos"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:206(para)
+msgid "This field is copied in the GECOS field of the user."
+msgstr "Это поле копируется в поле GECOS записи пользователя."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><emphasis>
+#: newusers.8.xml:213(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_dir"
+msgstr "pw_dir"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:216(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the home directory of the user."
+msgstr "Это поле используется для определения домашнего каталога пользователя."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field does not specify an existing directory, the specified "
+"directory is created, with ownership set to the user being created or "
+"updated and its primary group."
+msgstr ""
+"Если это поле указывает на несуществующий каталог, то указанный каталог "
+"создаётся, его владельцем назначается создаваемый или обновляемый "
+"пользователь и его первичная группа."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the home directory of an existing user is changed, <command>newusers</"
+"command> does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new "
+"location. This should be done manually."
+msgstr ""
+"Если изменяется домашний каталог существующего пользователя, то команда "
+"<command>newusers</command> не перемещает или копирует содержимое старого "
+"каталога в новое место. Это нужно выполнить вручную."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:234(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_shell"
+msgstr "pw_shell"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:237(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field defines the shell of the user. No checks are performed on this "
+"field."
+msgstr ""
+"В этом поле задаётся пользовательская оболочка. Никаких проверок поля не "
+"делается."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:245(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>newusers</command> first tries to create or change all the "
+"specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group "
+"databases. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), "
+"no changes are committed to the databases."
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>newusers</command> сначала пытается создать или изменить "
+"всех указанных пользователей, а затем записать эти изменения в базы данных "
+"пользователей или групп. Если происходит ошибка (кроме ошибок при последней "
+"записи в базы данных), то изменения в базы не сохраняются."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:251(para)
+msgid ""
+"During this first pass, users are created with a locked password (and "
+"passwords are not changed for the users which are not created). A second "
+"pass is used to update the passwords using PAM. Failures to update a "
+"password are reported, but will not stop the other password updates."
+msgstr ""
+"Во время первого прохода пользователи создаются с заблокированными паролями "
+"(у несоздаваемых пользователей пароли не изменяются). Во время второго "
+"прохода выполняется обновление паролей с помощью PAM. При возникновении "
+"ошибок при обновлении об этом сообщается, но обновление паролей продолжается."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: newusers.8.xml:259(para)
+msgid ""
+"This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many "
+"accounts are updated at a single time."
+msgstr ""
+"Данная команда предназначена для работы в крупных системных средах, где за "
+"один раз обновляется несколько учётных записей."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: newusers.8.xml:267(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>newusers</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>newusers</command>:"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:284(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:112(term)
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:286(para) chpasswd.8.xml:141(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "Use the specified method to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr "Использовать указанный метод для шифрования паролей."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:287(para) chpasswd.8.xml:145(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"The available methods are DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 or SHA512 if your libc "
+"support these methods."
+msgstr ""
+"Возможные методы: DES, MD5, NONE и SHA256 или SHA512, если эти методы "
+"поддерживается libc."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"System users will be created with no aging information in <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</option> counterparts for "
+"the creation of groups)."
+msgstr ""
+"Системные пользователи создаются без информации об устаревании в <filename>/"
+"etc/shadow</filename>, и их числовые идентификаторы выбираются из диапазона "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>, определённого в "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, а не из <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (это же касается и части с <option>GID</option> при "
+"создании групп)."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:335(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:158(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:337(para) chpasswd.8.xml:204(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:160(para)
+msgid "Use the specified number of rounds to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr "Использовать указанное количество раундов шифрования паролей."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:340(para) chpasswd.8.xml:207(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:163(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 means that the system will choose the default number of rounds "
+"for the crypt method (5000)."
+msgstr ""
+"Значение 0 означает, что система выберет количество раундов по умолчанию для "
+"выбранного метода шифрования (5000)."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:344(para) chpasswd.8.xml:211(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999 will be enforced."
+msgstr ""
+"Минимальное значение равно 1000, а максимальное значение равно 999,999,999."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:348(para) chpasswd.8.xml:215(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:171(para)
+msgid "You can only use this option with the SHA256 or SHA512 crypt method."
+msgstr ""
+"Вы можете использовать этот параметр только при методе шифрования SHA256 или "
+"SHA512."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:352(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and "
+"SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"По умолчанию, количество раундов определяется переменными "
+"SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS и SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS из <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: newusers.8.xml:364(para)
+msgid ""
+"The input file must be protected since it contains unencrypted passwords."
+msgstr ""
+"Файл с входными данными должен быть защищён, так как в нём содержатся не "
+"шифрованные пароли."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:368(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should make sure the passwords and the encryption method respect the "
+"system's password policy."
+msgstr ""
+"Вы должны проверить, что пароль и метод шифрования соответствует политике "
+"системных паролей."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><filename>
+#: newusers.8.xml:444(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/newusers"
+msgstr "/etc/pam.d/newusers"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:446(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr "настройки PAM для <command>newusers</command>"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:466(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>
+#: newgrp.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) newgrp.1.xml:65(refname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:71(command)
+msgid "newgrp"
+msgstr "newgrp"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: newgrp.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "log in to a new group"
+msgstr "выполняет регистрацию пользователя в новой группе"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: newgrp.1.xml:72(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:74(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:78(replaceable) gpasswd.1.xml:88(replaceable)
+msgid "group"
+msgstr "группа"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: newgrp.1.xml:78(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>newgrp</command> command is used to change the current group ID "
+"during a login session. If the optional <option>-</option> flag is given, "
+"the user's environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged "
+"in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, "
+"remains unchanged."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>newgrp</command> используется для изменения ID текущей "
+"группы в работающем сеансе. Если указан необязательный параметр <option>-</"
+"option>, то окружение пользователя будет инициализировано повторно, как если "
+"бы пользователь заново вошёл в систему, иначе имеющееся окружение, включая "
+"текущий рабочий каталог, изменено не будет."
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:86(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>newgrp</command> changes the current real group ID to the named "
+"group, or to the default group listed in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> if "
+"no group name is given. <command>newgrp</command> also tries to add the "
+"group to the user groupset. If not root, the user will be prompted for a "
+"password if she does not have a password (in <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> otherwise) and the group does, or if the "
+"user is not listed as a member and the group has a password. The user will "
+"be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed "
+"as a member."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>newgrp</command> изменяет идентификатор текущей реальной "
+"группы на заданный или на группу по умолчанию, указанную в файле <filename>/"
+"etc/passwd</filename>, в случае если имя группы не указано. Программа "
+"<command>newgrp</command> также пытается добавить группу в список групп "
+"пользователя. Если пользователь не является суперпользователем, то его "
+"попросят ввести пароль, даже если он его не имеет (в файле <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, если для этого пользователя имеется запись в файле "
+"теневых паролей, иначе используется файл <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>), "
+"а группа имеет, или если пользователь не является членом группы, а группа "
+"имеет пароль. Если пользователь не является членом группы, а у группы пустой "
+"пароль, то пользователю будет отказано в доступе."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: newgrp.1.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"If there is an entry for this group in <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, "
+"then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from "
+"this file, otherwise, the entry in <filename>/etc/group</filename> is "
+"considered."
+msgstr ""
+"Если есть запись для этой группы в файле <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, "
+"то список членов и пароль этой группы будут взяты из этого файла, иначе "
+"используется запись из файла <filename>/etc/group</filename>."
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><command>
+#: logoutd.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) logoutd.8.xml:64(refname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:70(command)
+msgid "logoutd"
+msgstr "logoutd"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: logoutd.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "enforce login time restrictions"
+msgstr "контролирует временные интервалы работы в системе"
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:76(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>logoutd</command> enforces the login time and port restrictions "
+"specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</filename>. <command>logoutd</command> "
+"should be started from <filename>/etc/rc</filename>. The <filename>/var/run/"
+"utmp</filename> file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked "
+"to see if the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time. "
+"Any login session which is violating the restrictions in <filename>/etc/"
+"porttime</filename> is terminated."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>logoutd</command> контролирует временные ограничения "
+"работы в системе и порты, заданные в файле <filename>/etc/porttime</"
+"filename>. Программа <command>logoutd</command> должна запускаться из "
+"сценария <filename>/etc/rc</filename>. Файл <filename>/var/run/utmp</"
+"filename> периодически сканируется и для каждого имени пользователя "
+"проверяется, разрешено ли данному пользователю работать в настоящий момент "
+"на данном порту. Любой сеанс, который нарушает ограничения, описанные в "
+"файле <filename>/etc/porttime</filename>, будет завершён."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><filename>
+#: logoutd.8.xml:98(filename) login.1.xml:341(filename)
+msgid "/var/run/utmp"
+msgstr "/var/run/utmp"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: logoutd.8.xml:100(para) login.1.xml:343(para)
+msgid "List of current login sessions."
+msgstr "содержит список работающих сеансов в системе"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:124(refentrytitle) login.defs.5.xml:131(refname)
+msgid "login.defs"
+msgstr "login.defs"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:132(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadow password suite configuration"
+msgstr "содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> file defines the site-specific "
+"configuration for the shadow password suite. This file is required. Absence "
+"of this file will not prevent system operation, but will probably result in "
+"undesirable operation."
+msgstr ""
+"Файл <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> содержит настройки подсистемы "
+"теневых паролей (shadow password suite). Этот файл является обязательным. "
+"Отсутствие данного файла не повлияет на работу системы, но, вероятно, "
+"приведёт к выполнению нежелаемых операций."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:144(para)
+msgid ""
+"This file is a readable text file, each line of the file describing one "
+"configuration parameter. The lines consist of a configuration name and "
+"value, separated by whitespace. Blank lines and comment lines are ignored. "
+"Comments are introduced with a \"#\" pound sign and the pound sign must be "
+"the first non-white character of the line."
+msgstr ""
+"Файл представляет собой обычный текстовый файл; каждая строка описывает один "
+"параметр настройки. Строки состоят из названия параметра и его значения, "
+"которые разделяются пробельным символом. Пустые строки и комментарии "
+"игнорируются. Комментарии начинаются со знака фунта «#», который должен быть "
+"первым непробельным символом в строке."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"Parameter values may be of four types: strings, booleans, numbers, and long "
+"numbers. A string is comprised of any printable characters. A boolean should "
+"be either the value <replaceable>yes</replaceable> or <replaceable>no</"
+"replaceable>. An undefined boolean parameter or one with a value other than "
+"these will be given a <replaceable>no</replaceable> value. Numbers (both "
+"regular and long) may be either decimal values, octal values (precede the "
+"value with <replaceable>0</replaceable>) or hexadecimal values (precede the "
+"value with <replaceable>0x</replaceable>). The maximum value of the regular "
+"and long numeric parameters is machine-dependent."
+msgstr ""
+"Значения параметров могут быть четырёх типов: строки, логические значения, "
+"числа и длинные числа. Строки состоят из любых печатных символов. Под "
+"логическими значениями подразумеваются <replaceable>yes</replaceable> или "
+"<replaceable>no</replaceable>. Неопределённый логический параметр или "
+"имеющий значение, отличное от указанных выше, считается как имеющий значение "
+"<replaceable>no</replaceable>. Числа (обычные и длинные) можно задавать в "
+"десятичной, восьмеричной (перед значением ставится «<replaceable>0</"
+"replaceable>») или шестнадцатеричной (перед значением ставится "
+"«<replaceable>0x</replaceable>») системах счисления. Максимальные значения "
+"параметра обычного и длинного числа зависят от архитектуры компьютера."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:167(para)
+msgid "The following configuration items are provided:"
+msgstr "Возможны следующие параметры настройки:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHFN_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>CHFN_AUTH</option> (логический)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chfn</command> program will "
+"require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the "
+"superuser."
+msgstr ""
+"Если равно <<replaceable>yes</replaceable>, то программа <command>chfn</"
+"command> будет проводить аутентификацию перед тем как выполнить любые "
+"изменения, в случае если команда не запущена суперпользователем."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHFN_RESTRICT</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>CHFN_RESTRICT</option> (строка)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"This parameter specifies which values in the <emphasis remap=\"I\">gecos</"
+"emphasis> field of the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file may be changed "
+"by regular users using the <command>chfn</command> program. It can be any "
+"combination of letters <replaceable>f</replaceable>, <replaceable>r</"
+"replaceable>, <replaceable>w</replaceable>, <replaceable>h</replaceable>, "
+"for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively. For "
+"backward compatibility, <replaceable>yes</replaceable> is equivalent to "
+"<replaceable>rwh</replaceable> and <replaceable>no</replaceable> is "
+"equivalent to <replaceable>frwh</replaceable>. If not specified, only the "
+"superuser can make any changes. The most restrictive setting is better "
+"achieved by not installing <command>chfn</command> SUID."
+msgstr ""
+"Этим параметром определяются части поля <emphasis remap=\"I\">gecos</"
+"emphasis> в файле <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>, которые могут изменять "
+"обычные пользователи с помощью программы <command>chfn</command>. Строка "
+"может содержать любую комбинацию букв <replaceable>f</replaceable>, "
+"<replaceable>r</replaceable>, <replaceable>w</replaceable>, <replaceable>h</"
+"replaceable> для изменения полного имени пользователя, номера комнаты, "
+"рабочего и домашнего телефона, соответственно. Для совместимости значение "
+"<replaceable>yes</replaceable> эквивалентно <replaceable>rwh</replaceable> и "
+"<replaceable>no</replaceable> эквивалентно <replaceable>frwh</replaceable>. "
+"Если ничего не задано, то только суперпользователь может выполнять любые "
+"изменения. Наиболее ограничительная настройка достигается снятием SUID бита "
+"с файла <filename>chfn</filename>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chsh.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHSH_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>CHSH_AUTH</option> (логический)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chsh.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chsh</command> program will "
+"require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the "
+"superuser."
+msgstr ""
+"Если равно <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, то программа <command>chsh</"
+"command> будет проводить аутентификацию перед тем как выполнить любые "
+"изменения, в случае если команда не запущены суперпользователем."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ERASECHAR</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>ERASECHAR</option> (число)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Terminal ERASE character (<replaceable>010</replaceable> = backspace, "
+"<replaceable>0177</replaceable> = DEL)."
+msgstr ""
+"Символ ERASE у терминала (<replaceable>010</replaceable> = backspace, "
+"<replaceable>0177</replaceable> = DEL)."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+#: login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value can be prefixed \"0\" for an octal value, or \"0x\" for an "
+"hexadecimal value."
+msgstr ""
+"Значение может начинаться с «0» при указании значения в восьмеричной системе "
+"счисления или «0x» при указании значения в шестнадцатеричной системе "
+"счисления."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAIL_DELAY</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>FAIL_DELAY</option> (число)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Delay in seconds before being allowed another attempt after a login failure."
+msgstr "Задержка в секундах перед повторной попыткой после неудачного входа."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAILLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>FAILLOG_ENAB</option> (логический)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable logging and display of <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> login "
+"failure info."
+msgstr ""
+"Включить протоколирование и показ информации о неудачных входах из "
+"<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAKE_SHELL</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>FAKE_SHELL</option> (строка)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, <command>login</command> will execute this shell instead of the "
+"users' shell specified in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Если установлена, то программа <command>login</command> запустит указанную "
+"оболочку вместо пользовательской оболочки заданной в <filename>/etc/passwd</"
+"filename>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FTMP_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>FTMP_FILE</option> (строка)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, login failures will be logged in this file in a utmp format."
+msgstr ""
+"Если определена, то неудачные попытки входа будут протоколироваться в этот "
+"файл в формате utmp."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>HUSHLOGIN_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>HUSHLOGIN_FILE</option> (строка)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, this file can inhibit all the usual chatter during the login "
+"sequence. If a full pathname is specified, then hushed mode will be enabled "
+"if the user's name or shell are found in the file. If not a full pathname, "
+"then hushed mode will be enabled if the file exists in the user's home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"Если определена, то этот файл может заблокировать все обычные переговоры "
+"(chatter) при входе. Если указан полный путь к файлу, то будет включён "
+"сокращённый (hushed) режим, если в этом файле указано имя пользователя или "
+"оболочка. Если указан не полный путь, то будет включён сокращённый (hushed) "
+"режим, если файл находится в домашнем каталоге пользователя."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ISSUE_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ISSUE_FILE</option> (строка)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, this file will be displayed before each login prompt."
+msgstr ""
+"Если определена, то этот файл будет показан перед каждым появлением "
+"приглашения на вход."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>KILLCHAR</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>KILLCHAR</option> (число)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Terminal KILL character (<replaceable>025</replaceable> = CTRL/U)."
+msgstr "Символ KILL у терминала (<replaceable>025</replaceable> = CTRL/U)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LASTLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>LASTLOG_ENAB</option> (логический)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging and display of /var/log/lastlog login time info."
+msgstr ""
+"Включить протоколирование и показ информации о времени входа из /var/log/"
+"lastlog."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOG_OK_LOGINS</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>LOG_OK_LOGINS</option> (логический)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging of successful logins."
+msgstr "Включить протоколирование успешных входов."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB</option> (логический)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable display of unknown usernames when login failures are recorded."
+msgstr ""
+"Включить показ неизвестных имён пользователей при записи неудачных попыток "
+"входа."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: logging unknown usernames may be a security issue if an user enter her "
+"password instead of her login name."
+msgstr ""
+"Замечание: протоколирование неизвестных имён пользователя может привести к "
+"проблемам с безопасностью, если пользователь введёт свой пароль вместо "
+"своего имени."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_RETRIES</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>LOGIN_RETRIES</option> (число)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Maximum number of login retries in case of bad password."
+msgstr "Максимальное количество попыток входа при вводе неверного пароля."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"This will most likely be overridden by PAM, since the default pam_unix "
+"module has its own built in of 3 retries. However, this is a safe fallback "
+"in case you are using an authentication module that does not enforce "
+"PAM_MAXTRIES."
+msgstr ""
+"Наиболее вероятно это значение будет переопределено PAM, так как по "
+"умолчанию в модуле pam_unix определено 3 попытки. Однако, это значение "
+"является резервом, если вы используете модуль аутентификации, который не "
+"учитывает PAM_MAXTRIES."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_TIMEOUT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>LOGIN_TIMEOUT</option> (число)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Max time in seconds for login."
+msgstr "Максимальное время в секундах, отведённое на вход."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MOTD_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>MOTD_FILE</option> (строка)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, \":\" delimited list of \"message of the day\" files to be "
+"displayed upon login."
+msgstr ""
+"Если определена, то при входе будет показано «сообщение дня» из файла со "
+"списком значений, разделённых «:»."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>NOLOGINS_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>NOLOGINS_FILE</option> (строка)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, name of file whose presence will inhibit non-root logins. The "
+"contents of this file should be a message indicating why logins are "
+"inhibited."
+msgstr ""
+"Если определена, значение равно имени файла, чьё существование запретит вход "
+"для не суперпользователей. В файле должно содержаться сообщение, описывающее "
+"почему запрещён вход."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:212(para)
+msgid ""
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option>, <option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> and "
+"<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> are only used at the time of account "
+"creation. Any changes to these settings won't affect existing accounts."
+msgstr ""
+"Параметры <option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option>, <option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> и "
+"<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option>  используются только при создании учётной "
+"записи. Любые изменения этих параметров не влияют на уже существующие "
+"учётные записи."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (логический)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable checking of time restrictions specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Включить проверку временных ограничений, заданных в <filename>/etc/porttime</"
+"filename>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYGROUP</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>TTYGROUP</option> (строка)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:33(term) login.1.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYPERM</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>TTYPERM</option> (строка)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:35(para) login.1.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the "
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> group, and the permissions will be set to "
+"<option>TTYPERM</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Права терминала: tty входа будет принадлежать группе <option>TTYGROUP</"
+"option>, а права будут назначены в соответствии с <option>TTYPERM</option>."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:40(para) login.1.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user's primary group "
+"and the permissions are set to <replaceable>0600</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"По умолчанию, терминалом владеет первичная группа пользователя, а права "
+"устанавливаются в <replaceable>0600</replaceable>."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:45(para) login.1.xml:45(para)
+msgid ""
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> can be either the name of a group or a numeric "
+"group identifier."
+msgstr ""
+"В <option>TTYGROUP</option> может задаваться или имя группы, или числовой "
+"идентификатор группы."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:49(para) login.1.xml:49(para)
+msgid ""
+"If you have a <command>write</command> program which is \"setgid\" to a "
+"special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number "
+"and TTYPERM to 0620. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign "
+"TTYPERM to either 622 or 600."
+msgstr ""
+"Если ваша программа <command>write</command> имеет «setgid» со специальной "
+"группой, которой принадлежат терминалы, то присвойте TTYGROUP номер этой "
+"группы, а TTYPERM значение 0620. В противном случае оставьте TTYGROUP "
+"закомментированной и назначьте TTYPERM значение 622 или 600."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYTYPE_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>TTYTYPE_FILE</option> (строка)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, file which maps tty line to TERM environment parameter. Each "
+"line of the file is in a format something like \"vt100 tty01\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Если определена, то в ней указывается имя файла, в котором описано "
+"соответствие между линией tty и параметром окружения TERM. Каждая строка "
+"файла имеет формат вида «vt100 tty01»."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ULIMIT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>ULIMIT</option> (число)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Default <command>ulimit</command> value."
+msgstr "Значение <command>ulimit</command> по умолчанию."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><title>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:245(title)
+msgid "CROSS REFERENCES"
+msgstr "ПЕРЕКРЁСТНЫЕ ССЫЛКИ"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:246(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following cross references show which programs in the shadow password "
+"suite use which parameters."
+msgstr ""
+"Следующие перекрёстные ссылки отражают связь между программами и их "
+"параметрам из набора для работы с теневыми паролями."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><command>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:253(term) chage.1.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: chage.1.xml:65(refname) chage.1.xml:70(command)
+msgid "chage"
+msgstr "chage"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:255(para) login.defs.5.xml:451(phrase)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:523(phrase)
+msgid "USE_TCB"
+msgstr "USE_TCB"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:259(term) chfn.1.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: chfn.1.xml:67(refname) chfn.1.xml:73(command)
+msgid "chfn"
+msgstr "chfn"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CHFN_AUTH</phrase> CHFN_RESTRICT <phrase "
+"condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CHFN_AUTH</phrase> CHFN_RESTRICT <phrase "
+"condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><command>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:269(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:64(refname) chgpasswd.8.xml:70(command)
+msgid "chgpasswd"
+msgstr "chgpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:271(para) login.defs.5.xml:302(para)
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><command>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:279(term) chpasswd.8.xml:61(refentrytitle)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:68(refname) chpasswd.8.xml:74(command)
+msgid "chpasswd"
+msgstr "chpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:282(phrase)
+msgid "ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB"
+msgstr "ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:284(phrase)
+msgid "SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS"
+msgstr "SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:290(term) chsh.1.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: chsh.1.xml:67(refname) chsh.1.xml:73(command)
+msgid "chsh"
+msgstr "chsh"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:292(para)
+msgid "CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING"
+msgstr "CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:300(term) gpasswd.1.xml:62(refentrytitle)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:69(refname) gpasswd.1.xml:83(command)
+msgid "gpasswd"
+msgstr "gpasswd"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:310(term) groupadd.8.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:67(refname) groupadd.8.xml:73(command)
+msgid "groupadd"
+msgstr "groupadd"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:312(para)
+msgid "GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN"
+msgstr "GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:319(term) groupdel.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:65(refname) groupdel.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "groupdel"
+msgstr "groupdel"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:321(para) login.defs.5.xml:327(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:333(para) login.defs.5.xml:340(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:346(para) login.defs.5.xml:352(para)
+msgid "MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP"
+msgstr "MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><command>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:325(term) groupmems.8.xml:61(refentrytitle)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:68(refname) groupmems.8.xml:74(command)
+msgid "groupmems"
+msgstr "groupmems"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:331(term) groupmod.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:65(refname) groupmod.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "groupmod"
+msgstr "groupmod"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:338(term) grpck.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: grpck.8.xml:65(refname) grpck.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "grpck"
+msgstr "grpck"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><filename>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:357(term) lastlog.8.xml:59(refentrytitle)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:66(refname) lastlog.8.xml:72(command)
+msgid "lastlog"
+msgstr "lastlog"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:359(para)
+msgid "LASTLOG_UID_MAX"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:363(term) login.1.xml:90(refentrytitle)
+#: login.1.xml:97(refname) login.1.xml:103(command) login.1.xml:111(command)
+#: login.1.xml:118(command)
+msgid "login"
+msgstr "login"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:365(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+#| "<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ "
+#| "ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">FAILLOG_ENAB</phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">LASTLOG_ENAB</phrase> LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB "
+#| "<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE "
+#| "NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> TTYGROUP TTYPERM "
+#| "TTYTYPE_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</phrase> "
+#| "USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE</"
+"phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FAILLOG_ENAB</"
+"phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> "
+"HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LASTLOG_ENAB LASTLOG_UID_MAX</phrase> "
+"LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> "
+"LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE "
+"PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</phrase> USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+msgstr ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE</"
+"phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FAILLOG_ENAB</"
+"phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> "
+"HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LASTLOG_ENAB</phrase> LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase "
+"condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS "
+"LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR "
+"MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> "
+"TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</"
+"phrase> USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:392(term)
+msgid "newgrp / sg"
+msgstr "newgrp / sg"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:394(para)
+msgid "SYSLOG_SG_ENAB"
+msgstr "SYSLOG_SG_ENAB"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:402(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB "
+#| "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+#| "\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> SYS_GID_MAX "
+#| "SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB "
+"HOME_MODE PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> "
+"SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN "
+"SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+msgstr ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB "
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> SYS_GID_MAX "
+"SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:421(para)
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN "
+"PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN "
+"PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:432(para)
+msgid ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:441(para)
+msgid ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb\">USE_TCB</"
+"phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb\">USE_TCB</"
+"phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:458(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ENV_PATH "
+"ENV_SUPATH <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB "
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> SULOG_FILE SU_NAME <phrase condition="
+"\"no_pam\">SU_WHEEL_ONLY</phrase> SYSLOG_SU_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">USERGROUPS_ENAB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ENV_PATH "
+"ENV_SUPATH <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB "
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> SULOG_FILE SU_NAME <phrase condition="
+"\"no_pam\">SU_WHEEL_ONLY</phrase> SYSLOG_SU_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">USERGROUPS_ENAB</phrase>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:473(term)
+msgid "sulogin"
+msgstr "sulogin"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:475(para)
+msgid "ENV_HZ <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ</phrase>"
+msgstr "ENV_HZ <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ</phrase>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: login.defs.5.xml:484(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS "
+#| "PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX "
+#| "SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+#| "\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgid ""
+"CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN HOME_MODE LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR "
+"MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE "
+"SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN "
+"SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK "
+"<phrase condition=\"tcb\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS "
+"PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN "
+"UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK <phrase condition=\"tcb\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK "
+"USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:502(para)
+msgid ""
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB <phrase "
+"condition=\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB <phrase "
+"condition=\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:512(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+#| "\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgid ""
+"LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition="
+"\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:532(para)
+msgid ""
+"Much of the functionality that used to be provided by the shadow password "
+"suite is now handled by PAM. Thus, <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> is "
+"no longer used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, or less used by "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Please refer to the "
+"corresponding PAM configuration files instead."
+msgstr ""
+"Большинство функций теневых паролей теперь реализовано через PAM. Поэтому, "
+"файл <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> больше не используется программами "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> и "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>. Настройку данных программ следует выполнять в соответствующих "
+"файлах настройки PAM."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:548(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: login.access.5.xml:58(refentrytitle) login.access.5.xml:65(refname)
+msgid "login.access"
+msgstr "login.access"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: login.access.5.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "login access control table"
+msgstr "файл контроля доступа в систему"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: login.access.5.xml:71(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> file specifies (user, "
+"host) combinations and/or (user, tty) combinations for which a login will be "
+"either accepted or refused."
+msgstr ""
+"В файле <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> определяются "
+"комбинации (пользователь, узел) и/или (пользователь, терминал), которым "
+"будет разрешён или запрещён вход в систему."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: login.access.5.xml:77(para)
+msgid ""
+"When someone logs in, the <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> is "
+"scanned for the first entry that matches the (user, host) combination, or, "
+"in case of non-networked logins, the first entry that matches the (user, "
+"tty) combination. The permissions field of that table entry determines "
+"whether the login will be accepted or refused."
+msgstr ""
+"Когда кто-то пытается войти в систему выполняется сканирование файла "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> в поисках первой совпадающей "
+"записи (пользователь, узел), или в случае не сетевого входа, первой "
+"совпадающей записи (пользователь, терминал). Из найденной записи выбирается "
+"поле прав доступа, по которому определяется разрешать ли данной учётной "
+"записи вход в систему или нет."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: login.access.5.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each line of the login access control table has three fields separated by a "
+"\":\" character:"
+msgstr ""
+"Каждая строка таблицы контроля доступа в систему состоит из трёх полей "
+"разделённых символом «:» и выглядит так:"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">permission</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">users</"
+"emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">origins</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">права_доступа</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">пользователи</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">источники</emphasis>"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:94(para)
+msgid ""
+"The first field should be a \"<emphasis>+</emphasis>\" (access granted) or "
+"\"<emphasis>-</emphasis>\" (access denied) character. The second field "
+"should be a list of one or more login names, group names, or <emphasis>ALL</"
+"emphasis> (always matches). The third field should be a list of one or more "
+"tty names (for non-networked logins), host names, domain names (begin with "
+"\"<literal>.</literal>\"), host addresses, internet network numbers (end "
+"with \"<literal>.</literal>\"), <emphasis>ALL</emphasis> (always matches) or "
+"<emphasis>LOCAL</emphasis> (matches any string that does not contain a "
+"\"<literal>.</literal>\" character). If you run NIS you can use "
+"@netgroupname in host or user patterns."
+msgstr ""
+"Первое поле должно содержать символ «<emphasis>+</emphasis>» (доступ "
+"разрешён) или «<emphasis>-</emphasis>» (доступ запрещён). Второе поле должно "
+"содержать имя одной или более учётных записей, имена групп или "
+"<emphasis>ALL</emphasis> (всегда совпадает). Третье поле должно содержать "
+"одно или нескольких имён терминалов (для доступа не из сети), имена узлов, "
+"доменных имён (начинаются с «<literal>.</literal>»), адреса узлов, адреса "
+"подсетей (заканчиваются на «<literal>.</literal>»), <emphasis>ALL</emphasis> "
+"(всегда совпадает) или <emphasis>LOCAL</emphasis> (любая строка, не "
+"содержащая символа «<literal>.</literal>»). Если используется NIS, то также "
+"можно использовать @имя_сетевой_группы в шаблонах узлов или именах "
+"пользователей."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: login.access.5.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>EXCEPT</emphasis> operator makes it possible to write very "
+"compact rules."
+msgstr ""
+"Оператор <emphasis>EXCEPT</emphasis> помогает в написании компактных правил."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: login.access.5.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group file is searched only when a name does not match that of the "
+"logged-in user. Only groups are matched in which users are explicitly "
+"listed: the program does not look at a user's primary group id value."
+msgstr ""
+"Поиск в файле групп производится только когда имя не совпадает с "
+"регистрирующимся пользователем. Рассматриваются группы только с явно "
+"прописанными в них пользователями: программа не принимает во внимание "
+"значение первичной группы пользователя."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: login.1.xml:98(refpurpose)
+msgid "begin session on the system"
+msgstr "начинает сеанс в системе"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><option>
+#: login.1.xml:104(arg) login.1.xml:112(arg) login.1.xml:119(arg)
+#: login.1.xml:236(option) groupmems.8.xml:79(arg)
+msgid "-p"
+msgstr "-p"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsynopsisdiv><cmdsynopsis><arg><replaceable>
+#: login.1.xml:105(replaceable) login.1.xml:113(replaceable)
+#: login.1.xml:120(replaceable)
+msgid "host"
+msgstr "узел"
+
+#: login.1.xml:105(arg) login.1.xml:113(arg)
+msgid "-h <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-h <placeholder-1/>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsynopsisdiv><cmdsynopsis><arg><replaceable>
+#: login.1.xml:108(replaceable)
+msgid "ENV=VAR"
+msgstr "ПЕРЕМЕННАЯ_ОКРУЖЕНИЯ=ЗНАЧЕНИЕ"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><option>
+#: login.1.xml:114(arg) login.1.xml:214(option)
+msgid "-f"
+msgstr "-f"
+
+#: login.1.xml:120(arg)
+msgid "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: login.1.xml:126(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>login</command> program is used to establish a new session with "
+"the system. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">login:</emphasis> prompt on the user's terminal. "
+"<command>login</command> may be special to the shell and may not be invoked "
+"as a sub-process. When called from a shell, <command>login</command> should "
+"be executed as <emphasis remap=\"B\">exec login</emphasis> which will cause "
+"the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new "
+"logged in user to return to the session of the caller). Attempting to "
+"execute <command>login</command> from any shell but the login shell will "
+"produce an error message."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>login</command> используется для запуска нового сеанса в "
+"системе. Как правило, эта программа вызывается автоматически и выводит "
+"приглашение <emphasis remap=\"I\">login:</emphasis> на терминал "
+"пользователя. Программа <command>login</command> может восприниматься "
+"оболочкой командной строки не как простая программа и вызываться не как "
+"подпроцесс. При вызове из оболочки <command>login</command> должна "
+"запускаться посредством вызова <emphasis remap=\"B\">exec login</emphasis>, "
+"что приводит к завершению работы пользователя в текущей оболочке (и, таким "
+"образом, вновь входящий в систему пользователь не попадёт в сеанс "
+"вызвавшего). Попытка запустить <command>login</command> из любой оболочки, "
+"отличной от регистрационной, приводит к сообщению об ошибке."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: login.1.xml:140(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate. Echoing is "
+"disabled to prevent revealing the password. Only a small number of password "
+"failures are permitted before <command>login</command> exits and the "
+"communications link is severed."
+msgstr ""
+"В какой-то момент пользователя попросят ввести свой пароль. Чтобы не "
+"допустить раскрытия, символы при вводе пароля не отображаются. Разрешено "
+"очень маленькое количество попыток ввода неправильного пароля, перед тем как "
+"<command>login</command> закончит работу и прервёт подключение."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: login.1.xml:147(para)
+msgid ""
+"If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for "
+"a new password before proceeding. You will be forced to provide your old "
+"password and the new password before continuing. Please refer to "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> for more information."
+msgstr ""
+"Если включён механизм устаревания пароля учётной записи, то перед входом в "
+"систему может потребоваться смена пароля. Для этого нужно ввести старый "
+"пароль и новый пароль. Подробней об этом написано в "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: login.1.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and "
+"the presence of mail. You may turn off the printing of the system message "
+"file, <filename>/etc/motd</filename>, by creating a zero-length file "
+"<filename>.hushlogin</filename> in your login directory. The mail message "
+"will be one of \"<emphasis>You have new mail.</emphasis>\", \"<emphasis>You "
+"have mail.</emphasis>\", or \"<emphasis>No Mail.</emphasis>\" according to "
+"the condition of your mailbox."
+msgstr ""
+"После успешного входа в систему, будут показаны сообщения от системы и о "
+"наличии почты. Можно отключить вывод файла системных сообщений из файла "
+"<filename>/etc/motd</filename>, создав в домашнем каталоге файл нулевой "
+"длины с именем <filename>.hushlogin</filename>. Сообщение о наличии почты "
+"может быть одним из: «<emphasis>У вас есть новая почта.</emphasis>», "
+"«<emphasis>У вас есть почта.</emphasis>» или «<emphasis>У вас нет почты.</"
+"emphasis>», в зависимости от наполненности почтового ящика."
+
+#: login.1.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file. The value for <envar>$HOME</envar>, "
+"<envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, <envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, and "
+"<envar>$MAIL</envar> are set according to the appropriate fields in the "
+"password entry. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to "
+"entries in the GECOS field."
+msgstr ""
+"Значение идентификатора учётной записи и группы будет взято из файла "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename>. Значения переменных <envar>$HOME</envar>, "
+"<envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, <envar>$LOGNAME</envar> и "
+"<envar>$MAIL</envar> устанавливаются согласно соответствующим полям учётной "
+"записи пользователя. Также могут быть установлены значения ulimit, umask и "
+"nice из поля GECOS."
+
+#: login.1.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"On some installations, the environmental variable <envar>$TERM</envar> will "
+"be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in "
+"<filename>/etc/ttytype</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"В некоторых системах переменной окружения <envar>$TERM</envar> будет "
+"присвоен тип терминала линии tty, согласно данным из файла <filename>/etc/"
+"ttytype</filename>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: login.1.xml:182(para)
+msgid ""
+"An initialization script for your command interpreter may also be executed. "
+"Please see the appropriate manual section for more information on this "
+"function."
+msgstr ""
+"Также может быть выполнен сценарий инициализации пользовательского "
+"интерпретатора команд. Подробней об этой функции смотрите соответствующую "
+"справочную страницу."
+
+#: login.1.xml:194(para) login.1.xml:270(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>login</command> program is NOT responsible for removing users "
+"from the utmp file. It is the responsibility of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to clean up apparent "
+"ownership of a terminal session. If you use <command>login</command> from "
+"the shell prompt without <command>exec</command>, the user you use will "
+"continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the \"subsession"
+"\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>login</command> НЕ удаляет записи о пользователях из "
+"файла utmp. Эта задача программ <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> и "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> — удалять записи о владельце терминального сеанса. Если "
+"<command>login</command> запускается из командной строки без <command>exec</"
+"command>, то пользователь продолжает находиться в системе даже после "
+"завершения работы в «порождённом сеансе»."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: login.1.xml:217(para)
+msgid "Do not perform authentication, user is preauthenticated."
+msgstr "Не выполнять аутентификацию, пользователь уже прошёл проверку."
+
+#: login.1.xml:220(para)
+msgid "Note: In that case, <replaceable>username</replaceable> is mandatory."
+msgstr ""
+"Замечание: в этом случае <replaceable>имя_пользователя</replaceable> "
+"обязательно."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><option>
+#: login.1.xml:228(option)
+msgid "-h"
+msgstr "-h"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: login.1.xml:231(para)
+msgid "Name of the remote host for this login."
+msgstr "Имя удалённого узла, на который нужно войти."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: login.1.xml:239(para)
+msgid "Preserve environment."
+msgstr "Сохранить окружение."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><option>
+#: login.1.xml:244(option)
+msgid "-r"
+msgstr "-r"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: login.1.xml:247(para)
+msgid "Perform autologin protocol for rlogin."
+msgstr "Выполнить протокол autologin для rlogin."
+
+#: login.1.xml:252(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> and <option>-f</option> options "
+"are only used when <command>login</command> is invoked by root."
+msgstr ""
+"Параметры <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> и <option>-f</option> "
+"используются только если <command>login</command> запускается "
+"суперпользователем."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: login.1.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"This version of <command>login</command> has many compilation options, only "
+"some of which may be in use at any particular site."
+msgstr ""
+"Данная версия <command>login</command> может быть собрана с разными "
+"параметрами и только некоторые из них смогут быть использованы на любой "
+"машине."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: login.1.xml:266(para)
+msgid ""
+"The location of files is subject to differences in system configuration."
+msgstr "Расположение файлов может отличаться на разных системах."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: login.1.xml:282(para)
+msgid ""
+"As with any program, <command>login</command>'s appearance can be faked. If "
+"non-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use "
+"this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the "
+"machine. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a "
+"trusted path and prevent this kind of attack."
+msgstr ""
+"Как и для любой программы, запуск <command>login</command> может быть "
+"подделан. Если неуполномоченные пользователи имеют физический доступ к "
+"машине, то атакующий может использовать это для получения пароля следующего "
+"человека, который будет работать за машиной. Под Linux пользователи могут "
+"использовать механизм SAK для установления достоверного пути и таким образом "
+"предотвращения атаки."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><filename>
+#: login.1.xml:347(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/wtmp"
+msgstr "/var/log/wtmp"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: login.1.xml:349(para)
+msgid "List of previous login sessions."
+msgstr "содержит список завершённых сеансов работы с системой"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><filename>
+#: login.1.xml:365(filename)
+msgid "/etc/motd"
+msgstr "/etc/motd"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: login.1.xml:367(para)
+msgid "System message of the day file."
+msgstr "содержит системные сообщения за день"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><filename>
+#: login.1.xml:371(filename)
+msgid "/etc/nologin"
+msgstr "/etc/nologin"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: login.1.xml:373(para)
+msgid "Prevent non-root users from logging in."
+msgstr ""
+"при существовании файла блокируется доступ в систему обычным пользователям"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><filename>
+#: login.1.xml:377(filename)
+msgid "/etc/ttytype"
+msgstr "/etc/ttytype"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: login.1.xml:379(para)
+msgid "List of terminal types."
+msgstr "содержит список типов терминалов"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><filename>
+#: login.1.xml:383(filename)
+msgid "$HOME/.hushlogin"
+msgstr "$HOME/.hushlogin"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: login.1.xml:385(para)
+msgid "Suppress printing of system messages."
+msgstr ""
+"при существовании файла системные сообщения при входе в систему не выводятся"
+
+#: login.1.xml:399(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:41(firstname)
+msgid "Luca"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:42(surname)
+msgid "Berra"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: limits.5.xml:59(refentrytitle) limits.5.xml:66(refname)
+msgid "limits"
+msgstr "limits"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: limits.5.xml:67(refpurpose)
+msgid "resource limits definition"
+msgstr "файл контроля ресурсов"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:73(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis remap=\"I\">limits</emphasis> file (<filename>/etc/limits</"
+"filename> by default or LIMITS_FILE defined <filename>config.h</filename>) "
+"describes the resource limits you wish to impose. It should be owned by root "
+"and readable by root account only."
+msgstr ""
+"В файле <emphasis remap=\"I\">limits</emphasis> (по умолчанию <filename>/etc/"
+"limits</filename> или определяется значением LIMITS_FILE в файле "
+"<filename>config.h</filename>) описываются ограничения, которые можно "
+"изменять. Этот файл должен принадлежать суперпользователю и право на чтение "
+"должно быть только у суперпользователя."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default no quota is imposed on 'root'. In fact, there is no way to impose "
+"limits via this procedure to root-equiv accounts (accounts with UID 0)."
+msgstr ""
+"По умолчанию учётная запись «root» ничем не ограничена. Фактически, никак "
+"нельзя установить ограничения с помощью этой процедуры на учётные записи, "
+"имеющие права суперпользователя (учётные записи с UID равным 0)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "Each line describes a limit for a user in the form:"
+msgstr "Каждая строка описывает ограничение для одного пользователя имеет вид:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: limits.5.xml:90(emphasis)
+msgid "user LIMITS_STRING"
+msgstr "user СТРОКА_ОГРАНИЧЕНИЙ"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:93(para)
+msgid "or in the form:"
+msgstr "или в виде:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: limits.5.xml:96(emphasis)
+msgid "@group LIMITS_STRING"
+msgstr "@group СТРОКА_ОГРАНИЧЕНИЙ"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis> is a string of a concatenated list of "
+"resource limits. Each limit consists of a letter identifier followed by a "
+"numerical limit."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>СТРОКА_ОГРАНИЧЕНИЙ</emphasis> — это строка, в которой указаны "
+"сразу несколько ограничений. Каждое ограничение состоит из буквенного "
+"идентификатора и числового значения."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:105(para)
+msgid "The valid identifiers are:"
+msgstr "Допустимые идентификаторы:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:108(para)
+msgid "A: max address space (KB)"
+msgstr "A: максимальное адресное пространство (КБ)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:109(para)
+msgid "C: max core file size (KB)"
+msgstr "C: максимальный размер файла core (КБ)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:110(para)
+msgid "D: max data size (KB)"
+msgstr "D: максимальный размер данных (КБ)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:111(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "F: maximum filesize (KB)"
+msgid "F: maximum file size (KB)"
+msgstr "F: максимальный размер файла (КБ)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:112(para)
+msgid ""
+"K: file creation mask, set by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"K: маска создаваемых файлов, устанавливается с помощью вызова "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:117(para)
+msgid "I: max nice value (0..39 which translates to 20..-19)"
+msgstr ""
+"I: максимальное значение уступчивости (nice) (0..39, преобразуемые в 20..-19)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:119(para)
+msgid "L: max number of logins for this user"
+msgstr ""
+"L: максимальное число возможных регистраций в системе этого пользователя"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:120(para)
+msgid "M: max locked-in-memory address space (KB)"
+msgstr "M: максимальное синхронизируемое адресное пространство памяти (КБ)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:121(para)
+msgid "N: max number of open files"
+msgstr "N: максимальное число открытых файлов"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:122(para)
+msgid "O: max real time priority"
+msgstr "O: максимальный приоритет реального времени"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:123(para)
+msgid ""
+"P: process priority, set by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"P: приоритет процесса, устанавливается с помощью вызова "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:128(para)
+msgid "R: max resident set size (KB)"
+msgstr "R: максимальный размер резидентного сегмента (КБ)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:129(para)
+msgid "S: max stack size (KB)"
+msgstr "S: максимальный размер стека (КБ)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid "T: max CPU time (MIN)"
+msgstr "T: максимальное время использования процессора (минут)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:131(para)
+msgid "U: max number of processes"
+msgstr "U: максимальное число процессов"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"For example, <emphasis remap=\"I\">L2D2048N5</emphasis> is a valid "
+"<emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis>. For reading convenience, the following "
+"entries are equivalent:"
+msgstr ""
+"Например, значение <emphasis remap=\"I\">L2D2048N5</emphasis> допустимо для "
+"<emphasis>СТРОКИ_ОГРАНИЧЕНИЙ</emphasis>. Для удобства чтения, следующие "
+"записи эквивалентны:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:140(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      username L2D2048N5\n"
+"      username L2 D2048 N5\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      username L2D2048N5\n"
+"      username L2 D2048 N5\n"
+"    "
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:145(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Be aware that after <emphasis remap=\"I\">username</emphasis> the rest of "
+#| "the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed. A "
+#| "invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the "
+#| "<command>login</command> program."
+msgid ""
+"Be aware that after <emphasis remap=\"I\">username</emphasis> the rest of "
+"the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed. An "
+"invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the "
+"<command>login</command> program."
+msgstr ""
+"Заметим, что после <emphasis remap=\"I\">username</emphasis> оставшаяся "
+"часть строки считается строкой ограничений, поэтому комментарии недопустимы. "
+"Неправильная строка ограничений будет отброшена (не учтена) программой "
+"<command>login</command>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default entry is denoted by username \"<emphasis>*</emphasis>\". If you "
+"have multiple <emphasis remap=\"I\">default</emphasis> entries in your "
+"<emphasis>LIMITS_FILE</emphasis>, then the last one will be used as the "
+"default entry."
+msgstr ""
+"Запись по умолчанию выглядит как username \"<emphasis>*</emphasis>\". Если у "
+"вас есть несколько записей <emphasis remap=\"I\">по умолчанию</emphasis> в "
+"файле <emphasis>LIMITS_FILE</emphasis>, то будет использоваться последняя."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"The limits specified in the form \"<replaceable>@group</replaceable>\" apply "
+"to the members of the specified <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ограничения, задаваемые в виде «<replaceable>@group</replaceable>», "
+"применяются к членам указанной группы <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:165(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If more than one line with limits for an user exist, only the first line "
+#| "for this user will be considered."
+msgid ""
+"If more than one line with limits for a user exist, only the first line for "
+"this user will be considered."
+msgstr ""
+"Если для пользователя есть более одной строки ограничений, то учитывается "
+"только первая строка."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:170(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If no lines are specified for an user, the last <replaceable>@group</"
+#| "replaceable> line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be "
+#| "considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the "
+#| "user."
+msgid ""
+"If no lines are specified for a user, the last <replaceable>@group</"
+"replaceable> line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be "
+"considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the "
+"user."
+msgstr ""
+"Если для пользователя не указано ни одной строки, то учитывается последняя "
+"строка <replaceable>@group</replaceable> с группой, в которую входит "
+"пользователь, или последняя строка с ограничениями по умолчанию, если не "
+"указано групп, в которые входит пользователь."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:177(para)
+msgid ""
+"To completely disable limits for a user, a single dash \"<emphasis>-</"
+"emphasis>\" will do."
+msgstr ""
+"Чтобы полностью снять ограничения с пользователя, используется одиночное "
+"тире «<emphasis>-</emphasis>»."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:182(para)
+msgid ""
+"To disable a limit for a user, a single dash \"<replaceable>-</replaceable>"
+"\" can be used instead of the numerical value for this limit."
+msgstr ""
+"Чтобы снять ограничение с пользователя, вместо числового значения "
+"ограничения можно использовать одиночное тире «<emphasis>-</emphasis>»."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: limits.5.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"Also, please note that all limit settings are set PER LOGIN. They are not "
+"global, nor are they permanent. Perhaps global limits will come, but for now "
+"this will have to do ;)"
+msgstr ""
+"Также заметьте, что все настройки ограничений делаются ДЛЯ КОНКРЕТНОЙ "
+"УЧЁТНОЙ ЗАПИСИ. Они не являются глобальными и не постоянны. Возможно "
+"глобальные ограничения и появятся, но пока это только в планах ;)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><filename>
+#: limits.5.xml:199(filename)
+msgid "/etc/limits"
+msgstr "/etc/limits"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:67(refpurpose)
+msgid "reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user"
+msgstr ""
+"выводит отчёт о последней регистрации в системе всех или указанного "
+"пользователя"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>lastlog</command> formats and prints the contents of the last login "
+"log <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file. The <emphasis>login-name</"
+"emphasis>, <emphasis>port</emphasis>, and <emphasis>last login time</"
+"emphasis> will be printed. The default (no flags) causes lastlog entries to "
+"be printed, sorted by their order in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>lastlog</command> упорядочивает и выводит содержимое "
+"файла <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename>, который содержит даты "
+"последнего входа пользователей в систему. Выводятся <emphasis>имя "
+"пользователя</emphasis>, <emphasis>порт</emphasis> и <emphasis>дата "
+"последнего входа в систему</emphasis>. По умолчанию (вызов без параметров) "
+"показываются записи файла lastlog, отсортированные согласно расположению "
+"пользователей в файле <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: lastlog.8.xml:93(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>lastlog</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>lastlog</command>:"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:98(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ДНЕЙ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: lastlog.8.xml:102(para)
+msgid ""
+"Print only lastlog records older than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Показать записи lastlog за последние <emphasis remap=\"I\">ДНЕЙ</emphasis>."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:108(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+msgid "<option>-C</option>, <option>--clear</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:112(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-d</option> (or "
+#| "<option>--home</option>) option."
+msgid ""
+"Clear lastlog record of a user. This option can be used only together with "
+"<option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>))."
+msgstr ""
+"Этот параметр можно использовать только с параметром <option>-d</option> "
+"(или <option>--home</option>)."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:139(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgid "<option>-S</option>, <option>--set</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:143(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set lastlog record of a user to the current time. This option can be used "
+"only together with <option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>))."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:150(term) faillog.8.xml:192(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ДНЕЙ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: lastlog.8.xml:154(para)
+msgid ""
+"Print the lastlog records more recent than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</"
+"emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Показать записи lastlog новее чем <emphasis remap=\"I\">ДНЕЙ</emphasis>."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:161(term) faillog.8.xml:202(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>УЧЁТНАЯ "
+"ЗАПИСЬ</replaceable>|<replaceable>ДИАПАЗОН</replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: lastlog.8.xml:165(para)
+msgid "Print the lastlog record of the specified user(s)."
+msgstr "Показать запись lastlog только для указанного пользователя(ей)."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:168(para) faillog.8.xml:211(para)
+msgid ""
+"The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a "
+"<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable> of users. This <replaceable>RANGE</"
+"replaceable> of users can be specified with a min and max values "
+"(<replaceable>UID_MIN-UID_MAX</replaceable>), a max value (<replaceable>-"
+"UID_MAX</replaceable>), or a min value (<replaceable>UID_MIN-</replaceable>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Пользователя можно указать по отдельному имени, числовому идентификатору или "
+"в виде <replaceable>ДИАПАЗОНА</replaceable> пользователей. Такой "
+"<replaceable>ДИАПАЗОН</replaceable> можно задавать в виде максимального и "
+"минимального значений(<replaceable>UID_МИН-UID_МАКС</replaceable>), "
+"максимального (<replaceable>-UID_МАКС</replaceable>) или минимального "
+"(<replaceable>UID_МИН-</replaceable>) значения."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:180(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the user has never logged in the message <emphasis>** Never logged in**</"
+"emphasis> will be displayed instead of the port and time."
+msgstr ""
+"Если пользователь никогда не регистрировался в системе, то будет показано "
+"сообщение <emphasis>** Никогда не входил в систему**</emphasis> вместо "
+"названия порта и даты."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:185(para)
+msgid ""
+"Only the entries for the current users of the system will be displayed. "
+"Other entries may exist for users that were deleted previously."
+msgstr ""
+"Будут показаны записи только для пользователей, имеющих в системе данный "
+"момент. В журнале могут существовать записи для удалённых ранее "
+"пользователей."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><title>
+#: lastlog.8.xml:193(title) groups.1.xml:90(title) chsh.1.xml:140(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:237(title)
+msgid "NOTE"
+msgstr "ЗАМЕЧАНИЕ"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: lastlog.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <filename>lastlog</filename> file is a database which contains info on "
+"the last login of each user. You should not rotate it. It is a sparse file, "
+"so its size on the disk is usually much smaller than the one shown by "
+"\"<command>ls -l</command>\" (which can indicate a really big file if you "
+"have in <filename>passwd</filename> users with a high UID). You can display "
+"its real size with \"<command>ls -s</command>\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Файл <filename>lastlog</filename> содержит информацию о последней "
+"регистрации в системе каждого пользователя. Вы не должны применять к нему "
+"ротацию журнальных файлов. Этот файл является разреженным, поэтому его "
+"размер на диске гораздо меньше, чем показывает команда «<command>ls -l</"
+"command>» (которая может показывать, что это очень большой файл, если "
+"значения идентификаторов пользователей в системе достигают больших "
+"значений). Чтобы увидеть реальный размер введите «<command>ls -s</command>»."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><filename>
+#: lastlog.8.xml:220(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/lastlog"
+msgstr "/var/log/lastlog"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: lastlog.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "Database times of previous user logins."
+msgstr "содержит список завершённых сеансов работы с системой"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: lastlog.8.xml:230(para)
+msgid ""
+"Large gaps in UID numbers will cause the lastlog program to run longer with "
+"no output to the screen (i.e. if in lastlog database there is no entries for "
+"users with UID between 170 and 800 lastlog will appear to hang as it "
+"processes entries with UIDs 171-799)."
+msgstr ""
+"Большие промежутки в значениях идентификаторов пользователей приводят к "
+"тому, что программа некоторое время ничего не выводит на экран (то есть, "
+"если в базе данных lastlog нет пользователей с идентификаторами с 170 по "
+"800, то во время обработки UID с 171 по 799 программа кажется повисшей)."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:41(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2005"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: gshadow.5.xml:46(refentrytitle) gshadow.5.xml:53(refname)
+msgid "gshadow"
+msgstr "gshadow"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: gshadow.5.xml:54(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadowed group file"
+msgstr "файл с защищаемой информацией о группах"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: gshadow.5.xml:59(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> contains the shadowed information for "
+"group accounts."
+msgstr ""
+"Файл <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> содержит защищаемую информацию о "
+"группах."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:69(para)
+msgid "Each line of this file contains the following colon-separated fields:"
+msgstr ""
+"Каждая строка файла содержит поля, отделёнными друг от друга двоеточием:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: gshadow.5.xml:75(emphasis)
+msgid "group name"
+msgstr "имя группы"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:77(para)
+msgid "It must be a valid group name, which exist on the system."
+msgstr "Должно содержать правильное имя группы, которая существует в системе."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, for instance ! or *, users will not be able to use a unix "
+"password to access the group (but group members do not need the password)."
+msgstr ""
+"Если поле пароля содержит строку, которая не удовлетворяет требованиям "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, например содержит ! или *, то пользователь не сможет "
+"использовать пароль unix для доступа в группу (а члену группы пароль не "
+"нужен)."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:97(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The password is used when an user who is not a member of the group wants "
+#| "to gain the permissions of this group (see "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
+msgid ""
+"The password is used when a user who is not a member of the group wants to "
+"gain the permissions of this group (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Пароль используется, если пользователю, не являющему членом группы, "
+"требуются права этой группы (смотрите <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field may be empty, in which case only the group members can gain the "
+"group permissions."
+msgstr ""
+"Это поле может быть пустым; в этом случае только члены группы могут "
+"пользоваться правами группы."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: gshadow.5.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"This password supersedes any password specified in <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Данный пароль заменяет любой пароль, указанный в файле <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename>."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:121(emphasis)
+msgid "administrators"
+msgstr "администраторы"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: gshadow.5.xml:123(para) gshadow.5.xml:139(para)
+msgid "It must be a comma-separated list of user names."
+msgstr "Список имён пользователей, перечисленных через запятую."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:126(para)
+msgid "Administrators can change the password or the members of the group."
+msgstr "Администраторы могут менять пароль или членство в группе."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"Administrators also have the same permissions as the members (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"Администраторы также имеют те же права, что и члены группы (смотрите далее)."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:137(emphasis)
+msgid "members"
+msgstr "члены"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:142(para)
+msgid "Members can access the group without being prompted for a password."
+msgstr "Члены могут иметь доступ к группе без ввода пароля."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: gshadow.5.xml:146(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should use the same list of users as in <filename>/etc/group</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Вы должны использовать тот же список пользователей что и в <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename>."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: grpck.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "verify integrity of group files"
+msgstr "проверяет корректность файлов групп"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: grpck.8.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpck</command> command verifies the integrity of the groups "
+"information. It checks that all entries in <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase> have the proper format and contain valid data. The user "
+"is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have "
+"other uncorrectable errors."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>grpck</command> проверяет целостность информации о "
+"группах в системе. Проверяются формат и правильность данных всех записей в "
+"файлах <filename>/etc/group</filename> и <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>. "
+"В случае обнаружения ошибок пользователю предлагается подтвердить удаление "
+"записей, имеющих неверный формат или восстановление которых невозможно."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: grpck.8.xml:101(para)
+msgid "a unique and valid group name"
+msgstr "уникальность и корректность имени группы"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"a valid group identifier <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> (<filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename> only)</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"корректность идентификатора группы <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> (только "
+"для <filename>/etc/group</filename>)</phrase>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: grpck.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"a valid list of members <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> and administrators</"
+"phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"корректность списка членов <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">и администраторов</"
+"phrase>"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"a corresponding entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file "
+"(respectively <filename>/etc/group</filename> for the <filename>gshadow</"
+"filename> checks)"
+msgstr ""
+"соответствие записи в файле <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> (и <filename>/"
+"etc/group</filename> при проверках <filename>gshadow</filename>)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: grpck.8.xml:125(para)
+msgid ""
+"The checks for correct number of fields and unique group name are fatal. If "
+"an entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete "
+"the entire line. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further "
+"checks are bypassed. An entry with a duplicated group name is prompted for "
+"deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made. All other errors are "
+"warnings and the user is encouraged to run the <command>groupmod</command> "
+"command to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+"Ошибки в количестве полей и уникальности имён групп невосстановимы. Если "
+"запись содержит неверное число полей, пользователя попросят подтвердить "
+"удаление всей строки. Если пользователь ответит отрицательно, дальнейшая "
+"проверка выполняться не будет. При ошибке повторения имени группы также "
+"возникает запрос на удаление, но в случае отказа проверка будет продолжена. "
+"Обо всех остальных ошибках выводится предупреждение и пользователю "
+"предлагается запустить команду <command>groupmod</command>, чтобы исправить "
+"ошибку."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid ""
+"The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"no_gshadow\">file</phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and "
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</phrase> are not able to alter "
+"corrupted or duplicated entries. <command>grpck</command> should be used in "
+"those circumstances to remove the offending entries."
+msgstr ""
+"Команды, которые работают с файлом <filename>/etc/group</filename> <phrase "
+"condition=\"gshadow\"> и <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase>, не "
+"способны изменить повреждённые или дублирующиеся записи. В этом случае нужно "
+"использовать <command>grpck</command> для удаления испорченной записи."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: grpck.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>grpck</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>grpck</command>:"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:165(para)
+msgid ""
+"Execute the <command>grpck</command> command in read-only mode. This causes "
+"all questions regarding changes to be answered <emphasis>no</emphasis> "
+"without user intervention."
+msgstr ""
+"Запускать команду <command>grpck</command> в режиме только для чтения. При "
+"этом на все вопросы об изменениях устанавливается ответ <emphasis>нет</"
+"emphasis> и участие пользователя не требуется."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"Sort entries in <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase> by GID."
+msgstr ""
+"Отсортировать все записи в файле <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"gshadow\">и <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase> по "
+"числовому идентификатору группы (GID)."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:196(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "By default, <command>grpck</command> operates on <filename>/etc/group</"
+#| "filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+#| "filename></phrase>. The user may select alternate files with the "
+#| "<emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow"
+#| "\">parameter.</phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <emphasis remap="
+#| "\"I\">shadow</emphasis> parameters.</phrase>"
+msgid ""
+"By default, <command>grpck</command> operates on <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. The user may select alternate files with the <emphasis "
+"remap=\"I\">group</emphasis><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">parameter.</"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</"
+"emphasis> parameters.</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"По умолчанию, команда <command>grpck</command> работает с файлом <filename>/"
+"etc/group</filename> <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> и <filename>/etc/"
+"gshadow</filename></phrase>. Пользователь может указать другие файлы с "
+"помощью параметра <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis><phrase condition="
+"\"no_gshadow\">.</phrase> <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">и <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">shadow</emphasis>.</phrase>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: grpck.8.xml:264(para)
+msgid "one or more bad group entries"
+msgstr "есть одна или более неправильных записей групп"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: grpck.8.xml:270(para)
+msgid "can't open group files"
+msgstr "не удалось открыть файл групп"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: grpck.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "can't lock group files"
+msgstr "не удалось заблокировать файл групп"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: grpck.8.xml:282(para)
+msgid "can't update group files"
+msgstr "не удалось изменить файл групп"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: grpck.8.xml:246(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpck</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>grpck</command> завершая работу, возвращает следующие "
+"значения: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:291(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>, </citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>, </citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#: groups.1.xml:57(refentrytitle) groups.1.xml:64(refname)
+#: groups.1.xml:70(command)
+msgid "groups"
+msgstr "groups"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: groups.1.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "display current group names"
+msgstr "показывает имена групп запустившего программу пользователя"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsynopsisdiv><cmdsynopsis><arg><replaceable>
+#: groups.1.xml:72(replaceable)
+msgid "user"
+msgstr "имя"
+
+#: groups.1.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groups</command> command displays the current group names or ID "
+"values. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename>, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value. "
+"The optional <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis> parameter will display "
+"the groups for the named <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>groups</command> показывает имена групп запустившего "
+"программу пользователя или их числовые идентификаторы (ID). Если для номера "
+"группы нет соответствующей записи в файле <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"то отображается числовое значение. При указании необязательного параметра "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">имя</emphasis> выводятся группы для учётной записи с "
+"указанным <emphasis remap=\"I\">именем</emphasis>."
+
+#: groups.1.xml:91(para)
+msgid ""
+"Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information "
+"from <filename>/etc/group</filename> reported. The user must use "
+"<command>newgrp</command> or <command>sg</command> to change his current "
+"real and effective group ID."
+msgstr ""
+"В системах, не имеющих поддержки одновременного членства в нескольких "
+"группах, используется информация из файла <filename>/etc/group</filename>. "
+"Для смены своей текущей реальной или эффективной группы пользователь должен "
+"использовать команды <command>newgrp</command> или <command>sg</command>."
+
+#: groups.1.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgroups</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgroups</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: groupmod.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "modify a group definition on the system"
+msgstr "изменяет определение группы в системе"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:75(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:75(replaceable)
+msgid "GROUP"
+msgstr "ГРУППА"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmod</command> command modifies the definition of the "
+"specified <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> by modifying the appropriate "
+"entry in the group database."
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>groupmod</command> изменяет определение указанной "
+"<replaceable>ГРУППЫ</replaceable>, изменяя соответствующую запись в базе "
+"данных групп."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupmod</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>groupmod</command>:"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:96(term) groupadd.8.xml:114(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group ID of the given <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> will be changed "
+"to <replaceable>GID</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Имя группы будет изменено с <replaceable>ГРУППА</replaceable> на "
+"<replaceable>GID</replaceable>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupmod.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value of <replaceable>GID</replaceable> must be a non-negative decimal "
+"integer. This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is "
+"used."
+msgstr ""
+"Десятичное значение <replaceable>GID</replaceable> должно быть "
+"неотрицательным. Это значение должно быть уникальным, если не указан "
+"параметр <option>-o</option>."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:110(para)
+msgid ""
+"Users who use the group as primary group will be updated to keep the group "
+"as their primary group."
+msgstr ""
+"У пользователей, которых эта группа является первичной, будет выполнено "
+"соответствующее обновление."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any files that have the old group ID and must continue to belong to "
+"<replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>, must have their group ID changed manually."
+msgstr ""
+"У всех файлов, которые имеют ID старой группы и должны продолжать "
+"принадлежать <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>, нужно изменить их ID вручную."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>GID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>, or "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"Никаких проверок по <option>GID_MIN</option>, <option>GID_MAX</option>, "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> или <option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> из <filename>/"
+"etc/login.defs</filename> не производится."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:135(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--new-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--new-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>НОВАЯ_ГРУППА</replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the group will be changed from <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> "
+"to <replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable> name."
+msgstr ""
+"Имя группы будет изменено с <emphasis remap=\"I\">ГРУППА</emphasis> на "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">НОВАЯ_ГРУППА</emphasis>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupmod.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"When used with the <option>-g</option> option, allow to change the group "
+"<replaceable>GID</replaceable> to a non-unique value."
+msgstr ""
+"При использовании с параметром <option>-g</option> разрешается изменять "
+"<replaceable>GID</replaceable> группы не уникальным значением."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:259(para)
+msgid "E_SUCCESS: success"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupmod.8.xml:265(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "invalid command syntax"
+msgid "E_USAGE: invalid command syntax"
+msgstr "ошибка в параметрах команды"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupmod.8.xml:271(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "invalid argument to option"
+msgid "E_BAD_ARG: invalid argument to option"
+msgstr "недопустимое значение параметра"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupmod.8.xml:277(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgid "E_GID_IN_USE: specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "указанная группа не существует"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupmod.8.xml:283(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgid "E_NOTFOUND: specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "указанная группа не существует"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupmod.8.xml:289(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "group name already in use"
+msgid "E_NAME_IN_USE: group name already in use"
+msgstr "такое имя группы уже используется"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupmod.8.xml:295(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "can't update group file"
+msgid "E_GRP_UPDATE: can't update group file"
+msgstr "не удалось изменить файл групп"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refmeta><manvolnum>
+#: groupmod.8.xml:299(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "1"
+msgid "11"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:301(para)
+msgid "E_CLEANUP_SERVICE: can't setup cleanup service"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:307(para)
+msgid "E_PAM_USERNAME: can't determine your username for use with pam"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#: groupmod.8.xml:311(replaceable)
+msgid "13"
+msgstr "13"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"E_PAM_ERROR: pam returned an error, see syslog facility id groupmod for the "
+"PAM error message"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: groupmod.8.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmod</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>groupmod</command> завершая работу, возвращает следующие "
+"значения: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:322(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:42(firstname)
+msgid "George"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:43(surname)
+msgid "Kraft"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:44(lineage)
+msgid "IV"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:45(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2000"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: groupmems.8.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "administer members of a user's primary group"
+msgstr "управляет членами первичной группы пользователя"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#: groupmems.8.xml:76(replaceable) groupmems.8.xml:77(replaceable)
+msgid "user_name"
+msgstr "имя_пользователя"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:76(arg)
+msgid "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:77(arg)
+msgid "-d <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-d <placeholder-1/>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#: groupmems.8.xml:78(replaceable)
+msgid "group_name"
+msgstr "имя_группы"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:78(arg)
+msgid "-g <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-g <placeholder-1/>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><option>
+#: groupmems.8.xml:79(arg)
+msgid "-l"
+msgstr "-l"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:86(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmems</command> command allows a user to administer their "
+"own group membership list without the requirement of superuser privileges. "
+"The <command>groupmems</command> utility is for systems that configure its "
+"users to be in their own name sake primary group (i.e., guest / guest)."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>groupmems</command> позволяет пользователю управлять "
+"списком членов своей группы не имея привилегий суперпользователя. Программа "
+"<command>groupmems</command> работает в системах, где в качестве первичной "
+"группы пользователя является группа с именем совпадающим с именем "
+"пользователя (то есть, guest / guest)."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid ""
+"Only the superuser, as administrator, can use <command>groupmems</command> "
+"to alter the memberships of other groups."
+msgstr ""
+"Только суперпользователь как администратор может использовать "
+"<command>groupmems</command>, чтобы изменить список членов не своей группы."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>groupmems</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>groupmems</command>:"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:107(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>имя_пользователя</replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupmems.8.xml:109(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Add an user to the group membership list."
+msgid "Add a user to the group membership list."
+msgstr "Добавить нового пользователя в группу."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:110(para) groupmems.8.xml:126(para)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, and the group has no "
+"entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file, a new entry will be "
+"created."
+msgstr ""
+"Если существует файл <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> и записи о группе нет "
+"в файле <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, то будет создана новая запись."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:118(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>имя_пользователя</replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupmems.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "Delete a user from the group membership list."
+msgstr "Удалить пользователя из группы."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, the user will be "
+"removed from the list of members and administrators of the group."
+msgstr ""
+"Если существует файл <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, то пользователь "
+"будет удалён из списка членов и администраторов группы."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:134(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>group_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>имя_группы</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupmems.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The superuser can specify which group membership list to modify."
+msgstr ""
+"Суперпользователь может указать группу, в которой нужно изменить список "
+"членов."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:148(term) chage.1.xml:160(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupmems.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid "List the group membership list."
+msgstr "Показать список членов группы."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:154(term)
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--purge</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-p</option>, <option>--purge</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupmems.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid "Purge all users from the group membership list."
+msgstr "Вычистить всех пользователей из списка членов группы."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><title>
+#: groupmems.8.xml:180(title)
+msgid "SETUP"
+msgstr "НАСТРОЙКА"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmems</command> executable should be in mode <literal>2710</"
+"literal> as user <emphasis>root</emphasis> and in group <emphasis>groups</"
+"emphasis>. The system administrator can add users to group <emphasis>groups</"
+"emphasis> to allow or disallow them using the <command>groupmems</command> "
+"utility to manage their own group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+"Исполняемый файл программы <command>groupmems</command> должен иметь права "
+"<literal>2710</literal>, принадлежать пользователю <emphasis>root</emphasis> "
+"и группе <emphasis>groups</emphasis>. Системный администратор может "
+"добавлять пользователей в группу <emphasis>groups</emphasis>, разрешая или "
+"запрещая им запускать программу <command>groupmems</command> для управления "
+"членством в своей группе."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><programlisting>
+#: groupmems.8.xml:190(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"\t$ groupadd -r groups\n"
+"\t$ chmod 2710 groupmems\n"
+"\t$ chown root.groups groupmems\n"
+"\t$ groupmems -g groups -a gk4\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"\t$ groupadd -r groups\n"
+"\t$ chmod 2710 groupmems\n"
+"\t$ chown root.groups groupmems\n"
+"\t$ groupmems -g groups -a gk4\n"
+"    "
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupmems.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "secure group account information"
+msgstr "содержит защищаемую информацию о группах"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:230(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: groupdel.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "delete a group"
+msgstr "удаляет группу"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupdel</command> command modifies the system account files, "
+"deleting all entries that refer to <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>. The "
+"named group must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>groupdel</command> изменяет системные файлы учётных "
+"записей, удаляя все записи, относящиеся к <replaceable>ГРУППЕ</replaceable>. "
+"Группа с таким именем должна существовать."
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:89(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupdel</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>groupdel</command>:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: groupdel.8.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not remove the primary group of any existing user. You must remove "
+"the user before you remove the group."
+msgstr ""
+"Вы не можете удалить группу, если она является первичной для существующего "
+"пользователя. Вы должны удалить пользователя перед тем как удалять группу."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: groupdel.8.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain "
+"owned by this group."
+msgstr ""
+"Вы должны вручную проверить все файловые системы, чтобы убедиться, что не "
+"осталось файлов, принадлежащих удалённой группе."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupdel.8.xml:200(para)
+msgid "can't remove user's primary group"
+msgstr "не удалось удалить первичную пользовательскую группу"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: groupdel.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupdel</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>groupdel</command> завершая работу, возвращает следующие "
+"значения: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: groupadd.8.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "create a new group"
+msgstr "создаёт новую группу"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: groupadd.8.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupadd</command> command creates a new group account using "
+"the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the "
+"system. The new group will be entered into the system files as needed."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>groupadd</command> создаёт новую группу согласно "
+"указанным значениям командной строки и системным значениям по умолчанию. "
+"Новая группа будет добавлена в системные файлы."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupadd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>groupadd</command>:"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option causes the command to simply exit with success status if the "
+"specified group already exists. When used with <option>-g</option>, and the "
+"specified GID already exists, another (unique) GID is chosen (i.e. <option>-"
+"g</option> is turned off)."
+msgstr ""
+"Завершить работу и вернуть состояние успешного выполнения, если группа уже "
+"существует. Если используется вместе с параметром <option>-g</option> и "
+"указанный GID уже существует, то выбирается другой (уникальный) GID (то есть "
+"параметр <option>-g</option> игнорируется)."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupadd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numerical value of the group's ID. This value must be unique, unless the "
+"<option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. The "
+"default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to "
+"<option>GID_MIN</option> and greater than every other group."
+msgstr ""
+"Числовое значение идентификатора группы (ID). Оно должно быть уникальным, "
+"если не используется параметр <option>-o</option>. Значение должно быть "
+"неотрицательным. По умолчанию используется наименьшее значение ID большее "
+"или равное <option>GID_MIN</option> и большее чем у остальных групп."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:124(para)
+msgid ""
+"See also the <option>-r</option> option and the <option>GID_MAX</option> "
+"description."
+msgstr ""
+"Смотрите также описание <option>-r</option> и <option>GID_MAX</option>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupadd.8.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (GID_MIN, GID_MAX "
+"and others). Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified."
+msgstr ""
+"Изменить значения по умолчанию (GID_MIN, GID_MAX и другие), которые хранятся "
+"в файле <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>. Можно указать несколько "
+"параметров <option>-K</option>."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:146(para)
+msgid ""
+"Example: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"Пример: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>GID_MAX</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> doesn't work yet."
+msgstr ""
+"Замечание: запись вида <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>GID_MAX</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> пока не работает."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupadd.8.xml:161(para)
+msgid "This option permits to add a group with a non-unique GID."
+msgstr "Разрешить добавление группы с не уникальным GID."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: groupadd.8.xml:192(para)
+msgid "Create a system group."
+msgstr "Создать системную группу."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numeric identifiers of new system groups are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>GID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Числовые идентификаторы для системных групп выбираются из диапазона "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>, определённых в "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, а не из <option>GID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: groupadd.8.xml:275(para)
+msgid ""
+"Groupnames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by "
+"lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a "
+"dollar sign. In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+msgstr ""
+"Имена групп должны начинаться со строчной буквы или символа подчёркивания, и "
+"должны состоять только из строчных букв, цифр, символов подчёркивания и "
+"минус. Они могут заканчиваться знаком доллара. Это можно описать регулярным "
+"выражением: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: groupadd.8.xml:281(para)
+msgid "Groupnames may only be up to &GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH; characters long."
+msgstr "Имена групп могут быть длиной не более &GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH; знаков."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: groupadd.8.xml:284(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not add a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the "
+"corresponding server."
+msgstr ""
+"Нельзя добавить группу NIS или LDAP. Это необходимо делать на "
+"соответствующем сервере."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: groupadd.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the groupname already exists in an external group database such as NIS or "
+"LDAP, <command>groupadd</command> will deny the group creation request."
+msgstr ""
+"Если имя группы уже существует во внешней базе данных групп, например в NIS "
+"или LDAP, то <command>groupadd</command> не станет создавать группу."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:321(para)
+msgid "GID not unique (when <option>-o</option> not used)"
+msgstr "не уникальный GID (если не задан параметр <option>-o</option>)"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: groupadd.8.xml:327(para)
+msgid "group name not unique"
+msgstr "не уникальное имя группы"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: groupadd.8.xml:297(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupadd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>groupadd</command> завершая работу, возвращает следующие "
+"значения: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:342(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:44(firstname)
+msgid "Rafal"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:45(surname)
+msgid "Maszkowski"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:71(phrase)
+msgid "administer <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "управление <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:74(phrase)
+msgid "administer <placeholder-1/> and <placeholder-2/>"
+msgstr "управление <placeholder-1/> и <placeholder-2/>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsynopsisdiv><cmdsynopsis><arg><replaceable>
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:85(replaceable) expiry.1.xml:76(replaceable)
+msgid "option"
+msgstr "параметр"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:95(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>gpasswd</command> command is used to administer <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. Every group can have <phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">administrators,</phrase> members and a password."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>gpasswd</command> используется для управления файлом "
+"<filename>/etc/group</filename> <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> и <filename>/"
+"etc/gshadow</filename></phrase>. В каждой группе могут быть определены "
+"<phrase condition=\"gshadow\">администраторы,</phrase> члены и пароль."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"System administrators can use the <option>-A</option> option to define group "
+"administrator(s) and the <option>-M</option> option to define members. They "
+"have all rights of group administrators and members."
+msgstr ""
+"Системные администраторы могут использовать параметр <option>-A</option>, "
+"чтобы назначить группе администратора(ов) и параметр <option>-M</option> для "
+"определения списка членов, а также имеют все права администраторов и членов "
+"группы."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>gpasswd</command> called by <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">a group "
+"administrator</phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">a system "
+"administrator</phrase> with a group name only prompts for the new password "
+"of the <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>gpasswd</command>, запущенная <phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">администратором группы</phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">системным "
+"администратором</phrase> с указанием в командной строке только имени группы, "
+"предложит назначить пароль <replaceable>группе</replaceable>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:115(para)
+msgid ""
+"If a password is set the members can still use "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> without a password, and non-members must supply the password."
+msgstr ""
+"Если пароль не пустой, то для членов группы вызов "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> пароля не требует, а не члены группы должны ввести пароль."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><title>
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:123(title)
+msgid "Notes about group passwords"
+msgstr "Замечания о паролях групп"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><para>
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:124(para)
+msgid ""
+"Group passwords are an inherent security problem since more than one person "
+"is permitted to know the password. However, groups are a useful tool for "
+"permitting co-operation between different users."
+msgstr ""
+"Пароли групп имеют врождённую проблему с безопасностью, так как пароль знает "
+"более одного человека. Однако, группы являются полезным инструментом "
+"совместной работы различных пользователей."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:135(para)
+msgid ""
+"Except for the <option>-A</option> and <option>-M</option> options, the "
+"options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+"За исключением параметров <option>-A</option> и <option>-M</option>, "
+"параметры нельзя использовать вместе."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The options cannot be combined."
+msgstr "Параметры не могут быть указаны одновременно."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:142(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>gpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>gpasswd</command>:"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:147(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>пользователь</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:151(para)
+msgid ""
+"Add the <replaceable>user</replaceable> to the named <replaceable>group</"
+"replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Добавить <replaceable>пользователя</replaceable> в указанную "
+"<replaceable>группу</replaceable>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:160(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>пользователь</replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:164(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remove the <replaceable>user</replaceable> from the named "
+"<replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Удалить <replaceable>пользователя</replaceable> из указанной "
+"<replaceable>группы</replaceable>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:181(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-Q</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-Q</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>КАТ_CHROOT</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:195(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove-password</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove-password</option>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:199(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remove the password from the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>. The "
+"group password will be empty. Only group members will be allowed to use "
+"<command>newgrp</command> to join the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Удалить пароль указанной <replaceable>группы</replaceable>. Пароль группы "
+"будет пустым. Только члены группы смогут использовать <command>newgrp</"
+"command> для входа в указанную <replaceable>группу</replaceable>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:211(term)
+msgid "<option>-R</option>, <option>--restrict</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-R</option>, <option>--restrict</option>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"Restrict the access to the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>. The group "
+"password is set to \"!\". Only group members with a password will be allowed "
+"to use <command>newgrp</command> to join the named <replaceable>group</"
+"replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ограничить доступ к указанной <replaceable>группе</replaceable>. Пароль "
+"группы становится равным «!». Только члены группы имеющие пароль смогут "
+"использовать <command>newgrp</command> для входа в указанную "
+"<replaceable>группу</replaceable>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:227(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-A</option>, <option>--administrators</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>user</replaceable>,..."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-A</option>, <option>--administrators</option> "
+"<replaceable>пользователь</replaceable>, …"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:231(para)
+msgid "Set the list of administrative users."
+msgstr "Задать список администраторов группы."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:239(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--members</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>,..."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--members</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>пользователь</replaceable>, …"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:243(para)
+msgid "Set the list of group members."
+msgstr "Задать список членов группы."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"This tool only operates on the <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"gshadow\"> and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files.</"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">file.</phrase> Thus you cannot "
+"change any NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the corresponding "
+"server."
+msgstr ""
+"Данная утилита работает только с файлом <filename>/etc/group</filename> "
+"<phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> и <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>.</"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">.</phrase> Она не может изменить "
+"группу NIS или LDAP, это нужно делать на соответствующем сервере."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:298(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry><phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry><phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><citerefentry><refentrytitle>
+#: faillog.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) faillog.8.xml:64(refname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:70(command) faillog.5.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: faillog.5.xml:64(refname) faillog.5.xml:111(refentrytitle)
+msgid "faillog"
+msgstr "faillog"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: faillog.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "display faillog records or set login failure limits"
+msgstr ""
+"показывает записи из файла faillog или задаёт предел неудачных попыток входа "
+"в систему"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>faillog</command> displays the contents of the failure log database "
+"(<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>). It can also set the failure "
+"counters and limits. When <command>faillog</command> is run without "
+"arguments, it only displays the faillog records of the users who had a login "
+"failure."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>faillog</command> показывает содержимое журнала неудачных "
+"попыток (файл <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>). Также она может быть "
+"использована для управления счётчиком неудачных попыток и их ограничением. "
+"При запуске <command>faillog</command> без параметров выводятся записи "
+"faillog только тех пользователей, у которых имеется хотя бы одна неудачная "
+"попытка входа."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: faillog.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>faillog</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>faillog</command>:"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display (or act on) faillog records for all users having an entry in the "
+"<filename>faillog</filename> database."
+msgstr ""
+"Показать записи faillog для всех пользователей из базы данных "
+"<filename>faillog</filename>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:102(para)
+msgid ""
+"The range of users can be restricted with the <option>-u</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"Список пользователей можно ограничить с помощью параметра <option>-u</"
+"option>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"In display mode, this is still restricted to existing users but forces the "
+"display of the faillog entries even if they are empty."
+msgstr ""
+"В режиме вывода это ограничивает вывод списком существующих пользователей, "
+"но при этом для них выводятся даже пустые записи faillog."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"With the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, <option>-r</option>, "
+"<option>-t</option> options, the users' records are changed, even if the "
+"user does not exist on the system. This is useful to reset records of users "
+"that have been deleted or to set a policy in advance for a range of users."
+msgstr ""
+"Параметры <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, <option>-r</option>, "
+"<option>-t</option> изменяют записи пользователей, даже если они не "
+"существует в системе. Это полезно для сброса записей пользователей, которые "
+"были удалены или для предварительной установки политики для диапазона "
+"пользователей."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:128(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-secs</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEC</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-secs</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>СЕКУНД</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:132(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock account for <replaceable>SEC</replaceable> seconds after failed login."
+msgstr ""
+"Блокировать учётную запись на указанное количество <replaceable>СЕКУНД</"
+"replaceable> после неудачной попытки входа."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:136(para) faillog.8.xml:161(para) faillog.8.xml:173(para)
+msgid ""
+"Write access to <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> is required for this "
+"option."
+msgstr ""
+"Для этого параметра требуется право на запись в <filename>/var/log/faillog</"
+"filename>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:143(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--maximum</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--maximum</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>МАКС_ЧИСЛО</replaceable>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:147(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of login failures after the account is disabled to "
+"<replaceable>MAX</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Установить максимальное количество неудачных попыток входа перед блокировкой "
+"учётной записи равным <replaceable>МАКС_ЧИСЛО</replaceable>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:151(para)
+msgid ""
+"Selecting a <replaceable>MAX</replaceable> value of 0 has the effect of not "
+"placing a limit on the number of failed logins."
+msgstr ""
+"Если значение <replaceable>МАКС_ЧИСЛО</replaceable> равно 0, то количество "
+"неудачных попыток входа не ограничивается."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum failure count should always be 0 for <emphasis>root</emphasis> "
+"to prevent a denial of services attack against the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Для предотвращения атаки отказа в обслуживании максимальное количество "
+"неудачных попыток входа у <emphasis>root</emphasis> всегда должно быть равно "
+"0."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:168(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:170(para)
+msgid "Reset the counters of login failures."
+msgstr "Сбросить счётчик неудачных попыток входа."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display faillog records more recent than <replaceable>DAYS</replaceable>."
+msgstr "Показать записи faillog новее чем <replaceable>ДНЕЙ</replaceable>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:206(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display faillog record or maintains failure counters and limits (if used "
+"with <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option> or <option>-r</option> "
+"options) only for the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+"Показать запись faillog или изменить счётчики неудачных попыток и "
+"ограничения (если задан параметр <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option> "
+"или <option>-r</option>) только для указанных учётных записей."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"When none of the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-r</"
+"option> options are used, <command>faillog</command> displays the faillog "
+"record of the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+"Если параметры <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option> или <option>-r</"
+"option> не заданы, то <command>faillog</command> показывает записи faillog "
+"указанных пользователей."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: faillog.8.xml:233(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>faillog</command> only prints out users with no successful login "
+"since the last failure. To print out a user who has had a successful login "
+"since their last failure, you must explicitly request the user with the "
+"<option>-u</option> flag, or print out all users with the <option>-a</"
+"option> flag."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>faillog</command> выводит только записи о пользователях, "
+"последняя попытка входа которых была неудачной. Чтобы увидеть запись о "
+"пользователе, последняя попытка входа которого была удачной, вы должны "
+"специально указать имя пользователя с помощью параметра <option>-u</option>, "
+"или для показа всех пользователей указать параметр <option>-a</option>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><filename>
+#: faillog.8.xml:246(filename) faillog.5.xml:99(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/faillog"
+msgstr "/var/log/faillog"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: faillog.8.xml:248(para) faillog.5.xml:101(para)
+msgid "Failure logging file."
+msgstr "журнал неудавшихся попыток входа в систему"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:256(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>faillog</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>faillog</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: faillog.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "login failure logging file"
+msgstr "файл протокола неудачных попыток входа в систему"
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> maintains a count of login failures "
+"and the limits for each account."
+msgstr ""
+"В файле <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> содержатся счётчики неудачных "
+"попыток входа и ограничения для каждой учётной записи."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: faillog.5.xml:74(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file contains fixed length records, indexed by numerical UID. Each "
+"record contains the count of login failures since the last successful login; "
+"the maximum number of failures before the account is disabled; the line on "
+"which the last login failure occurred; the date of the last login failure; "
+"and the duration (in seconds) during which the account will be locked after "
+"a failure."
+msgstr ""
+"Этот файл состоит из записей постоянной длины, упорядоченных по числовому "
+"идентификатору учётной записи. Каждая запись содержит количество неудачных "
+"попыток входа с момента последнего успешного входа в систему, максимальное "
+"количество неудачных попыток перед тем как учётная запись будет "
+"заблокирована, терминал, с которого осуществлялась последняя неудачная "
+"попытка входа, дату этого события и интервал (в секундах) на сколько учётная "
+"запись будет заблокирована в случае неудачной попытки."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: faillog.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "The structure of the file is:"
+msgstr "Структура файла:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><programlisting>
+#: faillog.5.xml:85(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"struct\tfaillog {\n"
+"\tshort   fail_cnt;\n"
+"\tshort   fail_max;\n"
+"\tchar    fail_line[12];\n"
+"\ttime_t  fail_time;\n"
+"\tlong    fail_locktime;\n"
+"};"
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"struct\tfaillog {\n"
+"\tshort   fail_cnt;\n"
+"\tshort   fail_max;\n"
+"\tchar    fail_line[12];\n"
+"\ttime_t  fail_time;\n"
+"\tlong    fail_locktime;\n"
+"};"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:45(contrib) chsh.1.xml:44(contrib) chfn.1.xml:44(contrib)
+#: chage.1.xml:42(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1990"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><command>
+#: expiry.1.xml:61(refentrytitle) expiry.1.xml:68(refname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:74(command)
+msgid "expiry"
+msgstr "expiry"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: expiry.1.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "check and enforce password expiration policy"
+msgstr "проверяет и изменяет пароль согласно политике устаревания"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:83(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>expiry</command> command checks (<option>-c</option>) the "
+"current password expiration and forces (<option>-f</option>) changes when "
+"required. It is callable as a normal user command."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>expiry</command> проверяет (параметр <option>-c</option>) "
+"сколько ещё времени будет работоспособен текущий пароль и вынуждает изменить "
+"его (параметр <option>-f</option>), если это требуется. Она может "
+"запускаться обычным пользователем."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: expiry.1.xml:92(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>expiry</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>expiry</command>:"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:97(term)
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--check</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-c</option>, <option>--check</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: expiry.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid "Check the password expiration of the current user."
+msgstr "Проверяет и изменяет срок действия пароля у текущего пользователя."
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:105(para)
+msgid "Force a password change if the current user has an expired password."
+msgstr "Принудительно меняет пароль, если его срок действия истёк."
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:140(para) chage.1.xml:318(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: chsh.1.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "change login shell"
+msgstr "изменяет регистрационную оболочку пользователя"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: chsh.1.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chsh</command> command changes the user login shell. This "
+"determines the name of the user's initial login command. A normal user may "
+"only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change "
+"the login shell for any account."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>chsh</command> изменяет регистрационную оболочку "
+"пользователя. Она определяет какая команда будет запущена после регистрации "
+"пользователя в системе. Обычный пользователь может изменять регистрационную "
+"оболочку только для своей учётной записи; суперпользователь может изменять "
+"регистрационную оболочку любой учётной записи."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: chsh.1.xml:96(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chsh</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>chsh</command>:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: chsh.1.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <option>-s</option> option is not selected, <command>chsh</command> "
+"operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current "
+"login shell. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line "
+"blank to use the current one. The current shell is displayed between a pair "
+"of <emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks."
+msgstr ""
+"Если параметр <option>-s</option> не задан, то <command>chsh</command> "
+"переходит в интерактивный режим, предлагая пользователю изменить свою "
+"регистрационную оболочку. Вводимое значение заменяет текущее значение поля; "
+"если введена пустая строка, то текущее значение остаётся неизменным. Текущее "
+"значение регистрационной оболочки указано в скобках <emphasis>[ ]</emphasis>."
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must "
+"be listed in <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, unless the invoker is the "
+"superuser, and then any value may be added. An account with a restricted "
+"login shell may not change her login shell. For this reason, placing "
+"<filename>/bin/rsh</filename> in <filename>/etc/shells</filename> is "
+"discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent "
+"the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value."
+msgstr ""
+"Все допустимые имена регистрационных оболочек должны быть указаны в файле "
+"<filename>/etc/shells</filename>. На суперпользователя это ограничение не "
+"действует и поэтому ему разрешено указывать любое значение. Для учётной "
+"записи с ограниченной регистрационной оболочкой пользователь не может "
+"изменить свою регистрационную оболочку. Поэтому <filename>/bin/rsh</"
+"filename> в файле <filename>/etc/shells</filename> лучше не указывать, так "
+"как, если пользователь случайно изменит свою регистрационную оболочку на эту "
+"ограниченную оболочку, то не сможет восстановить её первоначальное значение."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><filename>
+#: chsh.1.xml:176(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shells"
+msgstr "/etc/shells"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: chsh.1.xml:178(para)
+msgid "List of valid login shells."
+msgstr "содержит список разрешённых регистрационных оболочек"
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:192(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "update passwords in batch mode"
+msgstr "обновляет пароли в пакетном режиме"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:83(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chpasswd</command> command reads a list of user name and "
+"password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a "
+"group of existing users. Each line is of the format:"
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>chpasswd</command> читает список пар «пользователь "
+"пароль» из стандартного входного потока и обновляет информацию о "
+"существующих пользователях. Каждая строка имеет вид:"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:88(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">user_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">имя_пользователя</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">пароль</emphasis>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:92(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default the passwords must be supplied in clear-text, and are encrypted "
+"by <command>chpasswd</command>. Also the password age will be updated, if "
+"present."
+msgstr ""
+"По умолчанию, передаваемый пароль должен быть в виде обычного текста и "
+"шифруется командой <command>chpasswd</command>. Также, если есть срок "
+"действия пароля, то он будет обновлён."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:97(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+#| "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> "
+#| "variables of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, and can be overwitten "
+#| "with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> "
+#| "options."
+msgid ""
+"The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variables "
+"of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, and can be overwritten with the "
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+"Системный алгоритм шифрования по умолчанию может быть задан в переменной "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> или <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> в файле "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, и может быть переопределён параметрами "
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option> или <option>-c</option>."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:105(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, passwords are encrypted by PAM, but (even if not recommended) "
+"you can select a different encryption method with the <option>-e</option>, "
+"<option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+"По умолчанию пароли шифруются PAM, но (даже если это не рекомендуется) вы "
+"можете выбрать другой метод шифрования с помощью параметра <option>-e</"
+"option>, <option>-m</option> или <option>-c</option>."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:111(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<phrase condition=\"pam\">Except when PAM is used to encrypt the "
+#| "passwords,</phrase><command>chpasswd</command> first updates all the "
+#| "passwords in memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no "
+#| "errors occured for any user."
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"pam\">Except when PAM is used to encrypt the passwords,</"
+"phrase><command>chpasswd</command> first updates all the passwords in "
+"memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no errors occurred for "
+"any user."
+msgstr ""
+"Команда <command>chpasswd</command> <phrase condition=\"pam\">(когда для "
+"шифрования паролей не используется PAM)</phrase> сначала обновляет все "
+"пароли в памяти, а затем записывает все изменения на диск, если не было "
+"никаких ошибок."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"When PAM is used to encrypt the passwords (and update the passwords in the "
+"system database) then if a password cannot be updated <command>chpasswd</"
+"command> continues updating the passwords of the next users, and will return "
+"an error code on exit."
+msgstr ""
+"В случае когда шифрование паролей (и обновление в системной базе данных) "
+"выполняется PAM и пароль не может быть обновлён, то <command>chpasswd</"
+"command> продолжает обновление паролей остальных пользователей и завершает "
+"работу с кодом ошибки."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:123(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many "
+"accounts are created at a single time."
+msgstr ""
+"Данная команда предназначена для работы в крупных системных средах, где за "
+"один раз заводится несколько учётных записей."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:131(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>chpasswd</command>:"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>METHOD</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>МЕТОД</replaceable>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:142(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:115(para)
+msgid "The available methods are DES, MD5, and NONE."
+msgstr "Возможные методы: DES, MD5 и NONE."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "By default, PAM is used to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr "По умолчанию, для шифрования паролей используется PAM."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default (if none of the <option>-c</option>, <option>-m</option>, or "
+"<option>-e</option> options are specified), the encryption method is defined "
+"by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> "
+"variables of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"По умолчанию (если не указан параметр<option>-c</option>, <option>-m</"
+"option> или <option>-e</option>), метод шифрования определяется переменной "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> или <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> из файла "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:163(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:125(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:165(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "Supplied passwords are in encrypted form."
+msgstr "Передаваемые пароли заданы в шифрованном виде."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:179(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--md5</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--md5</option>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:181(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"Use MD5 encryption instead of DES when the supplied passwords are not "
+"encrypted."
+msgstr ""
+"Использовать алгоритм шифрования MD5 вместо DES, если пароли передаются не "
+"шифрованными."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:200(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROUNDS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>РАУНДОВ</replaceable>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the number of rounds is defined by the "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> and <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option> variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"По умолчанию, количество раундов определяется переменными "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> и <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option> в <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:232(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remember to set permissions or umask to prevent readability of unencrypted "
+"files by other users."
+msgstr ""
+"Не забудьте установить права или umask, чтобы не позволить чтение не "
+"шифрованных файлов другими пользователями."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><filename>
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:276(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/chpasswd"
+msgstr "/etc/pam.d/chpasswd"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:278(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>chpasswd</command>."
+msgstr "настройки PAM для <command>chpasswd</command>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:286(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:47(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2006"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "update group passwords in batch mode"
+msgstr "обновляет пароли групп в пакетном режиме"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chgpasswd</command> command reads a list of group name and "
+"password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a set "
+"of existing groups. Each line is of the format:"
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>chgpasswd</command> читает список пар «группа пароль» из "
+"стандартного входного потока и обновляет информацию о существующих группах. "
+"Каждая строка имеет вид:"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">group_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">имя_группы</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">пароль</"
+"emphasis>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:88(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default the supplied password must be in clear-text, and is encrypted by "
+"<command>chgpasswd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"По умолчанию, передаваемый пароль должен быть в виде обычного текста и "
+"шифруется командой <command>chgpasswd</command>."
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:92(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+#| "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable of <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+#| "filename>, and can be overwiten with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</"
+#| "option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgid ""
+"The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable of <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>, and can be overwritten with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</"
+"option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+"Системный алгоритм шифрования по умолчанию может быть задан в переменной "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> в файле <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>, и может быть переопределён параметрами <option>-e</option>, "
+"<option>-m</option> или <option>-c</option>."
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>chgpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>chgpasswd</command>:"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: chfn.1.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "change real user name and information"
+msgstr "изменяет информацию о пользователе"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chfn</command> command changes user fullname, office room "
+"number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user's "
+"account. This information is typically printed by "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> and similar programs. A normal user may only change the fields "
+"for her own account, subject to the restrictions in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>. (The default configuration is to prevent users from "
+"changing their fullname.) The superuser may change any field for any "
+"account. Additionally, only the superuser may use the <option>-o</option> "
+"option to change the undefined portions of the GECOS field."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>chfn</command> изменяет ФИО, рабочий телефон, рабочий "
+"номер комнаты, рабочий и домашний номер телефона для учётной записи "
+"пользователя. Обычно, эти данные выводятся командой "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> и ей подобными программами. Обычный пользователь может "
+"изменить только определённые данные собственной учётной записи, разрешённые "
+"в файле <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> (настройкой по умолчанию "
+"пользователю не разрешается менять своё имя и фамилию). Суперпользователь "
+"может изменять любые данные любой учётной записи. Кроме того, только "
+"суперпользователь может использовать параметр <option>-o</option> для "
+"изменения нестандартизованной части данных GECOS."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"These fields must not contain any colons. Except for the <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">other</emphasis> field, they should not contain any comma or equal sign. "
+"It is also recommended to avoid non-US-ASCII characters, but this is only "
+"enforced for the phone numbers. The <emphasis remap=\"I\">other</emphasis> "
+"field is used to store accounting information used by other applications."
+msgstr ""
+"Части поля GECOS не должны содержать двоеточий. За исключением части "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">другая</emphasis>, в них не должно содержаться запятых "
+"и знаков равно. Также рекомендуется избегать символов не в кодировке US-"
+"ASCII, но это касается только номеров телефонов. Часть <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">другая</emphasis> используется для хранения информации об учётной записи, "
+"которая используется другими приложениями."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: chfn.1.xml:112(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chfn</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>chfn</command>:"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:117(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--full-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>FULL_NAME</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--full-name</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ФИО</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><title>
+#: chfn.1.xml:121(para)
+msgid "Change the user's full name."
+msgstr "Изменяет ФИО пользователя."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:125(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-h</option>, <option>--home-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HOME_PHONE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-h</option>, <option>--home-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>ДОМАШНИЙ_ТЕЛЕФОН</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:129(para)
+msgid "Change the user's home phone number."
+msgstr "Изменяет номер домашнего телефона пользователя."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:133(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-o</option>, <option>--other</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>OTHER</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-o</option>, <option>--other</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ДРУГАЯ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"Change the user's other GECOS information. This field is used to store "
+"accounting information used by other applications, and can be changed only "
+"by a superuser."
+msgstr ""
+"Изменяет другую информацию GECOS о пользователе. Эта часть используется для "
+"хранения информации об учётной записи, используемой другими приложениями, и "
+"может изменяться только суперпользователем."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:145(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--room</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROOM_NUMBER</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--room</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>НОМЕР_КОМНАТЫ</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:149(para)
+msgid "Change the user's room number."
+msgstr "Изменяет номер комнаты пользователя."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:165(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:173(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--work-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WORK_PHONE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--work-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>РАБОЧИЙ_ТЕЛЕФОН</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:177(para)
+msgid "Change the user's office phone number."
+msgstr "Изменяет номер рабочего телефона пользователя."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: chfn.1.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"If none of the options are selected, <command>chfn</command> operates in an "
+"interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of "
+"the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank "
+"to use the current value. The current value is displayed between a pair of "
+"<emphasis remap=\"B\">[ ]</emphasis> marks. Without options, <command>chfn</"
+"command> prompts for the current user account."
+msgstr ""
+"Если ни один параметр не указан, то <command>chfn</command> переходит в "
+"интерактивный режим, предлагая запустившему пользователю изменить данные "
+"своей учётной записи. Вводимое значение заменяет текущее значение записи; "
+"если введена пустая строка, то текущее значение остаётся неизменным. Текущее "
+"значение показано в скобках <emphasis remap=\"B\">[ ]</emphasis>. При вызове "
+"без параметров программа <command>chfn</command> изменяет учётную запись "
+"запустившего пользователя."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:226(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refnamediv><refpurpose>
+#: chage.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user password expiry information"
+msgstr "изменяет информацию об устаревании пароля пользователя"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: chage.1.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command changes the number of days between "
+"password changes and the date of the last password change. This information "
+"is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>chage</command> изменяет количество дней между датой "
+"смены пароля и датой последней смены пароля. Эта информация используется "
+"системой для определения момента, когда пользователь должен сменить свой "
+"пароль."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: chage.1.xml:92(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chage</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Параметры команды <command>chage</command>:"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:97(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--lastday</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LAST_DAY</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--lastday</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ПОСЛ_ДЕНЬ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: chage.1.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days since January 1st, 1970 when the password was last "
+"changed. The date may also be expressed in the format YYYY-MM-DD (or the "
+"format more commonly used in your area)."
+msgstr ""
+"Установить число дней прошедших с 1 января 1970 года, когда была последняя "
+"смена пароля. Дата может быть также указана в виде ГГГГ-ММ-ДД (или в форме "
+"согласно региональным настройкам)."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:109(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-E</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-E</option>, <option>--expiredate</option> "
+"<replaceable>ДАТА_УСТАРЕВАНИЯ</replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: chage.1.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the date or number of days since January 1, 1970 on which the user's "
+"account will no longer be accessible. The date may also be expressed in the "
+"format YYYY-MM-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area). A user "
+"whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being "
+"able to use the system again."
+msgstr ""
+"Установить дату устаревания учётной записи пользователя, которая задаётся "
+"числом дней прошедших с 1 января 1970 года. Дата может быть также задана в "
+"виде ГГГГ-ММ-ДД (или в форме согласно региональным настройкам). "
+"Пользователь, чья учётная запись была заблокирована, должен обратиться к "
+"системному администратору, если хочет в дальнейшем работать с системой."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as the "
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> will remove an account expiration "
+"date."
+msgstr ""
+"Значение <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> в параметре "
+"<replaceable>ДАТА_УСТАРЕВАНИЯ</replaceable> отменяет устаревание учётной "
+"записи."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:135(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+msgid "<option>-i</option>, <option>--iso8601</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:137(para)
+msgid "When printing dates, use YYYY-MM-DD format."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:141(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-I</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-I</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ДНЕЙ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: chage.1.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the "
+"account is locked. The <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> option is the "
+"number of days of inactivity. A user whose account is locked must contact "
+"the system administrator before being able to use the system again."
+msgstr ""
+"Установить количество дней неактивности после устаревания пароля перед тем "
+"как учётная запись будет заблокирована. В параметре <replaceable>ДНЕЙ</"
+"replaceable> задаётся количество дней неактивности. Пользователь, чья "
+"учётная запись была заблокирована, должен обратиться к системному "
+"администратору, если хочет в дальнейшем работать с системой."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as the "
+"<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> will remove an account's inactivity."
+msgstr ""
+"Значение <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> в параметре <replaceable>ДНЕЙ</"
+"replaceable> отменяет неактивность учётной записи."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: chage.1.xml:164(para)
+msgid "Show account aging information."
+msgstr "Показать информацию об устаревании учётной записи."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:170(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>МИН_ДНЕЙ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:182(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>МАКС_ДНЕЙ</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: chage.1.xml:186(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid. When "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> plus <replaceable>LAST_DAY</replaceable> "
+"is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their "
+"password before being able to use their account. This occurrence can be "
+"planned for in advance by use of the <option>-W</option> option, which "
+"provides the user with advance warning."
+msgstr ""
+"Установить максимальное количество дней работоспособности пароля. Если сумма "
+"значений <replaceable>МАКС_ДНЕЙ</replaceable> и <replaceable>ПОСЛ_ДЕНЬ</"
+"replaceable> раньше текущего дня, то пользователю придётся изменить свой "
+"пароль перед использованием учётной записи. Для того, чтобы это не было "
+"неожиданностью можно воспользоваться параметром <option>-W</option>, который "
+"активирует выдачу предупреждения о смене пароля пользователя заранее."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:215(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>ПРЕДУП_ДНЕЙ</replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: chage.1.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The "
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the number of days prior to "
+"the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to "
+"expire."
+msgstr ""
+"Установить количество дней выдачи предупреждения, перед тем как потребуется "
+"смена пароля. Параметр <replaceable>ПРЕДУП_ДНЕЙ</replaceable> считается в "
+"днях, в течении которых пользователь будет получать предупреждение об "
+"устаревании пароля, перед тем как это случится."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: chage.1.xml:228(para)
+msgid ""
+"If none of the options are selected, <command>chage</command> operates in an "
+"interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of "
+"the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank "
+"to use the current value. The current value is displayed between a pair of "
+"<emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks."
+msgstr ""
+"Если ни один параметр не указан, то <command>chage</command> переходит в "
+"интерактивный режим, предлагая запустившему пользователю изменить значения "
+"всех полей своей учётной записи. Вводимое значение заменяет текущее значение "
+"поля; если введена пустая строка, то текущее значение остаётся неизменным. "
+"Текущее значение показано в скобках <emphasis>[ ]</emphasis>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: chage.1.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> program requires a shadow password file to be "
+"available."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>chage</command> требует наличия файла теневых паролей."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: chage.1.xml:242(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command is restricted to the root user, except "
+"for the <option>-l</option> option, which may be used by an unprivileged "
+"user to determine when their password or account is due to expire."
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>chage</command> работает только от суперпользователя, за "
+"исключением вызова с параметром <option>-l</option>, который может "
+"использоваться непривилегированным пользователем для определения даты "
+"устаревания своего пароля."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#: chage.1.xml:307(replaceable)
+msgid "15"
+msgstr "15"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#: chage.1.xml:309(para)
+msgid "can't find the shadow password file"
+msgstr "не удалось найти файл теневых паролей"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#: chage.1.xml:285(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Программа <command>chage</command> завершая работу, возвращает следующие "
+"значения: <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#. Put one translator per line, in the form of NAME <EMAIL>, YEAR1, YEAR2
+#: chage.1.xml:0(None)
+msgid "translator-credits"
+msgstr ""
+"Yuri Kozlov <yuray@komyakino.ru>, 2005, 2006, 2012 Sergey Alyoshin <alyoshin."
+"s@gmail.com>, 2012 "
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Additional arguments may be provided after the username, in which case "
+#~ "they are supplied to the user's login shell. In particular, an argument "
+#~ "of <option>-c</option> will cause the next argument to be treated as a "
+#~ "command by most command interpreters. The command will be executed by the "
+#~ "shell specified in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> for the target user."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "После имени пользователя можно указать дополнительные аргументы, которые "
+#~ "будут переданы регистрационной оболочке пользователя. В частности, "
+#~ "аргумент <option>-c</option> заставит большинство оболочек считать "
+#~ "следующий аргумент как команду. Команда будет выполнена оболочкой, "
+#~ "указанной в файле <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>, которая является "
+#~ "регистрационной для указываемого пользователя."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "You can use the <option>--</option> argument to separate <command>su</"
+#~ "command> options from the arguments supplied to the shell."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Вы можете использовать параметр <option>--</option> чтобы отделить "
+#~ "параметры <command>su</command> от параметров, которые передаются "
+#~ "оболочке."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The encrypted password field may be blank, in which case no password is "
+#~ "required to authenticate as the specified login name. However, some "
+#~ "applications which read the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file may "
+#~ "decide not to permit <emphasis>any</emphasis> access at all if the "
+#~ "<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is blank. If the <emphasis>password</"
+#~ "emphasis> field is a lower-case <quote>x</quote>, then the encrypted "
+#~ "password is actually stored in the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> file instead; there "
+#~ "<emphasis>must</emphasis> be a corresponding line in the <filename>/etc/"
+#~ "shadow</filename> file, or else the user account is invalid. If the "
+#~ "<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is any other string, then it will be "
+#~ "treated as an encrypted password, as specified by "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Поле с зашифрованным паролем может быть пустым, и тогда для входа под "
+#~ "этой учётной записью пароль не требуется. Однако, некоторые приложения, "
+#~ "которые читают файл <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>, могут решить не "
+#~ "позволять <emphasis>любой</emphasis> доступ, если поле <emphasis>пароля</"
+#~ "emphasis> пустое. Если поле <emphasis>пароля</emphasis> содержит строчную "
+#~ "<quote>x</quote>, то шифрованный пароль хранится в файле "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>; в файле <filename>shadow</filename> "
+#~ "<emphasis>должна</emphasis> быть соответствующая строка, иначе учётная "
+#~ "запись считается недействительной. Если в поле <emphasis>пароля</"
+#~ "emphasis> содержится какая-то другая строка, то она воспринимается как "
+#~ "шифрованный пароль, согласно формату <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para><option>
+#~ msgid "-M"
+#~ msgstr "-M"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid "can't create mail spool"
+#~ msgstr "не удалось создать почтовый ящик"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#~| msgid ""
+#~| "The name of the user's new login shell. Setting this field to blank "
+#~| "causes the system to select the default login shell."
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The SELinux user for the user's login. The default is to leave this field "
+#~ "the blank, which causes the system to select the default SELinux user."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Имя новой регистрационной оболочки пользователя. Если задать пустое "
+#~ "значение, то будет использована регистрационная оболочка по умолчанию."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><option>
+#~ msgid "-q"
+#~ msgstr "-q"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><option>
+#~ msgid "-s"
+#~ msgstr "-s"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~| msgid ""
+#~| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#~| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+#~ "\"no_pam\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+#~ "phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term>
+#~ msgid "new_users"
+#~ msgstr "new_users"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsynopsisdiv><cmdsynopsis><arg><replaceable>
+#~ msgid "full_name"
+#~ msgstr "ФИО"
+
+#~ msgid "-f <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-f <placeholder-1/>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsynopsisdiv><cmdsynopsis><arg><replaceable>
+#~ msgid "room_no"
+#~ msgstr "номер комнаты"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsynopsisdiv><cmdsynopsis><arg><replaceable>
+#~ msgid "work_ph"
+#~ msgstr "рабочий телефон"
+
+#~ msgid "-w <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-w <placeholder-1/>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsynopsisdiv><cmdsynopsis><arg><replaceable>
+#~ msgid "home_ph"
+#~ msgstr "домашний телефон"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para><emphasis>
+#~ msgid "other"
+#~ msgstr "другое"
+
+#~ msgid "-o <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-o <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~| msgid ""
+#~| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</"
+#~| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+#~ "condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Note: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+#~ "replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>UID_MAX</"
+#~ "replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> doesn't work yet."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Замечание: запись вида <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+#~ "replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>UID_MAX</"
+#~ "replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> пока не работает."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE"
+#~ msgstr "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#~| msgid "Supplied passwords are in encrypted form."
+#~ msgid "The supplied passwords must be in clear-text."
+#~ msgstr "Передаваемые пароли заданы в шифрованном виде."
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~ msgid "and <placeholder-1/> files"
+#~ msgstr "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#~| msgid ""
+#~| "<command>usermod</command> will not allow you to change the name of a "
+#~| "user who is logged in. You must make certain that the named user is not "
+#~| "executing any processes when this command is being executed if the "
+#~| "user's numerical user ID is being changed. You must change the owner of "
+#~| "any <command>crontab</command> files manually. You must change the owner "
+#~| "of any <command>at</command> jobs manually. You must make any changes "
+#~| "involving NIS on the NIS server."
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<command>usermod</command> will not allow you to change the name of an "
+#~ "user who is logged in. You must make certain that the named user is not "
+#~ "executing any processes when this command is being executed if the user's "
+#~ "numerical user ID is being changed. You must change the owner of any "
+#~ "<command>crontab</command> files manually. You must change the owner of "
+#~ "any <command>at</command> jobs manually. You must make any changes "
+#~ "involving NIS on the NIS server."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Команда <command>usermod</command> не будет изменять имя пользователя, "
+#~ "если этот пользователь в данный момент работает в системе. Если требуется "
+#~ "изменить числовой идентификатор пользователя, нужно проверить, что от "
+#~ "этого пользователя нет запущенных процессов. Владельца файлов "
+#~ "<command>crontab</command> нужно изменять вручную. Владельца заданий "
+#~ "<command>at</command> нужно изменять вручную. Также вручную нужно сделать "
+#~ "все изменения связанные с NIS на сервере NIS."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<command>userdel</command> will not allow you to remove an account if the "
+#~ "user is currently logged in. You must kill any running processes which "
+#~ "belong to an account that you are deleting."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Команда <command>userdel</command> не будет удалять учётную запись, если "
+#~ "пользователь в данный момент работает в системе. Вы должны завершить все "
+#~ "запущенные процессы, принадлежащие учётной записи, которую нужно удалить."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The encrypted password, as returned by "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>. The default is to disable the account."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Шифрованное значение пароля, которое возвращает функция "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>. По умолчанию учётная запись заблокирована."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid "encrypted password file"
+#~ msgstr "файл с защищаемой информацией о пользователях"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid "comma-separated list of group administrators"
+#~ msgstr "список администраторов группы, перечисленных через запятую"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The group name and password fields must be filled. The encrypted password "
+#~ "consists of characters from the 64-character alphabet a thru z, A thru Z, "
+#~ "0 thru 9, \\. and /. Refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details on how "
+#~ "this string is interpreted. If the password field contains some string "
+#~ "that is not valid result of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, for instance ! or "
+#~ "*, the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in, subject to "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Поля с именем группы и пароль должны быть заполнены. Шифрованный пароль "
+#~ "состоит из разрешённых 64 символов с a по z, с A по Z, с 0 по 9, \\. и /. "
+#~ "Подробней о пароле смотрите на странице руководства "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>. Если поле пароля содержит строку, которая не "
+#~ "удовлетворяет требованиям <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, например "
+#~ "содержит ! или *, то пользователь не сможет использовать этот unix пароль "
+#~ "для регистрации с учётом настроек <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The group ID of the given <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> will be "
+#~ "changed to <replaceable>GID</replaceable>. The value of <replaceable>GID</"
+#~ "replaceable> must be a non-negative decimal integer. This value must be "
+#~ "unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is used. Values between 0 "
+#~ "and 999 are typically reserved for system groups. Any files that have the "
+#~ "old group ID and must continue to belong to <replaceable>GROUP</"
+#~ "replaceable>, must have their group ID changed manually."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Указывается новый ID группы для <replaceable>ГРУППЫ</replaceable>. "
+#~ "Числовое значение <replaceable>GID</replaceable> должно быть "
+#~ "неотрицательным десятичным числом. Оно должно быть уникальным, если не "
+#~ "задан параметр <option>-o</option>. Значения от 0 до 999 обычно "
+#~ "зарезервированы под системные группы. Изменение принадлежности всех "
+#~ "файлов старой группе необходимо выполнять вручную."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The group name or number of the user's new initial login group. The group "
+#~ "name must exist. A group number must refer to an already existing group. "
+#~ "The default group number is 1."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Имя или числовой идентификатор новой начальной группы пользователя. "
+#~ "Группа с таким именем должна существовать. Идентификатор группы должен "
+#~ "указывать на уже существующую группу. По умолчанию идентификатор группы "
+#~ "установлен в 1."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The group name or number of the user's initial login group. The group "
+#~ "name must exist. A group number must refer to an already existing group. "
+#~ "The default group number is 1 or whatever is specified in <filename>/etc/"
+#~ "default/useradd</filename>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Имя или числовой идентификатор новой начальной группы пользователя. "
+#~ "Группа с таким именем должна существовать. Идентификатор группы должен "
+#~ "указывать на уже существующую группу. Идентификатор группы по умолчанию "
+#~ "равен 1 или значению указанному в файле <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+#~ "filename>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The group name or ID for a new user's initial group. The named group must "
+#~ "exist, and a numerical group ID must have an existing entry."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Имя или числовой идентификатор новой начальной группы пользователя. "
+#~ "Группа с таким именем должна существовать и для числового идентификатора "
+#~ "должна быть запись."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid "days since Jan 1, 1970 that password was last changed"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "число дней с момента последнего изменения пароля, начиная с 1 января 1970 "
+#~ "года"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid "days after which password must be changed"
+#~ msgstr "число дней, после которых пароль должен быть изменён"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid "days before password is to expire that user is warned"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "число дней, за сколько пользователя начнут предупреждать, что пароль "
+#~ "устаревает"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid "days after password expires that account is disabled"
+#~ msgstr "число дней, после устаревания пароля для блокировки учётной записи"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid "days since Jan 1, 1970 that account is disabled"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "дней, отсчитывая с 1 января 1970 года, когда учётная запись была "
+#~ "заблокирована"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The password field must be filled. The encrypted password consists of 13 "
+#~ "to 24 characters from the 64 character alphabet a thru z, A thru Z, 0 "
+#~ "thru 9, \\. and /. Optionally it can start with a \"$\" character. This "
+#~ "means the encrypted password was generated using another (not DES) "
+#~ "algorithm. For example if it starts with \"$1$\" it means the MD5-based "
+#~ "algorithm was used."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Поле пароля должно быть заполнено. Шифрованный пароль имеет длину от 13 "
+#~ "до 24 символов и состоит из 64 символов алфавита от a до z, от A до Z, от "
+#~ "0 до 9, \\. и /. Пароль может начинаться с символа \"$\". Это означает, "
+#~ "что шифрованный пароль был сгенерирован с использованием другого (не DES) "
+#~ "алгоритма. Например, если он начинается с \"$1$\", то это означает, что "
+#~ "использовался алгоритм на основе MD5."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The date of the last password change is given as the number of days since "
+#~ "Jan 1, 1970. The password may not be changed again until the proper "
+#~ "number of days have passed, and must be changed after the maximum number "
+#~ "of days. If the minimum number of days required is greater than the "
+#~ "maximum number of day allowed, this password may not be changed by the "
+#~ "user."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Дата последнего изменения пароля задаётся в днях, прошедших с 1 января "
+#~ "1970 года. Пароль не может быть изменён пока не пройдёт положенное число "
+#~ "дней, и должен быть изменён после максимального числа дней. Если "
+#~ "обязательное минимальное число дней больше чем максимальное число дней, "
+#~ "то такой пароль не может быть изменён пользователем."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "An account is considered to be inactive and is disabled if the password "
+#~ "is not changed within the specified number of days after the password "
+#~ "expires. An account will also be disabled on the specified day regardless "
+#~ "of other password expiration information."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Учётная запись считается неактивной и будет заблокирована, если пароль не "
+#~ "был изменён за заданное число дней после устаревания пароля. Учётная "
+#~ "запись также будет заблокирована в заданный день, независимо от другой "
+#~ "информации об устаревании пароля."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "This information supersedes any password or password age information "
+#~ "present in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Информация из этого файла заменяет любой пароль или информацию об "
+#~ "устаревании, содержащуюся в файле <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "This field must contain the name (or number) of a group. The user will be "
+#~ "added as a member to this group. When a non-existent group name or number "
+#~ "is specified, a new group will be created. In the case of a non-existent "
+#~ "group number, both the name and the number of the new group will be this "
+#~ "number."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Это поле должно содержать имя (или номер). Пользователь будет добавлен в "
+#~ "эту группу. Если указан числовой идентификатор или имя несуществующей "
+#~ "группы, то будет создана новая группа с данным именем и номером."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "This field will be checked for existence as a directory, and a new "
+#~ "directory with this name will be created if it does not already exist. "
+#~ "The ownership of the directory will be set to be that of the user being "
+#~ "created or updated."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Будет проверено существование каталога с именем значения данного поля и "
+#~ "если такого каталога нет, то он будет создан. Владельцем каталога будет "
+#~ "назначен обновляемый или создаваемый пользователь."
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><option>
+#~ msgid "-a"
+#~ msgstr "-a"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><option>
+#~ msgid "-d"
+#~ msgstr "-d"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><option>
+#~ msgid "-g"
+#~ msgstr "-g"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#~ msgid "GID"
+#~ msgstr "GID"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para><option>
+#~ msgid "-o"
+#~ msgstr "-o"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#~ msgid "KEY"
+#~ msgstr "КЛЮЧ"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><term><replaceable>
+#~ msgid "VALUE"
+#~ msgstr "ЗНАЧЕНИЕ"
+
+#~ msgid "-K <placeholder-1/>=<placeholder-2/>"
+#~ msgstr "-K <placeholder-1/>=<placeholder-2/>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para><option>
+#, fuzzy
+#~ msgid "-R"
+#~ msgstr "-"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~ msgid "<option>-A</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</replaceable>,..."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+#~ "replaceable>"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~ msgid "<option>-M</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</replaceable>,..."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+#~ "replaceable>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid "Display faillog records for all users."
+#~ msgstr "Показать записи faillog для всех пользователей."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Set maximum number of login failures after the account is disabled to "
+#~ "<replaceable>MAX</replaceable>. Selecting <replaceable>MAX</replaceable> "
+#~ "value of 0 has the effect of not placing a limit on the number of failed "
+#~ "logins. The maximum failure count should always be 0 for <emphasis>root</"
+#~ "emphasis> to prevent a denial of services attack against the system."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Установить максимальное число неудачных попыток входа "
+#~ "равному<replaceable>МАКС_ЧИСЛО</replaceable>, после чего учётная запись "
+#~ "блокируется. Если <replaceable>МАКС_ЧИСЛО</replaceable> равно 0, то "
+#~ "количество неудачных попыток не ограничивается. Максимальное значение "
+#~ "неудачных попыток должно быть всегда равно 0 для <emphasis>root</"
+#~ "emphasis>, для того чтобы предотвратить атаку отказа в обслуживании на "
+#~ "систему."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The user's home directory will be created if it does not exist. The files "
+#~ "contained in <replaceable>SKEL_DIR</replaceable> will be copied to the "
+#~ "home directory if the <option>-k</option> option is used, otherwise the "
+#~ "files contained in <filename>/etc/skel</filename> will be used instead. "
+#~ "Any directories contained in <replaceable>SKEL_DIR</replaceable> or "
+#~ "<filename>/etc/skel</filename> will be created in the user's home "
+#~ "directory as well. The <option>-k</option> option is only valid in "
+#~ "conjunction with the <option>-m</option> option. The default is to not "
+#~ "create the directory and to not copy any files."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Если домашнего каталога пользователя не существует, то он будет создан. "
+#~ "Файлы из каталога <replaceable>КАТАЛОГ_ШАБЛОН</replaceable> будут "
+#~ "скопированы в домашний каталог, если он указан параметр <option>-k</"
+#~ "option>, иначе будут использованы файлы из каталога <filename>/etc/skel</"
+#~ "filename>. Все подкаталоги каталога <replaceable>КАТАЛОГ_ШАБЛОН</"
+#~ "replaceable> или <filename>/etc/skel</filename> будут также созданы в "
+#~ "домашнем каталоге пользователя. Параметр <option>-k</option> можно "
+#~ "использовать только вместе с параметром <option>-m</option>. По "
+#~ "умолчанию, домашний каталог не создаётся и файлы не копируются."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><para>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Your password must be easily remembered so that you will not be forced to "
+#~ "write it on a piece of paper. This can be accomplished by appending two "
+#~ "small words together and separating each with a special character or "
+#~ "digit. For example, Pass%word."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Пароль должен легко запоминаться, чтобы не было необходимости записывать "
+#~ "его на бумагу. Этого можно достичь соединив два маленьких слова в одно, "
+#~ "разделив их специальным символом или цифрой. Например, Pass%word."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><para>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Other methods of construction involve selecting an easily remembered "
+#~ "phrase from literature and selecting the first or last letter from each "
+#~ "word. An example of this is:"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Другим методом создания является выбор легко запоминающейся фразы из "
+#~ "литературы и взятие первой или последней буквы каждого слова. Например:"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid "Ask not for whom the bell tolls"
+#~ msgstr "Ask not for whom the bell tolls"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid "which produces"
+#~ msgstr "получается"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><itemizedlist><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid "An4wtbt"
+#~ msgstr "An4wtbt"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><para>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "You may be reasonably sure few crackers will have included this in their "
+#~ "dictionaries. You should, however, select your own methods for "
+#~ "constructing passwords and not rely exclusively on the methods given here."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Можете быть уверены, что некоторые взломщики включат этот пароль в свои "
+#~ "словари. Поэтому вы должны выбрать свои собственные методы создания "
+#~ "паролей и не полагаться на методы предложенные здесь."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><para>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The only restriction placed on the contents of the fields is that no "
+#~ "control characters may be present, nor any of comma, colon, or equal "
+#~ "sign. The <emphasis remap=\"I\">other</emphasis> field does not have this "
+#~ "restriction, and is used to store accounting information used by other "
+#~ "applications."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Единственным ограничением значений полей является то, что они не должны "
+#~ "содержать управляющих символов, запятых, двоеточий или знака равно. На "
+#~ "поле <emphasis remap=\"I\">другое</emphasis> не действует это "
+#~ "ограничение, и оно может использоваться для хранения информации об "
+#~ "учётной записи для любых приложений."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Range of user IDs to choose from for the <command>useradd</command> "
+#~ "program."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Диапазон идентификаторов пользователей, используемый программой "
+#~ "<command>useradd</command>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The <option>-t</option> flag overrides the use of <option>-u</option>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Параметр <option>-t</option> отменяет действие параметра <option>-u</"
+#~ "option>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "By default, <command>grpck</command> operates on the files <filename>/etc/"
+#~ "group</filename> and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>. The user may "
+#~ "select alternate files with the <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> "
+#~ "and <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> parameters. Additionally, the "
+#~ "user may execute the command in read-only mode by specifying the <option>-"
+#~ "r</option> flag. This causes all questions regarding changes to be "
+#~ "answered <emphasis>no</emphasis> without user intervention. "
+#~ "<command>grpck</command> can also sort entries in <filename>/etc/group</"
+#~ "filename> and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> by GID. To run it in sort "
+#~ "mode pass it <option>-s</option> flag. No checks are performed then, it "
+#~ "just sorts."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "По умолчанию, команда <command>grpck</command> работает с файлами "
+#~ "<filename>/etc/group</filename> и <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>. "
+#~ "Пользователь может указать другие файлы с помощью параметров <emphasis "
+#~ "remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>. Также, пользователь может запустить "
+#~ "команду в режиме только для чтения, указав параметр <option>-r</option>. "
+#~ "Это приведёт к автоматическому ответу <emphasis>нет</emphasis> без "
+#~ "подтверждения пользователя. Команда <command>grpck</command> также может "
+#~ "отсортировать записи в файлах <filename>/etc/group</filename> и "
+#~ "<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> по номеру группы. Для запуска режима "
+#~ "сортировки укажите параметр <option>-s</option>. В этом режиме проверка "
+#~ "не выполняется, производится только сортировка."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid "MAIL_DIR USERDEL_CMD"
+#~ msgstr "MAIL_DIR USERDEL_CMD"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para><emphasis>
+#~ msgid "MAIL_DIR"
+#~ msgstr "MAIL_DIR"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid "CHFN_AUTH"
+#~ msgstr "CHFN_AUTH"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid "GID_MAX GID_MIN"
+#~ msgstr "GID_MAX GID_MIN"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsect1><refsect2><variablelist><varlistentry><listitem><para>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The name of the new user's login shell. The named program will be used "
+#~ "for all future new user accounts."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Имя новой регистрационной оболочки пользователя. Данная программа будет "
+#~ "использована для всех новых пользовательских учётных записей."
+
+#~ msgid "-R <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-R <placeholder-1/>"
+
+# type: Content of: <refentry><refsynopsisdiv><cmdsynopsis><arg><replaceable>
+#~ msgid "user,"
+#~ msgstr "пользователь,"
+
+#~ msgid "-A <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-A <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#~ msgid "-M <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-M <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Group administrator can add and delete users using <option>-a</option> "
+#~ "and <option>-d</option> options respectively. Administrators can use "
+#~ "<option>-r</option> option to remove group password. When no password is "
+#~ "set only group members can use <command>newgrp</command> to join the "
+#~ "group. Option <option>-R</option> disables access via a password to the "
+#~ "group through <command>newgrp</command> command (however members will "
+#~ "still be able to switch to this group)."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Администратор группы может добавлять и удалять пользователей с помощью "
+#~ "параметров <option>-a</option> и <option>-d</option> соответственно. "
+#~ "Администраторы могут использовать параметр <option>-r</option> для "
+#~ "удаления пароля группы. Если пароль не задан, то только члены группы с "
+#~ "помощью команды <command>newgrp</command> могут войти в группу. Указав "
+#~ "параметр <option>-R</option> можно запретить доступ в группу по паролю с "
+#~ "помощью команды <command>newgrp</command> (однако на членов группы это не "
+#~ "распространяется)."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
diff --git a/man/po/shadow-man-pages.pot b/man/po/shadow-man-pages.pot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40ba2f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/po/shadow-man-pages.pot
@@ -0,0 +1,5073 @@
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-01-23 15:00-0600\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:41(firstname) suauth.5.xml:39(firstname) pwconv.8.xml:45(firstname) login.access.5.xml:40(firstname)
+msgid "Marek"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:42(surname) suauth.5.xml:40(surname) pwconv.8.xml:46(surname) login.access.5.xml:41(surname)
+msgid "Michałkiewicz"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:43(contrib) limits.5.xml:43(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1997"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:46(firstname) usermod.8.xml:51(firstname) userdel.8.xml:50(firstname) useradd.8.xml:63(firstname) suauth.5.xml:44(firstname) su.1.xml:61(firstname) sg.1.xml:45(firstname) shadow.5.xml:44(firstname) shadow.3.xml:44(firstname) pwconv.8.xml:50(firstname) pwck.8.xml:50(firstname) porttime.5.xml:44(firstname) passwd.5.xml:44(firstname) passwd.1.xml:51(firstname) newusers.8.xml:60(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:45(firstname) logoutd.8.xml:44(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:111(firstname) login.access.5.xml:45(firstname) login.1.xml:77(firstname) limits.5.xml:46(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:46(firstname) grpck.8.xml:45(firstname) groups.1.xml:44(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:45(firstname) groupmems.8.xml:48(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:45(firstname) groupadd.8.xml:47(firstname) gpasswd.1.xml:49(firstname) faillog.8.xml:44(firstname) faillog.5.xml:44(firstname) expiry.1.xml:48(firstname) chsh.1.xml:47(firstname) chpasswd.8.xml:48(firstname) chgpasswd.8.xml:44(firstname) chfn.1.xml:47(firstname) chage.1.xml:45(firstname)
+msgid "Thomas"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:47(surname) usermod.8.xml:52(surname) userdel.8.xml:51(surname) useradd.8.xml:64(surname) suauth.5.xml:45(surname) su.1.xml:62(surname) sg.1.xml:46(surname) shadow.5.xml:45(surname) shadow.3.xml:45(surname) pwconv.8.xml:51(surname) pwck.8.xml:51(surname) porttime.5.xml:45(surname) passwd.5.xml:45(surname) passwd.1.xml:52(surname) newusers.8.xml:61(surname) newgrp.1.xml:46(surname) logoutd.8.xml:45(surname) login.defs.5.xml:112(surname) login.access.5.xml:46(surname) login.1.xml:78(surname) limits.5.xml:47(surname) lastlog.8.xml:47(surname) grpck.8.xml:46(surname) groups.1.xml:45(surname) groupmod.8.xml:46(surname) groupmems.8.xml:49(surname) groupdel.8.xml:46(surname) groupadd.8.xml:48(surname) gpasswd.1.xml:50(surname) faillog.8.xml:45(surname) faillog.5.xml:45(surname) expiry.1.xml:49(surname) chsh.1.xml:48(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:49(surname) chgpasswd.8.xml:45(surname) chfn.1.xml:48(surname) chage.1.xml:46(surname)
+msgid "Kłoczko"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:48(email) usermod.8.xml:53(email) userdel.8.xml:52(email) useradd.8.xml:65(email) suauth.5.xml:46(email) su.1.xml:63(email) sg.1.xml:47(email) shadow.5.xml:46(email) shadow.3.xml:46(email) pwconv.8.xml:52(email) pwck.8.xml:52(email) porttime.5.xml:46(email) passwd.5.xml:46(email) passwd.1.xml:53(email) newusers.8.xml:62(email) newgrp.1.xml:47(email) logoutd.8.xml:46(email) login.defs.5.xml:113(email) login.access.5.xml:47(email) login.1.xml:79(email) limits.5.xml:48(email) lastlog.8.xml:48(email) grpck.8.xml:47(email) groups.1.xml:46(email) groupmod.8.xml:47(email) groupmems.8.xml:50(email) groupdel.8.xml:47(email) groupadd.8.xml:49(email) gpasswd.1.xml:51(email) faillog.8.xml:46(email) faillog.5.xml:46(email) expiry.1.xml:50(email) chsh.1.xml:49(email) chpasswd.8.xml:50(email) chgpasswd.8.xml:46(email) chfn.1.xml:49(email) chage.1.xml:47(email)
+msgid "kloczek@pld.org.pl"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:49(contrib) usermod.8.xml:54(contrib) userdel.8.xml:53(contrib) useradd.8.xml:66(contrib) suauth.5.xml:47(contrib) su.1.xml:64(contrib) sg.1.xml:48(contrib) shadow.5.xml:47(contrib) shadow.3.xml:47(contrib) pwconv.8.xml:53(contrib) pwck.8.xml:53(contrib) porttime.5.xml:47(contrib) passwd.5.xml:47(contrib) passwd.1.xml:54(contrib) newusers.8.xml:63(contrib) newgrp.1.xml:48(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:47(contrib) login.defs.5.xml:114(contrib) login.access.5.xml:48(contrib) login.1.xml:80(contrib) limits.5.xml:49(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:49(contrib) grpck.8.xml:48(contrib) groups.1.xml:47(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:48(contrib) groupmems.8.xml:51(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:48(contrib) groupadd.8.xml:50(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:52(contrib) faillog.8.xml:47(contrib) faillog.5.xml:47(contrib) expiry.1.xml:51(contrib) chsh.1.xml:50(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:51(contrib) chfn.1.xml:50(contrib) chage.1.xml:48(contrib)
+msgid "shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:52(firstname) usermod.8.xml:57(firstname) userdel.8.xml:56(firstname) useradd.8.xml:69(firstname) suauth.5.xml:50(firstname) su.1.xml:67(firstname) sg.1.xml:51(firstname) shadow.5.xml:50(firstname) shadow.3.xml:50(firstname) pwconv.8.xml:56(firstname) pwck.8.xml:56(firstname) porttime.5.xml:50(firstname) passwd.5.xml:50(firstname) passwd.1.xml:57(firstname) nologin.8.xml:39(firstname) newusers.8.xml:66(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:51(firstname) logoutd.8.xml:50(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:117(firstname) login.access.5.xml:51(firstname) login.1.xml:83(firstname) limits.5.xml:52(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:52(firstname) gshadow.5.xml:38(firstname) grpck.8.xml:51(firstname) groups.1.xml:50(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:51(firstname) groupmems.8.xml:54(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:51(firstname) groupadd.8.xml:53(firstname) gpasswd.1.xml:55(firstname) faillog.8.xml:50(firstname) faillog.5.xml:50(firstname) expiry.1.xml:54(firstname) chsh.1.xml:53(firstname) chpasswd.8.xml:54(firstname) chgpasswd.8.xml:50(firstname) chfn.1.xml:53(firstname) chage.1.xml:51(firstname)
+msgid "Nicolas"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:53(surname) usermod.8.xml:58(surname) userdel.8.xml:57(surname) useradd.8.xml:70(surname) suauth.5.xml:51(surname) su.1.xml:68(surname) sg.1.xml:52(surname) shadow.5.xml:51(surname) shadow.3.xml:51(surname) pwconv.8.xml:57(surname) pwck.8.xml:57(surname) porttime.5.xml:51(surname) passwd.5.xml:51(surname) passwd.1.xml:58(surname) nologin.8.xml:40(surname) newusers.8.xml:67(surname) newgrp.1.xml:52(surname) logoutd.8.xml:51(surname) login.defs.5.xml:118(surname) login.access.5.xml:52(surname) login.1.xml:84(surname) limits.5.xml:53(surname) lastlog.8.xml:53(surname) gshadow.5.xml:39(surname) grpck.8.xml:52(surname) groups.1.xml:51(surname) groupmod.8.xml:52(surname) groupmems.8.xml:55(surname) groupdel.8.xml:52(surname) groupadd.8.xml:54(surname) gpasswd.1.xml:56(surname) faillog.8.xml:51(surname) faillog.5.xml:51(surname) expiry.1.xml:55(surname) chsh.1.xml:54(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:55(surname) chgpasswd.8.xml:51(surname) chfn.1.xml:54(surname) chage.1.xml:52(surname)
+msgid "François"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:54(email) usermod.8.xml:59(email) userdel.8.xml:58(email) useradd.8.xml:71(email) suauth.5.xml:52(email) su.1.xml:69(email) sg.1.xml:53(email) shadow.5.xml:52(email) shadow.3.xml:52(email) pwconv.8.xml:58(email) pwck.8.xml:58(email) porttime.5.xml:52(email) passwd.5.xml:52(email) passwd.1.xml:59(email) nologin.8.xml:41(email) newusers.8.xml:68(email) newgrp.1.xml:53(email) logoutd.8.xml:52(email) login.defs.5.xml:119(email) login.access.5.xml:53(email) login.1.xml:85(email) limits.5.xml:54(email) lastlog.8.xml:54(email) gshadow.5.xml:40(email) grpck.8.xml:53(email) groups.1.xml:52(email) groupmod.8.xml:53(email) groupmems.8.xml:56(email) groupdel.8.xml:53(email) groupadd.8.xml:55(email) gpasswd.1.xml:57(email) faillog.8.xml:52(email) faillog.5.xml:52(email) expiry.1.xml:56(email) chsh.1.xml:55(email) chpasswd.8.xml:56(email) chgpasswd.8.xml:52(email) chfn.1.xml:55(email) chage.1.xml:53(email)
+msgid "nicolas.francois@centraliens.net"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:55(contrib) usermod.8.xml:60(contrib) userdel.8.xml:59(contrib) useradd.8.xml:72(contrib) suauth.5.xml:53(contrib) su.1.xml:70(contrib) sg.1.xml:54(contrib) shadow.5.xml:53(contrib) shadow.3.xml:53(contrib) pwconv.8.xml:59(contrib) pwck.8.xml:59(contrib) porttime.5.xml:53(contrib) passwd.5.xml:53(contrib) passwd.1.xml:60(contrib) nologin.8.xml:42(contrib) newusers.8.xml:69(contrib) newgrp.1.xml:54(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:53(contrib) login.defs.5.xml:120(contrib) login.access.5.xml:54(contrib) login.1.xml:86(contrib) limits.5.xml:55(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:55(contrib) gshadow.5.xml:42(contrib) grpck.8.xml:54(contrib) groups.1.xml:53(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:54(contrib) groupmems.8.xml:57(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:54(contrib) groupadd.8.xml:56(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:58(contrib) faillog.8.xml:53(contrib) faillog.5.xml:53(contrib) expiry.1.xml:57(contrib) chsh.1.xml:56(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:57(contrib) chgpasswd.8.xml:53(contrib) chfn.1.xml:56(contrib) chage.1.xml:54(contrib)
+msgid "shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:59(refentrytitle) vipw.8.xml:66(refname) vipw.8.xml:75(command) login.defs.5.xml:520(term)
+msgid "vipw"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:60(manvolnum) usermod.8.xml:65(manvolnum) userdel.8.xml:64(manvolnum) userdel.8.xml:276(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:77(manvolnum) pwconv.8.xml:64(manvolnum) pwck.8.xml:64(manvolnum) nologin.8.xml:47(manvolnum) newusers.8.xml:74(manvolnum) logoutd.8.xml:58(manvolnum) lastlog.8.xml:60(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupmod.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupmems.8.xml:62(manvolnum) groupdel.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupdel.8.xml:198(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:61(manvolnum) faillog.8.xml:58(manvolnum) faillog.5.xml:111(manvolnum) chpasswd.8.xml:62(manvolnum) chgpasswd.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+msgid "8"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) usermod.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) userdel.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) useradd.8.xml:78(refmiscinfo) pwconv.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) pwck.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) nologin.8.xml:48(refmiscinfo) newusers.8.xml:75(refmiscinfo) logoutd.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo) lastlog.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) grpck.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) groupmod.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) groupmems.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) groupdel.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) groupadd.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) faillog.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo) chpasswd.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chgpasswd.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "System Management Commands"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) usermod.8.xml:67(refmiscinfo) userdel.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) useradd.8.xml:79(refmiscinfo) suauth.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) su.1.xml:77(refmiscinfo) sg.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo) shadow.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) shadow.3.xml:60(refmiscinfo) pwconv.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) pwck.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) porttime.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) passwd.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) passwd.1.xml:67(refmiscinfo) nologin.8.xml:49(refmiscinfo) newusers.8.xml:76(refmiscinfo) newgrp.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo) logoutd.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) login.defs.5.xml:127(refmiscinfo) login.access.5.xml:61(refmiscinfo) login.1.xml:93(refmiscinfo) limits.5.xml:62(refmiscinfo) lastlog.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) gshadow.5.xml:49(refmiscinfo) grpck.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groups.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo) groupmod.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groupmems.8.xml:64(refmiscinfo) groupdel.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groupadd.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) gpasswd.1.xml:65(refmiscinfo) faillog.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) faillog.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) expiry.1.xml:64(refmiscinfo) chsh.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chpasswd.8.xml:64(refmiscinfo) chgpasswd.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) chfn.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chage.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "shadow-utils"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:67(refname) vipw.8.xml:81(command)
+msgid "vigr"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "edit the password, group, shadow-password or shadow-group file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:77(replaceable) vipw.8.xml:83(replaceable) usermod.8.xml:79(replaceable) userdel.8.xml:76(arg) useradd.8.xml:90(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:102(replaceable) su.1.xml:88(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:81(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:87(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:93(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:99(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:77(arg) passwd.1.xml:79(replaceable) newusers.8.xml:88(replaceable) lastlog.8.xml:74(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:72(arg) groupmod.8.xml:73(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:73(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:75(replaceable) faillog.8.xml:72(replaceable) chsh.1.xml:75(replaceable) chpasswd.8.xml:76(replaceable) chgpasswd.8.xml:72(replaceable) chfn.1.xml:75(replaceable) chage.1.xml:72(replaceable)
+msgid "options"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:89(title) usermod.8.xml:86(title) userdel.8.xml:84(title) useradd.8.xml:108(title) suauth.5.xml:75(title) su.1.xml:103(title) sg.1.xml:81(title) shadow.5.xml:69(title) shadow.3.xml:118(title) shadow.3.xml:174(title) pwconv.8.xml:105(title) pwck.8.xml:92(title) porttime.5.xml:69(title) passwd.5.xml:69(title) passwd.1.xml:88(title) nologin.8.xml:64(title) newusers.8.xml:97(title) newgrp.1.xml:77(title) logoutd.8.xml:75(title) login.defs.5.xml:136(title) login.access.5.xml:70(title) login.1.xml:125(title) limits.5.xml:72(title) lastlog.8.xml:80(title) gshadow.5.xml:58(title) grpck.8.xml:83(title) groups.1.xml:78(title) groupmod.8.xml:80(title) groupmems.8.xml:85(title) groupdel.8.xml:80(title) groupadd.8.xml:84(title) gpasswd.1.xml:94(title) faillog.8.xml:78(title) faillog.5.xml:69(title) expiry.1.xml:82(title) chsh.1.xml:84(title) chpasswd.8.xml:82(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:78(title) chfn.1.xml:84(title) chage.1.xml:81(title)
+msgid "DESCRIPTION"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</command> commands edits the files <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>, respectively. With the <option>-s</option> flag, they will edit the shadow versions of those files, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, respectively. The programs will set the appropriate locks to prevent file corruption. When looking for an editor, the programs will first try the environment variable <envar>$VISUAL</envar>, then the environment variable <envar>$EDITOR</envar>, and finally the default editor, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:107(title) usermod.8.xml:94(title) userdel.8.xml:93(title) useradd.8.xml:126(title) su.1.xml:144(title) pwconv.8.xml:187(title) pwck.8.xml:176(title) passwd.1.xml:174(title) newusers.8.xml:266(title) login.1.xml:210(title) lastlog.8.xml:92(title) grpck.8.xml:147(title) groupmod.8.xml:89(title) groupmems.8.xml:100(title) groupdel.8.xml:88(title) groupadd.8.xml:93(title) gpasswd.1.xml:134(title) faillog.8.xml:89(title) expiry.1.xml:91(title) chsh.1.xml:95(title) chpasswd.8.xml:130(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:105(title) chfn.1.xml:111(title) chage.1.xml:91(title)
+msgid "OPTIONS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:108(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</command> commands are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:114(term)
+msgid "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:116(para)
+msgid "Edit group database."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:120(term) userdel.8.xml:123(term) useradd.8.xml:278(term) pwconv.8.xml:195(term) pwck.8.xml:196(term) passwd.1.xml:214(term) newusers.8.xml:296(term) lastlog.8.xml:119(term) grpck.8.xml:157(term) groupmod.8.xml:129(term) groupmems.8.xml:142(term) groupdel.8.xml:95(term) groupadd.8.xml:131(term) gpasswd.1.xml:173(term) faillog.8.xml:122(term) expiry.1.xml:112(term) chsh.1.xml:101(term) chpasswd.8.xml:171(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:131(term) chage.1.xml:129(term)
+msgid "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:122(para) userdel.8.xml:125(para) useradd.8.xml:280(para) pwconv.8.xml:197(para) pwck.8.xml:198(para) passwd.1.xml:216(para) newusers.8.xml:298(para) lastlog.8.xml:123(para) grpck.8.xml:159(para) groupmod.8.xml:131(para) groupmems.8.xml:144(para) groupdel.8.xml:97(para) groupadd.8.xml:133(para) gpasswd.1.xml:175(para) faillog.8.xml:124(para) expiry.1.xml:114(para) chsh.1.xml:103(para) chpasswd.8.xml:173(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:133(para) chfn.1.xml:169(para) chage.1.xml:131(para)
+msgid "Display help message and exit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:126(term)
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--passwd</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:128(para)
+msgid "Edit passwd database."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:132(term) pwck.8.xml:202(term) passwd.1.xml:281(term)
+msgid "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:134(para) passwd.1.xml:285(para)
+msgid "Quiet mode."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:138(term) usermod.8.xml:322(term) userdel.8.xml:146(term) useradd.8.xml:457(term) pwconv.8.xml:201(term) pwck.8.xml:219(term) passwd.1.xml:301(term) newusers.8.xml:321(term) lastlog.8.xml:127(term) grpck.8.xml:173(term) groupmod.8.xml:178(term) groupmems.8.xml:165(term) groupdel.8.xml:101(term) groupadd.8.xml:204(term) faillog.8.xml:180(term) chsh.1.xml:107(term) chpasswd.8.xml:188(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:146(term) chfn.1.xml:153(term) chage.1.xml:203(term)
+msgid "<option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:142(para) usermod.8.xml:326(para) userdel.8.xml:150(para) useradd.8.xml:461(para) pwconv.8.xml:205(para) pwck.8.xml:223(para) passwd.1.xml:305(para) newusers.8.xml:325(para) lastlog.8.xml:131(para) grpck.8.xml:177(para) groupmod.8.xml:182(para) groupmems.8.xml:169(para) groupdel.8.xml:105(para) groupadd.8.xml:208(para) gpasswd.1.xml:185(para) faillog.8.xml:184(para) chsh.1.xml:111(para) chpasswd.8.xml:192(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:150(para) chfn.1.xml:157(para) chage.1.xml:207(para)
+msgid "Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory and use the configuration files from the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:150(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "Edit shadow or gshadow database."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:156(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:158(para)
+msgid "Indicates which user's tcb shadow file to edit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:165(title) usermod.8.xml:524(title) userdel.8.xml:188(title) useradd.8.xml:676(title) su.1.xml:338(title) sg.1.xml:98(title) pwconv.8.xml:227(title) pwck.8.xml:262(title) passwd.1.xml:395(title) newusers.8.xml:375(title) newgrp.1.xml:109(title) login.1.xml:294(title) lastlog.8.xml:205(title) grpck.8.xml:209(title) groupmod.8.xml:210(title) groupmems.8.xml:199(title) groupdel.8.xml:145(title) groupadd.8.xml:236(title) gpasswd.1.xml:264(title) chsh.1.xml:154(title) chpasswd.8.xml:239(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:198(title) chfn.1.xml:193(title) chage.1.xml:250(title)
+msgid "CONFIGURATION"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:166(para) usermod.8.xml:525(para) userdel.8.xml:189(para) useradd.8.xml:677(para) su.1.xml:339(para) sg.1.xml:99(para) pwck.8.xml:263(para) passwd.1.xml:396(para) newusers.8.xml:376(para) newgrp.1.xml:110(para) login.1.xml:295(para) lastlog.8.xml:206(para) grpck.8.xml:210(para) groupmod.8.xml:211(para) groupmems.8.xml:200(para) groupdel.8.xml:146(para) groupadd.8.xml:237(para) gpasswd.1.xml:265(para) chsh.1.xml:155(para) chpasswd.8.xml:240(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:199(para) chfn.1.xml:194(para) chage.1.xml:251(para)
+msgid "The following configuration variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this tool:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:30(term) usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwconv.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term) chage.1.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>USE_TCB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:32(para) usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwconv.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para) chage.1.xml:32(para)
+msgid "If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> password shadowing scheme will be used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:177(title)
+msgid "ENVIRONMENT"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:180(option)
+msgid "VISUAL"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:182(para)
+msgid "Editor to be used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:186(option)
+msgid "EDITOR"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:188(para)
+msgid "Editor to be used if <option>VISUAL</option> is not set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:195(title) usermod.8.xml:542(title) userdel.8.xml:205(title) useradd.8.xml:706(title) suauth.5.xml:193(title) su.1.xml:366(title) sg.1.xml:110(title) shadow.5.xml:255(title) shadow.3.xml:226(title) pwconv.8.xml:250(title) pwck.8.xml:279(title) porttime.5.xml:130(title) passwd.5.xml:160(title) passwd.1.xml:413(title) newusers.8.xml:411(title) newgrp.1.xml:121(title) logoutd.8.xml:89(title) login.access.5.xml:121(title) login.1.xml:338(title) limits.5.xml:196(title) lastlog.8.xml:217(title) gshadow.5.xml:156(title) grpck.8.xml:221(title) groups.1.xml:100(title) groupmod.8.xml:222(title) groupmems.8.xml:211(title) groupdel.8.xml:157(title) groupadd.8.xml:250(title) gpasswd.1.xml:279(title) faillog.8.xml:243(title) faillog.5.xml:96(title) expiry.1.xml:121(title) chsh.1.xml:167(title) chpasswd.8.xml:255(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:213(title) chfn.1.xml:207(title) chage.1.xml:262(title)
+msgid "FILES"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:198(filename) usermod.8.xml:545(filename) userdel.8.xml:208(filename) useradd.8.xml:721(filename) sg.1.xml:125(filename) pwck.8.xml:282(filename) newusers.8.xml:426(filename) newgrp.1.xml:136(filename) gshadow.5.xml:159(filename) grpck.8.xml:224(filename) groups.1.xml:103(filename) groupmod.8.xml:225(filename) groupmems.8.xml:214(filename) groupdel.8.xml:160(filename) groupadd.8.xml:253(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:72(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:75(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:282(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:216(filename)
+msgid "/etc/group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:200(para) usermod.8.xml:547(para) userdel.8.xml:210(para) useradd.8.xml:723(para) sg.1.xml:127(para) pwck.8.xml:284(para) newusers.8.xml:428(para) newgrp.1.xml:138(para) gshadow.5.xml:161(para) grpck.8.xml:226(para) groups.1.xml:105(para) groupmod.8.xml:227(para) groupmems.8.xml:216(para) groupdel.8.xml:162(para) groupadd.8.xml:255(para) gpasswd.1.xml:284(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:218(para)
+msgid "Group account information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:204(filename) usermod.8.xml:551(filename) useradd.8.xml:727(filename) sg.1.xml:131(filename) newusers.8.xml:432(filename) newgrp.1.xml:142(filename) gshadow.5.xml:165(filename) grpck.8.xml:230(filename) groupmod.8.xml:231(filename) groupmems.8.xml:220(filename) groupdel.8.xml:166(filename) groupadd.8.xml:259(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:76(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:288(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:222(filename)
+msgid "/etc/gshadow"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:206(para) usermod.8.xml:553(para) useradd.8.xml:729(para) sg.1.xml:133(para) newusers.8.xml:434(para) newgrp.1.xml:144(para) gshadow.5.xml:167(para) grpck.8.xml:232(para) groupmod.8.xml:233(para) groupdel.8.xml:168(para) groupadd.8.xml:261(para) gpasswd.1.xml:290(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid "Secure group account information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:210(filename) usermod.8.xml:563(filename) userdel.8.xml:220(filename) useradd.8.xml:709(filename) su.1.xml:369(filename) sg.1.xml:113(filename) shadow.5.xml:258(filename) pwck.8.xml:288(filename) passwd.5.xml:163(filename) passwd.1.xml:416(filename) newusers.8.xml:414(filename) newgrp.1.xml:124(filename) login.1.xml:353(filename) grpck.8.xml:236(filename) groupmod.8.xml:243(filename) expiry.1.xml:124(filename) chsh.1.xml:170(filename) chpasswd.8.xml:258(filename) chfn.1.xml:216(filename) chage.1.xml:266(filename)
+msgid "/etc/passwd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:212(para) usermod.8.xml:565(para) userdel.8.xml:222(para) useradd.8.xml:711(para) su.1.xml:371(para) sg.1.xml:115(para) shadow.5.xml:260(para) pwck.8.xml:290(para) passwd.5.xml:165(para) passwd.1.xml:418(para) newusers.8.xml:416(para) newgrp.1.xml:126(para) login.1.xml:355(para) grpck.8.xml:238(para) groupmod.8.xml:245(para) expiry.1.xml:126(para) chsh.1.xml:172(para) chpasswd.8.xml:260(para) chfn.1.xml:218(para) chage.1.xml:269(para)
+msgid "User account information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:216(filename) usermod.8.xml:569(filename) userdel.8.xml:226(filename) useradd.8.xml:715(filename) su.1.xml:375(filename) sg.1.xml:119(filename) shadow.5.xml:264(filename) shadow.3.xml:229(filename) pwck.8.xml:294(filename) passwd.5.xml:169(filename) passwd.1.xml:422(filename) newusers.8.xml:420(filename) newgrp.1.xml:130(filename) login.1.xml:359(filename) expiry.1.xml:130(filename) chpasswd.8.xml:264(filename) chage.1.xml:274(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shadow"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:218(para) usermod.8.xml:571(para) userdel.8.xml:228(para) useradd.8.xml:717(para) su.1.xml:377(para) sg.1.xml:121(para) shadow.5.xml:266(para) shadow.3.xml:231(para) pwck.8.xml:296(para) passwd.1.xml:424(para) newusers.8.xml:422(para) newgrp.1.xml:132(para) login.1.xml:361(para) expiry.1.xml:132(para) chpasswd.8.xml:266(para) chage.1.xml:277(para)
+msgid "Secure user account information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:225(title) usermod.8.xml:590(title) userdel.8.xml:325(title) useradd.8.xml:835(title) suauth.5.xml:222(title) su.1.xml:437(title) sg.1.xml:140(title) shadow.5.xml:283(title) shadow.3.xml:238(title) pwconv.8.xml:262(title) pwck.8.xml:354(title) porttime.5.xml:142(title) passwd.5.xml:188(title) passwd.1.xml:494(title) nologin.8.xml:81(title) newusers.8.xml:465(title) newgrp.1.xml:151(title) login.defs.5.xml:547(title) login.access.5.xml:133(title) login.1.xml:398(title) limits.5.xml:206(title) gshadow.5.xml:174(title) grpck.8.xml:290(title) groups.1.xml:112(title) groupmod.8.xml:321(title) groupmems.8.xml:229(title) groupdel.8.xml:214(title) groupadd.8.xml:341(title) gpasswd.1.xml:297(title) faillog.8.xml:255(title) faillog.5.xml:108(title) expiry.1.xml:139(title) chsh.1.xml:191(title) chpasswd.8.xml:285(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:237(title) chfn.1.xml:225(title) chage.1.xml:317(title)
+msgid "SEE ALSO"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:226(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:46(firstname) userdel.8.xml:45(firstname) useradd.8.xml:58(firstname) su.1.xml:56(firstname) sg.1.xml:40(firstname) shadow.5.xml:39(firstname) shadow.3.xml:39(firstname) pwck.8.xml:45(firstname) porttime.5.xml:39(firstname) passwd.5.xml:39(firstname) passwd.1.xml:46(firstname) newusers.8.xml:55(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:40(firstname) logoutd.8.xml:39(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:106(firstname) login.1.xml:72(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:41(firstname) grpck.8.xml:40(firstname) groups.1.xml:39(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:40(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:40(firstname) groupadd.8.xml:42(firstname) faillog.8.xml:39(firstname) faillog.5.xml:39(firstname) expiry.1.xml:43(firstname) chsh.1.xml:42(firstname) chpasswd.8.xml:43(firstname) chfn.1.xml:42(firstname) chage.1.xml:40(firstname)
+msgid "Julianne Frances"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:47(surname) userdel.8.xml:46(surname) useradd.8.xml:59(surname) su.1.xml:57(surname) sg.1.xml:41(surname) shadow.5.xml:40(surname) shadow.3.xml:40(surname) pwck.8.xml:46(surname) porttime.5.xml:40(surname) passwd.5.xml:40(surname) passwd.1.xml:47(surname) newusers.8.xml:56(surname) newgrp.1.xml:41(surname) logoutd.8.xml:40(surname) login.defs.5.xml:107(surname) login.1.xml:73(surname) lastlog.8.xml:42(surname) grpck.8.xml:41(surname) groups.1.xml:40(surname) groupmod.8.xml:41(surname) groupdel.8.xml:41(surname) groupadd.8.xml:43(surname) faillog.8.xml:40(surname) faillog.5.xml:40(surname) expiry.1.xml:44(surname) chsh.1.xml:43(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:44(surname) chfn.1.xml:43(surname) chage.1.xml:41(surname)
+msgid "Haugh"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:48(contrib) userdel.8.xml:47(contrib) useradd.8.xml:60(contrib) sg.1.xml:42(contrib) newusers.8.xml:57(contrib) newgrp.1.xml:42(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:41(contrib) login.defs.5.xml:108(contrib) groups.1.xml:41(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:42(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:42(contrib) groupadd.8.xml:44(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:45(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1991"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:64(refentrytitle) usermod.8.xml:71(refname) usermod.8.xml:77(command) login.defs.5.xml:510(term)
+msgid "usermod"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:72(refpurpose)
+msgid "modify a user account"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:81(replaceable) userdel.8.xml:78(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:92(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:82(replaceable) chsh.1.xml:78(replaceable) chfn.1.xml:78(replaceable) chage.1.xml:75(replaceable)
+msgid "LOGIN"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:87(para)
+msgid "The <command>usermod</command> command modifies the system account files to reflect the changes that are specified on the command line."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:95(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>usermod</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:101(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--append</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:105(para)
+msgid "Add the user to the supplementary group(s). Use only with the <option>-G</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:112(term)
+msgid "<option>-b</option>, <option>--badnames</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:116(para) useradd.8.xml:135(para) pwck.8.xml:190(para) newusers.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "Allow names that do not conform to standards."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:122(term) useradd.8.xml:162(term)
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMENT</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:126(para)
+msgid "The new value of the user's password file comment field. It is normally modified using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utility."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:135(term)
+msgid "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The user's new login directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid "If the <option>-m</option> option is given, the contents of the current home directory will be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it does not already exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:151(term) useradd.8.xml:200(term) useradd.8.xml:577(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:155(para) useradd.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid "The date on which the user account will be disabled. The date is specified in the format <emphasis remap=\"I\">YYYY-MM-DD</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:159(para)
+msgid "An empty <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> argument will disable the expiration of the account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:163(para) usermod.8.xml:184(para)
+msgid "This option requires a <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. A <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> entry will be created if there were none."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:171(term) useradd.8.xml:217(term) useradd.8.xml:589(term)
+msgid "<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:175(para)
+msgid "The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently disabled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid "A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has expired, and a value of -1 disables the feature."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:192(term) useradd.8.xml:236(term) useradd.8.xml:604(term)
+msgid "<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:196(para)
+msgid "The group name or number of the user's new initial login group. The group must exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:200(para)
+msgid "Any file from the user's home directory owned by the previous primary group of the user will be owned by this new group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid "The group ownership of files outside of the user's home directory must be fixed manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:211(term) useradd.8.xml:263(term)
+msgid "<option>-G</option>, <option>--groups</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP1</replaceable>[<emphasis remap=\"I\">,GROUP2,...</emphasis>[<emphasis remap=\"I\">,GROUPN</emphasis>]]]"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:215(para)
+msgid "A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the <option>-g</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "If the user is currently a member of a group which is not listed, the user will be removed from the group. This behaviour can be changed via the <option>-a</option> option, which appends the user to the current supplementary group list."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:231(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:235(para)
+msgid "The name of the user will be changed from <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> to <replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</replaceable>. Nothing else is changed. In particular, the user's home directory or mail spool should probably be renamed manually to reflect the new login name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:245(term)
+msgid "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:249(para)
+msgid "Lock a user's password. This puts a '!' in front of the encrypted password, effectively disabling the password. You can't use this option with <option>-p</option> or <option>-U</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:255(para)
+msgid "Note: if you wish to lock the account (not only access with a password), you should also set the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> to <replaceable>1</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:264(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--move-home</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:268(para)
+msgid "Move the content of the user's home directory to the new location."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:272(para)
+msgid "This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-d</option> (or <option>--home</option>) option."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "<command>usermod</command> will try to adapt the ownership of the files and to copy the modes, ACL and extended attributes, but manual changes might be needed afterwards."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:284(term) useradd.8.xml:397(term) groupmod.8.xml:146(term) groupadd.8.xml:157(term)
+msgid "<option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid "When used with the <option>-u</option> option, this option allows to change the user ID to a non-unique value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:295(term) useradd.8.xml:409(term) groupmod.8.xml:157(term) groupadd.8.xml:167(term)
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASSWORD</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:299(para) groupmod.8.xml:161(para)
+msgid "The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:304(para) useradd.8.xml:418(para) groupmod.8.xml:166(para) groupadd.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid "<emphasis role=\"bold\">Note:</emphasis> This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:309(para)
+msgid "The password will be written in the local <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. This might differ from the password database configured in your PAM configuration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:315(para) useradd.8.xml:423(para) groupmod.8.xml:171(para) groupadd.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid "You should make sure the password respects the system's password policy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:334(term) userdel.8.xml:158(term) useradd.8.xml:469(term) groupmod.8.xml:190(term) groupdel.8.xml:113(term) groupadd.8.xml:216(term)
+msgid "<option>-P</option>, <option>--prefix</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:338(para) userdel.8.xml:162(para) useradd.8.xml:473(para) groupmod.8.xml:194(para) groupdel.8.xml:117(para) groupadd.8.xml:220(para)
+msgid "Apply changes in the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> directory and use the configuration files from the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> directory. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross-compilation target. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified. PAM authentication is using the host files. No SELINUX support."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:351(term) useradd.8.xml:486(term) useradd.8.xml:624(term) su.1.xml:186(term) chsh.1.xml:119(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:355(para) chsh.1.xml:123(para)
+msgid "The name of the user's new login shell. Setting this field to blank causes the system to select the default login shell."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:362(term) useradd.8.xml:500(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:366(para)
+msgid "The new numerical value of the user's ID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:369(para)
+msgid "This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:374(para)
+msgid "The user's mailbox, and any files which the user owns and which are located in the user's home directory will have the file user ID changed automatically."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:379(para)
+msgid "The ownership of files outside of the user's home directory must be fixed manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:383(para)
+msgid "No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>UID_MIN</option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>, or <option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:392(term)
+msgid "<option>-U</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:396(para)
+msgid "Unlock a user's password. This removes the '!' in front of the encrypted password. You can't use this option with <option>-p</option> or <option>-L</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:401(para)
+msgid "Note: if you wish to unlock the account (not only access with a password), you should also set the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> (for example to <replaceable>99999</replaceable>, or to the <option>EXPIRE</option> value from <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:412(term)
+msgid "<option>-v</option>, <option>--add-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:416(para)
+msgid "Add a range of subordinate uids to the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:419(para) usermod.8.xml:457(para)
+msgid "This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a users account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:422(para) usermod.8.xml:442(para)
+msgid "No checks will be performed with regard to <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_UID_MAX</option>, or <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> from /etc/login.defs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:430(term)
+msgid "<option>-V</option>, <option>--del-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:434(para)
+msgid "Remove a range of subordinate uids from the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:437(para)
+msgid "This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a users account. When both <option>--del-subuids</option> and <option>--add-subuids</option> are specified, the removal of all subordinate uid ranges happens before any subordinate uid range is added."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:450(term)
+msgid "<option>-w</option>, <option>--add-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:454(para)
+msgid "Add a range of subordinate gids to the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:460(para) usermod.8.xml:480(para)
+msgid "No checks will be performed with regard to <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_GID_MAX</option>, or <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> from /etc/login.defs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:468(term)
+msgid "<option>-W</option>, <option>--del-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:472(para)
+msgid "Remove a range of subordinate gids from the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:475(para)
+msgid "This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a users account. When both <option>--del-subgids</option> and <option>--add-subgids</option> are specified, the removal of all subordinate gid ranges happens before any subordinate gid range is added."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:488(term) useradd.8.xml:535(term)
+msgid "<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:492(para)
+msgid "The new SELinux user for the user's login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:495(para)
+msgid "A blank <replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable> will remove the SELinux user mapping for user <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> (if any)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:506(title) userdel.8.xml:298(title) useradd.8.xml:652(title) su.1.xml:330(title) shadow.3.xml:218(title) passwd.1.xml:377(title) newusers.8.xml:363(title) login.1.xml:260(title) lastlog.8.xml:229(title) groupdel.8.xml:133(title) groupadd.8.xml:274(title) gpasswd.1.xml:252(title) faillog.8.xml:232(title) chpasswd.8.xml:231(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:186(title)
+msgid "CAVEATS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:507(para)
+msgid "You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes when this command is being executed if the user's numerical user ID, the user's name, or the user's home directory is being changed. <command>usermod</command> checks this on Linux. On other platforms it only uses utmp to check if the user is logged in."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:514(para)
+msgid "You must change the owner of any <command>crontab</command> files or <command>at</command> jobs manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:518(para)
+msgid "You must make any changes involving NIS on the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:33(term) useradd.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term) lastlog.8.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:35(para) useradd.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para) lastlog.8.xml:35(para)
+msgid "Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:41(para) useradd.8.xml:41(para) login.defs.5.xml:41(para) lastlog.8.xml:41(para)
+msgid "No <option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) userdel.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_DIR</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) userdel.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "The mail spool directory. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its corresponding user account is modified or deleted. If not specified, a compile-time default is used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:41(term) userdel.8.xml:41(term) useradd.8.xml:41(term) su.1.xml:41(term) login.defs.5.xml:41(term) login.1.xml:41(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:43(para) userdel.8.xml:43(para) useradd.8.xml:43(para) su.1.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid "Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. FIXME: MAIL_FILE not used in useradd
+#: usermod.8.xml:50(para) userdel.8.xml:50(para) useradd.8.xml:50(para) su.1.xml:50(para) login.defs.5.xml:50(para) login.1.xml:50(para)
+msgid "The <option>MAIL_DIR</option> and <option>MAIL_FILE</option> variables are used by <command>useradd</command>, <command>usermod</command>, and <command>userdel</command> to create, move, or delete the user's mail spool."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:56(para) userdel.8.xml:56(para) useradd.8.xml:56(para) su.1.xml:56(para) login.defs.5.xml:56(para) login.1.xml:56(para)
+msgid "If <option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> is set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, they are also used to define the <envar>MAIL</envar> environment variable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwconv.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term) grpck.8.xml:30(term) groupmod.8.xml:30(term) groupmems.8.xml:30(term) groupdel.8.xml:30(term) groupadd.8.xml:30(term) gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwconv.8.xml:32(para) newusers.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para) grpck.8.xml:32(para) groupmod.8.xml:32(para) groupmems.8.xml:32(para) groupdel.8.xml:32(para) groupadd.8.xml:32(para) gpasswd.1.xml:32(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(para)
+msgid "Maximum members per group entry. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (with the same name, same password, and same GID)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:37(para) userdel.8.xml:37(para) useradd.8.xml:37(para) pwconv.8.xml:37(para) newusers.8.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) grpck.8.xml:37(para) groupmod.8.xml:37(para) groupmems.8.xml:37(para) groupdel.8.xml:37(para) groupadd.8.xml:37(para) gpasswd.1.xml:37(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:37(para)
+msgid "The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. Note: on HP, split groups have the same ID, but different
+#.                names.
+#: usermod.8.xml:43(para) userdel.8.xml:43(para) useradd.8.xml:43(para) pwconv.8.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) grpck.8.xml:43(para) groupmod.8.xml:43(para) groupmems.8.xml:43(para) groupdel.8.xml:43(para) groupadd.8.xml:43(para) gpasswd.1.xml:43(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:43(para)
+msgid "This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:48(para) userdel.8.xml:48(para) useradd.8.xml:48(para) pwconv.8.xml:48(para) newusers.8.xml:48(para) login.defs.5.xml:48(para) grpck.8.xml:48(para) groupmod.8.xml:48(para) groupmems.8.xml:48(para) groupdel.8.xml:48(para) groupadd.8.xml:48(para) gpasswd.1.xml:48(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:48(para)
+msgid "If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:51(para) userdel.8.xml:51(para) useradd.8.xml:51(para) pwconv.8.xml:51(para) newusers.8.xml:51(para) login.defs.5.xml:51(para) grpck.8.xml:51(para) groupmod.8.xml:51(para) groupmems.8.xml:51(para) groupdel.8.xml:51(para) groupadd.8.xml:51(para) gpasswd.1.xml:51(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:51(para)
+msgid "Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite). You should not use this variable unless you really need it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:31(term) useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands <command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> unused group IDs from the range <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_GID_MAX</option> for each new user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:42(para) useradd.8.xml:42(para) newusers.8.xml:42(para) login.defs.5.xml:42(para)
+msgid "The default values for <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_GID_MAX</option>, <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:31(term) useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands <command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> unused user IDs from the range <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_UID_MAX</option> for each new user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:42(para) useradd.8.xml:42(para) newusers.8.xml:42(para) login.defs.5.xml:42(para)
+msgid "The default values for <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_UID_MAX</option>, <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>TCB_SYMLINKS</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:37(programlisting) userdel.8.xml:37(programlisting) useradd.8.xml:37(programlisting) pwck.8.xml:37(programlisting) login.defs.5.xml:37(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "\nif ( UID is less than 1000) {\n  use /etc/tcb/user\n} else if ( UID is less than 1000000) {\n  kilos = UID / 1000\n  use /etc/tcb/:kilos/user\n  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n} else {\n  megas = UID / 1000000\n  kilos = ( UID / megas * 1000000 ) / 1000\n  use /etc/tcb/:megas/:kilos/user\n  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n}\n      "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid "If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the location of the user tcb directory to be created will not be automatically set to /etc/tcb/user, but will be computed depending on the UID of the user, according to the following algorithm: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:557(filename) userdel.8.xml:214(filename) useradd.8.xml:757(filename) su.1.xml:381(filename) pwconv.8.xml:253(filename) passwd.1.xml:428(filename) newusers.8.xml:438(filename) login.access.5.xml:124(filename) login.1.xml:389(filename) groupmod.8.xml:237(filename) groupadd.8.xml:265(filename) chsh.1.xml:182(filename) chpasswd.8.xml:270(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:228(filename) chfn.1.xml:210(filename)
+msgid "/etc/login.defs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:559(para) userdel.8.xml:216(para) useradd.8.xml:759(para) su.1.xml:383(para) pwconv.8.xml:255(para) passwd.1.xml:430(para) newusers.8.xml:440(para) login.access.5.xml:126(para) login.1.xml:391(para) groupmod.8.xml:239(para) groupadd.8.xml:267(para) chsh.1.xml:184(para) chpasswd.8.xml:272(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:230(para) chfn.1.xml:212(para)
+msgid "Shadow password suite configuration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:575(filename) userdel.8.xml:232(filename) useradd.8.xml:745(filename) newusers.8.xml:450(filename)
+msgid "/etc/subgid"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:577(para) userdel.8.xml:234(para) useradd.8.xml:747(para) newusers.8.xml:452(para)
+msgid "Per user subordinate group IDs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:581(filename) userdel.8.xml:238(filename) useradd.8.xml:751(filename) newusers.8.xml:456(filename)
+msgid "/etc/subuid"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:583(para) userdel.8.xml:240(para) useradd.8.xml:753(para) newusers.8.xml:458(para)
+msgid "Per user subordinate user IDs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:591(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) userdel.8.xml:70(refname) userdel.8.xml:75(command) login.defs.5.xml:500(term)
+msgid "userdel"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:71(refpurpose)
+msgid "delete a user account and related files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:85(para)
+msgid "The <command>userdel</command> command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to the user name <emphasis remap=\"I\">LOGIN</emphasis>. The named user must exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>userdel</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:99(term) groupadd.8.xml:100(term) expiry.1.xml:103(term)
+msgid "<option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:103(para)
+msgid "This option forces the removal of the user account, even if the user is still logged in. It also forces <command>userdel</command> to remove the user's home directory and mail spool, even if another user uses the same home directory or if the mail spool is not owned by the specified user. If <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> and if a group exists with the same name as the deleted user, then this group will be removed, even if it is still the primary group of another user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:116(para)
+msgid "<emphasis>Note:</emphasis> This option is dangerous and may leave your system in an inconsistent state."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:129(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:133(para)
+msgid "Files in the user's home directory will be removed along with the home directory itself and the user's mail spool. Files located in other file systems will have to be searched for and deleted manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The mail spool is defined by the <option>MAIL_DIR</option> variable in the <filename>login.defs</filename> file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:175(term)
+msgid "<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid "Remove any SELinux user mapping for the user's login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>USERDEL_CMD</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid "If defined, this command is run when removing a user. It should remove any at/cron/print jobs etc. owned by the user to be removed (passed as the first argument)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+msgid "The return code of the script is not taken into account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:46(programlisting) login.defs.5.xml:46(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "\n#! /bin/sh\n\n# Check for the required argument.\nif [ $# != 1 ]; then\n\techo \"Usage: $0 username\"\n\texit 1\nfi\n\n# Remove cron jobs.\ncrontab -r -u $1\n\n# Remove at jobs.\n# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,\n# even if it was shared by a different username.\nAT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs\nfind $AT_SPOOL_DIR -name \"[^.]*\" -type f -user $1 -delete \\;\n\n# Remove print jobs.\nlprm $1\n\n# All done.\nexit 0\n      "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+msgid "Here is an example script, which removes the user's cron, at and print jobs: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits (examples: 022 -&gt; 002, 077 -&gt; 007) for non-root users, if the uid is the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:39(para) useradd.8.xml:39(para) su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid "If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, <command>userdel</command> will remove the user's group if it contains no more members, and <command>useradd</command> will create by default a group with the name of the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:247(title) useradd.8.xml:766(title) su.1.xml:390(title) pwck.8.xml:303(title) passwd.1.xml:443(title) grpck.8.xml:245(title) groupmod.8.xml:252(title) groupdel.8.xml:175(title) groupadd.8.xml:296(title) chage.1.xml:284(title)
+msgid "EXIT VALUES"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:252(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:771(replaceable) su.1.xml:409(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:308(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:448(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:250(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:257(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:180(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:301(replaceable) chage.1.xml:289(replaceable)
+msgid "0"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:254(para) useradd.8.xml:773(para) pwck.8.xml:310(para) passwd.1.xml:450(para) grpck.8.xml:252(para) groupdel.8.xml:182(para) groupadd.8.xml:303(para) chage.1.xml:291(para)
+msgid "success"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:258(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:777(replaceable) su.1.xml:75(manvolnum) su.1.xml:415(replaceable) sg.1.xml:59(manvolnum) pwck.8.xml:314(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:65(manvolnum) passwd.1.xml:454(replaceable) newgrp.1.xml:59(manvolnum) login.1.xml:91(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:256(replaceable) groups.1.xml:58(manvolnum) gpasswd.1.xml:63(manvolnum) expiry.1.xml:62(manvolnum) chsh.1.xml:61(manvolnum) chfn.1.xml:61(manvolnum) chage.1.xml:59(manvolnum) chage.1.xml:295(replaceable)
+msgid "1"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:260(para) useradd.8.xml:779(para)
+msgid "can't update password file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:264(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:783(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:320(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:460(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:262(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:263(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:186(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:307(replaceable) chage.1.xml:301(replaceable)
+msgid "2"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:266(para) useradd.8.xml:785(para) pwck.8.xml:316(para) grpck.8.xml:258(para) groupdel.8.xml:188(para) groupadd.8.xml:309(para) chage.1.xml:303(para)
+msgid "invalid command syntax"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:270(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:801(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:344(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:484(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:281(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:192(replaceable)
+msgid "6"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:272(para)
+msgid "specified user doesn't exist"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:278(para)
+msgid "user currently logged in"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:282(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:813(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:293(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:204(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:331(replaceable)
+msgid "10"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:284(para) useradd.8.xml:815(para) groupdel.8.xml:206(para) groupadd.8.xml:333(para)
+msgid "can't update group file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:288(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:819(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:305(replaceable)
+msgid "12"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:290(para)
+msgid "can't remove home directory"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:248(para)
+msgid "The <command>userdel</command> command exits with the following values: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:299(para)
+msgid "<command>userdel</command> will not allow you to remove an account if there are running processes which belong to this account. In that case, you may have to kill those processes or lock the user's password or account and remove the account later. The <option>-f</option> option can force the deletion of this account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:306(para)
+msgid "You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain owned by this user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:310(para)
+msgid "You may not remove any NIS attributes on a NIS client. This must be performed on the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid "If <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, <command>userdel</command> will delete the group with the same name as the user. To avoid inconsistencies in the passwd and group databases, <command>userdel</command> will check that this group is not used as a primary group for another user, and will just warn without deleting the group otherwise. The <option>-f</option> option can force the deletion of this group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:326(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:76(refentrytitle) useradd.8.xml:83(refname) useradd.8.xml:88(command) useradd.8.xml:95(command) useradd.8.xml:99(command) login.defs.5.xml:482(term)
+msgid "useradd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:84(refpurpose)
+msgid "create a new user or update default new user information"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:96(arg) useradd.8.xml:100(arg)
+msgid "-D"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:109(para)
+msgid "When invoked without the <option>-D</option> option, the <command>useradd</command> command creates a new user account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system. Depending on command line options, the <command>useradd</command> command will update system files and may also create the new user's home directory and copy initial files."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid "By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option>, <option>-U</option>, and <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>useradd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:132(option) pwck.8.xml:187(option) newusers.8.xml:273(option)
+msgid "--badname"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:141(term) useradd.8.xml:559(term)
+msgid "<option>-b</option>, <option>--base-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:145(para)
+msgid "The default base directory for the system if <option>-d</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> is not specified. <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> is concatenated with the account name to define the home directory. If the <option>-m</option> option is not used, <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> must exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "If this option is not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the base directory specified by the <option>HOME</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, or <filename>/home</filename> by default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:166(para)
+msgid "Any text string. It is generally a short description of the login, and is currently used as the field for the user's full name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:174(term)
+msgid "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:178(para)
+msgid "The new user will be created using <replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> as the value for the user's login directory. The default is to append the <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> name to <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> and use that as the login directory name. The directory <replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> does not have to exist but will not be created if it is missing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:190(term)
+msgid "<option>-D</option>, <option>--defaults</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid "See below, the subsection \"Changing the default values\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:208(para)
+msgid "If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the default expiry date specified by the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, or an empty string (no expiry) by default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:221(para)
+msgid "The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently disabled. A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has expired, and a value of -1 disables the feature."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:227(para)
+msgid "If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the default inactivity period specified by the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, or -1 by default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:240(para)
+msgid "The group name or number of the user's initial login group. The group name must exist. A group number must refer to an already existing group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:245(para)
+msgid "If not specified, the behavior of <command>useradd</command> will depend on the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>. If this variable is set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable> (or <option>-U/--user-group</option> is specified on the command line), a group will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname. If the variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> (or <option>-N/--no-user-group</option> is specified on the command line), useradd will set the primary group of the new user to the value specified by the <option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, or 100 by default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:267(para)
+msgid "A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the <option>-g</option> option. The default is for the user to belong only to the initial group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:284(term)
+msgid "<option>-k</option>, <option>--skel</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SKEL_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid "The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in the user's home directory, when the home directory is created by <command>useradd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:293(para)
+msgid "This option is only valid if the <option>-m</option> (or <option>--create-home</option>) option is specified."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:297(para)
+msgid "If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the <option>SKEL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> or, by default, <filename>/etc/skel</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:303(para)
+msgid "If possible, the ACLs and extended attributes are copied."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:309(term) groupadd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid "<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid "Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (<option>UID_MIN</option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>UMASK</option>, <option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> and others). <placeholder-1/> Example: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</replaceable> can be used when creating system account to turn off password aging, even though system account has no password at all. Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified, e.g.: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:334(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--no-log-init</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:336(para)
+msgid "Do not add the user to the lastlog and faillog databases."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:339(para)
+msgid "By default, the user's entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are reset to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:347(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:351(para)
+msgid "Create the user's home directory if it does not exist. The files and directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with the <option>-k</option> option) will be copied to the home directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:357(para)
+msgid "By default, if this option is not specified and <option>CREATE_HOME</option> is not enabled, no home directories are created."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:365(term)
+msgid "<option>-M</option>, <option>--no-create-home</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:369(para)
+msgid "Do no create the user's home directory, even if the system wide setting from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>) is set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:378(term)
+msgid "<option>-N</option>, <option>--no-user-group</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:382(para)
+msgid "Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to the group specified by the <option>-g</option> option or by the <option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:388(para) useradd.8.xml:526(para)
+msgid "The default behavior (if the <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option>, and <option>-U</option> options are not specified) is defined by the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:401(para)
+msgid "Allow the creation of a user account with a duplicate (non-unique) UID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:402(para)
+msgid "This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-u</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:413(para) groupadd.8.xml:171(para)
+msgid "The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. The default is to disable the password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:430(term) newusers.8.xml:302(term) groupadd.8.xml:188(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--system</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:434(para) newusers.8.xml:306(para)
+msgid "Create a system account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:437(para)
+msgid "System users will be created with no aging information in <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> range, defined in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>UID_MIN</option>-<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</option> counterparts for the creation of groups)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:446(para)
+msgid "Note that <command>useradd</command> will not create a home directory for such a user, regardless of the default setting in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>). You have to specify the <option>-m</option> options if you want a home directory for a system account to be created."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:490(para)
+msgid "The name of the user's login shell. The default is to leave this field blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified by the <option>SHELL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, or an empty string by default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:504(para)
+msgid "The numerical value of the user's ID. This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to <option>UID_MIN</option> and greater than every other user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:511(para)
+msgid "See also the <option>-r</option> option and the <option>UID_MAX</option> description."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:518(term)
+msgid "<option>-U</option>, <option>--user-group</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:522(para)
+msgid "Create a group with the same name as the user, and add the user to this group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:539(para)
+msgid "The SELinux user for the user's login. The default is to leave this field blank, which causes the system to select the default SELinux user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:549(title)
+msgid "Changing the default values"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:550(para)
+msgid "When invoked with only the <option>-D</option> option, <command>useradd</command> will display the current default values. When invoked with <option>-D</option> plus other options, <command>useradd</command> will update the default values for the specified options. Valid default-changing options are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:563(para)
+msgid "The path prefix for a new user's home directory. The user's name will be affixed to the end of <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> to form the new user's home directory name, if the <option>-d</option> option is not used when creating a new account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:570(para)
+msgid "This option sets the <option>HOME</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:581(para)
+msgid "The date on which the user account is disabled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:582(para)
+msgid "This option sets the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:593(para)
+msgid "The number of days after a password has expired before the account will be disabled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:597(para)
+msgid "This option sets the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:608(para)
+msgid "The group name or ID for a new user's initial group (when the <option>-N/--no-user-group</option> is used or when the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>). The named group must exist, and a numerical group ID must have an existing entry."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:617(para)
+msgid "This option sets the <option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:628(para)
+msgid "The name of a new user's login shell."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:631(para)
+msgid "This option sets the <option>SHELL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:643(title)
+msgid "NOTES"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:644(para)
+msgid "The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files in the <filename>/etc/skel/</filename> directory (or any other skeleton directory specified in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> or on the command line)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:653(para)
+msgid "You may not add a user to a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the corresponding server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:658(para)
+msgid "Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such as NIS or LDAP, <command>useradd</command> will deny the user account creation request."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:664(para)
+msgid "Usernames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a dollar sign. In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:670(para)
+msgid "Usernames may only be up to 32 characters long."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>CREATE_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid "Indicate if a home directory should be created by default for new users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:36(para) login.defs.5.xml:36(para)
+msgid "This setting does not apply to system users, and can be overridden on the command line."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) groupadd.8.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(term) newusers.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term) groupadd.8.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:35(para) newusers.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para) groupadd.8.xml:35(para)
+msgid "Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by <command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:40(para) newusers.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para) groupadd.8.xml:40(para)
+msgid "The default value for <option>GID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>GID_MAX</option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>HOME_MODE</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "The mode for new home directories. If not specified, the <option>UMASK</option> is used to create the mode."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+msgid "<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this to set the mode of the home directory they create."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "The maximum number of days a password may be used. If the password is older than this, a password change will be forced. If not specified, -1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "The minimum number of days allowed between password changes. Any password changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected. If not specified, -1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "The number of days warning given before a password expires. A zero means warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no warning is given. If not specified, no warning will be provided."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term) groupadd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term) groupadd.8.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para) groupadd.8.xml:33(para)
+msgid "Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by <command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) groupadd.8.xml:38(para)
+msgid "The default value for <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>GID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+msgid "Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by <command>useradd</command> or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:37(para) newusers.8.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para)
+msgid "The default value for <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>UID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>TCB_AUTH_GROUP</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid "If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, newly created tcb shadow files will be group owned by the <replaceable>auth</replaceable> group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(term) newusers.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:35(para) newusers.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid "Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by <command>useradd</command> or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:39(para) newusers.8.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para)
+msgid "The default value for <option>UID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>UID_MAX</option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>UMASK</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value. If not specified, the mask will be initialized to 022."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid "<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if <option>HOME_MODE</option> is not set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid "It is also used by <command>login</command> to define users' initial umask. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user's GECOS line (if <option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> is set) or by the specification of a limit with the <emphasis>K</emphasis> identifier in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>limits</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:51(para) newusers.8.xml:51(para) login.defs.5.xml:51(para) login.1.xml:51(para)
+msgid "It is also used by <command>pam_umask</command> as the default umask value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:733(filename)
+msgid "/etc/default/useradd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:735(para)
+msgid "Default values for account creation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:739(filename)
+msgid "/etc/skel/"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:741(para)
+msgid "Directory containing default files."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:789(replaceable) shadow.3.xml:58(manvolnum) pwck.8.xml:326(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:466(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:268(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:269(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:313(replaceable)
+msgid "3"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:791(para) passwd.1.xml:486(para) groupadd.8.xml:315(para)
+msgid "invalid argument to option"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:795(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:332(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:472(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:274(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:275(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:319(replaceable)
+msgid "4"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:797(para)
+msgid "UID already in use (and no <option>-o</option>)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:803(para) groupdel.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:807(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:287(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:325(replaceable)
+msgid "9"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:809(para)
+msgid "username already in use"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:821(para)
+msgid "can't create home directory"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:825(replaceable)
+msgid "14"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:827(para)
+msgid "can't update SELinux user mapping"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:767(para)
+msgid "The <command>useradd</command> command exits with the following values: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:836(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:41(contrib) pwconv.8.xml:47(contrib) login.access.5.xml:42(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:46(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1996"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) suauth.5.xml:64(refname)
+msgid "suauth"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:58(manvolnum) shadow.5.xml:58(manvolnum) pwck.8.xml:338(replaceable) porttime.5.xml:58(manvolnum) passwd.5.xml:58(manvolnum) passwd.1.xml:478(replaceable) login.defs.5.xml:125(manvolnum) login.access.5.xml:59(manvolnum) limits.5.xml:60(manvolnum) gshadow.5.xml:47(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:280(replaceable) faillog.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+msgid "5"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) shadow.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) porttime.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) passwd.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) login.defs.5.xml:126(refmiscinfo) login.access.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) limits.5.xml:61(refmiscinfo) gshadow.5.xml:48(refmiscinfo) faillog.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "File Formats and Conversions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "detailed su control file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:70(command) suauth.5.xml:196(filename)
+msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:76(para)
+msgid "The file <filename>/etc/suauth</filename> is referenced whenever the su command is called. It can change the behaviour of the su command, based upon:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. .RS
+#: suauth.5.xml:83(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "\n      1) the user su is targeting\n    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#. .fi
+#: suauth.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "2) the user executing the su command (or any groups he might be a member of)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:92(para)
+msgid "The file is formatted like this, with lines starting with a # being treated as comment lines and ignored;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:97(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "\n      to-id:from-id:ACTION\n    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:101(para)
+msgid "Where to-id is either the word <emphasis>ALL</emphasis>, a list of usernames delimited by \",\" or the words <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT</emphasis> followed by a list of usernames delimited by \",\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:107(para)
+msgid "from-id is formatted the same as to-id except the extra word <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> is recognized. <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</emphasis> is perfectly valid too. Following <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> appears one or more group names, delimited by \",\". It is not sufficient to have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in <citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> is necessary."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:118(para)
+msgid "Action can be one only of the following currently supported options."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:124(emphasis)
+msgid "DENY"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The attempt to su is stopped before a password is even asked for."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:134(emphasis)
+msgid "NOPASS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:137(para)
+msgid "The attempt to su is automatically successful; no password is asked for."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:145(emphasis)
+msgid "OWNPASS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:148(para)
+msgid "For the su command to be successful, the user must enter his or her own password. They are told this."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:156(para)
+msgid "Note there are three separate fields delimited by a colon. No whitespace must surround this colon. Also note that the file is examined sequentially line by line, and the first applicable rule is used without examining the file further. This makes it possible for a system administrator to exercise as fine control as he or she wishes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:166(title)
+msgid "EXAMPLE"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:167(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "\n      # sample /etc/suauth file\n      #\n      # A couple of privileged usernames may\n      # su to root with their own password.\n      #\n      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS\n      #\n      # Anyone else may not su to root unless in\n      # group wheel. This is how BSD does things.\n      #\n      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY\n      #\n      # Perhaps terry and birddog are accounts\n      # owned by the same person.\n      # Access can be arranged between them\n      # with no password.\n      #\n      terry:birddog:NOPASS\n      birddog:terry:NOPASS\n      #\n    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:203(title) pwconv.8.xml:216(title) login.defs.5.xml:531(title)
+msgid "BUGS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:204(para)
+msgid "There could be plenty lurking. The file parser is particularly unforgiving about syntax errors, expecting no spurious whitespace (apart from beginning and end of lines), and a specific token delimiting different things."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:213(title) shadow.3.xml:208(title)
+msgid "DIAGNOSTICS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:214(para)
+msgid "An error parsing the file is reported using <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> as level ERR on facility AUTH."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:223(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:58(contrib) shadow.5.xml:41(contrib) shadow.3.xml:41(contrib) porttime.5.xml:41(contrib) passwd.5.xml:41(contrib) passwd.1.xml:48(contrib) login.1.xml:74(contrib) faillog.8.xml:41(contrib) faillog.5.xml:41(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1989"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:74(refentrytitle) su.1.xml:81(refname) su.1.xml:86(command) login.defs.5.xml:456(term)
+msgid "su"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:76(refmiscinfo) sg.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo) passwd.1.xml:66(refmiscinfo) newgrp.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo) login.1.xml:92(refmiscinfo) groups.1.xml:59(refmiscinfo) gpasswd.1.xml:64(refmiscinfo) expiry.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chsh.1.xml:62(refmiscinfo) chfn.1.xml:62(refmiscinfo) chage.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "User Commands"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:82(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user ID or become superuser"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:91(replaceable) sg.1.xml:72(arg) newgrp.1.xml:71(arg)
+msgid "-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:94(replaceable) login.1.xml:107(replaceable) login.1.xml:115(replaceable)
+msgid "username"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:96(replaceable)
+msgid "args"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:104(para)
+msgid "The <command>su</command> command is used to become another user during a login session. Invoked without a <option>username</option>, <command>su</command> defaults to becoming the superuser. The <option>-</option> option may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly. The <option>-c</option> option may be used to treat the next argument as a command by most shells."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:114(para)
+msgid "Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list. You can use the <option>--</option> argument to stop option parsing. The <option>-</option> option is special: it is also recognized after <option>--</option>, but has to be placed before <option>username</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:122(para)
+msgid "The user will be prompted for a password, if appropriate. Invalid passwords will produce an error message. All attempts, both valid and invalid, are logged to detect abuse of the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The current environment is passed to the new shell. The value of <envar>$PATH</envar> is reset to <filename>/bin:/usr/bin</filename> for normal users, or <filename>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</filename> for the superuser. This may be changed with the <option>ENV_PATH</option> and <option>ENV_SUPATH</option> definitions in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:136(para) login.1.xml:188(para)
+msgid "A subsystem login is indicated by the presence of a \"*\" as the first character of the login shell. The given home directory will be used as the root of a new file system which the user is actually logged into."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:145(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>su</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:149(term)
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--command</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMAND</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:153(para)
+msgid "Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its <option>-c</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:157(para)
+msgid "The executed command will have no controlling terminal. This option cannot be used to execute interactive programs which need a controlling TTY."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:167(term)
+msgid "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:171(para)
+msgid "Provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:175(para)
+msgid "When <option>-</option> is used, it must be specified before any <option>username</option>. For portability it is recommended to use it as last option, before any <option>username</option>. The other forms (<option>-l</option> and <option>--login</option>) do not have this restriction."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:190(para)
+msgid "The shell that will be invoked."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:198(para)
+msgid "The shell specified with --shell."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:201(para)
+msgid "If <option>--preserve-environment</option> is used, the shell specified by the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environment variable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:208(para)
+msgid "The shell indicated in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> entry for the target user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:214(para)
+msgid "<filename>/bin/sh</filename> if a shell could not be found by any above method."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:191(para)
+msgid "The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first): <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:219(para)
+msgid "If the target user has a restricted shell (i.e. the shell field of this user's entry in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> is not listed in <filename>/etc/shells</filename>), then the <option>--shell</option> option or the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environment variable won't be taken into account, unless <command>su</command> is called by root."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:230(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>-p</option>, <option>--preserve-environment</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:239(envar)
+msgid "$PATH"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:241(para)
+msgid "reset according to the <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options <option>ENV_PATH</option> or <option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (see below);"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:250(envar)
+msgid "$IFS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:252(para)
+msgid "reset to <quote>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</quote>, if it was set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:235(para)
+msgid "Preserve the current environment, except for: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:261(para)
+msgid "If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless <command>su</command> is called by root)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:270(para)
+msgid "The <envar>$HOME</envar>, <envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$USER</envar>, <envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, and <envar>$IFS</envar> environment variables are reset."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:279(para)
+msgid "If <option>--login</option> is not used, the environment is copied, except for the variables above."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:286(para)
+msgid "If <option>--login</option> is used, the <envar>$TERM</envar>, <envar>$COLORTERM</envar>, <envar>$DISPLAY</envar>, and <envar>$XAUTHORITY</envar> environment variables are copied if they were set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:296(para)
+msgid "If <option>--login</option> is used, the <envar>$TZ</envar>, <envar>$HZ</envar>, and <envar>$MAIL</envar> environment variables are set according to the <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options <option>ENV_TZ</option>, <option>ENV_HZ</option>, <option>MAIL_DIR</option>, and <option>MAIL_FILE</option> (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:309(para)
+msgid "If <option>--login</option> is used, other environment variables might be set by the <option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> file (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:317(para)
+msgid "Other environments might be set by PAM modules."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:265(para)
+msgid "Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:331(para)
+msgid "This version of <command>su</command> has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CONSOLE</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, either full pathname of a file containing device names (one per line) or a \":\" delimited list of device names. Root logins will be allowed only upon these devices."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid "If not defined, root will be allowed on any device."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:42(para) login.defs.5.xml:42(para) login.1.xml:42(para)
+msgid "The device should be specified without the /dev/ prefix."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CONSOLE_GROUPS</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "List of groups to add to the user's supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting). Default is none. <placeholder-1/> Use with caution - it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>DEFAULT_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Indicate if login is allowed if we can't cd to the home directory. Default is no."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid "If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user will login in the root (<filename>/</filename>) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. XXX: When compiled with PAM support, only sulogin uses ENV_HZ
+#: su.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term) login.1.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_HZ</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para) login.1.xml:35(para)
+msgid "If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login. The value must be preceded by <replaceable>HZ=</replaceable>. A common value on Linux is <replaceable>HZ=100</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:41(para) login.defs.5.xml:41(para) login.1.xml:41(para)
+msgid "The <envar>HZ</envar> environment variable is only set when the user (the superuser) logs in with <command>sulogin</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If this file exists and is readable, login environment will be read from it. Every line should be in the form name=value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid "Lines starting with a # are treated as comment lines and ignored."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_PATH</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example <replaceable>/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is <replaceable>PATH=/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example <replaceable>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is <replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_TZ</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by <replaceable>TZ=</replaceable> (for example <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example <filename>/etc/tzname</filename>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TODO: it can in fact be used to set any other variable
+#: su.1.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid "If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term) chsh.1.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_STRING</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para) chsh.1.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "The string used for prompting a password. The default is to use \"Password: \", or a translation of that string. If you set this variable, the prompt will not be translated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para) chsh.1.xml:39(para) chfn.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid "If the string contains <replaceable>%s</replaceable>, this will be replaced by the user's name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable checking and display of mailbox status upon login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid "You should disable it if the shell startup files already check for mail (\"mailx -e\" or equivalent)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable setting of resource limits from <filename>/etc/limits</filename> and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user's passwd gecos field."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SULOG_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, all su activity is logged to this file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SU_NAME</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, the command name to display when running \"su -\". For example, if this is defined as \"su\" then a \"ps\" will display the command is \"-su\". If not defined, then \"ps\" would display the name of the shell actually being run, e.g. something like \"-sh\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>SU_WHEEL_ONLY</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid "If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user must be listed as a member of the first gid 0 group in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (called <replaceable>root</replaceable> on most Linux systems) to be able to <command>su</command> to uid 0 accounts. If the group doesn't exist or is empty, no one will be able to <command>su</command> to uid 0."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SYSLOG_SU_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable \"syslog\" logging of <command>su</command> activity - in addition to sulog file logging."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:391(para)
+msgid "On success, <command>su</command> returns the exit value of the command it executed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:395(para)
+msgid "If this command was terminated by a signal, <command>su</command> returns the number of this signal plus 128."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:399(para)
+msgid "If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the command did not terminate in time), <command>su</command> returns 255."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:411(para)
+msgid "success (<option>--help</option> only)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:417(para)
+msgid "System or authentication failure"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:421(replaceable)
+msgid "126"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:423(para)
+msgid "The requested command was not found"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:427(replaceable)
+msgid "127"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:429(para)
+msgid "The requested command could not be executed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:404(para)
+msgid "Some exit values from <command>su</command> are independent from the executed command: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:438(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) sg.1.xml:65(refname) sg.1.xml:71(command)
+msgid "sg"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "execute command as different group ID"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:74(arg)
+msgid "-c"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:73(arg)
+msgid "group <placeholder-1/> command"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:82(para)
+msgid "The <command>sg</command> command works similar to <command>newgrp</command> but accepts a command. The command will be executed with the <filename>/bin/sh</filename> shell. With most shells you may run <command>sg</command> from, you need to enclose multi-word commands in quotes. Another difference between <command>newgrp</command> and <command>sg</command> is that some shells treat <command>newgrp</command> specially, replacing themselves with a new instance of a shell that <command>newgrp</command> creates. This doesn't happen with <command>sg</command>, so upon exit from a <command>sg</command> command you are returned to your previous group ID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:32(term) newgrp.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SYSLOG_SG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:34(para) newgrp.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable \"syslog\" logging of <command>sg</command> activity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:141(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) shadow.5.xml:64(refname) shadow.3.xml:57(refentrytitle) shadow.3.xml:64(refname) pwck.8.xml:84(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:76(replaceable)
+msgid "shadow"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadowed password file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid "<filename>shadow</filename> is a file which contains the password information for the system's accounts and optional aging information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:76(para) gshadow.5.xml:64(para)
+msgid "This file must not be readable by regular users if password security is to be maintained."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid "Each line of this file contains 9 fields, separated by colons (<quote>:</quote>), in the following order:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:88(emphasis) passwd.5.xml:78(para)
+msgid "login name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "It must be a valid account name, which exist on the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:96(emphasis) gshadow.5.xml:83(emphasis)
+msgid "encrypted password"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:98(para)
+msgid "This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to authenticate as the specified login name. However, some applications which read the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file may decide not to permit any access at all if the password field is empty."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:105(para) gshadow.5.xml:107(para)
+msgid "A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the password field before the password was locked."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:111(para) passwd.5.xml:126(para) gshadow.5.xml:85(para)
+msgid "Refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details on how this string is interpreted."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:116(para) passwd.5.xml:131(para)
+msgid "If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:127(emphasis)
+msgid "date of last password change"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid "The date of the last password change, expressed as the number of days since Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid "The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user should change her password the next time she will log in the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:139(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that password aging features are disabled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:146(emphasis)
+msgid "minimum password age"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:148(para)
+msgid "The minimum password age is the number of days the user will have to wait before she will be allowed to change her password again."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:153(para)
+msgid "An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no minimum password age."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:160(emphasis)
+msgid "maximum password age"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:162(para)
+msgid "The maximum password age is the number of days after which the user will have to change her password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:166(para)
+msgid "After this number of days is elapsed, the password may still be valid. The user should be asked to change her password the next time she will log in."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:171(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that there are no maximum password age, no password warning period, and no password inactivity period (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:176(para)
+msgid "If the maximum password age is lower than the minimum password age, the user cannot change her password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:184(emphasis)
+msgid "password warning period"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:187(para)
+msgid "The number of days before a password is going to expire (see the maximum password age above) during which the user should be warned."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:192(para)
+msgid "An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no password warning period."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:200(emphasis)
+msgid "password inactivity period"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:203(para)
+msgid "The number of days after a password has expired (see the maximum password age above) during which the password should still be accepted (and the user should update her password during the next login)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:209(para)
+msgid "After expiration of the password and this expiration period is elapsed, no login is possible using the current user's password. The user should contact her administrator."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:214(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that there are no enforcement of an inactivity period."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:222(emphasis)
+msgid "account expiration date"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:225(para)
+msgid "The date of expiration of the account, expressed as the number of days since Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:229(para)
+msgid "Note that an account expiration differs from a password expiration. In case of an account expiration, the user shall not be allowed to login. In case of a password expiration, the user is not allowed to login using her password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:235(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that the account will never expire."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:238(para)
+msgid "The value 0 should not be used as it is interpreted as either an account with no expiration, or as an expiration on Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:246(emphasis)
+msgid "reserved field"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:248(para)
+msgid "This field is reserved for future use."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:270(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shadow-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:272(para)
+msgid "Backup file for /etc/shadow."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:273(para) passwd.5.xml:178(para)
+msgid "Note that this file is used by the tools of the shadow toolsuite, but not by all user and password management tools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:284(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "Library Calls"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:65(refname)
+msgid "getspnam"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "encrypted password file routines"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:70(title)
+msgid "SYNTAX"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:72(emphasis)
+msgid "#include &lt;shadow.h&gt;"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:76(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *getspent();"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:80(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *getspnam(char"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:81(emphasis)
+msgid "*name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:81(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:94(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:99(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:105(emphasis)
+msgid ");"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:85(emphasis)
+msgid "void setspent();"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:89(emphasis)
+msgid "void endspent();"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:93(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *fgetspent(FILE"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:94(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:105(emphasis)
+msgid "*fp"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:98(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *sgetspent(char"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:99(emphasis)
+msgid "*cp"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:103(emphasis)
+msgid "int putspent(struct spwd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:104(emphasis)
+msgid "*p,"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:104(emphasis)
+msgid "FILE"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:109(emphasis)
+msgid "int lckpwdf();"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:113(emphasis)
+msgid "int ulckpwdf();"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:119(para)
+msgid "<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> manipulates the contents of the shadow password file, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. The structure in the <emphasis remap=\"I\">#include</emphasis> file is:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:124(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "struct spwd {\n      char\t\t*sp_namp; /* user login name */\n      char\t\t*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */\n      long int\t\tsp_lstchg; /* last password change */\n      long int\t\tsp_min; /* days until change allowed. */\n      long int\t\tsp_max; /* days before change required */\n      long int\t\tsp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */\n      long int\t\tsp_inact; /* days before account inactive */\n      long int\t\tsp_expire; /* date when account expires */\n      unsigned long int\tsp_flag; /* reserved for future use */\n}\n    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The meanings of each field are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:139(para)
+msgid "sp_namp - pointer to null-terminated user name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:142(para)
+msgid "sp_pwdp - pointer to null-terminated password"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:145(para)
+msgid "sp_lstchg - days since Jan 1, 1970 password was last changed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:148(para)
+msgid "sp_min - days before which password may not be changed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:151(para)
+msgid "sp_max - days after which password must be changed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:154(para)
+msgid "sp_warn - days before password is to expire that user is warned of pending password expiration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:159(para)
+msgid "sp_inact - days after password expires that account is considered inactive and disabled"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:164(para)
+msgid "sp_expire - days since Jan 1, 1970 when account will be disabled"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:167(para)
+msgid "sp_flag - reserved for future use"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:175(para)
+msgid "<emphasis>getspent</emphasis>, <emphasis>getspname</emphasis>, <emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis>, and <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> each return a pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis>. <emphasis>getspent</emphasis> returns the next entry from the file, and <emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis> returns the next entry from the given stream, which is assumed to be a file of the proper format. <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> returns a pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis> using the provided string as input. <emphasis>getspnam</emphasis> searches from the current position in the file for an entry matching <emphasis>name</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:188(para)
+msgid "<emphasis>setspent</emphasis> and <emphasis>endspent</emphasis> may be used to begin and end, respectively, access to the shadow password file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:194(para)
+msgid "The <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> and <emphasis>ulckpwdf</emphasis> routines should be used to insure exclusive access to the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> attempts to acquire a lock using <emphasis>pw_lock</emphasis> for up to 15 seconds. It continues by attempting to acquire a second lock using <emphasis>spw_lock</emphasis> for the remainder of the initial 15 seconds. Should either attempt fail after a total of 15 seconds, <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> returns -1. When both locks are acquired 0 is returned."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:209(para)
+msgid "Routines return NULL if no more entries are available or if an error occurs during processing. Routines which have <emphasis>int</emphasis> as the return value return 0 for success and -1 for failure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:219(para)
+msgid "These routines may only be used by the superuser as access to the shadow password file is restricted."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:239(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) pwconv.8.xml:70(refname) pwconv.8.xml:79(command) login.defs.5.xml:439(term)
+msgid "pwconv"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:71(refname) pwconv.8.xml:85(command) login.defs.5.xml:448(term)
+msgid "pwunconv"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:72(refname) pwconv.8.xml:91(command) login.defs.5.xml:344(term)
+msgid "grpconv"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:73(refname) pwconv.8.xml:97(command) login.defs.5.xml:350(term)
+msgid "grpunconv"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:74(refpurpose)
+msgid "convert to and from shadow passwords and groups"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid "The <command>pwconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> and an optionally existing <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid "<command>pwconv</command> does not work with <option>USE_TCB</option> enabled. To convert to tcb passwords, you should first use <command>pwconv</command> to convert to shadowed passwords by disabling <option>USE_TCB</option> in <filename>login.defs</filename> and then convert to tcb password using <command>tcb_convert</command> (and re-enable <option>USE_TCB</option> in <filename>login.defs</filename>.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:121(para)
+msgid "The <command>pwunconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> and <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "<command>pwunconv</command> does not work with <option>USE_TCB</option> enabled. You should first switch back from tcb to shadowed passwords using <command>tcb_unconvert</command>, and then disable <option>USE_TCB</option> in <filename>login.defs</filename> before using <command>pwunconv</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The <command>grpconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> and an optionally existing <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid "The <command>grpunconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> and <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "These four programs all operate on the normal and shadow password and group files: <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>, <filename>/etc/group</filename>, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid "Each program acquires the necessary locks before conversion. <command>pwconv</command> and <command>grpconv</command> are similar. First, entries in the shadowed file which don't exist in the main file are removed. Then, shadowed entries which don't have `x' as the password in the main file are updated. Any missing shadowed entries are added. Finally, passwords in the main file are replaced with `x'. These programs can be used for initial conversion as well to update the shadowed file if the main file is edited by hand."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid "<command>pwconv</command> will use the values of <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_MIN_DAYS</emphasis>, <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_MAX_DAYS</emphasis>, and <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_WARN_AGE</emphasis> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> when adding new entries to <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid "Likewise <command>pwunconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</command> are similar. Passwords in the main file are updated from the shadowed file. Entries which exist in the main file but not in the shadowed file are left alone. Finally, the shadowed file is removed. Some password aging information is lost by <command>pwunconv</command>. It will convert what it can."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:188(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>pwconv</command>, <command>pwunconv</command>, <command>grpconv</command>, and <command>grpunconv</command> commands are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:217(para)
+msgid "Errors in the password or group files (such as invalid or duplicate entries) may cause these programs to loop forever or fail in other strange ways. Please run <command>pwck</command> and <command>grpck</command> to correct any such errors before converting to or from shadow passwords or groups."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:228(para)
+msgid "The following configuration variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> changes the behavior of <command>grpconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</command>:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:236(para)
+msgid "The following configuration variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of <command>pwconv</command>:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:263(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry><phrase condition=\"tcb\">, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_convert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_unconvert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:47(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:43(contrib) grpck.8.xml:42(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1992"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) pwck.8.xml:70(refname) pwck.8.xml:76(command) login.defs.5.xml:430(term)
+msgid "pwck"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:71(refpurpose)
+msgid "verify integrity of password files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:80(replaceable) passwd.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) passwd.5.xml:64(refname) passwd.1.xml:64(refentrytitle) passwd.1.xml:71(refname) passwd.1.xml:77(command) login.defs.5.xml:419(term)
+msgid "passwd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:93(para)
+msgid "The <command>pwck</command> command verifies the integrity of the users and authentication information. It checks that all entries in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb\">(or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>, when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled)</phrase> have the proper format and contain valid data. The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:105(para) grpck.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "Checks are made to verify that each entry has:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:108(para) grpck.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid "the correct number of fields"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid "a unique and valid user name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "a valid user and group identifier"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid "a valid primary group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "a valid home directory"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:123(para)
+msgid "a valid login shell"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "<filename>shadow</filename> checks are enabled when a second file parameter is specified or when <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> exists on the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:132(para)
+msgid "These checks are the following:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:137(para)
+msgid "every passwd entry has a matching shadow entry, and every shadow entry has a matching passwd entry"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:143(para)
+msgid "passwords are specified in the shadowed file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:146(para)
+msgid "shadow entries have the correct number of fields"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "shadow entries are unique in shadow"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "the last password changes are not in the future"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid "The checks for correct number of fields and unique user name are fatal. If the entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete the entire line. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed. An entry with a duplicated user name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made. All other errors are warning and the user is encouraged to run the <command>usermod</command> command to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid "The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries. <command>pwck</command> should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entry."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:177(para) grpck.8.xml:148(para)
+msgid "The <option>-r</option> and <option>-s</option> options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>pwck</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid "Report errors only. The warnings which do not require any action from the user won't be displayed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:211(term) grpck.8.xml:163(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--read-only</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:213(para)
+msgid "Execute the <command>pwck</command> command in read-only mode."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:231(term) grpck.8.xml:185(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:233(para)
+msgid "Sort entries in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> by UID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:237(para)
+msgid "This option has no effect when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:244(para)
+msgid "By default, <command>pwck</command> operates on the files <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb\"> (or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>)</phrase>. The user may select alternate files with the <replaceable>passwd</replaceable> and <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> parameters."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:253(para)
+msgid "Note that when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled, you cannot specify an alternative <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> file. In future releases, this parameter could be replaced by an alternate TCB directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:322(para)
+msgid "one or more bad password entries"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:328(para)
+msgid "can't open password files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:334(para)
+msgid "can't lock password files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:340(para)
+msgid "can't update password files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:346(para)
+msgid "can't sort password files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:304(para)
+msgid "The <command>pwck</command> command exits with the following values: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:355(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) porttime.5.xml:64(refname)
+msgid "porttime"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "port access time file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid "<emphasis remap=\"I\">porttime</emphasis> contains a list of tty devices, user names, and permitted login times."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:75(para)
+msgid "Each entry consists of three colon separated fields. The first field is a comma separated list of tty devices, or an asterisk to indicate that all tty devices are matched by this entry. The second field is a comma separated list of user names, or an asterisk to indicated that all user names are matched by this entry. The third field is a comma separated list of permitted access times."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "Each access time entry consists of zero or more days of the week, abbreviated <emphasis>Su</emphasis>, <emphasis>Mo</emphasis>, <emphasis>Tu</emphasis>, <emphasis>We</emphasis>, <emphasis>Th</emphasis>, <emphasis>Fr</emphasis>, and <emphasis>Sa</emphasis>, followed by a pair of times separated by a hyphen. The abbreviation <emphasis>Wk</emphasis> may be used to represent Monday thru Friday, and <emphasis>Al</emphasis> may be used to indicate every day. If no days are given, <emphasis>Al</emphasis> is assumed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:98(title)
+msgid "EXAMPLES"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:99(para)
+msgid "The following entry allows access to user <emphasis remap=\"B\">jfh</emphasis> on every port during weekdays from 9am to 5pm."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:105(para)
+msgid "*:jfh:Wk0900-1700"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:107(para)
+msgid "The following entries allow access only to the users <emphasis>root</emphasis> and <emphasis>oper</emphasis> on <filename>/dev/console</filename> at any time. This illustrates how the <filename>/etc/porttime</filename> file is an ordered list of access times. Any other user would match the second entry which does not permit access at any time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:116(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "\n      console:root,oper:Al0000-2400\n      console:*:\n    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:121(para)
+msgid "The following entry allows access for the user <emphasis>games</emphasis> on any port during non-working hours."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:126(para)
+msgid "*:games:Wk1700-0900,SaSu0000-2400"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:133(filename) logoutd.8.xml:92(filename)
+msgid "/etc/porttime"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:135(para) logoutd.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "File containing port access."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:143(para) login.access.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "the password file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid "<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> contains one line for each user account, with seven fields delimited by colons (<quote>:</quote>). These fields are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid "optional encrypted password"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "numerical user ID"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "numerical group ID"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "user name or comment field"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:93(para)
+msgid "user home directory"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:96(para)
+msgid "optional user command interpreter"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:100(para)
+msgid "If the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field is a lower-case <quote>x</quote>, then the encrypted password is actually stored in the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> file instead; there <emphasis>must</emphasis> be a corresponding line in the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file, or else the user account is invalid."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:109(para)
+msgid "The encrypted <emphasis>password</emphasis> field may be empty, in which case no password is required to authenticate as the specified login name. However, some applications which read the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file may decide not to permit <emphasis>any</emphasis> access at all if the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field is blank."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:118(para)
+msgid "A <emphasis>password</emphasis> field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field before the password was locked."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:138(para)
+msgid "The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as <citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:144(para)
+msgid "The home directory field provides the name of the initial working directory. The <command>login</command> program uses this information to set the value of the <envar>$HOME</envar> environmental variable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:150(para)
+msgid "The command interpreter field provides the name of the user's command language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute. The <command>login</command> program uses this information to set the value of the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environmental variable. If this field is empty, it defaults to the value <filename>/bin/sh</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:171(para)
+msgid "optional encrypted password file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:175(filename)
+msgid "/etc/passwd-"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:177(para)
+msgid "Backup file for /etc/passwd."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:189(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:72(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user password"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:89(para)
+msgid "The <command>passwd</command> command changes passwords for user accounts. A normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the superuser may change the password for any account. <command>passwd</command> also changes the account or associated password validity period."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:98(title)
+msgid "Password Changes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid "The user is first prompted for their old password, if one is present. This password is then encrypted and compared against the stored password. The user has only one chance to enter the correct password. The superuser is permitted to bypass this step so that forgotten passwords may be changed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:107(para)
+msgid "After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time. If not, <command>passwd</command> refuses to change the password and exits."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:114(para)
+msgid "The user is then prompted twice for a replacement password. The second entry is compared against the first and both are required to match in order for the password to be changed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:120(para)
+msgid "Then, the password is tested for complexity. As a general guideline, passwords should consist of 6 to 8 characters including one or more characters from each of the following sets:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:128(para)
+msgid "lower case alphabetics"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:131(para)
+msgid "digits 0 thru 9"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:134(para)
+msgid "punctuation marks"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:138(para)
+msgid "Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill characters. <command>passwd</command> will reject any password which is not suitably complex."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:147(title)
+msgid "Hints for user passwords"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:148(para)
+msgid "The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption algorithm and the size of the key space. The legacy <emphasis>UNIX</emphasis> System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm. More recent methods are now recommended (see <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>). The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which is selected."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:157(para)
+msgid "Compromises in password security normally result from careless password selection or handling. For this reason, you should not select a password which appears in a dictionary or which must be written down. The password should also not be a proper name, your license number, birth date, or street address. Any of these may be used as guesses to violate system security."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:166(para)
+msgid "You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:175(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>passwd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:180(term) faillog.8.xml:96(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:184(para)
+msgid "This option can be used only with <option>-S</option> and causes show status for all users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:191(term)
+msgid "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:195(para)
+msgid "Delete a user's password (make it empty). This is a quick way to disable a password for an account. It will set the named account passwordless."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:203(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:207(para)
+msgid "Immediately expire an account's password. This in effect can force a user to change their password at the user's next login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:220(term)
+msgid "<option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:224(para)
+msgid "This option is used to disable an account after the password has been expired for a number of days. After a user account has had an expired password for <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> days, the user may no longer sign on to the account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:233(term)
+msgid "<option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:237(para)
+msgid "Indicate password change should be performed only for expired authentication tokens (passwords). The user wishes to keep their non-expired tokens as before."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:245(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:249(para)
+msgid "Lock the password of the named account. This option disables a password by changing it to a value which matches no possible encrypted value (it adds a ´!´ at the beginning of the password)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:255(para)
+msgid "Note that this does not disable the account. The user may still be able to login using another authentication token (e.g. an SSH key). To disable the account, administrators should use <command>usermod --expiredate 1</command> (this set the account's expire date to Jan 2, 1970)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:262(para)
+msgid "Users with a locked password are not allowed to change their password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:269(term)
+msgid "<option>-n</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:273(para) chage.1.xml:174(para)
+msgid "Set the minimum number of days between password changes to <replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:291(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--repository</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:295(para)
+msgid "change password in <replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable> repository"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:313(term)
+msgid "<option>-S</option>, <option>--status</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:317(para)
+msgid "Display account status information. The status information consists of 7 fields. The first field is the user's login name. The second field indicates if the user account has a locked password (L), has no password (NP), or has a usable password (P). The third field gives the date of the last password change. The next four fields are the minimum age, maximum age, warning period, and inactivity period for the password. These ages are expressed in days."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:331(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:335(para)
+msgid "Unlock the password of the named account. This option re-enables a password by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before using the <option>-l</option> option)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:344(term)
+msgid "<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:348(para)
+msgid "Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The <replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is about to expire."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:357(term)
+msgid "<option>-x</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:361(para)
+msgid "Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid. After <replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable>, the password is required to be changed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:366(para) chage.1.xml:195(para)
+msgid "Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as <replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> will remove checking a password's validity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:378(para)
+msgid "Password complexity checking may vary from site to site. The user is urged to select a password as complex as he or she feels comfortable with."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:383(para)
+msgid "Users may not be able to change their password on a system if NIS is enabled and they are not logged into the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:388(para)
+msgid "<command>passwd</command> uses PAM to authenticate users and to change their passwords."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term) gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chpasswd.8.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(para) newusers.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para) gpasswd.1.xml:32(para) chpasswd.8.xml:32(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(para)
+msgid "This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:36(para) newusers.8.xml:36(para) login.defs.5.xml:36(para) gpasswd.1.xml:36(para) chpasswd.8.xml:36(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:36(para)
+msgid "It can take one of these values: <replaceable>DES</replaceable> (default), <replaceable>MD5</replaceable><phrase condition=\"sha_crypt\">, <replaceable>SHA256</replaceable>, <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) gpasswd.1.xml:43(para) chpasswd.8.xml:43(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:43(para)
+msgid "Note: this parameter overrides the <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:47(para) passwd.1.xml:53(para) passwd.1.xml:62(para) newusers.8.xml:47(para) newusers.8.xml:53(para) newusers.8.xml:62(para) login.defs.5.xml:47(para) login.defs.5.xml:53(para) login.defs.5.xml:62(para) gpasswd.1.xml:47(para) gpasswd.1.xml:53(para) gpasswd.1.xml:62(para) chpasswd.8.xml:47(para) chpasswd.8.xml:53(para) chpasswd.8.xml:62(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:47(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:53(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:62(para)
+msgid "Note: This only affect the generation of group passwords. The generation of user passwords is done by PAM and subject to the PAM configuration. It is recommended to set this variable consistently with the PAM configuration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) gpasswd.1.xml:32(term) chpasswd.8.xml:32(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) gpasswd.1.xml:34(para) chpasswd.8.xml:34(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5-based algorithm. If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings. Set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don't understand the new algorithm. Default is <replaceable>no</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:44(para) newusers.8.xml:44(para) login.defs.5.xml:44(para) gpasswd.1.xml:44(para) chpasswd.8.xml:44(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:44(para)
+msgid "This variable is superseded by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:49(para) newusers.8.xml:49(para) login.defs.5.xml:49(para) gpasswd.1.xml:49(para) chpasswd.8.xml:49(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:49(para)
+msgid "This variable is deprecated. You should use <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable additional checks upon password changes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_ALWAYS_WARN</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Warn about weak passwords (but still allow them) if you are root."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_CHANGE_TRIES</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Maximum number of attempts to change password if rejected (too easy)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MIN_LEN</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid "Number of significant characters in the password for crypt(). <option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> is 8 by default. Don't change unless your crypt() is better. This is ignored if <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term) gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chpasswd.8.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term) gpasswd.1.xml:31(term) chpasswd.8.xml:31(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para) gpasswd.1.xml:33(para) chpasswd.8.xml:33(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:33(para)
+msgid "When <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> is set to <replaceable>SHA256</replaceable> or <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable>, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:40(para) newusers.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para) gpasswd.1.xml:40(para) chpasswd.8.xml:40(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:40(para)
+msgid "With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute forcing the password. But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:45(para) newusers.8.xml:45(para) login.defs.5.xml:45(para) gpasswd.1.xml:45(para) chpasswd.8.xml:45(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:45(para)
+msgid "If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:49(para) newusers.8.xml:49(para) login.defs.5.xml:49(para) gpasswd.1.xml:49(para) chpasswd.8.xml:49(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:49(para)
+msgid "The values must be inside the 1000-999,999,999 range."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:52(para) newusers.8.xml:52(para) login.defs.5.xml:52(para) gpasswd.1.xml:52(para) chpasswd.8.xml:52(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:52(para)
+msgid "If only one of the <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> or <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> values is set, then this value will be used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:57(para) newusers.8.xml:57(para) login.defs.5.xml:57(para) gpasswd.1.xml:57(para) chpasswd.8.xml:57(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:57(para)
+msgid "If <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> &gt; <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option>, the highest value will be used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:434(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/passwd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:436(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>passwd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:456(para) chage.1.xml:297(para)
+msgid "permission denied"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:462(para)
+msgid "invalid combination of options"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:468(para)
+msgid "unexpected failure, nothing done"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:474(para)
+msgid "unexpected failure, <filename>passwd</filename> file missing"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:480(para)
+msgid "<filename>passwd</filename> file busy, try again"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:444(para)
+msgid "The <command>passwd</command> command exits with the following values: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:495(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"no_pam\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:46(refentrytitle) nologin.8.xml:53(refname) nologin.8.xml:59(command)
+msgid "nologin"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:54(refpurpose)
+msgid "politely refuse a login"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:65(para)
+msgid "The <command>nologin</command> command displays a message that an account is not available and exits non-zero. It is intended as a replacement shell field for accounts that have been disabled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:70(para)
+msgid "To disable all logins, investigate <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:75(para)
+msgid "If <command>SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND</command> is populated it will be logged."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:82(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:93(title)
+msgid "HISTORY"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The <command>nologin</command> command appeared in BSD 4.4."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:73(refentrytitle) newusers.8.xml:80(refname) newusers.8.xml:86(command) login.defs.5.xml:400(term)
+msgid "newusers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:81(refpurpose)
+msgid "update and create new users in batch"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:91(replaceable)
+msgid "file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid "The <command>newusers</command> command reads a <replaceable>file</replaceable> (or the standard input by default) and uses this information to update a set of existing users or to create new users. Each line is in the same format as the standard password file (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) with the exceptions explained below:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid "pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:111(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "This is the name of the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid "It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user created before by <command>newusers</command>). In case of an existing user, the user's information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:128(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_passwd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:131(para)
+msgid "This field will be encrypted and used as the new value of the encrypted password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:139(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_uid"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the UID of the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:145(para)
+msgid "If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "If this field contains a number, this number will be used as the UID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:153(para)
+msgid "If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user created before by <command>newusers</command>), the UID of the specified user will be used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:159(para)
+msgid "If the UID of an existing user is changed, the files ownership of the user's file should be fixed manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:167(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_gid"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:170(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the primary group ID for the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:173(para)
+msgid "If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created before by <command>newusers</command>), the GID of this group will be used as the primary group ID for the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid "If this field is a number, this number will be used as the primary group ID of the user. If no groups exist with this GID, a new group will be created with this GID, and the name of the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:185(para)
+msgid "If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the user and a GID will be automatically defined by <command>newusers</command> to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:191(para)
+msgid "If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not created before by <command>newusers</command>), a new group will be created with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by <command>newusers</command> to be used as the primary group ID for the user and GID for the new group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:203(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_gecos"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:206(para)
+msgid "This field is copied in the GECOS field of the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:213(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_dir"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:216(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the home directory of the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:219(para)
+msgid "If this field does not specify an existing directory, the specified directory is created, with ownership set to the user being created or updated and its primary group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid "If the home directory of an existing user is changed, <command>newusers</command> does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new location. This should be done manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:234(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_shell"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:237(para)
+msgid "This field defines the shell of the user. No checks are performed on this field."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:245(para)
+msgid "<command>newusers</command> first tries to create or change all the specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group databases. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), no changes are committed to the databases."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:251(para)
+msgid "During this first pass, users are created with a locked password (and passwords are not changed for the users which are not created). A second pass is used to update the passwords using PAM. Failures to update a password are reported, but will not stop the other password updates."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:259(para)
+msgid "This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many accounts are updated at a single time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:267(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>newusers</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:284(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:112(term)
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:286(para) chpasswd.8.xml:141(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "Use the specified method to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:287(para) chpasswd.8.xml:145(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid "The available methods are DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 or SHA512 if your libc support these methods."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:309(para)
+msgid "System users will be created with no aging information in <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> range, defined in <filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>UID_MIN</option>-<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</option> counterparts for the creation of groups)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:335(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:158(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:337(para) chpasswd.8.xml:204(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:160(para)
+msgid "Use the specified number of rounds to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:340(para) chpasswd.8.xml:207(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:163(para)
+msgid "The value 0 means that the system will choose the default number of rounds for the crypt method (5000)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:344(para) chpasswd.8.xml:211(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid "A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999 will be enforced."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:348(para) chpasswd.8.xml:215(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:171(para)
+msgid "You can only use this option with the SHA256 or SHA512 crypt method."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:352(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:175(para)
+msgid "By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:364(para)
+msgid "The input file must be protected since it contains unencrypted passwords."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:368(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:191(para)
+msgid "You should make sure the passwords and the encryption method respect the system's password policy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:444(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/newusers"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:446(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:466(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) newgrp.1.xml:65(refname) newgrp.1.xml:71(command)
+msgid "newgrp"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "log in to a new group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:72(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:74(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:78(replaceable) gpasswd.1.xml:88(replaceable)
+msgid "group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:78(para)
+msgid "The <command>newgrp</command> command is used to change the current group ID during a login session. If the optional <option>-</option> flag is given, the user's environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, remains unchanged."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:86(para)
+msgid "<command>newgrp</command> changes the current real group ID to the named group, or to the default group listed in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> if no group name is given. <command>newgrp</command> also tries to add the group to the user groupset. If not root, the user will be prompted for a password if she does not have a password (in <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> otherwise) and the group does, or if the user is not listed as a member and the group has a password. The user will be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed as a member."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:100(para)
+msgid "If there is an entry for this group in <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from this file, otherwise, the entry in <filename>/etc/group</filename> is considered."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:152(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry condition=\"gshadow\"><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) logoutd.8.xml:64(refname) logoutd.8.xml:70(command)
+msgid "logoutd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "enforce login time restrictions"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:76(para)
+msgid "<command>logoutd</command> enforces the login time and port restrictions specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</filename>. <command>logoutd</command> should be started from <filename>/etc/rc</filename>. The <filename>/var/run/utmp</filename> file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked to see if the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time. Any login session which is violating the restrictions in <filename>/etc/porttime</filename> is terminated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:98(filename) login.1.xml:341(filename)
+msgid "/var/run/utmp"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:100(para) login.1.xml:343(para)
+msgid "List of current login sessions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:124(refentrytitle) login.defs.5.xml:131(refname)
+msgid "login.defs"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:132(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadow password suite configuration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:137(para)
+msgid "The <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> file defines the site-specific configuration for the shadow password suite. This file is required. Absence of this file will not prevent system operation, but will probably result in undesirable operation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:144(para)
+msgid "This file is a readable text file, each line of the file describing one configuration parameter. The lines consist of a configuration name and value, separated by whitespace. Blank lines and comment lines are ignored. Comments are introduced with a \"#\" pound sign and the pound sign must be the first non-white character of the line."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:152(para)
+msgid "Parameter values may be of four types: strings, booleans, numbers, and long numbers. A string is comprised of any printable characters. A boolean should be either the value <replaceable>yes</replaceable> or <replaceable>no</replaceable>. An undefined boolean parameter or one with a value other than these will be given a <replaceable>no</replaceable> value. Numbers (both regular and long) may be either decimal values, octal values (precede the value with <replaceable>0</replaceable>) or hexadecimal values (precede the value with <replaceable>0x</replaceable>). The maximum value of the regular and long numeric parameters is machine-dependent."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:167(para)
+msgid "The following configuration items are provided:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHFN_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chfn</command> program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHFN_RESTRICT</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "This parameter specifies which values in the <emphasis remap=\"I\">gecos</emphasis> field of the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file may be changed by regular users using the <command>chfn</command> program. It can be any combination of letters <replaceable>f</replaceable>, <replaceable>r</replaceable>, <replaceable>w</replaceable>, <replaceable>h</replaceable>, for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively. For backward compatibility, <replaceable>yes</replaceable> is equivalent to <replaceable>rwh</replaceable> and <replaceable>no</replaceable> is equivalent to <replaceable>frwh</replaceable>. If not specified, only the superuser can make any changes. The most restrictive setting is better achieved by not installing <command>chfn</command> SUID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chsh.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHSH_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chsh.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chsh</command> program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ERASECHAR</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Terminal ERASE character (<replaceable>010</replaceable> = backspace, <replaceable>0177</replaceable> = DEL)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid "The value can be prefixed \"0\" for an octal value, or \"0x\" for an hexadecimal value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAIL_DELAY</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Delay in seconds before being allowed another attempt after a login failure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAILLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging and display of <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> login failure info."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAKE_SHELL</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If set, <command>login</command> will execute this shell instead of the users' shell specified in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FTMP_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, login failures will be logged in this file in a utmp format."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>HUSHLOGIN_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, this file can inhibit all the usual chatter during the login sequence. If a full pathname is specified, then hushed mode will be enabled if the user's name or shell are found in the file. If not a full pathname, then hushed mode will be enabled if the file exists in the user's home directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ISSUE_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, this file will be displayed before each login prompt."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>KILLCHAR</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Terminal KILL character (<replaceable>025</replaceable> = CTRL/U)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LASTLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging and display of /var/log/lastlog login time info."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOG_OK_LOGINS</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging of successful logins."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable display of unknown usernames when login failures are recorded."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid "Note: logging unknown usernames may be a security issue if an user enter her password instead of her login name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_RETRIES</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Maximum number of login retries in case of bad password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid "This will most likely be overridden by PAM, since the default pam_unix module has its own built in of 3 retries. However, this is a safe fallback in case you are using an authentication module that does not enforce PAM_MAXTRIES."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_TIMEOUT</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Max time in seconds for login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MOTD_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, \":\" delimited list of \"message of the day\" files to be displayed upon login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>NOLOGINS_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, name of file whose presence will inhibit non-root logins. The contents of this file should be a message indicating why logins are inhibited."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:212(para)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option>, <option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> and <option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> are only used at the time of account creation. Any changes to these settings won't affect existing accounts."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable checking of time restrictions specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYGROUP</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:33(term) login.1.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYPERM</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:35(para) login.1.xml:35(para)
+msgid "The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the <option>TTYGROUP</option> group, and the permissions will be set to <option>TTYPERM</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:40(para) login.1.xml:40(para)
+msgid "By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user's primary group and the permissions are set to <replaceable>0600</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:45(para) login.1.xml:45(para)
+msgid "<option>TTYGROUP</option> can be either the name of a group or a numeric group identifier."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:49(para) login.1.xml:49(para)
+msgid "If you have a <command>write</command> program which is \"setgid\" to a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and TTYPERM to 0620. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYTYPE_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, file which maps tty line to TERM environment parameter. Each line of the file is in a format something like \"vt100 tty01\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ULIMIT</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Default <command>ulimit</command> value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:245(title)
+msgid "CROSS REFERENCES"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:246(para)
+msgid "The following cross references show which programs in the shadow password suite use which parameters."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:253(term) chage.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) chage.1.xml:65(refname) chage.1.xml:70(command)
+msgid "chage"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:255(para) login.defs.5.xml:451(phrase) login.defs.5.xml:523(phrase)
+msgid "USE_TCB"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:259(term) chfn.1.xml:60(refentrytitle) chfn.1.xml:67(refname) chfn.1.xml:73(command)
+msgid "chfn"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:261(para)
+msgid "<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CHFN_AUTH</phrase> CHFN_RESTRICT <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:269(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) chgpasswd.8.xml:64(refname) chgpasswd.8.xml:70(command)
+msgid "chgpasswd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:271(para) login.defs.5.xml:302(para)
+msgid "ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:279(term) chpasswd.8.xml:61(refentrytitle) chpasswd.8.xml:68(refname) chpasswd.8.xml:74(command)
+msgid "chpasswd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:282(phrase)
+msgid "ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:284(phrase)
+msgid "SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:290(term) chsh.1.xml:60(refentrytitle) chsh.1.xml:67(refname) chsh.1.xml:73(command)
+msgid "chsh"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:292(para)
+msgid "CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:300(term) gpasswd.1.xml:62(refentrytitle) gpasswd.1.xml:69(refname) gpasswd.1.xml:83(command)
+msgid "gpasswd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:310(term) groupadd.8.xml:60(refentrytitle) groupadd.8.xml:67(refname) groupadd.8.xml:73(command)
+msgid "groupadd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:312(para)
+msgid "GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:319(term) groupdel.8.xml:58(refentrytitle) groupdel.8.xml:65(refname) groupdel.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "groupdel"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:321(para) login.defs.5.xml:327(para) login.defs.5.xml:333(para) login.defs.5.xml:340(para) login.defs.5.xml:346(para) login.defs.5.xml:352(para)
+msgid "MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:325(term) groupmems.8.xml:61(refentrytitle) groupmems.8.xml:68(refname) groupmems.8.xml:74(command)
+msgid "groupmems"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:331(term) groupmod.8.xml:58(refentrytitle) groupmod.8.xml:65(refname) groupmod.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "groupmod"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:338(term) grpck.8.xml:58(refentrytitle) grpck.8.xml:65(refname) grpck.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "grpck"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:357(term) lastlog.8.xml:59(refentrytitle) lastlog.8.xml:66(refname) lastlog.8.xml:72(command)
+msgid "lastlog"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:359(para)
+msgid "LASTLOG_UID_MAX"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:363(term) login.1.xml:90(refentrytitle) login.1.xml:97(refname) login.1.xml:103(command) login.1.xml:111(command) login.1.xml:118(command)
+msgid "login"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:365(para)
+msgid "<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FAILLOG_ENAB</phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LASTLOG_ENAB LASTLOG_UID_MAX</phrase> LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</phrase> USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:392(term)
+msgid "newgrp / sg"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:394(para)
+msgid "SYSLOG_SG_ENAB"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:402(para)
+msgid "ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB HOME_MODE PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:421(para)
+msgid "ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:432(para)
+msgid "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:441(para)
+msgid "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb\">USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:458(para)
+msgid "<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> SULOG_FILE SU_NAME <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">SU_WHEEL_ONLY</phrase> SYSLOG_SU_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">USERGROUPS_ENAB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:473(term)
+msgid "sulogin"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:475(para)
+msgid "ENV_HZ <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:484(para)
+msgid "CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN HOME_MODE LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK <phrase condition=\"tcb\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:502(para)
+msgid "MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB <phrase condition=\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:512(para)
+msgid "LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition=\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:532(para)
+msgid "Much of the functionality that used to be provided by the shadow password suite is now handled by PAM. Thus, <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> is no longer used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, or less used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Please refer to the corresponding PAM configuration files instead."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:548(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:58(refentrytitle) login.access.5.xml:65(refname)
+msgid "login.access"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "login access control table"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:71(para)
+msgid "The <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> file specifies (user, host) combinations and/or (user, tty) combinations for which a login will be either accepted or refused."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:77(para)
+msgid "When someone logs in, the <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> is scanned for the first entry that matches the (user, host) combination, or, in case of non-networked logins, the first entry that matches the (user, tty) combination. The permissions field of that table entry determines whether the login will be accepted or refused."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:85(para)
+msgid "Each line of the login access control table has three fields separated by a \":\" character:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "<emphasis remap=\"I\">permission</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">users</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">origins</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The first field should be a \"<emphasis>+</emphasis>\" (access granted) or \"<emphasis>-</emphasis>\" (access denied) character. The second field should be a list of one or more login names, group names, or <emphasis>ALL</emphasis> (always matches). The third field should be a list of one or more tty names (for non-networked logins), host names, domain names (begin with \"<literal>.</literal>\"), host addresses, internet network numbers (end with \"<literal>.</literal>\"), <emphasis>ALL</emphasis> (always matches) or <emphasis>LOCAL</emphasis> (matches any string that does not contain a \"<literal>.</literal>\" character). If you run NIS you can use @netgroupname in host or user patterns."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:108(para)
+msgid "The <emphasis>EXCEPT</emphasis> operator makes it possible to write very compact rules."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:113(para)
+msgid "The group file is searched only when a name does not match that of the logged-in user. Only groups are matched in which users are explicitly listed: the program does not look at a user's primary group id value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:98(refpurpose)
+msgid "begin session on the system"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:104(arg) login.1.xml:112(arg) login.1.xml:119(arg) login.1.xml:236(option) groupmems.8.xml:79(arg)
+msgid "-p"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:105(replaceable) login.1.xml:113(replaceable) login.1.xml:120(replaceable)
+msgid "host"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:105(arg) login.1.xml:113(arg)
+msgid "-h <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:108(replaceable)
+msgid "ENV=VAR"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:114(arg) login.1.xml:214(option)
+msgid "-f"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:120(arg)
+msgid "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:126(para)
+msgid "The <command>login</command> program is used to establish a new session with the system. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the <emphasis remap=\"I\">login:</emphasis> prompt on the user's terminal. <command>login</command> may be special to the shell and may not be invoked as a sub-process. When called from a shell, <command>login</command> should be executed as <emphasis remap=\"B\">exec login</emphasis> which will cause the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new logged in user to return to the session of the caller). Attempting to execute <command>login</command> from any shell but the login shell will produce an error message."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:140(para)
+msgid "The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate. Echoing is disabled to prevent revealing the password. Only a small number of password failures are permitted before <command>login</command> exits and the communications link is severed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:147(para)
+msgid "If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for a new password before proceeding. You will be forced to provide your old password and the new password before continuing. Please refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> for more information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:156(para)
+msgid "After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and the presence of mail. You may turn off the printing of the system message file, <filename>/etc/motd</filename>, by creating a zero-length file <filename>.hushlogin</filename> in your login directory. The mail message will be one of \"<emphasis>You have new mail.</emphasis>\", \"<emphasis>You have mail.</emphasis>\", or \"<emphasis>No Mail.</emphasis>\" according to the condition of your mailbox."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:167(para)
+msgid "Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file. The value for <envar>$HOME</envar>, <envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, <envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, and <envar>$MAIL</envar> are set according to the appropriate fields in the password entry. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to entries in the GECOS field."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:176(para)
+msgid "On some installations, the environmental variable <envar>$TERM</envar> will be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in <filename>/etc/ttytype</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:182(para)
+msgid "An initialization script for your command interpreter may also be executed. Please see the appropriate manual section for more information on this function."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:194(para) login.1.xml:270(para)
+msgid "The <command>login</command> program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file. It is the responsibility of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session. If you use <command>login</command> from the shell prompt without <command>exec</command>, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the \"subsession\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:217(para)
+msgid "Do not perform authentication, user is preauthenticated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:220(para)
+msgid "Note: In that case, <replaceable>username</replaceable> is mandatory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:228(option)
+msgid "-h"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:231(para)
+msgid "Name of the remote host for this login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:239(para)
+msgid "Preserve environment."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:244(option)
+msgid "-r"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:247(para)
+msgid "Perform autologin protocol for rlogin."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:252(para)
+msgid "The <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> and <option>-f</option> options are only used when <command>login</command> is invoked by root."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:261(para)
+msgid "This version of <command>login</command> has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:266(para)
+msgid "The location of files is subject to differences in system configuration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:282(para)
+msgid "As with any program, <command>login</command>'s appearance can be faked. If non-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the machine. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a trusted path and prevent this kind of attack."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:347(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/wtmp"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:349(para)
+msgid "List of previous login sessions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:365(filename)
+msgid "/etc/motd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:367(para)
+msgid "System message of the day file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:371(filename)
+msgid "/etc/nologin"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:373(para)
+msgid "Prevent non-root users from logging in."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:377(filename)
+msgid "/etc/ttytype"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:379(para)
+msgid "List of terminal types."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:383(filename)
+msgid "$HOME/.hushlogin"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:385(para)
+msgid "Suppress printing of system messages."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:399(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:41(firstname)
+msgid "Luca"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:42(surname)
+msgid "Berra"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:59(refentrytitle) limits.5.xml:66(refname)
+msgid "limits"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:67(refpurpose)
+msgid "resource limits definition"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:73(para)
+msgid "The <emphasis remap=\"I\">limits</emphasis> file (<filename>/etc/limits</filename> by default or LIMITS_FILE defined <filename>config.h</filename>) describes the resource limits you wish to impose. It should be owned by root and readable by root account only."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid "By default no quota is imposed on 'root'. In fact, there is no way to impose limits via this procedure to root-equiv accounts (accounts with UID 0)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "Each line describes a limit for a user in the form:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:90(emphasis)
+msgid "user LIMITS_STRING"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:93(para)
+msgid "or in the form:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:96(emphasis)
+msgid "@group LIMITS_STRING"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:99(para)
+msgid "The <emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis> is a string of a concatenated list of resource limits. Each limit consists of a letter identifier followed by a numerical limit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:105(para)
+msgid "The valid identifiers are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:108(para)
+msgid "A: max address space (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:109(para)
+msgid "C: max core file size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:110(para)
+msgid "D: max data size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:111(para)
+msgid "F: maximum file size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:112(para)
+msgid "K: file creation mask, set by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:117(para)
+msgid "I: max nice value (0..39 which translates to 20..-19)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:119(para)
+msgid "L: max number of logins for this user"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:120(para)
+msgid "M: max locked-in-memory address space (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:121(para)
+msgid "N: max number of open files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:122(para)
+msgid "O: max real time priority"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:123(para)
+msgid "P: process priority, set by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:128(para)
+msgid "R: max resident set size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:129(para)
+msgid "S: max stack size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid "T: max CPU time (MIN)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:131(para)
+msgid "U: max number of processes"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid "For example, <emphasis remap=\"I\">L2D2048N5</emphasis> is a valid <emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis>. For reading convenience, the following entries are equivalent:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:140(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "\n      username L2D2048N5\n      username L2 D2048 N5\n    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:145(para)
+msgid "Be aware that after <emphasis remap=\"I\">username</emphasis> the rest of the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed. An invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the <command>login</command> program."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:152(para)
+msgid "The default entry is denoted by username \"<emphasis>*</emphasis>\". If you have multiple <emphasis remap=\"I\">default</emphasis> entries in your <emphasis>LIMITS_FILE</emphasis>, then the last one will be used as the default entry."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:159(para)
+msgid "The limits specified in the form \"<replaceable>@group</replaceable>\" apply to the members of the specified <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:165(para)
+msgid "If more than one line with limits for a user exist, only the first line for this user will be considered."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:170(para)
+msgid "If no lines are specified for a user, the last <replaceable>@group</replaceable> line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:177(para)
+msgid "To completely disable limits for a user, a single dash \"<emphasis>-</emphasis>\" will do."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:182(para)
+msgid "To disable a limit for a user, a single dash \"<replaceable>-</replaceable>\" can be used instead of the numerical value for this limit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:188(para)
+msgid "Also, please note that all limit settings are set PER LOGIN. They are not global, nor are they permanent. Perhaps global limits will come, but for now this will have to do ;)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:199(filename)
+msgid "/etc/limits"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:207(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:67(refpurpose)
+msgid "reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid "<command>lastlog</command> formats and prints the contents of the last login log <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file. The <emphasis>login-name</emphasis>, <emphasis>port</emphasis>, and <emphasis>last login time</emphasis> will be printed. The default (no flags) causes lastlog entries to be printed, sorted by their order in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:93(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>lastlog</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:98(term)
+msgid "<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:102(para)
+msgid "Print only lastlog records older than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:108(term)
+msgid "<option>-C</option>, <option>--clear</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:112(para)
+msgid "Clear lastlog record of a user. This option can be used only together with <option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>))."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:139(term)
+msgid "<option>-S</option>, <option>--set</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:143(para)
+msgid "Set lastlog record of a user to the current time. This option can be used only together with <option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>))."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:150(term) faillog.8.xml:192(term)
+msgid "<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:154(para)
+msgid "Print the lastlog records more recent than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:161(term) faillog.8.xml:202(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:165(para)
+msgid "Print the lastlog record of the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:168(para) faillog.8.xml:211(para)
+msgid "The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a <replaceable>RANGE</replaceable> of users. This <replaceable>RANGE</replaceable> of users can be specified with a min and max values (<replaceable>UID_MIN-UID_MAX</replaceable>), a max value (<replaceable>-UID_MAX</replaceable>), or a min value (<replaceable>UID_MIN-</replaceable>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:180(para)
+msgid "If the user has never logged in the message <emphasis>** Never logged in**</emphasis> will be displayed instead of the port and time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:185(para)
+msgid "Only the entries for the current users of the system will be displayed. Other entries may exist for users that were deleted previously."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:193(title) groups.1.xml:90(title) chsh.1.xml:140(title) chage.1.xml:237(title)
+msgid "NOTE"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid "The <filename>lastlog</filename> file is a database which contains info on the last login of each user. You should not rotate it. It is a sparse file, so its size on the disk is usually much smaller than the one shown by \"<command>ls -l</command>\" (which can indicate a really big file if you have in <filename>passwd</filename> users with a high UID). You can display its real size with \"<command>ls -s</command>\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:220(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/lastlog"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "Database times of previous user logins."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:230(para)
+msgid "Large gaps in UID numbers will cause the lastlog program to run longer with no output to the screen (i.e. if in lastlog database there is no entries for users with UID between 170 and 800 lastlog will appear to hang as it processes entries with UIDs 171-799)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:41(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2005"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:46(refentrytitle) gshadow.5.xml:53(refname)
+msgid "gshadow"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:54(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadowed group file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:59(para)
+msgid "<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> contains the shadowed information for group accounts."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:69(para)
+msgid "Each line of this file contains the following colon-separated fields:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:75(emphasis)
+msgid "group name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:77(para)
+msgid "It must be a valid group name, which exist on the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, for instance ! or *, users will not be able to use a unix password to access the group (but group members do not need the password)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:97(para)
+msgid "The password is used when a user who is not a member of the group wants to gain the permissions of this group (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:103(para)
+msgid "This field may be empty, in which case only the group members can gain the group permissions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:113(para)
+msgid "This password supersedes any password specified in <filename>/etc/group</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:121(emphasis)
+msgid "administrators"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:123(para) gshadow.5.xml:139(para)
+msgid "It must be a comma-separated list of user names."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:126(para)
+msgid "Administrators can change the password or the members of the group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid "Administrators also have the same permissions as the members (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:137(emphasis)
+msgid "members"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:142(para)
+msgid "Members can access the group without being prompted for a password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:146(para)
+msgid "You should use the same list of users as in <filename>/etc/group</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:175(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "verify integrity of group files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:84(para)
+msgid "The <command>grpck</command> command verifies the integrity of the groups information. It checks that all entries in <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase> have the proper format and contain valid data. The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:101(para)
+msgid "a unique and valid group name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid "a valid group identifier <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> (<filename>/etc/group</filename> only)</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid "a valid list of members <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> and administrators</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid "a corresponding entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file (respectively <filename>/etc/group</filename> for the <filename>gshadow</filename> checks)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:125(para)
+msgid "The checks for correct number of fields and unique group name are fatal. If an entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete the entire line. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed. An entry with a duplicated group name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made. All other errors are warnings and the user is encouraged to run the <command>groupmod</command> command to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">file</phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</phrase> are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries. <command>grpck</command> should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>grpck</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:165(para)
+msgid "Execute the <command>grpck</command> command in read-only mode. This causes all questions regarding changes to be answered <emphasis>no</emphasis> without user intervention."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:187(para)
+msgid "Sort entries in <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase> by GID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:196(para)
+msgid "By default, <command>grpck</command> operates on <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase>. The user may select alternate files with the <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">parameter.</phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> parameters.</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:264(para)
+msgid "one or more bad group entries"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:270(para)
+msgid "can't open group files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "can't lock group files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:282(para)
+msgid "can't update group files"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:246(para)
+msgid "The <command>grpck</command> command exits with the following values: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:291(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>, </citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groups.1.xml:57(refentrytitle) groups.1.xml:64(refname) groups.1.xml:70(command)
+msgid "groups"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groups.1.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "display current group names"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groups.1.xml:72(replaceable)
+msgid "user"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groups.1.xml:79(para)
+msgid "The <command>groups</command> command displays the current group names or ID values. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in <filename>/etc/group</filename>, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value. The optional <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis> parameter will display the groups for the named <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groups.1.xml:91(para)
+msgid "Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information from <filename>/etc/group</filename> reported. The user must use <command>newgrp</command> or <command>sg</command> to change his current real and effective group ID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groups.1.xml:113(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgroups</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getuid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "modify a group definition on the system"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:75(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:75(replaceable)
+msgid "GROUP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid "The <command>groupmod</command> command modifies the definition of the specified <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> by modifying the appropriate entry in the group database."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupmod</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:96(term) groupadd.8.xml:114(term)
+msgid "<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:100(para)
+msgid "The group ID of the given <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> will be changed to <replaceable>GID</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid "The value of <replaceable>GID</replaceable> must be a non-negative decimal integer. This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:110(para)
+msgid "Users who use the group as primary group will be updated to keep the group as their primary group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "Any files that have the old group ID and must continue to belong to <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>, must have their group ID changed manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>GID_MIN</option>, <option>GID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>, or <option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:135(term)
+msgid "<option>-n</option>, <option>--new-name</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The name of the group will be changed from <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> to <replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable> name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid "When used with the <option>-g</option> option, allow to change the group <replaceable>GID</replaceable> to a non-unique value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:259(para)
+msgid "E_SUCCESS: success"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:265(para)
+msgid "E_USAGE: invalid command syntax"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:271(para)
+msgid "E_BAD_ARG: invalid argument to option"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:277(para)
+msgid "E_GID_IN_USE: specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:283(para)
+msgid "E_NOTFOUND: specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:289(para)
+msgid "E_NAME_IN_USE: group name already in use"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:295(para)
+msgid "E_GRP_UPDATE: can't update group file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:299(replaceable)
+msgid "11"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:301(para)
+msgid "E_CLEANUP_SERVICE: can't setup cleanup service"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:307(para)
+msgid "E_PAM_USERNAME: can't determine your username for use with pam"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:311(replaceable)
+msgid "13"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid "E_PAM_ERROR: pam returned an error, see syslog facility id groupmod for the PAM error message"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:253(para)
+msgid "The <command>groupmod</command> command exits with the following values: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:322(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:42(firstname)
+msgid "George"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:43(surname)
+msgid "Kraft"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:44(lineage)
+msgid "IV"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:45(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "administer members of a user's primary group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:76(replaceable) groupmems.8.xml:77(replaceable)
+msgid "user_name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:76(arg)
+msgid "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:77(arg)
+msgid "-d <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:78(replaceable)
+msgid "group_name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:78(arg)
+msgid "-g <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:79(arg)
+msgid "-l"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:86(para)
+msgid "The <command>groupmems</command> command allows a user to administer their own group membership list without the requirement of superuser privileges. The <command>groupmems</command> utility is for systems that configure its users to be in their own name sake primary group (i.e., guest / guest)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "Only the superuser, as administrator, can use <command>groupmems</command> to alter the memberships of other groups."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:101(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupmems</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:107(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:109(para)
+msgid "Add a user to the group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:110(para) groupmems.8.xml:126(para) groupmems.8.xml:157(para)
+msgid "If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, and the group has no entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file, a new entry will be created."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:118(term)
+msgid "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "Delete a user from the group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:121(para)
+msgid "If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, the user will be removed from the list of members and administrators of the group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:134(term)
+msgid "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>group_name</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The superuser can specify which group membership list to modify."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:148(term) chage.1.xml:160(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid "List the group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:154(term)
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--purge</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid "Purge all users from the group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:180(title)
+msgid "SETUP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid "The <command>groupmems</command> executable should be in mode <literal>2710</literal> as user <emphasis>root</emphasis> and in group <emphasis>groups</emphasis>. The system administrator can add users to group <emphasis>groups</emphasis> to allow or disallow them using the <command>groupmems</command> utility to manage their own group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:190(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "\n\t$ groupadd -r groups\n\t$ chmod 2710 groupmems\n\t$ chown root.groups groupmems\n\t$ groupmems -g groups -a gk4\n    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "secure group account information"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:230(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "delete a group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid "The <command>groupdel</command> command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>. The named group must exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:89(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupdel</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:134(para)
+msgid "You may not remove the primary group of any existing user. You must remove the user before you remove the group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:138(para)
+msgid "You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain owned by this group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:200(para)
+msgid "can't remove user's primary group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid "The <command>groupdel</command> command exits with the following values: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:215(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "create a new group"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:85(para)
+msgid "The <command>groupadd</command> command creates a new group account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system. The new group will be entered into the system files as needed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupadd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid "This option causes the command to simply exit with success status if the specified group already exists. When used with <option>-g</option>, and the specified GID already exists, another (unique) GID is chosen (i.e. <option>-g</option> is turned off)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid "The numerical value of the group's ID. This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to <option>GID_MIN</option> and greater than every other group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:124(para)
+msgid "See also the <option>-r</option> option and the <option>GID_MAX</option> description."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:141(para)
+msgid "Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (GID_MIN, GID_MAX and others). Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:146(para)
+msgid "Example: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid "Note: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> doesn't work yet."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:161(para)
+msgid "This option permits to add a group with a non-unique GID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:192(para)
+msgid "Create a system group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:195(para)
+msgid "The numeric identifiers of new system groups are chosen in the <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> range, defined in <filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>GID_MIN</option>-<option>GID_MAX</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:275(para)
+msgid "Groupnames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a dollar sign. In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:281(para)
+msgid "Groupnames may only be up to &GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH; characters long."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:284(para)
+msgid "You may not add a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the corresponding server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid "If the groupname already exists in an external group database such as NIS or LDAP, <command>groupadd</command> will deny the group creation request."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:321(para)
+msgid "GID not unique (when <option>-o</option> not used)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:327(para)
+msgid "group name not unique"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:297(para)
+msgid "The <command>groupadd</command> command exits with the following values: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:342(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:44(firstname)
+msgid "Rafal"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:45(surname)
+msgid "Maszkowski"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:71(phrase)
+msgid "administer <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:74(phrase)
+msgid "administer <placeholder-1/> and <placeholder-2/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:85(replaceable) expiry.1.xml:76(replaceable)
+msgid "option"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:95(para)
+msgid "The <command>gpasswd</command> command is used to administer <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase>. Every group can have <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">administrators,</phrase> members and a password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:103(para)
+msgid "System administrators can use the <option>-A</option> option to define group administrator(s) and the <option>-M</option> option to define members. They have all rights of group administrators and members."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:108(para)
+msgid "<command>gpasswd</command> called by <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">a group administrator</phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">a system administrator</phrase> with a group name only prompts for the new password of the <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:115(para)
+msgid "If a password is set the members can still use <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> without a password, and non-members must supply the password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:123(title)
+msgid "Notes about group passwords"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:124(para)
+msgid "Group passwords are an inherent security problem since more than one person is permitted to know the password. However, groups are a useful tool for permitting co-operation between different users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:135(para)
+msgid "Except for the <option>-A</option> and <option>-M</option> options, the options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:142(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>gpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:147(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:151(para)
+msgid "Add the <replaceable>user</replaceable> to the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:160(term)
+msgid "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:164(para)
+msgid "Remove the <replaceable>user</replaceable> from the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:181(term)
+msgid "<option>-Q</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:195(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove-password</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:199(para)
+msgid "Remove the password from the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>. The group password will be empty. Only group members will be allowed to use <command>newgrp</command> to join the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:211(term)
+msgid "<option>-R</option>, <option>--restrict</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:215(para)
+msgid "Restrict the access to the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>. The group password is set to \"!\". Only group members with a password will be allowed to use <command>newgrp</command> to join the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:227(term)
+msgid "<option>-A</option>, <option>--administrators</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</replaceable>,..."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:231(para)
+msgid "Set the list of administrative users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:239(term)
+msgid "<option>-M</option>, <option>--members</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</replaceable>,..."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:243(para)
+msgid "Set the list of group members."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:253(para)
+msgid "This tool only operates on the <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files.</phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">file.</phrase> Thus you cannot change any NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the corresponding server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:298(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) faillog.8.xml:64(refname) faillog.8.xml:70(command) faillog.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) faillog.5.xml:64(refname) faillog.5.xml:111(refentrytitle)
+msgid "faillog"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "display faillog records or set login failure limits"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:79(para)
+msgid "<command>faillog</command> displays the contents of the failure log database (<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>). It can also set the failure counters and limits. When <command>faillog</command> is run without arguments, it only displays the faillog records of the users who had a login failure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>faillog</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid "Display (or act on) faillog records for all users having an entry in the <filename>faillog</filename> database."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:102(para)
+msgid "The range of users can be restricted with the <option>-u</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid "In display mode, this is still restricted to existing users but forces the display of the faillog entries even if they are empty."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid "With the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, <option>-r</option>, <option>-t</option> options, the users' records are changed, even if the user does not exist on the system. This is useful to reset records of users that have been deleted or to set a policy in advance for a range of users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:128(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-secs</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEC</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:132(para)
+msgid "Lock account for <replaceable>SEC</replaceable> seconds after failed login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:136(para) faillog.8.xml:161(para) faillog.8.xml:173(para)
+msgid "Write access to <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> is required for this option."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:143(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--maximum</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:147(para)
+msgid "Set the maximum number of login failures after the account is disabled to <replaceable>MAX</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:151(para)
+msgid "Selecting a <replaceable>MAX</replaceable> value of 0 has the effect of not placing a limit on the number of failed logins."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid "The maximum failure count should always be 0 for <emphasis>root</emphasis> to prevent a denial of services attack against the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:168(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:170(para)
+msgid "Reset the counters of login failures."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:195(para)
+msgid "Display faillog records more recent than <replaceable>DAYS</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:206(para)
+msgid "Display faillog record or maintains failure counters and limits (if used with <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option> or <option>-r</option> options) only for the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid "When none of the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-r</option> options are used, <command>faillog</command> displays the faillog record of the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:233(para)
+msgid "<command>faillog</command> only prints out users with no successful login since the last failure. To print out a user who has had a successful login since their last failure, you must explicitly request the user with the <option>-u</option> flag, or print out all users with the <option>-a</option> flag."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:246(filename) faillog.5.xml:99(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/faillog"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:248(para) faillog.5.xml:101(para)
+msgid "Failure logging file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:256(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>faillog</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "login failure logging file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid "<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> maintains a count of login failures and the limits for each account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:74(para)
+msgid "The file contains fixed length records, indexed by numerical UID. Each record contains the count of login failures since the last successful login; the maximum number of failures before the account is disabled; the line on which the last login failure occurred; the date of the last login failure; and the duration (in seconds) during which the account will be locked after a failure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "The structure of the file is:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:85(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid "\nstruct\tfaillog {\n\tshort   fail_cnt;\n\tshort   fail_max;\n\tchar    fail_line[12];\n\ttime_t  fail_time;\n\tlong    fail_locktime;\n};"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:45(contrib) chsh.1.xml:44(contrib) chfn.1.xml:44(contrib) chage.1.xml:42(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1990"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:61(refentrytitle) expiry.1.xml:68(refname) expiry.1.xml:74(command)
+msgid "expiry"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "check and enforce password expiration policy"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:83(para)
+msgid "The <command>expiry</command> command checks (<option>-c</option>) the current password expiration and forces (<option>-f</option>) changes when required. It is callable as a normal user command."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:92(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>expiry</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:97(term)
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--check</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid "Check the password expiration of the current user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:105(para)
+msgid "Force a password change if the current user has an expired password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:140(para) chage.1.xml:318(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "change login shell"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:85(para)
+msgid "The <command>chsh</command> command changes the user login shell. This determines the name of the user's initial login command. A normal user may only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change the login shell for any account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:96(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chsh</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:130(para)
+msgid "If the <option>-s</option> option is not selected, <command>chsh</command> operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current login shell. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line blank to use the current one. The current shell is displayed between a pair of <emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:141(para)
+msgid "The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must be listed in <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, unless the invoker is the superuser, and then any value may be added. An account with a restricted login shell may not change her login shell. For this reason, placing <filename>/bin/rsh</filename> in <filename>/etc/shells</filename> is discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:176(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shells"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:178(para)
+msgid "List of valid login shells."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:192(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "update passwords in batch mode"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:83(para)
+msgid "The <command>chpasswd</command> command reads a list of user name and password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a group of existing users. Each line is of the format:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:88(para)
+msgid "<emphasis remap=\"I\">user_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:92(para)
+msgid "By default the passwords must be supplied in clear-text, and are encrypted by <command>chpasswd</command>. Also the password age will be updated, if present."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:97(para)
+msgid "The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variables of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, and can be overwritten with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:105(para)
+msgid "By default, passwords are encrypted by PAM, but (even if not recommended) you can select a different encryption method with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid "<phrase condition=\"pam\">Except when PAM is used to encrypt the passwords,</phrase><command>chpasswd</command> first updates all the passwords in memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no errors occurred for any user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid "When PAM is used to encrypt the passwords (and update the passwords in the system database) then if a password cannot be updated <command>chpasswd</command> continues updating the passwords of the next users, and will return an error code on exit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:123(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid "This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many accounts are created at a single time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:131(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>METHOD</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:142(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:115(para)
+msgid "The available methods are DES, MD5, and NONE."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "By default, PAM is used to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "By default (if none of the <option>-c</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-e</option> options are specified), the encryption method is defined by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variables of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:163(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:125(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:165(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "Supplied passwords are in encrypted form."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:179(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--md5</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:181(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid "Use MD5 encryption instead of DES when the supplied passwords are not encrypted."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:200(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROUNDS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:219(para)
+msgid "By default, the number of rounds is defined by the <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> and <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:232(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:187(para)
+msgid "Remember to set permissions or umask to prevent readability of unencrypted files by other users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:276(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/chpasswd"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:278(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>chpasswd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:286(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:47(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2006"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "update group passwords in batch mode"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:79(para)
+msgid "The <command>chgpasswd</command> command reads a list of group name and password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a set of existing groups. Each line is of the format:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:84(para)
+msgid "<emphasis remap=\"I\">group_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:88(para)
+msgid "By default the supplied password must be in clear-text, and is encrypted by <command>chgpasswd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:92(para)
+msgid "The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, and can be overwritten with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chgpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:238(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "change real user name and information"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:85(para)
+msgid "The <command>chfn</command> command changes user fullname, office room number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user's account. This information is typically printed by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> and similar programs. A normal user may only change the fields for her own account, subject to the restrictions in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>. (The default configuration is to prevent users from changing their fullname.) The superuser may change any field for any account. Additionally, only the superuser may use the <option>-o</option> option to change the undefined portions of the GECOS field."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid "These fields must not contain any colons. Except for the <emphasis remap=\"I\">other</emphasis> field, they should not contain any comma or equal sign. It is also recommended to avoid non-US-ASCII characters, but this is only enforced for the phone numbers. The <emphasis remap=\"I\">other</emphasis> field is used to store accounting information used by other applications."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:112(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chfn</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:117(term)
+msgid "<option>-f</option>, <option>--full-name</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FULL_NAME</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:121(para)
+msgid "Change the user's full name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:125(term)
+msgid "<option>-h</option>, <option>--home-phone</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_PHONE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:129(para)
+msgid "Change the user's home phone number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:133(term)
+msgid "<option>-o</option>, <option>--other</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>OTHER</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:137(para)
+msgid "Change the user's other GECOS information. This field is used to store accounting information used by other applications, and can be changed only by a superuser."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:145(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--room</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROOM_NUMBER</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:149(para)
+msgid "Change the user's room number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:165(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:173(term)
+msgid "<option>-w</option>, <option>--work-phone</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>WORK_PHONE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:177(para)
+msgid "Change the user's office phone number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:181(para)
+msgid "If none of the options are selected, <command>chfn</command> operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value. The current value is displayed between a pair of <emphasis remap=\"B\">[ ]</emphasis> marks. Without options, <command>chfn</command> prompts for the current user account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:226(para)
+msgid "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user password expiry information"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:82(para)
+msgid "The <command>chage</command> command changes the number of days between password changes and the date of the last password change. This information is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:92(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chage</command> command are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:97(term)
+msgid "<option>-d</option>, <option>--lastday</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LAST_DAY</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:101(para)
+msgid "Set the number of days since January 1st, 1970 when the password was last changed. The date may also be expressed in the format YYYY-MM-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:109(term)
+msgid "<option>-E</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:113(para)
+msgid "Set the date or number of days since January 1, 1970 on which the user's account will no longer be accessible. The date may also be expressed in the format YYYY-MM-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area). A user whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being able to use the system again."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:121(para)
+msgid "Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> will remove an account expiration date."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:135(term)
+msgid "<option>-i</option>, <option>--iso8601</option>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:137(para)
+msgid "When printing dates, use YYYY-MM-DD format."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:141(term)
+msgid "<option>-I</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:145(para)
+msgid "Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the account is locked. The <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> option is the number of days of inactivity. A user whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being able to use the system again."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:152(para)
+msgid "Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as the <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> will remove an account's inactivity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:164(para)
+msgid "Show account aging information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:170(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:182(term)
+msgid "<option>-M</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:186(para)
+msgid "Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid. When <replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> plus <replaceable>LAST_DAY</replaceable> is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their password before being able to use their account. This occurrence can be planned for in advance by use of the <option>-W</option> option, which provides the user with advance warning."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:215(term)
+msgid "<option>-W</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:219(para)
+msgid "Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The <replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to expire."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:228(para)
+msgid "If none of the options are selected, <command>chage</command> operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value. The current value is displayed between a pair of <emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:238(para)
+msgid "The <command>chage</command> program requires a shadow password file to be available."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:242(para)
+msgid "The <command>chage</command> command is restricted to the root user, except for the <option>-l</option> option, which may be used by an unprivileged user to determine when their password or account is due to expire."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:307(replaceable)
+msgid "15"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:309(para)
+msgid "can't find the shadow password file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:285(para)
+msgid "The <command>chage</command> command exits with the following values: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. Put one translator per line, in the form of NAME <EMAIL>, YEAR1, YEAR2
+#: chage.1.xml:0(None)
+msgid "translator-credits"
+msgstr ""
+
diff --git a/man/po/stamp-po b/man/po/stamp-po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9788f70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/po/stamp-po
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+timestamp
diff --git a/man/po/sv.po b/man/po/sv.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06fdc72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/po/sv.po
@@ -0,0 +1,9882 @@
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: man pages for shadow 4.0.18\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-01-23 15:00-0600\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-08-23 01:41+0200\n"
+"Last-Translator: Daniel Nylander <po@danielnylander.se>\n"
+"Language-Team: Swedish <debian-l10n-swedish@lists.debian.org>\n"
+"Language: sv\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:41(firstname) suauth.5.xml:39(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:45(firstname) login.access.5.xml:40(firstname)
+msgid "Marek"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:42(surname) suauth.5.xml:40(surname) pwconv.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:41(surname)
+msgid "Michałkiewicz"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:43(contrib) limits.5.xml:43(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1997"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:46(firstname) usermod.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:50(firstname) useradd.8.xml:63(firstname)
+#: suauth.5.xml:44(firstname) su.1.xml:61(firstname) sg.1.xml:45(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:44(firstname) shadow.3.xml:44(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:50(firstname) pwck.8.xml:50(firstname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:44(firstname) passwd.5.xml:44(firstname)
+#: passwd.1.xml:51(firstname) newusers.8.xml:60(firstname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:45(firstname) logoutd.8.xml:44(firstname)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:111(firstname) login.access.5.xml:45(firstname)
+#: login.1.xml:77(firstname) limits.5.xml:46(firstname)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:46(firstname) grpck.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groups.1.xml:44(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:48(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:47(firstname) gpasswd.1.xml:49(firstname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:44(firstname) faillog.5.xml:44(firstname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:48(firstname) chsh.1.xml:47(firstname)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:48(firstname) chgpasswd.8.xml:44(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:47(firstname) chage.1.xml:45(firstname)
+msgid "Thomas"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:47(surname) usermod.8.xml:52(surname) userdel.8.xml:51(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:64(surname) suauth.5.xml:45(surname) su.1.xml:62(surname)
+#: sg.1.xml:46(surname) shadow.5.xml:45(surname) shadow.3.xml:45(surname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:51(surname) pwck.8.xml:51(surname) porttime.5.xml:45(surname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:45(surname) passwd.1.xml:52(surname) newusers.8.xml:61(surname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:46(surname) logoutd.8.xml:45(surname)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:112(surname) login.access.5.xml:46(surname)
+#: login.1.xml:78(surname) limits.5.xml:47(surname) lastlog.8.xml:47(surname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:46(surname) groups.1.xml:45(surname) groupmod.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:49(surname) groupdel.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:48(surname) gpasswd.1.xml:50(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:45(surname) faillog.5.xml:45(surname) expiry.1.xml:49(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:48(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:49(surname)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:45(surname) chfn.1.xml:48(surname) chage.1.xml:46(surname)
+msgid "Kłoczko"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:48(email) usermod.8.xml:53(email) userdel.8.xml:52(email)
+#: useradd.8.xml:65(email) suauth.5.xml:46(email) su.1.xml:63(email)
+#: sg.1.xml:47(email) shadow.5.xml:46(email) shadow.3.xml:46(email)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:52(email) pwck.8.xml:52(email) porttime.5.xml:46(email)
+#: passwd.5.xml:46(email) passwd.1.xml:53(email) newusers.8.xml:62(email)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:47(email) logoutd.8.xml:46(email) login.defs.5.xml:113(email)
+#: login.access.5.xml:47(email) login.1.xml:79(email) limits.5.xml:48(email)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:48(email) grpck.8.xml:47(email) groups.1.xml:46(email)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:47(email) groupmems.8.xml:50(email) groupdel.8.xml:47(email)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:49(email) gpasswd.1.xml:51(email) faillog.8.xml:46(email)
+#: faillog.5.xml:46(email) expiry.1.xml:50(email) chsh.1.xml:49(email)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:50(email) chgpasswd.8.xml:46(email) chfn.1.xml:49(email)
+#: chage.1.xml:47(email)
+msgid "kloczek@pld.org.pl"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:49(contrib) usermod.8.xml:54(contrib) userdel.8.xml:53(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:66(contrib) suauth.5.xml:47(contrib) su.1.xml:64(contrib)
+#: sg.1.xml:48(contrib) shadow.5.xml:47(contrib) shadow.3.xml:47(contrib)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:53(contrib) pwck.8.xml:53(contrib) porttime.5.xml:47(contrib)
+#: passwd.5.xml:47(contrib) passwd.1.xml:54(contrib) newusers.8.xml:63(contrib)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:48(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:114(contrib) login.access.5.xml:48(contrib)
+#: login.1.xml:80(contrib) limits.5.xml:49(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:49(contrib)
+#: grpck.8.xml:48(contrib) groups.1.xml:47(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:48(contrib)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:51(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:48(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:50(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:52(contrib)
+#: faillog.8.xml:47(contrib) faillog.5.xml:47(contrib) expiry.1.xml:51(contrib)
+#: chsh.1.xml:50(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:51(contrib) chfn.1.xml:50(contrib)
+#: chage.1.xml:48(contrib)
+msgid "shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:52(firstname) usermod.8.xml:57(firstname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:56(firstname) useradd.8.xml:69(firstname)
+#: suauth.5.xml:50(firstname) su.1.xml:67(firstname) sg.1.xml:51(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:50(firstname) shadow.3.xml:50(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:56(firstname) pwck.8.xml:56(firstname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:50(firstname) passwd.5.xml:50(firstname)
+#: passwd.1.xml:57(firstname) nologin.8.xml:39(firstname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:66(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:51(firstname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:50(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:117(firstname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:51(firstname) login.1.xml:83(firstname)
+#: limits.5.xml:52(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:52(firstname)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:38(firstname) grpck.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groups.1.xml:50(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:54(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:53(firstname) gpasswd.1.xml:55(firstname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:50(firstname) faillog.5.xml:50(firstname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:54(firstname) chsh.1.xml:53(firstname)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:54(firstname) chgpasswd.8.xml:50(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:53(firstname) chage.1.xml:51(firstname)
+msgid "Nicolas"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:53(surname) usermod.8.xml:58(surname) userdel.8.xml:57(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:70(surname) suauth.5.xml:51(surname) su.1.xml:68(surname)
+#: sg.1.xml:52(surname) shadow.5.xml:51(surname) shadow.3.xml:51(surname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:57(surname) pwck.8.xml:57(surname) porttime.5.xml:51(surname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:51(surname) passwd.1.xml:58(surname) nologin.8.xml:40(surname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:67(surname) newgrp.1.xml:52(surname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:51(surname) login.defs.5.xml:118(surname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:52(surname) login.1.xml:84(surname)
+#: limits.5.xml:53(surname) lastlog.8.xml:53(surname) gshadow.5.xml:39(surname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:52(surname) groups.1.xml:51(surname) groupmod.8.xml:52(surname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:55(surname) groupdel.8.xml:52(surname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:54(surname) gpasswd.1.xml:56(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:51(surname) faillog.5.xml:51(surname) expiry.1.xml:55(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:54(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:55(surname)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:51(surname) chfn.1.xml:54(surname) chage.1.xml:52(surname)
+msgid "François"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:54(email) usermod.8.xml:59(email) userdel.8.xml:58(email)
+#: useradd.8.xml:71(email) suauth.5.xml:52(email) su.1.xml:69(email)
+#: sg.1.xml:53(email) shadow.5.xml:52(email) shadow.3.xml:52(email)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:58(email) pwck.8.xml:58(email) porttime.5.xml:52(email)
+#: passwd.5.xml:52(email) passwd.1.xml:59(email) nologin.8.xml:41(email)
+#: newusers.8.xml:68(email) newgrp.1.xml:53(email) logoutd.8.xml:52(email)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:119(email) login.access.5.xml:53(email)
+#: login.1.xml:85(email) limits.5.xml:54(email) lastlog.8.xml:54(email)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:40(email) grpck.8.xml:53(email) groups.1.xml:52(email)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:53(email) groupmems.8.xml:56(email) groupdel.8.xml:53(email)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:55(email) gpasswd.1.xml:57(email) faillog.8.xml:52(email)
+#: faillog.5.xml:52(email) expiry.1.xml:56(email) chsh.1.xml:55(email)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:56(email) chgpasswd.8.xml:52(email) chfn.1.xml:55(email)
+#: chage.1.xml:53(email)
+msgid "nicolas.francois@centraliens.net"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:55(contrib) usermod.8.xml:60(contrib) userdel.8.xml:59(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:72(contrib) suauth.5.xml:53(contrib) su.1.xml:70(contrib)
+#: sg.1.xml:54(contrib) shadow.5.xml:53(contrib) shadow.3.xml:53(contrib)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:59(contrib) pwck.8.xml:59(contrib) porttime.5.xml:53(contrib)
+#: passwd.5.xml:53(contrib) passwd.1.xml:60(contrib) nologin.8.xml:42(contrib)
+#: newusers.8.xml:69(contrib) newgrp.1.xml:54(contrib)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:53(contrib) login.defs.5.xml:120(contrib)
+#: login.access.5.xml:54(contrib) login.1.xml:86(contrib)
+#: limits.5.xml:55(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:55(contrib) gshadow.5.xml:42(contrib)
+#: grpck.8.xml:54(contrib) groups.1.xml:53(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:54(contrib)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:57(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:54(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:56(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:58(contrib)
+#: faillog.8.xml:53(contrib) faillog.5.xml:53(contrib) expiry.1.xml:57(contrib)
+#: chsh.1.xml:56(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:57(contrib)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:53(contrib) chfn.1.xml:56(contrib) chage.1.xml:54(contrib)
+msgid "shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now"
+msgstr ""
+
+# Swedish translation of shadow manpage.
+# Copyright (C) 2006 THE PACKAGE'S COPYRIGHT HOLDER
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the shadow package.
+# Daniel Nylander <po@danielnylander.se>, 2006.
+#
+#: vipw.8.xml:59(refentrytitle) vipw.8.xml:66(refname) vipw.8.xml:75(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:520(term)
+msgid "vipw"
+msgstr "vipw"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:60(manvolnum) usermod.8.xml:65(manvolnum)
+#: userdel.8.xml:64(manvolnum) userdel.8.xml:276(replaceable)
+#: useradd.8.xml:77(manvolnum) pwconv.8.xml:64(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:64(manvolnum) nologin.8.xml:47(manvolnum)
+#: newusers.8.xml:74(manvolnum) logoutd.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:60(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupmems.8.xml:62(manvolnum)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupdel.8.xml:198(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:61(manvolnum) faillog.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: faillog.5.xml:111(manvolnum) chpasswd.8.xml:62(manvolnum)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+msgid "8"
+msgstr "8"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) usermod.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo)
+#: userdel.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) useradd.8.xml:78(refmiscinfo)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) pwck.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo)
+#: nologin.8.xml:48(refmiscinfo) newusers.8.xml:75(refmiscinfo)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo) lastlog.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+#: grpck.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) groupmod.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) groupdel.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) faillog.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chgpasswd.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "System Management Commands"
+msgstr "Systemhanteringskommandon"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) usermod.8.xml:67(refmiscinfo)
+#: userdel.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) useradd.8.xml:79(refmiscinfo)
+#: suauth.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) su.1.xml:77(refmiscinfo)
+#: sg.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo) shadow.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: shadow.3.xml:60(refmiscinfo) pwconv.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo)
+#: pwck.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) porttime.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: passwd.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) passwd.1.xml:67(refmiscinfo)
+#: nologin.8.xml:49(refmiscinfo) newusers.8.xml:76(refmiscinfo)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo) logoutd.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:127(refmiscinfo) login.access.5.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.1.xml:93(refmiscinfo) limits.5.xml:62(refmiscinfo)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) gshadow.5.xml:49(refmiscinfo)
+#: grpck.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groups.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groupmems.8.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groupadd.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:65(refmiscinfo) faillog.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: faillog.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) expiry.1.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: chsh.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chpasswd.8.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) chfn.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: chage.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "shadow"
+msgid "shadow-utils"
+msgstr "shadow"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:67(refname) vipw.8.xml:81(command)
+msgid "vigr"
+msgstr "vigr"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "edit the password, group, shadow-password or shadow-group file"
+msgstr "redigera lösenordet, grupp, skugglösenord eller skuggruppfil"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:77(replaceable) vipw.8.xml:83(replaceable)
+#: usermod.8.xml:79(replaceable) userdel.8.xml:76(arg)
+#: useradd.8.xml:90(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:102(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:88(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:81(replaceable)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:87(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:93(replaceable)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:99(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:77(arg) passwd.1.xml:79(replaceable)
+#: newusers.8.xml:88(replaceable) lastlog.8.xml:74(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:72(arg) groupmod.8.xml:73(replaceable)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:73(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:75(replaceable)
+#: faillog.8.xml:72(replaceable) chsh.1.xml:75(replaceable)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:76(replaceable) chgpasswd.8.xml:72(replaceable)
+#: chfn.1.xml:75(replaceable) chage.1.xml:72(replaceable)
+msgid "options"
+msgstr "flaggor"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:89(title) usermod.8.xml:86(title) userdel.8.xml:84(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:108(title) suauth.5.xml:75(title) su.1.xml:103(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:81(title) shadow.5.xml:69(title) shadow.3.xml:118(title)
+#: shadow.3.xml:174(title) pwconv.8.xml:105(title) pwck.8.xml:92(title)
+#: porttime.5.xml:69(title) passwd.5.xml:69(title) passwd.1.xml:88(title)
+#: nologin.8.xml:64(title) newusers.8.xml:97(title) newgrp.1.xml:77(title)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:75(title) login.defs.5.xml:136(title)
+#: login.access.5.xml:70(title) login.1.xml:125(title) limits.5.xml:72(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:80(title) gshadow.5.xml:58(title) grpck.8.xml:83(title)
+#: groups.1.xml:78(title) groupmod.8.xml:80(title) groupmems.8.xml:85(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:80(title) groupadd.8.xml:84(title) gpasswd.1.xml:94(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:78(title) faillog.5.xml:69(title) expiry.1.xml:82(title)
+#: chsh.1.xml:84(title) chpasswd.8.xml:82(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:78(title)
+#: chfn.1.xml:84(title) chage.1.xml:81(title)
+msgid "DESCRIPTION"
+msgstr "BESKRIVNING"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:90(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</command> commands edits the "
+"files <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"respectively. With the <option>-s</option> flag, they will edit the shadow "
+"versions of those files, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and <filename>/etc/"
+"gshadow</filename>, respectively. The programs will set the appropriate "
+"locks to prevent file corruption. When looking for an editor, the programs "
+"will first try the environment variable <envar>$VISUAL</envar>, then the "
+"environment variable <envar>$EDITOR</envar>, and finally the default editor, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</command> redigerar filerna "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> och <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"respektive. Med flaggan <option>-s</option>, kommer de att redigera "
+"skuggversionerna av dessa filer, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> och "
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, respektive. Programmen kommer att ställa "
+"in de lämpliga lås som behövs för att förhindra att filerna skadas. När de "
+"letar efter en redigerare kommer programmen att första försöka med "
+"miljövariabeln <envar>$VISUAL</envar>, sedan miljövariabeln <envar>$EDITOR</"
+"envar> och till sist standardredigeraren, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:107(title) usermod.8.xml:94(title) userdel.8.xml:93(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:126(title) su.1.xml:144(title) pwconv.8.xml:187(title)
+#: pwck.8.xml:176(title) passwd.1.xml:174(title) newusers.8.xml:266(title)
+#: login.1.xml:210(title) lastlog.8.xml:92(title) grpck.8.xml:147(title)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:89(title) groupmems.8.xml:100(title) groupdel.8.xml:88(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:93(title) gpasswd.1.xml:134(title) faillog.8.xml:89(title)
+#: expiry.1.xml:91(title) chsh.1.xml:95(title) chpasswd.8.xml:130(title)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:105(title) chfn.1.xml:111(title) chage.1.xml:91(title)
+msgid "OPTIONS"
+msgstr "FLAGGOR"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</"
+"command> commands are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Flaggorna som gäller för kommandona <command>vipw</command> och "
+"<command>vigr</command> är:"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:114(term)
+msgid "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:116(para)
+msgid "Edit group database."
+msgstr "Redigera gruppdatabasen."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:120(term) userdel.8.xml:123(term) useradd.8.xml:278(term)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:195(term) pwck.8.xml:196(term) passwd.1.xml:214(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:296(term) lastlog.8.xml:119(term) grpck.8.xml:157(term)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:129(term) groupmems.8.xml:142(term) groupdel.8.xml:95(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:131(term) gpasswd.1.xml:173(term) faillog.8.xml:122(term)
+#: expiry.1.xml:112(term) chsh.1.xml:101(term) chpasswd.8.xml:171(term)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:131(term) chage.1.xml:129(term)
+msgid "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:122(para) userdel.8.xml:125(para) useradd.8.xml:280(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:197(para) pwck.8.xml:198(para) passwd.1.xml:216(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:298(para) lastlog.8.xml:123(para) grpck.8.xml:159(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:131(para) groupmems.8.xml:144(para) groupdel.8.xml:97(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:133(para) gpasswd.1.xml:175(para) faillog.8.xml:124(para)
+#: expiry.1.xml:114(para) chsh.1.xml:103(para) chpasswd.8.xml:173(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:133(para) chfn.1.xml:169(para) chage.1.xml:131(para)
+msgid "Display help message and exit."
+msgstr "Visa hjälpmeddelande och avsluta."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:126(term)
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--passwd</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-p</option>, <option>--passwd</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:128(para)
+msgid "Edit passwd database."
+msgstr "Redigera lösenordsdatabasen."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:132(term) pwck.8.xml:202(term) passwd.1.xml:281(term)
+msgid "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:134(para) passwd.1.xml:285(para)
+msgid "Quiet mode."
+msgstr "Tyst läge."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:138(term) usermod.8.xml:322(term) userdel.8.xml:146(term)
+#: useradd.8.xml:457(term) pwconv.8.xml:201(term) pwck.8.xml:219(term)
+#: passwd.1.xml:301(term) newusers.8.xml:321(term) lastlog.8.xml:127(term)
+#: grpck.8.xml:173(term) groupmod.8.xml:178(term) groupmems.8.xml:165(term)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:101(term) groupadd.8.xml:204(term) faillog.8.xml:180(term)
+#: chsh.1.xml:107(term) chpasswd.8.xml:188(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:146(term)
+#: chfn.1.xml:153(term) chage.1.xml:203(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HEM_KAT</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:142(para) usermod.8.xml:326(para) userdel.8.xml:150(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:461(para) pwconv.8.xml:205(para) pwck.8.xml:223(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:305(para) newusers.8.xml:325(para) lastlog.8.xml:131(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:177(para) groupmod.8.xml:182(para) groupmems.8.xml:169(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:105(para) groupadd.8.xml:208(para) gpasswd.1.xml:185(para)
+#: faillog.8.xml:184(para) chsh.1.xml:111(para) chpasswd.8.xml:192(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:150(para) chfn.1.xml:157(para) chage.1.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory and use "
+"the configuration files from the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:150(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "Edit shadow or gshadow database."
+msgstr "Redigera shadow- eller gshadow-databasen."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:156(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:158(para)
+msgid "Indicates which user's tcb shadow file to edit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:165(title) usermod.8.xml:524(title) userdel.8.xml:188(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:676(title) su.1.xml:338(title) sg.1.xml:98(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:227(title) pwck.8.xml:262(title) passwd.1.xml:395(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:375(title) newgrp.1.xml:109(title) login.1.xml:294(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:205(title) grpck.8.xml:209(title) groupmod.8.xml:210(title)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:199(title) groupdel.8.xml:145(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:236(title) gpasswd.1.xml:264(title) chsh.1.xml:154(title)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:239(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:198(title) chfn.1.xml:193(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:250(title)
+msgid "CONFIGURATION"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:166(para) usermod.8.xml:525(para) userdel.8.xml:189(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:677(para) su.1.xml:339(para) sg.1.xml:99(para)
+#: pwck.8.xml:263(para) passwd.1.xml:396(para) newusers.8.xml:376(para)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:110(para) login.1.xml:295(para) lastlog.8.xml:206(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:210(para) groupmod.8.xml:211(para) groupmems.8.xml:200(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:146(para) groupadd.8.xml:237(para) gpasswd.1.xml:265(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:155(para) chpasswd.8.xml:240(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:199(para)
+#: chfn.1.xml:194(para) chage.1.xml:251(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> change the behavior of this tool:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:30(term) usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term)
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwconv.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term) chage.1.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>USE_TCB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:32(para) usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwconv.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(para) chage.1.xml:32(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry> for details on how this string is interpreted."
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> password shadowing "
+"scheme will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"Referera till <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> för detaljer om hur "
+"denna sträng tolkas."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:177(title)
+msgid "ENVIRONMENT"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:180(option)
+msgid "VISUAL"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:182(para)
+msgid "Editor to be used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:186(option)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "HYSTORY"
+msgid "EDITOR"
+msgstr "HISTORIK"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:188(para)
+msgid "Editor to be used if <option>VISUAL</option> is not set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:195(title) usermod.8.xml:542(title) userdel.8.xml:205(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:706(title) suauth.5.xml:193(title) su.1.xml:366(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:110(title) shadow.5.xml:255(title) shadow.3.xml:226(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:250(title) pwck.8.xml:279(title) porttime.5.xml:130(title)
+#: passwd.5.xml:160(title) passwd.1.xml:413(title) newusers.8.xml:411(title)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:121(title) logoutd.8.xml:89(title)
+#: login.access.5.xml:121(title) login.1.xml:338(title) limits.5.xml:196(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:217(title) gshadow.5.xml:156(title) grpck.8.xml:221(title)
+#: groups.1.xml:100(title) groupmod.8.xml:222(title) groupmems.8.xml:211(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:157(title) groupadd.8.xml:250(title) gpasswd.1.xml:279(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:243(title) faillog.5.xml:96(title) expiry.1.xml:121(title)
+#: chsh.1.xml:167(title) chpasswd.8.xml:255(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:213(title)
+#: chfn.1.xml:207(title) chage.1.xml:262(title)
+msgid "FILES"
+msgstr "FILER"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:198(filename) usermod.8.xml:545(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:208(filename) useradd.8.xml:721(filename)
+#: sg.1.xml:125(filename) pwck.8.xml:282(filename) newusers.8.xml:426(filename)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:136(filename) gshadow.5.xml:159(filename)
+#: grpck.8.xml:224(filename) groups.1.xml:103(filename)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:225(filename) groupmems.8.xml:214(filename)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:160(filename) groupadd.8.xml:253(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:72(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:75(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:282(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:216(filename)
+msgid "/etc/group"
+msgstr "/etc/group"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:200(para) usermod.8.xml:547(para) userdel.8.xml:210(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:723(para) sg.1.xml:127(para) pwck.8.xml:284(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:428(para) newgrp.1.xml:138(para) gshadow.5.xml:161(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:226(para) groups.1.xml:105(para) groupmod.8.xml:227(para)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:216(para) groupdel.8.xml:162(para) groupadd.8.xml:255(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:284(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:218(para)
+msgid "Group account information."
+msgstr "Gruppkontoinformation."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:204(filename) usermod.8.xml:551(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:727(filename) sg.1.xml:131(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:432(filename) newgrp.1.xml:142(filename)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:165(filename) grpck.8.xml:230(filename)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:231(filename) groupmems.8.xml:220(filename)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:166(filename) groupadd.8.xml:259(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:76(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:288(filename)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:222(filename)
+msgid "/etc/gshadow"
+msgstr "/etc/gshadow"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:206(para) usermod.8.xml:553(para) useradd.8.xml:729(para)
+#: sg.1.xml:133(para) newusers.8.xml:434(para) newgrp.1.xml:144(para)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:167(para) grpck.8.xml:232(para) groupmod.8.xml:233(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:168(para) groupadd.8.xml:261(para) gpasswd.1.xml:290(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid "Secure group account information."
+msgstr "Säker gruppkontoinformation."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:210(filename) usermod.8.xml:563(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:220(filename) useradd.8.xml:709(filename)
+#: su.1.xml:369(filename) sg.1.xml:113(filename) shadow.5.xml:258(filename)
+#: pwck.8.xml:288(filename) passwd.5.xml:163(filename)
+#: passwd.1.xml:416(filename) newusers.8.xml:414(filename)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:124(filename) login.1.xml:353(filename)
+#: grpck.8.xml:236(filename) groupmod.8.xml:243(filename)
+#: expiry.1.xml:124(filename) chsh.1.xml:170(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:258(filename) chfn.1.xml:216(filename)
+#: chage.1.xml:266(filename)
+msgid "/etc/passwd"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:212(para) usermod.8.xml:565(para) userdel.8.xml:222(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:711(para) su.1.xml:371(para) sg.1.xml:115(para)
+#: shadow.5.xml:260(para) pwck.8.xml:290(para) passwd.5.xml:165(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:418(para) newusers.8.xml:416(para) newgrp.1.xml:126(para)
+#: login.1.xml:355(para) grpck.8.xml:238(para) groupmod.8.xml:245(para)
+#: expiry.1.xml:126(para) chsh.1.xml:172(para) chpasswd.8.xml:260(para)
+#: chfn.1.xml:218(para) chage.1.xml:269(para)
+msgid "User account information."
+msgstr "Användarkontoinformation."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:216(filename) usermod.8.xml:569(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:226(filename) useradd.8.xml:715(filename)
+#: su.1.xml:375(filename) sg.1.xml:119(filename) shadow.5.xml:264(filename)
+#: shadow.3.xml:229(filename) pwck.8.xml:294(filename)
+#: passwd.5.xml:169(filename) passwd.1.xml:422(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:420(filename) newgrp.1.xml:130(filename)
+#: login.1.xml:359(filename) expiry.1.xml:130(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:264(filename) chage.1.xml:274(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shadow"
+msgstr "/etc/shadow"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:218(para) usermod.8.xml:571(para) userdel.8.xml:228(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:717(para) su.1.xml:377(para) sg.1.xml:121(para)
+#: shadow.5.xml:266(para) shadow.3.xml:231(para) pwck.8.xml:296(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:424(para) newusers.8.xml:422(para) newgrp.1.xml:132(para)
+#: login.1.xml:361(para) expiry.1.xml:132(para) chpasswd.8.xml:266(para)
+#: chage.1.xml:277(para)
+msgid "Secure user account information."
+msgstr "Säker användarkontoinformation."
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:225(title) usermod.8.xml:590(title) userdel.8.xml:325(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:835(title) suauth.5.xml:222(title) su.1.xml:437(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:140(title) shadow.5.xml:283(title) shadow.3.xml:238(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:262(title) pwck.8.xml:354(title) porttime.5.xml:142(title)
+#: passwd.5.xml:188(title) passwd.1.xml:494(title) nologin.8.xml:81(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:465(title) newgrp.1.xml:151(title)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:547(title) login.access.5.xml:133(title)
+#: login.1.xml:398(title) limits.5.xml:206(title) gshadow.5.xml:174(title)
+#: grpck.8.xml:290(title) groups.1.xml:112(title) groupmod.8.xml:321(title)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:229(title) groupdel.8.xml:214(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:341(title) gpasswd.1.xml:297(title) faillog.8.xml:255(title)
+#: faillog.5.xml:108(title) expiry.1.xml:139(title) chsh.1.xml:191(title)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:285(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:237(title) chfn.1.xml:225(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:317(title)
+msgid "SEE ALSO"
+msgstr "SE OCKSÅ"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:226(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+"\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+"condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:46(firstname) userdel.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:58(firstname) su.1.xml:56(firstname) sg.1.xml:40(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:39(firstname) shadow.3.xml:39(firstname)
+#: pwck.8.xml:45(firstname) porttime.5.xml:39(firstname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:39(firstname) passwd.1.xml:46(firstname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:55(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:40(firstname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:39(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:106(firstname)
+#: login.1.xml:72(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:41(firstname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:40(firstname) groups.1.xml:39(firstname)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:40(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:40(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:42(firstname) faillog.8.xml:39(firstname)
+#: faillog.5.xml:39(firstname) expiry.1.xml:43(firstname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:42(firstname) chpasswd.8.xml:43(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:42(firstname) chage.1.xml:40(firstname)
+msgid "Julianne Frances"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:47(surname) userdel.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:59(surname) su.1.xml:57(surname) sg.1.xml:41(surname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:40(surname) shadow.3.xml:40(surname) pwck.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:40(surname) passwd.5.xml:40(surname) passwd.1.xml:47(surname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:56(surname) newgrp.1.xml:41(surname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:40(surname) login.defs.5.xml:107(surname)
+#: login.1.xml:73(surname) lastlog.8.xml:42(surname) grpck.8.xml:41(surname)
+#: groups.1.xml:40(surname) groupmod.8.xml:41(surname)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:41(surname) groupadd.8.xml:43(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:40(surname) faillog.5.xml:40(surname) expiry.1.xml:44(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:43(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:44(surname) chfn.1.xml:43(surname)
+#: chage.1.xml:41(surname)
+msgid "Haugh"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:48(contrib) userdel.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:60(contrib) sg.1.xml:42(contrib) newusers.8.xml:57(contrib)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:42(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:41(contrib)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:108(contrib) groups.1.xml:41(contrib)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:42(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:42(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:44(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:45(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1991"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:64(refentrytitle) usermod.8.xml:71(refname)
+#: usermod.8.xml:77(command) login.defs.5.xml:510(term)
+msgid "usermod"
+msgstr "usermod"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:72(refpurpose)
+msgid "modify a user account"
+msgstr "ändra ett användarkonto"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:81(replaceable) userdel.8.xml:78(replaceable)
+#: useradd.8.xml:92(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:82(replaceable)
+#: chsh.1.xml:78(replaceable) chfn.1.xml:78(replaceable)
+#: chage.1.xml:75(replaceable)
+msgid "LOGIN"
+msgstr "INLOGGNINGSNAMN"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:87(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>usermod</command> command modifies the system account files to "
+"reflect the changes that are specified on the command line."
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandot <command>usermod</command> ändrar systemkontofiler enligt det som "
+"anges på kommandoraden."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:95(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>usermod</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>usermod</command> är:"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:101(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--append</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-a</option>, <option>--append</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:105(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Add the user to the supplemental group(s). Use only with <option>-G</"
+#| "option> option."
+msgid ""
+"Add the user to the supplementary group(s). Use only with the <option>-G</"
+"option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"Lägg till användaren till tilläggsgrupp(er). Använd endast med flaggan "
+"<option>-G</option>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:112(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgid "<option>-b</option>, <option>--badnames</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:116(para) useradd.8.xml:135(para) pwck.8.xml:190(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "Allow names that do not conform to standards."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:122(term) useradd.8.xml:162(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMENT</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KOMMENTAR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:126(para)
+msgid ""
+"The new value of the user's password file comment field. It is normally "
+"modified using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utility."
+msgstr ""
+"Det nya värdet för användarens kommentarsfält i lösenordsfilen. Vanligtvis "
+"ändras det med verktyget <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:135(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HEM_KAT</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:139(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "user home directory"
+msgid "The user's new login directory."
+msgstr "användarens hemkatalog"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <option>-m</option> option is given, the contents of the current home "
+"directory will be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it "
+"does not already exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:151(term) useradd.8.xml:200(term) useradd.8.xml:577(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UTGÅNGSDATUM</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:155(para) useradd.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date on which the user account will be disabled. The date is specified "
+"in the format <emphasis remap=\"I\">YYYY-MM-DD</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> argument will disable the "
+"expiration of the account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:163(para) usermod.8.xml:184(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Sort entries in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/"
+#| "shadow</filename> by UID."
+msgid ""
+"This option requires a <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. A <filename>/"
+"etc/shadow</filename> entry will be created if there were none."
+msgstr ""
+"Sorterar poster i <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> och <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename> efter UID."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:171(term) useradd.8.xml:217(term) useradd.8.xml:589(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INAKTIV</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:175(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The number of days after a password has expired before the account will "
+#| "be disabled."
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently "
+"disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Antalet dagar efter att ett lösenord har gått ut innan kontot kommer att "
+"inaktiveras."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid ""
+"A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has expired, and a "
+"value of -1 disables the feature."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:192(term) useradd.8.xml:236(term) useradd.8.xml:604(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GRUPP</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:196(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or number of the user's new initial login group. The group "
+"must exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:200(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any file from the user's home directory owned by the previous primary group "
+"of the user will be owned by this new group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group ownership of files outside of the user's home directory must be "
+"fixed manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:211(term) useradd.8.xml:263(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-G</option>, <option>--groups</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP1</"
+"replaceable>[<emphasis remap=\"I\">,GROUP2,...</emphasis>[<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">,GROUPN</emphasis>]]]"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-G</option>, <option>--groups</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GRUPP1</"
+"replaceable>[<emphasis remap=\"I\">,GRUPP2,...</emphasis>[<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">,GRUPPN</emphasis>]]]"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each "
+"group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. "
+"The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the "
+"<option>-g</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the user is currently a member of a group which is not listed, the user "
+"will be removed from the group. This behaviour can be changed via the "
+"<option>-a</option> option, which appends the user to the current "
+"supplementary group list."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:231(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NYTT_INLOGGNINGSNAMN</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:235(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user will be changed from <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> "
+"to <replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</replaceable>. Nothing else is changed. In "
+"particular, the user's home directory or mail spool should probably be "
+"renamed manually to reflect the new login name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:245(term)
+msgid "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:249(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock a user's password. This puts a '!' in front of the encrypted password, "
+"effectively disabling the password. You can't use this option with <option>-"
+"p</option> or <option>-U</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Lås en användares lösenord. Detta sätter ett \"!\" i början av det "
+"krypterade lösenordet som effektivt inaktiverar lösenordet. Du kan inte "
+"använda denna flagga med <option>-p</option> eller <option>-U</option>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:255(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: if you wish to lock the account (not only access with a password), you "
+"should also set the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> to "
+"<replaceable>1</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:264(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--move-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:268(para)
+msgid "Move the content of the user's home directory to the new location."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:272(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-d</option> (or "
+"<option>--home</option>) option."
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>usermod</command> will try to adapt the ownership of the files and "
+"to copy the modes, ACL and extended attributes, but manual changes might be "
+"needed afterwards."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:284(term) useradd.8.xml:397(term) groupmod.8.xml:146(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:157(term)
+msgid "<option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"When used with the <option>-u</option> option, this option allows to change "
+"the user ID to a non-unique value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:295(term) useradd.8.xml:409(term) groupmod.8.xml:157(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:167(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASSWORD</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LÖSENORD</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:299(para) groupmod.8.xml:161(para)
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"Det krypterade lösenordet, som returneras av "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:304(para) useradd.8.xml:418(para) groupmod.8.xml:166(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"bold\">Note:</emphasis> This option is not recommended "
+"because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users "
+"listing the processes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"The password will be written in the local <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+"or <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. This might differ from the "
+"password database configured in your PAM configuration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:315(para) useradd.8.xml:423(para) groupmod.8.xml:171(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should make sure the password respects the system's password policy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:334(term) userdel.8.xml:158(term) useradd.8.xml:469(term)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:190(term) groupdel.8.xml:113(term) groupadd.8.xml:216(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-P</option>, <option>--prefix</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HEM_KAT</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:338(para) userdel.8.xml:162(para) useradd.8.xml:473(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:194(para) groupdel.8.xml:117(para) groupadd.8.xml:220(para)
+msgid ""
+"Apply changes in the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> directory and use "
+"the configuration files from the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> "
+"directory. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross-"
+"compilation target. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not "
+"verified. PAM authentication is using the host files. No SELINUX support."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:351(term) useradd.8.xml:486(term) useradd.8.xml:624(term)
+#: su.1.xml:186(term) chsh.1.xml:119(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SKAL</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:355(para) chsh.1.xml:123(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user's new login shell. Setting this field to blank causes "
+"the system to select the default login shell."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:362(term) useradd.8.xml:500(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:366(para)
+msgid "The new numerical value of the user's ID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:369(para)
+msgid ""
+"This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is used. "
+"The value must be non-negative."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:374(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user's mailbox, and any files which the user owns and which are located "
+"in the user's home directory will have the file user ID changed "
+"automatically."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:379(para)
+msgid ""
+"The ownership of files outside of the user's home directory must be fixed "
+"manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:383(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>, or "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:392(term)
+msgid "<option>-U</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-U</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:396(para)
+msgid ""
+"Unlock a user's password. This removes the '!' in front of the encrypted "
+"password. You can't use this option with <option>-p</option> or <option>-L</"
+"option>."
+msgstr ""
+"Låser upp en användares lösenord. Detta tar bort det inledande \"!\" i det "
+"krypterade lösenordet. Du kan inte använda denna flagga med <option>-p</"
+"option> eller <option>-L</option>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:401(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: if you wish to unlock the account (not only access with a password), "
+"you should also set the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> (for example "
+"to <replaceable>99999</replaceable>, or to the <option>EXPIRE</option> value "
+"from <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:412(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-v</option>, <option>--add-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NYCKEL</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>VÄRDE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:416(para)
+msgid "Add a range of subordinate uids to the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:419(para) usermod.8.xml:457(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a "
+"users account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:422(para) usermod.8.xml:442(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option>, or <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> from /etc/"
+"login.defs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:430(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-V</option>, <option>--del-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NYCKEL</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>VÄRDE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:434(para)
+msgid "Remove a range of subordinate uids from the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:437(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a "
+"users account. When both <option>--del-subuids</option> and <option>--add-"
+"subuids</option> are specified, the removal of all subordinate uid ranges "
+"happens before any subordinate uid range is added."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:450(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--add-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NYCKEL</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>VÄRDE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:454(para)
+msgid "Add a range of subordinate gids to the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:460(para) usermod.8.xml:480(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option>, or <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> from /etc/"
+"login.defs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:468(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--del-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NYCKEL</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>VÄRDE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:472(para)
+msgid "Remove a range of subordinate gids from the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:475(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a "
+"users account. When both <option>--del-subgids</option> and <option>--add-"
+"subgids</option> are specified, the removal of all subordinate gid ranges "
+"happens before any subordinate gid range is added."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:488(term) useradd.8.xml:535(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SKAL</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:492(para)
+msgid "The new SELinux user for the user's login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:495(para)
+msgid ""
+"A blank <replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable> will remove the SELinux user "
+"mapping for user <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> (if any)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:506(title) userdel.8.xml:298(title) useradd.8.xml:652(title)
+#: su.1.xml:330(title) shadow.3.xml:218(title) passwd.1.xml:377(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:363(title) login.1.xml:260(title) lastlog.8.xml:229(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:133(title) groupadd.8.xml:274(title) gpasswd.1.xml:252(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:232(title) chpasswd.8.xml:231(title)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:186(title)
+msgid "CAVEATS"
+msgstr "TÄNK PÅ"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:507(para)
+msgid ""
+"You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes "
+"when this command is being executed if the user's numerical user ID, the "
+"user's name, or the user's home directory is being changed. "
+"<command>usermod</command> checks this on Linux. On other platforms it only "
+"uses utmp to check if the user is logged in."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:514(para)
+msgid ""
+"You must change the owner of any <command>crontab</command> files or "
+"<command>at</command> jobs manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:518(para)
+msgid "You must make any changes involving NIS on the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:33(term) useradd.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UID_MAX (nummer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:35(para) useradd.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated. As "
+"higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and "
+"authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog "
+"file for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:41(para) useradd.8.xml:41(para) login.defs.5.xml:41(para)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:41(para)
+msgid ""
+"No <option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> option present in the configuration "
+"means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) userdel.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term)
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>MAIL_DIR</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (sträng)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) userdel.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para)
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mail spool directory. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its "
+"corresponding user account is modified or deleted. If not specified, a "
+"compile-time default is used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:41(term) userdel.8.xml:41(term) useradd.8.xml:41(term)
+#: su.1.xml:41(term) login.defs.5.xml:41(term) login.1.xml:41(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>MAIL_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (sträng)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:43(para) userdel.8.xml:43(para) useradd.8.xml:43(para)
+#: su.1.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. FIXME: MAIL_FILE not used in useradd
+#: usermod.8.xml:50(para) userdel.8.xml:50(para) useradd.8.xml:50(para)
+#: su.1.xml:50(para) login.defs.5.xml:50(para) login.1.xml:50(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>MAIL_DIR</option> and <option>MAIL_FILE</option> variables are "
+"used by <command>useradd</command>, <command>usermod</command>, and "
+"<command>userdel</command> to create, move, or delete the user's mail spool."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:56(para) userdel.8.xml:56(para) useradd.8.xml:56(para)
+#: su.1.xml:56(para) login.defs.5.xml:56(para) login.1.xml:56(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If <option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> is set to <replaceable>yes</"
+"replaceable>, they are also used to define the <envar>MAIL</envar> "
+"environment variable."
+msgstr ""
+"Om <option>--preserve-environment</option> används, anges skalet med "
+"miljövariabeln <envar>$SHELL</envar>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: grpck.8.xml:30(term) groupmod.8.xml:30(term) groupmems.8.xml:30(term)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:30(term) groupadd.8.xml:30(term) gpasswd.1.xml:30(term)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:32(para) newusers.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:32(para) groupmod.8.xml:32(para) groupmems.8.xml:32(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:32(para) groupadd.8.xml:32(para) gpasswd.1.xml:32(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"Maximum members per group entry. When the maximum is reached, a new group "
+"entry (line) is started in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (with the same "
+"name, same password, and same GID)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:37(para) userdel.8.xml:37(para) useradd.8.xml:37(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:37(para) newusers.8.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:37(para) groupmod.8.xml:37(para) groupmems.8.xml:37(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:37(para) groupadd.8.xml:37(para) gpasswd.1.xml:37(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of "
+"members in a group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. Note: on HP, split groups have the same ID, but different
+#.                names.
+#: usermod.8.xml:43(para) userdel.8.xml:43(para) useradd.8.xml:43(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:43(para) groupmod.8.xml:43(para) groupmems.8.xml:43(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:43(para) groupadd.8.xml:43(para) gpasswd.1.xml:43(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group "
+"file. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger "
+"than 1024 characters."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:48(para) userdel.8.xml:48(para) useradd.8.xml:48(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:48(para) newusers.8.xml:48(para) login.defs.5.xml:48(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:48(para) groupmod.8.xml:48(para) groupmems.8.xml:48(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:48(para) groupadd.8.xml:48(para) gpasswd.1.xml:48(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:48(para)
+msgid "If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:51(para) userdel.8.xml:51(para) useradd.8.xml:51(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:51(para) newusers.8.xml:51(para) login.defs.5.xml:51(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:51(para) groupmod.8.xml:51(para) groupmems.8.xml:51(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:51(para) groupadd.8.xml:51(para) gpasswd.1.xml:51(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:51(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow "
+"toolsuite). You should not use this variable unless you really need it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MIN (nummer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:31(term) useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (nummer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MIN (nummer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands <command>useradd</"
+"command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless the user already have "
+"subordinate group IDs) allocate <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> unused group "
+"IDs from the range <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_GID_MAX</"
+"option> for each new user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:42(para) useradd.8.xml:42(para) newusers.8.xml:42(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:42(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default values for <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_GID_MAX</"
+"option>, <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> are respectively 100000, 600100000 "
+"and 65536."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UID_MIN (nummer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:31(term) useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UID_MAX (nummer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UID_MIN (nummer)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands <command>useradd</"
+"command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless the user already have "
+"subordinate user IDs) allocate <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> unused user "
+"IDs from the range <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_UID_MAX</"
+"option> for each new user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:42(para) useradd.8.xml:42(para) newusers.8.xml:42(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:42(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default values for <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_UID_MAX</"
+"option>, <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> are respectively 100000, 600100000 "
+"and 65536."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term)
+#: pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>TCB_SYMLINKS</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:37(programlisting) userdel.8.xml:37(programlisting)
+#: useradd.8.xml:37(programlisting) pwck.8.xml:37(programlisting)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:37(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"if ( UID is less than 1000) {\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/user\n"
+"} else if ( UID is less than 1000000) {\n"
+"  kilos = UID / 1000\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/:kilos/user\n"
+"  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n"
+"} else {\n"
+"  megas = UID / 1000000\n"
+"  kilos = ( UID / megas * 1000000 ) / 1000\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/:megas/:kilos/user\n"
+"  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n"
+"}\n"
+"      "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para)
+#: pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the location of the user tcb directory to "
+"be created will not be automatically set to /etc/tcb/user, but will be "
+"computed depending on the UID of the user, according to the following "
+"algorithm: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:557(filename) userdel.8.xml:214(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:757(filename) su.1.xml:381(filename)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:253(filename) passwd.1.xml:428(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:438(filename) login.access.5.xml:124(filename)
+#: login.1.xml:389(filename) groupmod.8.xml:237(filename)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:265(filename) chsh.1.xml:182(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:270(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:228(filename)
+#: chfn.1.xml:210(filename)
+msgid "/etc/login.defs"
+msgstr "/etc/login.defs"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:559(para) userdel.8.xml:216(para) useradd.8.xml:759(para)
+#: su.1.xml:383(para) pwconv.8.xml:255(para) passwd.1.xml:430(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:440(para) login.access.5.xml:126(para) login.1.xml:391(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:239(para) groupadd.8.xml:267(para) chsh.1.xml:184(para)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:272(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:230(para) chfn.1.xml:212(para)
+msgid "Shadow password suite configuration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:575(filename) userdel.8.xml:232(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:745(filename) newusers.8.xml:450(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgid "/etc/subgid"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:577(para) userdel.8.xml:234(para) useradd.8.xml:747(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:452(para)
+msgid "Per user subordinate group IDs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:581(filename) userdel.8.xml:238(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:751(filename) newusers.8.xml:456(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgid "/etc/subuid"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:583(para) userdel.8.xml:240(para) useradd.8.xml:753(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:458(para)
+msgid "Per user subordinate user IDs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:591(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) userdel.8.xml:70(refname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:75(command) login.defs.5.xml:500(term)
+msgid "userdel"
+msgstr "userdel"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:71(refpurpose)
+msgid "delete a user account and related files"
+msgstr "ta bort ett användarkonto och relaterade filer"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:85(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The <command>userdel</command> command modifies the system account files, "
+"deleting all entries that refer to the user name <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">LOGIN</emphasis>. The named user must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandot <command>userdel</command> ändrar i systemkontofilerna, tar bort "
+"alla poster som refererar till <emphasis remap=\"I\">login_name</emphasis>. "
+"Den angivna användaren måste finnas."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>userdel</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>userdel</command> är:"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:99(term) groupadd.8.xml:100(term) expiry.1.xml:103(term)
+msgid "<option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option forces the removal of the user account, even if the user is "
+"still logged in. It also forces <command>userdel</command> to remove the "
+"user's home directory and mail spool, even if another user uses the same "
+"home directory or if the mail spool is not owned by the specified user. If "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> and if a group exists with "
+"the same name as the deleted user, then this group will be removed, even if "
+"it is still the primary group of another user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:116(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Note:</emphasis> This option is dangerous and may leave your "
+"system in an inconsistent state."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>Notera:</emphasis> Denna flagga är farlig och kan göra att ditt "
+"system försätts i ett inkonsistent tillstånd."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:129(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:133(para)
+msgid ""
+"Files in the user's home directory will be removed along with the home "
+"directory itself and the user's mail spool. Files located in other file "
+"systems will have to be searched for and deleted manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mail spool is defined by the <option>MAIL_DIR</option> variable in the "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename> file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:175(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+msgid "<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid "Remove any SELinux user mapping for the user's login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>USERDEL_CMD</option> (string)"
+msgstr "USERDEL_CMD (sträng)"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, this command is run when removing a user. It should remove any "
+"at/cron/print jobs etc. owned by the user to be removed (passed as the first "
+"argument)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+msgid "The return code of the script is not taken into account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:46(programlisting) login.defs.5.xml:46(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"#! /bin/sh\n"
+"\n"
+"# Check for the required argument.\n"
+"if [ $# != 1 ]; then\n"
+"\techo \"Usage: $0 username\"\n"
+"\texit 1\n"
+"fi\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove cron jobs.\n"
+"crontab -r -u $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove at jobs.\n"
+"# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,\n"
+"# even if it was shared by a different username.\n"
+"AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs\n"
+"find $AT_SPOOL_DIR -name \"[^.]*\" -type f -user $1 -delete \\;\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove print jobs.\n"
+"lprm $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# All done.\n"
+"exit 0\n"
+"      "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Here is an example script, which removes the user's cron, at and print jobs: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) su.1.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) su.1.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits "
+"(examples: 022 -&gt; 002, 077 -&gt; 007) for non-root users, if the uid is "
+"the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:39(para) useradd.8.xml:39(para) su.1.xml:39(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, <command>userdel</command> will "
+"remove the user's group if it contains no more members, and "
+"<command>useradd</command> will create by default a group with the name of "
+"the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:247(title) useradd.8.xml:766(title) su.1.xml:390(title)
+#: pwck.8.xml:303(title) passwd.1.xml:443(title) grpck.8.xml:245(title)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:252(title) groupdel.8.xml:175(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:296(title) chage.1.xml:284(title)
+msgid "EXIT VALUES"
+msgstr "AVSLUTNINGSVÄRDEN"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:252(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:771(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:409(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:308(replaceable)
+#: passwd.1.xml:448(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:250(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:257(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:180(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:301(replaceable) chage.1.xml:289(replaceable)
+msgid "0"
+msgstr "0"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:254(para) useradd.8.xml:773(para) pwck.8.xml:310(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:450(para) grpck.8.xml:252(para) groupdel.8.xml:182(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:303(para) chage.1.xml:291(para)
+msgid "success"
+msgstr "lyckad"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:258(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:777(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:75(manvolnum) su.1.xml:415(replaceable) sg.1.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:314(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:65(manvolnum)
+#: passwd.1.xml:454(replaceable) newgrp.1.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: login.1.xml:91(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:256(replaceable)
+#: groups.1.xml:58(manvolnum) gpasswd.1.xml:63(manvolnum)
+#: expiry.1.xml:62(manvolnum) chsh.1.xml:61(manvolnum) chfn.1.xml:61(manvolnum)
+#: chage.1.xml:59(manvolnum) chage.1.xml:295(replaceable)
+msgid "1"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:260(para) useradd.8.xml:779(para)
+msgid "can't update password file"
+msgstr "kan inte uppdatera lösenordsfilen"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:264(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:783(replaceable)
+#: pwck.8.xml:320(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:460(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:262(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:263(replaceable)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:186(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:307(replaceable)
+#: chage.1.xml:301(replaceable)
+msgid "2"
+msgstr "2"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:266(para) useradd.8.xml:785(para) pwck.8.xml:316(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:258(para) groupdel.8.xml:188(para) groupadd.8.xml:309(para)
+#: chage.1.xml:303(para)
+msgid "invalid command syntax"
+msgstr "ogiltig kommandosyntax"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:270(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:801(replaceable)
+#: pwck.8.xml:344(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:484(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:281(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:192(replaceable)
+msgid "6"
+msgstr "6"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:272(para)
+msgid "specified user doesn't exist"
+msgstr "angiven användare finns inte"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:278(para)
+msgid "user currently logged in"
+msgstr "användaren är för närvarande inloggad"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:282(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:813(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:293(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:204(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:331(replaceable)
+msgid "10"
+msgstr "10"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:284(para) useradd.8.xml:815(para) groupdel.8.xml:206(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:333(para)
+msgid "can't update group file"
+msgstr "kan inte uppdatera gruppfilen"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:288(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:819(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:305(replaceable)
+msgid "12"
+msgstr "12"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:290(para)
+msgid "can't remove home directory"
+msgstr "kan inte ta bort hemkatalogen"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:248(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>userdel</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandot <command>userdel</command> avslutas med följande värden: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:299(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>userdel</command> will not allow you to remove an account if there "
+"are running processes which belong to this account. In that case, you may "
+"have to kill those processes or lock the user's password or account and "
+"remove the account later. The <option>-f</option> option can force the "
+"deletion of this account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:306(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain "
+"owned by this user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:310(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not remove any NIS attributes on a NIS client. This must be "
+"performed on the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+"Du får inte ta bort några NIS-attribut på en NIS-klient. Detta måste "
+"genomföras på NIS-servern."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, <command>userdel</"
+"command> will delete the group with the same name as the user. To avoid "
+"inconsistencies in the passwd and group databases, <command>userdel</"
+"command> will check that this group is not used as a primary group for "
+"another user, and will just warn without deleting the group otherwise. The "
+"<option>-f</option> option can force the deletion of this group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:326(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:76(refentrytitle) useradd.8.xml:83(refname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:88(command) useradd.8.xml:95(command)
+#: useradd.8.xml:99(command) login.defs.5.xml:482(term)
+msgid "useradd"
+msgstr "useradd"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:84(refpurpose)
+msgid "create a new user or update default new user information"
+msgstr ""
+"skapa en ny användare eller uppdatera standardinformation för nya användare"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:96(arg) useradd.8.xml:100(arg)
+msgid "-D"
+msgstr "-D"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:109(para)
+msgid ""
+"When invoked without the <option>-D</option> option, the <command>useradd</"
+"command> command creates a new user account using the values specified on "
+"the command line plus the default values from the system. Depending on "
+"command line options, the <command>useradd</command> command will update "
+"system files and may also create the new user's home directory and copy "
+"initial files."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see <option>-g</"
+"option>, <option>-N</option>, <option>-U</option>, and "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>useradd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>useradd</command> är:"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:132(option) pwck.8.xml:187(option) newusers.8.xml:273(option)
+msgid "--badname"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:141(term) useradd.8.xml:559(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--base-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>BASE_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default base directory for the system if <option>-d</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> is not specified. <replaceable>BASE_DIR</"
+"replaceable> is concatenated with the account name to define the home "
+"directory. If the <option>-m</option> option is not used, "
+"<replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> must exist."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this option is not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the "
+"base directory specified by the <option>HOME</option> variable in <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>, or <filename>/home</filename> by default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any text string. It is generally a short description of the login, and is "
+"currently used as the field for the user's full name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:174(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HEM_KAT</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:178(para)
+msgid ""
+"The new user will be created using <replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> as "
+"the value for the user's login directory. The default is to append the "
+"<replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> name to <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> "
+"and use that as the login directory name. The directory "
+"<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> does not have to exist but will not be "
+"created if it is missing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:190(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+msgid "<option>-D</option>, <option>--defaults</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:194(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "See below, the subsection \"Changing the default values\"."
+msgstr "Ändrar standardvärden"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:208(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the default expiry "
+"date specified by the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>, or an empty string (no expiry) by default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:221(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently "
+"disabled. A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has "
+"expired, and a value of -1 disables the feature."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:227(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the default inactivity "
+"period specified by the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>, or -1 by default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:240(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or number of the user's initial login group. The group name "
+"must exist. A group number must refer to an already existing group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:245(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, the behavior of <command>useradd</command> will depend on "
+"the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>. If this variable is set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable> (or "
+"<option>-U/--user-group</option> is specified on the command line), a group "
+"will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname. If the "
+"variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> (or <option>-N/--no-user-"
+"group</option> is specified on the command line), useradd will set the "
+"primary group of the new user to the value specified by the <option>GROUP</"
+"option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, or 100 by "
+"default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:267(para)
+msgid ""
+"A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each "
+"group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. "
+"The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the "
+"<option>-g</option> option. The default is for the user to belong only to "
+"the initial group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:284(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-k</option>, <option>--skel</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SKEL_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SKAL</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in "
+"the user's home directory, when the home directory is created by "
+"<command>useradd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:293(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid if the <option>-m</option> (or <option>--create-"
+"home</option>) option is specified."
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:297(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the "
+"<option>SKEL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> "
+"or, by default, <filename>/etc/skel</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:303(para)
+msgid "If possible, the ACLs and extended attributes are copied."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:309(term) groupadd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NYCKEL</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>VÄRDE</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:313(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Overrides /etc/login.defs defaults (UID_MIN, UID_MAX, UMASK, "
+#| "PASS_MAX_DAYS and others). <placeholder-1/> Example: <option>-K </"
+#| "option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</"
+#| "replaceable> can be used when creating system account to turn off "
+#| "password ageing, even though system account has no password at all. "
+#| "Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified, e.g.: <option>-K </"
+#| "option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</replaceable>=<replaceable>100</"
+#| "replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MAX</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (<option>UID_MIN</"
+"option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>UMASK</option>, "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> and others). <placeholder-1/> Example: "
+"<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</replaceable> can be used when creating system "
+"account to turn off password aging, even though system account has no "
+"password at all. Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified, e."
+"g.: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"Åsidosätter standardvärden för /etc/login.defs (UID_MIN, UID_MAX, UMASK, "
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS och others). <placeholder-1/> Exempel: <option>-K</"
+"option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LÖSEN_MAX_DAGAR</replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</"
+"replaceable> kan användas när systemkonton skapas för att stänga av "
+"lösenordsåldring, även om systemkontot inte har något lösenord alls. Flera "
+"av flaggan <option>-K</option> kan anges, t.ex.: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UID_MIN</replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;"
+"<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MAX</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:334(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--no-log-init</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:336(para)
+msgid "Do not add the user to the lastlog and faillog databases."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:339(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the user's entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are "
+"reset to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:347(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:351(para)
+msgid ""
+"Create the user's home directory if it does not exist. The files and "
+"directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with "
+"the <option>-k</option> option) will be copied to the home directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:357(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, if this option is not specified and <option>CREATE_HOME</option> "
+"is not enabled, no home directories are created."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:365(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid "<option>-M</option>, <option>--no-create-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:369(para)
+msgid ""
+"Do no create the user's home directory, even if the system wide setting from "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>) is set "
+"to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:378(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+msgid "<option>-N</option>, <option>--no-user-group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:382(para)
+msgid ""
+"Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to "
+"the group specified by the <option>-g</option> option or by the "
+"<option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:388(para) useradd.8.xml:526(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default behavior (if the <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option>, and "
+"<option>-U</option> options are not specified) is defined by the "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:401(para)
+msgid "Allow the creation of a user account with a duplicate (non-unique) UID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:402(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-u</option> option."
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:413(para) groupadd.8.xml:171(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The encrypted password, as returned by "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. The default is to "
+"disable the password."
+msgstr ""
+"Det krypterade lösenordet, som returneras av "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:430(term) newusers.8.xml:302(term) groupadd.8.xml:188(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--system</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:434(para) newusers.8.xml:306(para)
+msgid "Create a system account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:437(para)
+msgid ""
+"System users will be created with no aging information in <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</option> counterparts for "
+"the creation of groups)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:446(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that <command>useradd</command> will not create a home directory for "
+"such a user, regardless of the default setting in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>). You have to specify the <option>-"
+"m</option> options if you want a home directory for a system account to be "
+"created."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:490(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user's login shell. The default is to leave this field "
+"blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified "
+"by the <option>SHELL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+"filename>, or an empty string by default."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:504(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numerical value of the user's ID. This value must be unique, unless the "
+"<option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. The "
+"default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to "
+"<option>UID_MIN</option> and greater than every other user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:511(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See also the <option>-r</option> option and the <option>UID_MAX</option> "
+"description."
+msgstr ""
+"Flaggorna <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> och <option>-f</option> "
+"används endast när <command>login</command> har startats av root."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:518(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+msgid "<option>-U</option>, <option>--user-group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:522(para)
+msgid ""
+"Create a group with the same name as the user, and add the user to this "
+"group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:539(para)
+msgid ""
+"The SELinux user for the user's login. The default is to leave this field "
+"blank, which causes the system to select the default SELinux user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:549(title)
+msgid "Changing the default values"
+msgstr "Ändrar standardvärden"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:550(para)
+msgid ""
+"When invoked with only the <option>-D</option> option, <command>useradd</"
+"command> will display the current default values. When invoked with <option>-"
+"D</option> plus other options, <command>useradd</command> will update the "
+"default values for the specified options. Valid default-changing options are:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:563(para)
+msgid ""
+"The path prefix for a new user's home directory. The user's name will be "
+"affixed to the end of <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> to form the new "
+"user's home directory name, if the <option>-d</option> option is not used "
+"when creating a new account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:570(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>HOME</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:581(para)
+msgid "The date on which the user account is disabled."
+msgstr "Datumet när användarkontot blir inaktiverat."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:582(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:593(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password has expired before the account will be "
+"disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"Antalet dagar efter att ett lösenord har gått ut innan kontot kommer att "
+"inaktiveras."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:597(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:608(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or ID for a new user's initial group (when the <option>-N/--"
+"no-user-group</option> is used or when the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> "
+"variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>). The named group must exist, and a numerical group ID must "
+"have an existing entry."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:617(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:628(para)
+msgid "The name of a new user's login shell."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:631(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>SHELL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:643(title)
+msgid "NOTES"
+msgstr "NOTERINGAR"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:644(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user "
+#| "files in the <filename>/etc/skel/</filename> directory."
+msgid ""
+"The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files "
+"in the <filename>/etc/skel/</filename> directory (or any other skeleton "
+"directory specified in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> or on the "
+"command line)."
+msgstr ""
+"Systemadministratören är ansvarig för att placera standardanvändarfiler i "
+"katalogen <filename>/etc/skel/</filename>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:653(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"You may not add a user to a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the "
+"corresponding server."
+msgstr ""
+"Du får inte lägga till en användare till en NIS-grupp. Detta måste "
+"genomföras på NIS-servern."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:658(para)
+msgid ""
+"Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such "
+"as NIS or LDAP, <command>useradd</command> will deny the user account "
+"creation request."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:664(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Usernames must begin with a lower case letter or an underscore, and only "
+#| "lower case letters, underscores, dashes, and dollar signs may follow. In "
+#| "regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]"
+msgid ""
+"Usernames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by "
+"lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a "
+"dollar sign. In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+msgstr ""
+"Användarnamn måste börja med en gemen bokstav eller ett understreck och får "
+"endast innehålla gemener, understreck, minustecken och på slutet ett dollar-"
+"tecken. I reguljära uttryckstermer: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:670(para)
+msgid "Usernames may only be up to 32 characters long."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>CREATE_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if a home directory should be created by default for new users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:36(para) login.defs.5.xml:36(para)
+msgid ""
+"This setting does not apply to system users, and can be overridden on the "
+"command line."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (nummer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(term) newusers.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MIN (nummer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:35(para) newusers.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:40(para) newusers.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>GID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>GID_MAX</"
+"option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>HOME_MODE</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (nummer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mode for new home directories. If not specified, the <option>UMASK</"
+"option> is used to create the mode."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this to set "
+"the mode of the home directory they create."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "PASS_MAX_DAYS (nummer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum number of days a password may be used. If the password is older "
+"than this, a password change will be forced. If not specified, -1 will be "
+"assumed (which disables the restriction)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "PASS_MIN_DAYS (nummer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The minimum number of days allowed between password changes. Any password "
+"changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected. If not specified, -1 "
+"will be assumed (which disables the restriction)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> (number)"
+msgstr "PASS_WARN_AGE (nummer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days warning given before a password expires. A zero means "
+"warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no "
+"warning is given. If not specified, no warning will be provided."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (nummer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:31(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MIN (nummer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>GID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UID_MAX (nummer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UID_MIN (nummer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by <command>useradd</"
+"command> or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:37(para) newusers.8.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>UID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>TCB_AUTH_GROUP</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, newly created tcb shadow files will be "
+"group owned by the <replaceable>auth</replaceable> group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UID_MAX (nummer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(term) newusers.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UID_MIN (nummer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:35(para) newusers.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by "
+"<command>useradd</command> or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:39(para) newusers.8.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>UID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>UID_MAX</"
+"option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>UMASK</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UMASK (nummer)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+#: login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value. If not specified, "
+"the mask will be initialized to 022."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#: login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask to "
+"set the mode of the home directory they create if <option>HOME_MODE</option> "
+"is not set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"It is also used by <command>login</command> to define users' initial umask. "
+"Note that this mask can be overridden by the user's GECOS line (if "
+"<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> is set) or by the specification of a limit with "
+"the <emphasis>K</emphasis> identifier in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>limits</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:51(para) newusers.8.xml:51(para) login.defs.5.xml:51(para)
+#: login.1.xml:51(para)
+msgid ""
+"It is also used by <command>pam_umask</command> as the default umask value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:733(filename)
+msgid "/etc/default/useradd"
+msgstr "/etc/default/useradd"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:735(para)
+msgid "Default values for account creation."
+msgstr "Standardvärden för skapande av konto."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:739(filename)
+msgid "/etc/skel/"
+msgstr "/etc/skel/"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:741(para)
+msgid "Directory containing default files."
+msgstr "Katalog som innehåller standardfiler."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:789(replaceable) shadow.3.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:326(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:466(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:268(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:269(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:313(replaceable)
+msgid "3"
+msgstr "3"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:791(para) passwd.1.xml:486(para) groupadd.8.xml:315(para)
+msgid "invalid argument to option"
+msgstr "ogiltigt argument till flagga"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:795(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:332(replaceable)
+#: passwd.1.xml:472(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:274(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:275(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:319(replaceable)
+msgid "4"
+msgstr "4"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:797(para)
+msgid "UID already in use (and no <option>-o</option>)"
+msgstr "UID används redan (och inget <option>-o</option>)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:803(para) groupdel.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "angiven grupp finns inte"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:807(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:287(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:325(replaceable)
+msgid "9"
+msgstr "9"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:809(para)
+msgid "username already in use"
+msgstr "användarnamnet används redan"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:821(para)
+msgid "can't create home directory"
+msgstr "kan inte skapa hemkatalog"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:825(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "1"
+msgid "14"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:827(para)
+msgid "can't update SELinux user mapping"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:767(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>useradd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandot <command>useradd</command> avslutas med följande värden: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:836(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:41(contrib) pwconv.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: login.access.5.xml:42(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:46(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1996"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) suauth.5.xml:64(refname)
+msgid "suauth"
+msgstr "suauth"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:58(manvolnum) shadow.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:338(replaceable) porttime.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: passwd.5.xml:58(manvolnum) passwd.1.xml:478(replaceable)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:125(manvolnum) login.access.5.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: limits.5.xml:60(manvolnum) gshadow.5.xml:47(manvolnum)
+#: grpck.8.xml:280(replaceable) faillog.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+msgid "5"
+msgstr "5"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) shadow.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: porttime.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) passwd.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:126(refmiscinfo) login.access.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: limits.5.xml:61(refmiscinfo) gshadow.5.xml:48(refmiscinfo)
+#: faillog.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "File Formats and Conversions"
+msgstr "Filformat och konversioner"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "detailed su control file"
+msgstr "detaljerad kontrollfil för su"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:70(command) suauth.5.xml:196(filename)
+msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:76(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file <filename>/etc/suauth</filename> is referenced whenever the su "
+"command is called. It can change the behaviour of the su command, based upon:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. .RS
+#: suauth.5.xml:83(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      1) the user su is targeting\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#. .fi
+#: suauth.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid ""
+"2) the user executing the su command (or any groups he might be a member of)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:92(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file is formatted like this, with lines starting with a # being treated "
+"as comment lines and ignored;"
+msgstr ""
+"Filen är i följande format, med de rader som inleds med # behandlas som "
+"kommentarsrader och ignoreras;"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:97(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      to-id:from-id:ACTION\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      till-id:från-id:ÅTGÄRD\n"
+"    "
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:101(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Where to-id is either the word <emphasis>ALL</emphasis>, a list of "
+#| "usernames delimited by \",\" or the words <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT</emphasis> "
+#| "followed by a list of usernames delimited by \",\""
+msgid ""
+"Where to-id is either the word <emphasis>ALL</emphasis>, a list of usernames "
+"delimited by \",\" or the words <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT</emphasis> followed by "
+"a list of usernames delimited by \",\"."
+msgstr ""
+"Där till-id är antingen ordet <emphasis>ALL</emphasis>, en lista med "
+"användarnamn separerade med \",\" eller orden <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT</"
+"emphasis> följt av en lista med användarnamn separerade med \",\""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:107(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "from-id is formatted the same as to-id except the extra word "
+#| "<emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> is recognised. <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</"
+#| "emphasis> is perfectly valid too. Following <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> "
+#| "appears one or more group names, delimited by \",\". It is not sufficient "
+#| "to have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry> is neccessary."
+msgid ""
+"from-id is formatted the same as to-id except the extra word "
+"<emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> is recognized. <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</"
+"emphasis> is perfectly valid too. Following <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> "
+"appears one or more group names, delimited by \",\". It is not sufficient to "
+"have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> is necessary."
+msgstr ""
+"från-id är formaterad på samma sätt som till-id förutom att det extra ordet "
+"<emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> känns igen. <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</emphasis> "
+"är helt giltigt också. Efterföljande till <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> kan "
+"vara ett eller flera gruppnamn, separerade med \",\". Det är inte "
+"tillräckligt att ha primärt grupp-id för den relevanta gruppen, en post i "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> är nödvändigt."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:118(para)
+msgid "Action can be one only of the following currently supported options."
+msgstr "Åtgärden kan endast vara en av följande för närvarande stödda flaggor."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:124(emphasis)
+msgid "DENY"
+msgstr "DENY"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The attempt to su is stopped before a password is even asked for."
+msgstr "Försöket att använda su stoppades före ett lösenord har efterfrågats."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:134(emphasis)
+msgid "NOPASS"
+msgstr "NOPASS"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"The attempt to su is automatically successful; no password is asked for."
+msgstr ""
+"Försöket att använda su lyckades helt automatiskt; inget lösenord har "
+"efterfrågats."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:145(emphasis)
+msgid "OWNPASS"
+msgstr "OWNPASS"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"For the su command to be successful, the user must enter his or her own "
+"password. They are told this."
+msgstr ""
+"För att su-kommandot ska lyckas måste användaren mata in sitt egna lösenord. "
+"De blir frågade att göra detta."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note there are three separate fields delimited by a colon. No whitespace "
+"must surround this colon. Also note that the file is examined sequentially "
+"line by line, and the first applicable rule is used without examining the "
+"file further. This makes it possible for a system administrator to exercise "
+"as fine control as he or she wishes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:166(title)
+msgid "EXAMPLE"
+msgstr "EXEMPEL"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:167(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      # sample /etc/suauth file\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # A couple of privileged usernames may\n"
+"      # su to root with their own password.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Anyone else may not su to root unless in\n"
+"      # group wheel. This is how BSD does things.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Perhaps terry and birddog are accounts\n"
+"      # owned by the same person.\n"
+"      # Access can be arranged between them\n"
+"      # with no password.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      terry:birddog:NOPASS\n"
+"      birddog:terry:NOPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      # exempelfil för /etc/suauth\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Ett par priviligerade användarnamn som \n"
+"      # kan su till root med sina egna lösenord.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:bosse,birddog:OWNPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Alla andra kan inte su till root om de inte finns\n"
+"      # gruppen wheel. Det är så BSD gör saker.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Kanske terry och birddog är konton som\n"
+"      # ägs av samma person.\n"
+"      # Tillgång kan ges mellan dem utan\n"
+"      # lösenord.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      terry:birddog:NOPASS\n"
+"      birddog:terry:NOPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"    "
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:203(title) pwconv.8.xml:216(title) login.defs.5.xml:531(title)
+msgid "BUGS"
+msgstr "FEL"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"There could be plenty lurking. The file parser is particularly unforgiving "
+"about syntax errors, expecting no spurious whitespace (apart from beginning "
+"and end of lines), and a specific token delimiting different things."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:213(title) shadow.3.xml:208(title)
+msgid "DIAGNOSTICS"
+msgstr "DIAGNOSTIK"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"An error parsing the file is reported using "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> as level ERR on facility AUTH."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:223(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:58(contrib) shadow.5.xml:41(contrib) shadow.3.xml:41(contrib)
+#: porttime.5.xml:41(contrib) passwd.5.xml:41(contrib) passwd.1.xml:48(contrib)
+#: login.1.xml:74(contrib) faillog.8.xml:41(contrib) faillog.5.xml:41(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1989"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:74(refentrytitle) su.1.xml:81(refname) su.1.xml:86(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:456(term)
+msgid "su"
+msgstr "su"
+
+#: su.1.xml:76(refmiscinfo) sg.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: passwd.1.xml:66(refmiscinfo) newgrp.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.1.xml:92(refmiscinfo) groups.1.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:64(refmiscinfo) expiry.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: chsh.1.xml:62(refmiscinfo) chfn.1.xml:62(refmiscinfo)
+#: chage.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "User Commands"
+msgstr "Användarkommandon"
+
+#: su.1.xml:82(refpurpose)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "change user ID or become superuser"
+msgstr "ändra användar-id eller bli superanvändare"
+
+#: su.1.xml:91(replaceable) sg.1.xml:72(arg) newgrp.1.xml:71(arg)
+msgid "-"
+msgstr "-"
+
+#: su.1.xml:94(replaceable) login.1.xml:107(replaceable)
+#: login.1.xml:115(replaceable)
+msgid "username"
+msgstr "användarnamn"
+
+#: su.1.xml:96(replaceable)
+msgid "args"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:104(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The <command>su</command> command is used to become another user during a "
+"login session. Invoked without a <option>username</option>, <command>su</"
+"command> defaults to becoming the superuser. The <option>-</option> option "
+"may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect "
+"had the user logged in directly. The <option>-c</option> option may be used "
+"to treat the next argument as a command by most shells."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>su</command> används för att bli en annan användare under en "
+"inloggningssession. Om det startas utan <option>användarnamn</option>, "
+"väljer <command>su</command> superanvändaren. Det valfria argumentet "
+"<option>-</option> kan användas för att tillhandahålla en miljö som liknar "
+"den som användaren skulle förvänta sig om användaren hade loggat in direkt."
+
+#: su.1.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list. You can use the "
+"<option>--</option> argument to stop option parsing. The <option>-</option> "
+"option is special: it is also recognized after <option>--</option>, but has "
+"to be placed before <option>username</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:122(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user will be prompted for a password, if appropriate. Invalid passwords "
+"will produce an error message. All attempts, both valid and invalid, are "
+"logged to detect abuse of the system."
+msgstr ""
+"Användaren kommer att frågas efter ett lösenord, om det är lämpligt. "
+"Ogiltiga lösenord kommer att ge ett felmeddelande. Alla försök, både giltiga "
+"och ogiltiga, loggas för att detektera misskötsel av systemet."
+
+#: su.1.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"The current environment is passed to the new shell. The value of <envar>"
+"$PATH</envar> is reset to <filename>/bin:/usr/bin</filename> for normal "
+"users, or <filename>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</filename> for the "
+"superuser. This may be changed with the <option>ENV_PATH</option> and "
+"<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> definitions in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:136(para) login.1.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"A subsystem login is indicated by the presence of a \"*\" as the first "
+"character of the login shell. The given home directory will be used as the "
+"root of a new file system which the user is actually logged into."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:145(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>su</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>su</command> är:"
+
+#: su.1.xml:149(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--command</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMAND</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KOMMENTAR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:153(para)
+msgid ""
+"Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its <option>-c</"
+"option>."
+msgstr "Ange ett kommando som ska startas av skalet med <option>-c</option>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"The executed command will have no controlling terminal. This option cannot "
+"be used to execute interactive programs which need a controlling TTY."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:167(term)
+msgid "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"Provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user "
+"logged in directly."
+msgstr ""
+"Tillhandahåll en miljö som liknar den som användaren skulle förvänta sig om "
+"användaren loggat in direkt."
+
+#: su.1.xml:175(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "When <option>-</option> is used, it must be specified as the last "
+#| "<command>su</command> option. The other forms (<option>-l</option> and "
+#| "<option>--login</option>) do not have this restriction."
+msgid ""
+"When <option>-</option> is used, it must be specified before any "
+"<option>username</option>. For portability it is recommended to use it as "
+"last option, before any <option>username</option>. The other forms (<option>-"
+"l</option> and <option>--login</option>) do not have this restriction."
+msgstr ""
+"När <option>-</option> används måste den anges som den sista flaggan för "
+"<command>su</command>. De andra formerna (<option>-l</option> och <option>--"
+"login</option>) har inte denna restriktion."
+
+#: su.1.xml:190(para)
+msgid "The shell that will be invoked."
+msgstr "Skalet som ska startas."
+
+#: su.1.xml:198(para)
+msgid "The shell specified with --shell."
+msgstr "Skalet angivet med --shell."
+
+#: su.1.xml:201(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--preserve-environment</option> is used, the shell specified by "
+"the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environment variable."
+msgstr ""
+"Om <option>--preserve-environment</option> används, anges skalet med "
+"miljövariabeln <envar>$SHELL</envar>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:208(para)
+msgid ""
+"The shell indicated in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> entry for the "
+"target user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/bin/sh</filename> if a shell could not be found by any above "
+"method."
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>/bin/sh</filename> om ett skal inte kunde hittas med någon "
+"ovanstående metod."
+
+#: su.1.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first): <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the target user has a restricted shell (i.e. the shell field of this "
+"user's entry in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> is not listed in <filename>/"
+"etc/shells</filename>), then the <option>--shell</option> option or the "
+"<envar>$SHELL</envar> environment variable won't be taken into account, "
+"unless <command>su</command> is called by root."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:230(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>-p</option>, <option>--preserve-environment</"
+"option>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>-p</option>, <option>--preserve-environment</"
+"option>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:239(envar)
+msgid "$PATH"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:241(para)
+msgid ""
+"reset according to the <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options "
+"<option>ENV_PATH</option> or <option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (see below);"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:250(envar)
+msgid "$IFS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:252(para)
+msgid ""
+"reset to <quote>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</quote>, if it was "
+"set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:235(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Preserve the current environment."
+msgid "Preserve the current environment, except for: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "Behåll den aktuella miljön."
+
+#: su.1.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless "
+"<command>su</command> is called by root)."
+msgstr ""
+"Om målanvändaren har ett begränsat skal har denna flagga ingen effekt "
+"(såvida inte <command>su</command> har startats av root)."
+
+#: su.1.xml:270(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <envar>$HOME</envar>, <envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$USER</envar>, "
+"<envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, and <envar>$IFS</envar> "
+"environment variables are reset."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:279(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is not used, the environment is copied, except "
+"for the variables above."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:286(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, the <envar>$TERM</envar>, <envar>"
+"$COLORTERM</envar>, <envar>$DISPLAY</envar>, and <envar>$XAUTHORITY</envar> "
+"environment variables are copied if they were set."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:296(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, the <envar>$TZ</envar>, <envar>$HZ</"
+"envar>, and <envar>$MAIL</envar> environment variables are set according to "
+"the <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options <option>ENV_TZ</option>, "
+"<option>ENV_HZ</option>, <option>MAIL_DIR</option>, and <option>MAIL_FILE</"
+"option> (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, other environment variables might be "
+"set by the <option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> file (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:317(para)
+msgid "Other environments might be set by PAM modules."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:265(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:331(para)
+msgid ""
+"This version of <command>su</command> has many compilation options, only "
+"some of which may be in use at any particular site."
+msgstr ""
+"Denna version av <command>su</command> har många kompileringsflaggor, kanske "
+"bara några används på specifika system."
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>CONSOLE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (sträng)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, either full pathname of a file containing device names (one per "
+"line) or a \":\" delimited list of device names. Root logins will be allowed "
+"only upon these devices."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid "If not defined, root will be allowed on any device."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:42(para) login.defs.5.xml:42(para) login.1.xml:42(para)
+msgid "The device should be specified without the /dev/ prefix."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>CONSOLE_GROUPS</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (sträng)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"List of groups to add to the user's supplementary groups set when logging in "
+"on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting). Default is none. "
+"<placeholder-1/> Use with caution - it is possible for users to gain "
+"permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>DEFAULT_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if login is allowed if we can't cd to the home directory. Default "
+"is no."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user will login in the root "
+"(<filename>/</filename>) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. XXX: When compiled with PAM support, only sulogin uses ENV_HZ
+#: su.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term) login.1.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>ENV_HZ</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (sträng)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para) login.1.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user "
+"login. The value must be preceded by <replaceable>HZ=</replaceable>. A "
+"common value on Linux is <replaceable>HZ=100</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:41(para) login.defs.5.xml:41(para) login.1.xml:41(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <envar>HZ</envar> environment variable is only set when the user (the "
+"superuser) logs in with <command>sulogin</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (sträng)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this file exists and is readable, login environment will be read from it. "
+"Every line should be in the form name=value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The file is formatted like this, with lines starting with a # being "
+#| "treated as comment lines and ignored;"
+msgid "Lines starting with a # are treated as comment lines and ignored."
+msgstr ""
+"Filen är i följande format, med de rader som inleds med # behandlas som "
+"kommentarsrader och ignoreras;"
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>ENV_PATH</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (sträng)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a "
+"regular user login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for "
+"example <replaceable>/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be preceded by "
+"<replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is <replaceable>PATH=/"
+"bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (sträng)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the "
+"superuser login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example "
+"<replaceable>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be "
+"preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is "
+"<replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>ENV_TZ</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (sträng)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user "
+"login. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by <replaceable>TZ=</"
+"replaceable> (for example <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>), or the "
+"full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example "
+"<filename>/etc/tzname</filename>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TODO: it can in fact be used to set any other variable
+#: su.1.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, "
+"the default is to use <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#: chsh.1.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_STRING</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (sträng)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The string used for prompting a password. The default is to use \"Password: "
+"\", or a translation of that string. If you set this variable, the prompt "
+"will not be translated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:39(para) chfn.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the string contains <replaceable>%s</replaceable>, this will be replaced "
+"by the user's name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable checking and display of mailbox status upon login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should disable it if the shell startup files already check for mail "
+"(\"mailx -e\" or equivalent)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable setting of resource limits from <filename>/etc/limits</filename> and "
+"ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user's passwd gecos field."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SULOG_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (sträng)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, all su activity is logged to this file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SU_NAME</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (sträng)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, the command name to display when running \"su -\". For example, "
+"if this is defined as \"su\" then a \"ps\" will display the command is \"-su"
+"\". If not defined, then \"ps\" would display the name of the shell actually "
+"being run, e.g. something like \"-sh\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SU_WHEEL_ONLY</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user must be listed as a member of "
+"the first gid 0 group in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (called "
+"<replaceable>root</replaceable> on most Linux systems) to be able to "
+"<command>su</command> to uid 0 accounts. If the group doesn't exist or is "
+"empty, no one will be able to <command>su</command> to uid 0."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SYSLOG_SU_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable \"syslog\" logging of <command>su</command> activity - in addition to "
+"sulog file logging."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:391(para)
+msgid ""
+"On success, <command>su</command> returns the exit value of the command it "
+"executed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:395(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this command was terminated by a signal, <command>su</command> returns "
+"the number of this signal plus 128."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:399(para)
+msgid ""
+"If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the "
+"command did not terminate in time), <command>su</command> returns 255."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:411(para)
+msgid "success (<option>--help</option> only)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:417(para)
+msgid "System or authentication failure"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:421(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "12"
+msgid "126"
+msgstr "12"
+
+#: su.1.xml:423(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "execute command as different group ID"
+msgid "The requested command was not found"
+msgstr "kör kommando med annat grupp-id"
+
+#: su.1.xml:427(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "12"
+msgid "127"
+msgstr "12"
+
+#: su.1.xml:429(para)
+msgid "The requested command could not be executed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:404(para)
+msgid ""
+"Some exit values from <command>su</command> are independent from the "
+"executed command: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:438(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) sg.1.xml:65(refname) sg.1.xml:71(command)
+msgid "sg"
+msgstr "sg"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "execute command as different group ID"
+msgstr "kör kommando med annat grupp-id"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:74(arg)
+msgid "-c"
+msgstr "-c"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:73(arg)
+msgid "group <placeholder-1/> command"
+msgstr "grupp <placeholder-1/> kommando"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>sg</command> command works similar to <command>newgrp</command> "
+"but accepts a command. The command will be executed with the <filename>/bin/"
+"sh</filename> shell. With most shells you may run <command>sg</command> "
+"from, you need to enclose multi-word commands in quotes. Another difference "
+"between <command>newgrp</command> and <command>sg</command> is that some "
+"shells treat <command>newgrp</command> specially, replacing themselves with "
+"a new instance of a shell that <command>newgrp</command> creates. This "
+"doesn't happen with <command>sg</command>, so upon exit from a <command>sg</"
+"command> command you are returned to your previous group ID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:32(term) newgrp.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>SYSLOG_SG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:34(para) newgrp.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable \"syslog\" logging of <command>sg</command> activity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: sg.1.xml:141(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) shadow.5.xml:64(refname)
+#: shadow.3.xml:57(refentrytitle) shadow.3.xml:64(refname)
+#: pwck.8.xml:84(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:76(replaceable)
+msgid "shadow"
+msgstr "shadow"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "the password file"
+msgid "shadowed password file"
+msgstr "lösenordsfilen"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:70(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> contains the shadowed information for "
+#| "group accounts. It contains lines with the following colon-separated "
+#| "fields:"
+msgid ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> is a file which contains the password "
+"information for the system's accounts and optional aging information."
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> innehåller skuggad gruppkontoinformation. "
+"Den innehåller rader med följande kolonseparerade fält:"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:76(para) gshadow.5.xml:64(para)
+msgid ""
+"This file must not be readable by regular users if password security is to "
+"be maintained."
+msgstr ""
+"Denna fil får inte vara läsbar av vanliga användare om lösenordssäkerheten "
+"ska upprätthållas."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each line of this file contains 9 fields, separated by colons (<quote>:</"
+"quote>), in the following order:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:88(emphasis) passwd.5.xml:78(para)
+msgid "login name"
+msgstr "inloggningsnamn"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "It must be a valid account name, which exist on the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:96(emphasis) gshadow.5.xml:83(emphasis)
+msgid "encrypted password"
+msgstr "krypterat lösenord"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to "
+"authenticate as the specified login name. However, some applications which "
+"read the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file may decide not to permit any "
+"access at all if the password field is empty."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:105(para) gshadow.5.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the "
+"password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the "
+"password field before the password was locked."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:111(para) passwd.5.xml:126(para) gshadow.5.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"Refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> for details on how this string is interpreted."
+msgstr ""
+"Referera till <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> för detaljer om hur "
+"denna sträng tolkas."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:116(para) passwd.5.xml:131(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix "
+"password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)."
+msgstr ""
+"Referera till <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> för detaljer om hur "
+"denna sträng tolkas."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:127(emphasis)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "days before password may be changed"
+msgid "date of last password change"
+msgstr "dagar innan lösenordet får ändras"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date of the last password change, expressed as the number of days since "
+"Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user should change her "
+"password the next time she will log in the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:139(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that password aging features are disabled."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:146(emphasis)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Password Changes"
+msgid "minimum password age"
+msgstr "Lösenordsändringar"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The minimum password age is the number of days the user will have to wait "
+"before she will be allowed to change her password again."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:153(para)
+msgid "An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no minimum password age."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:160(emphasis)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Password Changes"
+msgid "maximum password age"
+msgstr "Lösenordsändringar"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:162(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum password age is the number of days after which the user will "
+"have to change her password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"After this number of days is elapsed, the password may still be valid. The "
+"user should be asked to change her password the next time she will log in."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field means that there are no maximum password age, no password "
+"warning period, and no password inactivity period (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the maximum password age is lower than the minimum password age, the user "
+"cannot change her password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:184(emphasis)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Password Changes"
+msgid "password warning period"
+msgstr "Lösenordsändringar"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:187(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The number of days after a password has expired before the account will "
+#| "be disabled."
+msgid ""
+"The number of days before a password is going to expire (see the maximum "
+"password age above) during which the user should be warned."
+msgstr ""
+"Antalet dagar efter att ett lösenord har gått ut innan kontot kommer att "
+"inaktiveras."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:192(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no password warning period."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:200(emphasis)
+msgid "password inactivity period"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:203(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password has expired (see the maximum password "
+"age above) during which the password should still be accepted (and the user "
+"should update her password during the next login)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:209(para)
+msgid ""
+"After expiration of the password and this expiration period is elapsed, no "
+"login is possible using the current user's password. The user should contact "
+"her administrator."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field means that there are no enforcement of an inactivity period."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:222(emphasis)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "User account information."
+msgid "account expiration date"
+msgstr "Användarkontoinformation."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:225(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date of expiration of the account, expressed as the number of days since "
+"Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:229(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that an account expiration differs from a password expiration. In case "
+"of an account expiration, the user shall not be allowed to login. In case of "
+"a password expiration, the user is not allowed to login using her password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:235(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that the account will never expire."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 should not be used as it is interpreted as either an account "
+"with no expiration, or as an expiration on Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:246(emphasis)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "a reserved field"
+msgid "reserved field"
+msgstr "ett reserverat fält"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:248(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "sp_flag - reserved for future use"
+msgid "This field is reserved for future use."
+msgstr "sp_flag - reserverat för framtida användning"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:270(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/shadow"
+msgid "/etc/shadow-"
+msgstr "/etc/shadow"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:272(para)
+msgid "Backup file for /etc/shadow."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:273(para) passwd.5.xml:178(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that this file is used by the tools of the shadow toolsuite, but not by "
+"all user and password management tools."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:284(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "Library Calls"
+msgstr "Biblioteksanrop"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:65(refname)
+msgid "getspnam"
+msgstr "getspnam"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "encrypted password file routines"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:70(title)
+msgid "SYNTAX"
+msgstr "SYNTAX"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:72(emphasis)
+msgid "#include &lt;shadow.h&gt;"
+msgstr "#include &lt;shadow.h&gt;"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:76(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *getspent();"
+msgstr "struct spwd *getspent();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:80(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *getspnam(char"
+msgstr "struct spwd *getspnam(char"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:81(emphasis)
+msgid "*name"
+msgstr "*name"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:81(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:94(emphasis)
+#: shadow.3.xml:99(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:105(emphasis)
+msgid ");"
+msgstr ");"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:85(emphasis)
+msgid "void setspent();"
+msgstr "void setspent();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:89(emphasis)
+msgid "void endspent();"
+msgstr "void endspent();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:93(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *fgetspent(FILE"
+msgstr "struct spwd *fgetspent(FILE"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:94(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:105(emphasis)
+msgid "*fp"
+msgstr "*fp"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:98(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *sgetspent(char"
+msgstr "struct spwd *sgetspent(char"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:99(emphasis)
+msgid "*cp"
+msgstr "*cp"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:103(emphasis)
+msgid "int putspent(struct spwd"
+msgstr "int putspent(struct spwd"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:104(emphasis)
+msgid "*p,"
+msgstr "*p,"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:104(emphasis)
+msgid "FILE"
+msgstr "FIL"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:109(emphasis)
+msgid "int lckpwdf();"
+msgstr "int lckpwdf();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:113(emphasis)
+msgid "int ulckpwdf();"
+msgstr "int ulckpwdf();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:119(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> manipulates the contents of the "
+"shadow password file, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. The structure in the "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">#include</emphasis> file is:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:124(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"struct spwd {\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_namp; /* user login name */\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_lstchg; /* last password change */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_min; /* days until change allowed. */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_max; /* days before change required */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_inact; /* days before account inactive */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_expire; /* date when account expires */\n"
+"      unsigned long int\tsp_flag; /* reserved for future use */\n"
+"}\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The meanings of each field are:"
+msgstr "Betydelsen av varje fält är:"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:139(para)
+msgid "sp_namp - pointer to null-terminated user name"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:142(para)
+msgid "sp_pwdp - pointer to null-terminated password"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:145(para)
+msgid "sp_lstchg - days since Jan 1, 1970 password was last changed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:148(para)
+msgid "sp_min - days before which password may not be changed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:151(para)
+msgid "sp_max - days after which password must be changed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:154(para)
+msgid ""
+"sp_warn - days before password is to expire that user is warned of pending "
+"password expiration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"sp_inact - days after password expires that account is considered inactive "
+"and disabled"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:164(para)
+msgid "sp_expire - days since Jan 1, 1970 when account will be disabled"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:167(para)
+msgid "sp_flag - reserved for future use"
+msgstr "sp_flag - reserverat för framtida användning"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>getspent</emphasis>, <emphasis>getspname</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis>, and <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> each "
+"return a pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis>. <emphasis>getspent</"
+"emphasis> returns the next entry from the file, and <emphasis>fgetspent</"
+"emphasis> returns the next entry from the given stream, which is assumed to "
+"be a file of the proper format. <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> returns a "
+"pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis> using the provided string as "
+"input. <emphasis>getspnam</emphasis> searches from the current position in "
+"the file for an entry matching <emphasis>name</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>setspent</emphasis> and <emphasis>endspent</emphasis> may be used "
+"to begin and end, respectively, access to the shadow password file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:194(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> and <emphasis>ulckpwdf</emphasis> routines "
+"should be used to insure exclusive access to the <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> file. <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> attempts to acquire a lock "
+"using <emphasis>pw_lock</emphasis> for up to 15 seconds. It continues by "
+"attempting to acquire a second lock using <emphasis>spw_lock</emphasis> for "
+"the remainder of the initial 15 seconds. Should either attempt fail after a "
+"total of 15 seconds, <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> returns -1. When both "
+"locks are acquired 0 is returned."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:209(para)
+msgid ""
+"Routines return NULL if no more entries are available or if an error occurs "
+"during processing. Routines which have <emphasis>int</emphasis> as the "
+"return value return 0 for success and -1 for failure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"These routines may only be used by the superuser as access to the shadow "
+"password file is restricted."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:239(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) pwconv.8.xml:70(refname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:79(command) login.defs.5.xml:439(term)
+msgid "pwconv"
+msgstr "pwconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:71(refname) pwconv.8.xml:85(command) login.defs.5.xml:448(term)
+msgid "pwunconv"
+msgstr "pwunconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:72(refname) pwconv.8.xml:91(command) login.defs.5.xml:344(term)
+msgid "grpconv"
+msgstr "grpconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:73(refname) pwconv.8.xml:97(command) login.defs.5.xml:350(term)
+msgid "grpunconv"
+msgstr "grpunconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:74(refpurpose)
+msgid "convert to and from shadow passwords and groups"
+msgstr "konvertera till och från skugglösenord och grupper"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</"
+"emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> and an optionally "
+"existing <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> does not work with <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"enabled. To convert to tcb passwords, you should first use <command>pwconv</"
+"command> to convert to shadowed passwords by disabling <option>USE_TCB</"
+"option> in <filename>login.defs</filename> and then convert to tcb password "
+"using <command>tcb_convert</command> (and re-enable <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"in <filename>login.defs</filename>.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwunconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">passwd</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> and "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">shadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwunconv</command> does not work with <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"enabled. You should first switch back from tcb to shadowed passwords using "
+"<command>tcb_unconvert</command>, and then disable <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"in <filename>login.defs</filename> before using <command>pwunconv</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> and an "
+"optionally existing <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpunconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">group</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> and "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid ""
+"These four programs all operate on the normal and shadow password and group "
+"files: <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>, <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each program acquires the necessary locks before conversion. "
+"<command>pwconv</command> and <command>grpconv</command> are similar. First, "
+"entries in the shadowed file which don't exist in the main file are removed. "
+"Then, shadowed entries which don't have `x' as the password in the main file "
+"are updated. Any missing shadowed entries are added. Finally, passwords in "
+"the main file are replaced with `x'. These programs can be used for initial "
+"conversion as well to update the shadowed file if the main file is edited by "
+"hand."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> will use the values of <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">PASS_MIN_DAYS</emphasis>, <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_MAX_DAYS</emphasis>, "
+"and <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_WARN_AGE</emphasis> from <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename> when adding new entries to <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"Likewise <command>pwunconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</command> are "
+"similar. Passwords in the main file are updated from the shadowed file. "
+"Entries which exist in the main file but not in the shadowed file are left "
+"alone. Finally, the shadowed file is removed. Some password aging "
+"information is lost by <command>pwunconv</command>. It will convert what it "
+"can."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:188(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The options which apply to the <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</"
+#| "command> commands are:"
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>pwconv</command>, <command>pwunconv</"
+"command>, <command>grpconv</command>, and <command>grpunconv</command> "
+"commands are:"
+msgstr ""
+"Flaggorna som gäller för kommandona <command>vipw</command> och "
+"<command>vigr</command> är:"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:217(para)
+msgid ""
+"Errors in the password or group files (such as invalid or duplicate entries) "
+"may cause these programs to loop forever or fail in other strange ways. "
+"Please run <command>pwck</command> and <command>grpck</command> to correct "
+"any such errors before converting to or from shadow passwords or groups."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:228(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"changes the behavior of <command>grpconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</"
+"command>:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:236(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> change the behavior of <command>pwconv</command>:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:263(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"tcb\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_convert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_unconvert</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:47(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:43(contrib) grpck.8.xml:42(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1992"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) pwck.8.xml:70(refname) pwck.8.xml:76(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:430(term)
+msgid "pwck"
+msgstr "pwck"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:71(refpurpose)
+msgid "verify integrity of password files"
+msgstr "validera integriteten för lösenordsfiler"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:80(replaceable) passwd.5.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: passwd.5.xml:64(refname) passwd.1.xml:64(refentrytitle)
+#: passwd.1.xml:71(refname) passwd.1.xml:77(command) login.defs.5.xml:419(term)
+msgid "passwd"
+msgstr "passwd"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:93(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwck</command> command verifies the integrity of the users and "
+"authentication information. It checks that all entries in <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">(or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>, when <option>USE_TCB</"
+"option> is enabled)</phrase> have the proper format and contain valid data. "
+"The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or "
+"which have other uncorrectable errors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:105(para) grpck.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "Checks are made to verify that each entry has:"
+msgstr "Kontroller görs för att validera att varje post har:"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:108(para) grpck.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid "the correct number of fields"
+msgstr "korrekt antal fält"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:111(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "a unique user name"
+msgid "a unique and valid user name"
+msgstr "ett unikt användarnamn"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "a valid user and group identifier"
+msgstr "en giltig identifierare för användare och grupp"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid "a valid primary group"
+msgstr "en giltig primär grupp"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "a valid home directory"
+msgstr "en giltig hemkatalog"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:123(para)
+msgid "a valid login shell"
+msgstr "ett giltigt inloggningsskal"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> checks are enabled when a second file parameter "
+"is specified or when <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> exists on the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:132(para)
+msgid "These checks are the following:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"every passwd entry has a matching shadow entry, and every shadow entry has a "
+"matching passwd entry"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:143(para)
+msgid "passwords are specified in the shadowed file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:146(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "the correct number of fields"
+msgid "shadow entries have the correct number of fields"
+msgstr "korrekt antal fält"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "shadow entries are unique in shadow"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:152(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "days before password may be changed"
+msgid "the last password changes are not in the future"
+msgstr "dagar innan lösenordet får ändras"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"The checks for correct number of fields and unique user name are fatal. If "
+"the entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to "
+"delete the entire line. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all "
+"further checks are bypassed. An entry with a duplicated user name is "
+"prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made. All "
+"other errors are warning and the user is encouraged to run the "
+"<command>usermod</command> command to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file are "
+"not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries. <command>pwck</command> "
+"should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entry."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:177(para) grpck.8.xml:148(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The <option>-r</option> and <option>-s</option> options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+"Flaggorna <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> och <option>-f</option> "
+"används endast när <command>login</command> har startats av root."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>pwck</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>pwck</command> är:"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"Report errors only. The warnings which do not require any action from the "
+"user won't be displayed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:211(term) grpck.8.xml:163(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--read-only</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:213(para)
+msgid "Execute the <command>pwck</command> command in read-only mode."
+msgstr "Starta kommandot <command>pwck</command> i skrivskyddat läge."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:231(term) grpck.8.xml:185(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:233(para)
+msgid ""
+"Sort entries in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> by UID."
+msgstr ""
+"Sorterar poster i <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> och <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename> efter UID."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:237(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid "This option has no effect when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled."
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:244(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, <command>pwck</command> operates on the files <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\"> (or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>)</phrase>. The user may "
+"select alternate files with the <replaceable>passwd</replaceable> and "
+"<replaceable>shadow</replaceable> parameters."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled, you cannot specify an "
+"alternative <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> file. In future releases, this "
+"parameter could be replaced by an alternate TCB directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:322(para)
+msgid "one or more bad password entries"
+msgstr "en eller flera felaktiga lösenordsposter"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:328(para)
+msgid "can't open password files"
+msgstr "kan inte öppna lösenordsfiler"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:334(para)
+msgid "can't lock password files"
+msgstr "kan inte låsa lösenordsfiler"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:340(para)
+msgid "can't update password files"
+msgstr "kan inte uppdatera lösenordsfiler"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:346(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "can't open password files"
+msgid "can't sort password files"
+msgstr "kan inte öppna lösenordsfiler"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:304(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwck</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandot <command>pwck</command> avslutas med följande värden: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:355(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) porttime.5.xml:64(refname)
+msgid "porttime"
+msgstr "porttime"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "port access time file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">porttime</emphasis> contains a list of tty devices, "
+"user names, and permitted login times."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">porttime</emphasis> innehåller en lista av tty-"
+"enheter, användarnamn och tillåtna inloggningstider."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:75(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each entry consists of three colon separated fields. The first field is a "
+"comma separated list of tty devices, or an asterisk to indicate that all tty "
+"devices are matched by this entry. The second field is a comma separated "
+"list of user names, or an asterisk to indicated that all user names are "
+"matched by this entry. The third field is a comma separated list of "
+"permitted access times."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each access time entry consists of zero or more days of the week, "
+"abbreviated <emphasis>Su</emphasis>, <emphasis>Mo</emphasis>, <emphasis>Tu</"
+"emphasis>, <emphasis>We</emphasis>, <emphasis>Th</emphasis>, <emphasis>Fr</"
+"emphasis>, and <emphasis>Sa</emphasis>, followed by a pair of times "
+"separated by a hyphen. The abbreviation <emphasis>Wk</emphasis> may be used "
+"to represent Monday thru Friday, and <emphasis>Al</emphasis> may be used to "
+"indicate every day. If no days are given, <emphasis>Al</emphasis> is assumed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:98(title)
+msgid "EXAMPLES"
+msgstr "EXEMPEL"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entry allows access to user <emphasis remap=\"B\">jfh</"
+"emphasis> on every port during weekdays from 9am to 5pm."
+msgstr ""
+"Följande post tillåter åtkomst för användaren <emphasis remap=\"B\">jfh</"
+"emphasis> på varje port under veckodagar från 09.00 till 17.00."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:105(para)
+msgid "*:jfh:Wk0900-1700"
+msgstr "*:jfh:Wk0900-1700"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entries allow access only to the users <emphasis>root</"
+"emphasis> and <emphasis>oper</emphasis> on <filename>/dev/console</filename> "
+"at any time. This illustrates how the <filename>/etc/porttime</filename> "
+"file is an ordered list of access times. Any other user would match the "
+"second entry which does not permit access at any time."
+msgstr ""
+"De följande posterna tillåter åtkomst endast till användarna <emphasis>root</"
+"emphasis> och <emphasis>oper</emphasis> på <filename>/dev/console</filename> "
+"när som helst. Detta illustrerar hur filen <filename>/etc/porttime</"
+"filename> är en ordnad lista för åtkomsttider. Alla andra användare skulle "
+"matcha den andra poster, vilken inte tillåter någon åtkomst oavsett tid."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:116(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      console:root,oper:Al0000-2400\n"
+"      console:*:\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      console:root,oper:Al0000-2400\n"
+"      console:*:\n"
+"    "
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entry allows access for the user <emphasis>games</emphasis> on "
+"any port during non-working hours."
+msgstr ""
+"Fölajnde post tillåter åtkomst för användaren <emphasis>games</emphasis> på "
+"valfri port men inte under arbetstid."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:126(para)
+msgid "*:games:Wk1700-0900,SaSu0000-2400"
+msgstr "*:games:Wk1700-0900,SaSu0000-2400"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:133(filename) logoutd.8.xml:92(filename)
+msgid "/etc/porttime"
+msgstr "/etc/porttime"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:135(para) logoutd.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "File containing port access."
+msgstr "Fil som innehåller portåtkomst"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:143(para) login.access.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "the password file"
+msgstr "lösenordsfilen"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> contains one line for each user account, "
+"with seven fields delimited by colons (<quote>:</quote>). These fields are:"
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> innehåller en rad för varje användarkonto "
+"men sju fält separerade med kolontecken (<quote>:</quote>). Dessa fält är:"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid "optional encrypted password"
+msgstr "valfritt krypterat lösenord"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "numerical user ID"
+msgstr "numeriskt användar-id"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "numerical group ID"
+msgstr "numeriskt grupp-id"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "user name or comment field"
+msgstr "användarnamn eller kommentarsfält"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:93(para)
+msgid "user home directory"
+msgstr "användarens hemkatalog"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:96(para)
+msgid "optional user command interpreter"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field is a lower-case <quote>x</quote>, "
+"then the encrypted password is actually stored in the "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> file instead; there <emphasis>must</emphasis> be a "
+"corresponding line in the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file, or else the "
+"user account is invalid."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:109(para)
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted <emphasis>password</emphasis> field may be empty, in which "
+"case no password is required to authenticate as the specified login name. "
+"However, some applications which read the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+"file may decide not to permit <emphasis>any</emphasis> access at all if the "
+"<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is blank."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"A <emphasis>password</emphasis> field which starts with an exclamation mark "
+"means that the password is locked. The remaining characters on the line "
+"represent the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field before the password was "
+"locked."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:144(para)
+msgid ""
+"The home directory field provides the name of the initial working directory. "
+"The <command>login</command> program uses this information to set the value "
+"of the <envar>$HOME</envar> environmental variable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"The command interpreter field provides the name of the user's command "
+"language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute. The "
+"<command>login</command> program uses this information to set the value of "
+"the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environmental variable. If this field is empty, it "
+"defaults to the value <filename>/bin/sh</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:171(para)
+msgid "optional encrypted password file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:175(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/passwd"
+msgid "/etc/passwd-"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:177(para)
+msgid "Backup file for /etc/passwd."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:189(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:72(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user password"
+msgstr "ändra användarlösenord"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:89(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The <command>passwd</command> command changes passwords for user accounts. A "
+"normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the "
+"superuser may change the password for any account. <command>passwd</command> "
+"also changes the account or associated password validity period."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>passwd</command> ändrar lösenord för användarkonton. En vanlig "
+"användare kan endast ändra lösenordet för sitt egna konto men "
+"superanvändaren kan ändra lösenord för alla konton. <command>passwd</"
+"command> ändrar även kontoinformation, såsom det fullständiga namnet för "
+"användaren, användarens inloggningsskal eller hans/hennes utgångsdatum för "
+"lösenordet och intervall."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:98(title)
+msgid "Password Changes"
+msgstr "Lösenordsändringar"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:99(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The user is first prompted for their old password, if one is present. This "
+"password is then encrypted and compared against the stored password. The "
+"user has only one chance to enter the correct password. The superuser is "
+"permitted to bypass this step so that forgotten passwords may be changed."
+msgstr ""
+"Användaren frågas först efter hans/hennes gamla lösenord, om det finns "
+"något. Detta lösenord krypteras sedan och jämförs mot det lagrade "
+"lösenordet. Användaren har endast en chans att ange det korrekta lösenordet. "
+"Superanvändaren tillåts kringgå detta steg så att bortglömda lösenord kan "
+"ändras."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked "
+"to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time. If not, "
+"<command>passwd</command> refuses to change the password and exits."
+msgstr ""
+"Efter att lösenordet har matats in kontrolleras lösenordets "
+"åldringsinformation för att se om användaren tillåts att ändra lösenord för "
+"tillfället. Om inte, nekar <command>passwd</command> att ändra lösenordet "
+"och avslutas."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is then prompted twice for a replacement password. The second entry "
+"is compared against the first and both are required to match in order for "
+"the password to be changed."
+msgstr ""
+"Användaren frågas sedan två gånger efter ett ersättande lösenord. Den andra "
+"inmatningen jämförs mot den första och båda måste stämma överens för att "
+"lösenordet ska ändras."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:120(para)
+msgid ""
+"Then, the password is tested for complexity. As a general guideline, "
+"passwords should consist of 6 to 8 characters including one or more "
+"characters from each of the following sets:"
+msgstr ""
+"Sedan testas lösenordet för sin komplexitet. Som en allmän riktlinje bör "
+"lösenord innehålla 6 till 8 tecken och inkluderas ett eller flera tecken "
+"från var och en av följande punkter:"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:128(para)
+msgid "lower case alphabetics"
+msgstr "gemena bokstäver ur alfabetet"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:131(para)
+msgid "digits 0 thru 9"
+msgstr "siffrorna 0 till 9"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:134(para)
+msgid "punctuation marks"
+msgstr "skiljetecken"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill "
+"characters. <command>passwd</command> will reject any password which is not "
+"suitably complex."
+msgstr ""
+"Tänk på att inte inkludera systemets standardtecken för radering eller döda. "
+"<command>passwd</command> kommer att neka alla lösenord som inte har lämplig "
+"komplexitet."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:147(title)
+msgid "Hints for user passwords"
+msgstr "Tips för användarlösenord"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:148(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption "
+#| "algorithm and the size of the key space. The <emphasis>UNIX</emphasis> "
+#| "System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm and is very "
+#| "secure. The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the "
+#| "password which is selected."
+msgid ""
+"The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption "
+"algorithm and the size of the key space. The legacy <emphasis>UNIX</"
+"emphasis> System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm. More "
+"recent methods are now recommended (see <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>). "
+"The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which "
+"is selected."
+msgstr ""
+"Säkerhet i ett lösenord beror på styrkan på krypteringsalgoritmen och "
+"nyckellängden. Krypteringsmetoden för <emphasis>UNIX-system</emphasis> är "
+"baserad på NBS DES-algoritmen och är mycket säker. Längden på nyckeln är "
+"beroende på slumpmässigheten för det valda lösenordet."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"Compromises in password security normally result from careless password "
+"selection or handling. For this reason, you should not select a password "
+"which appears in a dictionary or which must be written down. The password "
+"should also not be a proper name, your license number, birth date, or street "
+"address. Any of these may be used as guesses to violate system security."
+msgstr ""
+"Problem i lösenordssäkerheten brukar normalt komma från slarvigt valda "
+"lösenord eller hantering. Av denna anledning bör du inte välja ett lösenord "
+"som finns i en ordbok eller som måste skrivas ner. Lösenordet bör heller "
+"inte vara ett korrekt namn, ditt personnummer, födelsedatum eller "
+"gatuadress. Dessa kan användas som gissningar för att ta sig in i systemet."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en."
+"wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:175(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>passwd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>passwd</command> är:"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:180(term) faillog.8.xml:96(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:184(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option can be used only with <option>-S</option> and causes show status "
+"for all users."
+msgstr ""
+"Denna flagga kan endast användas med <option>-S</option> och gör att status "
+"visas för alla användare."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:191(term)
+msgid "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Delete a user's password (make it empty). This is a quick way to disable a "
+"password for an account. It will set the named account passwordless."
+msgstr ""
+"Ta bort en användares lösenord (gör det blankt). Detta är ett snabbt sätt "
+"att inaktivera ett lösenord för ett konto. Det kommer att ta bort det "
+"angivna kontots lösenord."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:203(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"Immediately expire an account's password. This in effect can force a user to "
+"change their password at the user's next login."
+msgstr ""
+"Lösenordet för ett konto sätts omedelbart som utgånget. Detta kan tvinga en "
+"användare att ändra sitt lösenord vid nästa inloggningsförsök."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:220(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INAKTIV</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is used to disable an account after the password has been "
+"expired for a number of days. After a user account has had an expired "
+"password for <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> days, the user may no "
+"longer sign on to the account."
+msgstr ""
+"Denna flagga används för att inaktivera ett konto efter att lösenordet har "
+"varit utgånget i ett antal dagar. Efter att ett användarkonto har haft ett "
+"utgånget lösenord i <replaceable>INAKTIV</replaceable> dagar får användaren "
+"inte längre logga in med detta konto."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:233(term)
+msgid "<option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:237(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Indicate password change should be performed only for expired authentication "
+"tokens (passwords). The user wishes to keep their non-expired tokens as "
+"before."
+msgstr ""
+"Indikera lösenordsändring bör endast genomföras för utgångna "
+"autentiseringslösenord. Användaren önskar behålla sitt icke-utgångna "
+"lösenord som tidigare."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:245(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:249(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Lock the password of the named account. This option disables a password by "
+"changing it to a value which matches no possible encrypted value (it adds a "
+"´!´ at the beginning of the password)."
+msgstr ""
+"Lås angivet konto. Denna flagga inaktiverar ett konto genom att ändra "
+"lösenordet till ett värde som inte matchar något möjligt krypterat värde."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:255(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that this does not disable the account. The user may still be able to "
+"login using another authentication token (e.g. an SSH key). To disable the "
+"account, administrators should use <command>usermod --expiredate 1</command> "
+"(this set the account's expire date to Jan 2, 1970)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:262(para)
+msgid "Users with a locked password are not allowed to change their password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:269(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAGAR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:273(para) chage.1.xml:174(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the minimum number of days between password changes to "
+"<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>. A value of zero for this field "
+"indicates that the user may change their password at any time."
+msgstr ""
+"Sätter minimalt antal dagar mellan lösenordsändringar till "
+"<replaceable>MIN_DAGAR</replaceable>. Ett nollvärde för detta fält betyder "
+"att användaren kan ändra sitt lösenord när som helst."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:291(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--repository</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--repository</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FÖRRÅD</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:295(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "change password in <replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable> repository"
+msgstr "ändra lösenord i förrådet <replaceable>FÖRRÅD</replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:313(term)
+msgid "<option>-S</option>, <option>--status</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-S</option>, <option>--status</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:317(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Display account status information. The status information consists of 7 "
+#| "fields. The first field is the user's login name. The second field "
+#| "indicates if the user account is locked (L), has no password (NP), or has "
+#| "a usable password (P). The third field gives the date of the last "
+#| "password change. The next four fields are the minimum age, maximum age, "
+#| "warning period, and inactivity period for the password. These ages are "
+#| "expressed in days."
+msgid ""
+"Display account status information. The status information consists of 7 "
+"fields. The first field is the user's login name. The second field indicates "
+"if the user account has a locked password (L), has no password (NP), or has "
+"a usable password (P). The third field gives the date of the last password "
+"change. The next four fields are the minimum age, maximum age, warning "
+"period, and inactivity period for the password. These ages are expressed in "
+"days."
+msgstr ""
+"Visa statusinformation för konto. Statusinformationen innehåller 7 fält. "
+"Första fältet är användarens inloggningsnamn. Det andra fältet indikerar om "
+"användarkontot är låst (L), saknar lösenord (NP) eller har ett användbart "
+"lösenord (P). Det tredje fältet anger datumet för senaste "
+"lösenordsändringen. De nästa fyra fälten är minimal ålder, maximal ålder, "
+"varningsperiod och inaktivitetsperiod för lösenordet. Dessa åldrar anges i "
+"dagar."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:331(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:335(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Unlock the password of the named account. This option re-enables a password "
+"by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before "
+"using the <option>-l</option> option)."
+msgstr ""
+"Lås upp angivet konto. Denna flagga återaktiverar ett konto genom att ändra "
+"tillbaka lösenordet till dess tidigare värde (till värdet före användning av "
+"flaggan <option>-l</option>)."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:344(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>VARN_DAGAR</replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:348(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The "
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the number of days prior to "
+"the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is "
+"about to expire."
+msgstr ""
+"Sätter antalet dagar för varning före ett lösenord behöver ändras. Flaggan "
+"<replaceable>VARN_DAGAR</replaceable> är antalet dagar före användaren "
+"varnas om att lösenordet är på väg att bli utgånget."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:357(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-x</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-x</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAGAR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:361(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid. After "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable>, the password is required to be changed."
+msgstr ""
+"Sätter maximalt antal dagar som ett lösenord ska vara giltigt. Efter "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAGAR</replaceable> krävs det att lösenordet ändras."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:366(para) chage.1.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> will remove checking a password's "
+"validity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:378(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Not all options may be supported. Password complexity checking may vary "
+#| "from site to site. The user is urged to select a password as complex as "
+#| "he or she feels comfortable with. Users may not be able to change their "
+#| "password on a system if NIS is enabled and they are not logged into the "
+#| "NIS server."
+msgid ""
+"Password complexity checking may vary from site to site. The user is urged "
+"to select a password as complex as he or she feels comfortable with."
+msgstr ""
+"Inte alla flaggor kanske stöds. Kontroll av lösenordskomplexiteten kan "
+"variera mellan olika system. Användare rekommenderas att välja ett lösenord "
+"som är så komplext som han eller hon känner sig komfortabel med. Användare "
+"kanske inte kan ändra sina lösenord på ett system om NIS är aktiverat och de "
+"inte är inloggade mot NIS-servern."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:383(para)
+msgid ""
+"Users may not be able to change their password on a system if NIS is enabled "
+"and they are not logged into the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:388(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>passwd</command> uses PAM to authenticate users and to change their "
+"passwords."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chpasswd.8.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> (string)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(para) newusers.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:32(para) chpasswd.8.xml:32(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting "
+"passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:36(para) newusers.8.xml:36(para) login.defs.5.xml:36(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:36(para) chpasswd.8.xml:36(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:36(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Example: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option> -K </"
+#| "option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"It can take one of these values: <replaceable>DES</replaceable> (default), "
+"<replaceable>MD5</replaceable><phrase condition=\"sha_crypt\">, "
+"<replaceable>SHA256</replaceable>, <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable></"
+"phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"Exempel: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:43(para) chpasswd.8.xml:43(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: this parameter overrides the <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variable."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:47(para) passwd.1.xml:53(para) passwd.1.xml:62(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:47(para) newusers.8.xml:53(para) newusers.8.xml:62(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:47(para) login.defs.5.xml:53(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:62(para) gpasswd.1.xml:47(para) gpasswd.1.xml:53(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:62(para) chpasswd.8.xml:47(para) chpasswd.8.xml:53(para)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:62(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:47(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:53(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:62(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: This only affect the generation of group passwords. The generation of "
+"user passwords is done by PAM and subject to the PAM configuration. It is "
+"recommended to set this variable consistently with the PAM configuration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:32(term) chpasswd.8.xml:32(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:34(para) chpasswd.8.xml:34(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5-based algorithm. If "
+"set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, new passwords will be encrypted using "
+"the MD5-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of "
+"FreeBSD. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings. "
+"Set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> if you need to copy encrypted passwords "
+"to other systems which don't understand the new algorithm. Default is "
+"<replaceable>no</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:44(para) newusers.8.xml:44(para) login.defs.5.xml:44(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:44(para) chpasswd.8.xml:44(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:44(para)
+msgid ""
+"This variable is superseded by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable "
+"or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:49(para) newusers.8.xml:49(para) login.defs.5.xml:49(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:49(para) chpasswd.8.xml:49(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:49(para)
+msgid ""
+"This variable is deprecated. You should use <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable additional checks upon password changes."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>PASS_ALWAYS_WARN</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Warn about weak passwords (but still allow them) if you are root."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>PASS_CHANGE_TRIES</option> (number)"
+msgstr "PASS_WARN_AGE (nummer)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Maximum number of attempts to change password if rejected (too easy)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "PASS_MAX_DAYS (nummer)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>PASS_MIN_LEN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "PASS_MIN_DAYS (nummer)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Number of significant characters in the password for crypt(). "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> is 8 by default. Don't change unless your "
+"crypt() is better. This is ignored if <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> set to "
+"<replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chpasswd.8.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:31(term) chpasswd.8.xml:31(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:33(para) chpasswd.8.xml:33(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"When <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> is set to <replaceable>SHA256</"
+"replaceable> or <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable>, this defines the number "
+"of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number "
+"of rounds is not specified on the command line)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:40(para) newusers.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:40(para) chpasswd.8.xml:40(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute forcing the password. "
+"But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:45(para) newusers.8.xml:45(para) login.defs.5.xml:45(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:45(para) chpasswd.8.xml:45(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:45(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:49(para) newusers.8.xml:49(para) login.defs.5.xml:49(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:49(para) chpasswd.8.xml:49(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:49(para)
+msgid "The values must be inside the 1000-999,999,999 range."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:52(para) newusers.8.xml:52(para) login.defs.5.xml:52(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:52(para) chpasswd.8.xml:52(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:52(para)
+msgid ""
+"If only one of the <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> or "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> values is set, then this value will be "
+"used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:57(para) newusers.8.xml:57(para) login.defs.5.xml:57(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:57(para) chpasswd.8.xml:57(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:57(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> &gt; <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option>, the highest value will be used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:434(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/passwd"
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/passwd"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:436(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>passwd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:456(para) chage.1.xml:297(para)
+msgid "permission denied"
+msgstr "åtkomst nekad"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:462(para)
+msgid "invalid combination of options"
+msgstr "ogiltig kombination av flaggor"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:468(para)
+msgid "unexpected failure, nothing done"
+msgstr "oväntat fel, ingenting har genomförts"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:474(para)
+msgid "unexpected failure, <filename>passwd</filename> file missing"
+msgstr "oväntat fel, filen <filename>passwd</filename> saknas"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:480(para)
+msgid "<filename>passwd</filename> file busy, try again"
+msgstr "Filen <filename>passwd</filename> är upptagen, försök igen"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:444(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>passwd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandot <command>passwd</command> avslutas med följande värden: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:495(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:46(refentrytitle) nologin.8.xml:53(refname)
+#: nologin.8.xml:59(command)
+msgid "nologin"
+msgstr "nologin"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:54(refpurpose)
+msgid "politely refuse a login"
+msgstr "vägra snällt en inloggning"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:65(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The <command>nologin</command> command displays a message that an account is "
+"not available and exits non-zero. It is intended as a replacement shell "
+"field for accounts that have been disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>nologin</command> visar ett meddelande om att kontot inte är "
+"tillgängligt och avslutas med icke-noll-status. Det är tänkt som ett "
+"ersättande skalfält för konton som har inaktiverats."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"To disable all logins, investigate <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"För att inaktivera alla inloggningar, undersök "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:75(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <command>SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND</command> is populated it will be logged."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:93(title)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "HYSTORY"
+msgid "HISTORY"
+msgstr "HISTORIK"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:94(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "The <command>nologin</command> command appeared in BSD 4.4."
+msgid "The <command>nologin</command> command appeared in BSD 4.4."
+msgstr "Kommandot <command>nologin</command> dök upp i BSD 4.4."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:73(refentrytitle) newusers.8.xml:80(refname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:86(command) login.defs.5.xml:400(term)
+msgid "newusers"
+msgstr "newusers"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:81(refpurpose)
+msgid "update and create new users in batch"
+msgstr "uppdatera och skapa nya användare satsvis"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:91(replaceable)
+msgid "file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>newusers</command> command reads a <replaceable>file</"
+"replaceable> (or the standard input by default) and uses this information to "
+"update a set of existing users or to create new users. Each line is in the "
+"same format as the standard password file (see "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>) with the exceptions explained below:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid "pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:111(emphasis)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "group_name"
+msgid "pw_name"
+msgstr "gruppnamn"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "This is the name of the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>). In case of an existing user, "
+"the user's information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:128(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_passwd"
+msgstr "pw_passwd"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:131(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field will be encrypted and used as the new value of the encrypted "
+"password."
+msgstr ""
+"Detta fält kommer att krypteras och användas som det nya värdet för det "
+"krypterade lösenordet."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:139(emphasis)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "pw_gid"
+msgid "pw_uid"
+msgstr "pw_gid"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the UID of the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "If this field contains a number, this number will be used as the UID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:153(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>), the UID of the specified "
+"user will be used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the UID of an existing user is changed, the files ownership of the user's "
+"file should be fixed manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:167(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_gid"
+msgstr "pw_gid"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:170(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the primary group ID for the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:173(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created "
+"before by <command>newusers</command>), the GID of this group will be used "
+"as the primary group ID for the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field is a number, this number will be used as the primary group ID "
+"of the user. If no groups exist with this GID, a new group will be created "
+"with this GID, and the name of the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:185(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the "
+"user and a GID will be automatically defined by <command>newusers</command> "
+"to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new "
+"group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>), a new group will be created "
+"with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by "
+"<command>newusers</command> to be used as the primary group ID for the user "
+"and GID for the new group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:203(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_gecos"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:206(para)
+msgid "This field is copied in the GECOS field of the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:213(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_dir"
+msgstr "pw_dir"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:216(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the home directory of the user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field does not specify an existing directory, the specified "
+"directory is created, with ownership set to the user being created or "
+"updated and its primary group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the home directory of an existing user is changed, <command>newusers</"
+"command> does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new "
+"location. This should be done manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:234(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_shell"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:237(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field defines the shell of the user. No checks are performed on this "
+"field."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:245(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>newusers</command> first tries to create or change all the "
+"specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group "
+"databases. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), "
+"no changes are committed to the databases."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:251(para)
+msgid ""
+"During this first pass, users are created with a locked password (and "
+"passwords are not changed for the users which are not created). A second "
+"pass is used to update the passwords using PAM. Failures to update a "
+"password are reported, but will not stop the other password updates."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:259(para)
+msgid ""
+"This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many "
+"accounts are updated at a single time."
+msgstr ""
+"Detta kommando är tänkt att användas i större systemmiljöer där många konton "
+"uppdateras på samma gång."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:267(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The options which apply to the <command>usermod</command> command are:"
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>newusers</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>usermod</command> är:"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:284(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:112(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option>"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:286(para) chpasswd.8.xml:141(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "Use the specified method to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:287(para) chpasswd.8.xml:145(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"The available methods are DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 or SHA512 if your libc "
+"support these methods."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"System users will be created with no aging information in <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</option> counterparts for "
+"the creation of groups)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:335(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:158(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:337(para) chpasswd.8.xml:204(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:160(para)
+msgid "Use the specified number of rounds to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:340(para) chpasswd.8.xml:207(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:163(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 means that the system will choose the default number of rounds "
+"for the crypt method (5000)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:344(para) chpasswd.8.xml:211(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999 will be enforced."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:348(para) chpasswd.8.xml:215(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:171(para)
+msgid "You can only use this option with the SHA256 or SHA512 crypt method."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:352(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and "
+"SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:364(para)
+msgid ""
+"The input file must be protected since it contains unencrypted passwords."
+msgstr ""
+"Inmatningsfilen måste skyddas eftersom den innehåller okrypterade lösenord."
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:368(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should make sure the passwords and the encryption method respect the "
+"system's password policy."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:444(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/passwd"
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/newusers"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:446(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:466(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) newgrp.1.xml:65(refname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:71(command)
+msgid "newgrp"
+msgstr "newgrp"
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "log in to a new group"
+msgstr "logga in i en ny grupp"
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:72(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:74(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:78(replaceable) gpasswd.1.xml:88(replaceable)
+msgid "group"
+msgstr "grupp"
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:78(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>newgrp</command> command is used to change the current group ID "
+"during a login session. If the optional <option>-</option> flag is given, "
+"the user's environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged "
+"in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, "
+"remains unchanged."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:86(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>newgrp</command> changes the current real group ID to the named "
+"group, or to the default group listed in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> if "
+"no group name is given. <command>newgrp</command> also tries to add the "
+"group to the user groupset. If not root, the user will be prompted for a "
+"password if she does not have a password (in <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> otherwise) and the group does, or if the "
+"user is not listed as a member and the group has a password. The user will "
+"be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed "
+"as a member."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"If there is an entry for this group in <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, "
+"then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from "
+"this file, otherwise, the entry in <filename>/etc/group</filename> is "
+"considered."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:152(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) logoutd.8.xml:64(refname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:70(command)
+msgid "logoutd"
+msgstr "logoutd"
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Enforce login time restrictions"
+msgid "enforce login time restrictions"
+msgstr "Upprätthåll tidsbegränsningar för inloggningar"
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:76(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>logoutd</command> enforces the login time and port restrictions "
+"specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</filename>. <command>logoutd</command> "
+"should be started from <filename>/etc/rc</filename>. The <filename>/var/run/"
+"utmp</filename> file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked "
+"to see if the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time. "
+"Any login session which is violating the restrictions in <filename>/etc/"
+"porttime</filename> is terminated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:98(filename) login.1.xml:341(filename)
+msgid "/var/run/utmp"
+msgstr "/var/run/utmp"
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:100(para) login.1.xml:343(para)
+msgid "List of current login sessions."
+msgstr "Lista på aktuella inloggningssessioner."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:124(refentrytitle) login.defs.5.xml:131(refname)
+msgid "login.defs"
+msgstr "login.defs"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:132(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadow password suite configuration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> file defines the site-specific "
+"configuration for the shadow password suite. This file is required. Absence "
+"of this file will not prevent system operation, but will probably result in "
+"undesirable operation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:144(para)
+msgid ""
+"This file is a readable text file, each line of the file describing one "
+"configuration parameter. The lines consist of a configuration name and "
+"value, separated by whitespace. Blank lines and comment lines are ignored. "
+"Comments are introduced with a \"#\" pound sign and the pound sign must be "
+"the first non-white character of the line."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"Parameter values may be of four types: strings, booleans, numbers, and long "
+"numbers. A string is comprised of any printable characters. A boolean should "
+"be either the value <replaceable>yes</replaceable> or <replaceable>no</"
+"replaceable>. An undefined boolean parameter or one with a value other than "
+"these will be given a <replaceable>no</replaceable> value. Numbers (both "
+"regular and long) may be either decimal values, octal values (precede the "
+"value with <replaceable>0</replaceable>) or hexadecimal values (precede the "
+"value with <replaceable>0x</replaceable>). The maximum value of the regular "
+"and long numeric parameters is machine-dependent."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:167(para)
+msgid "The following configuration items are provided:"
+msgstr "Följande konfigurationsposter tillhandahålls:"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>CHFN_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chfn</command> program will "
+"require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the "
+"superuser."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>CHFN_RESTRICT</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (sträng)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"This parameter specifies which values in the <emphasis remap=\"I\">gecos</"
+"emphasis> field of the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file may be changed "
+"by regular users using the <command>chfn</command> program. It can be any "
+"combination of letters <replaceable>f</replaceable>, <replaceable>r</"
+"replaceable>, <replaceable>w</replaceable>, <replaceable>h</replaceable>, "
+"for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively. For "
+"backward compatibility, <replaceable>yes</replaceable> is equivalent to "
+"<replaceable>rwh</replaceable> and <replaceable>no</replaceable> is "
+"equivalent to <replaceable>frwh</replaceable>. If not specified, only the "
+"superuser can make any changes. The most restrictive setting is better "
+"achieved by not installing <command>chfn</command> SUID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chsh.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>CHSH_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chsh.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chsh</command> program will "
+"require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the "
+"superuser."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>ERASECHAR</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UMASK (nummer)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Terminal ERASE character (<replaceable>010</replaceable> = backspace, "
+"<replaceable>0177</replaceable> = DEL)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+#: login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value can be prefixed \"0\" for an octal value, or \"0x\" for an "
+"hexadecimal value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>FAIL_DELAY</option> (number)"
+msgstr "PASS_MIN_DAYS (nummer)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Delay in seconds before being allowed another attempt after a login failure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>FAILLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable logging and display of <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> login "
+"failure info."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>FAKE_SHELL</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (sträng)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, <command>login</command> will execute this shell instead of the "
+"users' shell specified in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>FTMP_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (sträng)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, login failures will be logged in this file in a utmp format."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>HUSHLOGIN_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (sträng)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, this file can inhibit all the usual chatter during the login "
+"sequence. If a full pathname is specified, then hushed mode will be enabled "
+"if the user's name or shell are found in the file. If not a full pathname, "
+"then hushed mode will be enabled if the file exists in the user's home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>ISSUE_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (sträng)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, this file will be displayed before each login prompt."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>KILLCHAR</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (nummer)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Terminal KILL character (<replaceable>025</replaceable> = CTRL/U)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>LASTLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging and display of /var/log/lastlog login time info."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>LOG_OK_LOGINS</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging of successful logins."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable display of unknown usernames when login failures are recorded."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: logging unknown usernames may be a security issue if an user enter her "
+"password instead of her login name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_RETRIES</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MIN (nummer)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Maximum number of login retries in case of bad password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"This will most likely be overridden by PAM, since the default pam_unix "
+"module has its own built in of 3 retries. However, this is a safe fallback "
+"in case you are using an authentication module that does not enforce "
+"PAM_MAXTRIES."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_TIMEOUT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "GID_MAX (nummer)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Max time in seconds for login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>MOTD_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (sträng)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, \":\" delimited list of \"message of the day\" files to be "
+"displayed upon login."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>NOLOGINS_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "CHFN_RESTRICT (sträng)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, name of file whose presence will inhibit non-root logins. The "
+"contents of this file should be a message indicating why logins are "
+"inhibited."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:212(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option>, <option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> and "
+"<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> are only used at the time of account "
+"creation. Any changes to these settings won't affect existing accounts."
+msgstr ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS, PASS_MIN_DAYS och PASS_WARN_AGE används endast när kontot "
+"skapas. Alla ändringar av dessa inställningar påverkar inte existerande "
+"konton."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH (boolesk)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable checking of time restrictions specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>TTYGROUP</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (sträng)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:33(term) login.1.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>TTYPERM</option> (string)"
+msgstr "USERDEL_CMD (sträng)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:35(para) login.1.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the "
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> group, and the permissions will be set to "
+"<option>TTYPERM</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:40(para) login.1.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user's primary group "
+"and the permissions are set to <replaceable>0600</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:45(para) login.1.xml:45(para)
+msgid ""
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> can be either the name of a group or a numeric "
+"group identifier."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:49(para) login.1.xml:49(para)
+msgid ""
+"If you have a <command>write</command> program which is \"setgid\" to a "
+"special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number "
+"and TTYPERM to 0620. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign "
+"TTYPERM to either 622 or 600."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>TTYTYPE_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "MAIL_DIR (sträng)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, file which maps tty line to TERM environment parameter. Each "
+"line of the file is in a format something like \"vt100 tty01\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "<option>ULIMIT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "UID_MIN (nummer)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Default <command>ulimit</command> value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:245(title)
+msgid "CROSS REFERENCES"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:246(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following cross references show which programs in the shadow password "
+"suite use which parameters."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:253(term) chage.1.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: chage.1.xml:65(refname) chage.1.xml:70(command)
+msgid "chage"
+msgstr "chage"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:255(para) login.defs.5.xml:451(phrase)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:523(phrase)
+msgid "USE_TCB"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:259(term) chfn.1.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: chfn.1.xml:67(refname) chfn.1.xml:73(command)
+msgid "chfn"
+msgstr "chfn"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CHFN_AUTH</phrase> CHFN_RESTRICT <phrase "
+"condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:269(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:64(refname) chgpasswd.8.xml:70(command)
+msgid "chgpasswd"
+msgstr "chgpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:271(para) login.defs.5.xml:302(para)
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:279(term) chpasswd.8.xml:61(refentrytitle)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:68(refname) chpasswd.8.xml:74(command)
+msgid "chpasswd"
+msgstr "chpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:282(phrase)
+msgid "ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:284(phrase)
+msgid "SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:290(term) chsh.1.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: chsh.1.xml:67(refname) chsh.1.xml:73(command)
+msgid "chsh"
+msgstr "chsh"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:292(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING"
+msgstr "CHFN_AUTH CHFN_RESTRICT"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:300(term) gpasswd.1.xml:62(refentrytitle)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:69(refname) gpasswd.1.xml:83(command)
+msgid "gpasswd"
+msgstr "gpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:310(term) groupadd.8.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:67(refname) groupadd.8.xml:73(command)
+msgid "groupadd"
+msgstr "groupadd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:312(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN"
+msgstr ""
+"GID_MAX GID_MIN PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE UID_MAX UID_MIN "
+"UMASK"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:319(term) groupdel.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:65(refname) groupdel.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "groupdel"
+msgstr "groupdel"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:321(para) login.defs.5.xml:327(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:333(para) login.defs.5.xml:340(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:346(para) login.defs.5.xml:352(para)
+msgid "MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:325(term) groupmems.8.xml:61(refentrytitle)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:68(refname) groupmems.8.xml:74(command)
+msgid "groupmems"
+msgstr "groupmems"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:331(term) groupmod.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:65(refname) groupmod.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "groupmod"
+msgstr "groupmod"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:338(term) grpck.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: grpck.8.xml:65(refname) grpck.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "grpck"
+msgstr "grpck"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:357(term) lastlog.8.xml:59(refentrytitle)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:66(refname) lastlog.8.xml:72(command)
+msgid "lastlog"
+msgstr "lastlog"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:359(para)
+msgid "LASTLOG_UID_MAX"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:363(term) login.1.xml:90(refentrytitle)
+#: login.1.xml:97(refname) login.1.xml:103(command) login.1.xml:111(command)
+#: login.1.xml:118(command)
+msgid "login"
+msgstr "login"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:365(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE</"
+"phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FAILLOG_ENAB</"
+"phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> "
+"HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LASTLOG_ENAB LASTLOG_UID_MAX</phrase> "
+"LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> "
+"LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE "
+"PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</phrase> USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:392(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "newgrp"
+msgid "newgrp / sg"
+msgstr "newgrp"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:394(para)
+msgid "SYSLOG_SG_ENAB"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:402(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB "
+"HOME_MODE PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> "
+"SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN "
+"SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+msgstr ""
+"GID_MAX GID_MIN PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE UID_MAX UID_MIN "
+"UMASK"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:421(para)
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN "
+"PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:432(para)
+msgid ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:441(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE UMASK"
+msgid ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb\">USE_TCB</"
+"phrase>"
+msgstr "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE UMASK"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:458(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ENV_PATH "
+"ENV_SUPATH <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB "
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> SULOG_FILE SU_NAME <phrase condition="
+"\"no_pam\">SU_WHEEL_ONLY</phrase> SYSLOG_SU_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">USERGROUPS_ENAB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:473(term)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "sulogin"
+msgstr "login"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:475(para)
+msgid "ENV_HZ <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:484(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN HOME_MODE LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR "
+"MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE "
+"SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN "
+"SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK "
+"<phrase condition=\"tcb\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"GID_MAX GID_MIN PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE UID_MAX UID_MIN "
+"UMASK"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:502(para)
+msgid ""
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB <phrase "
+"condition=\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:512(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE UMASK"
+msgid ""
+"LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition="
+"\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE UMASK"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:532(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"Much of the functionality that used to be provided by the shadow password "
+"suite is now handled by PAM. Thus, <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> is "
+"no longer used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, or less used by "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Please refer to the "
+"corresponding PAM configuration files instead."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:548(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:58(refentrytitle) login.access.5.xml:65(refname)
+msgid "login.access"
+msgstr "login.access"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "login access control table"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:71(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> file specifies (user, "
+"host) combinations and/or (user, tty) combinations for which a login will be "
+"either accepted or refused."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:77(para)
+msgid ""
+"When someone logs in, the <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> is "
+"scanned for the first entry that matches the (user, host) combination, or, "
+"in case of non-networked logins, the first entry that matches the (user, "
+"tty) combination. The permissions field of that table entry determines "
+"whether the login will be accepted or refused."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each line of the login access control table has three fields separated by a "
+"\":\" character:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">permission</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">users</"
+"emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">origins</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:94(para)
+msgid ""
+"The first field should be a \"<emphasis>+</emphasis>\" (access granted) or "
+"\"<emphasis>-</emphasis>\" (access denied) character. The second field "
+"should be a list of one or more login names, group names, or <emphasis>ALL</"
+"emphasis> (always matches). The third field should be a list of one or more "
+"tty names (for non-networked logins), host names, domain names (begin with "
+"\"<literal>.</literal>\"), host addresses, internet network numbers (end "
+"with \"<literal>.</literal>\"), <emphasis>ALL</emphasis> (always matches) or "
+"<emphasis>LOCAL</emphasis> (matches any string that does not contain a "
+"\"<literal>.</literal>\" character). If you run NIS you can use "
+"@netgroupname in host or user patterns."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>EXCEPT</emphasis> operator makes it possible to write very "
+"compact rules."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group file is searched only when a name does not match that of the "
+"logged-in user. Only groups are matched in which users are explicitly "
+"listed: the program does not look at a user's primary group id value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:98(refpurpose)
+msgid "begin session on the system"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:104(arg) login.1.xml:112(arg) login.1.xml:119(arg)
+#: login.1.xml:236(option) groupmems.8.xml:79(arg)
+msgid "-p"
+msgstr "-p"
+
+#: login.1.xml:105(replaceable) login.1.xml:113(replaceable)
+#: login.1.xml:120(replaceable)
+msgid "host"
+msgstr "värd"
+
+#: login.1.xml:105(arg) login.1.xml:113(arg)
+msgid "-h <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-h <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: login.1.xml:108(replaceable)
+msgid "ENV=VAR"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:114(arg) login.1.xml:214(option)
+msgid "-f"
+msgstr "-f"
+
+#: login.1.xml:120(arg)
+msgid "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: login.1.xml:126(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>login</command> program is used to establish a new session with "
+"the system. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">login:</emphasis> prompt on the user's terminal. "
+"<command>login</command> may be special to the shell and may not be invoked "
+"as a sub-process. When called from a shell, <command>login</command> should "
+"be executed as <emphasis remap=\"B\">exec login</emphasis> which will cause "
+"the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new "
+"logged in user to return to the session of the caller). Attempting to "
+"execute <command>login</command> from any shell but the login shell will "
+"produce an error message."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:140(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate. Echoing is "
+"disabled to prevent revealing the password. Only a small number of password "
+"failures are permitted before <command>login</command> exits and the "
+"communications link is severed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:147(para)
+msgid ""
+"If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for "
+"a new password before proceeding. You will be forced to provide your old "
+"password and the new password before continuing. Please refer to "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> for more information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and "
+"the presence of mail. You may turn off the printing of the system message "
+"file, <filename>/etc/motd</filename>, by creating a zero-length file "
+"<filename>.hushlogin</filename> in your login directory. The mail message "
+"will be one of \"<emphasis>You have new mail.</emphasis>\", \"<emphasis>You "
+"have mail.</emphasis>\", or \"<emphasis>No Mail.</emphasis>\" according to "
+"the condition of your mailbox."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file. The value for <envar>$HOME</envar>, "
+"<envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, <envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, and "
+"<envar>$MAIL</envar> are set according to the appropriate fields in the "
+"password entry. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to "
+"entries in the GECOS field."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"On some installations, the environmental variable <envar>$TERM</envar> will "
+"be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in "
+"<filename>/etc/ttytype</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:182(para)
+msgid ""
+"An initialization script for your command interpreter may also be executed. "
+"Please see the appropriate manual section for more information on this "
+"function."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:194(para) login.1.xml:270(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>login</command> program is NOT responsible for removing users "
+"from the utmp file. It is the responsibility of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to clean up apparent "
+"ownership of a terminal session. If you use <command>login</command> from "
+"the shell prompt without <command>exec</command>, the user you use will "
+"continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the \"subsession"
+"\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:217(para)
+msgid "Do not perform authentication, user is preauthenticated."
+msgstr "Genomför inte autentisering, användaren är förautentiserad."
+
+#: login.1.xml:220(para)
+msgid "Note: In that case, <replaceable>username</replaceable> is mandatory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:228(option)
+msgid "-h"
+msgstr "-h"
+
+#: login.1.xml:231(para)
+msgid "Name of the remote host for this login."
+msgstr "Namnet på fjärrvärden för denna inloggning."
+
+#: login.1.xml:239(para)
+msgid "Preserve environment."
+msgstr "Behåll miljö."
+
+#: login.1.xml:244(option)
+msgid "-r"
+msgstr "-r"
+
+#: login.1.xml:247(para)
+msgid "Perform autologin protocol for rlogin."
+msgstr "Genomför automatiskt inloggningsprotokoll för rlogin."
+
+#: login.1.xml:252(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> and <option>-f</option> options "
+"are only used when <command>login</command> is invoked by root."
+msgstr ""
+"Flaggorna <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> och <option>-f</option> "
+"används endast när <command>login</command> har startats av root."
+
+#: login.1.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"This version of <command>login</command> has many compilation options, only "
+"some of which may be in use at any particular site."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:266(para)
+msgid ""
+"The location of files is subject to differences in system configuration."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:282(para)
+msgid ""
+"As with any program, <command>login</command>'s appearance can be faked. If "
+"non-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use "
+"this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the "
+"machine. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a "
+"trusted path and prevent this kind of attack."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:347(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/wtmp"
+msgstr "/var/log/wtmp"
+
+#: login.1.xml:349(para)
+msgid "List of previous login sessions."
+msgstr "Lista på tidigare inloggningssessioner."
+
+#: login.1.xml:365(filename)
+msgid "/etc/motd"
+msgstr "/etc/motd"
+
+#: login.1.xml:367(para)
+msgid "System message of the day file."
+msgstr "Fil för dagens systemmeddelande."
+
+#: login.1.xml:371(filename)
+msgid "/etc/nologin"
+msgstr "/etc/nologin"
+
+#: login.1.xml:373(para)
+msgid "Prevent non-root users from logging in."
+msgstr "Förhindra icke-rootanvändare från att logga in."
+
+#: login.1.xml:377(filename)
+msgid "/etc/ttytype"
+msgstr "/etc/ttytype"
+
+#: login.1.xml:379(para)
+msgid "List of terminal types."
+msgstr "Lista på terminaltyper."
+
+#: login.1.xml:383(filename)
+msgid "$HOME/.hushlogin"
+msgstr "$HOME/.hushlogin"
+
+#: login.1.xml:385(para)
+msgid "Suppress printing of system messages."
+msgstr "Tysta ner utskrift av systemmeddelanden."
+
+#: login.1.xml:399(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:41(firstname)
+msgid "Luca"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:42(surname)
+msgid "Berra"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:59(refentrytitle) limits.5.xml:66(refname)
+msgid "limits"
+msgstr "limits"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:67(refpurpose)
+msgid "resource limits definition"
+msgstr "definition av resursbegränsningar"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:73(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis remap=\"I\">limits</emphasis> file (<filename>/etc/limits</"
+"filename> by default or LIMITS_FILE defined <filename>config.h</filename>) "
+"describes the resource limits you wish to impose. It should be owned by root "
+"and readable by root account only."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default no quota is imposed on 'root'. In fact, there is no way to impose "
+"limits via this procedure to root-equiv accounts (accounts with UID 0)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "Each line describes a limit for a user in the form:"
+msgstr "Varje rad beskriver en begränsning för användaren i formatet:"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:90(emphasis)
+msgid "user LIMITS_STRING"
+msgstr "user LIMITS_STRING"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:93(para)
+msgid "or in the form:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:96(emphasis)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "user LIMITS_STRING"
+msgid "@group LIMITS_STRING"
+msgstr "user LIMITS_STRING"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis> is a string of a concatenated list of "
+"resource limits. Each limit consists of a letter identifier followed by a "
+"numerical limit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:105(para)
+msgid "The valid identifiers are:"
+msgstr "De giltiga identifierarna är:"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:108(para)
+msgid "A: max address space (KB)"
+msgstr "A: maximal adressrymd (KB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:109(para)
+msgid "C: max core file size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:110(para)
+msgid "D: max data size (KB)"
+msgstr "D: maximal datastorlek (KB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:111(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "F: maximum filesize (KB)"
+msgid "F: maximum file size (KB)"
+msgstr "F: maximal filstorlek (KB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:112(para)
+msgid ""
+"K: file creation mask, set by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:117(para)
+msgid "I: max nice value (0..39 which translates to 20..-19)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:119(para)
+msgid "L: max number of logins for this user"
+msgstr "L: maximalt antal inloggningar för denna användare"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:120(para)
+msgid "M: max locked-in-memory address space (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:121(para)
+msgid "N: max number of open files"
+msgstr "N: maximalt antal öppna filer"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:122(para)
+msgid "O: max real time priority"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:123(para)
+msgid ""
+"P: process priority, set by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"P: processprioritet, inställd av <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:128(para)
+msgid "R: max resident set size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:129(para)
+msgid "S: max stack size (KB)"
+msgstr "S: maximal stackstorlek (KB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid "T: max CPU time (MIN)"
+msgstr "T: maximal processortid (MIN)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:131(para)
+msgid "U: max number of processes"
+msgstr "U: maximalt antal processer"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"For example, <emphasis remap=\"I\">L2D2048N5</emphasis> is a valid "
+"<emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis>. For reading convenience, the following "
+"entries are equivalent:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:140(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      username L2D2048N5\n"
+"      username L2 D2048 N5\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      username L2D2048N5\n"
+"      username L2 D2048 N5\n"
+"    "
+
+#: limits.5.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"Be aware that after <emphasis remap=\"I\">username</emphasis> the rest of "
+"the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed. An "
+"invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the "
+"<command>login</command> program."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default entry is denoted by username \"<emphasis>*</emphasis>\". If you "
+"have multiple <emphasis remap=\"I\">default</emphasis> entries in your "
+"<emphasis>LIMITS_FILE</emphasis>, then the last one will be used as the "
+"default entry."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"The limits specified in the form \"<replaceable>@group</replaceable>\" apply "
+"to the members of the specified <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:165(para)
+msgid ""
+"If more than one line with limits for a user exist, only the first line for "
+"this user will be considered."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:170(para)
+msgid ""
+"If no lines are specified for a user, the last <replaceable>@group</"
+"replaceable> line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be "
+"considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the "
+"user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:177(para)
+msgid ""
+"To completely disable limits for a user, a single dash \"<emphasis>-</"
+"emphasis>\" will do."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:182(para)
+msgid ""
+"To disable a limit for a user, a single dash \"<replaceable>-</replaceable>"
+"\" can be used instead of the numerical value for this limit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"Also, please note that all limit settings are set PER LOGIN. They are not "
+"global, nor are they permanent. Perhaps global limits will come, but for now "
+"this will have to do ;)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:199(filename)
+msgid "/etc/limits"
+msgstr "/etc/limits"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:67(refpurpose)
+msgid "reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>lastlog</command> formats and prints the contents of the last login "
+"log <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file. The <emphasis>login-name</"
+"emphasis>, <emphasis>port</emphasis>, and <emphasis>last login time</"
+"emphasis> will be printed. The default (no flags) causes lastlog entries to "
+"be printed, sorted by their order in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:93(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>lastlog</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>lastlog</command> är:"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:98(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAGAR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:102(para)
+msgid ""
+"Print only lastlog records older than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:108(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+msgid "<option>-C</option>, <option>--clear</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:112(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid ""
+"Clear lastlog record of a user. This option can be used only together with "
+"<option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>))."
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:139(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgid "<option>-S</option>, <option>--set</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:143(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set lastlog record of a user to the current time. This option can be used "
+"only together with <option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>))."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:150(term) faillog.8.xml:192(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAGAR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:154(para)
+msgid ""
+"Print the lastlog records more recent than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</"
+"emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:161(term) faillog.8.xml:202(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NYCKEL</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>VÄRDE</replaceable>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:165(para)
+msgid "Print the lastlog record of the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:168(para) faillog.8.xml:211(para)
+msgid ""
+"The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a "
+"<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable> of users. This <replaceable>RANGE</"
+"replaceable> of users can be specified with a min and max values "
+"(<replaceable>UID_MIN-UID_MAX</replaceable>), a max value (<replaceable>-"
+"UID_MAX</replaceable>), or a min value (<replaceable>UID_MIN-</replaceable>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:180(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the user has never logged in the message <emphasis>** Never logged in**</"
+"emphasis> will be displayed instead of the port and time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:185(para)
+msgid ""
+"Only the entries for the current users of the system will be displayed. "
+"Other entries may exist for users that were deleted previously."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:193(title) groups.1.xml:90(title) chsh.1.xml:140(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:237(title)
+msgid "NOTE"
+msgstr "NOTERA"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <filename>lastlog</filename> file is a database which contains info on "
+"the last login of each user. You should not rotate it. It is a sparse file, "
+"so its size on the disk is usually much smaller than the one shown by "
+"\"<command>ls -l</command>\" (which can indicate a really big file if you "
+"have in <filename>passwd</filename> users with a high UID). You can display "
+"its real size with \"<command>ls -s</command>\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:220(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/lastlog"
+msgstr "/var/log/lastlog"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "Database times of previous user logins."
+msgstr "Databastider för tidigare användarinloggningar."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:230(para)
+msgid ""
+"Large gaps in UID numbers will cause the lastlog program to run longer with "
+"no output to the screen (i.e. if in lastlog database there is no entries for "
+"users with UID between 170 and 800 lastlog will appear to hang as it "
+"processes entries with UIDs 171-799)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:41(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2005"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:46(refentrytitle) gshadow.5.xml:53(refname)
+msgid "gshadow"
+msgstr "gshadow"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:54(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadowed group file"
+msgstr "skuggad gruppfil"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:59(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> contains the shadowed information for "
+#| "group accounts. It contains lines with the following colon-separated "
+#| "fields:"
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> contains the shadowed information for "
+"group accounts."
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> innehåller skuggad gruppkontoinformation. "
+"Den innehåller rader med följande kolonseparerade fält:"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:69(para)
+msgid "Each line of this file contains the following colon-separated fields:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:75(emphasis)
+msgid "group name"
+msgstr "gruppnamn"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:77(para)
+msgid "It must be a valid group name, which exist on the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:90(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, for instance ! or *, users will not be able to use a unix "
+"password to access the group (but group members do not need the password)."
+msgstr ""
+"Referera till <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> för detaljer om hur "
+"denna sträng tolkas."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:97(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The new value of the user's password file comment field. It is normally "
+#| "modified using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utility."
+msgid ""
+"The password is used when a user who is not a member of the group wants to "
+"gain the permissions of this group (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
+msgstr ""
+"Det nya värdet för användarens kommentarsfält i lösenordsfilen. Vanligtvis "
+"ändras det med verktyget <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field may be empty, in which case only the group members can gain the "
+"group permissions."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"This password supersedes any password specified in <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:121(emphasis)
+msgid "administrators"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:123(para) gshadow.5.xml:139(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "comma-separated list of group members"
+msgid "It must be a comma-separated list of user names."
+msgstr "kommaseparerad lista med gruppmedlemmar"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:126(para)
+msgid "Administrators can change the password or the members of the group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"Administrators also have the same permissions as the members (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:137(emphasis)
+msgid "members"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:142(para)
+msgid "Members can access the group without being prompted for a password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:146(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should use the same list of users as in <filename>/etc/group</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:175(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "verify integrity of group files"
+msgstr "validera integriteten för gruppfiler"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpck</command> command verifies the integrity of the groups "
+"information. It checks that all entries in <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase> have the proper format and contain valid data. The user "
+"is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have "
+"other uncorrectable errors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:101(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "a unique group name"
+msgid "a unique and valid group name"
+msgstr "ett unikt gruppnamn"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:104(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Sort entries in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/"
+#| "shadow</filename> by UID."
+msgid ""
+"a valid group identifier <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> (<filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename> only)</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"Sorterar poster i <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> och <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename> efter UID."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:111(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "a valid list of members and administrators"
+msgid ""
+"a valid list of members <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> and administrators</"
+"phrase>"
+msgstr "en giltig lista med medlemmar och administratörer"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"a corresponding entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file "
+"(respectively <filename>/etc/group</filename> for the <filename>gshadow</"
+"filename> checks)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:125(para)
+msgid ""
+"The checks for correct number of fields and unique group name are fatal. If "
+"an entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete "
+"the entire line. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further "
+"checks are bypassed. An entry with a duplicated group name is prompted for "
+"deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made. All other errors are "
+"warnings and the user is encouraged to run the <command>groupmod</command> "
+"command to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid ""
+"The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"no_gshadow\">file</phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and "
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</phrase> are not able to alter "
+"corrupted or duplicated entries. <command>grpck</command> should be used in "
+"those circumstances to remove the offending entries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:152(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "The options which apply to the <command>pwck</command> command are:"
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>grpck</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>pwck</command> är:"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:165(para)
+msgid ""
+"Execute the <command>grpck</command> command in read-only mode. This causes "
+"all questions regarding changes to be answered <emphasis>no</emphasis> "
+"without user intervention."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:187(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Sort entries in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/"
+#| "shadow</filename> by UID."
+msgid ""
+"Sort entries in <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase> by GID."
+msgstr ""
+"Sorterar poster i <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> och <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename> efter UID."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:196(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, <command>grpck</command> operates on <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. The user may select alternate files with the <emphasis "
+"remap=\"I\">group</emphasis><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">parameter.</"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</"
+"emphasis> parameters.</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:264(para)
+msgid "one or more bad group entries"
+msgstr "en eller flera felaktiga grupposter"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:270(para)
+msgid "can't open group files"
+msgstr "kan inte öppna gruppfiler"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "can't lock group files"
+msgstr "kan inte låsa gruppfiler"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:282(para)
+msgid "can't update group files"
+msgstr "kan inte uppdatera gruppfiler"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:246(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpck</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandot <command>grpck</command> avslutas med följande värden: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:291(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>, </citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groups.1.xml:57(refentrytitle) groups.1.xml:64(refname)
+#: groups.1.xml:70(command)
+msgid "groups"
+msgstr "groups"
+
+#: groups.1.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "display current group names"
+msgstr "visa aktuella gruppnamn"
+
+#: groups.1.xml:72(replaceable)
+msgid "user"
+msgstr "användare"
+
+#: groups.1.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groups</command> command displays the current group names or ID "
+"values. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename>, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value. "
+"The optional <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis> parameter will display "
+"the groups for the named <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groups.1.xml:91(para)
+msgid ""
+"Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information "
+"from <filename>/etc/group</filename> reported. The user must use "
+"<command>newgrp</command> or <command>sg</command> to change his current "
+"real and effective group ID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groups.1.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgroups</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgroups</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "modify a group definition on the system"
+msgstr "ändra en gruppdefinition på systemet"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:75(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:75(replaceable)
+msgid "GROUP"
+msgstr "GRUPP"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmod</command> command modifies the definition of the "
+"specified <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> by modifying the appropriate "
+"entry in the group database."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupmod</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>groupmod</command> är:"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:96(term) groupadd.8.xml:114(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group ID of the given <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> will be changed "
+"to <replaceable>GID</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value of <replaceable>GID</replaceable> must be a non-negative decimal "
+"integer. This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is "
+"used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:110(para)
+msgid ""
+"Users who use the group as primary group will be updated to keep the group "
+"as their primary group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any files that have the old group ID and must continue to belong to "
+"<replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>, must have their group ID changed manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>GID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>, or "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:135(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--new-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--new-name</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NY_GRUPP</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the group will be changed from <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> "
+"to <replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable> name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:150(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"When used with the <option>-g</option> option, allow to change the group "
+"<replaceable>GID</replaceable> to a non-unique value."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:259(para)
+msgid "E_SUCCESS: success"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:265(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "invalid command syntax"
+msgid "E_USAGE: invalid command syntax"
+msgstr "ogiltig kommandosyntax"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:271(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "invalid argument to option"
+msgid "E_BAD_ARG: invalid argument to option"
+msgstr "ogiltigt argument till flagga"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:277(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgid "E_GID_IN_USE: specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "angiven grupp finns inte"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:283(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgid "E_NOTFOUND: specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "angiven grupp finns inte"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:289(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "group name already in use"
+msgid "E_NAME_IN_USE: group name already in use"
+msgstr "gruppnamnet används redan"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:295(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "can't update group file"
+msgid "E_GRP_UPDATE: can't update group file"
+msgstr "kan inte uppdatera gruppfilen"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:299(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "1"
+msgid "11"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:301(para)
+msgid "E_CLEANUP_SERVICE: can't setup cleanup service"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:307(para)
+msgid "E_PAM_USERNAME: can't determine your username for use with pam"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:311(replaceable)
+msgid "13"
+msgstr "13"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"E_PAM_ERROR: pam returned an error, see syslog facility id groupmod for the "
+"PAM error message"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmod</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandot <command>groupmod</command> avslutas med följande värden: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:322(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:42(firstname)
+msgid "George"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:43(surname)
+msgid "Kraft"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:44(lineage)
+msgid "IV"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:45(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "administer members of a user's primary group"
+msgstr "administrera medlemmar av en användares primära grupp"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:76(replaceable) groupmems.8.xml:77(replaceable)
+msgid "user_name"
+msgstr "användarnamn"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:76(arg)
+msgid "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:77(arg)
+msgid "-d <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-d <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:78(replaceable)
+msgid "group_name"
+msgstr "gruppnamn"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:78(arg)
+msgid "-g <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-g <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:79(arg)
+msgid "-l"
+msgstr "-l"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:86(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmems</command> command allows a user to administer their "
+"own group membership list without the requirement of superuser privileges. "
+"The <command>groupmems</command> utility is for systems that configure its "
+"users to be in their own name sake primary group (i.e., guest / guest)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:94(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Only the superuser, as administrator, can use <command>groupmems</command> "
+"to alter the memberships of other groups."
+msgstr ""
+"Endast superanvändaren, som administratör, kan använda <command>groupmems</"
+"command> för att göra ändringar i medlemskap för andra grupper."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>groupmems</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>groupmems</command> är:"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:107(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:109(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Add a new user to the group membership list."
+msgid "Add a user to the group membership list."
+msgstr "Lägg till en ny användare till gruppens medlemslista."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:110(para) groupmems.8.xml:126(para)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, and the group has no "
+"entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file, a new entry will be "
+"created."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:118(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAGAR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "Delete a user from the group membership list."
+msgstr "Ta bort en användare från gruppen medlemslista."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, the user will be "
+"removed from the list of members and administrators of the group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:134(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>group_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:136(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "The superuser can specify which group membership list to modify."
+msgstr "Superanvändaren kan ange vilken grupps medlemslista som ska ändras."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:148(term) chage.1.xml:160(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid "List the group membership list."
+msgstr "Lista gruppens medlemslista."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:154(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--purge</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid "Purge all users from the group membership list."
+msgstr "Rensa alla användare från gruppens medlemslista."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:180(title)
+msgid "SETUP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmems</command> executable should be in mode <literal>2710</"
+"literal> as user <emphasis>root</emphasis> and in group <emphasis>groups</"
+"emphasis>. The system administrator can add users to group <emphasis>groups</"
+"emphasis> to allow or disallow them using the <command>groupmems</command> "
+"utility to manage their own group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:190(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"\t$ groupadd -r groups\n"
+"\t$ chmod 2710 groupmems\n"
+"\t$ chown root.groups groupmems\n"
+"\t$ groupmems -g groups -a gk4\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"\t$ groupadd -r groups\n"
+"\t$ chmod 2710 groupmems\n"
+"\t$ chown root.groups groupmems\n"
+"\t$ groupmems -g groups -a gk4\n"
+"    "
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "secure group account information"
+msgstr "säker gruppkontoinformation"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:230(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "delete a group"
+msgstr "ta bort en grupp"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:81(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupdel</command> command modifies the system account files, "
+"deleting all entries that refer to <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>. The "
+"named group must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandot <command>userdel</command> ändrar i systemkontofilerna, tar bort "
+"alla poster som refererar till <emphasis remap=\"I\">login_name</emphasis>. "
+"Den angivna användaren måste finnas."
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:89(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The options which apply to the <command>groupmod</command> command are:"
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupdel</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>groupmod</command> är:"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not remove the primary group of any existing user. You must remove "
+"the user before you remove the group."
+msgstr ""
+"Du får inte ta bort den primära gruppen för någon existerande användare. Du "
+"måste ta bort användaren innan du tar bort gruppen."
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain "
+"owned by this group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:200(para)
+msgid "can't remove user's primary group"
+msgstr "kan inte ta bort användarens primära grupp"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupdel</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandot <command>groupdel</command> avslutas med följande värden: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:215(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "create a new group"
+msgstr "skapa en ny grupp"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupadd</command> command creates a new group account using "
+"the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the "
+"system. The new group will be entered into the system files as needed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupadd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>groupadd</command> är:"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option causes the command to simply exit with success status if the "
+"specified group already exists. When used with <option>-g</option>, and the "
+"specified GID already exists, another (unique) GID is chosen (i.e. <option>-"
+"g</option> is turned off)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numerical value of the group's ID. This value must be unique, unless the "
+"<option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. The "
+"default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to "
+"<option>GID_MIN</option> and greater than every other group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:124(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"See also the <option>-r</option> option and the <option>GID_MAX</option> "
+"description."
+msgstr ""
+"Flaggorna <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> och <option>-f</option> "
+"används endast när <command>login</command> har startats av root."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (GID_MIN, GID_MAX "
+"and others). Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified."
+msgstr ""
+"Åsidosätter standardvärden i <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> (GID_MIN, "
+"GID_MAX och andra). Flera flaggor av <option>-K</option> kan anges."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:146(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Example: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option> -K </"
+#| "option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"Example: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"Exempel: <option>-Koption>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>GID_MAX</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> doesn't work yet."
+msgstr ""
+"Notera: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>GID_MAX</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> fungerar ännu inte."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:161(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "This option permits to add a group with a non-unique GID."
+msgstr "Denna flagga tillåter att en grupp med ett icke-unikt GID läggs till."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:192(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "create a new group"
+msgid "Create a system group."
+msgstr "skapa en ny grupp"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numeric identifiers of new system groups are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>GID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:275(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Usernames must begin with a lower case letter or an underscore, and only "
+#| "lower case letters, underscores, dashes, and dollar signs may follow. In "
+#| "regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]"
+msgid ""
+"Groupnames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by "
+"lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a "
+"dollar sign. In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+msgstr ""
+"Användarnamn måste börja med en gemen bokstav eller ett understreck och får "
+"endast innehålla gemener, understreck, minustecken och på slutet ett dollar-"
+"tecken. I reguljära uttryckstermer: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:281(para)
+msgid "Groupnames may only be up to &GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH; characters long."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:284(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"You may not add a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the "
+"corresponding server."
+msgstr ""
+"Du får inte lägga till en användare till en NIS-grupp. Detta måste "
+"genomföras på NIS-servern."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the groupname already exists in an external group database such as NIS or "
+"LDAP, <command>groupadd</command> will deny the group creation request."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:321(para)
+msgid "GID not unique (when <option>-o</option> not used)"
+msgstr "GID inte unikt (när <option>-o</option> inte används)"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:327(para)
+msgid "group name not unique"
+msgstr "gruppnamn inte unikt"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:297(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupadd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandot <command>groupadd</command> avslutas med följande värden: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:342(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:44(firstname)
+msgid "Rafal"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:45(surname)
+msgid "Maszkowski"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:71(phrase)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+msgid "administer <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:74(phrase)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "administer <placeholder-1/> and <placeholder-2/>"
+msgstr "-K <placeholder-1/>=<placeholder-2/>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:85(replaceable) expiry.1.xml:76(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "option"
+msgstr "flaggor"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:95(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>gpasswd</command> command is used to administer <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. Every group can have <phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">administrators,</phrase> members and a password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"System administrators can use the <option>-A</option> option to define group "
+"administrator(s) and the <option>-M</option> option to define members. They "
+"have all rights of group administrators and members."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>gpasswd</command> called by <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">a group "
+"administrator</phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">a system "
+"administrator</phrase> with a group name only prompts for the new password "
+"of the <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:115(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If a password is set the members can still use "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> without a password, and non-members must supply the password."
+msgstr ""
+"Referera till <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> för detaljer om hur "
+"denna sträng tolkas."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:123(title)
+msgid "Notes about group passwords"
+msgstr "Noteringar angående grupplösenord"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:124(para)
+msgid ""
+"Group passwords are an inherent security problem since more than one person "
+"is permitted to know the password. However, groups are a useful tool for "
+"permitting co-operation between different users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:135(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Except for the <option>-A</option> and <option>-M</option> options, the "
+"options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+"Flaggorna <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> och <option>-f</option> "
+"används endast när <command>login</command> har startats av root."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:142(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>gpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>passwd</command> är:"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:147(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:151(para)
+msgid ""
+"Add the <replaceable>user</replaceable> to the named <replaceable>group</"
+"replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:160(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAGAR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:164(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remove the <replaceable>user</replaceable> from the named "
+"<replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:181(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-Q</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HEM_KAT</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:195(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove-password</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:199(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remove the password from the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>. The "
+"group password will be empty. Only group members will be allowed to use "
+"<command>newgrp</command> to join the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:211(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgid "<option>-R</option>, <option>--restrict</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"Restrict the access to the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>. The group "
+"password is set to \"!\". Only group members with a password will be allowed "
+"to use <command>newgrp</command> to join the named <replaceable>group</"
+"replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:227(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-A</option>, <option>--administrators</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>user</replaceable>,..."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAGAR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:231(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Set the list of administrative users."
+msgstr "kommaseparerad lista med gruppadministratörer"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:239(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--members</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>,..."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAGAR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:243(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid "Set the list of group members."
+msgstr "kommaseparerad lista med gruppmedlemmar"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"This tool only operates on the <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"gshadow\"> and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files.</"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">file.</phrase> Thus you cannot "
+"change any NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the corresponding "
+"server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:298(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry><phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) faillog.8.xml:64(refname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:70(command) faillog.5.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: faillog.5.xml:64(refname) faillog.5.xml:111(refentrytitle)
+msgid "faillog"
+msgstr "faillog"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "display faillog records or set login failure limits"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>faillog</command> displays the contents of the failure log database "
+"(<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>). It can also set the failure "
+"counters and limits. When <command>faillog</command> is run without "
+"arguments, it only displays the faillog records of the users who had a login "
+"failure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>faillog</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>faillog</command> är:"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display (or act on) faillog records for all users having an entry in the "
+"<filename>faillog</filename> database."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:102(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid ""
+"The range of users can be restricted with the <option>-u</option> option."
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"In display mode, this is still restricted to existing users but forces the "
+"display of the faillog entries even if they are empty."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"With the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, <option>-r</option>, "
+"<option>-t</option> options, the users' records are changed, even if the "
+"user does not exist on the system. This is useful to reset records of users "
+"that have been deleted or to set a policy in advance for a range of users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:128(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEC</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-secs</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEC</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEK</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:132(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Lock account to <replaceable>SEC</replaceable> seconds after failed login."
+msgid ""
+"Lock account for <replaceable>SEC</replaceable> seconds after failed login."
+msgstr ""
+"Lås kontot <replaceable>SEK</replaceable> sekunder efter misslyckad "
+"inloggning."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:136(para) faillog.8.xml:161(para) faillog.8.xml:173(para)
+msgid ""
+"Write access to <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> is required for this "
+"option."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:143(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--maximum</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--maximum</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:147(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid. After "
+#| "<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable>, the password is required to be "
+#| "changed."
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of login failures after the account is disabled to "
+"<replaceable>MAX</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"Sätter maximalt antal dagar som ett lösenord ska vara giltigt. Efter "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAGAR</replaceable> krävs det att lösenordet ändras."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:151(para)
+msgid ""
+"Selecting a <replaceable>MAX</replaceable> value of 0 has the effect of not "
+"placing a limit on the number of failed logins."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum failure count should always be 0 for <emphasis>root</emphasis> "
+"to prevent a denial of services attack against the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:168(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:170(para)
+msgid "Reset the counters of login failures."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display faillog records more recent than <replaceable>DAYS</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:206(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display faillog record or maintains failure counters and limits (if used "
+"with <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option> or <option>-r</option> "
+"options) only for the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:224(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> and <option>-f</option> "
+#| "options are only used when <command>login</command> is invoked by root."
+msgid ""
+"When none of the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-r</"
+"option> options are used, <command>faillog</command> displays the faillog "
+"record of the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+"Flaggorna <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> och <option>-f</option> "
+"används endast när <command>login</command> har startats av root."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:233(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>faillog</command> only prints out users with no successful login "
+"since the last failure. To print out a user who has had a successful login "
+"since their last failure, you must explicitly request the user with the "
+"<option>-u</option> flag, or print out all users with the <option>-a</"
+"option> flag."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:246(filename) faillog.5.xml:99(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/faillog"
+msgstr "/var/log/faillog"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:248(para) faillog.5.xml:101(para)
+msgid "Failure logging file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:256(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>faillog</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>faillog</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "login failure logging file"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> maintains a count of login failures "
+"and the limits for each account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:74(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file contains fixed length records, indexed by numerical UID. Each "
+"record contains the count of login failures since the last successful login; "
+"the maximum number of failures before the account is disabled; the line on "
+"which the last login failure occurred; the date of the last login failure; "
+"and the duration (in seconds) during which the account will be locked after "
+"a failure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "The structure of the file is:"
+msgstr "Strukturen för filen är:"
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:85(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"struct\tfaillog {\n"
+"\tshort   fail_cnt;\n"
+"\tshort   fail_max;\n"
+"\tchar    fail_line[12];\n"
+"\ttime_t  fail_time;\n"
+"\tlong    fail_locktime;\n"
+"};"
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"struct\tfaillog {\n"
+"\tshort   fail_cnt;\n"
+"\tshort   fail_max;\n"
+"\tchar    fail_line[12];\n"
+"\ttime_t  fail_time;\n"
+"\tlong    fail_locktime;\n"
+"};"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:45(contrib) chsh.1.xml:44(contrib) chfn.1.xml:44(contrib)
+#: chage.1.xml:42(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1990"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:61(refentrytitle) expiry.1.xml:68(refname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:74(command)
+msgid "expiry"
+msgstr "expiry"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "check and enforce password expiration policy"
+msgstr "kontrollera och upprätthåll policy för lösenordsutgång"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:83(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>expiry</command> command checks (<option>-c</option>) the "
+"current password expiration and forces (<option>-f</option>) changes when "
+"required. It is callable as a normal user command."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:92(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "The options which apply to the <command>pwck</command> command are:"
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>expiry</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>pwck</command> är:"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:97(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--check</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:99(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "check and enforce password expiration policy"
+msgid "Check the password expiration of the current user."
+msgstr "kontrollera och upprätthåll policy för lösenordsutgång"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:105(para)
+msgid "Force a password change if the current user has an expired password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:140(para) chage.1.xml:318(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "change login shell"
+msgstr "ändra inloggningsskal"
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chsh</command> command changes the user login shell. This "
+"determines the name of the user's initial login command. A normal user may "
+"only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change "
+"the login shell for any account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:96(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chsh</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>chsh</command> är:"
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <option>-s</option> option is not selected, <command>chsh</command> "
+"operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current "
+"login shell. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line "
+"blank to use the current one. The current shell is displayed between a pair "
+"of <emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must "
+"be listed in <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, unless the invoker is the "
+"superuser, and then any value may be added. An account with a restricted "
+"login shell may not change her login shell. For this reason, placing "
+"<filename>/bin/rsh</filename> in <filename>/etc/shells</filename> is "
+"discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent "
+"the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:176(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shells"
+msgstr "/etc/shells"
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:178(para)
+msgid "List of valid login shells."
+msgstr "Lista på giltiga inloggningsskal."
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:192(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "update passwords in batch mode"
+msgstr "uppdatera lösenord i satsläge"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:83(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chpasswd</command> command reads a list of user name and "
+"password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a "
+"group of existing users. Each line is of the format:"
+msgstr ""
+"<command>chgpasswd</command> läser en lista på gruppnamn och lösenordspar "
+"från standard in och använder denna information för att uppdatera en "
+"uppsättning redan existerande grupper. Varje rad är i formatet:"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:88(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">user_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">användarnamn</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">lösenord</emphasis>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:92(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"By default the passwords must be supplied in clear-text, and are encrypted "
+"by <command>chpasswd</command>. Also the password age will be updated, if "
+"present."
+msgstr ""
+"Som standard måste det insända lösenordet vara i klartext. "
+"Standardkrypteringsalgoritmen är DES."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:97(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variables "
+"of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, and can be overwritten with the "
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:105(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, passwords are encrypted by PAM, but (even if not recommended) "
+"you can select a different encryption method with the <option>-e</option>, "
+"<option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"pam\">Except when PAM is used to encrypt the passwords,</"
+"phrase><command>chpasswd</command> first updates all the passwords in "
+"memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no errors occurred for "
+"any user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"When PAM is used to encrypt the passwords (and update the passwords in the "
+"system database) then if a password cannot be updated <command>chpasswd</"
+"command> continues updating the passwords of the next users, and will return "
+"an error code on exit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:123(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many "
+"accounts are created at a single time."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:131(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>chpasswd</command> är:"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:137(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>COMMENT</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>METHOD</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KOMMENTAR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:142(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:115(para)
+msgid "The available methods are DES, MD5, and NONE."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "By default, PAM is used to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default (if none of the <option>-c</option>, <option>-m</option>, or "
+"<option>-e</option> options are specified), the encryption method is defined "
+"by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> "
+"variables of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:163(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:125(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:165(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "Supplied passwords are in encrypted form."
+msgstr "Insända lösenord är i ett krypterat format."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:179(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--md5</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--md5</option>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:181(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"Use MD5 encryption instead of DES when the supplied passwords are not "
+"encrypted."
+msgstr ""
+"Använd MD5-kryptering istället för DES när insända lösenord inte är "
+"krypterade."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:200(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROUNDS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>VARN_DAGAR</replaceable>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the number of rounds is defined by the "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> and <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option> variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:232(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remember to set permissions or umask to prevent readability of unencrypted "
+"files by other users."
+msgstr ""
+"Kom ihåg att ställa in rättigheter eller umask för att förhindra läsning av "
+"okrypterade filer för andra användare."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:276(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/passwd"
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/chpasswd"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:278(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>chpasswd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:286(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:47(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2006"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "update group passwords in batch mode"
+msgstr "uppdatera grupplösenord i satsläge"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:79(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chgpasswd</command> command reads a list of group name and "
+"password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a set "
+"of existing groups. Each line is of the format:"
+msgstr ""
+"<command>chgpasswd</command> läser en lista på gruppnamn och lösenordspar "
+"från standard in och använder denna information för att uppdatera en "
+"uppsättning redan existerande grupper. Varje rad är i formatet:"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">group_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">gruppnamn</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">lösenord</"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:88(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"By default the supplied password must be in clear-text, and is encrypted by "
+"<command>chgpasswd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"Som standard måste det insända lösenordet vara i klartext. "
+"Standardkrypteringsalgoritmen är DES."
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:92(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable of <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>, and can be overwritten with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</"
+"option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>chgpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>chgpasswd</command> är:"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:238(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "change real user name and information"
+msgstr "ändra verkligt användarnamn och information"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chfn</command> command changes user fullname, office room "
+"number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user's "
+"account. This information is typically printed by "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> and similar programs. A normal user may only change the fields "
+"for her own account, subject to the restrictions in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>. (The default configuration is to prevent users from "
+"changing their fullname.) The superuser may change any field for any "
+"account. Additionally, only the superuser may use the <option>-o</option> "
+"option to change the undefined portions of the GECOS field."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"These fields must not contain any colons. Except for the <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">other</emphasis> field, they should not contain any comma or equal sign. "
+"It is also recommended to avoid non-US-ASCII characters, but this is only "
+"enforced for the phone numbers. The <emphasis remap=\"I\">other</emphasis> "
+"field is used to store accounting information used by other applications."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:112(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chsh</command> command are:"
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chfn</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>chsh</command> är:"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:117(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--full-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>FULL_NAME</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>INLOGGNINGSNAMN</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:121(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Changing the default values"
+msgid "Change the user's full name."
+msgstr "Ändrar standardvärden"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:125(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-h</option>, <option>--home-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HOME_PHONE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HEM_KAT</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:129(para)
+msgid "Change the user's home phone number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:133(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-o</option>, <option>--other</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>OTHER</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HEM_KAT</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"Change the user's other GECOS information. This field is used to store "
+"accounting information used by other applications, and can be changed only "
+"by a superuser."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:145(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--room</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROOM_NUMBER</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HEM_KAT</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:149(para)
+msgid "Change the user's room number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:165(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:173(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+#| "replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--work-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WORK_PHONE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HEM_KAT</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:177(para)
+msgid "Change the user's office phone number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"If none of the options are selected, <command>chfn</command> operates in an "
+"interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of "
+"the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank "
+"to use the current value. The current value is displayed between a pair of "
+"<emphasis remap=\"B\">[ ]</emphasis> marks. Without options, <command>chfn</"
+"command> prompts for the current user account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:226(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user password expiry information"
+msgstr "ändra åldringsinformation för användarlösenord"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command changes the number of days between "
+"password changes and the date of the last password change. This information "
+"is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:92(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chage</command> command are:"
+msgstr "Flaggorna som gäller för kommandot <command>chage</command> är:"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:97(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--lastday</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LAST_DAY</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--lastday</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SISTA_DAG</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days since January 1st, 1970 when the password was last "
+"changed. The date may also be expressed in the format YYYY-MM-DD (or the "
+"format more commonly used in your area)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:109(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-E</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-E</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UTGÅNGSDATUM</replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the date or number of days since January 1, 1970 on which the user's "
+"account will no longer be accessible. The date may also be expressed in the "
+"format YYYY-MM-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area). A user "
+"whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being "
+"able to use the system again."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as the "
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> will remove an account expiration "
+"date."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:135(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+msgid "<option>-i</option>, <option>--iso8601</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:137(para)
+msgid "When printing dates, use YYYY-MM-DD format."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:141(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-I</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-I</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INAKTIV</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the "
+"account is locked. The <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> option is the "
+"number of days of inactivity. A user whose account is locked must contact "
+"the system administrator before being able to use the system again."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as the "
+"<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> will remove an account's inactivity."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:164(para)
+msgid "Show account aging information."
+msgstr "Visa kontots åldringsinformation"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:170(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAGAR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:182(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAGAR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:186(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid. When "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> plus <replaceable>LAST_DAY</replaceable> "
+"is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their "
+"password before being able to use their account. This occurrence can be "
+"planned for in advance by use of the <option>-W</option> option, which "
+"provides the user with advance warning."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:215(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>VARN_DAGAR</replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The "
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the number of days prior to "
+"the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to "
+"expire."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:228(para)
+msgid ""
+"If none of the options are selected, <command>chage</command> operates in an "
+"interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of "
+"the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank "
+"to use the current value. The current value is displayed between a pair of "
+"<emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> program requires a shadow password file to be "
+"available."
+msgstr ""
+"Programmet <command>chage</command> kräver att en skugglösenordsfil finns "
+"tillgänglig."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:242(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command is restricted to the root user, except "
+"for the <option>-l</option> option, which may be used by an unprivileged "
+"user to determine when their password or account is due to expire."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:307(replaceable)
+msgid "15"
+msgstr "15"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:309(para)
+msgid "can't find the shadow password file"
+msgstr "kan inte hitta skugglösenordsfilen"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:285(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"Kommandot <command>chage</command> avslutas med följande värden: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#. Put one translator per line, in the form of NAME <EMAIL>, YEAR1, YEAR2
+#: chage.1.xml:0(None)
+msgid "translator-credits"
+msgstr "Daniel Nylander <po@danielnylander.se>, 2006."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "You can use the <option>--</option> argument to separate <command>su</"
+#~ "command> options from the arguments supplied to the shell."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Du kan använda argumentet <option>--</option> för att separera flaggorna "
+#~ "till <command>su</command> från de argument som skickas till skalet."
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~| msgid "-"
+#~ msgid "-M"
+#~ msgstr "-"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "can't create mail spool"
+#~ msgstr "kan inte skapa postkö"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "-q"
+#~ msgstr "-q"
+
+#~ msgid "-s"
+#~ msgstr "-s"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~| msgid ""
+#~| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#~| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+#~ "\"no_pam\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+#~ "phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "new_users"
+#~ msgstr "nya_användare"
+
+#~ msgid "full_name"
+#~ msgstr "fullständigt_namn"
+
+#~ msgid "-f <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-f <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#~ msgid "room_no"
+#~ msgstr "rumsnummer"
+
+#~ msgid "work_ph"
+#~ msgstr "arbetstelefon"
+
+#~ msgid "-w <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-w <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#~ msgid "home_ph"
+#~ msgstr "hemtelefon"
+
+#~ msgid "other"
+#~ msgstr "övrigt"
+
+#~ msgid "-o <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-o <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~| msgid ""
+#~| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~| "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</"
+#~| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+#~ "condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Note: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+#~ "replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>UID_MAX</"
+#~ "replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> doesn't work yet."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Notera: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+#~ "replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>UID_MAX</"
+#~ "replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> fungerar ännu inte."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE"
+#~ msgstr "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~| msgid "Supplied passwords are in encrypted form."
+#~ msgid "The supplied passwords must be in clear-text."
+#~ msgstr "Insända lösenord är i ett krypterat format."
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~ msgid "and <placeholder-1/> files"
+#~ msgstr "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#~ msgid "encrypted password file"
+#~ msgstr "krypterad lösenordsfil"
+
+#~ msgid "comma-separated list of group administrators"
+#~ msgstr "kommaseparerad lista med gruppadministratörer"
+
+#~ msgid "days since Jan 1, 1970 that password was last changed"
+#~ msgstr "dagar sedan 1:a januari, 1970 som lösenordet senast ändrades"
+
+#~ msgid "days after which password must be changed"
+#~ msgstr "dagar efter vilket lösenordet måste ändras"
+
+#~ msgid "days before password is to expire that user is warned"
+#~ msgstr "dagar innan lösenordet går ut som användaren varnas"
+
+#~ msgid "days after password expires that account is disabled"
+#~ msgstr "dagar efter att lösenordet gått ut och kontot inaktiveras"
+
+#~ msgid "days since Jan 1, 1970 that account is disabled"
+#~ msgstr "dagar sedan 1:a januari 1970 som kontot är inaktiverat"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+#~ "citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "-a"
+#~ msgstr "-a"
+
+#~ msgid "-d"
+#~ msgstr "-d"
+
+#~ msgid "-g"
+#~ msgstr "-g"
+
+#~ msgid "GID"
+#~ msgstr "GID"
+
+#~ msgid "-o"
+#~ msgstr "-o"
+
+#~ msgid "KEY"
+#~ msgstr "NYCKEL"
+
+#~ msgid "VALUE"
+#~ msgstr "VÄRDE"
+
+#~ msgid "-K <placeholder-1/>=<placeholder-2/>"
+#~ msgstr "-K <placeholder-1/>=<placeholder-2/>"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~ msgid "-R"
+#~ msgstr "-"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~ msgid "<option>-A</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</replaceable>,..."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+#~ "replaceable>"
+
+#, fuzzy
+#~ msgid "<option>-M</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</replaceable>,..."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+#~ "replaceable>"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Your password must be easily remembered so that you will not be forced to "
+#~ "write it on a piece of paper. This can be accomplished by appending two "
+#~ "small words together and separating each with a special character or "
+#~ "digit. For example, Pass%word."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Ditt lösenord måste vara lätt att komma ihåg så att du inte behöver "
+#~ "skriva ner det på en papperslapp. Detta kan göras genom att lägga till "
+#~ "två små ord tillsammans och separera dem med ett specialtecken eller "
+#~ "siffra. Till exempel, Pass%word."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Other methods of construction involve selecting an easily remembered "
+#~ "phrase from literature and selecting the first or last letter from each "
+#~ "word. An example of this is:"
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Andra metoder för att konstruera lösenord är att välja en literär fras "
+#~ "som är lätt att komma ihåg och välja den första eller sista bokstaven "
+#~ "från varje ord. Ett exempel på detta är:"
+
+#~ msgid "Ask not for whom the bell tolls"
+#~ msgstr "Fråga inte för vem klockorna ringer klockan 3"
+
+#~ msgid "which produces"
+#~ msgstr "som blir"
+
+#~ msgid "An4wtbt"
+#~ msgstr "Fifvkrk3"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "You may be reasonably sure few crackers will have included this in their "
+#~ "dictionaries. You should, however, select your own methods for "
+#~ "constructing passwords and not rely exclusively on the methods given here."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Du kan vara hyffsat säker på att få hackare har inkluderat detta i sina "
+#~ "ordböcker. Du bör dock välja dina egna metoder för att konstruera "
+#~ "lösenord och inte enbart förlita dig på de metoder som anges här."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The <option>-t</option> flag overrides the use of <option>-u</option>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "Flaggan <option>-t</option> åsidosätter användningen av <option>-u</"
+#~ "option>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "MAIL_DIR USERDEL_CMD"
+#~ msgstr "MAIL_DIR USERDEL_CMD"
+
+#~ msgid "MAIL_DIR"
+#~ msgstr "MAIL_DIR"
+
+#~ msgid "CHFN_AUTH"
+#~ msgstr "CHFN_AUTH"
+
+#~ msgid "GID_MAX GID_MIN"
+#~ msgstr "GID_MAX GID_MIN"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "-R <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-R <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#~ msgid "user,"
+#~ msgstr "användare,"
+
+#~ msgid "-A <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-A <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#~ msgid "-M <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-M <placeholder-1/>"
diff --git a/man/po/zh_CN.po b/man/po/zh_CN.po
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2537807
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/po/zh_CN.po
@@ -0,0 +1,9679 @@
+#
+# YunQiang Su <wzssyqa@gmail.com>, 2010, 2011, 2012.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: shadow-man-pages VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-01-23 15:00-0600\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-08-23 01:42+0200\n"
+"Last-Translator: YunQiang Su <wzssyqa@gmail.com>\n"
+"Language-Team: Chinese (simplified) <i18n-zh@googlegroups.com>\n"
+"Language: zh_CN\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bits\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:41(firstname) suauth.5.xml:39(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:45(firstname) login.access.5.xml:40(firstname)
+msgid "Marek"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:42(surname) suauth.5.xml:40(surname) pwconv.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:41(surname)
+msgid "Michałkiewicz"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:43(contrib) limits.5.xml:43(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1997"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:46(firstname) usermod.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:50(firstname) useradd.8.xml:63(firstname)
+#: suauth.5.xml:44(firstname) su.1.xml:61(firstname) sg.1.xml:45(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:44(firstname) shadow.3.xml:44(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:50(firstname) pwck.8.xml:50(firstname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:44(firstname) passwd.5.xml:44(firstname)
+#: passwd.1.xml:51(firstname) newusers.8.xml:60(firstname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:45(firstname) logoutd.8.xml:44(firstname)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:111(firstname) login.access.5.xml:45(firstname)
+#: login.1.xml:77(firstname) limits.5.xml:46(firstname)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:46(firstname) grpck.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groups.1.xml:44(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:48(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:47(firstname) gpasswd.1.xml:49(firstname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:44(firstname) faillog.5.xml:44(firstname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:48(firstname) chsh.1.xml:47(firstname)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:48(firstname) chgpasswd.8.xml:44(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:47(firstname) chage.1.xml:45(firstname)
+msgid "Thomas"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:47(surname) usermod.8.xml:52(surname) userdel.8.xml:51(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:64(surname) suauth.5.xml:45(surname) su.1.xml:62(surname)
+#: sg.1.xml:46(surname) shadow.5.xml:45(surname) shadow.3.xml:45(surname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:51(surname) pwck.8.xml:51(surname) porttime.5.xml:45(surname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:45(surname) passwd.1.xml:52(surname) newusers.8.xml:61(surname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:46(surname) logoutd.8.xml:45(surname)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:112(surname) login.access.5.xml:46(surname)
+#: login.1.xml:78(surname) limits.5.xml:47(surname) lastlog.8.xml:47(surname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:46(surname) groups.1.xml:45(surname) groupmod.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:49(surname) groupdel.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:48(surname) gpasswd.1.xml:50(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:45(surname) faillog.5.xml:45(surname) expiry.1.xml:49(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:48(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:49(surname)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:45(surname) chfn.1.xml:48(surname) chage.1.xml:46(surname)
+msgid "Kłoczko"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:48(email) usermod.8.xml:53(email) userdel.8.xml:52(email)
+#: useradd.8.xml:65(email) suauth.5.xml:46(email) su.1.xml:63(email)
+#: sg.1.xml:47(email) shadow.5.xml:46(email) shadow.3.xml:46(email)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:52(email) pwck.8.xml:52(email) porttime.5.xml:46(email)
+#: passwd.5.xml:46(email) passwd.1.xml:53(email) newusers.8.xml:62(email)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:47(email) logoutd.8.xml:46(email) login.defs.5.xml:113(email)
+#: login.access.5.xml:47(email) login.1.xml:79(email) limits.5.xml:48(email)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:48(email) grpck.8.xml:47(email) groups.1.xml:46(email)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:47(email) groupmems.8.xml:50(email) groupdel.8.xml:47(email)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:49(email) gpasswd.1.xml:51(email) faillog.8.xml:46(email)
+#: faillog.5.xml:46(email) expiry.1.xml:50(email) chsh.1.xml:49(email)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:50(email) chgpasswd.8.xml:46(email) chfn.1.xml:49(email)
+#: chage.1.xml:47(email)
+msgid "kloczek@pld.org.pl"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:49(contrib) usermod.8.xml:54(contrib) userdel.8.xml:53(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:66(contrib) suauth.5.xml:47(contrib) su.1.xml:64(contrib)
+#: sg.1.xml:48(contrib) shadow.5.xml:47(contrib) shadow.3.xml:47(contrib)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:53(contrib) pwck.8.xml:53(contrib) porttime.5.xml:47(contrib)
+#: passwd.5.xml:47(contrib) passwd.1.xml:54(contrib) newusers.8.xml:63(contrib)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:48(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:114(contrib) login.access.5.xml:48(contrib)
+#: login.1.xml:80(contrib) limits.5.xml:49(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:49(contrib)
+#: grpck.8.xml:48(contrib) groups.1.xml:47(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:48(contrib)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:51(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:48(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:50(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:52(contrib)
+#: faillog.8.xml:47(contrib) faillog.5.xml:47(contrib) expiry.1.xml:51(contrib)
+#: chsh.1.xml:50(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:51(contrib) chfn.1.xml:50(contrib)
+#: chage.1.xml:48(contrib)
+msgid "shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:52(firstname) usermod.8.xml:57(firstname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:56(firstname) useradd.8.xml:69(firstname)
+#: suauth.5.xml:50(firstname) su.1.xml:67(firstname) sg.1.xml:51(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:50(firstname) shadow.3.xml:50(firstname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:56(firstname) pwck.8.xml:56(firstname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:50(firstname) passwd.5.xml:50(firstname)
+#: passwd.1.xml:57(firstname) nologin.8.xml:39(firstname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:66(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:51(firstname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:50(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:117(firstname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:51(firstname) login.1.xml:83(firstname)
+#: limits.5.xml:52(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:52(firstname)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:38(firstname) grpck.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groups.1.xml:50(firstname) groupmod.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:54(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:51(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:53(firstname) gpasswd.1.xml:55(firstname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:50(firstname) faillog.5.xml:50(firstname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:54(firstname) chsh.1.xml:53(firstname)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:54(firstname) chgpasswd.8.xml:50(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:53(firstname) chage.1.xml:51(firstname)
+msgid "Nicolas"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:53(surname) usermod.8.xml:58(surname) userdel.8.xml:57(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:70(surname) suauth.5.xml:51(surname) su.1.xml:68(surname)
+#: sg.1.xml:52(surname) shadow.5.xml:51(surname) shadow.3.xml:51(surname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:57(surname) pwck.8.xml:57(surname) porttime.5.xml:51(surname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:51(surname) passwd.1.xml:58(surname) nologin.8.xml:40(surname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:67(surname) newgrp.1.xml:52(surname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:51(surname) login.defs.5.xml:118(surname)
+#: login.access.5.xml:52(surname) login.1.xml:84(surname)
+#: limits.5.xml:53(surname) lastlog.8.xml:53(surname) gshadow.5.xml:39(surname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:52(surname) groups.1.xml:51(surname) groupmod.8.xml:52(surname)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:55(surname) groupdel.8.xml:52(surname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:54(surname) gpasswd.1.xml:56(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:51(surname) faillog.5.xml:51(surname) expiry.1.xml:55(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:54(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:55(surname)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:51(surname) chfn.1.xml:54(surname) chage.1.xml:52(surname)
+msgid "François"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:54(email) usermod.8.xml:59(email) userdel.8.xml:58(email)
+#: useradd.8.xml:71(email) suauth.5.xml:52(email) su.1.xml:69(email)
+#: sg.1.xml:53(email) shadow.5.xml:52(email) shadow.3.xml:52(email)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:58(email) pwck.8.xml:58(email) porttime.5.xml:52(email)
+#: passwd.5.xml:52(email) passwd.1.xml:59(email) nologin.8.xml:41(email)
+#: newusers.8.xml:68(email) newgrp.1.xml:53(email) logoutd.8.xml:52(email)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:119(email) login.access.5.xml:53(email)
+#: login.1.xml:85(email) limits.5.xml:54(email) lastlog.8.xml:54(email)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:40(email) grpck.8.xml:53(email) groups.1.xml:52(email)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:53(email) groupmems.8.xml:56(email) groupdel.8.xml:53(email)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:55(email) gpasswd.1.xml:57(email) faillog.8.xml:52(email)
+#: faillog.5.xml:52(email) expiry.1.xml:56(email) chsh.1.xml:55(email)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:56(email) chgpasswd.8.xml:52(email) chfn.1.xml:55(email)
+#: chage.1.xml:53(email)
+msgid "nicolas.francois@centraliens.net"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:55(contrib) usermod.8.xml:60(contrib) userdel.8.xml:59(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:72(contrib) suauth.5.xml:53(contrib) su.1.xml:70(contrib)
+#: sg.1.xml:54(contrib) shadow.5.xml:53(contrib) shadow.3.xml:53(contrib)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:59(contrib) pwck.8.xml:59(contrib) porttime.5.xml:53(contrib)
+#: passwd.5.xml:53(contrib) passwd.1.xml:60(contrib) nologin.8.xml:42(contrib)
+#: newusers.8.xml:69(contrib) newgrp.1.xml:54(contrib)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:53(contrib) login.defs.5.xml:120(contrib)
+#: login.access.5.xml:54(contrib) login.1.xml:86(contrib)
+#: limits.5.xml:55(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:55(contrib) gshadow.5.xml:42(contrib)
+#: grpck.8.xml:54(contrib) groups.1.xml:53(contrib) groupmod.8.xml:54(contrib)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:57(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:54(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:56(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:58(contrib)
+#: faillog.8.xml:53(contrib) faillog.5.xml:53(contrib) expiry.1.xml:57(contrib)
+#: chsh.1.xml:56(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:57(contrib)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:53(contrib) chfn.1.xml:56(contrib) chage.1.xml:54(contrib)
+msgid "shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:59(refentrytitle) vipw.8.xml:66(refname) vipw.8.xml:75(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:520(term)
+msgid "vipw"
+msgstr "vipw"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:60(manvolnum) usermod.8.xml:65(manvolnum)
+#: userdel.8.xml:64(manvolnum) userdel.8.xml:276(replaceable)
+#: useradd.8.xml:77(manvolnum) pwconv.8.xml:64(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:64(manvolnum) nologin.8.xml:47(manvolnum)
+#: newusers.8.xml:74(manvolnum) logoutd.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:60(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupmems.8.xml:62(manvolnum)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:59(manvolnum) groupdel.8.xml:198(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:61(manvolnum) faillog.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: faillog.5.xml:111(manvolnum) chpasswd.8.xml:62(manvolnum)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:58(manvolnum)
+msgid "8"
+msgstr "8"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) usermod.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo)
+#: userdel.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) useradd.8.xml:78(refmiscinfo)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo) pwck.8.xml:65(refmiscinfo)
+#: nologin.8.xml:48(refmiscinfo) newusers.8.xml:75(refmiscinfo)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo) lastlog.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+#: grpck.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) groupmod.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) groupdel.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) faillog.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chgpasswd.8.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "System Management Commands"
+msgstr "系统管理命令"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) usermod.8.xml:67(refmiscinfo)
+#: userdel.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) useradd.8.xml:79(refmiscinfo)
+#: suauth.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) su.1.xml:77(refmiscinfo)
+#: sg.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo) shadow.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: shadow.3.xml:60(refmiscinfo) pwconv.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo)
+#: pwck.8.xml:66(refmiscinfo) porttime.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: passwd.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) passwd.1.xml:67(refmiscinfo)
+#: nologin.8.xml:49(refmiscinfo) newusers.8.xml:76(refmiscinfo)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo) logoutd.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:127(refmiscinfo) login.access.5.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.1.xml:93(refmiscinfo) limits.5.xml:62(refmiscinfo)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:62(refmiscinfo) gshadow.5.xml:49(refmiscinfo)
+#: grpck.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groups.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groupmems.8.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:61(refmiscinfo) groupadd.8.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:65(refmiscinfo) faillog.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: faillog.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo) expiry.1.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: chsh.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo) chpasswd.8.xml:64(refmiscinfo)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:60(refmiscinfo) chfn.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: chage.1.xml:61(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "shadow-utils"
+msgstr "shadow-utils"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:67(refname) vipw.8.xml:81(command)
+msgid "vigr"
+msgstr "vigr"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "edit the password, group, shadow-password or shadow-group file"
+msgstr "编辑密码、组、影子密码或影子组文件。"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:77(replaceable) vipw.8.xml:83(replaceable)
+#: usermod.8.xml:79(replaceable) userdel.8.xml:76(arg)
+#: useradd.8.xml:90(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:102(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:88(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:81(replaceable)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:87(replaceable) pwconv.8.xml:93(replaceable)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:99(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:77(arg) passwd.1.xml:79(replaceable)
+#: newusers.8.xml:88(replaceable) lastlog.8.xml:74(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:72(arg) groupmod.8.xml:73(replaceable)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:73(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:75(replaceable)
+#: faillog.8.xml:72(replaceable) chsh.1.xml:75(replaceable)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:76(replaceable) chgpasswd.8.xml:72(replaceable)
+#: chfn.1.xml:75(replaceable) chage.1.xml:72(replaceable)
+msgid "options"
+msgstr "选项"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:89(title) usermod.8.xml:86(title) userdel.8.xml:84(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:108(title) suauth.5.xml:75(title) su.1.xml:103(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:81(title) shadow.5.xml:69(title) shadow.3.xml:118(title)
+#: shadow.3.xml:174(title) pwconv.8.xml:105(title) pwck.8.xml:92(title)
+#: porttime.5.xml:69(title) passwd.5.xml:69(title) passwd.1.xml:88(title)
+#: nologin.8.xml:64(title) newusers.8.xml:97(title) newgrp.1.xml:77(title)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:75(title) login.defs.5.xml:136(title)
+#: login.access.5.xml:70(title) login.1.xml:125(title) limits.5.xml:72(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:80(title) gshadow.5.xml:58(title) grpck.8.xml:83(title)
+#: groups.1.xml:78(title) groupmod.8.xml:80(title) groupmems.8.xml:85(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:80(title) groupadd.8.xml:84(title) gpasswd.1.xml:94(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:78(title) faillog.5.xml:69(title) expiry.1.xml:82(title)
+#: chsh.1.xml:84(title) chpasswd.8.xml:82(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:78(title)
+#: chfn.1.xml:84(title) chage.1.xml:81(title)
+msgid "DESCRIPTION"
+msgstr "描述"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</command> commands edits the "
+"files <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"respectively. With the <option>-s</option> flag, they will edit the shadow "
+"versions of those files, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and <filename>/etc/"
+"gshadow</filename>, respectively. The programs will set the appropriate "
+"locks to prevent file corruption. When looking for an editor, the programs "
+"will first try the environment variable <envar>$VISUAL</envar>, then the "
+"environment variable <envar>$EDITOR</envar>, and finally the default editor, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>vipw</command> 和 <command>vigr</command> 命令分别编辑 <filename>/"
+"etc/passwd</filename> 和 <filename>/etc/group</filename> 文件。使用 <option>-"
+"s</option> 标识时，将编辑这些文件的影子版，即分别为 <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> 和 <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>。这些程序将设置相应的锁，以防"
+"止文件损坏。寻找编辑器时，首先尝试环境变量 <envar>$VISUAL</envar>，然后是环境"
+"变量 <envar>$EDITOR</envar>，最后是默认编辑器 "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>。"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:107(title) usermod.8.xml:94(title) userdel.8.xml:93(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:126(title) su.1.xml:144(title) pwconv.8.xml:187(title)
+#: pwck.8.xml:176(title) passwd.1.xml:174(title) newusers.8.xml:266(title)
+#: login.1.xml:210(title) lastlog.8.xml:92(title) grpck.8.xml:147(title)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:89(title) groupmems.8.xml:100(title) groupdel.8.xml:88(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:93(title) gpasswd.1.xml:134(title) faillog.8.xml:89(title)
+#: expiry.1.xml:91(title) chsh.1.xml:95(title) chpasswd.8.xml:130(title)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:105(title) chfn.1.xml:111(title) chage.1.xml:91(title)
+msgid "OPTIONS"
+msgstr "选项"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</"
+"command> commands are:"
+msgstr ""
+"<command>vipw</command> 和 <command>vigr</command> 命令可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:114(term)
+msgid "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:116(para)
+msgid "Edit group database."
+msgstr "编辑 group 数据库。"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:120(term) userdel.8.xml:123(term) useradd.8.xml:278(term)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:195(term) pwck.8.xml:196(term) passwd.1.xml:214(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:296(term) lastlog.8.xml:119(term) grpck.8.xml:157(term)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:129(term) groupmems.8.xml:142(term) groupdel.8.xml:95(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:131(term) gpasswd.1.xml:173(term) faillog.8.xml:122(term)
+#: expiry.1.xml:112(term) chsh.1.xml:101(term) chpasswd.8.xml:171(term)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:131(term) chage.1.xml:129(term)
+msgid "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:122(para) userdel.8.xml:125(para) useradd.8.xml:280(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:197(para) pwck.8.xml:198(para) passwd.1.xml:216(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:298(para) lastlog.8.xml:123(para) grpck.8.xml:159(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:131(para) groupmems.8.xml:144(para) groupdel.8.xml:97(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:133(para) gpasswd.1.xml:175(para) faillog.8.xml:124(para)
+#: expiry.1.xml:114(para) chsh.1.xml:103(para) chpasswd.8.xml:173(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:133(para) chfn.1.xml:169(para) chage.1.xml:131(para)
+msgid "Display help message and exit."
+msgstr "现实帮助信息并退出。"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:126(term)
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--passwd</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-p</option>, <option>--passwd</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:128(para)
+msgid "Edit passwd database."
+msgstr "编辑 passwd 数据库。"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:132(term) pwck.8.xml:202(term) passwd.1.xml:281(term)
+msgid "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:134(para) passwd.1.xml:285(para)
+msgid "Quiet mode."
+msgstr "安静模式。"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:138(term) usermod.8.xml:322(term) userdel.8.xml:146(term)
+#: useradd.8.xml:457(term) pwconv.8.xml:201(term) pwck.8.xml:219(term)
+#: passwd.1.xml:301(term) newusers.8.xml:321(term) lastlog.8.xml:127(term)
+#: grpck.8.xml:173(term) groupmod.8.xml:178(term) groupmems.8.xml:165(term)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:101(term) groupadd.8.xml:204(term) faillog.8.xml:180(term)
+#: chsh.1.xml:107(term) chpasswd.8.xml:188(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:146(term)
+#: chfn.1.xml:153(term) chage.1.xml:203(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:142(para) usermod.8.xml:326(para) userdel.8.xml:150(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:461(para) pwconv.8.xml:205(para) pwck.8.xml:223(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:305(para) newusers.8.xml:325(para) lastlog.8.xml:131(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:177(para) groupmod.8.xml:182(para) groupmems.8.xml:169(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:105(para) groupadd.8.xml:208(para) gpasswd.1.xml:185(para)
+#: faillog.8.xml:184(para) chsh.1.xml:111(para) chpasswd.8.xml:192(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:150(para) chfn.1.xml:157(para) chage.1.xml:207(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Add the <replaceable>user</replaceable> to the named <replaceable>group</"
+#| "replaceable>."
+msgid ""
+"Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory and use "
+"the configuration files from the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"向名为 <replaceable>group</replaceable> 的组中添加用户 <replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>。"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:150(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "Edit shadow or gshadow database."
+msgstr "编辑 shadow 或 gshadow 数据库。"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:156(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:158(para)
+msgid "Indicates which user's tcb shadow file to edit."
+msgstr "指定要编辑哪个用户的 tcb 影子文件。"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:165(title) usermod.8.xml:524(title) userdel.8.xml:188(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:676(title) su.1.xml:338(title) sg.1.xml:98(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:227(title) pwck.8.xml:262(title) passwd.1.xml:395(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:375(title) newgrp.1.xml:109(title) login.1.xml:294(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:205(title) grpck.8.xml:209(title) groupmod.8.xml:210(title)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:199(title) groupdel.8.xml:145(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:236(title) gpasswd.1.xml:264(title) chsh.1.xml:154(title)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:239(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:198(title) chfn.1.xml:193(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:250(title)
+msgid "CONFIGURATION"
+msgstr "配置文件"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:166(para) usermod.8.xml:525(para) userdel.8.xml:189(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:677(para) su.1.xml:339(para) sg.1.xml:99(para)
+#: pwck.8.xml:263(para) passwd.1.xml:396(para) newusers.8.xml:376(para)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:110(para) login.1.xml:295(para) lastlog.8.xml:206(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:210(para) groupmod.8.xml:211(para) groupmems.8.xml:200(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:146(para) groupadd.8.xml:237(para) gpasswd.1.xml:265(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:155(para) chpasswd.8.xml:240(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:199(para)
+#: chfn.1.xml:194(para) chage.1.xml:251(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> change the behavior of this tool:"
+msgstr ""
+"在 <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 中有如下配置变量，可以用来更改此工具"
+"的行为："
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:30(term) usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term)
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwconv.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term) chage.1.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>USE_TCB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>USE_TCB</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:32(para) usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwconv.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(para) chage.1.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> password shadowing "
+"scheme will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"如果 <replaceable>yes</replaceable>，将会使用 "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> 影子密码方案。"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:177(title)
+msgid "ENVIRONMENT"
+msgstr "环境变量"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:180(option)
+msgid "VISUAL"
+msgstr "VISUAL"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:182(para)
+msgid "Editor to be used."
+msgstr "要使用的编辑器。"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:186(option)
+msgid "EDITOR"
+msgstr "EDITOR"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:188(para)
+msgid "Editor to be used if <option>VISUAL</option> is not set."
+msgstr "<option>VISUAL</option> 没有设置的情况下，使用的编辑器。"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:195(title) usermod.8.xml:542(title) userdel.8.xml:205(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:706(title) suauth.5.xml:193(title) su.1.xml:366(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:110(title) shadow.5.xml:255(title) shadow.3.xml:226(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:250(title) pwck.8.xml:279(title) porttime.5.xml:130(title)
+#: passwd.5.xml:160(title) passwd.1.xml:413(title) newusers.8.xml:411(title)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:121(title) logoutd.8.xml:89(title)
+#: login.access.5.xml:121(title) login.1.xml:338(title) limits.5.xml:196(title)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:217(title) gshadow.5.xml:156(title) grpck.8.xml:221(title)
+#: groups.1.xml:100(title) groupmod.8.xml:222(title) groupmems.8.xml:211(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:157(title) groupadd.8.xml:250(title) gpasswd.1.xml:279(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:243(title) faillog.5.xml:96(title) expiry.1.xml:121(title)
+#: chsh.1.xml:167(title) chpasswd.8.xml:255(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:213(title)
+#: chfn.1.xml:207(title) chage.1.xml:262(title)
+msgid "FILES"
+msgstr "文件"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:198(filename) usermod.8.xml:545(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:208(filename) useradd.8.xml:721(filename)
+#: sg.1.xml:125(filename) pwck.8.xml:282(filename) newusers.8.xml:426(filename)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:136(filename) gshadow.5.xml:159(filename)
+#: grpck.8.xml:224(filename) groups.1.xml:103(filename)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:225(filename) groupmems.8.xml:214(filename)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:160(filename) groupadd.8.xml:253(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:72(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:75(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:282(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:216(filename)
+msgid "/etc/group"
+msgstr "/etc/group"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:200(para) usermod.8.xml:547(para) userdel.8.xml:210(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:723(para) sg.1.xml:127(para) pwck.8.xml:284(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:428(para) newgrp.1.xml:138(para) gshadow.5.xml:161(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:226(para) groups.1.xml:105(para) groupmod.8.xml:227(para)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:216(para) groupdel.8.xml:162(para) groupadd.8.xml:255(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:284(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:218(para)
+msgid "Group account information."
+msgstr "组账户信息。"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:204(filename) usermod.8.xml:551(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:727(filename) sg.1.xml:131(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:432(filename) newgrp.1.xml:142(filename)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:165(filename) grpck.8.xml:230(filename)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:231(filename) groupmems.8.xml:220(filename)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:166(filename) groupadd.8.xml:259(filename)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:76(filename) gpasswd.1.xml:288(filename)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:222(filename)
+msgid "/etc/gshadow"
+msgstr "/etc/gshadow"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:206(para) usermod.8.xml:553(para) useradd.8.xml:729(para)
+#: sg.1.xml:133(para) newusers.8.xml:434(para) newgrp.1.xml:144(para)
+#: gshadow.5.xml:167(para) grpck.8.xml:232(para) groupmod.8.xml:233(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:168(para) groupadd.8.xml:261(para) gpasswd.1.xml:290(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid "Secure group account information."
+msgstr "安全组账户信息。"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:210(filename) usermod.8.xml:563(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:220(filename) useradd.8.xml:709(filename)
+#: su.1.xml:369(filename) sg.1.xml:113(filename) shadow.5.xml:258(filename)
+#: pwck.8.xml:288(filename) passwd.5.xml:163(filename)
+#: passwd.1.xml:416(filename) newusers.8.xml:414(filename)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:124(filename) login.1.xml:353(filename)
+#: grpck.8.xml:236(filename) groupmod.8.xml:243(filename)
+#: expiry.1.xml:124(filename) chsh.1.xml:170(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:258(filename) chfn.1.xml:216(filename)
+#: chage.1.xml:266(filename)
+msgid "/etc/passwd"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:212(para) usermod.8.xml:565(para) userdel.8.xml:222(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:711(para) su.1.xml:371(para) sg.1.xml:115(para)
+#: shadow.5.xml:260(para) pwck.8.xml:290(para) passwd.5.xml:165(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:418(para) newusers.8.xml:416(para) newgrp.1.xml:126(para)
+#: login.1.xml:355(para) grpck.8.xml:238(para) groupmod.8.xml:245(para)
+#: expiry.1.xml:126(para) chsh.1.xml:172(para) chpasswd.8.xml:260(para)
+#: chfn.1.xml:218(para) chage.1.xml:269(para)
+msgid "User account information."
+msgstr "用户账户信息。"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:216(filename) usermod.8.xml:569(filename)
+#: userdel.8.xml:226(filename) useradd.8.xml:715(filename)
+#: su.1.xml:375(filename) sg.1.xml:119(filename) shadow.5.xml:264(filename)
+#: shadow.3.xml:229(filename) pwck.8.xml:294(filename)
+#: passwd.5.xml:169(filename) passwd.1.xml:422(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:420(filename) newgrp.1.xml:130(filename)
+#: login.1.xml:359(filename) expiry.1.xml:130(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:264(filename) chage.1.xml:274(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shadow"
+msgstr "/etc/shadow"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:218(para) usermod.8.xml:571(para) userdel.8.xml:228(para)
+#: useradd.8.xml:717(para) su.1.xml:377(para) sg.1.xml:121(para)
+#: shadow.5.xml:266(para) shadow.3.xml:231(para) pwck.8.xml:296(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:424(para) newusers.8.xml:422(para) newgrp.1.xml:132(para)
+#: login.1.xml:361(para) expiry.1.xml:132(para) chpasswd.8.xml:266(para)
+#: chage.1.xml:277(para)
+msgid "Secure user account information."
+msgstr "安全用户账户信息。"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:225(title) usermod.8.xml:590(title) userdel.8.xml:325(title)
+#: useradd.8.xml:835(title) suauth.5.xml:222(title) su.1.xml:437(title)
+#: sg.1.xml:140(title) shadow.5.xml:283(title) shadow.3.xml:238(title)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:262(title) pwck.8.xml:354(title) porttime.5.xml:142(title)
+#: passwd.5.xml:188(title) passwd.1.xml:494(title) nologin.8.xml:81(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:465(title) newgrp.1.xml:151(title)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:547(title) login.access.5.xml:133(title)
+#: login.1.xml:398(title) limits.5.xml:206(title) gshadow.5.xml:174(title)
+#: grpck.8.xml:290(title) groups.1.xml:112(title) groupmod.8.xml:321(title)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:229(title) groupdel.8.xml:214(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:341(title) gpasswd.1.xml:297(title) faillog.8.xml:255(title)
+#: faillog.5.xml:108(title) expiry.1.xml:139(title) chsh.1.xml:191(title)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:285(title) chgpasswd.8.xml:237(title) chfn.1.xml:225(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:317(title)
+msgid "SEE ALSO"
+msgstr "参见"
+
+#: vipw.8.xml:226(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+"\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+"condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry><citerefentry condition=\"tcb"
+"\"><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry "
+"condition=\"tcb\"><refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:46(firstname) userdel.8.xml:45(firstname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:58(firstname) su.1.xml:56(firstname) sg.1.xml:40(firstname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:39(firstname) shadow.3.xml:39(firstname)
+#: pwck.8.xml:45(firstname) porttime.5.xml:39(firstname)
+#: passwd.5.xml:39(firstname) passwd.1.xml:46(firstname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:55(firstname) newgrp.1.xml:40(firstname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:39(firstname) login.defs.5.xml:106(firstname)
+#: login.1.xml:72(firstname) lastlog.8.xml:41(firstname)
+#: grpck.8.xml:40(firstname) groups.1.xml:39(firstname)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:40(firstname) groupdel.8.xml:40(firstname)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:42(firstname) faillog.8.xml:39(firstname)
+#: faillog.5.xml:39(firstname) expiry.1.xml:43(firstname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:42(firstname) chpasswd.8.xml:43(firstname)
+#: chfn.1.xml:42(firstname) chage.1.xml:40(firstname)
+msgid "Julianne Frances"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:47(surname) userdel.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:59(surname) su.1.xml:57(surname) sg.1.xml:41(surname)
+#: shadow.5.xml:40(surname) shadow.3.xml:40(surname) pwck.8.xml:46(surname)
+#: porttime.5.xml:40(surname) passwd.5.xml:40(surname) passwd.1.xml:47(surname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:56(surname) newgrp.1.xml:41(surname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:40(surname) login.defs.5.xml:107(surname)
+#: login.1.xml:73(surname) lastlog.8.xml:42(surname) grpck.8.xml:41(surname)
+#: groups.1.xml:40(surname) groupmod.8.xml:41(surname)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:41(surname) groupadd.8.xml:43(surname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:40(surname) faillog.5.xml:40(surname) expiry.1.xml:44(surname)
+#: chsh.1.xml:43(surname) chpasswd.8.xml:44(surname) chfn.1.xml:43(surname)
+#: chage.1.xml:41(surname)
+msgid "Haugh"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:48(contrib) userdel.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: useradd.8.xml:60(contrib) sg.1.xml:42(contrib) newusers.8.xml:57(contrib)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:42(contrib) logoutd.8.xml:41(contrib)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:108(contrib) groups.1.xml:41(contrib)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:42(contrib) groupdel.8.xml:42(contrib)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:44(contrib) chpasswd.8.xml:45(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1991"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:64(refentrytitle) usermod.8.xml:71(refname)
+#: usermod.8.xml:77(command) login.defs.5.xml:510(term)
+msgid "usermod"
+msgstr "usermod"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:72(refpurpose)
+msgid "modify a user account"
+msgstr "修改一个用户账户"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:81(replaceable) userdel.8.xml:78(replaceable)
+#: useradd.8.xml:92(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:82(replaceable)
+#: chsh.1.xml:78(replaceable) chfn.1.xml:78(replaceable)
+#: chage.1.xml:75(replaceable)
+msgid "LOGIN"
+msgstr "登录"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:87(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>usermod</command> command modifies the system account files to "
+"reflect the changes that are specified on the command line."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>usermod</command> 修改系统账户文件和在命令行上指定的相关更改。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:95(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>usermod</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>usermod</command> 可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:101(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--append</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-a</option>, <option>--append</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:105(para)
+msgid ""
+"Add the user to the supplementary group(s). Use only with the <option>-G</"
+"option> option."
+msgstr "将用户添加到附加组。只能和 <option>-G</option> 选项一起使用。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:112(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgid "<option>-b</option>, <option>--badnames</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:116(para) useradd.8.xml:135(para) pwck.8.xml:190(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "Allow names that do not conform to standards."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:122(term) useradd.8.xml:162(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMENT</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMENT</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:126(para)
+msgid ""
+"The new value of the user's password file comment field. It is normally "
+"modified using the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> utility."
+msgstr ""
+"用户密码文件中注释字段的新值。通常使用 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry> 工具对其进行修改。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:135(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The user's new login directory."
+msgstr "用户的新登录目录。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <option>-m</option> option is given, the contents of the current home "
+"directory will be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it "
+"does not already exist."
+msgstr ""
+"如果给了 <option>-m</option> 选项，当前主目录的内容将会移动到新主目录中，如果"
+"不存在，则创建。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:151(term) useradd.8.xml:200(term) useradd.8.xml:577(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:155(para) useradd.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date on which the user account will be disabled. The date is specified "
+"in the format <emphasis remap=\"I\">YYYY-MM-DD</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"用户账户将被禁用的日期。日期以 <emphasis remap=\"I\">YYYY-MM-DD</emphasis> 格"
+"式指定。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> argument will disable the "
+"expiration of the account."
+msgstr "空 <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> 参数将禁用账户过期。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:163(para) usermod.8.xml:184(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option requires a <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. A <filename>/"
+"etc/shadow</filename> entry will be created if there were none."
+msgstr ""
+"此选项需要一个 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 文件。如果没有，将会创建一条 "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename> 项目。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:171(term) useradd.8.xml:217(term) useradd.8.xml:589(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently "
+"disabled."
+msgstr "密码过期之后，账户被彻底禁用之前的天数。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid ""
+"A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has expired, and a "
+"value of -1 disables the feature."
+msgstr "0 表示密码过期时，立即禁用账户；-1 表示不使用这个功能。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:192(term) useradd.8.xml:236(term) useradd.8.xml:604(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:196(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or number of the user's new initial login group. The group "
+"must exist."
+msgstr "用户的新初始登录组的组名或数字代号。此组必须存在。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:200(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any file from the user's home directory owned by the previous primary group "
+"of the user will be owned by this new group."
+msgstr "用户主目录中，属于原来的主组的文件将转交新组所有。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group ownership of files outside of the user's home directory must be "
+"fixed manually."
+msgstr "主目录之外的文件所属的组必须手动修改。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:211(term) useradd.8.xml:263(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-G</option>, <option>--groups</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP1</"
+"replaceable>[<emphasis remap=\"I\">,GROUP2,...</emphasis>[<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">,GROUPN</emphasis>]]]"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-G</option>, <option>--groups</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP1</"
+"replaceable>[<emphasis remap=\"I\">,GROUP2,...</emphasis>[<emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">,GROUPN</emphasis>]]]"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each "
+"group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. "
+"The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the "
+"<option>-g</option> option."
+msgstr ""
+"用户还属于的附加组列表。组之间使用逗号分隔，没有空格。这些组需要遵守和 "
+"<option>-g</option> 选项中给的组同样的限制。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the user is currently a member of a group which is not listed, the user "
+"will be removed from the group. This behaviour can be changed via the "
+"<option>-a</option> option, which appends the user to the current "
+"supplementary group list."
+msgstr ""
+"如果用户当前是一个组的成员，而这个组没有列在这里，用户将被从那个组里便删除。"
+"这个行为可以通过 <option>-a</option> 选项修改，这使用户追加到给出的附加组列表"
+"中。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:231(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:235(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user will be changed from <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> "
+"to <replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</replaceable>. Nothing else is changed. In "
+"particular, the user's home directory or mail spool should probably be "
+"renamed manually to reflect the new login name."
+msgstr ""
+"用户的名称将会从 <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> 修改为 "
+"<replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</replaceable>。不会更改别的任何东西。特别是，用户的主"
+"目录名和邮件池也需要手动修改以和新登录名对应。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:245(term)
+msgid "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:249(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock a user's password. This puts a '!' in front of the encrypted password, "
+"effectively disabling the password. You can't use this option with <option>-"
+"p</option> or <option>-U</option>."
+msgstr ""
+"锁定用户的密码。这会在用户加密的密码之前放置一个“!”，可以快速禁用密码。您可以"
+"和 <option>-p</option> 或 <option>-U</option> 配合使用此选项。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:255(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: if you wish to lock the account (not only access with a password), you "
+"should also set the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> to "
+"<replaceable>1</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"注意：如果希望锁定账户(不仅仅是通过密码访问)，您也需要设置 "
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> 为 <replaceable>1</replaceable>。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:264(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--move-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--move-home</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:268(para)
+msgid "Move the content of the user's home directory to the new location."
+msgstr "将用户的主目录移动到新位置。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:272(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-d</option> (or "
+"<option>--home</option>) option."
+msgstr ""
+"这个选项只有和 <option>-d</option> (或 <option>--home</option>) 选项组合使用"
+"时才有效。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>usermod</command> will try to adapt the ownership of the files and "
+"to copy the modes, ACL and extended attributes, but manual changes might be "
+"needed afterwards."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>usermod</command> 会改写文件的属主并复制模式、ACL 和扩展属性，但是稍"
+"后也可能需要手动修改。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:284(term) useradd.8.xml:397(term) groupmod.8.xml:146(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:157(term)
+msgid "<option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"When used with the <option>-u</option> option, this option allows to change "
+"the user ID to a non-unique value."
+msgstr "使用 <option>-u</option> 选项时，可以将用户 ID 改为非唯一的值。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:295(term) useradd.8.xml:409(term) groupmod.8.xml:157(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:167(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASSWORD</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASSWORD</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:299(para) groupmod.8.xml:161(para)
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"已经加密过的密码，就像 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> 返回的那样。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:304(para) useradd.8.xml:418(para) groupmod.8.xml:166(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis role=\"bold\">Note:</emphasis> This option is not recommended "
+"because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users "
+"listing the processes."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis role=\"bold\">注意：</emphasis>不推荐使用这个选项，因为密码(或加密"
+"过的密码)会被用户通过列出这个过程而看到。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"The password will be written in the local <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+"or <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. This might differ from the "
+"password database configured in your PAM configuration."
+msgstr ""
+"密码将会写到本地的 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 或 <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename> 文件。这可能会与您的机器有所不同，这根据 PAM 配置中的密码数"
+"据库配置而定。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:315(para) useradd.8.xml:423(para) groupmod.8.xml:171(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should make sure the password respects the system's password policy."
+msgstr "您应该确保密码符合系统的密码政策。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:334(term) userdel.8.xml:158(term) useradd.8.xml:469(term)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:190(term) groupdel.8.xml:113(term) groupadd.8.xml:216(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-P</option>, <option>--prefix</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:338(para) userdel.8.xml:162(para) useradd.8.xml:473(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:194(para) groupdel.8.xml:117(para) groupadd.8.xml:220(para)
+msgid ""
+"Apply changes in the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> directory and use "
+"the configuration files from the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> "
+"directory. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross-"
+"compilation target. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not "
+"verified. PAM authentication is using the host files. No SELINUX support."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:351(term) useradd.8.xml:486(term) useradd.8.xml:624(term)
+#: su.1.xml:186(term) chsh.1.xml:119(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:355(para) chsh.1.xml:123(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user's new login shell. Setting this field to blank causes "
+"the system to select the default login shell."
+msgstr ""
+"用户的新登录 shell 的名称。将此字段设置为空会让系统选择默认的登录 shell。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:362(term) useradd.8.xml:500(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:366(para)
+msgid "The new numerical value of the user's ID."
+msgstr "用户 ID 的新数值。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:369(para)
+msgid ""
+"This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is used. "
+"The value must be non-negative."
+msgstr ""
+"这个值必须是唯一的，除非使用了 <option>-o</option> 选项，必须是非负值。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:374(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user's mailbox, and any files which the user owns and which are located "
+"in the user's home directory will have the file user ID changed "
+"automatically."
+msgstr "用户的邮箱，用户主目录中属于此用户的文件的属主 ID 也将自动更改。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:379(para)
+msgid ""
+"The ownership of files outside of the user's home directory must be fixed "
+"manually."
+msgstr "用户主目录之外文件所有权必须手动修复。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:383(para)
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>, or "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"不会对 <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 中的 <option>UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> 和 "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> 进行检查。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:392(term)
+msgid "<option>-U</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-U</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:396(para)
+msgid ""
+"Unlock a user's password. This removes the '!' in front of the encrypted "
+"password. You can't use this option with <option>-p</option> or <option>-L</"
+"option>."
+msgstr ""
+"解锁用户的密码。这将移除加密的密码之前的“!”。您可以将此选项和 <option>-p</"
+"option> 或 <option>-L</option> 配合使用。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:401(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: if you wish to unlock the account (not only access with a password), "
+"you should also set the <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> (for example "
+"to <replaceable>99999</replaceable>, or to the <option>EXPIRE</option> value "
+"from <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>)."
+msgstr ""
+"注意：如果您希望解锁账户(不只是使用密码访问)，您也应该设置 "
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> (例如设置为 <replaceable>99999</"
+"replaceable>，或者 <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> 中的 "
+"<option>EXPIRE</option> 值)。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:412(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+#| "replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-v</option>, <option>--add-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:416(para)
+msgid "Add a range of subordinate uids to the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:419(para) usermod.8.xml:457(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a "
+"users account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:422(para) usermod.8.xml:442(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>UID_MIN</option>, "
+#| "<option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>, or "
+#| "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option>, or <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> from /etc/"
+"login.defs."
+msgstr ""
+"不会对 <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 中的 <option>UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> 和 "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> 进行检查。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:430(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+#| "replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-V</option>, <option>--del-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:434(para)
+msgid "Remove a range of subordinate uids from the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:437(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a "
+"users account. When both <option>--del-subuids</option> and <option>--add-"
+"subuids</option> are specified, the removal of all subordinate uid ranges "
+"happens before any subordinate uid range is added."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:450(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+#| "replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--add-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:454(para)
+msgid "Add a range of subordinate gids to the user's account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:460(para) usermod.8.xml:480(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default behavior (if the <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option>, "
+#| "and <option>-U</option> options are not specified) is defined by the "
+#| "<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+#| "filename>."
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option>, or <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> from /etc/"
+"login.defs."
+msgstr ""
+"如果没有指定 <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option> 和 <option>-U</option> "
+"选项，默认行为由 <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 中的 "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> 变量指定。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:468(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+#| "replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--del-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</"
+"replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:472(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Remove any SELinux user mapping for the user's login."
+msgid "Remove a range of subordinate gids from the user's account."
+msgstr "移除用户登录的所有 SELinux 用户映射。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:475(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a "
+"users account. When both <option>--del-subgids</option> and <option>--add-"
+"subgids</option> are specified, the removal of all subordinate gid ranges "
+"happens before any subordinate gid range is added."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:488(term) useradd.8.xml:535(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:492(para)
+msgid "The new SELinux user for the user's login."
+msgstr "用户登陆的 SELinux 用户。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:495(para)
+msgid ""
+"A blank <replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable> will remove the SELinux user "
+"mapping for user <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> (if any)."
+msgstr ""
+"空的 <replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable> 将移除用户 <replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable> 的 SELinux 用户映射(如果有)。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:506(title) userdel.8.xml:298(title) useradd.8.xml:652(title)
+#: su.1.xml:330(title) shadow.3.xml:218(title) passwd.1.xml:377(title)
+#: newusers.8.xml:363(title) login.1.xml:260(title) lastlog.8.xml:229(title)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:133(title) groupadd.8.xml:274(title) gpasswd.1.xml:252(title)
+#: faillog.8.xml:232(title) chpasswd.8.xml:231(title)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:186(title)
+msgid "CAVEATS"
+msgstr "CAVEATS"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:507(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes "
+#| "when this command is being executed if the user's numerical user ID, the "
+#| "user's name, or the user's home directory is being changed. "
+#| "<command>usermod</command> checks this on Linux, but only check if the "
+#| "user is logged in according to utmp on other architectures."
+msgid ""
+"You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes "
+"when this command is being executed if the user's numerical user ID, the "
+"user's name, or the user's home directory is being changed. "
+"<command>usermod</command> checks this on Linux. On other platforms it only "
+"uses utmp to check if the user is logged in."
+msgstr ""
+"如果要更改用户的数字 ID、用户名或主目录，需要确保允许命令时，用户没有执行任何"
+"进程。<command>usermod</command> 会在 Linux 上进行检查；但是在其它平台上，仅"
+"仅根据 utmp 检查用户是否已经登录。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:514(para)
+msgid ""
+"You must change the owner of any <command>crontab</command> files or "
+"<command>at</command> jobs manually."
+msgstr ""
+"您必须手动更改 <command>crontab</command> 文件或 <command>at</command> 作业的"
+"属主。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:518(para)
+msgid "You must make any changes involving NIS on the NIS server."
+msgstr "您必须更改 NIS 服务器上的 NIS 相关内容。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:33(term) useradd.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:33(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:35(para) useradd.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated. As "
+"higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and "
+"authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog "
+"file for them."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:41(para) useradd.8.xml:41(para) login.defs.5.xml:41(para)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:41(para)
+msgid ""
+"No <option>LASTLOG_UID_MAX</option> option present in the configuration "
+"means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) userdel.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term)
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_DIR</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>MAIL_DIR</option> (string)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) userdel.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para)
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mail spool directory. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its "
+"corresponding user account is modified or deleted. If not specified, a "
+"compile-time default is used."
+msgstr ""
+"邮箱目录。修改或删除用户账户时需要处理邮箱，如果没有指定，将使用编译时指定的"
+"默认值。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:41(term) userdel.8.xml:41(term) useradd.8.xml:41(term)
+#: su.1.xml:41(term) login.defs.5.xml:41(term) login.1.xml:41(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>MAIL_FILE</option> (string)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:43(para) userdel.8.xml:43(para) useradd.8.xml:43(para)
+#: su.1.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home "
+"directory."
+msgstr "定义用户邮箱文件的位置(相对于主目录)。"
+
+#. FIXME: MAIL_FILE not used in useradd
+#: usermod.8.xml:50(para) userdel.8.xml:50(para) useradd.8.xml:50(para)
+#: su.1.xml:50(para) login.defs.5.xml:50(para) login.1.xml:50(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>MAIL_DIR</option> and <option>MAIL_FILE</option> variables are "
+"used by <command>useradd</command>, <command>usermod</command>, and "
+"<command>userdel</command> to create, move, or delete the user's mail spool."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>MAIL_DIR</option> and <option>MAIL_FILE</option> 变量由 "
+"<command>useradd</command>，<command>usermod</command> 和 <command>userdel</"
+"command> 用于创建、移动或删除用户邮箱。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:56(para) userdel.8.xml:56(para) useradd.8.xml:56(para)
+#: su.1.xml:56(para) login.defs.5.xml:56(para) login.1.xml:56(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> is set to <replaceable>yes</"
+"replaceable>, they are also used to define the <envar>MAIL</envar> "
+"environment variable."
+msgstr ""
+"如果 <option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> 设置为 <replaceable>yes</replaceable>，"
+"它们也被用于定义 <envar>MAIL</envar> 环境变量。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: grpck.8.xml:30(term) groupmod.8.xml:30(term) groupmems.8.xml:30(term)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:30(term) groupadd.8.xml:30(term) gpasswd.1.xml:30(term)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP</option> (number)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:32(para) newusers.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:32(para) groupmod.8.xml:32(para) groupmems.8.xml:32(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:32(para) groupadd.8.xml:32(para) gpasswd.1.xml:32(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"Maximum members per group entry. When the maximum is reached, a new group "
+"entry (line) is started in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (with the same "
+"name, same password, and same GID)."
+msgstr ""
+"每个组条目的最大成员数。达到最大值时，在 <filename>/etc/group</filename> 开始"
+"一个新条目(行)(使用同样的名称，同样的密码，同样的 GID)。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:37(para) userdel.8.xml:37(para) useradd.8.xml:37(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:37(para) newusers.8.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:37(para) groupmod.8.xml:37(para) groupmems.8.xml:37(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:37(para) groupadd.8.xml:37(para) gpasswd.1.xml:37(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of "
+"members in a group."
+msgstr "默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。"
+
+#. Note: on HP, split groups have the same ID, but different
+#.                names.
+#: usermod.8.xml:43(para) userdel.8.xml:43(para) useradd.8.xml:43(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:43(para) groupmod.8.xml:43(para) groupmems.8.xml:43(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:43(para) groupadd.8.xml:43(para) gpasswd.1.xml:43(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group "
+"file. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger "
+"than 1024 characters."
+msgstr ""
+"此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字"
+"符。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:48(para) userdel.8.xml:48(para) useradd.8.xml:48(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:48(para) newusers.8.xml:48(para) login.defs.5.xml:48(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:48(para) groupmod.8.xml:48(para) groupmems.8.xml:48(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:48(para) groupadd.8.xml:48(para) gpasswd.1.xml:48(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:48(para)
+msgid "If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25."
+msgstr "如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:51(para) userdel.8.xml:51(para) useradd.8.xml:51(para)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:51(para) newusers.8.xml:51(para) login.defs.5.xml:51(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:51(para) groupmod.8.xml:51(para) groupmems.8.xml:51(para)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:51(para) groupadd.8.xml:51(para) gpasswd.1.xml:51(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:51(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow "
+"toolsuite). You should not use this variable unless you really need it."
+msgstr ""
+"注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个"
+"变量，除非真的需要。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:31(term) useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands <command>useradd</"
+"command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless the user already have "
+"subordinate group IDs) allocate <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> unused group "
+"IDs from the range <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_GID_MAX</"
+"option> for each new user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:42(para) useradd.8.xml:42(para) newusers.8.xml:42(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:42(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default value for <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+#| "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>GID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgid ""
+"The default values for <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_GID_MAX</"
+"option>, <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> are respectively 100000, 600100000 "
+"and 65536."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> 和 <option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> 的默认值分别是 "
+"101 和 <option>GID_MIN</option>-1。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:31(term) useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> exists, the commands <command>useradd</"
+"command> and <command>newusers</command> (unless the user already have "
+"subordinate user IDs) allocate <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> unused user "
+"IDs from the range <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option> to <option>SUB_UID_MAX</"
+"option> for each new user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:42(para) useradd.8.xml:42(para) newusers.8.xml:42(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:42(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default value for <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+#| "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>UID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgid ""
+"The default values for <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_UID_MAX</"
+"option>, <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> are respectively 100000, 600100000 "
+"and 65536."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> 和 <option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> 的默认值分别是 "
+"101 和 <option>UID_MIN</option>-1。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:30(term) userdel.8.xml:30(term) useradd.8.xml:30(term)
+#: pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>TCB_SYMLINKS</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>TCB_SYMLINKS</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:37(programlisting) userdel.8.xml:37(programlisting)
+#: useradd.8.xml:37(programlisting) pwck.8.xml:37(programlisting)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:37(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"if ( UID is less than 1000) {\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/user\n"
+"} else if ( UID is less than 1000000) {\n"
+"  kilos = UID / 1000\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/:kilos/user\n"
+"  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n"
+"} else {\n"
+"  megas = UID / 1000000\n"
+"  kilos = ( UID / megas * 1000000 ) / 1000\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/:megas/:kilos/user\n"
+"  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n"
+"}\n"
+"      "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"if ( UID is less than 1000) {\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/user\n"
+"} else if ( UID is less than 1000000) {\n"
+"  kilos = UID / 1000\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/:kilos/user\n"
+"  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n"
+"} else {\n"
+"  megas = UID / 1000000\n"
+"  kilos = ( UID / megas * 1000000 ) / 1000\n"
+"  use /etc/tcb/:megas/:kilos/user\n"
+"  make symlink /etc/tcb/user to the above directory\n"
+"}\n"
+"      "
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:32(para) userdel.8.xml:32(para) useradd.8.xml:32(para)
+#: pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the location of the user tcb directory to "
+"be created will not be automatically set to /etc/tcb/user, but will be "
+"computed depending on the UID of the user, according to the following "
+"algorithm: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"如果是 <replaceable>yes</replaceable>，要创建用户 tcb 目录不会自动设置为 /"
+"etc/tcb/user，但是会根据用户的 UID 计算，根据的算法如下：<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:557(filename) userdel.8.xml:214(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:757(filename) su.1.xml:381(filename)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:253(filename) passwd.1.xml:428(filename)
+#: newusers.8.xml:438(filename) login.access.5.xml:124(filename)
+#: login.1.xml:389(filename) groupmod.8.xml:237(filename)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:265(filename) chsh.1.xml:182(filename)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:270(filename) chgpasswd.8.xml:228(filename)
+#: chfn.1.xml:210(filename)
+msgid "/etc/login.defs"
+msgstr "/etc/login.defs"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:559(para) userdel.8.xml:216(para) useradd.8.xml:759(para)
+#: su.1.xml:383(para) pwconv.8.xml:255(para) passwd.1.xml:430(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:440(para) login.access.5.xml:126(para) login.1.xml:391(para)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:239(para) groupadd.8.xml:267(para) chsh.1.xml:184(para)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:272(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:230(para) chfn.1.xml:212(para)
+msgid "Shadow password suite configuration."
+msgstr "Shadow 密码套件配置。"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:575(filename) userdel.8.xml:232(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:745(filename) newusers.8.xml:450(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgid "/etc/subgid"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:577(para) userdel.8.xml:234(para) useradd.8.xml:747(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:452(para)
+msgid "Per user subordinate group IDs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:581(filename) userdel.8.xml:238(filename)
+#: useradd.8.xml:751(filename) newusers.8.xml:456(filename)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgid "/etc/subuid"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:583(para) userdel.8.xml:240(para) useradd.8.xml:753(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:458(para)
+msgid "Per user subordinate user IDs."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: usermod.8.xml:591(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) userdel.8.xml:70(refname)
+#: userdel.8.xml:75(command) login.defs.5.xml:500(term)
+msgid "userdel"
+msgstr "userdel"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:71(refpurpose)
+msgid "delete a user account and related files"
+msgstr "删除用户账户和相关文件"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>userdel</command> command modifies the system account files, "
+"deleting all entries that refer to the user name <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">LOGIN</emphasis>. The named user must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>userdel</command> 修改系统账户文件，删除与用户名 <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">LOGIN</emphasis> 相关的所以项目。给出的用户名必须存在。"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>userdel</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>userdel</command> 可以使用的选项有："
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:99(term) groupadd.8.xml:100(term) expiry.1.xml:103(term)
+msgid "<option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option forces the removal of the user account, even if the user is "
+"still logged in. It also forces <command>userdel</command> to remove the "
+"user's home directory and mail spool, even if another user uses the same "
+"home directory or if the mail spool is not owned by the specified user. If "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> and if a group exists with "
+"the same name as the deleted user, then this group will be removed, even if "
+"it is still the primary group of another user."
+msgstr ""
+"此选项强制删除用户账户，甚至用户仍然在登录状态。它也强制 <command>userdel</"
+"command> 删除用户的主目录和邮箱，即使其它用户也使用同一个主目录或邮箱不属于指"
+"定的用户。如果 <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 中的 "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> 定义为 <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis>，并且如果有一个和用户同名的组，也会删除此组，即使它仍然是别的用户的"
+"主组。"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:116(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>Note:</emphasis> This option is dangerous and may leave your "
+"system in an inconsistent state."
+msgstr "<emphasis>注意：</emphasis>此选项危险，可能会破坏系统的稳定性。"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:129(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:133(para)
+msgid ""
+"Files in the user's home directory will be removed along with the home "
+"directory itself and the user's mail spool. Files located in other file "
+"systems will have to be searched for and deleted manually."
+msgstr ""
+"用户主目录中的文件将随用户主目录和用户邮箱一起删除。在其它文件系统中的文件必"
+"须手动搜索并删除。"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mail spool is defined by the <option>MAIL_DIR</option> variable in the "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename> file."
+msgstr ""
+"邮箱在 <filename>login.defs</filename> 文件中的 <option>MAIL_DIR</option> 变"
+"量中定义。"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:175(term)
+msgid "<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid "Remove any SELinux user mapping for the user's login."
+msgstr "移除用户登录的所有 SELinux 用户映射。"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>USERDEL_CMD</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>USERDEL_CMD</option> (string)"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, this command is run when removing a user. It should remove any "
+"at/cron/print jobs etc. owned by the user to be removed (passed as the first "
+"argument)."
+msgstr ""
+"如果定义了，这是删除账户时执行的命令。它应该移除所有属于此用户的的 at/cron/"
+"print 等作业(作为第一个参数传递)。"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+msgid "The return code of the script is not taken into account."
+msgstr "这个脚本的返回值并不被带到账户中去。"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:46(programlisting) login.defs.5.xml:46(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"#! /bin/sh\n"
+"\n"
+"# Check for the required argument.\n"
+"if [ $# != 1 ]; then\n"
+"\techo \"Usage: $0 username\"\n"
+"\texit 1\n"
+"fi\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove cron jobs.\n"
+"crontab -r -u $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove at jobs.\n"
+"# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,\n"
+"# even if it was shared by a different username.\n"
+"AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs\n"
+"find $AT_SPOOL_DIR -name \"[^.]*\" -type f -user $1 -delete \\;\n"
+"\n"
+"# Remove print jobs.\n"
+"lprm $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# All done.\n"
+"exit 0\n"
+"      "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"#! /bin/sh\n"
+"\n"
+"# 检查需要的参数\n"
+"if [ $# != 1 ]; then\n"
+"\techo \"Usage: $0 username\"\n"
+"\texit 1\n"
+"fi\n"
+"\n"
+"# 移除 cron 作业\n"
+"crontab -r -u $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# 移除 at 作业\n"
+"# 注意这将移除所有属于同一个 UID 的作业\n"
+"# 即使此 ID 由多个用户名共享\n"
+"AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs\n"
+"find $AT_SPOOL_DIR -name \"[^.]*\" -type f -user $1 -delete \\;\n"
+"\n"
+"# 移除 print 作业\n"
+"lprm $1\n"
+"\n"
+"# 全部完成\n"
+"exit 0\n"
+"      "
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Here is an example script, which removes the user's cron, at and print jobs: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr ""
+"这是一个示例脚本，它移除用户的 cron、at 和 print 作业：<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:32(term) useradd.8.xml:32(term) su.1.xml:32(term)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:34(para) useradd.8.xml:34(para) su.1.xml:34(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits "
+"(examples: 022 -&gt; 002, 077 -&gt; 007) for non-root users, if the uid is "
+"the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name."
+msgstr ""
+"如果 uid 和 gid 相同，用户名和主用户名也相同，使非 root 组的组掩码位和属主位"
+"相同 (如：022 -&gt; 002, 077 -&gt; 007)。"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:39(para) useradd.8.xml:39(para) su.1.xml:39(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, <command>userdel</command> will "
+"remove the user's group if it contains no more members, and "
+"<command>useradd</command> will create by default a group with the name of "
+"the user."
+msgstr ""
+"如果设置为 <replaceable>yes</replaceable>，如果组中没有成员了，"
+"<command>userdel</command> 将移除此用户组，<command>useradd</command> 创建用"
+"户时，也会创建一个同名的默认组。"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:247(title) useradd.8.xml:766(title) su.1.xml:390(title)
+#: pwck.8.xml:303(title) passwd.1.xml:443(title) grpck.8.xml:245(title)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:252(title) groupdel.8.xml:175(title)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:296(title) chage.1.xml:284(title)
+msgid "EXIT VALUES"
+msgstr "退出值"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:252(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:771(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:409(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:308(replaceable)
+#: passwd.1.xml:448(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:250(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:257(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:180(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:301(replaceable) chage.1.xml:289(replaceable)
+msgid "0"
+msgstr "0"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:254(para) useradd.8.xml:773(para) pwck.8.xml:310(para)
+#: passwd.1.xml:450(para) grpck.8.xml:252(para) groupdel.8.xml:182(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:303(para) chage.1.xml:291(para)
+msgid "success"
+msgstr "成功"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:258(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:777(replaceable)
+#: su.1.xml:75(manvolnum) su.1.xml:415(replaceable) sg.1.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:314(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:65(manvolnum)
+#: passwd.1.xml:454(replaceable) newgrp.1.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: login.1.xml:91(manvolnum) grpck.8.xml:256(replaceable)
+#: groups.1.xml:58(manvolnum) gpasswd.1.xml:63(manvolnum)
+#: expiry.1.xml:62(manvolnum) chsh.1.xml:61(manvolnum) chfn.1.xml:61(manvolnum)
+#: chage.1.xml:59(manvolnum) chage.1.xml:295(replaceable)
+msgid "1"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:260(para) useradd.8.xml:779(para)
+msgid "can't update password file"
+msgstr "无法更新密码文件"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:264(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:783(replaceable)
+#: pwck.8.xml:320(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:460(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:262(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:263(replaceable)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:186(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:307(replaceable)
+#: chage.1.xml:301(replaceable)
+msgid "2"
+msgstr "2"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:266(para) useradd.8.xml:785(para) pwck.8.xml:316(para)
+#: grpck.8.xml:258(para) groupdel.8.xml:188(para) groupadd.8.xml:309(para)
+#: chage.1.xml:303(para)
+msgid "invalid command syntax"
+msgstr "无效的命令语法"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:270(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:801(replaceable)
+#: pwck.8.xml:344(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:484(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:281(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:192(replaceable)
+msgid "6"
+msgstr "6"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:272(para)
+msgid "specified user doesn't exist"
+msgstr "指定的用户不存在"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:278(para)
+msgid "user currently logged in"
+msgstr "用户已经登录"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:282(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:813(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:293(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:204(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:331(replaceable)
+msgid "10"
+msgstr "10"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:284(para) useradd.8.xml:815(para) groupdel.8.xml:206(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:333(para)
+msgid "can't update group file"
+msgstr "无法更新组文件"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:288(replaceable) useradd.8.xml:819(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:305(replaceable)
+msgid "12"
+msgstr "12"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:290(para)
+msgid "can't remove home directory"
+msgstr "无法删除主目录"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:248(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>userdel</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "<command>userdel</command> 命令使用如下值退出：<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:299(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>userdel</command> will not allow you to remove an account if there "
+"are running processes which belong to this account. In that case, you may "
+"have to kill those processes or lock the user's password or account and "
+"remove the account later. The <option>-f</option> option can force the "
+"deletion of this account."
+msgstr ""
+"如果某账户有正在运行的进程，<command>userdel</command> 不会允许此账户。此时，"
+"您可能必须要杀死那写进程或者锁定用户的密码和账户，并稍后再删除账户。<option>-"
+"f</option> 选项可以强制此删除账户。"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:306(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain "
+"owned by this user."
+msgstr "您应该手动检查所以文件系统，以确保没有遗留此用户的文件。"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:310(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not remove any NIS attributes on a NIS client. This must be "
+"performed on the NIS server."
+msgstr "您不能在 NIS 客户端上移除任何 NIS 属性。这必须在 NIS 服务器上执行。"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</"
+"emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, <command>userdel</"
+"command> will delete the group with the same name as the user. To avoid "
+"inconsistencies in the passwd and group databases, <command>userdel</"
+"command> will check that this group is not used as a primary group for "
+"another user, and will just warn without deleting the group otherwise. The "
+"<option>-f</option> option can force the deletion of this group."
+msgstr ""
+"如果在 <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 中 <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</"
+"option> 设置为 <emphasis remap=\"I\">yes</emphasis>， <command>userdel</"
+"command> 将删除同名组。为了避免损坏 passwd 和 group 数据库，"
+"<command>userdel</command> 将会检查这个主是否被别的用户用作主组，如果有，将只"
+"发出警告并不删除此组。<option>-f</option> 选项可以强制删除此组。"
+
+#: userdel.8.xml:326(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:76(refentrytitle) useradd.8.xml:83(refname)
+#: useradd.8.xml:88(command) useradd.8.xml:95(command)
+#: useradd.8.xml:99(command) login.defs.5.xml:482(term)
+msgid "useradd"
+msgstr "useradd"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:84(refpurpose)
+msgid "create a new user or update default new user information"
+msgstr "创建一个新用户或更新默认新用户信息"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:96(arg) useradd.8.xml:100(arg)
+msgid "-D"
+msgstr "-D"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:109(para)
+msgid ""
+"When invoked without the <option>-D</option> option, the <command>useradd</"
+"command> command creates a new user account using the values specified on "
+"the command line plus the default values from the system. Depending on "
+"command line options, the <command>useradd</command> command will update "
+"system files and may also create the new user's home directory and copy "
+"initial files."
+msgstr ""
+"如果使用时不带 <option>-D</option> 选项，<command>useradd</command> 命令使用"
+"命令行上指定的值和系统的默认值创建一个新用户。根据命令行选项，"
+"<command>useradd</command> 命令也会更新系统文件和创建新用户的主目录并复制初始"
+"文件。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see <option>-g</"
+"option>, <option>-N</option>, <option>-U</option>, and "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option>)."
+msgstr ""
+"默认上，也会为用户创建组 (察看 <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option>, "
+"<option>-U</option>，和 <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option>)。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>useradd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>useradd</command> 可以使用的选项有："
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:132(option) pwck.8.xml:187(option) newusers.8.xml:273(option)
+msgid "--badname"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:141(term) useradd.8.xml:559(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--base-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>BASE_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--base-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>BASE_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default base directory for the system if <option>-d</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> is not specified. <replaceable>BASE_DIR</"
+"replaceable> is concatenated with the account name to define the home "
+"directory. If the <option>-m</option> option is not used, "
+"<replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"如果没有使用 <option>-d</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>，则"
+"使用默认的基目录。<replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> 加上账户名就是主目录。"
+"如果没有使用 <option>-m</option> 选项，<replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> 必"
+"须已经存在。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this option is not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the "
+"base directory specified by the <option>HOME</option> variable in <filename>/"
+"etc/default/useradd</filename>, or <filename>/home</filename> by default."
+msgstr ""
+"如果选项没有指定，<command>useradd</command> 将使用 <filename>/etc/default/"
+"useradd</filename> 中的 <option>HOME</option> 变量，或者默认的 <filename>/"
+"home</filename>。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any text string. It is generally a short description of the login, and is "
+"currently used as the field for the user's full name."
+msgstr "任何字符串。通常是关于登录的简短描述，当前用于用户全名。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:174(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:178(para)
+msgid ""
+"The new user will be created using <replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> as "
+"the value for the user's login directory. The default is to append the "
+"<replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> name to <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> "
+"and use that as the login directory name. The directory "
+"<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> does not have to exist but will not be "
+"created if it is missing."
+msgstr ""
+"将创建新用户，并使用 <replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> 作为用户登陆目录的"
+"值。默认值是将 <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> 名附加到 "
+"<replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> 后面，并使用这作为登陆目录。目录不一定必"
+"须已经存在 <replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>，但是会在需要时创建。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:190(term)
+msgid "<option>-D</option>, <option>--defaults</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-D</option>, <option>--defaults</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid "See below, the subsection \"Changing the default values\"."
+msgstr "看下边，“更改默认值”子节。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:208(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the default expiry "
+"date specified by the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>, or an empty string (no expiry) by default."
+msgstr ""
+"如果没有指定，<command>useradd</command> 将使用 <filename>/etc/default/"
+"useradd</filename> 中 <option>EXPIRE</option> 变量指定的默认过期日期，或者一"
+"个空字符串(不过期)。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:221(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password expires until the account is permanently "
+"disabled. A value of 0 disables the account as soon as the password has "
+"expired, and a value of -1 disables the feature."
+msgstr ""
+"密码过期后，账户被彻底禁用之前的天数。0 表示立即禁用，-1 表示禁用这个功能。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:227(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the default inactivity "
+"period specified by the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>, or -1 by default."
+msgstr ""
+"如果未指定，<command>useradd</command> 将使用 <filename>/etc/default/"
+"useradd</filename> 中的 <option>INACTIVE</option> 指定的默认禁用周期，或者默"
+"认为 -1。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:240(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or number of the user's initial login group. The group name "
+"must exist. A group number must refer to an already existing group."
+msgstr ""
+"用户初始登陆组的组名或号码。组名必须已经存在。组号码必须指代已经存在的组。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:245(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, the behavior of <command>useradd</command> will depend on "
+"the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>. If this variable is set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable> (or "
+"<option>-U/--user-group</option> is specified on the command line), a group "
+"will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname. If the "
+"variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> (or <option>-N/--no-user-"
+"group</option> is specified on the command line), useradd will set the "
+"primary group of the new user to the value specified by the <option>GROUP</"
+"option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, or 100 by "
+"default."
+msgstr ""
+"如果没有指定， <command>useradd</command> 的行为将依赖于 <filename>/etc/"
+"login.defs</filename> 文件中的 <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> 参数。如果此"
+"参数设置为了 <replaceable>yes</replaceable> (或者在命令行上指定了 <option>-"
+"U/--user-group</option>)，将会为用户创建一个组，组名和登录名相同。如果选项设"
+"置为了 <replaceable>no</replaceable> (或者在命令行上指定了 <option>-N/--no-"
+"user-group</option>)，useradd 会把新用户的主组设置为 <filename>/etc/default/"
+"useradd</filename> 中 <option>GROUP</option> 变量指定的值，再或者默认是 100。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:267(para)
+msgid ""
+"A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of. Each "
+"group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace. "
+"The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the "
+"<option>-g</option> option. The default is for the user to belong only to "
+"the initial group."
+msgstr ""
+"用户还属于的附加组列表。每个组都用逗号隔开，没有中间的空格。这里的组受到了 "
+"<option>-g</option> 选项给定的组同样的限制。默认上，用户只属于初始组。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:284(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-k</option>, <option>--skel</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SKEL_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-k</option>, <option>--skel</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SKEL_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in "
+"the user's home directory, when the home directory is created by "
+"<command>useradd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"骨架目录，包含使用 <command>useradd</command> 创建用户时，要复制到用户主目录"
+"中的文件和目录。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:293(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid if the <option>-m</option> (or <option>--create-"
+"home</option>) option is specified."
+msgstr ""
+"这个选项只有在指定 <option>-m</option> (或 <option>--create-home</option>) 选"
+"项时才有效。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:297(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the "
+"<option>SKEL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> "
+"or, by default, <filename>/etc/skel</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"如果此项没有设置，骨架目录使用 <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> 中"
+"的 <option>SKEL</option> 的变量或默认为 <filename>/etc/skel</filename>。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:303(para)
+msgid "If possible, the ACLs and extended attributes are copied."
+msgstr "如果可以，也复制 ACL 和扩展属性。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:309(term) groupadd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:313(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (<option>UID_MIN</"
+#| "option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>UMASK</option>, "
+#| "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> and others). <placeholder-1/> Example: "
+#| "<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</replaceable> can be used when creating "
+#| "system account to turn off password ageing, even though system account "
+#| "has no password at all. Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be "
+#| "specified, e.g.: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+#| "replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+#| "<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgid ""
+"Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (<option>UID_MIN</"
+"option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>UMASK</option>, "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> and others). <placeholder-1/> Example: "
+"<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</replaceable> can be used when creating system "
+"account to turn off password aging, even though system account has no "
+"password at all. Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified, e."
+"g.: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"默认覆盖 <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> (<option>UID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>UID_MAX</option>, <option>UMASK</option>, <option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</"
+"option> 及其它)。<placeholder-1/> 例如：<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</replaceable> 可以用"
+"于创建一个密码不会过期的系统账户，即使系统账户没有密码。可以指定多个 "
+"<option>-K</option> 选项，如：<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:334(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--no-log-init</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--no-log-init</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:336(para)
+msgid "Do not add the user to the lastlog and faillog databases."
+msgstr "不要将用户添加到最近登录和登录失败数据库。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:339(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "By default, the user's entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are "
+#| "resetted to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user."
+msgid ""
+"By default, the user's entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are "
+"reset to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user."
+msgstr ""
+"默认上，最近登录和登录失败中用户的条目会被重置，以避免重新使用先前删除的用户"
+"的条目。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:347(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:351(para)
+msgid ""
+"Create the user's home directory if it does not exist. The files and "
+"directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with "
+"the <option>-k</option> option) will be copied to the home directory."
+msgstr ""
+"如果不存在，则创建用户主目录。骨架目录中的文件和目录(可以使用 <option>-k</"
+"option> 选项指定)，将会复制到主目录。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:357(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, if this option is not specified and <option>CREATE_HOME</option> "
+"is not enabled, no home directories are created."
+msgstr ""
+"默认上，如果没有指定此选项并且 <option>CREATE_HOME</option> 没有启用，不会创"
+"建主目录。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:365(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+msgid "<option>-M</option>, <option>--no-create-home</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:369(para)
+msgid ""
+"Do no create the user's home directory, even if the system wide setting from "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>) is set "
+"to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"不创建用户主目录，即使系统在 <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 中的设置 "
+"(<option>CREATE_HOME</option>) 为 <replaceable>yes</replaceable>。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:378(term)
+msgid "<option>-N</option>, <option>--no-user-group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-N</option>, <option>--no-user-group</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:382(para)
+msgid ""
+"Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to "
+"the group specified by the <option>-g</option> option or by the "
+"<option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"不要创建同名组，而是将用户添加到 <option>-g</option> 选项指定的组，或根据 "
+"<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> 中的 <option>GROUP</option> 变量。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:388(para) useradd.8.xml:526(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default behavior (if the <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option>, and "
+"<option>-U</option> options are not specified) is defined by the "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"如果没有指定 <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option> 和 <option>-U</option> "
+"选项，默认行为由 <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 中的 "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> 变量指定。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:401(para)
+msgid "Allow the creation of a user account with a duplicate (non-unique) UID."
+msgstr "允许使用重复的 UID 创建用户账户。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:402(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-u</option> option."
+msgstr "此选项只有和 <option>-u</option> 选项组合使用才有效。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:413(para) groupadd.8.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>. The default is to "
+"disable the password."
+msgstr ""
+"加密了的密码，就像 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> 的返回值。默认为禁用密"
+"码。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:430(term) newusers.8.xml:302(term) groupadd.8.xml:188(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--system</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--system</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:434(para) newusers.8.xml:306(para)
+msgid "Create a system account."
+msgstr "创建一个系统账户。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:437(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"System users will be created with no aging information in <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</option> counterparts for "
+"the creation of groups)."
+msgstr ""
+"系统用户创建时，不会在 <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> 中有年龄信息，数字标"
+"识符会在 <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> 之间选取，"
+"这两个值在 <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 中定义，而不是普通用户的 "
+"<option>UID_MIN</option>-<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</"
+"option> counterparts for the creation of groups)。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:446(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Note that <command>useradd</command> will not create a home directory for "
+#| "such an user, regardless of the default setting in <filename>/etc/login."
+#| "defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>). You have to specify the "
+#| "<option>-m</option> options if you want a home directory for a system "
+#| "account to be created."
+msgid ""
+"Note that <command>useradd</command> will not create a home directory for "
+"such a user, regardless of the default setting in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>). You have to specify the <option>-"
+"m</option> options if you want a home directory for a system account to be "
+"created."
+msgstr ""
+"注意：<command>useradd</command> 不会为这种用户创建主目录，无论 <filename>/"
+"etc/login.defs</filename> (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>) 中是的默认设置是怎"
+"样。如果想为要创建的系统账户创建主目录，需要指定 <option>-m</option> 选项。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:490(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the user's login shell. The default is to leave this field "
+"blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified "
+"by the <option>SHELL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+"filename>, or an empty string by default."
+msgstr ""
+"用户的登录 shell 名。默认为留空，让系统根据 <filename>/etc/default/useradd</"
+"filename> 中的 <option>SHELL</option> 变量选择默认的登录 shell，默认为空字符"
+"串。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:504(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numerical value of the user's ID. This value must be unique, unless the "
+"<option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. The "
+"default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to "
+"<option>UID_MIN</option> and greater than every other user."
+msgstr ""
+"用户 ID 的数字值。此值必须为唯一的，除非使用了 <option>-o</option> 选项。此值"
+"必须非负，默认使用大于等于 <option>UID_MIN</option>，且大于任何其他用户 ID 最"
+"小值。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:511(para)
+msgid ""
+"See also the <option>-r</option> option and the <option>UID_MAX</option> "
+"description."
+msgstr "请参考 <option>-r</option> 选项和 <option>UID_MAX</option> 的描述。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:518(term)
+msgid "<option>-U</option>, <option>--user-group</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-U</option>, <option>--user-group</option>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:522(para)
+msgid ""
+"Create a group with the same name as the user, and add the user to this "
+"group."
+msgstr "创建一个和用户同名的组，并将用户添加到组中。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:539(para)
+msgid ""
+"The SELinux user for the user's login. The default is to leave this field "
+"blank, which causes the system to select the default SELinux user."
+msgstr ""
+"用户登陆的 SELinux 用户。默认为留空，这会造成系统选择默认的 SELinux 用户。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:549(title)
+msgid "Changing the default values"
+msgstr "更改默认值"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:550(para)
+msgid ""
+"When invoked with only the <option>-D</option> option, <command>useradd</"
+"command> will display the current default values. When invoked with <option>-"
+"D</option> plus other options, <command>useradd</command> will update the "
+"default values for the specified options. Valid default-changing options are:"
+msgstr ""
+"只带 <option>-D</option> 选项使用时，<command>useradd</command> 将显示当前的"
+"默认值。<option>-D</option> 和其它选项配合使用时，<command>useradd</command> "
+"将为指定的选项更新默认值。有效的“更改默认值”选项有："
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:563(para)
+msgid ""
+"The path prefix for a new user's home directory. The user's name will be "
+"affixed to the end of <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> to form the new "
+"user's home directory name, if the <option>-d</option> option is not used "
+"when creating a new account."
+msgstr ""
+"新用户主目录的路径前缀。如果创建新账户时，没有使用 <option>-d</option> 选项，"
+"用户的名称将会缀在 <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> 的后边形成新用户的主目"
+"录名。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:570(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>HOME</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"这个选择在 <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> 中设置 <option>HOME</"
+"option> 选项。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:581(para)
+msgid "The date on which the user account is disabled."
+msgstr "禁用此用户账户的日期。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:582(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"此选项在 <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> 中设置 <option>EXPIRE</"
+"option> 变量。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:593(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password has expired before the account will be "
+"disabled."
+msgstr "密码过期到账户被禁用之前的天数。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:597(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"这个选项在 <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> 中设置 "
+"<option>INACTIVE</option> 变量。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:608(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group name or ID for a new user's initial group (when the <option>-N/--"
+"no-user-group</option> is used or when the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> "
+"variable is set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>). The named group must exist, and a numerical group ID must "
+"have an existing entry."
+msgstr ""
+"新用户初始组的组名或 ID (使用了 <option>-N/--no-user-group</option> 或者 "
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 中的变量 <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</"
+"option> 设置为 <replaceable>no</replaceable> 时)。给出的组必须存在，并且数字"
+"组 ID 必须有一个已经存在的项。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:617(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>GROUP</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"这个选项在 <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> 中设置 <option>GROUP</"
+"option> 变量。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:628(para)
+msgid "The name of a new user's login shell."
+msgstr "新用户的登录 shell 名。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:631(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option sets the <option>SHELL</option> variable in <filename>/etc/"
+"default/useradd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"这个选项在 <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> 设置 <option>SHELL</"
+"option> 变量。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:643(title)
+msgid "NOTES"
+msgstr "注意："
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:644(para)
+msgid ""
+"The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files "
+"in the <filename>/etc/skel/</filename> directory (or any other skeleton "
+"directory specified in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> or on the "
+"command line)."
+msgstr ""
+"系统管理员负责将默认的用户文件放在 <filename>/etc/skel/</filename> 目录中(或"
+"者命令行上、<filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> 中指定的任何其它目录)。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:653(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not add a user to a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the "
+"corresponding server."
+msgstr "您可能不能想 NIS 组或 LDAP 组添加用户。这只能在相应服务器上进行。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:658(para)
+msgid ""
+"Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such "
+"as NIS or LDAP, <command>useradd</command> will deny the user account "
+"creation request."
+msgstr ""
+"相似地，如果用户名已经存在于外部用户数据库中，比如 NIS 或 LDAP，"
+"<command>useradd</command> 将拒绝创建用户账户的请求。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:664(para)
+msgid ""
+"Usernames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by "
+"lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a "
+"dollar sign. In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+msgstr ""
+"用户名必须以一个小写字母或下划线开始，跟随小写字符、数字、下划线或连字符的组"
+"合。可以以美元符号结束。用正则表达式表示就是：[a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:670(para)
+msgid "Usernames may only be up to 32 characters long."
+msgstr "用户名不能超过 32 个字符长。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>CREATE_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>CREATE_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if a home directory should be created by default for new users."
+msgstr "指示是否应该为新用户默认创建主目录。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:36(para) login.defs.5.xml:36(para)
+msgid ""
+"This setting does not apply to system users, and can be overridden on the "
+"command line."
+msgstr "此设置并不应用到系统用户，并且可以使用命令行覆盖。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(term) newusers.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:35(para) newusers.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>useradd</command>，<command>groupadd</command> 或 "
+"<command>newusers</command> 创建的常规组的组 ID 的范围。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:40(para) newusers.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>GID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>GID_MAX</"
+"option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>GID_MIN</option> 和 <option>GID_MAX</option> 的默认值分别是 1000 和 "
+"60000。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgid "<option>HOME_MODE</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The mode for new home directories. If not specified, the <option>UMASK</"
+"option> is used to create the mode."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask "
+#| "to set the mode of the home directory they create"
+msgid ""
+"<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this to set "
+"the mode of the home directory they create."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>useradd</command> 和 <command>newusers</command> 使用此掩码设置它们"
+"创建的用户主目录的模式。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option> (number)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum number of days a password may be used. If the password is older "
+"than this, a password change will be forced. If not specified, -1 will be "
+"assumed (which disables the restriction)."
+msgstr ""
+"一个密码可以使用的最大天数。如果密码比这旧，将会强迫更改密码。如果不指定，就"
+"假定为 -1，这会禁用这个限制。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> (number)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The minimum number of days allowed between password changes. Any password "
+"changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected. If not specified, -1 "
+"will be assumed (which disables the restriction)."
+msgstr ""
+"两次更改密码时间的最小间隔。将会拒绝任何早于此的更改密码的尝试。如果不指定，"
+"假定为 -1，将会禁用这个限制。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) pwconv.8.xml:32(term) pwck.8.xml:32(term)
+#: newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> (number)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) pwconv.8.xml:34(para) pwck.8.xml:34(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days warning given before a password expires. A zero means "
+"warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no "
+"warning is given. If not specified, no warning will be provided."
+msgstr ""
+"密码过期之前给出警告的天数。0 表示只有只在过期的当天警告，负值表示不警告。如"
+"果没有指定，不会给警告。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> (number)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (number)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by "
+"<command>useradd</command>, <command>groupadd</command>, or "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>useradd</command>、<command>groupadd</command> 或 "
+"<command>newusers</command> 创建的系统组的组 ID 的范围。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>GID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option> 和 <option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> 的默认值分别是 "
+"101 和 <option>GID_MIN</option>-1。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by <command>useradd</"
+"command> or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>useradd</command> 或 <command>newusers</command> 创建的系统用户的用"
+"户 ID 的范围。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:37(para) newusers.8.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> (resp. "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>) is 101 (resp. <option>UID_MIN</option>-1)."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option> 和 <option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> 的默认值分别是 "
+"101 和 <option>UID_MIN</option>-1。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:30(term) pwck.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>TCB_AUTH_GROUP</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>TCB_AUTH_GROUP</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(para) pwck.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, newly created tcb shadow files will be "
+"group owned by the <replaceable>auth</replaceable> group."
+msgstr ""
+"如果为 <replaceable>yes</replaceable>，新创建的 tcb 影子文件所属的组将是 "
+"<replaceable>auth</replaceable>。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>UID_MAX</option> (number)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:33(term) newusers.8.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>UID_MIN</option> (number)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:35(para) newusers.8.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by "
+"<command>useradd</command> or <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>useradd</command> 或 <command>newusers</command> 创建的普通用户的用"
+"户 ID 的范围。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:39(para) newusers.8.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default value for <option>UID_MIN</option> (resp. <option>UID_MAX</"
+"option>) is 1000 (resp. 60000)."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>UID_MIN</option> 和 <option>UID_MAX</option> 的默认值分别是 1000 和 "
+"60000。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>UMASK</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>UMASK</option> (number)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+#: login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file mode creation mask is initialized to this value. If not specified, "
+"the mask will be initialized to 022."
+msgstr "文件模式创建掩码初始化为此值。如果没有指定，掩码初始化为 022。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:38(para) newusers.8.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para)
+#: login.1.xml:38(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask "
+#| "to set the mode of the home directory they create"
+msgid ""
+"<command>useradd</command> and <command>newusers</command> use this mask to "
+"set the mode of the home directory they create if <option>HOME_MODE</option> "
+"is not set."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>useradd</command> 和 <command>newusers</command> 使用此掩码设置它们"
+"创建的用户主目录的模式。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"It is also used by <command>login</command> to define users' initial umask. "
+"Note that this mask can be overridden by the user's GECOS line (if "
+"<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> is set) or by the specification of a limit with "
+"the <emphasis>K</emphasis> identifier in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>limits</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"也被 <command>login</command> 用于指定用户的初始 umask。注意，此掩码可以被用"
+"户的 GECOS 行覆盖(当设置了 <option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> 时)，也可以被带 "
+"<emphasis>K</emphasis> 指示符的 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>limits</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> 定义的限制值覆盖。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:51(para) newusers.8.xml:51(para) login.defs.5.xml:51(para)
+#: login.1.xml:51(para)
+msgid ""
+"It is also used by <command>pam_umask</command> as the default umask value."
+msgstr "也被 <command>pam_umask</command> 用作默认 umask 值。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:733(filename)
+msgid "/etc/default/useradd"
+msgstr "/etc/default/useradd"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:735(para)
+msgid "Default values for account creation."
+msgstr "账户创建的默认值。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:739(filename)
+msgid "/etc/skel/"
+msgstr "/etc/skel/"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:741(para)
+msgid "Directory containing default files."
+msgstr "包含默认文件的目录。"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:789(replaceable) shadow.3.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:326(replaceable) passwd.1.xml:466(replaceable)
+#: grpck.8.xml:268(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:269(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:313(replaceable)
+msgid "3"
+msgstr "3"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:791(para) passwd.1.xml:486(para) groupadd.8.xml:315(para)
+msgid "invalid argument to option"
+msgstr "给了选项一个无效的参数"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:795(replaceable) pwck.8.xml:332(replaceable)
+#: passwd.1.xml:472(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:274(replaceable)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:275(replaceable) groupadd.8.xml:319(replaceable)
+msgid "4"
+msgstr "4"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:797(para)
+msgid "UID already in use (and no <option>-o</option>)"
+msgstr "UID 已经使用 (且没有 <option>-o</option>)"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:803(para) groupdel.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "指定的组不存在"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:807(replaceable) groupmod.8.xml:287(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:325(replaceable)
+msgid "9"
+msgstr "9"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:809(para)
+msgid "username already in use"
+msgstr "用户名已被使用"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:821(para)
+msgid "can't create home directory"
+msgstr "无法创建主目录"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:825(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "1"
+msgid "14"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:827(para)
+msgid "can't update SELinux user mapping"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:767(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>useradd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "<command>useradd</command> 可以返回如下值：<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: useradd.8.xml:836(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"subids"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:41(contrib) pwconv.8.xml:47(contrib)
+#: login.access.5.xml:42(contrib) gpasswd.1.xml:46(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1996"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) suauth.5.xml:64(refname)
+msgid "suauth"
+msgstr "suauth"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:58(manvolnum) shadow.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: pwck.8.xml:338(replaceable) porttime.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+#: passwd.5.xml:58(manvolnum) passwd.1.xml:478(replaceable)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:125(manvolnum) login.access.5.xml:59(manvolnum)
+#: limits.5.xml:60(manvolnum) gshadow.5.xml:47(manvolnum)
+#: grpck.8.xml:280(replaceable) faillog.5.xml:58(manvolnum)
+msgid "5"
+msgstr "5"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) shadow.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: porttime.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo) passwd.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:126(refmiscinfo) login.access.5.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: limits.5.xml:61(refmiscinfo) gshadow.5.xml:48(refmiscinfo)
+#: faillog.5.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "File Formats and Conversions"
+msgstr "文件格式和转化"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "detailed su control file"
+msgstr "详细的 su 控制文件"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:70(command) suauth.5.xml:196(filename)
+msgid "/etc/suauth"
+msgstr "/etc/suauth"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:76(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file <filename>/etc/suauth</filename> is referenced whenever the su "
+"command is called. It can change the behaviour of the su command, based upon:"
+msgstr ""
+"执行 su 命令时，总是根据 <filename>/etc/suauth</filename>，可以更改 su 命令的"
+"行为，规则是："
+
+#. .RS
+#: suauth.5.xml:83(literallayout)
+#, fuzzy, no-wrap
+#| msgid ""
+#| "\n"
+#| "      1) the user su is targetting\n"
+#| "    "
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      1) the user su is targeting\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      1) su 到的用户\n"
+"    "
+
+#. .fi
+#: suauth.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid ""
+"2) the user executing the su command (or any groups he might be a member of)"
+msgstr "2) 执行 su 命令的用户 (或者他可能属于的组)"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:92(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file is formatted like this, with lines starting with a # being treated "
+"as comment lines and ignored;"
+msgstr "文件格式为：以 # 开头的行视为注视，并被忽略；"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:97(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      to-id:from-id:ACTION\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      to-id:from-id:ACTION\n"
+"    "
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"Where to-id is either the word <emphasis>ALL</emphasis>, a list of usernames "
+"delimited by \",\" or the words <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT</emphasis> followed by "
+"a list of usernames delimited by \",\"."
+msgstr ""
+"此处的 to-id 可以是：<emphasis>ALL</emphasis>，逗号(,) 分隔的用户名列表或者 "
+"<emphasis>ALL EXCEPT</emphasis> 后跟逗号分隔的用户名列表。"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:107(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "from-id is formatted the same as to-id except the extra word "
+#| "<emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> is recognised. <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</"
+#| "emphasis> is perfectly valid too. Following <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> "
+#| "appears one or more group names, delimited by \",\". It is not sufficient "
+#| "to have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry> is neccessary."
+msgid ""
+"from-id is formatted the same as to-id except the extra word "
+"<emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> is recognized. <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</"
+"emphasis> is perfectly valid too. Following <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> "
+"appears one or more group names, delimited by \",\". It is not sufficient to "
+"have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> is necessary."
+msgstr ""
+"from-id 格式和 to-id 相同，但是可以多识别一个词 <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis>。"
+"<emphasis>ALL EXCEPT GROUP</emphasis> 也是有效的。<emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> "
+"后边是一个或更多的组名称，使用逗号(,)分隔。不光要有相关主组的 ID，也需要在 "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> 中有一个条目。"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:118(para)
+msgid "Action can be one only of the following currently supported options."
+msgstr "动作只可以使用如下当前支持的选项。"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:124(emphasis)
+msgid "DENY"
+msgstr "DENY"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:127(para)
+msgid "The attempt to su is stopped before a password is even asked for."
+msgstr "su 的尝试在询问密码之前就被拒绝。"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:134(emphasis)
+msgid "NOPASS"
+msgstr "NOPASS"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"The attempt to su is automatically successful; no password is asked for."
+msgstr "su 尝试自动成功，而且不询问密码。"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:145(emphasis)
+msgid "OWNPASS"
+msgstr "OWNPASS"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"For the su command to be successful, the user must enter his or her own "
+"password. They are told this."
+msgstr "为了成功执行 su，用户必须提供自己的密码。将会提示他们这样。"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note there are three separate fields delimited by a colon. No whitespace "
+"must surround this colon. Also note that the file is examined sequentially "
+"line by line, and the first applicable rule is used without examining the "
+"file further. This makes it possible for a system administrator to exercise "
+"as fine control as he or she wishes."
+msgstr ""
+"注意，有三个用冒号分割的字段。冒号旁边不能有空格。也请注意，这个文件会被一行"
+"一行地依次检查，会使用第一个可用的规则，而不会继续检查文件。这可以让系统管理"
+"员使系统尽量符合其期望。"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:166(title)
+msgid "EXAMPLE"
+msgstr "示例"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:167(literallayout)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      # sample /etc/suauth file\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # A couple of privileged usernames may\n"
+"      # su to root with their own password.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Anyone else may not su to root unless in\n"
+"      # group wheel. This is how BSD does things.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # Perhaps terry and birddog are accounts\n"
+"      # owned by the same person.\n"
+"      # Access can be arranged between them\n"
+"      # with no password.\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      terry:birddog:NOPASS\n"
+"      birddog:terry:NOPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      # 示例 /etc/suauth 文件\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # 有两个用户可以使用自己的密码 su 成 root\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # 任何其他人都不能 su 成 root，除非在 wheel 组中。\n"
+"      # BSD 就是这样实现这个功能的。\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      # 或许 terry 和 birddog 是属于同一个人的账户\n"
+"      # 两个账户直接互相 su，不需要密码\n"
+"      #\n"
+"      terry:birddog:NOPASS\n"
+"      birddog:terry:NOPASS\n"
+"      #\n"
+"    "
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:203(title) pwconv.8.xml:216(title) login.defs.5.xml:531(title)
+msgid "BUGS"
+msgstr "缺陷"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"There could be plenty lurking. The file parser is particularly unforgiving "
+"about syntax errors, expecting no spurious whitespace (apart from beginning "
+"and end of lines), and a specific token delimiting different things."
+msgstr ""
+"可能会有很多潜在问题。文件解析器尤其不能容忍语法错误，不能有无意义的空白符(除"
+"了行首和行尾)，并且使用特定的标记分割不同的事情。"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:213(title) shadow.3.xml:208(title)
+msgid "DIAGNOSTICS"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"An error parsing the file is reported using "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> as level ERR on facility AUTH."
+msgstr ""
+"此文件的解析错误会使用 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslogd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> 作为 AUTH 中的 ERR 级别"
+"报告。"
+
+#: suauth.5.xml:223(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: su.1.xml:58(contrib) shadow.5.xml:41(contrib) shadow.3.xml:41(contrib)
+#: porttime.5.xml:41(contrib) passwd.5.xml:41(contrib) passwd.1.xml:48(contrib)
+#: login.1.xml:74(contrib) faillog.8.xml:41(contrib) faillog.5.xml:41(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1989"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:74(refentrytitle) su.1.xml:81(refname) su.1.xml:86(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:456(term)
+msgid "su"
+msgstr "su"
+
+#: su.1.xml:76(refmiscinfo) sg.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: passwd.1.xml:66(refmiscinfo) newgrp.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+#: login.1.xml:92(refmiscinfo) groups.1.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:64(refmiscinfo) expiry.1.xml:63(refmiscinfo)
+#: chsh.1.xml:62(refmiscinfo) chfn.1.xml:62(refmiscinfo)
+#: chage.1.xml:60(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "User Commands"
+msgstr "用户命令"
+
+#: su.1.xml:82(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user ID or become superuser"
+msgstr "更改用户 ID 或成为超级用户"
+
+#: su.1.xml:91(replaceable) sg.1.xml:72(arg) newgrp.1.xml:71(arg)
+msgid "-"
+msgstr "-"
+
+#: su.1.xml:94(replaceable) login.1.xml:107(replaceable)
+#: login.1.xml:115(replaceable)
+msgid "username"
+msgstr "用户名"
+
+#: su.1.xml:96(replaceable)
+msgid "args"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:104(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The <command>su</command> command is used to become another user during a "
+#| "login session. Invoked without a <option>username</option>, <command>su</"
+#| "command> defaults to becoming the superuser. The optional argument "
+#| "<option>-</option> may be used to provide an environment similar to what "
+#| "the user would expect had the user logged in directly."
+msgid ""
+"The <command>su</command> command is used to become another user during a "
+"login session. Invoked without a <option>username</option>, <command>su</"
+"command> defaults to becoming the superuser. The <option>-</option> option "
+"may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect "
+"had the user logged in directly. The <option>-c</option> option may be used "
+"to treat the next argument as a command by most shells."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>su</command> 用于让用户在登录期间变成另外一个用户。后边不带 "
+"<option>username</option> 使用时，<command>su</command> 默认会变成超级用户。"
+"可选的选项 <option>-</option>，可以用于提供一个类似于用户直接登录的环境，用户"
+"可能期望是这样的。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list. You can use the "
+"<option>--</option> argument to stop option parsing. The <option>-</option> "
+"option is special: it is also recognized after <option>--</option>, but has "
+"to be placed before <option>username</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: su.1.xml:122(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user will be prompted for a password, if appropriate. Invalid passwords "
+"will produce an error message. All attempts, both valid and invalid, are "
+"logged to detect abuse of the system."
+msgstr ""
+"如果合适，将提示用户输入一个密码。输入无效的密码会产生一个错误消息。所有的尝"
+"试，无论成功还是失败，都会被记录，以检测对系统的滥用。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"The current environment is passed to the new shell. The value of <envar>"
+"$PATH</envar> is reset to <filename>/bin:/usr/bin</filename> for normal "
+"users, or <filename>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</filename> for the "
+"superuser. This may be changed with the <option>ENV_PATH</option> and "
+"<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> definitions in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"当前环境会传递给新 shell。对于普通用户，<envar>$PATH</envar> 的值重置为 "
+"<filename>/bin:/usr/bin</filename>，而对于超级用户则是 <filename>/sbin:/bin:/"
+"usr/sbin:/usr/bin</filename>。这会随 <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 中"
+"的 <option>ENV_PATH</option> 和 <option>ENV_SUPATH</option> 值改变。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:136(para) login.1.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"A subsystem login is indicated by the presence of a \"*\" as the first "
+"character of the login shell. The given home directory will be used as the "
+"root of a new file system which the user is actually logged into."
+msgstr ""
+"在登录 shell 中以第一个字符是“*”标注的是子系统登录。给定的主目录将被用于用户"
+"实际登录的新文件系统的根。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:145(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>su</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>su</command> 命令可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: su.1.xml:149(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--command</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMAND</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--command</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMAND</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:153(para)
+msgid ""
+"Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its <option>-c</"
+"option>."
+msgstr "通过使用其 <option>-c</option> 选项，指定一个由 shell 运行的命令。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:157(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The executed command will have no controlling terminal. This option "
+#| "cannot be used to execute interractive programs which need a controlling "
+#| "TTY."
+msgid ""
+"The executed command will have no controlling terminal. This option cannot "
+"be used to execute interactive programs which need a controlling TTY."
+msgstr ""
+"执行的命令将不会拥有控制终端。此选项不能用于执行需要控制 TTY 的交互程序。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:167(term)
+msgid "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"Provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user "
+"logged in directly."
+msgstr "提供一个类似于用户直接登录的环境，用户可能会希望这样。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:175(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "When <option>-</option> is used, it must be specified as the last "
+#| "<command>su</command> option. The other forms (<option>-l</option> and "
+#| "<option>--login</option>) do not have this restriction."
+msgid ""
+"When <option>-</option> is used, it must be specified before any "
+"<option>username</option>. For portability it is recommended to use it as "
+"last option, before any <option>username</option>. The other forms (<option>-"
+"l</option> and <option>--login</option>) do not have this restriction."
+msgstr ""
+"使用了 <option>-</option> 时，它必须是 <command>su</command> 的最后一个参数。"
+"其它形式(<option>-l</option> 和 <option>--login</option>) 没有这个限制。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:190(para)
+msgid "The shell that will be invoked."
+msgstr "将使用的 shell。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:198(para)
+msgid "The shell specified with --shell."
+msgstr "通过 --shell 指定的 shell。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:201(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--preserve-environment</option> is used, the shell specified by "
+"the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environment variable."
+msgstr ""
+"如果使用了 <option>--preserve-environment</option>，shell 将由 <envar>"
+"$SHELL</envar> 环境变量指定。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:208(para)
+msgid ""
+"The shell indicated in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> entry for the "
+"target user."
+msgstr "在 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 的相应项中为目标用户指定的 shell。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/bin/sh</filename> if a shell could not be found by any above "
+"method."
+msgstr ""
+"如果无法通过以上办法找到一个 shell，则使用 <filename>/bin/sh</filename>。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first): <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "使用的 shell 在如下中选择(高优先级在前)：<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the target user has a restricted shell (i.e. the shell field of this "
+"user's entry in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> is not listed in <filename>/"
+"etc/shells</filename>), then the <option>--shell</option> option or the "
+"<envar>$SHELL</envar> environment variable won't be taken into account, "
+"unless <command>su</command> is called by root."
+msgstr ""
+"如果目标用户的 shell 是有限制的(即，<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 中用户项"
+"中的 shell 字段没有在 <filename>/etc/shells</filename> 中列出)，那么 "
+"<option>--shell</option> 选项或 <envar>$SHELL</envar> 环境变量不会带入账户，"
+"除非 <command>su</command> 是被 root 调用的。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:230(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>-p</option>, <option>--preserve-environment</"
+"option>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>-p</option>, <option>--preserve-environment</"
+"option>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:239(envar)
+msgid "$PATH"
+msgstr "$PATH"
+
+#: su.1.xml:241(para)
+msgid ""
+"reset according to the <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options "
+"<option>ENV_PATH</option> or <option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (see below);"
+msgstr ""
+"根据 <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 中的 <option>ENV_PATH</option> or "
+"<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> 选项重设 (请往下看)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:250(envar)
+msgid "$IFS"
+msgstr "$IFS"
+
+#: su.1.xml:252(para)
+msgid ""
+"reset to <quote>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</quote>, if it was "
+"set."
+msgstr ""
+"如果已经设置了，重设 <quote>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</quote>。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:235(para)
+msgid "Preserve the current environment, except for: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "保留当前环境，除非：<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless "
+"<command>su</command> is called by root)."
+msgstr ""
+"如果用户的 shell 受限，此选项无效 (除非是 root 调用的 <command>su</"
+"command>)。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:270(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <envar>$HOME</envar>, <envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$USER</envar>, "
+"<envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, and <envar>$IFS</envar> "
+"environment variables are reset."
+msgstr ""
+"The <envar>$HOME</envar>, <envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$USER</envar>, "
+"<envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, 和 <envar>$IFS</envar> 这些环"
+"境变量会被重置。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:279(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is not used, the environment is copied, except "
+"for the variables above."
+msgstr "如果没有使用 <option>--login</option>，复制环境，上述几个变量除外。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:286(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, the <envar>$TERM</envar>, <envar>"
+"$COLORTERM</envar>, <envar>$DISPLAY</envar>, and <envar>$XAUTHORITY</envar> "
+"environment variables are copied if they were set."
+msgstr ""
+"如果使用了 <option>--login</option>，如果设置了 <envar>$TERM</envar>, <envar>"
+"$COLORTERM</envar>, <envar>$DISPLAY</envar> 和 <envar>$XAUTHORITY</envar>，这"
+"些环境变量也会被重置。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:296(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, the <envar>$TZ</envar>, <envar>$HZ</"
+"envar>, and <envar>$MAIL</envar> environment variables are set according to "
+"the <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options <option>ENV_TZ</option>, "
+"<option>ENV_HZ</option>, <option>MAIL_DIR</option>, and <option>MAIL_FILE</"
+"option> (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"如果使用了 <option>--login</option>，环境变量 <envar>$TZ</envar>, <envar>"
+"$HZ</envar>, and <envar>$MAIL</envar> 也会根据 <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> 中的选项 <option>ENV_TZ</option>, <option>ENV_HZ</option>, "
+"<option>MAIL_DIR</option> 和 <option>MAIL_FILE</option> 重置 (请看下边)。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>--login</option> is used, other environment variables might be "
+"set by the <option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> file (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"如果使用了 <option>--login</option>，其它环境变量可能会根据 "
+"<option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> 文件来设置(请看下边)。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:317(para)
+msgid "Other environments might be set by PAM modules."
+msgstr "其它环境可能由 PAM 模块设置。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:265(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "注意，环境的默认行为如下：<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:331(para)
+msgid ""
+"This version of <command>su</command> has many compilation options, only "
+"some of which may be in use at any particular site."
+msgstr ""
+"此版本的 <command>su</command> 有很多编译选项，在某些机器上，可能只使用了其中"
+"的一部分。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CONSOLE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>CONSOLE</option> (string)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, either full pathname of a file containing device names (one per "
+"line) or a \":\" delimited list of device names. Root logins will be allowed "
+"only upon these devices."
+msgstr ""
+"如果定义了，或者是包含设备名(没行一个)的文件的完整路径名，或者是“:”分隔的设备"
+"名列表。将只会在这写设备上允许 root 登录。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid "If not defined, root will be allowed on any device."
+msgstr "如果没有定义，可以在任何设备上使用 root。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:42(para) login.defs.5.xml:42(para) login.1.xml:42(para)
+msgid "The device should be specified without the /dev/ prefix."
+msgstr "指定的设备时不带 /dev/ 前缀。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CONSOLE_GROUPS</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>CONSOLE_GROUPS</option> (string)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"List of groups to add to the user's supplementary groups set when logging in "
+"on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting). Default is none. "
+"<placeholder-1/> Use with caution - it is possible for users to gain "
+"permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console."
+msgstr ""
+"在控制台登录时，添加到用户附加组集中的组列表(就如 CONSOLE 所确定的)。默认是"
+"无。<placeholder-1/> 使用时需要注意：这可能使用户获取这些组的永久权限，甚至登"
+"录到的不是此控制台时。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>DEFAULT_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>DEFAULT_HOME</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if login is allowed if we can't cd to the home directory. Default "
+"is no."
+msgstr "如果不能 cd 到主目录时，说明是否允许登录。默认是否。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user will login in the root "
+"(<filename>/</filename>) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+"如果设置为 <replaceable>yes</replaceable>，如果不能 cd 到主目录时，用户将会登"
+"录到根目录(<filename>/</filename>)。"
+
+#. XXX: When compiled with PAM support, only sulogin uses ENV_HZ
+#: su.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term) login.1.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_HZ</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_HZ</option> (string)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para) login.1.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user "
+"login. The value must be preceded by <replaceable>HZ=</replaceable>. A "
+"common value on Linux is <replaceable>HZ=100</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"如果设置了，将会用于在用户登录时定义 HZ 环境变量。值必须以 <replaceable>HZ=</"
+"replaceable> 开头。Linux 上的常用值是 <replaceable>HZ=100</replaceable>。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:41(para) login.defs.5.xml:41(para) login.1.xml:41(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <envar>HZ</envar> environment variable is only set when the user (the "
+"superuser) logs in with <command>sulogin</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"<envar>HZ</envar> 环境变量只有当用户(超级用户)使用 <command>sulogin</"
+"command> 登录时才设置。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> (string)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this file exists and is readable, login environment will be read from it. "
+"Every line should be in the form name=value."
+msgstr ""
+"如果此文件存在，并且可读，将会从中读取登录环境。所有行都必须是 name=value 的"
+"格式。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid "Lines starting with a # are treated as comment lines and ignored."
+msgstr "以 # 开头的行将视为注释，并被忽略。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_PATH</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_PATH</option> (string)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a "
+#| "regular user login. The value can be preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</"
+#| "replaceable>, or a colon separated list of paths (for example "
+#| "<replaceable>/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>). The default value is "
+#| "<replaceable>PATH=/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a "
+"regular user login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for "
+"example <replaceable>/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be preceded by "
+"<replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is <replaceable>PATH=/"
+"bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"如果设置了，它将用于定义普通用户登录时的 PATH 环境变量。此值可以用 "
+"<replaceable>PATH=</replaceable> 开头，或者是冒号分隔的路径列表 (例如 "
+"<replaceable>/bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>)。默认的值是 <replaceable>PATH=/"
+"bin:/usr/bin</replaceable>。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (string)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the "
+#| "superuser login. The value can be preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</"
+#| "replaceable>, or a colon separated list of paths (for example "
+#| "<replaceable>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>). The default "
+#| "value is <replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the "
+"superuser login. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example "
+"<replaceable>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>) and can be "
+"preceded by <replaceable>PATH=</replaceable>. The default value is "
+"<replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"如果设置了，它将用于定义超级用户登录时的 PATH 环境变量。此值可以用 "
+"<replaceable>PATH=</replaceable> 开头，或者是冒号分隔的路径列表 (例如 "
+"<replaceable>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>)。默认值是 "
+"<replaceable>PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</replaceable>。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ENV_TZ</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENV_TZ</option> (string)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user "
+"login. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by <replaceable>TZ=</"
+"replaceable> (for example <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>), or the "
+"full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example "
+"<filename>/etc/tzname</filename>)."
+msgstr ""
+"如果设置了，它将用于在用户登录时定义 TZ 环境变量。此值可以是以 "
+"<replaceable>TZ=</replaceable> 开头的时区名(例如 <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</"
+"replaceable>)，或者是包含时区规则的文件完整路径(例如 <filename>/etc/tzname</"
+"filename>)。"
+
+#. TODO: it can in fact be used to set any other variable
+#: su.1.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para) login.1.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, "
+"the default is to use <replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"如果将完整路径指定为了一个不存在或不可读的文件，则默认使用 "
+"<replaceable>TZ=CST6CDT</replaceable>。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+#: chsh.1.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_STRING</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>LOGIN_STRING</option> (string)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"The string used for prompting a password. The default is to use \"Password: "
+"\", or a translation of that string. If you set this variable, the prompt "
+"will not be translated."
+msgstr ""
+"此字符串用于提示输入密码。默认是 \"Password: \"，或者翻译了的结果(汉语中翻译"
+"为了“密码：”)。如果设置了此变量，提示不会被翻译。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:39(para) login.defs.5.xml:39(para) login.1.xml:39(para)
+#: chsh.1.xml:39(para) chfn.1.xml:39(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the string contains <replaceable>%s</replaceable>, this will be replaced "
+"by the user's name."
+msgstr "如果字符串包含 <replaceable>%s</replaceable>，将会被用户名替换。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>MAIL_CHECK_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable checking and display of mailbox status upon login."
+msgstr "启用登录时检查和现实邮箱状态。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:37(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should disable it if the shell startup files already check for mail "
+"(\"mailx -e\" or equivalent)."
+msgstr ""
+"如果 shell 的启动文件已经检查了邮件(\"mailx -e\" 或者其它同功能的工具)，您应"
+"该禁用它。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>QUOTAS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Enable setting of ulimit, umask, and niceness from passwd gecos field."
+msgid ""
+"Enable setting of resource limits from <filename>/etc/limits</filename> and "
+"ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user's passwd gecos field."
+msgstr "允许在 passwd 的 gecos 字段设置 ulimit、umask 和 niceness。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SULOG_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>SULOG_FILE</option> (string)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, all su activity is logged to this file."
+msgstr "如果定义了，所有的 su 活动都会记录到此文件。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SU_NAME</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>SU_NAME</option> (string)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, the command name to display when running \"su -\". For example, "
+"if this is defined as \"su\" then a \"ps\" will display the command is \"-su"
+"\". If not defined, then \"ps\" would display the name of the shell actually "
+"being run, e.g. something like \"-sh\"."
+msgstr ""
+"如果定义了，就是运行“su -”时显示的命令名称。例如，如果定义为“su”，那么“ps”会"
+"显示此命令为“-su”。如果没有定义，“ps”将会显示实际执行的 shell，例如类似于“-"
+"sh”。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>SU_WHEEL_ONLY</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>SU_WHEEL_ONLY</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the user must be listed as a member of "
+"the first gid 0 group in <filename>/etc/group</filename> (called "
+"<replaceable>root</replaceable> on most Linux systems) to be able to "
+"<command>su</command> to uid 0 accounts. If the group doesn't exist or is "
+"empty, no one will be able to <command>su</command> to uid 0."
+msgstr ""
+"如果为 <replaceable>yes</replaceable>，用户必须在 <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename> 中别设定为 GID 为 0 的组(在大部分 Linux 上叫 <replaceable>root</"
+"replaceable>)的成员。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SYSLOG_SU_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>SYSLOG_SU_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable \"syslog\" logging of <command>su</command> activity - in addition to "
+"sulog file logging."
+msgstr "除了 sulog 文件日志，也为 <command>su</command> 活动启用“syslog”日志。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:391(para)
+msgid ""
+"On success, <command>su</command> returns the exit value of the command it "
+"executed."
+msgstr "成功时，<command>su</command> 返回执行的命令的退出值。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:395(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this command was terminated by a signal, <command>su</command> returns "
+"the number of this signal plus 128."
+msgstr "如果命令被信号结束，<command>su</command> 返回此信号的编号加 128。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:399(para)
+msgid ""
+"If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the "
+"command did not terminate in time), <command>su</command> returns 255."
+msgstr ""
+"如果 su 必须要杀死此命令(因为已经要求它结束，可是却没有及时结束)，"
+"<command>su</command> 返回 255。"
+
+#: su.1.xml:411(para)
+msgid "success (<option>--help</option> only)"
+msgstr "成功 (只有 <option>--help</option>)"
+
+#: su.1.xml:417(para)
+msgid "System or authentication failure"
+msgstr "系统或者认证失败"
+
+#: su.1.xml:421(replaceable)
+msgid "126"
+msgstr "126"
+
+#: su.1.xml:423(para)
+msgid "The requested command was not found"
+msgstr "要求的命令不存在"
+
+#: su.1.xml:427(replaceable)
+msgid "127"
+msgstr "127"
+
+#: su.1.xml:429(para)
+msgid "The requested command could not be executed"
+msgstr "请求的命令不能执行"
+
+#: su.1.xml:404(para)
+msgid ""
+"Some exit values from <command>su</command> are independent from the "
+"executed command: <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "<command>su</command> 中的某些退出值与执行的命令无关：<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: su.1.xml:438(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: sg.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) sg.1.xml:65(refname) sg.1.xml:71(command)
+msgid "sg"
+msgstr "sg"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "execute command as different group ID"
+msgstr "以不同的组 ID 执行命令"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:74(arg)
+msgid "-c"
+msgstr "-c"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:73(arg)
+msgid "group <placeholder-1/> command"
+msgstr "组 <placeholder-1/> 命令"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>sg</command> command works similar to <command>newgrp</command> "
+"but accepts a command. The command will be executed with the <filename>/bin/"
+"sh</filename> shell. With most shells you may run <command>sg</command> "
+"from, you need to enclose multi-word commands in quotes. Another difference "
+"between <command>newgrp</command> and <command>sg</command> is that some "
+"shells treat <command>newgrp</command> specially, replacing themselves with "
+"a new instance of a shell that <command>newgrp</command> creates. This "
+"doesn't happen with <command>sg</command>, so upon exit from a <command>sg</"
+"command> command you are returned to your previous group ID."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>sg</command> 命令类似于 <command>newgrp</command>，但是可以接受一个"
+"命令。这个命令将会使用 <filename>/bin/sh</filename> shell 来执行。对于您可以"
+"使用 <command>sg</command> 启动的多数 shell，您需要将多个词的命令用引号引起"
+"来。<command>newgrp</command> 和 <command>sg</command> 之间的另外一个不同点是"
+"某些 shell 对 <command>newgrp</command> 有特殊对待，会使用 <command>newgrp</"
+"command> 创建的一个新的 shell 实例替换自身。这不会发生在 <command>sg</"
+"command> 身上，所以从 <command>sg</command> 退出后，您会返回到先前的组 ID。"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:32(term) newgrp.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>SYSLOG_SG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>SYSLOG_SG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:34(para) newgrp.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable \"syslog\" logging of <command>sg</command> activity."
+msgstr "允许“syslog”记录 <command>sg</command> 的活动。"
+
+#: sg.1.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) shadow.5.xml:64(refname)
+#: shadow.3.xml:57(refentrytitle) shadow.3.xml:64(refname)
+#: pwck.8.xml:84(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:76(replaceable)
+msgid "shadow"
+msgstr "shadow"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadowed password file"
+msgstr "影子化了的密码文件"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> is a file which contains the password "
+"information for the system's accounts and optional aging information."
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> 是一个文件，它包含系统账户的密码信息和可选的年龄"
+"信息。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:76(para) gshadow.5.xml:64(para)
+msgid ""
+"This file must not be readable by regular users if password security is to "
+"be maintained."
+msgstr "如果没有维护好密码安全，此文件绝对不能让普通用户可读。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each line of this file contains 9 fields, separated by colons (<quote>:</"
+"quote>), in the following order:"
+msgstr ""
+"此文件的每行包括 9 个字段，使用半角冒号 (<quote>:</quote>) 分隔，顺序如下："
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:88(emphasis) passwd.5.xml:78(para)
+msgid "login name"
+msgstr "登录名"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "It must be a valid account name, which exist on the system."
+msgstr "必须是有效的账户名，且已经存在于系统中。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:96(emphasis) gshadow.5.xml:83(emphasis)
+msgid "encrypted password"
+msgstr "加密了的密码"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to "
+"authenticate as the specified login name. However, some applications which "
+"read the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file may decide not to permit any "
+"access at all if the password field is empty."
+msgstr ""
+"此字段可以为空，此时认证为特定的登录名时，不要求密码。然而，一些读取 "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename> 文件的应用程序，在密码字段为空时，可能决定禁"
+"止任何访问。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:105(para) gshadow.5.xml:107(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "A password field which starts with a exclamation mark means that the "
+#| "password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the "
+#| "password field before the password was locked."
+msgid ""
+"A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the "
+"password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the "
+"password field before the password was locked."
+msgstr ""
+"以叹号开始的密码字段意味着密码被锁定。该行的剩余字符表示锁定之前的密码。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:111(para) passwd.5.xml:126(para) gshadow.5.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"Refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> for details on how this string is interpreted."
+msgstr ""
+"请参考 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry> 来了解关于解析此字符串的细节信息。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:116(para) passwd.5.xml:131(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix "
+"password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)."
+msgstr ""
+"如果密码字段包含一些不是 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> 合法结果的字符，比如 ! "
+"或 *，用户将无法使用 unix 密码登录(但是可以通过其它方法登录系统)。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:127(emphasis)
+msgid "date of last password change"
+msgstr "最后一次更改密码的日期"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date of the last password change, expressed as the number of days since "
+"Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr "最近一次更改密码的时间，表示从1970年1月1日开始的天数。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:134(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user should change "
+#| "her pasword the next time she will log in the system."
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user should change her "
+"password the next time she will log in the system."
+msgstr "0 有特殊意思，表示用户应该在下次登录系统时更改密码。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:139(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that password aging features are disabled."
+msgstr "空字段表示密码年龄功能被禁用。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:146(emphasis)
+msgid "minimum password age"
+msgstr "密码的最小年龄"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The minimum password age is the number of days the user will have to wait "
+"before she will be allowed to change her password again."
+msgstr ""
+"最小密码年龄是指，用户一次更改密码之后，要等多长时间才再次被允许更改密码。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:153(para)
+msgid "An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no minimum password age."
+msgstr "空字段或 0 表示没有最小密码年龄。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:160(emphasis)
+msgid "maximum password age"
+msgstr "最大密码年龄"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:162(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum password age is the number of days after which the user will "
+"have to change her password."
+msgstr "最大密码年龄是指，这写天之后，用户必须更改密码。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:166(para)
+msgid ""
+"After this number of days is elapsed, the password may still be valid. The "
+"user should be asked to change her password the next time she will log in."
+msgstr "这写天之后，密码仍然可用。用户将会在下次登录的时候被要求更改密码。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:171(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field means that there are no maximum password age, no password "
+"warning period, and no password inactivity period (see below)."
+msgstr ""
+"空字段表示没有最大密码年龄，没有密码警告时间段，没有密码禁用时间段(请看下"
+"边)。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the maximum password age is lower than the minimum password age, the user "
+"cannot change her password."
+msgstr "如果最大密码年龄小于最小密码年龄，用户将会不能更改密码。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:184(emphasis)
+msgid "password warning period"
+msgstr "密码警告时间段"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days before a password is going to expire (see the maximum "
+"password age above) during which the user should be warned."
+msgstr "密码过期之前，提前警告用户的的天数(请参考上边的密码的最大年龄)。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:192(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no password warning period."
+msgstr "空字段或者 0 表示没有密码警告期。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:200(emphasis)
+msgid "password inactivity period"
+msgstr "密码禁用期"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:203(para)
+msgid ""
+"The number of days after a password has expired (see the maximum password "
+"age above) during which the password should still be accepted (and the user "
+"should update her password during the next login)."
+msgstr ""
+"密码过期(查看上边的密码最大年龄)后，仍然接受此密码的天数(在此期间，用户应该在"
+"下次登录时修改密码)。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:209(para)
+msgid ""
+"After expiration of the password and this expiration period is elapsed, no "
+"login is possible using the current user's password. The user should contact "
+"her administrator."
+msgstr ""
+"密码到期并且过了这个宽限期之后，使用用户的当前的密码将会不能登录。用户需要联"
+"系系统管理员。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:214(para)
+msgid ""
+"An empty field means that there are no enforcement of an inactivity period."
+msgstr "空字段表示没有强制密码过期。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:222(emphasis)
+msgid "account expiration date"
+msgstr "账户过期日期"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:225(para)
+msgid ""
+"The date of expiration of the account, expressed as the number of days since "
+"Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr "账户过期的日期，表示从1970年1月1日开始的天数。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:229(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Note that an account expiration differs from a password expiration. In "
+#| "case of an acount expiration, the user shall not be allowed to login. In "
+#| "case of a password expiration, the user is not allowed to login using her "
+#| "password."
+msgid ""
+"Note that an account expiration differs from a password expiration. In case "
+"of an account expiration, the user shall not be allowed to login. In case of "
+"a password expiration, the user is not allowed to login using her password."
+msgstr ""
+"注意，账户过期不同于密码过期。账户过期时，用户将不被允许登录；密码过期时，用"
+"户将不被允许使用其密码登录。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:235(para)
+msgid "An empty field means that the account will never expire."
+msgstr "空字段表示账户永不过期。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 should not be used as it is interpreted as either an account "
+"with no expiration, or as an expiration on Jan 1, 1970."
+msgstr "应该避免使用 0，因为它既能理解成永不过期也能理解成在1970年1月1日过期。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:246(emphasis)
+msgid "reserved field"
+msgstr "保留字段"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:248(para)
+msgid "This field is reserved for future use."
+msgstr "此字段保留作将来使用。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:270(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shadow-"
+msgstr "/etc/shadow-"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:272(para)
+msgid "Backup file for /etc/shadow."
+msgstr "/etc/shadow 的备份文件。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:273(para) passwd.5.xml:178(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that this file is used by the tools of the shadow toolsuite, but not by "
+"all user and password management tools."
+msgstr ""
+"注意，此文件由 shadow 工具集使用，而不是所有的用户和密码管理工具都会使用。"
+
+#: shadow.5.xml:284(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:59(refmiscinfo)
+msgid "Library Calls"
+msgstr "库函数调用"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:65(refname)
+msgid "getspnam"
+msgstr "getspnam"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "encrypted password file routines"
+msgstr "加密密码文件工具函数"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:70(title)
+msgid "SYNTAX"
+msgstr "SYNTAX"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:72(emphasis)
+msgid "#include &lt;shadow.h&gt;"
+msgstr "#include &lt;shadow.h&gt;"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:76(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *getspent();"
+msgstr "struct spwd *getspent();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:80(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *getspnam(char"
+msgstr "struct spwd *getspnam(char"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:81(emphasis)
+msgid "*name"
+msgstr "*name"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:81(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:94(emphasis)
+#: shadow.3.xml:99(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:105(emphasis)
+msgid ");"
+msgstr ");"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:85(emphasis)
+msgid "void setspent();"
+msgstr "void setspent();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:89(emphasis)
+msgid "void endspent();"
+msgstr "void endspent();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:93(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *fgetspent(FILE"
+msgstr "struct spwd *fgetspent(FILE"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:94(emphasis) shadow.3.xml:105(emphasis)
+msgid "*fp"
+msgstr "*fp"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:98(emphasis)
+msgid "struct spwd *sgetspent(char"
+msgstr "struct spwd *sgetspent(char"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:99(emphasis)
+msgid "*cp"
+msgstr "*cp"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:103(emphasis)
+msgid "int putspent(struct spwd"
+msgstr "int putspent(struct spwd"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:104(emphasis)
+msgid "*p,"
+msgstr "*p,"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:104(emphasis)
+msgid "FILE"
+msgstr "FILE"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:109(emphasis)
+msgid "int lckpwdf();"
+msgstr "int lckpwdf();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:113(emphasis)
+msgid "int ulckpwdf();"
+msgstr "int ulckpwdf();"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:119(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> manipulates the contents of the "
+"shadow password file, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. The structure in the "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">#include</emphasis> file is:"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> 处理 shadow 密码文件 <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename> 的内容。<emphasis remap=\"I\">#include</emphasis> 文件中的"
+"结构是："
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:124(programlisting)
+#, fuzzy, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"struct spwd {\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_namp; /* user login name */\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_lstchg; /* last password change */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_min; /* days until change allowed. */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_max; /* days before change required */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_inact; /* days before account inactive */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_expire; /* date when account expires */\n"
+"      unsigned long int\tsp_flag; /* reserved for future use */\n"
+"}\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"struct spwd {\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_namp; /* 用户登录名 */\n"
+"      char\t\t*sp_pwdp; /* 加密过的密码 */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_lstchg; /* 最近密码更改日期 */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_min; /* 到允许更改密码还有多少天 */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_max; /* 到要求更改密码还有多少天 */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_warn; /* 警告过期的天数 */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_inact; /* 账户非活动之前的天数 */\n"
+"      long int\t\tsp_expire; /* 账户过期的日期 */\n"
+"      unsigned long int\tsp_flag; /* 保留做以后使用 */\n"
+"}\n"
+"    "
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The meanings of each field are:"
+msgstr "每个字段的含义是："
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:139(para)
+msgid "sp_namp - pointer to null-terminated user name"
+msgstr "sp_namp - 指向以 null 结束的用户名的指针"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:142(para)
+msgid "sp_pwdp - pointer to null-terminated password"
+msgstr "sp_pwdp - 指向 null 结束的密码的指针"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:145(para)
+msgid "sp_lstchg - days since Jan 1, 1970 password was last changed"
+msgstr "sp_lstchg - 最近更改密码的日期(日期计算方法是从1970年1月1日开始的天数)"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:148(para)
+msgid "sp_min - days before which password may not be changed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:151(para)
+msgid "sp_max - days after which password must be changed"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:154(para)
+msgid ""
+"sp_warn - days before password is to expire that user is warned of pending "
+"password expiration"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"sp_inact - days after password expires that account is considered inactive "
+"and disabled"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:164(para)
+msgid "sp_expire - days since Jan 1, 1970 when account will be disabled"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:167(para)
+msgid "sp_flag - reserved for future use"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>getspent</emphasis>, <emphasis>getspname</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis>, and <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> each "
+"return a pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis>. <emphasis>getspent</"
+"emphasis> returns the next entry from the file, and <emphasis>fgetspent</"
+"emphasis> returns the next entry from the given stream, which is assumed to "
+"be a file of the proper format. <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> returns a "
+"pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis> using the provided string as "
+"input. <emphasis>getspnam</emphasis> searches from the current position in "
+"the file for an entry matching <emphasis>name</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis>setspent</emphasis> and <emphasis>endspent</emphasis> may be used "
+"to begin and end, respectively, access to the shadow password file."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>setspent</emphasis> 和 <emphasis>endspent</emphasis> 分别用来开始和"
+"结束对影子密码文件的访问。"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:194(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> and <emphasis>ulckpwdf</emphasis> routines "
+"should be used to insure exclusive access to the <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> file. <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> attempts to acquire a lock "
+"using <emphasis>pw_lock</emphasis> for up to 15 seconds. It continues by "
+"attempting to acquire a second lock using <emphasis>spw_lock</emphasis> for "
+"the remainder of the initial 15 seconds. Should either attempt fail after a "
+"total of 15 seconds, <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> returns -1. When both "
+"locks are acquired 0 is returned."
+msgstr ""
+"需要使用 <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> 和 <emphasis>ulckpwdf</emphasis> 函数来"
+"确保对 <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> 文件的互斥访问。<emphasis>lckpwdf</"
+"emphasis> 使用 <emphasis>pw_lock</emphasis> 来获取一个最长为 15 秒的锁，然后"
+"继续使用 <emphasis>spw_lock</emphasis> 来获取长度为开始的 15 秒时间的剩余量的"
+"第二把锁。总计 15 秒之后，无论哪个失败，<emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> 都返回 "
+"-1。两把锁都获取成功时，返回 0。"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:209(para)
+msgid ""
+"Routines return NULL if no more entries are available or if an error occurs "
+"during processing. Routines which have <emphasis>int</emphasis> as the "
+"return value return 0 for success and -1 for failure."
+msgstr ""
+"如果没有更多条目了或者处理时出错，此函数返回 NULL。使用 <emphasis>int</"
+"emphasis> 类型返回值的函数返回 0 表示成功，-1 表示失败。"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"These routines may only be used by the superuser as access to the shadow "
+"password file is restricted."
+msgstr "这些函数只能由超级用户使用，因为对影子密码文件的访问是受限的。"
+
+#: shadow.3.xml:239(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) pwconv.8.xml:70(refname)
+#: pwconv.8.xml:79(command) login.defs.5.xml:439(term)
+msgid "pwconv"
+msgstr "pwconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:71(refname) pwconv.8.xml:85(command) login.defs.5.xml:448(term)
+msgid "pwunconv"
+msgstr "pwunconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:72(refname) pwconv.8.xml:91(command) login.defs.5.xml:344(term)
+msgid "grpconv"
+msgstr "grpconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:73(refname) pwconv.8.xml:97(command) login.defs.5.xml:350(term)
+msgid "grpunconv"
+msgstr "grpunconv"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:74(refpurpose)
+msgid "convert to and from shadow passwords and groups"
+msgstr "在影子密码和组以及其它直接转换"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</"
+"emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> and an optionally "
+"existing <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> 命令使用 <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> 以"
+"及可选并已经存在的 <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> 来创建 <emphasis "
+"remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>。"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> does not work with <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"enabled. To convert to tcb passwords, you should first use <command>pwconv</"
+"command> to convert to shadowed passwords by disabling <option>USE_TCB</"
+"option> in <filename>login.defs</filename> and then convert to tcb password "
+"using <command>tcb_convert</command> (and re-enable <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"in <filename>login.defs</filename>.)"
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> 不能在启用 <option>USE_TCB</option> 时不能工作。要"
+"转换到 tcb 密码，您首先需要通过在 <filename>login.defs</filename> 禁用 "
+"<option>USE_TCB</option> 并使用 <command>pwconv</command> 转换到影子密码，然"
+"后再使用 <command>tcb_convert</command> 转换到 tcb 密码(并且在 "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename> 中重新启用 <option>USE_TCB</option>)。"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwunconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">passwd</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> and "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">shadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwunconv</command> 命令使用 <emphasis remap=\"I\">passwd</emphasis> "
+"和 <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis> 来创建 <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">passwd</emphasis>，然后移除 <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</emphasis>。"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwunconv</command> does not work with <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"enabled. You should first switch back from tcb to shadowed passwords using "
+"<command>tcb_unconvert</command>, and then disable <option>USE_TCB</option> "
+"in <filename>login.defs</filename> before using <command>pwunconv</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwunconv</command> 在启用 <option>USE_TCB</option> 时不能工作。首先"
+"需要使用 <command>tcb_unconvert</command> 从 tcb 切换回影子密码，然后使用 "
+"<command>pwunconv</command> 在 <filename>login.defs</filename> 中禁用 "
+"<option>USE_TCB</option>。"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> and an "
+"optionally existing <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>grpconv</command> 从 <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> 和可能存"
+"在的 <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis> 创建 <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis>。"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpunconv</command> command creates <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">group</emphasis> from <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> and "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">gshadow</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>grpunconv</command> 命令从 <emphasis remap=\"I\">group</emphasis> "
+"和 <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis> 创建 <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">group</emphasis>，然后移除 <emphasis remap=\"I\">gshadow</emphasis>。"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid ""
+"These four programs all operate on the normal and shadow password and group "
+"files: <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>, <filename>/etc/group</filename>, "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"这四个程序都可以操作普通或影子密码和组文件：<filename>/etc/passwd</"
+"filename>, <filename>/etc/group</filename>, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> "
+"和 <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>。"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each program acquires the necessary locks before conversion. "
+"<command>pwconv</command> and <command>grpconv</command> are similar. First, "
+"entries in the shadowed file which don't exist in the main file are removed. "
+"Then, shadowed entries which don't have `x' as the password in the main file "
+"are updated. Any missing shadowed entries are added. Finally, passwords in "
+"the main file are replaced with `x'. These programs can be used for initial "
+"conversion as well to update the shadowed file if the main file is edited by "
+"hand."
+msgstr ""
+"转换前，每个程序都会获取需要的锁。<command>pwconv</command> 和 "
+"<command>grpconv</command> 也类似。首先删除，存在于在影子文件中，但在主文件中"
+"却没有的条目；然后，更新在主文件中不使用“x”作为密码的影子条目，会添加所有缺失"
+"的条目；最后，将主文件中的密码替换为“x”。这两个工具可以用于初始转换以及根据手"
+"动编辑的主文件更新影子文件。"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> will use the values of <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">PASS_MIN_DAYS</emphasis>, <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_MAX_DAYS</emphasis>, "
+"and <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_WARN_AGE</emphasis> from <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename> when adding new entries to <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwconv</command> 向 <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> 添加条目时，将"
+"使用<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 中的 <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">PASS_MIN_DAYS</emphasis>, <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_MAX_DAYS</emphasis> "
+"和 <emphasis remap=\"I\">PASS_WARN_AGE</emphasis> 值。"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"Likewise <command>pwunconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</command> are "
+"similar. Passwords in the main file are updated from the shadowed file. "
+"Entries which exist in the main file but not in the shadowed file are left "
+"alone. Finally, the shadowed file is removed. Some password aging "
+"information is lost by <command>pwunconv</command>. It will convert what it "
+"can."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwunconv</command> 和 <command>grpunconv</command> 与此类似。主文件"
+"中的密码会根据影子文件更新。在主文件中存在，但不在影子文件中的条目单独留下。"
+"最后，移除影子文件。一些密码年龄信息会因为 <command>pwunconv</command> 而丢"
+"失。它只转换它可以转换的。"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>pwconv</command>, <command>pwunconv</"
+"command>, <command>grpconv</command>, and <command>grpunconv</command> "
+"commands are:"
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwconv</command>, <command>pwunconv</command>, <command>grpconv</"
+"command> 和 <command>grpunconv</command> 命令可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:217(para)
+msgid ""
+"Errors in the password or group files (such as invalid or duplicate entries) "
+"may cause these programs to loop forever or fail in other strange ways. "
+"Please run <command>pwck</command> and <command>grpck</command> to correct "
+"any such errors before converting to or from shadow passwords or groups."
+msgstr ""
+"在 passwd 或 group 文件中有错误(比如，有重复条目)可能会造成这些程序死循环或者"
+"以奇怪的方式失败。在转换自，或转换到影子密码或组文件前，请运行 "
+"<command>pwck</command> 和 <command>grpck</command> 来修正此类错误。"
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:228(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> "
+"changes the behavior of <command>grpconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</"
+"command>:"
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 中的如下配置变量改变 <command>grpconv</"
+"command> 和 <command>grpunconv</command> 的行为："
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:236(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following configuration variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename> change the behavior of <command>pwconv</command>:"
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 中的如下配置变量改变 <command>pwconv</"
+"command> 的行为："
+
+#: pwconv.8.xml:263(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"tcb\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_convert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_unconvert</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"tcb\">, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_convert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>tcb_unconvert</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:47(contrib) lastlog.8.xml:43(contrib) grpck.8.xml:42(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1992"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:63(refentrytitle) pwck.8.xml:70(refname) pwck.8.xml:76(command)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:430(term)
+msgid "pwck"
+msgstr "pwck"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:71(refpurpose)
+msgid "verify integrity of password files"
+msgstr "检查密码文件的完整性"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:80(replaceable) passwd.5.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: passwd.5.xml:64(refname) passwd.1.xml:64(refentrytitle)
+#: passwd.1.xml:71(refname) passwd.1.xml:77(command) login.defs.5.xml:419(term)
+msgid "passwd"
+msgstr "passwd"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:93(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwck</command> command verifies the integrity of the users and "
+"authentication information. It checks that all entries in <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">(or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>, when <option>USE_TCB</"
+"option> is enabled)</phrase> have the proper format and contain valid data. "
+"The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or "
+"which have other uncorrectable errors."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>pwck</command> 命令检查用户及其认证信息的完整性。它检查 <filename>/"
+"etc/passwd</filename> 和 <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition="
+"\"tcb\">(或者在 <option>USE_TCB</option> 启用时，<filename>/etc/tcb</"
+"filename> 中的文件)</phrase> 格式正确、数据有效。将会提示用户删除格式不正确或"
+"者有其它错误的项。"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:105(para) grpck.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "Checks are made to verify that each entry has:"
+msgstr "检查的项目有："
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:108(para) grpck.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid "the correct number of fields"
+msgstr "正确的字段数"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid "a unique and valid user name"
+msgstr "一个唯一且有效的用户名"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "a valid user and group identifier"
+msgstr "一个有效的用户和组标识符"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid "a valid primary group"
+msgstr "有效的主组"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "a valid home directory"
+msgstr "有效的主目录"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:123(para)
+msgid "a valid login shell"
+msgstr "有效的登录 shell"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>shadow</filename> checks are enabled when a second file parameter "
+"is specified or when <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> exists on the system."
+msgstr ""
+"当指定第二个文件参数或 <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> 在系统中存在时，启用 "
+"<filename>shadow</filename> 检查。"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:132(para)
+msgid "These checks are the following:"
+msgstr "这些检查是："
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"every passwd entry has a matching shadow entry, and every shadow entry has a "
+"matching passwd entry"
+msgstr "每个密码项都有对应的影子相，反之亦然。"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:143(para)
+msgid "passwords are specified in the shadowed file"
+msgstr "密码在影子化了的文件中指定"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:146(para)
+msgid "shadow entries have the correct number of fields"
+msgstr "影子项有正确的字段数。"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "shadow entries are unique in shadow"
+msgstr "影子项在影子文件中是唯一的"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "the last password changes are not in the future"
+msgstr "最后一次的密码更改时间不是被设成了一个将来的时间。"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"The checks for correct number of fields and unique user name are fatal. If "
+"the entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to "
+"delete the entire line. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all "
+"further checks are bypassed. An entry with a duplicated user name is "
+"prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made. All "
+"other errors are warning and the user is encouraged to run the "
+"<command>usermod</command> command to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file are "
+"not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries. <command>pwck</command> "
+"should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entry."
+msgstr ""
+"操作 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 文件的这些命令不能警告损坏或重复的条"
+"目，这些情况下，应该使用 <command>pwck</command> 来移除这写有问题的条目。"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:177(para) grpck.8.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>-r</option> and <option>-s</option> options cannot be combined."
+msgstr "<option>-r</option> 和 <option>-s</option> 选项不能联合使用。"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>pwck</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>pwck</command> 选项可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:204(para)
+msgid ""
+"Report errors only. The warnings which do not require any action from the "
+"user won't be displayed."
+msgstr "只报告错误。不显示那些不需要用户操作的警告。"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:211(term) grpck.8.xml:163(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--read-only</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--read-only</option>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:213(para)
+msgid "Execute the <command>pwck</command> command in read-only mode."
+msgstr "在只读模式下执行 <command>pwck</command>。"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:231(term) grpck.8.xml:185(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:233(para)
+msgid ""
+"Sort entries in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> by UID."
+msgstr ""
+"根据 UID 在 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 和 <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> 对项目进行排序。"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:237(para)
+msgid "This option has no effect when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled."
+msgstr "启用 <option>USE_TCB</option> 是，本选项无效。"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:244(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, <command>pwck</command> operates on the files <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\"> (or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>)</phrase>. The user may "
+"select alternate files with the <replaceable>passwd</replaceable> and "
+"<replaceable>shadow</replaceable> parameters."
+msgstr ""
+"默认上，<command>pwck</command> 操作文件 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 和 "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb\"> (或者在 "
+"<filename>/etc/tcb</filename> 中的文件)</phrase>。用户也可以使用 "
+"<replaceable>passwd</replaceable> 和 <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> 参数来"
+"选择替代文件。"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:253(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Note that when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled, you cannot specify an "
+#| "alternative <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> file. In future releases, "
+#| "this paramater could be replaced by an alternate TCB directory."
+msgid ""
+"Note that when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled, you cannot specify an "
+"alternative <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> file. In future releases, this "
+"parameter could be replaced by an alternate TCB directory."
+msgstr ""
+"注意，<option>USE_TCB</option> 启用时，您不能指定另外的 <replaceable>shadow</"
+"replaceable>。以后的版本中，此参数可能会被替换成一个另外的 TCB 目录。"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:322(para)
+msgid "one or more bad password entries"
+msgstr "一个或多个错误的密码条目"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:328(para)
+msgid "can't open password files"
+msgstr "无法打开密码文件"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:334(para)
+msgid "can't lock password files"
+msgstr "无法锁定密码文件"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:340(para)
+msgid "can't update password files"
+msgstr "无法更新密码文件"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:346(para)
+msgid "can't sort password files"
+msgstr "无法在密码文件中排序"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:304(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>pwck</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "<command>pwck</command> 命令有如下返回值：<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: pwck.8.xml:355(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:57(refentrytitle) porttime.5.xml:64(refname)
+msgid "porttime"
+msgstr "porttime"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "port access time file"
+msgstr "端口访问时间文件"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">porttime</emphasis> contains a list of tty devices, "
+"user names, and permitted login times."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">porttime</emphasis> 包含一个 tty 设备、用户名和允许登录"
+"时间的列表。"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:75(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each entry consists of three colon separated fields. The first field is a "
+"comma separated list of tty devices, or an asterisk to indicate that all tty "
+"devices are matched by this entry. The second field is a comma separated "
+"list of user names, or an asterisk to indicated that all user names are "
+"matched by this entry. The third field is a comma separated list of "
+"permitted access times."
+msgstr ""
+"每项包含三个由冒号分隔的字段。第一个字段是逗号分隔的 tty 设备列表，或者星号表"
+"示匹配所有终端。第二个字段是逗号分隔的用户名列表，或者星号表示匹配所有用户"
+"名。第三个字段是逗号分隔的访问许可时间。"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each access time entry consists of zero or more days of the week, "
+"abbreviated <emphasis>Su</emphasis>, <emphasis>Mo</emphasis>, <emphasis>Tu</"
+"emphasis>, <emphasis>We</emphasis>, <emphasis>Th</emphasis>, <emphasis>Fr</"
+"emphasis>, and <emphasis>Sa</emphasis>, followed by a pair of times "
+"separated by a hyphen. The abbreviation <emphasis>Wk</emphasis> may be used "
+"to represent Monday thru Friday, and <emphasis>Al</emphasis> may be used to "
+"indicate every day. If no days are given, <emphasis>Al</emphasis> is assumed."
+msgstr ""
+"每条访问时间包含一周的 0 天或多天，缩写为 <emphasis>Su</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>Mo</emphasis>, <emphasis>Tu</emphasis>, <emphasis>We</emphasis>, "
+"<emphasis>Th</emphasis>, <emphasis>Fr</emphasis> 和 <emphasis>Sa</emphasis>，"
+"随后是连字符分隔的一组时间，缩写 <emphasis>Wk</emphasis> 可以用于表示周一到周"
+"五，<emphasis>Al</emphasis> 可以用于表示没一天。如果没有制定周几，将会假定为 "
+"<emphasis>Al</emphasis>。"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:98(title)
+msgid "EXAMPLES"
+msgstr "示例"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entry allows access to user <emphasis remap=\"B\">jfh</"
+"emphasis> on every port during weekdays from 9am to 5pm."
+msgstr ""
+"下面的条目允许在工作日的上午九点到下午五点在任何端口上访问用户 <emphasis "
+"remap=\"B\">jfh</emphasis>。"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:105(para)
+msgid "*:jfh:Wk0900-1700"
+msgstr "*:jfh:Wk0900-1700"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entries allow access only to the users <emphasis>root</"
+"emphasis> and <emphasis>oper</emphasis> on <filename>/dev/console</filename> "
+"at any time. This illustrates how the <filename>/etc/porttime</filename> "
+"file is an ordered list of access times. Any other user would match the "
+"second entry which does not permit access at any time."
+msgstr ""
+"下面这条任何时间，只允许用户 <emphasis>root</emphasis> 和 <emphasis>oper</"
+"emphasis> 在 <filename>/dev/console</filename> 登录。这也是说 <filename>/etc/"
+"porttime</filename> 文件是一个访问时间的有序列表。任何匹配第二条的其他用户都"
+"不会被允许访问。"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:116(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      console:root,oper:Al0000-2400\n"
+"      console:*:\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      console:root,oper:Al0000-2400\n"
+"      console:*:\n"
+"    "
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following entry allows access for the user <emphasis>games</emphasis> on "
+"any port during non-working hours."
+msgstr ""
+"如下项允许，在非工作时间在任何端口上使用用户 <emphasis>games</emphasis>。"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:126(para)
+msgid "*:games:Wk1700-0900,SaSu0000-2400"
+msgstr "*:games:Wk1700-0900,SaSu0000-2400"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:133(filename) logoutd.8.xml:92(filename)
+msgid "/etc/porttime"
+msgstr "/etc/porttime"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:135(para) logoutd.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "File containing port access."
+msgstr "包含了端口访问信息的文件。"
+
+#: porttime.5.xml:143(para) login.access.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "the password file"
+msgstr "密码文件"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> contains one line for each user account, "
+"with seven fields delimited by colons (<quote>:</quote>). These fields are:"
+msgstr ""
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 为每个用户账户包含一行，包含使用冒号 "
+"(<quote>:</quote>) 分隔的七个字段，分别是："
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid "optional encrypted password"
+msgstr "可选的加密后的密码"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "numerical user ID"
+msgstr "数字用户 ID"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "numerical group ID"
+msgstr "数字组 ID"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid "user name or comment field"
+msgstr "用户名和注释字段"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:93(para)
+msgid "user home directory"
+msgstr "用户主目录"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:96(para)
+msgid "optional user command interpreter"
+msgstr "可选的用户命令解释器"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field is a lower-case <quote>x</quote>, "
+"then the encrypted password is actually stored in the "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> file instead; there <emphasis>must</emphasis> be a "
+"corresponding line in the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file, or else the "
+"user account is invalid."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:109(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to "
+#| "authenticate as the specified login name. However, some applications "
+#| "which read the <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file may decide not to "
+#| "permit any access at all if the password field is empty."
+msgid ""
+"The encrypted <emphasis>password</emphasis> field may be empty, in which "
+"case no password is required to authenticate as the specified login name. "
+"However, some applications which read the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> "
+"file may decide not to permit <emphasis>any</emphasis> access at all if the "
+"<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is blank."
+msgstr ""
+"此字段可以为空，此时认证为特定的登录名时，不要求密码。然而，一些读取 "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename> 文件的应用程序，在密码字段为空时，可能决定禁"
+"止任何访问。"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:118(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "A password field which starts with a exclamation mark means that the "
+#| "password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the "
+#| "password field before the password was locked."
+msgid ""
+"A <emphasis>password</emphasis> field which starts with an exclamation mark "
+"means that the password is locked. The remaining characters on the line "
+"represent the <emphasis>password</emphasis> field before the password was "
+"locked."
+msgstr ""
+"以叹号开始的密码字段意味着密码被锁定。该行的剩余字符表示锁定之前的密码。"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"此注释字段被多个系统工具使用，例如 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>。"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:144(para)
+msgid ""
+"The home directory field provides the name of the initial working directory. "
+"The <command>login</command> program uses this information to set the value "
+"of the <envar>$HOME</envar> environmental variable."
+msgstr ""
+"主目录字段提供了初始工作目录的名称。<command>login</command> 程序根据此信息设"
+"置 <envar>$HOME</envar> 环境变量。"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"The command interpreter field provides the name of the user's command "
+"language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute. The "
+"<command>login</command> program uses this information to set the value of "
+"the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environmental variable. If this field is empty, it "
+"defaults to the value <filename>/bin/sh</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"命令解释器字段提供了用户命令语言解释器的名称，或者开始时执行的程序的名称。"
+"<command>login</command> 程序使用此信息设置 <envar>$SHELL</envar> 环境变量的"
+"值。如果字段为空，默认值为 <filename>/bin/sh</filename>。"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:171(para)
+msgid "optional encrypted password file"
+msgstr "可选的加密后的密码文件"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:175(filename)
+msgid "/etc/passwd-"
+msgstr "/etc/passwd-"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:177(para)
+msgid "Backup file for /etc/passwd."
+msgstr "/etc/passwd 的备份文件。"
+
+#: passwd.5.xml:189(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getent</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getpwnam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwunconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sulogin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:72(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user password"
+msgstr "更改用户密码"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:89(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>passwd</command> command changes passwords for user accounts. A "
+"normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the "
+"superuser may change the password for any account. <command>passwd</command> "
+"also changes the account or associated password validity period."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>passwd</command> 命令用来更改用户账户的密码。普通用户通常只更改其自"
+"己账户的密码，而超级用户可以更改任何账户的密码。<command>passwd</command> 也"
+"更改账户或相关的密码有效期。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:98(title)
+msgid "Password Changes"
+msgstr "密码更改"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is first prompted for their old password, if one is present. This "
+"password is then encrypted and compared against the stored password. The "
+"user has only one chance to enter the correct password. The superuser is "
+"permitted to bypass this step so that forgotten passwords may be changed."
+msgstr ""
+"如果有旧密码，首先提示用户输入旧密码。加密这个密码然后和存储的密码进行比较。"
+"用户只有一次机会输入正确密码。允许超级用户略过这个步骤，以便更改忘记了的密"
+"码。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:107(para)
+msgid ""
+"After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked "
+"to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time. If not, "
+"<command>passwd</command> refuses to change the password and exits."
+msgstr ""
+"输入了密码之后，会检查密码年龄信息，以查看此时是否允许用户更改密码。如果不允"
+"许，<command>passwd</command> 拒绝更改密码，然后退出。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is then prompted twice for a replacement password. The second entry "
+"is compared against the first and both are required to match in order for "
+"the password to be changed."
+msgstr ""
+"提示用户输入两次新密码。第二次和第一次进行比较，并且需要相同才能更改密码。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:120(para)
+msgid ""
+"Then, the password is tested for complexity. As a general guideline, "
+"passwords should consist of 6 to 8 characters including one or more "
+"characters from each of the following sets:"
+msgstr ""
+"然后，测试密码的负责程度。一般来讲，密码应该包含 6 到 8 位字符，从下边的一个"
+"或多个集合中选择："
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:128(para)
+msgid "lower case alphabetics"
+msgstr "小写字母"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:131(para)
+msgid "digits 0 thru 9"
+msgstr "数字 0 到 9"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:134(para)
+msgid "punctuation marks"
+msgstr "标点符号"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill "
+"characters. <command>passwd</command> will reject any password which is not "
+"suitably complex."
+msgstr ""
+"必须要留意不能包含系统默认的擦除和杀死字符。<command>passwd</command> 会拒绝"
+"复杂度不满足要求的密码。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:147(title)
+msgid "Hints for user passwords"
+msgstr "关于用户密码的提示"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:148(para)
+msgid ""
+"The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption "
+"algorithm and the size of the key space. The legacy <emphasis>UNIX</"
+"emphasis> System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm. More "
+"recent methods are now recommended (see <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>). "
+"The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which "
+"is selected."
+msgstr ""
+"密码的安全性依赖于加密算法的强度和密钥空间的大小。旧的 <emphasis>UNIX</"
+"emphasis> 系统加密算法基于 NBS DES 算法。推荐使用更新的算法(查看 "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>)。密钥空间的大小依赖于选择的密码的随机性。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"Compromises in password security normally result from careless password "
+"selection or handling. For this reason, you should not select a password "
+"which appears in a dictionary or which must be written down. The password "
+"should also not be a proper name, your license number, birth date, or street "
+"address. Any of these may be used as guesses to violate system security."
+msgstr ""
+"由于粗心地或处理选择密码，会危及密码的安全。由于这个原因，您不应该选择出现在"
+"词典中或者必须要写下来才能记住的密码。密码也不应该是一个名字、许可证号、生日"
+"或者街道号。所有这些可以用于猜测来损害系统安全。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:166(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "You can find advices on how to choose a strong password on http://en."
+#| "wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength"
+msgid ""
+"You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en."
+"wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength"
+msgstr ""
+"您可以在在 http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/密码强度 找到怎样选择强壮密码的建"
+"议。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:175(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>passwd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>passwd</command> 命令可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:180(term) faillog.8.xml:96(term)
+msgid "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-a</option>, <option>--all</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:184(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option can be used only with <option>-S</option> and causes show status "
+"for all users."
+msgstr "此选项只能和 <option>-S</option> 一起使用，来显示所有用户的状态。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:191(term)
+msgid "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Delete a user's password (make it empty). This is a quick way to disable a "
+"password for an account. It will set the named account passwordless."
+msgstr ""
+"删除用户密码(让它为空)。这是禁用一个用户密码的快速方法。它将设置给出名称的账"
+"户。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:203(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--expire</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"Immediately expire an account's password. This in effect can force a user to "
+"change their password at the user's next login."
+msgstr "让一个账户的密码立即过期。这可以强制一个用户下次登录时更改密码。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:220(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-i</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option is used to disable an account after the password has been "
+"expired for a number of days. After a user account has had an expired "
+"password for <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> days, the user may no "
+"longer sign on to the account."
+msgstr ""
+"此选项用于在密码过期一定天数之后禁用账户。一个用户账户密码已经过期 "
+"<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> 天之后，用户将不能再登录进账户。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:233(term)
+msgid "<option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-k</option>, <option>--keep-tokens</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:237(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate password change should be performed only for expired authentication "
+"tokens (passwords). The user wishes to keep their non-expired tokens as "
+"before."
+msgstr ""
+"表示密码更改只应该因为认证口令(密码)过期更改。用户希望保持他们尚未过期的口"
+"令。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:245(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:249(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock the password of the named account. This option disables a password by "
+"changing it to a value which matches no possible encrypted value (it adds a "
+"´!´ at the beginning of the password)."
+msgstr ""
+"锁定指定账户的密码。此选项通过将密码更改为一个不可能与加密值匹配的值来禁用(它"
+"在密码开头添加一个“!”)。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:255(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note that this does not disable the account. The user may still be able to "
+"login using another authentication token (e.g. an SSH key). To disable the "
+"account, administrators should use <command>usermod --expiredate 1</command> "
+"(this set the account's expire date to Jan 2, 1970)."
+msgstr ""
+"注意，这并没有禁用此账户。用户仍然可以通过其它认证方式(如 SSH 密码)来登录。要"
+"禁用此账户，管理员需要使用 <command>usermod --expiredate 1</command> (设置账"
+"户的过期时间为1970年1月2日)。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:262(para)
+msgid "Users with a locked password are not allowed to change their password."
+msgstr "被锁定了密码的用户不允许更改密码。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:269(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:273(para) chage.1.xml:174(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the minimum number of days between password changes to "
+"<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>. A value of zero for this field "
+"indicates that the user may change their password at any time."
+msgstr ""
+"在密码更改之间的最小天数设置为 <replaceable>MIN_DAYS</replaceable>。此字段中"
+"的 0 值表示用户可以在任何时间更改其密码。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:291(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--repository</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--repository</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:295(para)
+msgid "change password in <replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable> repository"
+msgstr "在 <replaceable>REPOSITORY</replaceable> 中更改密码"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:313(term)
+msgid "<option>-S</option>, <option>--status</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-S</option>, <option>--status</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:317(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display account status information. The status information consists of 7 "
+"fields. The first field is the user's login name. The second field indicates "
+"if the user account has a locked password (L), has no password (NP), or has "
+"a usable password (P). The third field gives the date of the last password "
+"change. The next four fields are the minimum age, maximum age, warning "
+"period, and inactivity period for the password. These ages are expressed in "
+"days."
+msgstr ""
+"显示账户状态信息。状态信息包含 7 个字段。首个字段是用户的登录名，第二个字段表"
+"示用户账户是否已经锁定密码(L)、没有密码 (NP)或者密码可用(P)，第三个字段给出最"
+"后一次更改密码的日期。接下来的四个字段分别是密码的最小年龄、最大年龄、警告期"
+"和禁用期。这些年龄以天为单位计算。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:331(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--unlock</option>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:335(para)
+msgid ""
+"Unlock the password of the named account. This option re-enables a password "
+"by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before "
+"using the <option>-l</option> option)."
+msgstr ""
+"解锁指定用户的密码。此操作通过将密码改回先前值(改回使用 <option>-l</option> "
+"之前的值)重新启用密码。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:344(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:348(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The "
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the number of days prior to "
+"the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is "
+"about to expire."
+msgstr ""
+"设置在要求更改密码之前警告的天数。<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> 选项是"
+"在密码过期之前提前警告的天数。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:357(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-x</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-x</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:361(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid. After "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable>, the password is required to be changed."
+msgstr ""
+"设置密码仍然有效的最大天数。<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> 之后，密码会"
+"要求更改。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:366(para) chage.1.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> will remove checking a password's "
+"validity."
+msgstr ""
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> 设置为 <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</"
+"emphasis> 会移除密码有效性检查。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:378(para)
+msgid ""
+"Password complexity checking may vary from site to site. The user is urged "
+"to select a password as complex as he or she feels comfortable with."
+msgstr "密码复杂性检查在每台机器间不同。用户应该选择适合的尽量复杂的密码。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:383(para)
+msgid ""
+"Users may not be able to change their password on a system if NIS is enabled "
+"and they are not logged into the NIS server."
+msgstr ""
+"在启动了 NIS 的系统上，如果没有登录 NIS 服务器，用户或许不能更改自己的密码。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:388(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>passwd</command> uses PAM to authenticate users and to change their "
+"passwords."
+msgstr "<command>passwd</command> 使用 PAM 来认证用户以及更改密码。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chpasswd.8.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> (string)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(para) newusers.8.xml:32(para) login.defs.5.xml:32(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:32(para) chpasswd.8.xml:32(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(para)
+msgid ""
+"This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting "
+"passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line)."
+msgstr "这定义了系统加密密码的默认算法(如果没有在命令行上指定算法)。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:36(para) newusers.8.xml:36(para) login.defs.5.xml:36(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:36(para) chpasswd.8.xml:36(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:36(para)
+msgid ""
+"It can take one of these values: <replaceable>DES</replaceable> (default), "
+"<replaceable>MD5</replaceable><phrase condition=\"sha_crypt\">, "
+"<replaceable>SHA256</replaceable>, <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable></"
+"phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"可以使用如下值：<replaceable>DES</replaceable> (default), <replaceable>MD5</"
+"replaceable><phrase condition=\"sha_crypt\">, <replaceable>SHA256</"
+"replaceable>, <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable></phrase>."
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:43(para) newusers.8.xml:43(para) login.defs.5.xml:43(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:43(para) chpasswd.8.xml:43(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:43(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: this parameter overrides the <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variable."
+msgstr "注意，此参数会覆盖 <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> 变量。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:47(para) passwd.1.xml:53(para) passwd.1.xml:62(para)
+#: newusers.8.xml:47(para) newusers.8.xml:53(para) newusers.8.xml:62(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:47(para) login.defs.5.xml:53(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:62(para) gpasswd.1.xml:47(para) gpasswd.1.xml:53(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:62(para) chpasswd.8.xml:47(para) chpasswd.8.xml:53(para)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:62(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:47(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:53(para)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:62(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: This only affect the generation of group passwords. The generation of "
+"user passwords is done by PAM and subject to the PAM configuration. It is "
+"recommended to set this variable consistently with the PAM configuration."
+msgstr ""
+"注意：这只影响组密码的产生。用户密码的产生是由 PAM 和 PAM 配置负责的。建议设"
+"置此变量和 PAM 配置一致。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) newusers.8.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:32(term) chpasswd.8.xml:32(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) newusers.8.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:34(para) chpasswd.8.xml:34(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5-based algorithm. If "
+"set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, new passwords will be encrypted using "
+"the MD5-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of "
+"FreeBSD. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings. "
+"Set to <replaceable>no</replaceable> if you need to copy encrypted passwords "
+"to other systems which don't understand the new algorithm. Default is "
+"<replaceable>no</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"表示密码是否必须使用基于 MD5 的算法加密。如果设为 <replaceable>yes</"
+"replaceable>，新密码将使用可以和新版 FreeBSD 兼容的基于 MD5 的算法加密。它支"
+"持无限长度的密码以及更长的盐字符串。如果您需要将加密的密码复制到其它不理解新"
+"算法的系统，设置为 <replaceable>no</replaceable>。默认值是 <replaceable>no</"
+"replaceable>。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:44(para) newusers.8.xml:44(para) login.defs.5.xml:44(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:44(para) chpasswd.8.xml:44(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:44(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This variable is superceded by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> "
+#| "variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption "
+#| "algorithm."
+msgid ""
+"This variable is superseded by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable "
+"or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm."
+msgstr ""
+"此变量已经被 <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> 变量或者用于配置加密算法的命令行"
+"选项取代。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:49(para) newusers.8.xml:49(para) login.defs.5.xml:49(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:49(para) chpasswd.8.xml:49(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:49(para)
+msgid ""
+"This variable is deprecated. You should use <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>."
+msgstr "此变量已经废弃。您应该使用 <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option>。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable additional checks upon password changes."
+msgstr "对密码更改启用附加检查。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_ALWAYS_WARN</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_ALWAYS_WARN</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Warn about weak passwords (but still allow them) if you are root."
+msgstr "如果是 root，警告弱密码，但是仍然允许使用。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_CHANGE_TRIES</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_CHANGE_TRIES</option> (number)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:34(para) login.defs.5.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Maximum number of attempts to change password if rejected (too easy)."
+msgstr "可以尝试更改密码的最大次数(太容易)。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:32(term) login.defs.5.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> (number)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:33(term) login.defs.5.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>PASS_MIN_LEN</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>PASS_MIN_LEN</option> (number)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:35(para) login.defs.5.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"Number of significant characters in the password for crypt(). "
+"<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> is 8 by default. Don't change unless your "
+"crypt() is better. This is ignored if <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> set to "
+"<replaceable>yes</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"crypt() 的有效字符位数。<option>PASS_MAX_LEN</option> 默认是 8，除非您自己的 "
+"crypt() 更好，否则不要更改。如果 <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> 设为 "
+"<replaceable>yes</replaceable>，会被忽略。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:30(term) newusers.8.xml:30(term) login.defs.5.xml:30(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:30(term) chpasswd.8.xml:30(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:30(term)
+msgid "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:31(term) newusers.8.xml:31(term) login.defs.5.xml:31(term)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:31(term) chpasswd.8.xml:31(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:31(term)
+msgid "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> (number)"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:33(para) newusers.8.xml:33(para) login.defs.5.xml:33(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:33(para) chpasswd.8.xml:33(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:33(para)
+msgid ""
+"When <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> is set to <replaceable>SHA256</"
+"replaceable> or <replaceable>SHA512</replaceable>, this defines the number "
+"of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number "
+"of rounds is not specified on the command line)."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> 设为 <replaceable>SHA256</replaceable> 或 "
+"<replaceable>SHA512</replaceable> 时，此项确定加密算法默认使用 SHA 轮转数目"
+"(当轮转数没有通过命令行指定时)。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:40(para) newusers.8.xml:40(para) login.defs.5.xml:40(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:40(para) chpasswd.8.xml:40(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute forcing the password. "
+"But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users."
+msgstr ""
+"使用很多轮转，会让暴力破解更加困难。但是需要注意，认证用户时也会需要更多的 "
+"CPU 资源。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:45(para) newusers.8.xml:45(para) login.defs.5.xml:45(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:45(para) chpasswd.8.xml:45(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:45(para)
+msgid ""
+"If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000)."
+msgstr "如果没有指定，libc 会选择默认的轮转数(5000)。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:49(para) newusers.8.xml:49(para) login.defs.5.xml:49(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:49(para) chpasswd.8.xml:49(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:49(para)
+msgid "The values must be inside the 1000-999,999,999 range."
+msgstr "值必须在 1000 - 999,999,999 之间。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:52(para) newusers.8.xml:52(para) login.defs.5.xml:52(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:52(para) chpasswd.8.xml:52(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:52(para)
+msgid ""
+"If only one of the <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> or "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> values is set, then this value will be "
+"used."
+msgstr ""
+"如果只设置了一个 <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> 或 "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option> 值，就会使用这个值。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:57(para) newusers.8.xml:57(para) login.defs.5.xml:57(para)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:57(para) chpasswd.8.xml:57(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:57(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> &gt; <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option>, the highest value will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"如果 <option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> &gt; "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</option>，将会使用大的那个。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:434(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/passwd"
+msgstr "/etc/pam.d/passwd"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:436(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>passwd</command>."
+msgstr "<command>passwd</command> 的 PAM 配置。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:456(para) chage.1.xml:297(para)
+msgid "permission denied"
+msgstr "权限不够"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:462(para)
+msgid "invalid combination of options"
+msgstr "无效的选项组合"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:468(para)
+msgid "unexpected failure, nothing done"
+msgstr "意外的失败，什么也没有做。"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:474(para)
+msgid "unexpected failure, <filename>passwd</filename> file missing"
+msgstr "意外的失败，<filename>passwd</filename> 文件丢失"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:480(para)
+msgid "<filename>passwd</filename> file busy, try again"
+msgstr "<filename>passwd</filename> 文件忙，请重试"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:444(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>passwd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "<command>passwd</command> 命令退出，并返回如下值：<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: passwd.1.xml:495(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:46(refentrytitle) nologin.8.xml:53(refname)
+#: nologin.8.xml:59(command)
+msgid "nologin"
+msgstr "nologin"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:54(refpurpose)
+msgid "politely refuse a login"
+msgstr "礼貌地拒绝登录"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:65(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>nologin</command> command displays a message that an account is "
+"not available and exits non-zero. It is intended as a replacement shell "
+"field for accounts that have been disabled."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>nologin</command> 命令显示一个信息，说账户不可用然后返回非零值。它用"
+"于代替已经禁用的账户的 shell 字段。"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"To disable all logins, investigate <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"如果要禁用所有登录，请参考 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>。"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:75(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <command>SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND</command> is populated it will be logged."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:93(title)
+msgid "HISTORY"
+msgstr "历史"
+
+#: nologin.8.xml:94(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "The <command>nologin</command> command appearred in BSD 4.4."
+msgid "The <command>nologin</command> command appeared in BSD 4.4."
+msgstr "<command>nologin</command> 首次出现于 BSD 4.4。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:73(refentrytitle) newusers.8.xml:80(refname)
+#: newusers.8.xml:86(command) login.defs.5.xml:400(term)
+msgid "newusers"
+msgstr "newusers"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:81(refpurpose)
+msgid "update and create new users in batch"
+msgstr "批量更新和创建新用户"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:91(replaceable)
+msgid "file"
+msgstr "文件"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:98(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The <command>newusers</command> command reads a file of user name and "
+#| "clear-text password pairs and uses this information to update a group of "
+#| "existing users or to create new users. Each line is in the same format as "
+#| "the standard password file (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>) with the "
+#| "exceptions explained below:"
+msgid ""
+"The <command>newusers</command> command reads a <replaceable>file</"
+"replaceable> (or the standard input by default) and uses this information to "
+"update a set of existing users or to create new users. Each line is in the "
+"same format as the standard password file (see "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>) with the exceptions explained below:"
+msgstr ""
+"<command>newusers</command> 命令读取用户名和明文密码对文件，并使用此信息更新"
+"一系列现有用户或创建新用户。每行和标准的 password 文件使用同样的格式(参考 "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>)，除了下边这些区别："
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid "pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell"
+msgstr "pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:111(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_name"
+msgstr "pw_name"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "This is the name of the user."
+msgstr "这是用户的用户名。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:117(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or an "
+#| "user created before by <command>newusers</command>). In case of an "
+#| "existing user, the user's information will be changed, otherwise a new "
+#| "user will be created."
+msgid ""
+"It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>). In case of an existing user, "
+"the user's information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created."
+msgstr ""
+"既可以是新用户名也可以是现有用户名(也可以是 <command>newusers</command> 以前"
+"创建的用户)。现有用户时，将会更改用户信息，否则会创建新用户。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:128(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_passwd"
+msgstr "pw_passwd"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:131(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field will be encrypted and used as the new value of the encrypted "
+"password."
+msgstr "此字段将被加密然后用于加密后密码的新值。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:139(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_uid"
+msgstr "pw_uid"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:142(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the UID of the user."
+msgstr "此字段用于定义用户的 UID。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:145(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If the field is empty, an new (unused) UID will be defined automatically "
+#| "by <command>newusers</command>."
+msgid ""
+"If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by "
+"<command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"如果此字段为空，<command>newusers</command> 会自动确定一个新的(未使用的)UID。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "If this field contains a number, this number will be used as the UID."
+msgstr "如果此字段包含一个数字，此数字会用于 UID。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:153(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of an "
+#| "user created before by <command>newusers</command>), the UID of the "
+#| "specified user will be used."
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>), the UID of the specified "
+"user will be used."
+msgstr ""
+"如果此字段包含已经使用了的用户名(或者 <command>newusers</command> 在前边已经"
+"创建的一个用户)，将会使用指定用户的 UID。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the UID of an existing user is changed, the files ownership of the user's "
+"file should be fixed manually."
+msgstr "如果一个现有用户更改了 UID，此用户的文件所有权需要手动修复。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:167(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_gid"
+msgstr "pw_gid"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:170(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the primary group ID for the user."
+msgstr "此字段用于定义用户的主组 ID。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:173(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created "
+"before by <command>newusers</command>), the GID of this group will be used "
+"as the primary group ID for the user."
+msgstr ""
+"如果此字段包含一个现有组的组名(或者 <command>newusers</command> 在前边创建的"
+"一个组)，此组的 GID 会被用于做此用户的主组 ID。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:179(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field is a number, this number will be used as the primary group ID "
+"of the user. If no groups exist with this GID, a new group will be created "
+"with this GID, and the name of the user."
+msgstr ""
+"如果此字段是一个数字，此数字会被用作此用户的主组 ID。如果没有对应此 GID 的现"
+"有组，将会使用此 GID 创建一个新组，名称和用户名相同。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:185(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the "
+"user and a GID will be automatically defined by <command>newusers</command> "
+"to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new "
+"group."
+msgstr ""
+"如果此字段为空，将会使用用户名作为组名，<command>newusers</command> 自动确定"
+"的一个 GID 作为主组 ID 来创建一个新组。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not "
+"created before by <command>newusers</command>), a new group will be created "
+"with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by "
+"<command>newusers</command> to be used as the primary group ID for the user "
+"and GID for the new group."
+msgstr ""
+"如果此字段包含一个不存在的组的名字(也没有由 <command>newusers</command> 在前"
+"边创建)，将使用指定的组名和 <command>newusers</command> 自动确定的 GID 创建一"
+"个组，并作为用户的主组。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:203(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_gecos"
+msgstr "pw_gecos"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:206(para)
+msgid "This field is copied in the GECOS field of the user."
+msgstr "此字段复制到用户的 GECOS 字段。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:213(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_dir"
+msgstr "pw_dir"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:216(para)
+msgid "This field is used to define the home directory of the user."
+msgstr "此字段用于定义用户的主目录。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"If this field does not specify an existing directory, the specified "
+"directory is created, with ownership set to the user being created or "
+"updated and its primary group."
+msgstr ""
+"如果此字段指定的不是现有的目录，将会创建指定的目录，所有权设置为创建或更新的"
+"用户及其主组。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the home directory of an existing user is changed, <command>newusers</"
+"command> does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new "
+"location. This should be done manually."
+msgstr ""
+"如果现有用户的主目录变更，<command>newusers</command> 不会移动或者复制旧目录"
+"的内容到新位置。这需要手动完成。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:234(emphasis)
+msgid "pw_shell"
+msgstr "pw_shell"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:237(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field defines the shell of the user. No checks are performed on this "
+"field."
+msgstr "此字段定义了用户的 shell。对此字段不进行任何检查。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:245(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>newusers</command> first tries to create or change all the "
+"specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group "
+"databases. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), "
+"no changes are committed to the databases."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>newusers</command> 首先尝试创建或更改所有指定的用户，然后将这些更改"
+"写入用户或组数据库。如果发生错误(除非是在最后写入数据库过程中)，不会有任何更"
+"改。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:251(para)
+msgid ""
+"During this first pass, users are created with a locked password (and "
+"passwords are not changed for the users which are not created). A second "
+"pass is used to update the passwords using PAM. Failures to update a "
+"password are reported, but will not stop the other password updates."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:259(para)
+msgid ""
+"This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many "
+"accounts are updated at a single time."
+msgstr "此命令一般用于在大型的应用环境中，对大量账户进行一次性更新。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:267(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>newusers</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>newusers</command> 命令可以使用的选项有："
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:284(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:112(term)
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:286(para) chpasswd.8.xml:141(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid "Use the specified method to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr "使用指定的方法加密密码。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:287(para) chpasswd.8.xml:145(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:118(para)
+msgid ""
+"The available methods are DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 or SHA512 if your libc "
+"support these methods."
+msgstr ""
+"可用的方法有 DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 或 SHA512，前提是您的 libc 支持这写方"
+"法。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:309(para)
+msgid ""
+"System users will be created with no aging information in <filename>/etc/"
+"shadow</filename>, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>UID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their <option>GID</option> counterparts for "
+"the creation of groups)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:335(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:158(term)
+msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:337(para) chpasswd.8.xml:204(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:160(para)
+msgid "Use the specified number of rounds to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr "使用指定次数的轮转来加密密码。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:340(para) chpasswd.8.xml:207(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:163(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value 0 means that the system will choose the default number of rounds "
+"for the crypt method (5000)."
+msgstr "值 0 表示让系统为加密方法选择默认的轮转次数 (5000)。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:344(para) chpasswd.8.xml:211(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"A minimal value of 1000 and a maximal value of 999,999,999 will be enforced."
+msgstr "会强制最小 1,000，最大 9,9999,9999"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:348(para) chpasswd.8.xml:215(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:171(para)
+msgid "You can only use this option with the SHA256 or SHA512 crypt method."
+msgstr "您只可以对 SHA256 或 SHA512 使用此选项。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:352(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and "
+"SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"默认，轮转数由 <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 文件中的 "
+"SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS 和 SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS 变量确定。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:364(para)
+msgid ""
+"The input file must be protected since it contains unencrypted passwords."
+msgstr "输入文件必须受到保护，因为它包含未加密的密码。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:368(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:191(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should make sure the passwords and the encryption method respect the "
+"system's password policy."
+msgstr "您需要确保你吗和加密方法符合系统的密码策略。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:444(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/newusers"
+msgstr "/etc/pam.d/newusers"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:446(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>newusers</command>."
+msgstr "<command>newusers</command> 的 PAM 配置。"
+
+#: newusers.8.xml:466(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#| "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"subids\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>subuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:58(refentrytitle) newgrp.1.xml:65(refname)
+#: newgrp.1.xml:71(command)
+msgid "newgrp"
+msgstr "newgrp"
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "log in to a new group"
+msgstr "登录到一个新组"
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:72(replaceable) grpck.8.xml:74(replaceable)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:78(replaceable) gpasswd.1.xml:88(replaceable)
+msgid "group"
+msgstr "group"
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:78(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>newgrp</command> command is used to change the current group ID "
+"during a login session. If the optional <option>-</option> flag is given, "
+"the user's environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged "
+"in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, "
+"remains unchanged."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:86(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>newgrp</command> changes the current real group ID to the named "
+"group, or to the default group listed in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> if "
+"no group name is given. <command>newgrp</command> also tries to add the "
+"group to the user groupset. If not root, the user will be prompted for a "
+"password if she does not have a password (in <filename>/etc/shadow</"
+"filename> if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> otherwise) and the group does, or if the "
+"user is not listed as a member and the group has a password. The user will "
+"be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed "
+"as a member."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"If there is an entry for this group in <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, "
+"then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from "
+"this file, otherwise, the entry in <filename>/etc/group</filename> is "
+"considered."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: newgrp.1.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) logoutd.8.xml:64(refname)
+#: logoutd.8.xml:70(command)
+msgid "logoutd"
+msgstr "logoutd"
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "enforce login time restrictions"
+msgstr "强制登录时间限制"
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:76(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>logoutd</command> enforces the login time and port restrictions "
+"specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</filename>. <command>logoutd</command> "
+"should be started from <filename>/etc/rc</filename>. The <filename>/var/run/"
+"utmp</filename> file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked "
+"to see if the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time. "
+"Any login session which is violating the restrictions in <filename>/etc/"
+"porttime</filename> is terminated."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:98(filename) login.1.xml:341(filename)
+msgid "/var/run/utmp"
+msgstr "/var/run/utmp"
+
+#: logoutd.8.xml:100(para) login.1.xml:343(para)
+msgid "List of current login sessions."
+msgstr "当前登录会话的列表。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:124(refentrytitle) login.defs.5.xml:131(refname)
+msgid "login.defs"
+msgstr "login.defs"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:132(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadow password suite configuration"
+msgstr "影子密码套件配置"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> file defines the site-specific "
+"configuration for the shadow password suite. This file is required. Absence "
+"of this file will not prevent system operation, but will probably result in "
+"undesirable operation."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:144(para)
+msgid ""
+"This file is a readable text file, each line of the file describing one "
+"configuration parameter. The lines consist of a configuration name and "
+"value, separated by whitespace. Blank lines and comment lines are ignored. "
+"Comments are introduced with a \"#\" pound sign and the pound sign must be "
+"the first non-white character of the line."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"Parameter values may be of four types: strings, booleans, numbers, and long "
+"numbers. A string is comprised of any printable characters. A boolean should "
+"be either the value <replaceable>yes</replaceable> or <replaceable>no</"
+"replaceable>. An undefined boolean parameter or one with a value other than "
+"these will be given a <replaceable>no</replaceable> value. Numbers (both "
+"regular and long) may be either decimal values, octal values (precede the "
+"value with <replaceable>0</replaceable>) or hexadecimal values (precede the "
+"value with <replaceable>0x</replaceable>). The maximum value of the regular "
+"and long numeric parameters is machine-dependent."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:167(para)
+msgid "The following configuration items are provided:"
+msgstr "提供如下配置项："
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHFN_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>CHFN_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chfn</command> program will "
+"require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the "
+"superuser."
+msgstr ""
+"如果为 <replaceable>yes</replaceable>，<command>chfn</command> 进行任何更改前"
+"都要要求认证，除非由超级用户运行。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chfn.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHFN_RESTRICT</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>CHFN_RESTRICT</option> (string)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chfn.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"This parameter specifies which values in the <emphasis remap=\"I\">gecos</"
+"emphasis> field of the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file may be changed "
+"by regular users using the <command>chfn</command> program. It can be any "
+"combination of letters <replaceable>f</replaceable>, <replaceable>r</"
+"replaceable>, <replaceable>w</replaceable>, <replaceable>h</replaceable>, "
+"for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively. For "
+"backward compatibility, <replaceable>yes</replaceable> is equivalent to "
+"<replaceable>rwh</replaceable> and <replaceable>no</replaceable> is "
+"equivalent to <replaceable>frwh</replaceable>. If not specified, only the "
+"superuser can make any changes. The most restrictive setting is better "
+"achieved by not installing <command>chfn</command> SUID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) chsh.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>CHSH_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>CHSH_AUTH</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) chsh.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If <replaceable>yes</replaceable>, the <command>chsh</command> program will "
+"require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the "
+"superuser."
+msgstr ""
+"如果 <replaceable>yes</replaceable>，<command>chsh</command> 程序在做任何更改"
+"之前都会要求认证，除非是以超级用户身份运行的。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ERASECHAR</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>ERASECHAR</option> (number)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Terminal ERASE character (<replaceable>010</replaceable> = backspace, "
+"<replaceable>0177</replaceable> = DEL)."
+msgstr ""
+"终端擦除字符 (<replaceable>010</replaceable> = backspace, <replaceable>0177</"
+"replaceable> = DEL)。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+#: login.1.xml:37(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value can be prefixed \"0\" for an octal value, or \"0x\" for an "
+"hexadecimal value."
+msgstr "此值可以使用前缀“0”表示八进制，“0x”表示十六进制。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAIL_DELAY</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>FAIL_DELAY</option> (number)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Delay in seconds before being allowed another attempt after a login failure."
+msgstr "登录失败后，等待多少秒才再允许登录。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAILLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>FAILLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"Enable logging and display of <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> login "
+"failure info."
+msgstr "允许登录并显示 <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> 登录失败信息。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FAKE_SHELL</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>FAKE_SHELL</option> (string)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If set, <command>login</command> will execute this shell instead of the "
+"users' shell specified in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"如果设置了，<command>login</command> 将执行此 shell 而不是在 <filename>/etc/"
+"passwd</filename> 中指定的用户 shell。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>FTMP_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>FTMP_FILE</option> (string)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, login failures will be logged in this file in a utmp format."
+msgstr "如果定义，登录失败会以 utmp 格式记录在此文件中。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>HUSHLOGIN_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>HUSHLOGIN_FILE</option> (string)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, this file can inhibit all the usual chatter during the login "
+"sequence. If a full pathname is specified, then hushed mode will be enabled "
+"if the user's name or shell are found in the file. If not a full pathname, "
+"then hushed mode will be enabled if the file exists in the user's home "
+"directory."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ISSUE_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>ISSUE_FILE</option> (string)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "If defined, this file will be displayed before each login prompt."
+msgstr "如果定义了，此文件将在每次的登录提示之前现实。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>KILLCHAR</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>KILLCHAR</option> (number)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Terminal KILL character (<replaceable>025</replaceable> = CTRL/U)."
+msgstr "终端 KILL 字符 (<replaceable>025</replaceable> = CTRL/U)。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LASTLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>LASTLOG_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging and display of /var/log/lastlog login time info."
+msgstr "允许记录和显示 /var/log/lastlog 登录时间信息。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOG_OK_LOGINS</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>LOG_OK_LOGINS</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable logging of successful logins."
+msgstr "允许记录成功登录。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Enable display of unknown usernames when login failures are recorded."
+msgstr "在记录到登录失败时，允许记录未知用户名。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:38(para) login.1.xml:38(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: logging unknown usernames may be a security issue if an user enter her "
+"password instead of her login name."
+msgstr ""
+"注意：如果用户不小心将密码输入到了登录名中，记录未知用户名可能是一个安全隐"
+"患。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_RETRIES</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>LOGIN_RETRIES</option> (number)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Maximum number of login retries in case of bad password."
+msgstr "密码错误时，重试的最大次数。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:37(para) login.1.xml:37(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This will most likely be overridden by PAM, since the default pam_unix "
+#| "module has it's own built in of 3 retries. However, this is a safe "
+#| "fallback in case you are using an authentication module that does not "
+#| "enforce PAM_MAXTRIES."
+msgid ""
+"This will most likely be overridden by PAM, since the default pam_unix "
+"module has its own built in of 3 retries. However, this is a safe fallback "
+"in case you are using an authentication module that does not enforce "
+"PAM_MAXTRIES."
+msgstr ""
+"这很有可能被 PAM 覆盖，因为默认的 pam_unix 模块有其内建 3 次重新尝试。然而，"
+"在您使用一个没有强制 PAM_MAXTRIES 的认证模块时，这是一个安全反馈。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>LOGIN_TIMEOUT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>LOGIN_TIMEOUT</option> (number)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Max time in seconds for login."
+msgstr "最大登录时间(以秒为单位)。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>MOTD_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>MOTD_FILE</option> (string)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"If defined, \":\" delimited list of \"message of the day\" files to be "
+"displayed upon login."
+msgstr "如果定义了，登录时显示“:”分隔的“message of the day”。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>NOLOGINS_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>NOLOGINS_FILE</option> (string)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, name of file whose presence will inhibit non-root logins. The "
+"contents of this file should be a message indicating why logins are "
+"inhibited."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:212(para)
+msgid ""
+"<option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option>, <option>PASS_MIN_DAYS</option> and "
+"<option>PASS_WARN_AGE</option> are only used at the time of account "
+"creation. Any changes to these settings won't affect existing accounts."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+msgstr "<option>PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB</option> (boolean)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Enable checking of time restrictions specified in /etc/porttime."
+msgid ""
+"Enable checking of time restrictions specified in <filename>/etc/porttime</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr "启用在 /etc/porttime 中指定的时间限制检查。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYGROUP</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>TTYGROUP</option> (string)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:33(term) login.1.xml:33(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYPERM</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>TTYPERM</option> (string)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:35(para) login.1.xml:35(para)
+msgid ""
+"The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the "
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> group, and the permissions will be set to "
+"<option>TTYPERM</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:40(para) login.1.xml:40(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user's primary group "
+"and the permissions are set to <replaceable>0600</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:45(para) login.1.xml:45(para)
+msgid ""
+"<option>TTYGROUP</option> can be either the name of a group or a numeric "
+"group identifier."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:49(para) login.1.xml:49(para)
+msgid ""
+"If you have a <command>write</command> program which is \"setgid\" to a "
+"special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number "
+"and TTYPERM to 0620. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign "
+"TTYPERM to either 622 or 600."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>TTYTYPE_FILE</option> (string)"
+msgstr "<option>TTYTYPE_FILE</option> (string)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid ""
+"If defined, file which maps tty line to TERM environment parameter. Each "
+"line of the file is in a format something like \"vt100 tty01\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:32(term) login.1.xml:32(term)
+msgid "<option>ULIMIT</option> (number)"
+msgstr "<option>ULIMIT</option> (number)"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:34(para) login.1.xml:34(para)
+msgid "Default <command>ulimit</command> value."
+msgstr "默认 <command>ulimit</command> 值。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:245(title)
+msgid "CROSS REFERENCES"
+msgstr "交叉引用"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:246(para)
+msgid ""
+"The following cross references show which programs in the shadow password "
+"suite use which parameters."
+msgstr "如下交叉引用显示影子密码套件哪个程序使用哪个参数。"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:253(term) chage.1.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: chage.1.xml:65(refname) chage.1.xml:70(command)
+msgid "chage"
+msgstr "chage"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:255(para) login.defs.5.xml:451(phrase)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:523(phrase)
+msgid "USE_TCB"
+msgstr "USE_TCB"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:259(term) chfn.1.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: chfn.1.xml:67(refname) chfn.1.xml:73(command)
+msgid "chfn"
+msgstr "chfn"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CHFN_AUTH</phrase> CHFN_RESTRICT <phrase "
+"condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CHFN_AUTH</phrase> CHFN_RESTRICT <phrase "
+"condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:269(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:64(refname) chgpasswd.8.xml:70(command)
+msgid "chgpasswd"
+msgstr "chgpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:271(para) login.defs.5.xml:302(para)
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:279(term) chpasswd.8.xml:61(refentrytitle)
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:68(refname) chpasswd.8.xml:74(command)
+msgid "chpasswd"
+msgstr "chpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:282(phrase)
+msgid "ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB"
+msgstr "ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:284(phrase)
+msgid "SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS"
+msgstr "SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:290(term) chsh.1.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: chsh.1.xml:67(refname) chsh.1.xml:73(command)
+msgid "chsh"
+msgstr "chsh"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:292(para)
+msgid "CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING"
+msgstr "CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:300(term) gpasswd.1.xml:62(refentrytitle)
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:69(refname) gpasswd.1.xml:83(command)
+msgid "gpasswd"
+msgstr "gpasswd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:310(term) groupadd.8.xml:60(refentrytitle)
+#: groupadd.8.xml:67(refname) groupadd.8.xml:73(command)
+msgid "groupadd"
+msgstr "groupadd"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:312(para)
+msgid "GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN"
+msgstr "GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:319(term) groupdel.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: groupdel.8.xml:65(refname) groupdel.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "groupdel"
+msgstr "groupdel"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:321(para) login.defs.5.xml:327(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:333(para) login.defs.5.xml:340(para)
+#: login.defs.5.xml:346(para) login.defs.5.xml:352(para)
+msgid "MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP"
+msgstr "MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:325(term) groupmems.8.xml:61(refentrytitle)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:68(refname) groupmems.8.xml:74(command)
+msgid "groupmems"
+msgstr "groupmems"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:331(term) groupmod.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: groupmod.8.xml:65(refname) groupmod.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "groupmod"
+msgstr "groupmod"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:338(term) grpck.8.xml:58(refentrytitle)
+#: grpck.8.xml:65(refname) grpck.8.xml:71(command)
+msgid "grpck"
+msgstr "grpck"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:357(term) lastlog.8.xml:59(refentrytitle)
+#: lastlog.8.xml:66(refname) lastlog.8.xml:72(command)
+msgid "lastlog"
+msgstr "lastlog"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:359(para)
+msgid "LASTLOG_UID_MAX"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:363(term) login.1.xml:90(refentrytitle)
+#: login.1.xml:97(refname) login.1.xml:103(command) login.1.xml:111(command)
+#: login.1.xml:118(command)
+msgid "login"
+msgstr "login"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:365(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+#| "<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ "
+#| "ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">FAILLOG_ENAB</phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">LASTLOG_ENAB</phrase> LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+#| "\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB "
+#| "<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE "
+#| "NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> TTYGROUP TTYPERM "
+#| "TTYTYPE_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</phrase> "
+#| "USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE</"
+"phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FAILLOG_ENAB</"
+"phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> "
+"HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LASTLOG_ENAB LASTLOG_UID_MAX</phrase> "
+"LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> "
+"LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE "
+"PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</phrase> USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+msgstr ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE</"
+"phrase> ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FAILLOG_ENAB</"
+"phrase> FAKE_SHELL <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">FTMP_FILE</phrase> "
+"HUSHLOGIN_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ISSUE_FILE</phrase> KILLCHAR "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">LASTLOG_ENAB</phrase> LOGIN_RETRIES <phrase "
+"condition=\"no_pam\">LOGIN_STRING</phrase> LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS "
+"LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR "
+"MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> "
+"TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ULIMIT UMASK</"
+"phrase> USERGROUPS_ENAB"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:392(term)
+msgid "newgrp / sg"
+msgstr "newgrp / sg"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:394(para)
+msgid "SYSLOG_SG_ENAB"
+msgstr "SYSLOG_SG_ENAB"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:402(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB "
+#| "PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+#| "\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> SYS_GID_MAX "
+#| "SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB "
+"HOME_MODE PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition="
+"\"sha_crypt\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> "
+"SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN "
+"SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+msgstr ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB "
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase> SYS_GID_MAX "
+"SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:421(para)
+msgid ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN "
+"PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN "
+"PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN <phrase condition=\"sha_crypt"
+"\">SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:432(para)
+msgid ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:441(para)
+msgid ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb\">USE_TCB</"
+"phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE <phrase condition=\"tcb\">USE_TCB</"
+"phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:458(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ENV_PATH "
+"ENV_SUPATH <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB "
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> SULOG_FILE SU_NAME <phrase condition="
+"\"no_pam\">SU_WHEEL_ONLY</phrase> SYSLOG_SU_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">USERGROUPS_ENAB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">CONSOLE</phrase> CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME "
+"<phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE</phrase> ENV_PATH "
+"ENV_SUPATH <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB "
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB</phrase> SULOG_FILE SU_NAME <phrase condition="
+"\"no_pam\">SU_WHEEL_ONLY</phrase> SYSLOG_SU_ENAB <phrase condition=\"no_pam"
+"\">USERGROUPS_ENAB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:473(term)
+msgid "sulogin"
+msgstr "sulogin"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:475(para)
+msgid "ENV_HZ <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ</phrase>"
+msgstr "ENV_HZ <phrase condition=\"no_pam\">ENV_TZ</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:484(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS "
+#| "PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX "
+#| "SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+#| "\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgid ""
+"CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN HOME_MODE LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR "
+"MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE "
+"SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN "
+"SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK "
+"<phrase condition=\"tcb\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS "
+"PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN "
+"UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK <phrase condition=\"tcb\">TCB_AUTH_GROUP TCB_SYMLINK "
+"USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:502(para)
+msgid ""
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB <phrase "
+"condition=\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB <phrase "
+"condition=\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:512(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+#| "\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgid ""
+"LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition="
+"\"tcb\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP <phrase condition=\"tcb"
+"\">TCB_SYMLINKS USE_TCB</phrase>"
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:532(para)
+msgid ""
+"Much of the functionality that used to be provided by the shadow password "
+"suite is now handled by PAM. Thus, <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> is "
+"no longer used by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, or less used by "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Please refer to the "
+"corresponding PAM configuration files instead."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.defs.5.xml:548(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pam</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:58(refentrytitle) login.access.5.xml:65(refname)
+msgid "login.access"
+msgstr "login.access"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "login access control table"
+msgstr "登录访问控制表"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:71(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> file specifies (user, "
+"host) combinations and/or (user, tty) combinations for which a login will be "
+"either accepted or refused."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:77(para)
+msgid ""
+"When someone logs in, the <emphasis remap=\"I\">login.access</emphasis> is "
+"scanned for the first entry that matches the (user, host) combination, or, "
+"in case of non-networked logins, the first entry that matches the (user, "
+"tty) combination. The permissions field of that table entry determines "
+"whether the login will be accepted or refused."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"Each line of the login access control table has three fields separated by a "
+"\":\" character:"
+msgstr "登录访问控制表的每一行有“:”分隔的三个字段："
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">permission</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">users</"
+"emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">origins</emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">permission</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">users</"
+"emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">origins</emphasis>"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:94(para)
+msgid ""
+"The first field should be a \"<emphasis>+</emphasis>\" (access granted) or "
+"\"<emphasis>-</emphasis>\" (access denied) character. The second field "
+"should be a list of one or more login names, group names, or <emphasis>ALL</"
+"emphasis> (always matches). The third field should be a list of one or more "
+"tty names (for non-networked logins), host names, domain names (begin with "
+"\"<literal>.</literal>\"), host addresses, internet network numbers (end "
+"with \"<literal>.</literal>\"), <emphasis>ALL</emphasis> (always matches) or "
+"<emphasis>LOCAL</emphasis> (matches any string that does not contain a "
+"\"<literal>.</literal>\" character). If you run NIS you can use "
+"@netgroupname in host or user patterns."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>EXCEPT</emphasis> operator makes it possible to write very "
+"compact rules."
+msgstr "<emphasis>EXCEPT</emphasis> 操作符让编写非常复杂的规则，成为可能。"
+
+#: login.access.5.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group file is searched only when a name does not match that of the "
+"logged-in user. Only groups are matched in which users are explicitly "
+"listed: the program does not look at a user's primary group id value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:98(refpurpose)
+msgid "begin session on the system"
+msgstr "在系统上启动回话"
+
+#: login.1.xml:104(arg) login.1.xml:112(arg) login.1.xml:119(arg)
+#: login.1.xml:236(option) groupmems.8.xml:79(arg)
+msgid "-p"
+msgstr "-p"
+
+#: login.1.xml:105(replaceable) login.1.xml:113(replaceable)
+#: login.1.xml:120(replaceable)
+msgid "host"
+msgstr "主机"
+
+#: login.1.xml:105(arg) login.1.xml:113(arg)
+msgid "-h <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-h <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: login.1.xml:108(replaceable)
+msgid "ENV=VAR"
+msgstr "ENV=VAR"
+
+#: login.1.xml:114(arg) login.1.xml:214(option)
+msgid "-f"
+msgstr "-f"
+
+#: login.1.xml:120(arg)
+msgid "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-r <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: login.1.xml:126(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>login</command> program is used to establish a new session with "
+"the system. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the "
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">login:</emphasis> prompt on the user's terminal. "
+"<command>login</command> may be special to the shell and may not be invoked "
+"as a sub-process. When called from a shell, <command>login</command> should "
+"be executed as <emphasis remap=\"B\">exec login</emphasis> which will cause "
+"the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new "
+"logged in user to return to the session of the caller). Attempting to "
+"execute <command>login</command> from any shell but the login shell will "
+"produce an error message."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:140(para)
+msgid ""
+"The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate. Echoing is "
+"disabled to prevent revealing the password. Only a small number of password "
+"failures are permitted before <command>login</command> exits and the "
+"communications link is severed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:147(para)
+msgid ""
+"If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for "
+"a new password before proceeding. You will be forced to provide your old "
+"password and the new password before continuing. Please refer to "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> for more information."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and "
+"the presence of mail. You may turn off the printing of the system message "
+"file, <filename>/etc/motd</filename>, by creating a zero-length file "
+"<filename>.hushlogin</filename> in your login directory. The mail message "
+"will be one of \"<emphasis>You have new mail.</emphasis>\", \"<emphasis>You "
+"have mail.</emphasis>\", or \"<emphasis>No Mail.</emphasis>\" according to "
+"the condition of your mailbox."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:167(para)
+msgid ""
+"Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the "
+"<filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file. The value for <envar>$HOME</envar>, "
+"<envar>$SHELL</envar>, <envar>$PATH</envar>, <envar>$LOGNAME</envar>, and "
+"<envar>$MAIL</envar> are set according to the appropriate fields in the "
+"password entry. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to "
+"entries in the GECOS field."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"On some installations, the environmental variable <envar>$TERM</envar> will "
+"be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in "
+"<filename>/etc/ttytype</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:182(para)
+msgid ""
+"An initialization script for your command interpreter may also be executed. "
+"Please see the appropriate manual section for more information on this "
+"function."
+msgstr ""
+"命令解释器的初始化脚本也可能执行。请参考手册中相应的章节来获取关于此功能的更"
+"多信息。"
+
+#: login.1.xml:194(para) login.1.xml:270(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>login</command> program is NOT responsible for removing users "
+"from the utmp file. It is the responsibility of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> and <citerefentry><refentrytitle>init</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry> to clean up apparent "
+"ownership of a terminal session. If you use <command>login</command> from "
+"the shell prompt without <command>exec</command>, the user you use will "
+"continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the \"subsession"
+"\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:217(para)
+msgid "Do not perform authentication, user is preauthenticated."
+msgstr "不要执行认证，用户已经预认证过。"
+
+#: login.1.xml:220(para)
+msgid "Note: In that case, <replaceable>username</replaceable> is mandatory."
+msgstr "注意：此时，<replaceable>username</replaceable> 是强制的。"
+
+#: login.1.xml:228(option)
+msgid "-h"
+msgstr "-h"
+
+#: login.1.xml:231(para)
+msgid "Name of the remote host for this login."
+msgstr "此登录的远程主机名。"
+
+#: login.1.xml:239(para)
+msgid "Preserve environment."
+msgstr "保留环境。"
+
+#: login.1.xml:244(option)
+msgid "-r"
+msgstr "-r"
+
+#: login.1.xml:247(para)
+msgid "Perform autologin protocol for rlogin."
+msgstr "为 rlogin (远程登录)执行 autologin (自动登录)协议。"
+
+#: login.1.xml:252(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> and <option>-f</option> options "
+"are only used when <command>login</command> is invoked by root."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>-h</option> and <option>-f</option> 只能用于 "
+"root 使用 <command>login</command> 时。"
+
+#: login.1.xml:261(para)
+msgid ""
+"This version of <command>login</command> has many compilation options, only "
+"some of which may be in use at any particular site."
+msgstr ""
+"此版本的 <command>login</command> 有很多编译选项，只有一部分可以在任何站点使"
+"用。"
+
+#: login.1.xml:266(para)
+msgid ""
+"The location of files is subject to differences in system configuration."
+msgstr "文件的位置由系统配置决定。"
+
+#: login.1.xml:282(para)
+msgid ""
+"As with any program, <command>login</command>'s appearance can be faked. If "
+"non-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use "
+"this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the "
+"machine. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a "
+"trusted path and prevent this kind of attack."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:347(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/wtmp"
+msgstr "/var/log/wtmp"
+
+#: login.1.xml:349(para)
+msgid "List of previous login sessions."
+msgstr "先前的登录会话列表。"
+
+#: login.1.xml:365(filename)
+msgid "/etc/motd"
+msgstr "/etc/motd"
+
+#: login.1.xml:367(para)
+msgid "System message of the day file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: login.1.xml:371(filename)
+msgid "/etc/nologin"
+msgstr "/etc/nologin"
+
+#: login.1.xml:373(para)
+msgid "Prevent non-root users from logging in."
+msgstr "阻止非 root 用户登录。"
+
+#: login.1.xml:377(filename)
+msgid "/etc/ttytype"
+msgstr "/etc/ttytype"
+
+#: login.1.xml:379(para)
+msgid "List of terminal types."
+msgstr "终端类型列表。"
+
+#: login.1.xml:383(filename)
+msgid "$HOME/.hushlogin"
+msgstr "$HOME/.hushlogin"
+
+#: login.1.xml:385(para)
+msgid "Suppress printing of system messages."
+msgstr "阻止现实系统信息。"
+
+#: login.1.xml:399(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>mail</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>nologin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>securetty</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getty</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: limits.5.xml:41(firstname)
+msgid "Luca"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:42(surname)
+msgid "Berra"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:59(refentrytitle) limits.5.xml:66(refname)
+msgid "limits"
+msgstr "limits"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:67(refpurpose)
+msgid "resource limits definition"
+msgstr "资源限制描述"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:73(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis remap=\"I\">limits</emphasis> file (<filename>/etc/limits</"
+"filename> by default or LIMITS_FILE defined <filename>config.h</filename>) "
+"describes the resource limits you wish to impose. It should be owned by root "
+"and readable by root account only."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default no quota is imposed on 'root'. In fact, there is no way to impose "
+"limits via this procedure to root-equiv accounts (accounts with UID 0)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:87(para)
+msgid "Each line describes a limit for a user in the form:"
+msgstr "每行以如下格式对一个用户描述限制："
+
+#: limits.5.xml:90(emphasis)
+msgid "user LIMITS_STRING"
+msgstr "user LIMITS_STRING"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:93(para)
+msgid "or in the form:"
+msgstr "或如下格式："
+
+#: limits.5.xml:96(emphasis)
+msgid "@group LIMITS_STRING"
+msgstr "@group LIMITS_STRING"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis> is a string of a concatenated list of "
+"resource limits. Each limit consists of a letter identifier followed by a "
+"numerical limit."
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis> 是一个串联的资源限制列表。每条限制由一个字"
+"母指示符和跟随的数字限制组成。"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:105(para)
+msgid "The valid identifiers are:"
+msgstr "可用的指示符有："
+
+#: limits.5.xml:108(para)
+msgid "A: max address space (KB)"
+msgstr "A：最大地址空间 (KB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:109(para)
+msgid "C: max core file size (KB)"
+msgstr "C：最大转储文件大小 (KB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:110(para)
+msgid "D: max data size (KB)"
+msgstr "D：最大数据大小 (KB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:111(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "F: maximum filesize (KB)"
+msgid "F: maximum file size (KB)"
+msgstr "F：最大文件尺寸 (KB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:112(para)
+msgid ""
+"K: file creation mask, set by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"K：文件创建掩码，由 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>umask</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> 设置。"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:117(para)
+msgid "I: max nice value (0..39 which translates to 20..-19)"
+msgstr "I：最高 nice 级别，(0...39 对应 20...-19)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:119(para)
+msgid "L: max number of logins for this user"
+msgstr "L：此用户的最大登录数"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:120(para)
+msgid "M: max locked-in-memory address space (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:121(para)
+msgid "N: max number of open files"
+msgstr "N：最大的文件打开数"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:122(para)
+msgid "O: max real time priority"
+msgstr "O：最大实时优先级"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:123(para)
+msgid ""
+"P: process priority, set by <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"P：进程优先级，由 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry> 设置。"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:128(para)
+msgid "R: max resident set size (KB)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:129(para)
+msgid "S: max stack size (KB)"
+msgstr "S：最大栈尺寸 (KB)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid "T: max CPU time (MIN)"
+msgstr "T：最大 CPU 时间 (分钟)"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:131(para)
+msgid "U: max number of processes"
+msgstr "U：最大处理器数目"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"For example, <emphasis remap=\"I\">L2D2048N5</emphasis> is a valid "
+"<emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis>. For reading convenience, the following "
+"entries are equivalent:"
+msgstr ""
+"例如，<emphasis remap=\"I\">L2D2048N5</emphasis> 就是有效的 "
+"<emphasis>LIMITS_STRING</emphasis>。为了阅读方便，如下项表示同样的意思："
+
+#: limits.5.xml:140(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"      username L2D2048N5\n"
+"      username L2 D2048 N5\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"      username L2D2048N5\n"
+"      username L2 D2048 N5\n"
+"    "
+
+#: limits.5.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"Be aware that after <emphasis remap=\"I\">username</emphasis> the rest of "
+"the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed. An "
+"invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the "
+"<command>login</command> program."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"The default entry is denoted by username \"<emphasis>*</emphasis>\". If you "
+"have multiple <emphasis remap=\"I\">default</emphasis> entries in your "
+"<emphasis>LIMITS_FILE</emphasis>, then the last one will be used as the "
+"default entry."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:159(para)
+msgid ""
+"The limits specified in the form \"<replaceable>@group</replaceable>\" apply "
+"to the members of the specified <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:165(para)
+msgid ""
+"If more than one line with limits for a user exist, only the first line for "
+"this user will be considered."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:170(para)
+msgid ""
+"If no lines are specified for a user, the last <replaceable>@group</"
+"replaceable> line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be "
+"considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the "
+"user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:177(para)
+msgid ""
+"To completely disable limits for a user, a single dash \"<emphasis>-</"
+"emphasis>\" will do."
+msgstr "要完全禁用对一个用户的限制，可以仅仅只使用一个短线“-”。"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:182(para)
+msgid ""
+"To disable a limit for a user, a single dash \"<replaceable>-</replaceable>"
+"\" can be used instead of the numerical value for this limit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:188(para)
+msgid ""
+"Also, please note that all limit settings are set PER LOGIN. They are not "
+"global, nor are they permanent. Perhaps global limits will come, but for now "
+"this will have to do ;)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: limits.5.xml:199(filename)
+msgid "/etc/limits"
+msgstr "/etc/limits"
+
+#: limits.5.xml:207(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>setpriority</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>setrlimit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:67(refpurpose)
+msgid "reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user"
+msgstr "报告所有用户的最近登录情况，或者指定用户的最近登录情况"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>lastlog</command> formats and prints the contents of the last login "
+"log <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file. The <emphasis>login-name</"
+"emphasis>, <emphasis>port</emphasis>, and <emphasis>last login time</"
+"emphasis> will be printed. The default (no flags) causes lastlog entries to "
+"be printed, sorted by their order in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:93(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>lastlog</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>lastlog</command> 命令可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:98(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-b</option>, <option>--before</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:102(para)
+msgid ""
+"Print only lastlog records older than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</emphasis>."
+msgstr "只显示老于 <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</emphasis> 的最近登录记录。"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:108(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+msgid "<option>-C</option>, <option>--clear</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:112(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This option is only valid in combination with the <option>-d</option> (or "
+#| "<option>--home</option>) option."
+msgid ""
+"Clear lastlog record of a user. This option can be used only together with "
+"<option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>))."
+msgstr ""
+"这个选项只有和 <option>-d</option> (或 <option>--home</option>) 选项组合使用"
+"时才有效。"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:139(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgid "<option>-S</option>, <option>--set</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:143(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set lastlog record of a user to the current time. This option can be used "
+"only together with <option>-u</option> (<option>--user</option>))."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:150(term) faillog.8.xml:192(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-t</option>, <option>--time</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:154(para)
+msgid ""
+"Print the lastlog records more recent than <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</"
+"emphasis>."
+msgstr "只现实新于 <emphasis remap=\"I\">DAYS</emphasis> 的最近登录记录。"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:161(term) faillog.8.xml:202(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LOGIN</"
+"replaceable>|<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable>"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:165(para)
+msgid "Print the lastlog record of the specified user(s)."
+msgstr "现实指定用户的最近登录记录。"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:168(para) faillog.8.xml:211(para)
+msgid ""
+"The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a "
+"<replaceable>RANGE</replaceable> of users. This <replaceable>RANGE</"
+"replaceable> of users can be specified with a min and max values "
+"(<replaceable>UID_MIN-UID_MAX</replaceable>), a max value (<replaceable>-"
+"UID_MAX</replaceable>), or a min value (<replaceable>UID_MIN-</replaceable>)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:180(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the user has never logged in the message <emphasis>** Never logged in**</"
+"emphasis> will be displayed instead of the port and time."
+msgstr ""
+"如果用户从来没有登录过，将会显示 <emphasis>** 从未登录 **</emphasis> 而不是端"
+"口和时间。"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:185(para)
+msgid ""
+"Only the entries for the current users of the system will be displayed. "
+"Other entries may exist for users that were deleted previously."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:193(title) groups.1.xml:90(title) chsh.1.xml:140(title)
+#: chage.1.xml:237(title)
+msgid "NOTE"
+msgstr "注意"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:194(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <filename>lastlog</filename> file is a database which contains info on "
+"the last login of each user. You should not rotate it. It is a sparse file, "
+"so its size on the disk is usually much smaller than the one shown by "
+"\"<command>ls -l</command>\" (which can indicate a really big file if you "
+"have in <filename>passwd</filename> users with a high UID). You can display "
+"its real size with \"<command>ls -s</command>\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:220(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/lastlog"
+msgstr "/var/log/lastlog"
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "Database times of previous user logins."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: lastlog.8.xml:230(para)
+msgid ""
+"Large gaps in UID numbers will cause the lastlog program to run longer with "
+"no output to the screen (i.e. if in lastlog database there is no entries for "
+"users with UID between 170 and 800 lastlog will appear to hang as it "
+"processes entries with UIDs 171-799)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:41(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2005"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:46(refentrytitle) gshadow.5.xml:53(refname)
+msgid "gshadow"
+msgstr "gshadow"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:54(refpurpose)
+msgid "shadowed group file"
+msgstr "影子化了的组文件"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:59(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> contains the shadowed information for "
+"group accounts."
+msgstr "<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> 包含影子化了的组账户信息。"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:69(para)
+msgid "Each line of this file contains the following colon-separated fields:"
+msgstr "此文件的每行包含逗号分隔的如下字段："
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:75(emphasis)
+msgid "group name"
+msgstr "组名"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:77(para)
+msgid "It must be a valid group name, which exist on the system."
+msgstr "必须是系统中已经存在的有效组。"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:90(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, for instance ! or *, users will not be able to use a unix "
+"password to access the group (but group members do not need the password)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:97(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The password is used when an user who is not a member of the group wants "
+#| "to gain the permissions of this group (see "
+#| "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#| "manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
+msgid ""
+"The password is used when a user who is not a member of the group wants to "
+"gain the permissions of this group (see <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>)."
+msgstr ""
+"此密码用于不是此组成员的用户获取此组的权限。(参考 "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> )。"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"This field may be empty, in which case only the group members can gain the "
+"group permissions."
+msgstr "此字段可以为空，此时，只有组成员可以获取组权限。"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"This password supersedes any password specified in <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename>."
+msgstr "此密码取代 <filename>/etc/group</filename> 中指定的任何密码。"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:121(emphasis)
+msgid "administrators"
+msgstr "管理员"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:123(para) gshadow.5.xml:139(para)
+msgid "It must be a comma-separated list of user names."
+msgstr "必须是一个逗号分隔的用户名列表。"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:126(para)
+msgid "Administrators can change the password or the members of the group."
+msgstr "管理员可以更改组密码和成员。"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"Administrators also have the same permissions as the members (see below)."
+msgstr "管理员也有成员一样的权限(请看下边)。"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:137(emphasis)
+msgid "members"
+msgstr "成员"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:142(para)
+msgid "Members can access the group without being prompted for a password."
+msgstr "成员可以免密码访问组。"
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:146(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should use the same list of users as in <filename>/etc/group</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gshadow.5.xml:175(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpconv</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "verify integrity of group files"
+msgstr "检查组文件的完整性"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpck</command> command verifies the integrity of the groups "
+"information. It checks that all entries in <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase> have the proper format and contain valid data. The user "
+"is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have "
+"other uncorrectable errors."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:101(para)
+msgid "a unique and valid group name"
+msgstr "一个唯一且有效的组名"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"a valid group identifier <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> (<filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename> only)</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"有效的组标识符 <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> (仅 <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename>)</phrase>"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"a valid list of members <phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> and administrators</"
+"phrase>"
+msgstr "有效的成员和 <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">管理员</phrase> 列表。"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"a corresponding entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file "
+"(respectively <filename>/etc/group</filename> for the <filename>gshadow</"
+"filename> checks)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:125(para)
+msgid ""
+"The checks for correct number of fields and unique group name are fatal. If "
+"an entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete "
+"the entire line. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further "
+"checks are bypassed. An entry with a duplicated group name is prompted for "
+"deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made. All other errors are "
+"warnings and the user is encouraged to run the <command>groupmod</command> "
+"command to correct the error."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid ""
+"The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"no_gshadow\">file</phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and "
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</phrase> are not able to alter "
+"corrupted or duplicated entries. <command>grpck</command> should be used in "
+"those circumstances to remove the offending entries."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>grpck</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>grpck</command> 可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:165(para)
+msgid ""
+"Execute the <command>grpck</command> command in read-only mode. This causes "
+"all questions regarding changes to be answered <emphasis>no</emphasis> "
+"without user intervention."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"Sort entries in <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase> by GID."
+msgstr ""
+"根据 GID 在 <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\"> 和 "
+"<filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></phrase> 中进行排序。"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:196(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "By default, <command>pwck</command> operates on the files <filename>/etc/"
+#| "passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition="
+#| "\"tcb\"> (or the files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>)</phrase>. The "
+#| "user may select alternate files with the <replaceable>passwd</"
+#| "replaceable> and <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> parameters."
+msgid ""
+"By default, <command>grpck</command> operates on <filename>/etc/group</"
+"filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. The user may select alternate files with the <emphasis "
+"remap=\"I\">group</emphasis><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">parameter.</"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">and <emphasis remap=\"I\">shadow</"
+"emphasis> parameters.</phrase>"
+msgstr ""
+"默认上，<command>pwck</command> 操作文件 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 和 "
+"<filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition=\"tcb\"> (或者在 "
+"<filename>/etc/tcb</filename> 中的文件)</phrase>。用户也可以使用 "
+"<replaceable>passwd</replaceable> 和 <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> 参数来"
+"选择替代文件。"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:264(para)
+msgid "one or more bad group entries"
+msgstr "一个或多个坏掉的组条目"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:270(para)
+msgid "can't open group files"
+msgstr "无法打开组文件"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:276(para)
+msgid "can't lock group files"
+msgstr "无法锁定组文件"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:282(para)
+msgid "can't update group files"
+msgstr "无法更新组文件"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:246(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>grpck</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "<command>grpck</command> 可以返回如下值：<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: grpck.8.xml:291(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>, </citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>, </citerefentry>, </"
+"phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>pwck</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: groups.1.xml:57(refentrytitle) groups.1.xml:64(refname)
+#: groups.1.xml:70(command)
+msgid "groups"
+msgstr "groups"
+
+#: groups.1.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "display current group names"
+msgstr "现实当前组名"
+
+#: groups.1.xml:72(replaceable)
+msgid "user"
+msgstr "用户"
+
+#: groups.1.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groups</command> command displays the current group names or ID "
+"values. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename>, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value. "
+"The optional <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis> parameter will display "
+"the groups for the named <emphasis remap=\"I\">user</emphasis>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groups.1.xml:91(para)
+msgid ""
+"Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information "
+"from <filename>/etc/group</filename> reported. The user must use "
+"<command>newgrp</command> or <command>sg</command> to change his current "
+"real and effective group ID."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groups.1.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgroups</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>getgroups</refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>getuid</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>2</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "modify a group definition on the system"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:75(replaceable) groupdel.8.xml:75(replaceable)
+msgid "GROUP"
+msgstr "GROUP"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmod</command> command modifies the definition of the "
+"specified <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> by modifying the appropriate "
+"entry in the group database."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupmod</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>groupmod</command> 命令可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:96(term) groupadd.8.xml:114(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:100(para)
+msgid ""
+"The group ID of the given <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> will be changed "
+"to <replaceable>GID</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"The value of <replaceable>GID</replaceable> must be a non-negative decimal "
+"integer. This value must be unique, unless the <option>-o</option> option is "
+"used."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:110(para)
+msgid ""
+"Users who use the group as primary group will be updated to keep the group "
+"as their primary group."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:114(para)
+msgid ""
+"Any files that have the old group ID and must continue to belong to "
+"<replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>, must have their group ID changed manually."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:120(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default behavior (if the <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option>, "
+#| "and <option>-U</option> options are not specified) is defined by the "
+#| "<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+#| "filename>."
+msgid ""
+"No checks will be performed with regard to the <option>GID_MIN</option>, "
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>, <option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>, or "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+"如果没有指定 <option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option> 和 <option>-U</option> "
+"选项，默认行为由 <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 中的 "
+"<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> 变量指定。"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:135(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--new-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-n</option>, <option>--new-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"The name of the group will be changed from <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable> "
+"to <replaceable>NEW_GROUP</replaceable> name."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"When used with the <option>-g</option> option, allow to change the group "
+"<replaceable>GID</replaceable> to a non-unique value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:259(para)
+msgid "E_SUCCESS: success"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:265(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "invalid command syntax"
+msgid "E_USAGE: invalid command syntax"
+msgstr "无效的命令语法"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:271(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "invalid argument to option"
+msgid "E_BAD_ARG: invalid argument to option"
+msgstr "给了选项一个无效的参数"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:277(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgid "E_GID_IN_USE: specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "指定的组不存在"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:283(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "specified group doesn't exist"
+msgid "E_NOTFOUND: specified group doesn't exist"
+msgstr "指定的组不存在"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:289(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "group name already in use"
+msgid "E_NAME_IN_USE: group name already in use"
+msgstr "组名已经在使用"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:295(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "can't update group file"
+msgid "E_GRP_UPDATE: can't update group file"
+msgstr "无法更新组文件"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:299(replaceable)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "1"
+msgid "11"
+msgstr "1"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:301(para)
+msgid "E_CLEANUP_SERVICE: can't setup cleanup service"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:307(para)
+msgid "E_PAM_USERNAME: can't determine your username for use with pam"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:311(replaceable)
+msgid "13"
+msgstr "13"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:313(para)
+msgid ""
+"E_PAM_ERROR: pam returned an error, see syslog facility id groupmod for the "
+"PAM error message"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmod</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "<command>groupmod</command> 命令可以返回如下值：<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmod.8.xml:322(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:42(firstname)
+msgid "George"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:43(surname)
+msgid "Kraft"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:44(lineage)
+msgid "IV"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:45(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2000"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "administer members of a user's primary group"
+msgstr "用户主组的管理员成员"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:76(replaceable) groupmems.8.xml:77(replaceable)
+msgid "user_name"
+msgstr "user_name"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:76(arg)
+msgid "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-a <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:77(arg)
+msgid "-d <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-d <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:78(replaceable)
+msgid "group_name"
+msgstr "group_name"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:78(arg)
+msgid "-g <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "-g <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:79(arg)
+msgid "-l"
+msgstr "-l"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:86(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmems</command> command allows a user to administer their "
+"own group membership list without the requirement of superuser privileges. "
+"The <command>groupmems</command> utility is for systems that configure its "
+"users to be in their own name sake primary group (i.e., guest / guest)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid ""
+"Only the superuser, as administrator, can use <command>groupmems</command> "
+"to alter the memberships of other groups."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>groupmems</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>groupmems</command> 命令可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:107(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:109(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Add an user to the group membership list."
+msgid "Add a user to the group membership list."
+msgstr "将一个用户添加到组成员列表。"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:110(para) groupmems.8.xml:126(para)
+#: groupmems.8.xml:157(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, and the group has no "
+"entry in the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file, a new entry will be "
+"created."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:118(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:120(para)
+msgid "Delete a user from the group membership list."
+msgstr "从组成员列表中删除用户。"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> file exist, the user will be "
+"removed from the list of members and administrators of the group."
+msgstr ""
+"如果 <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> 文件存在，用户将会被从组成员和管理员中"
+"移除。"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:134(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>group_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>group_name</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:136(para)
+msgid "The superuser can specify which group membership list to modify."
+msgstr "超级用户可以指定修改哪个组的组成员列表。"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:148(term) chage.1.xml:160(term)
+msgid "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-l</option>, <option>--list</option>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid "List the group membership list."
+msgstr "列出组成员。"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:154(term)
+msgid "<option>-p</option>, <option>--purge</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-p</option>, <option>--purge</option>"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid "Purge all users from the group membership list."
+msgstr "从组成员列表中删除所有用户。"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:180(title)
+msgid "SETUP"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupmems</command> executable should be in mode <literal>2710</"
+"literal> as user <emphasis>root</emphasis> and in group <emphasis>groups</"
+"emphasis>. The system administrator can add users to group <emphasis>groups</"
+"emphasis> to allow or disallow them using the <command>groupmems</command> "
+"utility to manage their own group membership list."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:190(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"\t$ groupadd -r groups\n"
+"\t$ chmod 2710 groupmems\n"
+"\t$ chown root.groups groupmems\n"
+"\t$ groupmems -g groups -a gk4\n"
+"    "
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"\t$ groupadd -r groups\n"
+"\t$ chmod 2710 groupmems\n"
+"\t$ chown root.groups groupmems\n"
+"\t$ groupmems -g groups -a gk4\n"
+"    "
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:222(para)
+msgid "secure group account information"
+msgstr "安全组账户信息"
+
+#: groupmems.8.xml:230(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "delete a group"
+msgstr "删除一个组"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:81(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupdel</command> command modifies the system account files, "
+"deleting all entries that refer to <replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>. The "
+"named group must exist."
+msgstr ""
+"<command>userdel</command> 修改系统账户文件，删除与 <replaceable>GROUP</"
+"replaceable> 相关的所有项目。给出的组名必须存在。"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:89(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupdel</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>groupdel</command> 命令可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:134(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not remove the primary group of any existing user. You must remove "
+"the user before you remove the group."
+msgstr "您不能移除现有用户的主组。在移除此组之前，必须先移除此用户。"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:138(para)
+msgid ""
+"You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain "
+"owned by this group."
+msgstr "您需要手动检查所有文件系统，以确保没有遗留的属于此组的文件。"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:200(para)
+msgid "can't remove user's primary group"
+msgstr "不能移除用户的主组"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:176(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupdel</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "<command>groupdel</command> 命令以如下值退出：<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupdel.8.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "create a new group"
+msgstr "创建一个新组"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupadd</command> command creates a new group account using "
+"the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the "
+"system. The new group will be entered into the system files as needed."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:94(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>groupadd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>groupadd</command> 命令可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:104(para)
+msgid ""
+"This option causes the command to simply exit with success status if the "
+"specified group already exists. When used with <option>-g</option>, and the "
+"specified GID already exists, another (unique) GID is chosen (i.e. <option>-"
+"g</option> is turned off)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:118(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The numerical value of the user's ID. This value must be unique, unless "
+#| "the <option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. "
+#| "The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than 999 and greater "
+#| "than every other user. Values between 0 and 999 are typically reserved "
+#| "for system accounts."
+msgid ""
+"The numerical value of the group's ID. This value must be unique, unless the "
+"<option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be non-negative. The "
+"default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to "
+"<option>GID_MIN</option> and greater than every other group."
+msgstr ""
+"用户 ID 的数字值。此值必须为唯一的，出发使用了 <option>-o</option> 选项。此值"
+"必须非负，默认使用大于 999，且大于任何其他用户 ID 最小值。0 到 999 之间的值一"
+"般保留做系统账户。"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:124(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Except for the <option>-A</option> and <option>-M</option> options, the "
+#| "options cannot be combined."
+msgid ""
+"See also the <option>-r</option> option and the <option>GID_MAX</option> "
+"description."
+msgstr ""
+"除了 <option>-A</option> 和 <option>-M</option> 选项，其它选项不能联合使用。"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults (GID_MIN, GID_MAX "
+"and others). Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:146(para)
+msgid ""
+"Example: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"示例：<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;<option>-K</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>GID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:150(para)
+msgid ""
+"Note: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>GID_MAX</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> doesn't work yet."
+msgstr ""
+"注意：<option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GID_MIN</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>GID_MAX</"
+"replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable> 尚不能工作。"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:161(para)
+msgid "This option permits to add a group with a non-unique GID."
+msgstr "此选项允许添加一个使用非唯一 GID 的组。"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:192(para)
+msgid "Create a system group."
+msgstr "创建一个系统组。"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"The numeric identifiers of new system groups are chosen in the "
+"<option>SYS_GID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_GID_MAX</option> range, defined in "
+"<filename>login.defs</filename>, instead of <option>GID_MIN</option>-"
+"<option>GID_MAX</option>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:275(para)
+msgid ""
+"Groupnames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by "
+"lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes. They can end with a "
+"dollar sign. In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+msgstr ""
+"组名必须以小写字母或者下划线开头，跟随小写字母、下划线或短横线。可以由美元符"
+"号结束。用正则表达式就是：[a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:281(para)
+msgid "Groupnames may only be up to &GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH; characters long."
+msgstr "组名最长为 &GROUP_NAME_MAX_LENGTH; 个字符。"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:284(para)
+msgid ""
+"You may not add a NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the "
+"corresponding server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:288(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the groupname already exists in an external group database such as NIS or "
+"LDAP, <command>groupadd</command> will deny the group creation request."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:321(para)
+msgid "GID not unique (when <option>-o</option> not used)"
+msgstr "GID 不唯一 (没有使用 <option>-o</option>)"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:327(para)
+msgid "group name not unique"
+msgstr "组名不唯一"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:297(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>groupadd</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "<command>groupadd</command> 可能以如下值退出：<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: groupadd.8.xml:342(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:44(firstname)
+msgid "Rafal"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:45(surname)
+msgid "Maszkowski"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:71(phrase)
+msgid "administer <placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "管理员 <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:74(phrase)
+msgid "administer <placeholder-1/> and <placeholder-2/>"
+msgstr "管理员 <placeholder-1/> 和 <placeholder-2/>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:85(replaceable) expiry.1.xml:76(replaceable)
+msgid "option"
+msgstr "选项"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:95(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>gpasswd</command> command is used to administer <filename>/etc/"
+"group</filename><phrase condition=\"gshadow\">, and <filename>/etc/gshadow</"
+"filename></phrase>. Every group can have <phrase condition=\"gshadow"
+"\">administrators,</phrase> members and a password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:103(para)
+msgid ""
+"System administrators can use the <option>-A</option> option to define group "
+"administrator(s) and the <option>-M</option> option to define members. They "
+"have all rights of group administrators and members."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:108(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>gpasswd</command> called by <phrase condition=\"gshadow\">a group "
+"administrator</phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">a system "
+"administrator</phrase> with a group name only prompts for the new password "
+"of the <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:115(para)
+msgid ""
+"If a password is set the members can still use "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> without a password, and non-members must supply the password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:123(title)
+msgid "Notes about group passwords"
+msgstr "请注意组密码"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:124(para)
+msgid ""
+"Group passwords are an inherent security problem since more than one person "
+"is permitted to know the password. However, groups are a useful tool for "
+"permitting co-operation between different users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:135(para)
+msgid ""
+"Except for the <option>-A</option> and <option>-M</option> options, the "
+"options cannot be combined."
+msgstr ""
+"除了 <option>-A</option> 和 <option>-M</option> 选项，其它选项不能联合使用。"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:139(para)
+msgid "The options cannot be combined."
+msgstr "这些选项不能组合使用。"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:142(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>gpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>gpasswd</command> 可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:147(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-a</option>, <option>--add</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:151(para)
+msgid ""
+"Add the <replaceable>user</replaceable> to the named <replaceable>group</"
+"replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"向名为 <replaceable>group</replaceable> 的组中添加用户 <replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>。"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:160(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--delete</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:164(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remove the <replaceable>user</replaceable> from the named "
+"<replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+"从名为 <replaceable>group</replaceable> 的组中移除用户 <replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>。"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:181(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-Q</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-Q</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:195(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove-password</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--remove-password</option>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:199(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remove the password from the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>. The "
+"group password will be empty. Only group members will be allowed to use "
+"<command>newgrp</command> to join the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:211(term)
+msgid "<option>-R</option>, <option>--restrict</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-R</option>, <option>--restrict</option>"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:215(para)
+msgid ""
+"Restrict the access to the named <replaceable>group</replaceable>. The group "
+"password is set to \"!\". Only group members with a password will be allowed "
+"to use <command>newgrp</command> to join the named <replaceable>group</"
+"replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:227(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-A</option>, <option>--administrators</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>user</replaceable>,..."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-A</option>, <option>--administrators</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>user</replaceable>,..."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:231(para)
+msgid "Set the list of administrative users."
+msgstr "设置有管理权限的用户列表。"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:239(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--members</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>,..."
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--members</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>user</"
+"replaceable>,..."
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:243(para)
+msgid "Set the list of group members."
+msgstr "设置组成员列表。"
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:253(para)
+msgid ""
+"This tool only operates on the <filename>/etc/group</filename><phrase "
+"condition=\"gshadow\"> and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files.</"
+"phrase><phrase condition=\"no_gshadow\">file.</phrase> Thus you cannot "
+"change any NIS or LDAP group. This must be performed on the corresponding "
+"server."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: gpasswd.1.xml:298(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry><phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>group</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry><phrase condition="
+"\"gshadow\">, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gshadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry></phrase>."
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:57(refentrytitle) faillog.8.xml:64(refname)
+#: faillog.8.xml:70(command) faillog.5.xml:57(refentrytitle)
+#: faillog.5.xml:64(refname) faillog.5.xml:111(refentrytitle)
+msgid "faillog"
+msgstr "faillog"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "display faillog records or set login failure limits"
+msgstr "显示登录失败记录或设置登录失败限制"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>faillog</command> displays the contents of the failure log database "
+"(<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename>). It can also set the failure "
+"counters and limits. When <command>faillog</command> is run without "
+"arguments, it only displays the faillog records of the users who had a login "
+"failure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:90(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>faillog</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>faillog</command> 可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display (or act on) faillog records for all users having an entry in the "
+"<filename>faillog</filename> database."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:102(para)
+msgid ""
+"The range of users can be restricted with the <option>-u</option> option."
+msgstr "用户的范围可以使用 <option>-u</option> 选项限制。"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"In display mode, this is still restricted to existing users but forces the "
+"display of the faillog entries even if they are empty."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"With the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, <option>-r</option>, "
+"<option>-t</option> options, the users' records are changed, even if the "
+"user does not exist on the system. This is useful to reset records of users "
+"that have been deleted or to set a policy in advance for a range of users."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:128(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-secs</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEC</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-l</option>, <option>--lock-secs</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEC</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:132(para)
+msgid ""
+"Lock account for <replaceable>SEC</replaceable> seconds after failed login."
+msgstr "登录失败后锁定账户 <replaceable>SEC</replaceable> 秒。"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:136(para) faillog.8.xml:161(para) faillog.8.xml:173(para)
+msgid ""
+"Write access to <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> is required for this "
+"option."
+msgstr "此选项要求对 <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> 有写入权限。"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:143(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--maximum</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--maximum</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:147(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of login failures after the account is disabled to "
+"<replaceable>MAX</replaceable>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:151(para)
+msgid ""
+"Selecting a <replaceable>MAX</replaceable> value of 0 has the effect of not "
+"placing a limit on the number of failed logins."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:156(para)
+msgid ""
+"The maximum failure count should always be 0 for <emphasis>root</emphasis> "
+"to prevent a denial of services attack against the system."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:168(term)
+msgid "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-r</option>, <option>--reset</option>"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:170(para)
+msgid "Reset the counters of login failures."
+msgstr "重置登录失败计数。"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:195(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display faillog records more recent than <replaceable>DAYS</replaceable>."
+msgstr "显示新于 <replaceable>DAYS</replaceable> 的登录失败记录。"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:206(para)
+msgid ""
+"Display faillog record or maintains failure counters and limits (if used "
+"with <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option> or <option>-r</option> "
+"options) only for the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:224(para)
+msgid ""
+"When none of the <option>-l</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-r</"
+"option> options are used, <command>faillog</command> displays the faillog "
+"record of the specified user(s)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:233(para)
+msgid ""
+"<command>faillog</command> only prints out users with no successful login "
+"since the last failure. To print out a user who has had a successful login "
+"since their last failure, you must explicitly request the user with the "
+"<option>-u</option> flag, or print out all users with the <option>-a</"
+"option> flag."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:246(filename) faillog.5.xml:99(filename)
+msgid "/var/log/faillog"
+msgstr "/var/log/faillog"
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:248(para) faillog.5.xml:101(para)
+msgid "Failure logging file."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.8.xml:256(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>faillog</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>faillog</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "login failure logging file"
+msgstr "登录失败的日志文件"
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:70(para)
+msgid ""
+"<filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> maintains a count of login failures "
+"and the limits for each account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:74(para)
+msgid ""
+"The file contains fixed length records, indexed by numerical UID. Each "
+"record contains the count of login failures since the last successful login; "
+"the maximum number of failures before the account is disabled; the line on "
+"which the last login failure occurred; the date of the last login failure; "
+"and the duration (in seconds) during which the account will be locked after "
+"a failure."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:84(para)
+msgid "The structure of the file is:"
+msgstr "文件的结构是："
+
+#: faillog.5.xml:85(programlisting)
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+"struct\tfaillog {\n"
+"\tshort   fail_cnt;\n"
+"\tshort   fail_max;\n"
+"\tchar    fail_line[12];\n"
+"\ttime_t  fail_time;\n"
+"\tlong    fail_locktime;\n"
+"};"
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+"struct\tfaillog {\n"
+"\tshort   fail_cnt;\n"
+"\tshort   fail_max;\n"
+"\tchar    fail_line[12];\n"
+"\ttime_t  fail_time;\n"
+"\tlong    fail_locktime;\n"
+"};"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:45(contrib) chsh.1.xml:44(contrib) chfn.1.xml:44(contrib)
+#: chage.1.xml:42(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 1990"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:61(refentrytitle) expiry.1.xml:68(refname)
+#: expiry.1.xml:74(command)
+msgid "expiry"
+msgstr "expiry"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "check and enforce password expiration policy"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:83(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>expiry</command> command checks (<option>-c</option>) the "
+"current password expiration and forces (<option>-f</option>) changes when "
+"required. It is callable as a normal user command."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:92(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>expiry</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>expiry</command> 选项可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:97(term)
+msgid "<option>-c</option>, <option>--check</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-c</option>, <option>--check</option>"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid "Check the password expiration of the current user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:105(para)
+msgid "Force a password change if the current user has an expired password."
+msgstr "如果用户密码过期，则强制用户修改密码。"
+
+#: expiry.1.xml:140(para) chage.1.xml:318(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "change login shell"
+msgstr "更改登录 shell"
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chsh</command> command changes the user login shell. This "
+"determines the name of the user's initial login command. A normal user may "
+"only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change "
+"the login shell for any account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:96(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chsh</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>chsh</command> 命令可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:130(para)
+msgid ""
+"If the <option>-s</option> option is not selected, <command>chsh</command> "
+"operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current "
+"login shell. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line "
+"blank to use the current one. The current shell is displayed between a pair "
+"of <emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:141(para)
+msgid ""
+"The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must "
+"be listed in <filename>/etc/shells</filename>, unless the invoker is the "
+"superuser, and then any value may be added. An account with a restricted "
+"login shell may not change her login shell. For this reason, placing "
+"<filename>/bin/rsh</filename> in <filename>/etc/shells</filename> is "
+"discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent "
+"the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:176(filename)
+msgid "/etc/shells"
+msgstr "/etc/shells"
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:178(para)
+msgid "List of valid login shells."
+msgstr "可用的登录 shell 的列表。"
+
+#: chsh.1.xml:192(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:69(refpurpose)
+msgid "update passwords in batch mode"
+msgstr "批量更新密码"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:83(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chpasswd</command> command reads a list of user name and "
+"password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a "
+"group of existing users. Each line is of the format:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:88(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">user_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">user_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:92(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default the passwords must be supplied in clear-text, and are encrypted "
+"by <command>chpasswd</command>. Also the password age will be updated, if "
+"present."
+msgstr ""
+"默认必须明文提供密码，然后由 <command>chpasswd</command> 加密。如果存在密码年"
+"龄信息，也会更新之。"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:97(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+#| "ENCRYPT_METHOD variable of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, and can "
+#| "be overwiten with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option>, or "
+#| "<option>-c</option> options."
+msgid ""
+"The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> variables "
+"of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, and can be overwritten with the "
+"<option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+"默认加密算法可以通过 <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 的 ENCRYPT_METHOD "
+"变量设置，并且可以使用 <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option> 或 <option>-"
+"c</option> 选项覆盖。"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:105(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, passwords are encrypted by PAM, but (even if not recommended) "
+"you can select a different encryption method with the <option>-e</option>, "
+"<option>-m</option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:111(para)
+msgid ""
+"<phrase condition=\"pam\">Except when PAM is used to encrypt the passwords,</"
+"phrase><command>chpasswd</command> first updates all the passwords in "
+"memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no errors occurred for "
+"any user."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:117(para)
+msgid ""
+"When PAM is used to encrypt the passwords (and update the passwords in the "
+"system database) then if a password cannot be updated <command>chpasswd</"
+"command> continues updating the passwords of the next users, and will return "
+"an error code on exit."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:123(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:98(para)
+msgid ""
+"This command is intended to be used in a large system environment where many "
+"accounts are created at a single time."
+msgstr "此命令一般用于需要一次创建很多用户的大型系统。"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:131(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>chpasswd</command> 可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>METHOD</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-c</option>, <option>--crypt-method</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>METHOD</replaceable>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:142(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:115(para)
+msgid "The available methods are DES, MD5, and NONE."
+msgstr "可用的方法有 DES，MD5 和 NONE。"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:149(para)
+msgid "By default, PAM is used to encrypt the passwords."
+msgstr "默认，使用 PAM 来加密密码。"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default (if none of the <option>-c</option>, <option>-m</option>, or "
+"<option>-e</option> options are specified), the encryption method is defined "
+"by the <option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> or <option>MD5_CRYPT_ENAB</option> "
+"variables of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:163(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:125(term)
+msgid "<option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-e</option>, <option>--encrypted</option>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:165(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:127(para)
+msgid "Supplied passwords are in encrypted form."
+msgstr "提供的密码是已经加密了的"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:179(term) chgpasswd.8.xml:137(term)
+msgid "<option>-m</option>, <option>--md5</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-m</option>, <option>--md5</option>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:181(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:139(para)
+msgid ""
+"Use MD5 encryption instead of DES when the supplied passwords are not "
+"encrypted."
+msgstr "如果提供的密码没有加密，则使用 MD5 加密而不是 DES。"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:200(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROUNDS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-s</option>, <option>--sha-rounds</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROUNDS</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:219(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default, the number of rounds is defined by the "
+"<option>SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS</option> and <option>SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS</"
+"option> variables in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:232(para) chgpasswd.8.xml:187(para)
+msgid ""
+"Remember to set permissions or umask to prevent readability of unencrypted "
+"files by other users."
+msgstr "记住要设置权限或者掩码来阻止其它用户对未加密文件的读取。"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:276(filename)
+msgid "/etc/pam.d/chpasswd"
+msgstr "/etc/pam.d/chpasswd"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:278(para)
+msgid "PAM configuration for <command>chpasswd</command>."
+msgstr "<command>chpasswd</command> 的 PAM 配置。"
+
+#: chpasswd.8.xml:286(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>newusers</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, </phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:47(contrib)
+msgid "Creation, 2006"
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:65(refpurpose)
+msgid "update group passwords in batch mode"
+msgstr "批量更新组密码"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:79(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chgpasswd</command> command reads a list of group name and "
+"password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a set "
+"of existing groups. Each line is of the format:"
+msgstr ""
+"<command>chgpasswd</command> 命令从标准输入读取一系列组名和密码对，并使用此信"
+"息更新这些存在的组。每行的格式如下："
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:84(para)
+msgid ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">group_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+msgstr ""
+"<emphasis remap=\"I\">group_name</emphasis>:<emphasis remap=\"I\">password</"
+"emphasis>"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:88(para)
+msgid ""
+"By default the supplied password must be in clear-text, and is encrypted by "
+"<command>chgpasswd</command>."
+msgstr ""
+"默认上，提供的密码必须是明码文本，然后由 <command>chgpasswd</command> 加密。"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:92(para)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+#| "ENCRYPT_METHOD variable of <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, and can "
+#| "be overwiten with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option>, or "
+#| "<option>-c</option> options."
+msgid ""
+"The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the "
+"<option>ENCRYPT_METHOD</option> variable of <filename>/etc/login.defs</"
+"filename>, and can be overwritten with the <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</"
+"option>, or <option>-c</option> options."
+msgstr ""
+"默认加密算法可以通过 <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> 的 ENCRYPT_METHOD "
+"变量设置，并且可以使用 <option>-e</option>, <option>-m</option> 或 <option>-"
+"c</option> 选项覆盖。"
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:106(para)
+msgid ""
+"The options which apply to the <command>chgpasswd</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>chgpasswd</command> 可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: chgpasswd.8.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+"manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:68(refpurpose)
+msgid "change real user name and information"
+msgstr "更改真名和信息"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:85(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chfn</command> command changes user fullname, office room "
+"number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user's "
+"account. This information is typically printed by "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>finger</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry> and similar programs. A normal user may only change the fields "
+"for her own account, subject to the restrictions in <filename>/etc/login."
+"defs</filename>. (The default configuration is to prevent users from "
+"changing their fullname.) The superuser may change any field for any "
+"account. Additionally, only the superuser may use the <option>-o</option> "
+"option to change the undefined portions of the GECOS field."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:99(para)
+msgid ""
+"These fields must not contain any colons. Except for the <emphasis remap=\"I"
+"\">other</emphasis> field, they should not contain any comma or equal sign. "
+"It is also recommended to avoid non-US-ASCII characters, but this is only "
+"enforced for the phone numbers. The <emphasis remap=\"I\">other</emphasis> "
+"field is used to store accounting information used by other applications."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:112(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chfn</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>chfn</command> 命令可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:117(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--full-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>FULL_NAME</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-f</option>, <option>--full-name</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>FULL_NAME</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:121(para)
+msgid "Change the user's full name."
+msgstr "更改用户的全名"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:125(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-h</option>, <option>--home-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HOME_PHONE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-h</option>, <option>--home-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>HOME_PHONE</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:129(para)
+msgid "Change the user's home phone number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:133(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-o</option>, <option>--other</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>OTHER</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-o</option>, <option>--other</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>OTHER</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:137(para)
+msgid ""
+"Change the user's other GECOS information. This field is used to store "
+"accounting information used by other applications, and can be changed only "
+"by a superuser."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:145(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--room</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROOM_NUMBER</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-r</option>, <option>--room</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>ROOM_NUMBER</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:149(para)
+msgid "Change the user's room number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:165(term)
+msgid "<option>-u</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-u</option>, <option>--help</option>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:173(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--work-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WORK_PHONE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-w</option>, <option>--work-phone</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WORK_PHONE</replaceable>"
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:177(para)
+msgid "Change the user's office phone number."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:181(para)
+msgid ""
+"If none of the options are selected, <command>chfn</command> operates in an "
+"interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of "
+"the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank "
+"to use the current value. The current value is displayed between a pair of "
+"<emphasis remap=\"B\">[ ]</emphasis> marks. Without options, <command>chfn</"
+"command> prompts for the current user account."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chfn.1.xml:226(para)
+msgid ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+msgstr ""
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+"refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+"<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></"
+"citerefentry>."
+
+#: chage.1.xml:66(refpurpose)
+msgid "change user password expiry information"
+msgstr "更改用户密码过期信息"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:82(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command changes the number of days between "
+"password changes and the date of the last password change. This information "
+"is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:92(para)
+msgid "The options which apply to the <command>chage</command> command are:"
+msgstr "<command>chage</command> 命令可以接受的选项有："
+
+#: chage.1.xml:97(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--lastday</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LAST_DAY</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-d</option>, <option>--lastday</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>LAST_DAY</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:101(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days since January 1st, 1970 when the password was last "
+"changed. The date may also be expressed in the format YYYY-MM-DD (or the "
+"format more commonly used in your area)."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:109(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-E</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-E</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:113(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the date or number of days since January 1, 1970 on which the user's "
+"account will no longer be accessible. The date may also be expressed in the "
+"format YYYY-MM-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area). A user "
+"whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being "
+"able to use the system again."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:121(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as the "
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> will remove an account expiration "
+"date."
+msgstr ""
+"<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> 设置为 <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</"
+"emphasis> 会移除账户的过期日期。"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:135(term)
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+msgid "<option>-i</option>, <option>--iso8601</option>"
+msgstr "<option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:137(para)
+msgid "When printing dates, use YYYY-MM-DD format."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:141(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-I</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-I</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:145(para)
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the "
+"account is locked. The <replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> option is the "
+"number of days of inactivity. A user whose account is locked must contact "
+"the system administrator before being able to use the system again."
+msgstr ""
+
+#: chage.1.xml:152(para)
+msgid ""
+"Passing the number <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</emphasis> as the "
+"<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> will remove an account's inactivity."
+msgstr ""
+"<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable> 设置为 <emphasis remap=\"I\">-1</"
+"emphasis> 会移除账户禁用功能。"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:164(para)
+msgid "Show account aging information."
+msgstr "现实账户年龄信息。"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:170(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-m</option>, <option>--mindays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MIN_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:182(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-M</option>, <option>--maxdays</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</"
+"replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:186(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid. When "
+"<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> plus <replaceable>LAST_DAY</replaceable> "
+"is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their "
+"password before being able to use their account. This occurrence can be "
+"planned for in advance by use of the <option>-W</option> option, which "
+"provides the user with advance warning."
+msgstr ""
+"设置密码有效的最大天数。<replaceable>MAX_DAYS</replaceable> 加 "
+"<replaceable>LAST_DAY</replaceable> 小于当前日期时，会要求用户更改密码，否则"
+"不能使用此账户。"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:215(term)
+msgid ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+msgstr ""
+"<option>-W</option>, <option>--warndays</option>&nbsp;"
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable>"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:219(para)
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+"Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required. The "
+"<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> option is the number of days prior to "
+"the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to "
+"expire."
+msgstr ""
+"设置在要求更改密码之前几天开始警告。<replaceable>WARN_DAYS</replaceable> 选项"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:228(para)
+msgid ""
+"If none of the options are selected, <command>chage</command> operates in an "
+"interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of "
+"the fields. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank "
+"to use the current value. The current value is displayed between a pair of "
+"<emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> marks."
+msgstr ""
+"如果没有选择任何选项，<command>chage</command> 会进入交互模式，以所有字段的当"
+"前值提示用户。输入一个新值可以更改这些字段，或者留空使用当前值。当前值出现在 "
+"<emphasis>[ ]</emphasis> 标记对里。"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:238(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> program requires a shadow password file to be "
+"available."
+msgstr "<command>chage</command> 需要有一个影子密码文件才可用。"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:242(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command is restricted to the root user, except "
+"for the <option>-l</option> option, which may be used by an unprivileged "
+"user to determine when their password or account is due to expire."
+msgstr ""
+"只有 root 才可以使用 <command>chage</command>，一个特殊情况是 <option>-l</"
+"option> 选项，用来让非特权用户觉得自己的密码或账户何时过期。"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:307(replaceable)
+msgid "15"
+msgstr "15"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:309(para)
+msgid "can't find the shadow password file"
+msgstr "无法找到影子密码文件"
+
+#: chage.1.xml:285(para)
+msgid ""
+"The <command>chage</command> command exits with the following values: "
+"<placeholder-1/>"
+msgstr "<command>chage</command> 命令有如下退出值：<placeholder-1/>"
+
+#. Put one translator per line, in the form of NAME <EMAIL>, YEAR1, YEAR2
+#: chage.1.xml:0(None)
+msgid "translator-credits"
+msgstr "YunQiang Su <wzssyqa@gmail.com>, 2010."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "Additional arguments may be provided after the username, in which case "
+#~ "they are supplied to the user's login shell. In particular, an argument "
+#~ "of <option>-c</option> will cause the next argument to be treated as a "
+#~ "command by most command interpreters. The command will be executed by the "
+#~ "shell specified in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> for the target user."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "附加参数可以在用户名之后提供，这时，将会把他们提供给用户的登录 shell。特别"
+#~ "地，参数 <option>-c</option> 将会使下一个参数被多数命令解释器视为命令。这"
+#~ "个命令会被 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> 中为目标用户指定的 shell 执"
+#~ "行。"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "You can use the <option>--</option> argument to separate <command>su</"
+#~ "command> options from the arguments supplied to the shell."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "您可以使用 <option>--</option> 参数将 <command>su</command> 选项和提供给 "
+#~ "shell 的参数分隔开来。"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The encrypted password field may be blank, in which case no password is "
+#~ "required to authenticate as the specified login name. However, some "
+#~ "applications which read the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file may "
+#~ "decide not to permit <emphasis>any</emphasis> access at all if the "
+#~ "<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is blank. If the <emphasis>password</"
+#~ "emphasis> field is a lower-case <quote>x</quote>, then the encrypted "
+#~ "password is actually stored in the <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> file instead; there "
+#~ "<emphasis>must</emphasis> be a corresponding line in the <filename>/etc/"
+#~ "shadow</filename> file, or else the user account is invalid. If the "
+#~ "<emphasis>password</emphasis> field is any other string, then it will be "
+#~ "treated as an encrypted password, as specified by "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "加密的密码字段可以为空，此时使用指定的登录名登录时不会要求认证。然而，如"
+#~ "果 <emphasis>password</emphasis> 为空，一些读取 <filename>/etc/passwd</"
+#~ "filename> 文件的程序可能会不允许  <emphasis>任何</emphasis> 访问。如果 "
+#~ "<emphasis>password</emphasis> 字段是一个小写的 <quote>x</quote>，那么加密"
+#~ "的密码实际上存储于 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> 中；在 <filename>/"
+#~ "etc/shadow</filename> 文件中 <emphasis>必须</emphasis> 有对应的行，否则用"
+#~ "户账户就会无效。如果 <emphasis>password</emphasis> 字段是其他任何字符串，"
+#~ "将会被视为加密过的密码，如 <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> 中的说明。"
+
+#~ msgid "-M"
+#~ msgstr "-M"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupmod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "can't create mail spool"
+#~ msgstr "无法创建邮箱"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "The SELinux user for the user's login. The default is to leave this field "
+#~ "the blank, which causes the system to select the default SELinux user."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "用户登录使用的 SELinux 用户。默认值就留空，会让系统选择默认的 SELinux 用"
+#~ "户。"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>chsh</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>gpasswd</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>groupdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>userdel</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>, "
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "-q"
+#~ msgstr "-q"
+
+#~ msgid "-s"
+#~ msgstr "-s"
+
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+#~ "\"no_pam\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+#~ "phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+#~ msgstr ""
+#~ "<citerefentry><refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>, <citerefentry><refentrytitle>shadow</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, <phrase condition="
+#~ "\"no_pam\"><citerefentry><refentrytitle>login.defs</"
+#~ "refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>, </"
+#~ "phrase><citerefentry><refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</"
+#~ "manvolnum></citerefentry>."
+
+#~ msgid "new_users"
+#~ msgstr "新用户"
+
+#~ msgid "full_name"
+#~ msgstr "full_name"
+
+#~ msgid "-f <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-f <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#~ msgid "room_no"
+#~ msgstr "room_no"
+
+#~ msgid "work_ph"
+#~ msgstr "work_ph"
+
+#~ msgid "-w <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-w <placeholder-1/>"
+
+#~ msgid "home_ph"
+#~ msgstr "home_ph"
+
+#~ msgid "other"
+#~ msgstr "其它"
+
+#~ msgid "-o <placeholder-1/>"
+#~ msgstr "-o <placeholder-1/>"
diff --git a/man/porttime.5.xml b/man/porttime.5.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e28ce60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/porttime.5.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1989 - 1990, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='porttime.5'>
+  <!--  $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1989</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>porttime</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">File Formats and Conversions</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>porttime</refname>
+    <refpurpose>port access time file</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      <emphasis remap='I'>porttime</emphasis> contains a list of tty
+      devices, user names, and permitted login times.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      Each entry consists of three colon separated fields. The first field
+      is a comma separated list of tty devices, or an asterisk to indicate
+      that all tty devices are matched by this entry. The second field is a
+      comma separated list of user names, or an asterisk to indicated that
+      all user names are matched by this entry. The third field is a comma
+      separated list of permitted access times.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      Each access time entry consists of zero or more days of the week,
+      abbreviated <emphasis>Su</emphasis>, <emphasis>Mo</emphasis>,
+      <emphasis>Tu</emphasis>, <emphasis>We</emphasis>,
+      <emphasis>Th</emphasis>, <emphasis>Fr</emphasis>, and
+      <emphasis>Sa</emphasis>, followed by a pair of times separated by a
+      hyphen. The abbreviation <emphasis>Wk</emphasis> may be used to
+      represent Monday thru Friday, and <emphasis>Al</emphasis> may be used
+      to indicate every day. If no days are given, <emphasis>Al</emphasis>
+      is assumed.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='examples'>
+    <title>EXAMPLES</title>
+    <para>
+      The following entry allows access to user <emphasis
+      remap='B'>jfh</emphasis> on every port during weekdays from 9am to
+      5pm.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>	*:jfh:Wk0900-1700</para>
+
+    <para>
+      The following entries allow access only to the users
+      <emphasis>root</emphasis> and <emphasis>oper</emphasis> on
+      <filename>/dev/console</filename> at any time. This illustrates how
+      the <filename>/etc/porttime</filename> file is an ordered list of
+      access times. Any other user would match the second entry which does
+      not permit access at any time.
+    </para>
+
+    <programlisting>
+      console:root,oper:Al0000-2400
+      console:*:
+    </programlisting>
+
+    <para>
+      The following entry allows access for the user
+      <emphasis>games</emphasis> on any port during non-working hours. 
+    </para>
+
+    <para>	*:games:Wk1700-0900,SaSu0000-2400</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/porttime</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>File containing port access.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/pt_BR/Makefile.am b/man/pt_BR/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0773a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pt_BR/Makefile.am
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+	man5/shadow.5
+
+EXTRA_DIST = $(man_MANS)
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index 0000000..d418e56
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+	  fi; \
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+	while read files; do \
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+.PRECIOUS: Makefile
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+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
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diff --git a/man/pt_BR/man1/gpasswd.1 b/man/pt_BR/man1/gpasswd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cccb459
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pt_BR/man1/gpasswd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+.\" Copyright 1996, Rafal Maszkowski, rzm@pdi.net
+.\"
+.\" É permitida a confecção e distribuição deste manual, devidamente
+.\" acompanhado dos avisos de direitos autorais e desta permissão
+.\" em todas as cópias.
+.\"
+.\" É permitida a cópia e distribuição de versões modificadas deste manual
+.\" sob as condições acima, e que todo o trabalho derivado seja distribuido
+.\"  sob  as mesmas condições deste manual.
+.\" 
+.\" Uma vez que o kernel do Linux e suas bibliotecas estão constantemente
+.\" mudando, esta página de manual poderá estar incorreta ou desatualizada.
+.\" O(s) autor(es) não assumem responsabilidade por erros ou omissões, 
+.\"  ou por danos resultantes do uso das informações aqui contidas. 
+.\"
+.\" Versões formatadas ou processadas deste manual, desacompanhadas dos
+.\" fontes, devem conter a autorização e os direitos autorais dos autores do
+.\" trabalho.
+.\"
+.\" Você deve receber uma cópia da Licença Pública GNU
+.\" junto com este manual; caso contrário, escreva para a Free Software
+.\" Foundation, Inc., 675 mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA ou
+.\" em português na Conectiva Informática \- http://www.conectiva.com.br
+.\"
+.\"	$Id$
+.\"
+.TH GPASSWD 1
+.SH NOME
+gpasswd \- administra o arquivo \fI/etc/group\fR
+.br
+.SH SINOPSE
+\fBgpasswd\fR \fIgrupo\fR
+.br
+\fBgpasswd \-a\fR \fIusuário\fR \fIgrupo\fR
+.br
+\fBgpasswd \-d\fR \fIusuário\fR \fIgrupo\fR
+.br
+\fBgpasswd \-R\fR \fIgrupo\fR
+.br
+.B gpasswd
+.B \-r
+\fIgrupo\fR
+.br
+.B gpasswd
+.RB [ \-A
+\fIusuário\fR,...]
+.RB [ \-M
+\fIusuário\fR,...]
+\fIgrupo\fR
+.br
+.SH DESCRIÇÃO
+O
+.B gpasswd
+é utilizado para administrar o arquivo \fI/etc/group\fR (e o arquivo
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR, caso compilado com SHADOWGRP).
+Todos os grupos podem ter administradores, membros e uma senha. O
+administrador do sistema pode usar a opção \fB\-A\fR para definir o
+administrador do grupo e \fB\-M\fR para definir os membros e todos os seus
+direitos assim como os do administrador.
+.PP
+Administradores de grupos podem adicionar e excluir usuários utilizando as
+opções \fB\-a\fR e \fB\-d\fR respectivamente. Administradores podem usar a opção
+\fB\-r\fR  para remover a senha de um grupo. Quando não há senhas definidas
+para um grupo, somente os membros do grupo podem usar o comando
+.BR newgrp (1) 
+para adicionar novos usuários ao grupo . A opção  \fB\-R\fR 
+desabilita o acesso ao grupo através do comando 
+.BR newgrp (1)
+.
+.PP
+O
+.B gpasswd
+executado pelo administrador do grupo seguido pelo nome 
+solicitará a senha do grupo. Caso o comando 
+.BR newgrp (1)
+esteja habilitado para outros usuários do grupo sem o uso de senha, não
+membros podem também executar o comando, informando porém a senha do grupo.
+.SH ARQUIVOS
+\fI/etc/group\fR	\- informações do grupo
+.br
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR	\- informações do grupo em arquivo shadow
+.SH VEJA TAMBÉM
+.BR newgrp (1),
+.BR groupadd (8),
+.BR groupdel (8),
+.BR groupmod (8),
+.BR grpck (8)
+.SH TRADUÇÃO E REVISÃO PARA A LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA
+Sandro Nunes Henrique <sandro@conectiva.com.br> (tradução)
+.br
+Rodrigo Stulzer Lopes <rodrigo@conectiva.com.br> (revisão)
+.br
+Guilherme de S. Pastore <gpastore@colband.com.br> (revisão)
diff --git a/man/pt_BR/man5/passwd.5 b/man/pt_BR/man5/passwd.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..211c789
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pt_BR/man5/passwd.5
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+.\" -*- nroff -*-
+.\" Copyright (c) 1993 Michael Haardt (michael@moria.de), Fri Apr  2 11:32:09 MET DST 1993
+.\"
+.\" This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
+.\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+.\" published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+.\" the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+.\"
+.\" The GNU General Public License's references to "object code"
+.\" and "executables" are to be interpreted as the output of any
+.\" document formatting or typesetting system, including
+.\" intermediate and printed output.
+.\"
+.\" This manual is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
+.\"
+.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+.\" License along with this manual; if not, write to the Free
+.\" Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111,
+.\" USA.
+.\"
+.\" Modified Sun Jul 25 10:46:28 1993 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
+.\" Modified Sun Aug 21 18:12:27 1994 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
+.\" Modified Sun Jun 18 01:53:57 1995 by Andries Brouwer (aeb@cwi.nl)
+.\" Modified Mon Jan  5 20:24:40 MET 1998 by Michael Haardt
+.\"  (michael@cantor.informatik.rwth-aachen.de)
+.TH PASSWD 5 "5/01/1998" "" "Formatos de Arquivo"
+.SH NOME
+passwd \- arquivo de senhas
+.SH DESCRIÇÃO
+.B Passwd
+é um arquivo texto, que contém a lista de contas do sistema,
+fornecendo para cada conta qualquer informação útil como identificação numérica do usuário,
+identificação numérica do grupo, diretório do usuário, interpretador de comandos, etc.
+Freqüentemente ele contém as senhas criptografadas para cada conta.
+Ele deveria ter permissão total de leitura (muitos utilitários, como
+.BR ls (1)
+usa-o para mapear as identificações dos usuários para nome de usuários), mas
+a permissão de escrita é apenas para o superusuário.
+.PP
+Nos bons e velhos dias não havia grandes problemas com esta permissão total
+de leitura. Todos podiam ler as senhas criptografadas, mas o hardware era 
+muito lento para quebrar as senhas bem escolhidas, e além disso, a suposição fundamental
+usada era que toda comunidade de usuários era amigável. Atualmente muitas 
+pessoas executam alguma versão da suite shadow password, onde
+.I /etc/passwd
+tem *'s ao invéz de senhas criptografadas, e as senhas criptorafadas estão em
+.I /etc/shadow
+o qual é legível apenas para o superusuário.
+.PP
+Apesar de que senhas shadow serem usadas, muitos administradores de 
+sistemas usam
+estrelas no campo de senhas criptografadas para ter certeza que este usuário
+autentique-se a si mesmo(a) usando uma senha. (Mas veja as Notas abaixo.)
+.PP
+Se você cria um nova conta, primeiro coloque asteriscos no campo de 
+senhas, então use
+.BR passwd (1)
+para seleciona-lá.
+.PP
+Há apenas um lançamento por linha, e cada linha tem o formato:
+.sp
+.RS
+account:password:UID:GID:GECOS:directory:shell
+.RE
+.sp
+As descrições dos campos são:
+.sp
+.RS
+.TP 1.0in
+.I account
+o nome dos usuários do sistema. Ele não deveria conter letras maiúsculas.
+.TP
+.I password
+a senha criptografada do usuários ou asteriscos.
+.TP
+.I UID
+a identificação numérica do usuário.
+.TP
+.I GID
+a identificação do grupo primário para este usuário.
+.TP
+.I GECOS
+Este campo é opcional e somente usado para propósitos informativos.
+Usualmente, ele contém o nome completo do usuário. GECOS significa General Electric
+Comprehensive Operating System, que foi renomeado para GCOS quando
+a divissão de grandes sistemas da GE foi vendida para Honeywell. Dennis Ritchie havia
+relatado: "Algumas vezes nós mandamos uma saída para a impressora ou trabalhos em lote
+para um máquina GCOS. O campo gcos no arquivo de senhas estava no lugar 
+para esconder a informação para o $IDENTcard. Não elegante."
+.TP
+.I directory
+o diretório do usuário ($HOME).
+.TP
+.I shell
+o interpretador de comando usados depois do login (se vazio, usa o
+.BR /bin/sh ).
+Se selecionado um executável que não existe, o usuário ficará incapaz de
+logar através de
+.BR login (1).
+.RE
+.SH NOTAS
+Se você quiser criar grupos de usuários, as GIDs devem ser iguais e devem
+ter um lançamento no \fI/etc/group\fP, ou o grupo não existe.
+.PP
+Se a senha criptografada é selecionada como asteriscos, o usuário ficará
+apto para logar usando
+.BR login (1),
+mas talvez logar usando
+.BR rlogin (1),
+executar processos existentes e iniciar novos através de
+.BR rsh (1)
+ou
+.BR cron (1)
+ou
+.BR at (1)
+ou filtros de correio, etc. Tentativa para fechar um conta por simples 
+mudança do campo
+shell produz o mesmo resultado e adicionalmente permite o uso de
+.BR su (1).
+.SH ARQUIVOS
+.I /etc/passwd
+.SH "VEJA TAMBÉM"
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR login (1),
+.BR su (1),
+.BR group (5),
+.BR shadow (5)
+.SH TRADUZIDO POR LDP-BR em 21/08/2000.
+\&\fR\&\f(CWAndré L. Fassone Canova <lonelywolf@blv.com.br> (tradução)\fR
+\&\fR\&\f(CWRoberto Selbach Teixeira <robteix@zaz.com.br> (revisão)\fR
diff --git a/man/pt_BR/man5/shadow.5 b/man/pt_BR/man5/shadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8f7c395
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pt_BR/man5/shadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" Copyright 1989 \- 1990, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.TH SHADOW 5
+.SH NOME
+shadow \- arquivo de senhas criptografadas
+.SH DESCRIÇÃO
+.I shadow
+contém as informações de senhas criptografadas  das contas dos usuários e opcionalmente a informação de idade da senha.
+Contém:
+.IP "" .5i
+Nome de acesso.
+.IP "" .5i
+Senha criptografada.
+.IP "" .5i
+Dias decorridos entre 1 de janeiro de 1970 e a última alteração da senha.
+.IP "" .5i
+Número de dias até que a senha deva ser alterada.
+.IP "" .5i
+Número de dias após o qual a senha deve ser alterada.
+.IP "" .5i
+Número de dias antes da expiração da senha no qual o usuário será avisado.
+.IP "" .5i
+Número de dias após a expiração da senha que a conta deve ser desabilitada.
+.IP "" .5i
+Dias decorridos entre 1 de janeiro de 1970 e a data em que a conta foi desabilitada.
+.IP "" .5i
+Campo reservado.
+.PP
+O campo senha deve ser preenchido. A senha criptografada consiste de 13 a 24 caracteres entre os 64 caracteres alfabéticos \- de a até z e de A até Z, além de 0 a 9, \. e /. Verifique em \fBcrypt\fR(3) por maiores detalhes de como esta cadeia de caracteres é interpretada.
+.PP
+A data da última mudança da senha é dada pelo número de dias desde 1 de janeiro de 1970. A senha não pode ser alterada novamente até que um determinado número de dias tenha se passado, e deve ser alterada após um número máximo de dias. Se o número mínimo de dias for maior que o número máximo, a senha não pode ser alterada pelo usuário.
+.PP
+uma conta é considerada inativa e desabilitada se a senha não foi alterada dentro de um determinado número de dias após a expiração das senhas. Uma conta poderá ser desabilitada ainda no dia especificado, independentemente de qualquer informação de expiração da senha.
+.PP
+Esta informação sobrepõe\-se a qualquer senha ou idade de senha presente no arquivo.
+.PP
+Este arquivo não poderá ser acessado por usuários comuns, caso deseje manter a segurança das senhas.
+.SH ARQUIVOS
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR	\- informações das contas de usuários
+.br
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR	\- senhas de usuários criptografadas
+.SH VEJA TAMBÉM
+.BR chage (1),
+.BR login (1),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR su (1),
+.BR shadow (3),
+.BR passwd (5),
+.BR pwconv (8),
+.BR pwunconv (8),
+.BR sulogin (8)
+.SH AUTOR
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jfh@tab.com)
+.SH TRADUÇÃO E REVISÃO PARA A LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA
+Sandro Nunes Henrique <sandro@conectiva.com.br> (tradução)
+Rodrigo Stulzer Lopes <rodrigo@conectiva.com.br> (revisão)
diff --git a/man/pt_BR/man8/groupadd.8 b/man/pt_BR/man8/groupadd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ac0303
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pt_BR/man8/groupadd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+.\" Copyright 1991, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Todos os direitos reservados.
+.\"
+.\" É permitida a confecção e distribuição deste manual, devidamente
+.\" acompanhado dos avisos de direitos autorais e desta permissão
+.\" em todas as cópias.
+.\"
+.\" É permitida a cópia e distribuição de versões modificadas deste manual
+.\" sob as condições acima, e que todo o trabalho derivado seja distribuído
+.\" sob  as mesmas condições deste manual.
+.\" 
+.\" Uma vez que o kernel do Linux e suas bibliotecas estão constantemente
+.\" mudando, esta página de manual poderá estar incorreta ou desatualizada.
+.\" O(s) autor(es) não assumem responsabilidade por erros ou omissões, 
+.\" ou por danos resultantes do uso das informações aqui contidas. 
+.\"
+.\" Versões formatadas ou processadas deste manual, desacompanhadas dos
+.\" fontes, devem conter a autorização e os direitos autorais dos autores do
+.\" trabalho.
+.\"
+.\" Você deve receber uma cópia da Licença Pública GNU
+.\" junto com este manual; caso contrário, escreva para a Free Software
+.\" Foundation, Inc., 675 mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA ou
+.\" em português na Conectiva Informática Ltda. \- http://www.conectiva.com.br
+.\"
+.\"
+.\"
+.\"	$Id$
+.\"
+.TH GROUPADD 8
+.SH NOME
+groupadd \- Criar um novo grupo
+.SH SINOPSE
+\fBgroupadd\fR [\fB\-g\fR \fIgid\fR [\fB\-o\fR]] [\fB\-f\fR] \fIgrupo\fR
+.SH DESCRIÇÃO
+O comando \fBgroupadd\fR cria um novo grupo usando valores especificados na
+linha de comando e os valores padrões do sistema. O novo grupo será criado
+nos arquivos do sistema, conforme o requerido. As opções que aplicam\-se ao
+comando \fBgroupadd\fR são
+.IP \fB\-f\fR
+Este é o indicador \fIforce\fR . Ele não irá parar o processamento do
+\fBgroupadd\fR e não finalizará o programa, caso um grupo que esteja sendo
+criado já exista no sistema. Neste caso, o grupo não será alterado(ou
+adicionado novamente).
+.IP "\fB\-g \fIgid\fR"
+A identificação numérica do grupo é denominada ID. Este valor deve ser
+único, a menos que a opção \fB\-o\fR seja usada. O valor deve ser não
+negativo, e o padrão é o menor valor maior que 500 e o maior que qualquer
+outro grupo. Valores entre 0 e 999 são tipicamente reservados para \fIcontas
+do sistema\fR.
+.IP \fB\-r\fR
+Este indicador instrui \fBgroupadd\fR a adicionar uma  \fIconta do sistema
+\fR. A primeira identificação de grupo \fI(gid)\fR menor que 999 será
+automaticamente selecionada a menos que a opção \fB\-g\fR seja informada
+também.
+.BR
+Esta é uma informação disponibilizada pela Red Hat Software.
+.BR
+Esta opção também modifica o modo como a opção \fB\-g\fR funciona. Ao
+solicitar um \fIgid\fR que não seja único e ao não informar a opção
+\fB\-o\fR, a criação do grupo , a criação terá o comportamento padrão
+(adicionando um grupo como se as opções \fB\-g\fR ou \fB\-o\fR \fBnão\fR
+fossem especificadas).
+.BR
+.SH ARQUIVOS
+\fI/etc/group\fR \- informações sobre o grupo
+.br
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR \- informações seguras sobre o grupo
+.br
+.SH VEJA TAMBÉM
+.BR chfn (1),
+.BR chsh (1),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR groupdel (8),
+.BR groupmod (8),
+.BR useradd (8),
+.BR userdel (8),
+.BR usermod (8)
+.SH AUTOR
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jfh@tab.com)
+.SH TRADUÇÃO E REVISÃO PARA A LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA
+Sandro Nunes Henrique <sandro@conectiva.com.br> (tradução)
+Rodrigo Stulzer Lopes <rodrigo@conectiva.com.br> (revisão)
diff --git a/man/pt_BR/man8/groupdel.8 b/man/pt_BR/man8/groupdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61292e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pt_BR/man8/groupdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+.\" Copyright 1991 \- 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Todos os direitos reservados.
+.\"
+.\" É permitida a confecção e distribuição deste manual, devidamente
+.\" acompanhado dos avisos de direitos autorais e desta permissão
+.\" em todas as cópias.
+.\"
+.\" É permitida a cópia e distribuição de versões modificadas deste manual
+.\" sob as condições acima, e que todo o trabalho derivado seja distribuído
+.\" sob  as mesmas condições deste manual.
+.\" 
+.\" Uma vez que o kernel do Linux e suas bibliotecas estão constantemente
+.\" mudando, esta página de manual poderá estar incorreta ou desatualizada.
+.\" O(s) autor(es) não assumem responsabilidade por erros ou omissões, 
+.\" ou por danos resultantes do uso das informações aqui contidas. 
+.\"
+.\" Versões formatadas ou processadas deste manual, desacompanhadas dos
+.\" fontes, devem conter a autorização e os direitos autorais dos autores do
+.\" trabalho.
+.\"
+.\" Você deve receber uma cópia da Licença Pública GNU
+.\" junto com este manual; caso contrário, escreva para a Free Software
+.\" Foundation, Inc., 675 mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA ou
+.\" em português na Conectiva Informática Ltda. \- http://www.conectiva.com.br.\"
+.\"
+.\"	$Id$
+.\"
+.TH GROUPDEL 8
+.SH NOME
+groupdel \- Apaga um grupo
+.SH SINOPSE
+.B groupdel
+.I grupo
+.SH DESCRIÇÃO
+O comando \fBgroupdel\fR modifica os arquivos de contas do sistema, apagando todas as referências ao \fIgrupo\fR. O grupo a ser apagado deve existir.
+.PP
+Deve\-se manualmente checar os sistemas de arquivos para garantir que nenhum dos arquivos permanece com o grupo ou com a sua identificação.
+.SH DICAS
+Não se deve remover o grupo primário de um grupo existente. Deve\-se remover os usuários, antes de se remover o grupo.
+.SH ARQUIVOS
+\fI/etc/group\fR \- informações do grupo
+.br
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR \- informações seguras do grupo
+.SH VEJA TAMBÉM
+.BR chfn (1),
+.BR chsh (1),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR groupadd (8),
+.BR groupmod (8),
+.BR useradd (8),
+.BR userdel (8),
+.BR usermod (8)
+.SH AUTOR
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jfh@tab.com)
+.SH TRADUÇÃO E REVISÃO PARA A LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA
+Sandro Nunes Henrique <sandro@conectiva.com.br> (tradução)
+Rodrigo Stulzer Lopes <rodrigo@conectiva.com.br> (revisão)
diff --git a/man/pt_BR/man8/groupmod.8 b/man/pt_BR/man8/groupmod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fec97d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pt_BR/man8/groupmod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+.\"	$Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Todos os direitos reservados.
+.\"
+.\" É permitida a confecção e distribuição deste manual, devidamente
+.\" acompanhado dos avisos de direitos autorais e desta permissão
+.\" em todas as cópias.
+.\"
+.\" É permitida a cópia e distribuição de versões modificadas deste manual
+.\" sob as condições acima, e que todo o trabalho derivado seja distribuído
+.\" sob  as mesmas condições deste manual.
+.\" 
+.\" Uma vez que o kernel do Linux e suas bibliotecas estão constantemente
+.\" mudando, esta página de manual poderá estar incorreta ou desatualizada.
+.\" O(s) autor(es) não assumem responsabilidade por erros ou omissões, 
+.\" ou por danos resultantes do uso das informações aqui contidas. 
+.\"
+.\" Versões formatadas ou processadas deste manual, desacompanhadas dos
+.\" fontes, devem conter a autorização e os direitos autorais dos autores do
+.\" trabalho.
+.\"
+.\" Você deve receber uma cópia da Licença Pública GNU
+.\" junto com este manual; caso contrário, escreva para a Free Software
+.\" Foundation, Inc., 675 mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA ou
+.\" em português na Conectiva Informática Ltda. \- http://www.conectiva.com.br
+.TH GROUPMOD 8
+.SH NOME
+groupmod \- Modifica um grupo
+.SH SINOPSE
+\fBgroupmod\fR [\fB\-g\fR \fIgid\fR [\fB\-o\fR]] [\fB\-n\fR \fInome_grupo\fR] \fIgrupo\fR
+.SH DESCRIÇÃO
+O comando \fBgroupmod\fR modifica os arquivos de contas do sistema para as
+novas configuraXXes informadas na linha de comando. As opXXes que aplicam\-se
+ao comando \fIgroupmod\fR sXo:
+.IP "\fB\-g\fR \fIgid\fR"
+O valor numXrico de identificaXXo do grupo X denominada GID. Este valor deve
+ser Xnico, a menos que a opXXo \fB\-o\fR seja usada. O valor dever ser nXo
+negativo. Valores entre 0 e 999 sXo tipicamente reservados para grupos do
+sistema. Quaisquer arquivos com uma identificaXXo antiga de grupo devem ter
+o ID mudado manualmente.
+.IP "\fB\-n\fR \fInome_grupo\fR"
+O nome do grupo irá ser alterado de \fIgroup\fR para
+\fInome_grupo\fR.
+.SH ARQUIVOS
+\fI/etc/group\fR	\- Informações do grupo
+.br
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR	\- informações seguras do grupo
+.SH VEJA TAMBÉM
+.BR chfn (1),
+.BR chsh (1),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR groupadd (8),
+.BR groupdel (8),
+.BR useradd (8),
+.BR userdel (8),
+.BR usermod (8)
+.SH AUTOR
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jfh@tab.com)
+.SH TRADUÇÃO E REVISÃO PARA A LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA
+Sandro Nunes Henrique <sandro@conectiva.com.br> (tradução)
+Rodrigo Stulzer Lopes <rodrigo@conectiva.com.br> (revisão)
diff --git a/man/pwck.8.xml b/man/pwck.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc99605
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pwck.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1992       , Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY PASS_MAX_DAYS         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_MAX_DAYS.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_MIN_DAYS         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_MIN_DAYS.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_WARN_AGE         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_WARN_AGE.xml">
+<!ENTITY TCB_AUTH_GROUP        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/TCB_AUTH_GROUP.xml">
+<!ENTITY TCB_SYMLINKS          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/TCB_SYMLINKS.xml">
+<!ENTITY USE_TCB               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/USE_TCB.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='pwck.8'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1992</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>pwck</refname>
+    <refpurpose>verify integrity of password files</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <!-- body begins here -->
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>pwck</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>options</arg>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<arg choice='plain'>
+	  <replaceable>passwd</replaceable>
+	</arg>
+	<arg choice='opt'>
+	  <arg choice='plain'>
+	    <replaceable>shadow</replaceable>
+	  </arg>
+	</arg>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>pwck</command> command verifies the integrity of the
+      users and authentication information. It checks that all entries in
+      <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>
+      <phrase condition="tcb">(or the files in
+      <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>, when <option>USE_TCB</option> is
+      enabled)</phrase>
+      have the proper format and contain valid data.
+      The user is prompted to delete entries that are
+      improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>Checks are made to verify that each entry has:</para>
+    <itemizedlist mark='bullet'>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>the correct number of fields</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>a unique and valid user name</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>a valid user and group identifier</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>a valid primary group</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para> a valid home directory</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>a valid login shell</para>
+      </listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
+
+    <para>
+      <filename>shadow</filename> checks are enabled when a second file
+      parameter is specified or when <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>
+      exists on the system.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      These checks are the following:
+    </para>
+    <itemizedlist mark='bullet'>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>
+	  every passwd entry has a matching shadow entry, and every shadow
+	  entry has a matching passwd entry
+	</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>passwords are specified in the shadowed file</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>shadow entries have the correct number of fields</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>shadow entries are unique in shadow</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>the last password changes are not in the future</para>
+      </listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
+
+    <para>
+      The checks for correct number of fields and unique user name are
+      fatal. If the entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be
+      prompted to delete the entire line. If the user does not answer
+      affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed. An entry with a
+      duplicated user name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining
+      checks will still be made. All other errors are warning and the user
+      is encouraged to run the <command>usermod</command> command to correct
+      the error.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The commands which operate on the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>
+      file are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries.
+      <command>pwck</command> should be used in those circumstances to
+      remove the offending entry.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The <option>-r</option> and <option>-s</option> options cannot be
+      combined.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>pwck</command> command are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>--badname</option>&nbsp;
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+        Allow names that do not conform to standards.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Report errors only. The warnings which do not require any
+	    action from the user won't be displayed.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-r</option>, <option>--read-only</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Execute the <command>pwck</command> command in read-only mode.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-s</option>, <option>--sort</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Sort entries in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
+	    <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> by UID.
+	  </para>
+	  <para condition="tcb">
+	    This option has no effect when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+
+    <para>
+      By default, <command>pwck</command> operates on the files
+      <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
+      <filename>/etc/shadow</filename><phrase condition="tcb"> (or the
+      files in <filename>/etc/tcb</filename>)</phrase>.
+      The user may select alternate files with the
+      <replaceable>passwd</replaceable> and
+      <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> parameters.
+    </para>
+    <para condition="tcb">
+      Note that when <option>USE_TCB</option> is enabled, you cannot
+      specify an alternative <replaceable>shadow</replaceable> file. In
+      future releases, this parameter could be replaced by an alternate
+      TCB directory.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &PASS_MAX_DAYS;
+      &PASS_MIN_DAYS;
+      &PASS_WARN_AGE;
+      &TCB_AUTH_GROUP;
+      &TCB_SYMLINKS;
+      &USE_TCB;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/group</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure user account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='exit_values'>
+    <title>EXIT VALUES</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>pwck</command> command exits with the following values:
+      <variablelist>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>0</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>success</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>1</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>invalid command syntax</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>2</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>one or more bad password entries</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>3</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>can't open password files</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>4</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>can't lock password files</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>5</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>can't update password files</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>6</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>can't sort password files</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+      </variablelist>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/pwconv.8.xml b/man/pwconv.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3e26498
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/pwconv.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1996 - 1998, Marek Michałkiewicz
+   Copyright (c) 2000 - 2006, Tomasz Kłoczko
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_MAX_DAYS         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_MAX_DAYS.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_MIN_DAYS         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_MIN_DAYS.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_WARN_AGE         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_WARN_AGE.xml">
+<!ENTITY USE_TCB               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/USE_TCB.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='pwconv.8'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Marek</firstname>
+      <surname>Michałkiewicz</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1996</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>pwconv</refname>
+    <refname>pwunconv</refname>
+    <refname>grpconv</refname>
+    <refname>grpunconv</refname>
+    <refpurpose>convert to and from shadow passwords and groups</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>pwconv</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+        <replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>pwunconv</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+        <replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>grpconv</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+        <replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>grpunconv</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+        <replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>pwconv</command> command creates <emphasis
+      remap='I'>shadow</emphasis> from <emphasis remap='I'>passwd</emphasis>
+      and an optionally existing <emphasis remap='I'>shadow</emphasis>.
+    </para>
+    <para condition="tcb">
+      <command>pwconv</command> does not work with
+      <option>USE_TCB</option> enabled. To convert to tcb passwords, you
+      should first use <command>pwconv</command> to convert to shadowed
+      passwords by disabling <option>USE_TCB</option> in
+      <filename>login.defs</filename> and then convert to tcb password
+      using <command>tcb_convert</command> (and re-enable
+      <option>USE_TCB</option> in <filename>login.defs</filename>.)
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The <command>pwunconv</command> command creates <emphasis
+      remap='I'>passwd</emphasis> from <emphasis remap='I'>passwd</emphasis>
+      and <emphasis remap='I'>shadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis
+      remap='I'>shadow</emphasis>.
+    </para>
+    <para condition="tcb">
+      <command>pwunconv</command> does not work with
+      <option>USE_TCB</option> enabled. You should first switch back from
+      tcb to shadowed passwords using <command>tcb_unconvert</command>,
+      and then disable <option>USE_TCB</option> in
+      <filename>login.defs</filename> before using
+      <command>pwunconv</command>.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The <command>grpconv</command> command creates <emphasis
+      remap='I'>gshadow</emphasis> from <emphasis remap='I'>group</emphasis>
+      and an optionally existing <emphasis remap='I'>gshadow</emphasis>.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The <command>grpunconv</command> command creates <emphasis
+      remap='I'>group</emphasis> from <emphasis remap='I'>group</emphasis>
+      and <emphasis remap='I'>gshadow</emphasis> and then removes <emphasis
+      remap='I'>gshadow</emphasis>.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      These four programs all operate on the normal and shadow password and
+      group files: <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>,
+      <filename>/etc/group</filename>, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, and
+      <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      Each program acquires the necessary locks before conversion. 
+      <command>pwconv</command> and <command>grpconv</command> are similar. 
+      First, entries in the shadowed file which don't exist in the main file
+      are removed. Then, shadowed entries which don't have `x' as the
+      password in the main file are updated. Any missing shadowed entries
+      are added. Finally, passwords in the main file are replaced with `x'. 
+      These programs can be used for initial conversion as well to update
+      the shadowed file if the main file is edited by hand.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      <command>pwconv</command> will use the values of <emphasis
+      remap='I'>PASS_MIN_DAYS</emphasis>, <emphasis
+      remap='I'>PASS_MAX_DAYS</emphasis>, and <emphasis
+      remap='I'>PASS_WARN_AGE</emphasis> from
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> when adding new entries to
+      <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      Likewise <command>pwunconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</command>
+      are similar. Passwords in the main file are updated from the shadowed
+      file. Entries which exist in the main file but not in the shadowed
+      file are left alone. Finally, the shadowed file is removed. Some
+      password aging information is lost by <command>pwunconv</command>. It
+      will convert what it can.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>pwconv</command>,
+      <command>pwunconv</command>, <command>grpconv</command>, and
+      <command>grpunconv</command> commands are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='bugs'>
+    <title>BUGS</title>
+    <para>
+      Errors in the password or group files (such as invalid or duplicate
+      entries) may cause these programs to loop forever or fail in other
+      strange ways. Please run <command>pwck</command> and
+      <command>grpck</command> to correct any such errors before converting
+      to or from shadow passwords or groups.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variable in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> changes the behavior of
+      <command>grpconv</command> and <command>grpunconv</command>:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP;
+    </variablelist>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of
+      <command>pwconv</command>:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &PASS_MAX_DAYS;
+      &PASS_MIN_DAYS;
+      &PASS_WARN_AGE;
+      &USE_TCB;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/login.defs</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Shadow password suite configuration.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>grpck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry><phrase condition="tcb">,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>tcb_convert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>tcb_unconvert</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry></phrase>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/ru/Makefile.am b/man/ru/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a776a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+
+mandir = @mandir@/ru
+
+man_MANS = \
+	man1/chage.1 \
+	man1/chfn.1 \
+	man8/chgpasswd.8 \
+	man8/chpasswd.8 \
+	man1/chsh.1 \
+	man1/expiry.1 \
+	man5/faillog.5 \
+	man8/faillog.8 \
+	man3/getspnam.3 \
+	man1/gpasswd.1 \
+	man8/groupadd.8 \
+	man8/groupdel.8 \
+	man8/groupmems.8 \
+	man8/groupmod.8 \
+	man1/groups.1 \
+	man8/grpck.8 \
+	man8/grpconv.8 \
+	man8/grpunconv.8 \
+	man5/gshadow.5 \
+	man8/lastlog.8 \
+	man1/login.1 \
+	man5/login.defs.5 \
+	man8/logoutd.8 \
+	man1/newgrp.1 \
+	man8/newusers.8 \
+	man8/nologin.8 \
+	man1/passwd.1 \
+	man5/passwd.5 \
+	man8/pwck.8 \
+	man8/pwconv.8 \
+	man8/pwunconv.8 \
+	man1/sg.1 \
+	man3/shadow.3 \
+	man5/shadow.5 \
+	man1/su.1 \
+	man5/suauth.5 \
+	man8/useradd.8 \
+	man8/userdel.8 \
+	man8/usermod.8 \
+	man8/vigr.8 \
+	man8/vipw.8
+
+man_nopam = \
+	man5/limits.5 \
+	man5/login.access.5 \
+	man5/porttime.5
+
+if !USE_PAM
+man_MANS += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+EXTRA_DIST = \
+	$(man_MANS) \
+	man1/id.1 \
+	man8/sulogin.8
+
+if USE_PAM
+EXTRA_DIST += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+include ../generate_translations.mak
+
diff --git a/man/ru/Makefile.in b/man/ru/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e92688f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,773 @@
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+# with or without modifications, as long as this notice is preserved.
+
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+	if test -z '$(STRIP)'; then \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	      install; \
+	else \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	    "INSTALL_PROGRAM_ENV=STRIPPROG='$(STRIP)'" install; \
+	fi
+mostlyclean-generic:
+
+clean-generic:
+	-test -z "$(CLEANFILES)" || rm -f $(CLEANFILES)
+
+distclean-generic:
+	-test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)
+	-test . = "$(srcdir)" || test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)
+
+maintainer-clean-generic:
+	@echo "This command is intended for maintainers to use"
+	@echo "it deletes files that may require special tools to rebuild."
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_FALSE@clean-local:
+clean: clean-am
+
+clean-am: clean-generic clean-libtool clean-local mostlyclean-am
+
+distclean: distclean-am
+	-rm -f Makefile
+distclean-am: clean-am distclean-generic
+
+dvi: dvi-am
+
+dvi-am:
+
+html: html-am
+
+html-am:
+
+info: info-am
+
+info-am:
+
+install-data-am: install-man
+
+install-dvi: install-dvi-am
+
+install-dvi-am:
+
+install-exec-am:
+
+install-html: install-html-am
+
+install-html-am:
+
+install-info: install-info-am
+
+install-info-am:
+
+install-man: install-man1 install-man3 install-man5 install-man8
+
+install-pdf: install-pdf-am
+
+install-pdf-am:
+
+install-ps: install-ps-am
+
+install-ps-am:
+
+installcheck-am:
+
+maintainer-clean: maintainer-clean-am
+	-rm -f Makefile
+maintainer-clean-am: distclean-am maintainer-clean-generic
+
+mostlyclean: mostlyclean-am
+
+mostlyclean-am: mostlyclean-generic mostlyclean-libtool
+
+pdf: pdf-am
+
+pdf-am:
+
+ps: ps-am
+
+ps-am:
+
+uninstall-am: uninstall-man
+
+uninstall-man: uninstall-man1 uninstall-man3 uninstall-man5 \
+	uninstall-man8
+
+.MAKE: install-am install-strip
+
+.PHONY: all all-am check check-am clean clean-generic clean-libtool \
+	clean-local cscopelist-am ctags-am distclean distclean-generic \
+	distclean-libtool distdir dvi dvi-am html html-am info info-am \
+	install install-am install-data install-data-am install-dvi \
+	install-dvi-am install-exec install-exec-am install-html \
+	install-html-am install-info install-info-am install-man \
+	install-man1 install-man3 install-man5 install-man8 \
+	install-pdf install-pdf-am install-ps install-ps-am \
+	install-strip installcheck installcheck-am installdirs \
+	maintainer-clean maintainer-clean-generic mostlyclean \
+	mostlyclean-generic mostlyclean-libtool pdf pdf-am ps ps-am \
+	tags-am uninstall uninstall-am uninstall-man uninstall-man1 \
+	uninstall-man3 uninstall-man5 uninstall-man8
+
+.PRECIOUS: Makefile
+
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@config.xml: ../config.xml.in
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	$(MAKE) -C .. config.xml
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	cp ../config.xml $@
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@messages.mo: ../po/$(LANG).po
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	msgfmt ../po/$(LANG).po -o messages.mo
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@login.defs.d:
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	ln -sf ../login.defs.d login.defs.d
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@%.xml: ../%.xml messages.mo login.defs.d
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	if grep -q SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE $< ; then \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	    sed -e 's/^<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->/<!ENTITY % config SYSTEM "config.xml">%config;/' $< > $@; \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	else \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	    sed -e 's/^\(<!DOCTYPE .*docbookx.dtd"\)>/\1 [<!ENTITY % config SYSTEM "config.xml">%config;]>/' $< > $@; \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	fi
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	itstool -d -l $(LANG) -m messages.mo -o . $@
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	sed -i 's:\(^<refentry .*\)>:\1 lang="$(LANG)">:' $@
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@%.xml-config: %.xml
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	if grep -q SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE $<; then \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@		sed -e 's/^<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->/<!ENTITY % config SYSTEM "config.xml">%config;/' $< > $@; \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	else \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@		sed -e 's/^\(<!DOCTYPE .*docbookx.dtd"\)>/\1 [<!ENTITY % config SYSTEM "config.xml">%config;]>/' $< > $@; \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	fi
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man1/% man3/% man5/% man8/%: %.xml-config Makefile config.xml
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	$(XSLTPROC) --stringparam profile.condition "$(PAM_COND);$(SHADOWGRP_COND);$(TCB_COND);$(SHA_CRYPT_COND);$(SUBIDS_COND)" \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	            --param "man.authors.section.enabled" "0" \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	            --stringparam "man.output.base.dir" "" \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	            --param "man.output.in.separate.dir" "1" \
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	            -nonet http://docbook.sourceforge.net/release/xsl/current/manpages/profile-docbook.xsl $<
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@clean-local:
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@	rm -rf man1 man3 man5 man8
+
+#$(man_MANS):
+#	@echo you need to run configure with --enable-man to generate man pages
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man8/grpconv.8 man8/grpunconv.8 man8/pwunconv.8: man8/pwconv.8
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man3/getspnam.3: man3/shadow.3
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_TRUE@man8/vigr.8: man8/vipw.8
+
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_FALSE@$(man_MANS):
+@ENABLE_REGENERATE_MAN_FALSE@	@echo you need to run configure with --enable-man to generate man pages
+
+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
diff --git a/man/ru/man1/chage.1 b/man/ru/man1/chage.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f197f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man1/chage.1
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chage
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Пользовательские команды
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "chage" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Пользовательские команды"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+chage \- изменяет информацию об устаревании пароля пользователя
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBchage\fR\ 'u
+\fBchage\fR [\fIпараметры\fR] \fIУЧЁТНАЯ_ЗАПИСЬ\fR
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command changes the number of days between password changes and the date of the last password change\&. This information is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchage\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-lastday\fR\ \&\fILAST_DAY\fR
+.RS 4
+Установить число дней прошедших с 1 января 1970 года, когда была последняя смена пароля\&. Дата может быть также указана в виде ГГГГ\-ММ\-ДД (или в форме согласно региональным настройкам)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-E\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+Установить дату устаревания учётной записи пользователя, которая задаётся числом дней прошедших с 1 января 1970 года\&. Дата может быть также задана в виде ГГГГ\-ММ\-ДД (или в форме согласно региональным настройкам)\&. Пользователь, чья учётная запись была заблокирована, должен обратиться к системному администратору, если хочет в дальнейшем работать с системой\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+will remove an account expiration date\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-iso8601\fR
+.RS 4
+When printing dates, use YYYY\-MM\-DD format\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the account is locked\&. The
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+option is the number of days of inactivity\&. A user whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being able to use the system again\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+will remove an account\*(Aqs inactivity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать информацию об устаревании учётной записи\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid\&. When
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+plus
+\fILAST_DAY\fR
+is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their password before being able to use their account\&. This occurrence can be planned for in advance by use of the
+\fB\-W\fR
+option, which provides the user with advance warning\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchage\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "ЗАМЕЧАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+program requires a shadow password file to be available\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command is restricted to the root user, except for the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option, which may be used by an unprivileged user to determine when their password or account is due to expire\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.SH "ВОЗВРАЩАЕМЫЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI15\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt find the shadow password file
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man1/chfn.1 b/man/ru/man1/chfn.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b9e5c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man1/chfn.1
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chfn
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Пользовательские команды
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "chfn" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Пользовательские команды"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+chfn \- изменяет информацию о пользователе
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBchfn\fR\ 'u
+\fBchfn\fR [\fIпараметры\fR] [\fIУЧЁТНАЯ_ЗАПИСЬ\fR]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchfn\fR
+command changes user fullname, office room number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user\*(Aqs account\&. This information is typically printed by
+\fBfinger\fR(1)
+and similar programs\&. A normal user may only change the fields for her own account, subject to the restrictions in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&. (The default configuration is to prevent users from changing their fullname\&.) The superuser may change any field for any account\&. Additionally, only the superuser may use the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option to change the undefined portions of the GECOS field\&.
+.PP
+These fields must not contain any colons\&. Except for the
+\fIother\fR
+field, they should not contain any comma or equal sign\&. It is also recommended to avoid non\-US\-ASCII characters, but this is only enforced for the phone numbers\&. The
+\fIother\fR
+field is used to store accounting information used by other applications\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchfn\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-full\-name\fR\ \&\fIFULL_NAME\fR
+.RS 4
+Изменяет ФИО пользователя\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-home\-phone\fR\ \&\fIHOME_PHONE\fR
+.RS 4
+Изменяет номер домашнего телефона пользователя\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-other\fR\ \&\fIOTHER\fR
+.RS 4
+Изменяет другую информацию GECOS о пользователе\&. Эта часть используется для хранения информации об учётной записи, используемой другими приложениями, и может изменяться только суперпользователем\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-room\fR\ \&\fIROOM_NUMBER\fR
+.RS 4
+Изменяет номер комнаты пользователя\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-work\-phone\fR\ \&\fIWORK_PHONE\fR
+.RS 4
+Изменяет номер рабочего телефона пользователя\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchfn\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fB[ ]\fR
+marks\&. Without options,
+\fBchfn\fR
+prompts for the current user account\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_RESTRICT\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This parameter specifies which values in the
+\fIgecos\fR
+field of the
+/etc/passwd
+file may be changed by regular users using the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program\&. It can be any combination of letters
+\fIf\fR,
+\fIr\fR,
+\fIw\fR,
+\fIh\fR, for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively\&. For backward compatibility,
+\fIyes\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIrwh\fR
+and
+\fIno\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIfrwh\fR\&. If not specified, only the superuser can make any changes\&. The most restrictive setting is better achieved by not installing
+\fBchfn\fR
+SUID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Строка\-приглашение к вводу пароля\&. Значение по умолчанию: \(FoPassword:\(Fc или перевод этой строки на разные языки\&. Если вы измените эту переменную, то перевод будет отсутствовать\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man1/chsh.1 b/man/ru/man1/chsh.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e4392fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man1/chsh.1
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chsh
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Пользовательские команды
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "chsh" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Пользовательские команды"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+chsh \- изменяет регистрационную оболочку пользователя
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBchsh\fR\ 'u
+\fBchsh\fR [\fIпараметры\fR] [\fIУЧЁТНАЯ_ЗАПИСЬ\fR]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchsh\fR
+command changes the user login shell\&. This determines the name of the user\*(Aqs initial login command\&. A normal user may only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change the login shell for any account\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchsh\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+Имя новой регистрационной оболочки пользователя\&. Если задать пустое значение, то будет использована регистрационная оболочка по умолчанию\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If the
+\fB\-s\fR
+option is not selected,
+\fBchsh\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current login shell\&. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line blank to use the current one\&. The current shell is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "ЗАМЕЧАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must be listed in
+/etc/shells, unless the invoker is the superuser, and then any value may be added\&. An account with a restricted login shell may not change her login shell\&. For this reason, placing
+/bin/rsh
+in
+/etc/shells
+is discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHSH_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchsh\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Строка\-приглашение к вводу пароля\&. Значение по умолчанию: \(FoPassword:\(Fc или перевод этой строки на разные языки\&. Если вы измените эту переменную, то перевод будет отсутствовать\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shells
+.RS 4
+содержит список разрешённых регистрационных оболочек
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man1/expiry.1 b/man/ru/man1/expiry.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a977416
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man1/expiry.1
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: expiry
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Пользовательские команды
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "expiry" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Пользовательские команды"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+expiry \- проверяет и изменяет пароль согласно политике устаревания
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBexpiry\fR\ 'u
+\fBexpiry\fR \fIпараметр\fR
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command checks (\fB\-c\fR) the current password expiration and forces (\fB\-f\fR) changes when required\&. It is callable as a normal user command\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR
+.RS 4
+Проверяет и изменяет срок действия пароля у текущего пользователя\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+Принудительно меняет пароль, если его срок действия истёк\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man1/gpasswd.1 b/man/ru/man1/gpasswd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea1862e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man1/gpasswd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: gpasswd
+.\"    Author: Rafal Maszkowski
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Пользовательские команды
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "gpasswd" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Пользовательские команды"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+gpasswd \- administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBgpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBgpasswd\fR [\fIпараметр\fR] \fIгруппа\fR
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+command is used to administer
+/etc/group, and /etc/gshadow\&. Every group can have
+administrators,
+members and a password\&.
+.PP
+System administrators can use the
+\fB\-A\fR
+option to define group administrator(s) and the
+\fB\-M\fR
+option to define members\&. They have all rights of group administrators and members\&.
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+called by
+a group administrator
+with a group name only prompts for the new password of the
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.PP
+If a password is set the members can still use
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1)
+without a password, and non\-members must supply the password\&.
+.SS "Замечания о паролях групп"
+.PP
+Пароли групп имеют врождённую проблему с безопасностью, так как пароль знает более одного человека\&. Однако, группы являются полезным инструментом совместной работы различных пользователей\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+Except for the
+\fB\-A\fR
+and
+\fB\-M\fR
+options, the options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-add\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR
+.RS 4
+Add the
+\fIuser\fR
+to the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove the
+\fIuser\fR
+from the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Q\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-remove\-password\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove the password from the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&. The group password will be empty\&. Only group members will be allowed to use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+to join the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-restrict\fR
+.RS 4
+Restrict the access to the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&. The group password is set to "!"\&. Only group members with a password will be allowed to use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+to join the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-administrators\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR,\&.\&.\&.
+.RS 4
+Задать список администраторов группы\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-members\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR,\&.\&.\&.
+.RS 4
+Задать список членов группы\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ПРЕДОСТЕРЕЖЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+This tool only operates on the
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow files\&.
+Thus you cannot change any NIS or LDAP group\&. This must be performed on the corresponding server\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Задаёт системный алгоритм шифрования по умолчанию для шифрования паролей (используется, если алгоритм не указан в командной строке)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Значение по умолчанию равно 0, означающее, что ограничения на количество членов в группе нет\&.
+.sp
+Данная возможность (разделение группы) позволяет ограничить длину строк в файле групп\&. Это полезно для ограничения длины строк групп NIS в 1024 символа\&.
+.sp
+Если вам нужно такое ограничение, укажите значение 25\&.
+.sp
+Замечание: разделение групп поддерживается не всеми инструментами (даже в наборе инструментов Shadow)\&. Вы не должны использовать эту переменную, если вам действительно это ненужно\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Увеличение количества раундов повышает сложность подбора пароля простым перебором\&. Но заметим, что при этом для аутентификации пользователей требуется большее количество процессорных ресурсов\&.
+.sp
+Если не задана, то libc выбирает значение количества раундов по умолчанию (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Значения должны лежать в диапазоне 1000\-999999999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о группах
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man1/groups.1 b/man/ru/man1/groups.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1258a50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man1/groups.1
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groups
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Пользовательские команды
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "groups" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Пользовательские команды"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+groups \- показывает имена групп запустившего программу пользователя
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBgroups\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroups\fR [\fIимя\fR]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroups\fR
+command displays the current group names or ID values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value\&. The optional
+\fIuser\fR
+parameter will display the groups for the named
+\fIuser\fR\&.
+.SH "ЗАМЕЧАНИЕ"
+.PP
+Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information from
+/etc/group
+reported\&. The user must use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+or
+\fBsg\fR
+to change his current real and effective group ID\&.
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о группах
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man1/id.1 b/man/ru/man1/id.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbcb6ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man1/id.1
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: id
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Пользовательские команды
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "id" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Пользовательские команды"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+id \- display current user and group ID names
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBid\fR\ 'u
+\fBid\fR [\-a]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBid\fR
+command displays the current real and effective user and group ID names or values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/passwd
+or
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed without the corresponding name\&. The optional
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag will display the group set on systems which support multiple concurrent group membership\&.
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)
diff --git a/man/ru/man1/login.1 b/man/ru/man1/login.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5da064a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man1/login.1
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Пользовательские команды
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "login" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Пользовательские команды"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+login \- начинает сеанс в системе
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] [\-h\ \fIhost\fR] [\fIимя_пользователя\fR] [\fIПЕРЕМЕННАЯ_ОКРУЖЕНИЯ=ЗНАЧЕНИЕ\fR...]
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] [\-h\ \fIhost\fR] \-f \fIимя_пользователя\fR
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] \-r\ \fIhost\fR
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is used to establish a new session with the system\&. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the
+\fIlogin:\fR
+prompt on the user\*(Aqs terminal\&.
+\fBlogin\fR
+may be special to the shell and may not be invoked as a sub\-process\&. When called from a shell,
+\fBlogin\fR
+should be executed as
+\fBexec login\fR
+which will cause the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new logged in user to return to the session of the caller)\&. Attempting to execute
+\fBlogin\fR
+from any shell but the login shell will produce an error message\&.
+.PP
+The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate\&. Echoing is disabled to prevent revealing the password\&. Only a small number of password failures are permitted before
+\fBlogin\fR
+exits and the communications link is severed\&.
+.PP
+If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for a new password before proceeding\&. You will be forced to provide your old password and the new password before continuing\&. Please refer to
+\fBpasswd\fR(1)
+for more information\&.
+.PP
+After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and the presence of mail\&. You may turn off the printing of the system message file,
+/etc/motd, by creating a zero\-length file
+\&.hushlogin
+in your login directory\&. The mail message will be one of "\fIYou have new mail\&.\fR", "\fIYou have mail\&.\fR", or "\fINo Mail\&.\fR" according to the condition of your mailbox\&.
+.PP
+Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the
+/etc/passwd
+file\&. The value for
+\fB$HOME\fR,
+\fB$SHELL\fR,
+\fB$PATH\fR,
+\fB$LOGNAME\fR, and
+\fB$MAIL\fR
+are set according to the appropriate fields in the password entry\&. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to entries in the GECOS field\&.
+.PP
+On some installations, the environmental variable
+\fB$TERM\fR
+will be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in
+/etc/ttytype\&.
+.PP
+Также может быть выполнен сценарий инициализации пользовательского интерпретатора команд\&. Подробней об этой функции смотрите соответствующую справочную страницу\&.
+.PP
+Субсистемный вход в систему можно распознать по наличию символа \(Fo*\(Fc в начале регистрационной оболочки\&. Заданный домашний каталог будет использован как корень новой файловой системы, в которой регистрируется пользователь\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file\&. It is the responsibility of
+\fBgetty\fR(8)
+and
+\fBinit\fR(8)
+to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session\&. If you use
+\fBlogin\fR
+from the shell prompt without
+\fBexec\fR, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession"\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR
+.RS 4
+Не выполнять аутентификацию, пользователь уже прошёл проверку\&.
+.sp
+Note: In that case,
+\fIusername\fR
+is mandatory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR
+.RS 4
+Имя удалённого узла, на который нужно войти\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR
+.RS 4
+Сохранить окружение\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR
+.RS 4
+Выполнить протокол autologin для rlogin\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR,
+\fB\-h\fR
+and
+\fB\-f\fR
+options are only used when
+\fBlogin\fR
+is invoked by root\&.
+.SH "ПРЕДОСТЕРЕЖЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+This version of
+\fBlogin\fR
+has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site\&.
+.PP
+Расположение файлов может отличаться на разных системах\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file\&. It is the responsibility of
+\fBgetty\fR(8)
+and
+\fBinit\fR(8)
+to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session\&. If you use
+\fBlogin\fR
+from the shell prompt without
+\fBexec\fR, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession"\&.
+.PP
+As with any program,
+\fBlogin\fR\*(Aqs appearance can be faked\&. If non\-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the machine\&. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a trusted path and prevent this kind of attack\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, то значение равно или полному пути к файлу с именами устройств (одно на строку), или списку имён устройств, перечисленных через \(Fo:\(Fc\&. Вход суперпользователя будет разрешён только с этих устройств\&.
+.sp
+Если не определена, то суперпользователь может входить в систему с любого устройства\&.
+.sp
+Устройства должны указываться без начального префикса /dev/\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Определяет, можно ли войти в систему, если нельзя выполнить cd в домашний каталог\&. По умолчанию \(Fono\(Fc\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если этот файл существует и доступ для чтения, то из него читает регистрационное окружение\&. Каждая строка должна иметь формат: имя=значение\&.
+.sp
+Строки, начинающиеся с #, считаются комментарием и игнорируются\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBERASECHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal ERASE character (\fI010\fR
+= backspace,
+\fI0177\fR
+= DEL)\&.
+.sp
+Значение может начинаться с \(Fo0\(Fc при указании значения в восьмеричной системе счисления или \(Fo0x\(Fc при указании значения в шестнадцатеричной системе счисления\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAIL_DELAY\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Задержка в секундах перед повторной попыткой после неудачного входа\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAILLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable logging and display of
+/var/log/faillog
+login failure info\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAKE_SHELL\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set,
+\fBlogin\fR
+will execute this shell instead of the users\*(Aq shell specified in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFTMP_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, то неудачные попытки входа будут протоколироваться в этот файл в формате utmp\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHUSHLOGIN_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, то этот файл может заблокировать все обычные переговоры (chatter) при входе\&. Если указан полный путь к файлу, то будет включён сокращённый (hushed) режим, если в этом файле указано имя пользователя или оболочка\&. Если указан не полный путь, то будет включён сокращённый (hushed) режим, если файл находится в домашнем каталоге пользователя\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBISSUE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, то этот файл будет показан перед каждым появлением приглашения на вход\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBKILLCHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal KILL character (\fI025\fR
+= CTRL/U)\&.
+.sp
+Значение может начинаться с \(Fo0\(Fc при указании значения в восьмеричной системе счисления или \(Fo0x\(Fc при указании значения в шестнадцатеричной системе счисления\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Включить протоколирование и показ информации о времени входа из /var/log/lastlog\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_RETRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Максимальное количество попыток входа при вводе неверного пароля\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Строка\-приглашение к вводу пароля\&. Значение по умолчанию: \(FoPassword:\(Fc или перевод этой строки на разные языки\&. Если вы измените эту переменную, то перевод будет отсутствовать\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_TIMEOUT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Максимальное время в секундах, отведённое на вход\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_OK_LOGINS\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Включить протоколирование успешных входов\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Включить показ неизвестных имён пользователей при записи неудачных попыток входа\&.
+.sp
+Замечание: протоколирование неизвестных имён пользователя может привести к проблемам с безопасностью, если пользователь введёт свой пароль вместо своего имени\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Включает проверку и показ состояния почтового ящика при входе\&.
+.sp
+Вы должны выключить это, если почтовый ящик проверяется из файлов автозапуска оболочки (\(Fomailx \-e\(Fc или похожей командой)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Почтовый каталог\&. Данный параметр нужен для управления почтовым ящиком при изменении или удалении учётной записи пользователя\&. Если параметр не задан, то используется значение указанное при сборке\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Определяет расположение почтовых файлов пользователя относительно домашнего каталога\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMOTD_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, то при входе будет показано \(Foсообщение дня\(Fc из файла со списком значений, разделённых \(Fo:\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBNOLOGINS_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, значение равно имени файла, чьё существование запретит вход для не суперпользователей\&. В файле должно содержаться сообщение, описывающее почему запрещён вход\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable checking of time restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR (string), \fBTTYPERM\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+group, and the permissions will be set to
+\fBTTYPERM\fR\&.
+.sp
+By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user\*(Aqs primary group and the permissions are set to
+\fI0600\fR\&.
+.sp
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+can be either the name of a group or a numeric group identifier\&.
+.sp
+If you have a
+\fBwrite\fR
+program which is "setgid" to a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and TTYPERM to 0620\&. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYTYPE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, то в ней указывается имя файла, в котором описано соответствие между линией tty и параметром окружения TERM\&. Каждая строка файла имеет формат вида \(Fovt100 tty01\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBULIMIT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Default
+\fBulimit\fR
+value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Задаёт начальное значение маски доступа для создаваемых файлов\&. Если не указано, то маска устанавливается в 022\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Включает установку группы битов umask равной битам владельца (пример: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) для не суперпользователей, если uid равен gid и имя пользователя совпадает с именем первичной группы\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/var/run/utmp
+.RS 4
+содержит список работающих сеансов в системе
+.RE
+.PP
+/var/log/wtmp
+.RS 4
+содержит список завершённых сеансов работы с системой
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/motd
+.RS 4
+содержит системные сообщения за день
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/nologin
+.RS 4
+при существовании файла блокируется доступ в систему обычным пользователям
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/ttytype
+.RS 4
+содержит список типов терминалов
+.RE
+.PP
+$HOME/\&.hushlogin
+.RS 4
+при существовании файла системные сообщения при входе в систему не выводятся
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBmail\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnologin\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBsecuretty\fR(5),
+\fBgetty\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man1/newgrp.1 b/man/ru/man1/newgrp.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e006ab3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man1/newgrp.1
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newgrp
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Пользовательские команды
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "newgrp" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Пользовательские команды"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+newgrp \- выполняет регистрацию пользователя в новой группе
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBnewgrp\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewgrp\fR [\-] [\fIгруппа\fR]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+command is used to change the current group ID during a login session\&. If the optional
+\fB\-\fR
+flag is given, the user\*(Aqs environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, remains unchanged\&.
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+changes the current real group ID to the named group, or to the default group listed in
+/etc/passwd
+if no group name is given\&.
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+also tries to add the group to the user groupset\&. If not root, the user will be prompted for a password if she does not have a password (in
+/etc/shadow
+if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in
+/etc/passwd
+otherwise) and the group does, or if the user is not listed as a member and the group has a password\&. The user will be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed as a member\&.
+.PP
+If there is an entry for this group in
+/etc/gshadow, then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from this file, otherwise, the entry in
+/etc/group
+is considered\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о группах
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man1/passwd.1 b/man/ru/man1/passwd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..749cd61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man1/passwd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: passwd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Пользовательские команды
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "passwd" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Пользовательские команды"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+passwd \- изменяет пароль пользователя
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBpasswd\fR [\fIпараметры\fR] [\fIУЧЁТНАЯ_ЗАПИСЬ\fR]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command changes passwords for user accounts\&. A normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the superuser may change the password for any account\&.
+\fBpasswd\fR
+also changes the account or associated password validity period\&.
+.SS "Изменение пароля"
+.PP
+Сначала пользователя попросят ввести старый пароль, если он был\&. Этот пароль зашифровывается и сравнивается с имеющимся\&. У пользователя есть только одна попытка ввести правильный пароль\&. Для суперпользователя этот шаг пропускается, для того чтобы можно было изменить забытый пароль\&.
+.PP
+After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time\&. If not,
+\fBpasswd\fR
+refuses to change the password and exits\&.
+.PP
+Затем пользователю предложат дважды ввести новый пароль\&. Значение второго ввода сравнивается с первым и для изменения пароли из обеих попыток должны совпасть\&.
+.PP
+Затем пароль тестируется на сложность подбора\&. Согласно общим принципам, пароли должны быть длиной от 6 до 8 символов и включать один или более символов каждого типа:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+строчные буквы
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+цифры от 0 до 9
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+знаки пунктуации
+.RE
+.PP
+Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill characters\&.
+\fBpasswd\fR
+will reject any password which is not suitably complex\&.
+.SS "Выбор пароля"
+.PP
+The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption algorithm and the size of the key space\&. The legacy
+\fIUNIX\fR
+System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm\&. More recent methods are now recommended (see
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR)\&. The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which is selected\&.
+.PP
+При обеспечении безопасности пароля выбирают нечто среднее между сложным паролем и сложностью работы с ним\&. По этой причине, вы не должны использовать пароль, который является словом из словаря или который придётся записать из\-за его сложности\&. Также, пароль не должен быть названием чего\-либо, номером вашей лицензии, днём рождения и домашним адресом\&. Обо всём этом легко догадаться, что приведёт к нарушению безопасности системы\&.
+.PP
+You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en\&.wikipedia\&.org/wiki/Password_strength
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+.RS 4
+This option can be used only with
+\fB\-S\fR
+and causes show status for all users\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR
+.RS 4
+Удалить пароль пользователя (сделать его пустым)\&. Это быстрый способ заблокировать пароль учётной записи\&. Это сделает указанную учётную запись беспарольной\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expire\fR
+.RS 4
+Немедленно сделать пароль устаревшим\&. В результате это заставит пользователя изменить пароль при следующем входе в систему\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+This option is used to disable an account after the password has been expired for a number of days\&. After a user account has had an expired password for
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+days, the user may no longer sign on to the account\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-keep\-tokens\fR
+.RS 4
+Указывает, что изменение пароля нужно выполнить только для устаревших ключей аутентификации (паролей)\&. Пользователи хотят оставить свои непросроченные ключи нетронутыми\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\fR
+.RS 4
+Заблокировать пароль указанной учётной записи\&. Этот параметр блокирует пароль, изменяя его значение на вариант, который не может быть шифрованным паролем (добавляется символ \(Fo!\(Fc в начало пароля)\&.
+.sp
+Note that this does not disable the account\&. The user may still be able to login using another authentication token (e\&.g\&. an SSH key)\&. To disable the account, administrators should use
+\fBusermod \-\-expiredate 1\fR
+(this set the account\*(Aqs expire date to Jan 2, 1970)\&.
+.sp
+Посетитель с заблокированным паролем не может изменить свой пароль\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+Не выводить сообщений при работе\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-repository\fR\ \&\fIREPOSITORY\fR
+.RS 4
+change password in
+\fIREPOSITORY\fR
+repository
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-status\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать состояние учётной записи\&. Информация о состоянии содержит 7 полей\&. Первое поле содержит имя учётной записи\&. Второе поле указывает, заблокирован ли пароль учётной записи (L), она без пароля (NP) или у неё есть рабочий пароль (P)\&. Третье поле хранит дату последнего изменения пароля\&. В следующих четырёх полях хранятся минимальный срок, максимальный срок, период выдачи предупреждения и период неактивности пароля\&. Эти сроки измеряются в днях\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-unlock\fR
+.RS 4
+Unlock the password of the named account\&. This option re\-enables a password by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before using the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-x\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid\&. After
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR, the password is required to be changed\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ПРЕДОСТЕРЕЖЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+Сложность пароля проверяется на разных машинах по разному\&. Пользователю настоятельно рекомендуется выбирать пароль такой сложности, чтобы ему нормально работалось\&.
+.PP
+Пользователи не могут изменять свои пароли в системе, если включён NIS и они не вошли на сервер NIS\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Задаёт системный алгоритм шифрования по умолчанию для шифрования паролей (используется, если алгоритм не указан в командной строке)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBOBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Включает дополнительные проверки при смене пароля\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_ALWAYS_WARN\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Предупреждать о слабых паролях (но разрешать их использовать) для суперпользователя\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_CHANGE_TRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Максимальное количество попыток смены пароля (слишком простого) при непрохождении проверки\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR (number), \fBPASS_MIN_LEN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Number of significant characters in the password for crypt()\&.
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR
+is 8 by default\&. Don\*(Aqt change unless your crypt() is better\&. This is ignored if
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Увеличение количества раундов повышает сложность подбора пароля простым перебором\&. Но заметим, что при этом для аутентификации пользователей требуется большее количество процессорных ресурсов\&.
+.sp
+Если не задана, то libc выбирает значение количества раундов по умолчанию (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Значения должны лежать в диапазоне 1000\-999999999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей
+.RE
+.SH "ВОЗВРАЩАЕМЫЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid combination of options
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+unexpected failure, nothing done
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+unexpected failure,
+passwd
+file missing
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+passwd
+file busy, try again
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBchpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man1/sg.1 b/man/ru/man1/sg.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2cbbe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man1/sg.1
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: sg
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Пользовательские команды
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "sg" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Пользовательские команды"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+sg \- выполняет команду с правами другой группы
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBsg\fR\ 'u
+\fBsg\fR [\-] [group\ [\-c\ ]\ command]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsg\fR
+command works similar to
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+but accepts a command\&. The command will be executed with the
+/bin/sh
+shell\&. With most shells you may run
+\fBsg\fR
+from, you need to enclose multi\-word commands in quotes\&. Another difference between
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+and
+\fBsg\fR
+is that some shells treat
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+specially, replacing themselves with a new instance of a shell that
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+creates\&. This doesn\*(Aqt happen with
+\fBsg\fR, so upon exit from a
+\fBsg\fR
+command you are returned to your previous group ID\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о группах
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man1/su.1 b/man/ru/man1/su.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..81552a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man1/su.1
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: su
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Пользовательские команды
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "su" "1" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Пользовательские команды"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+su \- изменяет ID пользователя или делает его суперпользователем
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBsu\fR\ 'u
+\fBsu\fR [\fIпараметры\fR] [\fI\-\fR] [\fIимя_пользователя\fR\ [\ \fIargs\fR\ ]]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsu\fR
+command is used to become another user during a login session\&. Invoked without a
+\fBusername\fR,
+\fBsu\fR
+defaults to becoming the superuser\&. The
+\fB\-\fR
+option may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly\&. The
+\fB\-c\fR
+option may be used to treat the next argument as a command by most shells\&.
+.PP
+Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list\&. You can use the
+\fB\-\-\fR
+argument to stop option parsing\&. The
+\fB\-\fR
+option is special: it is also recognized after
+\fB\-\-\fR, but has to be placed before
+\fBusername\fR\&.
+.PP
+Пользователю предложат ввести пароль, если он задан\&. При неверном пароле возникает сообщение об ошибке\&. Все попытки, удачные и неудачные, протоколируются системой с целью обнаружения злоупотреблений\&.
+.PP
+The current environment is passed to the new shell\&. The value of
+\fB$PATH\fR
+is reset to
+/bin:/usr/bin
+for normal users, or
+/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
+for the superuser\&. This may be changed with the
+\fBENV_PATH\fR
+and
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR
+definitions in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.PP
+Субсистемный вход в систему можно распознать по наличию символа \(Fo*\(Fc в начале регистрационной оболочки\&. Заданный домашний каталог будет использован как корень новой файловой системы, в которой регистрируется пользователь\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBsu\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-command\fR\ \&\fICOMMAND\fR
+.RS 4
+Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its
+\fB\-c\fR\&.
+.sp
+The executed command will have no controlling terminal\&. This option cannot be used to execute interactive programs which need a controlling TTY\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-\fR, \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR
+.RS 4
+Предоставляет окружение, как если бы пользователь непосредственно регистрировался в системе\&.
+.sp
+When
+\fB\-\fR
+is used, it must be specified before any
+\fBusername\fR\&. For portability it is recommended to use it as last option, before any
+\fBusername\fR\&. The other forms (\fB\-l\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-login\fR) do not have this restriction\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+Оболочка, которая будет запущена\&.
+.sp
+The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first):
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The shell specified with \-\-shell\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+is used, the shell specified by the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The shell indicated in the
+/etc/passwd
+entry for the target user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+/bin/sh
+if a shell could not be found by any above method\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+If the target user has a restricted shell (i\&.e\&. the shell field of this user\*(Aqs entry in
+/etc/passwd
+is not listed in
+/etc/shells), then the
+\fB\-\-shell\fR
+option or the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environment variable won\*(Aqt be taken into account, unless
+\fBsu\fR
+is called by root\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+.RS 4
+Preserve the current environment, except for:
+.PP
+\fB$PATH\fR
+.RS 4
+reset according to the
+/etc/login\&.defs
+options
+\fBENV_PATH\fR
+or
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR
+(see below);
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB$IFS\fR
+.RS 4
+reset to
+\(Fo<space><tab><newline>\(Fc, if it was set\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless
+\fBsu\fR
+is called by root)\&.
+.sp
+Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following:
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The
+\fB$HOME\fR,
+\fB$SHELL\fR,
+\fB$USER\fR,
+\fB$LOGNAME\fR,
+\fB$PATH\fR, and
+\fB$IFS\fR
+environment variables are reset\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is not used, the environment is copied, except for the variables above\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, the
+\fB$TERM\fR,
+\fB$COLORTERM\fR,
+\fB$DISPLAY\fR, and
+\fB$XAUTHORITY\fR
+environment variables are copied if they were set\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, the
+\fB$TZ\fR,
+\fB$HZ\fR, and
+\fB$MAIL\fR
+environment variables are set according to the
+/etc/login\&.defs
+options
+\fBENV_TZ\fR,
+\fBENV_HZ\fR,
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR, and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+(see below)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, other environment variables might be set by the
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR
+file (see below)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RE
+.SH "ПРЕДОСТЕРЕЖЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+This version of
+\fBsu\fR
+has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, то значение равно или полному пути к файлу с именами устройств (одно на строку), или списку имён устройств, перечисленных через \(Fo:\(Fc\&. Вход суперпользователя будет разрешён только с этих устройств\&.
+.sp
+Если не определена, то суперпользователь может входить в систему с любого устройства\&.
+.sp
+Устройства должны указываться без начального префикса /dev/\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Определяет, можно ли войти в систему, если нельзя выполнить cd в домашний каталог\&. По умолчанию \(Fono\(Fc\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если этот файл существует и доступ для чтения, то из него читает регистрационное окружение\&. Каждая строка должна иметь формат: имя=значение\&.
+.sp
+Строки, начинающиеся с #, считаются комментарием и игнорируются\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Строка\-приглашение к вводу пароля\&. Значение по умолчанию: \(FoPassword:\(Fc или перевод этой строки на разные языки\&. Если вы измените эту переменную, то перевод будет отсутствовать\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Включает проверку и показ состояния почтового ящика при входе\&.
+.sp
+Вы должны выключить это, если почтовый ящик проверяется из файлов автозапуска оболочки (\(Fomailx \-e\(Fc или похожей командой)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Почтовый каталог\&. Данный параметр нужен для управления почтовым ящиком при изменении или удалении учётной записи пользователя\&. Если параметр не задан, то используется значение указанное при сборке\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Определяет расположение почтовых файлов пользователя относительно домашнего каталога\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSULOG_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, то любая активность su будет протоколироваться в этот файл\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_NAME\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, то выводится имя команды когда работает \(Fosu \-\(Fc\&. Например, если значение равно \(Fosu\(Fc, то \(Fops\(Fc покажет команду как \(Fo\-su\(Fc\&. Если не определена, то \(Fops\(Fc покажет имя запускаемой оболочки например как \(Fo\-sh\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_WHEEL_ONLY\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the user must be listed as a member of the first gid 0 group in
+/etc/group
+(called
+\fIroot\fR
+on most Linux systems) to be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0 accounts\&. If the group doesn\*(Aqt exist or is empty, no one will be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SU_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsu\fR
+activity \- in addition to sulog file logging\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Включает установку группы битов umask равной битам владельца (пример: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) для не суперпользователей, если uid равен gid и имя пользователя совпадает с именем первичной группы\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей
+.RE
+.SH "ВОЗВРАЩАЕМЫЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+On success,
+\fBsu\fR
+returns the exit value of the command it executed\&.
+.PP
+If this command was terminated by a signal,
+\fBsu\fR
+returns the number of this signal plus 128\&.
+.PP
+If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the command did not terminate in time),
+\fBsu\fR
+returns 255\&.
+.PP
+Some exit values from
+\fBsu\fR
+are independent from the executed command:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success (\fB\-\-help\fR
+only)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+System or authentication failure
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI126\fR
+.RS 4
+The requested command was not found
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI127\fR
+.RS 4
+The requested command could not be executed
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man3/getspnam.3 b/man/ru/man3/getspnam.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd473da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man3/getspnam.3
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man3/shadow.3
diff --git a/man/ru/man3/shadow.3 b/man/ru/man3/shadow.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9d9ad3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man3/shadow.3
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: shadow
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Библиотечные функции
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "shadow" "3" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Библиотечные функции"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+shadow, getspnam \- процедуры для работы с файлом шифрованных паролей
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.PP
+\fI#include <shadow\&.h>\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *getspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *getspnam(char\fR
+\fI*name\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIvoid setspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIvoid endspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *fgetspent(FILE\fR
+\fI*fp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *sgetspent(char\fR
+\fI*cp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIint putspent(struct spwd\fR
+\fI*p,\fR
+\fIФАЙЛ\fR
+\fI*fp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIint lckpwdf();\fR
+.PP
+\fIint ulckpwdf();\fR
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+\fIshadow\fR
+manipulates the contents of the shadow password file,
+/etc/shadow\&. The structure in the
+\fI#include\fR
+file is:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+struct spwd {
+      char		*sp_namp; /* user login name */
+      char		*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */
+      long int		sp_lstchg; /* last password change */
+      long int		sp_min; /* days until change allowed\&. */
+      long int		sp_max; /* days before change required */
+      long int		sp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */
+      long int		sp_inact; /* days before account inactive */
+      long int		sp_expire; /* date when account expires */
+      unsigned long int	sp_flag; /* reserved for future use */
+}
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+Значение каждого поля:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_namp \- указатель на строку с именем пользователя, завершающуюся нулевым символом
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_pwdp \- указатель на строку с паролем, завершающуюся нулевым символом
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_lstchg \- количество дней, когда был изменён пароль последний раз, начиная с 1 января 1970 года
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_min \- количество дней, когда можно не менять пароль
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_max \- количество дней, которое должно пройти, чтобы нужно было поменять пароль
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_warn \- количество дней, когда будет выдаваться предупреждение о скором устаревании пароля перед тем как пароль устареет
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_inact \- количество дней, которые должны пройти после устаревания пароля, когда начинать считать, что учётная запись неактивна и заблокирована
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_expire \- дней, после которых учётная запись будет заблокирована, начиная с 1 января 1970 года
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_flag \- зарезервировано
+.RE
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+\fIgetspent\fR,
+\fIgetspname\fR,
+\fIfgetspent\fR, and
+\fIsgetspent\fR
+each return a pointer to a
+\fIstruct spwd\fR\&.
+\fIgetspent\fR
+returns the next entry from the file, and
+\fIfgetspent\fR
+returns the next entry from the given stream, which is assumed to be a file of the proper format\&.
+\fIsgetspent\fR
+returns a pointer to a
+\fIstruct spwd\fR
+using the provided string as input\&.
+\fIgetspnam\fR
+searches from the current position in the file for an entry matching
+\fIname\fR\&.
+.PP
+\fIsetspent\fR
+and
+\fIendspent\fR
+may be used to begin and end, respectively, access to the shadow password file\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+and
+\fIulckpwdf\fR
+routines should be used to insure exclusive access to the
+/etc/shadow
+file\&.
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+attempts to acquire a lock using
+\fIpw_lock\fR
+for up to 15 seconds\&. It continues by attempting to acquire a second lock using
+\fIspw_lock\fR
+for the remainder of the initial 15 seconds\&. Should either attempt fail after a total of 15 seconds,
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+returns \-1\&. When both locks are acquired 0 is returned\&.
+.SH "ДИАГНОСТИКА"
+.PP
+Routines return NULL if no more entries are available or if an error occurs during processing\&. Routines which have
+\fIint\fR
+as the return value return 0 for success and \-1 for failure\&.
+.SH "ПРЕДОСТЕРЕЖЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+Данные функции могут использоваться только суперпользователем, так как доступ к файлу теневых паролей ограничен\&.
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBgetpwent\fR(3),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man5/faillog.5 b/man/ru/man5/faillog.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..88d2545
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man5/faillog.5
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: faillog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Форматы файлов
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "faillog" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Форматы файлов"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+faillog \- файл протокола неудачных попыток входа в систему
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+maintains a count of login failures and the limits for each account\&.
+.PP
+Этот файл состоит из записей постоянной длины, упорядоченных по числовому идентификатору учётной записи\&. Каждая запись содержит количество неудачных попыток входа с момента последнего успешного входа в систему, максимальное количество неудачных попыток перед тем как учётная запись будет заблокирована, терминал, с которого осуществлялась последняя неудачная попытка входа, дату этого события и интервал (в секундах) на сколько учётная запись будет заблокирована в случае неудачной попытки\&.
+.PP
+Структура файла:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+struct	faillog {
+	short   fail_cnt;
+	short   fail_max;
+	char    fail_line[12];
+	time_t  fail_time;
+	long    fail_locktime;
+};
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+.RS 4
+журнал неудавшихся попыток входа в систему
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR(8)
diff --git a/man/ru/man5/gshadow.5 b/man/ru/man5/gshadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3d6bce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man5/gshadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: gshadow
+.\"    Author: Nicolas Fran\(,cois <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Форматы файлов
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "gshadow" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Форматы файлов"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+gshadow \- файл с защищаемой информацией о группах
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+contains the shadowed information for group accounts\&.
+.PP
+Этот файл должен быть недоступен обычному пользователю, если нужно обеспечить безопасность паролей\&.
+.PP
+Каждая строка файла содержит поля, отделёнными друг от друга двоеточием:
+.PP
+\fBимя группы\fR
+.RS 4
+Должно содержать правильное имя группы, которая существует в системе\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBшифрованный пароль\fR
+.RS 4
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.sp
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, users will not be able to use a unix password to access the group (but group members do not need the password)\&.
+.sp
+The password is used when a user who is not a member of the group wants to gain the permissions of this group (see
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1))\&.
+.sp
+Это поле может быть пустым; в этом случае только члены группы могут пользоваться правами группы\&.
+.sp
+A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the password field before the password was locked\&.
+.sp
+This password supersedes any password specified in
+/etc/group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBадминистраторы\fR
+.RS 4
+Список имён пользователей, перечисленных через запятую\&.
+.sp
+Администраторы могут менять пароль или членство в группе\&.
+.sp
+Администраторы также имеют те же права, что и члены группы (смотрите далее)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBчлены\fR
+.RS 4
+Список имён пользователей, перечисленных через запятую\&.
+.sp
+Члены могут иметь доступ к группе без ввода пароля\&.
+.sp
+You should use the same list of users as in
+/etc/group\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о группах
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBgrpconv\fR(8),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man5/limits.5 b/man/ru/man5/limits.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..022f850
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man5/limits.5
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: limits
+.\"    Author: Luca Berra
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Форматы файлов
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "limits" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Форматы файлов"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+limits \- файл контроля ресурсов
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fIlimits\fR
+file (/etc/limits
+by default or LIMITS_FILE defined
+config\&.h) describes the resource limits you wish to impose\&. It should be owned by root and readable by root account only\&.
+.PP
+По умолчанию учётная запись \(Foroot\(Fc ничем не ограничена\&. Фактически, никак нельзя установить ограничения с помощью этой процедуры на учётные записи, имеющие права суперпользователя (учётные записи с UID равным 0)\&.
+.PP
+Каждая строка описывает ограничение для одного пользователя имеет вид:
+.PP
+\fIuser СТРОКА_ОГРАНИЧЕНИЙ\fR
+.PP
+или в виде:
+.PP
+\fI@group СТРОКА_ОГРАНИЧЕНИЙ\fR
+.PP
+The
+\fILIMITS_STRING\fR
+is a string of a concatenated list of resource limits\&. Each limit consists of a letter identifier followed by a numerical limit\&.
+.PP
+Допустимые идентификаторы:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+A: максимальное адресное пространство (КБ)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+C: максимальный размер файла core (КБ)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+D: максимальный размер данных (КБ)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+F: maximum file size (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+K: file creation mask, set by
+\fBumask\fR(2)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+I: максимальное значение уступчивости (nice) (0\&.\&.39, преобразуемые в 20\&.\&.\-19)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+L: максимальное число возможных регистраций в системе этого пользователя
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+M: максимальное синхронизируемое адресное пространство памяти (КБ)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+N: максимальное число открытых файлов
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+O: максимальный приоритет реального времени
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+P: process priority, set by
+\fBsetpriority\fR(2)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+R: максимальный размер резидентного сегмента (КБ)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+S: максимальный размер стека (КБ)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+T: максимальное время использования процессора (минут)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+U: максимальное число процессов
+.RE
+.PP
+For example,
+\fIL2D2048N5\fR
+is a valid
+\fILIMITS_STRING\fR\&. For reading convenience, the following entries are equivalent:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      username L2D2048N5
+      username L2 D2048 N5
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+Be aware that after
+\fIusername\fR
+the rest of the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed\&. An invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the
+\fBlogin\fR
+program\&.
+.PP
+The default entry is denoted by username "\fI*\fR"\&. If you have multiple
+\fIdefault\fR
+entries in your
+\fILIMITS_FILE\fR, then the last one will be used as the default entry\&.
+.PP
+The limits specified in the form "\fI@group\fR" apply to the members of the specified
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.PP
+If more than one line with limits for a user exist, only the first line for this user will be considered\&.
+.PP
+If no lines are specified for a user, the last
+\fI@group\fR
+line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the user\&.
+.PP
+To completely disable limits for a user, a single dash "\fI\-\fR" will do\&.
+.PP
+To disable a limit for a user, a single dash "\fI\-\fR" can be used instead of the numerical value for this limit\&.
+.PP
+Также заметьте, что все настройки ограничений делаются ДЛЯ КОНКРЕТНОЙ УЧЁТНОЙ ЗАПИСИ\&. Они не являются глобальными и не постоянны\&. Возможно глобальные ограничения и появятся, но пока это только в планах ;)
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/limits
+.RS 4
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsetpriority\fR(2),
+\fBsetrlimit\fR(2)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man5/login.access.5 b/man/ru/man5/login.access.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae30f92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man5/login.access.5
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login.access
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Форматы файлов
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "login\&.access" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Форматы файлов"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+login.access \- файл контроля доступа в систему
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fIlogin\&.access\fR
+file specifies (user, host) combinations and/or (user, tty) combinations for which a login will be either accepted or refused\&.
+.PP
+When someone logs in, the
+\fIlogin\&.access\fR
+is scanned for the first entry that matches the (user, host) combination, or, in case of non\-networked logins, the first entry that matches the (user, tty) combination\&. The permissions field of that table entry determines whether the login will be accepted or refused\&.
+.PP
+Каждая строка таблицы контроля доступа в систему состоит из трёх полей разделённых символом \(Fo:\(Fc и выглядит так:
+.PP
+\fIpermission\fR:\fIusers\fR:\fIorigins\fR
+.PP
+The first field should be a "\fI+\fR" (access granted) or "\fI\-\fR" (access denied) character\&. The second field should be a list of one or more login names, group names, or
+\fIALL\fR
+(always matches)\&. The third field should be a list of one or more tty names (for non\-networked logins), host names, domain names (begin with "\&."), host addresses, internet network numbers (end with "\&."),
+\fIALL\fR
+(always matches) or
+\fILOCAL\fR
+(matches any string that does not contain a "\&." character)\&. If you run NIS you can use @netgroupname in host or user patterns\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fIEXCEPT\fR
+operator makes it possible to write very compact rules\&.
+.PP
+Поиск в файле групп производится только когда имя не совпадает с регистрирующимся пользователем\&. Рассматриваются группы только с явно прописанными в них пользователями: программа не принимает во внимание значение первичной группы пользователя\&.
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man5/login.defs.5 b/man/ru/man5/login.defs.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1439d5a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man5/login.defs.5
@@ -0,0 +1,854 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login.defs
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Форматы файлов
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "login\&.defs" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Форматы файлов"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+login.defs \- содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+/etc/login\&.defs
+file defines the site\-specific configuration for the shadow password suite\&. This file is required\&. Absence of this file will not prevent system operation, but will probably result in undesirable operation\&.
+.PP
+Файл представляет собой обычный текстовый файл; каждая строка описывает один параметр настройки\&. Строки состоят из названия параметра и его значения, которые разделяются пробельным символом\&. Пустые строки и комментарии игнорируются\&. Комментарии начинаются со знака фунта \(Fo#\(Fc, который должен быть первым непробельным символом в строке\&.
+.PP
+Parameter values may be of four types: strings, booleans, numbers, and long numbers\&. A string is comprised of any printable characters\&. A boolean should be either the value
+\fIyes\fR
+or
+\fIno\fR\&. An undefined boolean parameter or one with a value other than these will be given a
+\fIno\fR
+value\&. Numbers (both regular and long) may be either decimal values, octal values (precede the value with
+\fI0\fR) or hexadecimal values (precede the value with
+\fI0x\fR)\&. The maximum value of the regular and long numeric parameters is machine\-dependent\&.
+.PP
+Возможны следующие параметры настройки:
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_RESTRICT\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This parameter specifies which values in the
+\fIgecos\fR
+field of the
+/etc/passwd
+file may be changed by regular users using the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program\&. It can be any combination of letters
+\fIf\fR,
+\fIr\fR,
+\fIw\fR,
+\fIh\fR, for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively\&. For backward compatibility,
+\fIyes\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIrwh\fR
+and
+\fIno\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIfrwh\fR\&. If not specified, only the superuser can make any changes\&. The most restrictive setting is better achieved by not installing
+\fBchfn\fR
+SUID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHSH_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchsh\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, то значение равно или полному пути к файлу с именами устройств (одно на строку), или списку имён устройств, перечисленных через \(Fo:\(Fc\&. Вход суперпользователя будет разрешён только с этих устройств\&.
+.sp
+Если не определена, то суперпользователь может входить в систему с любого устройства\&.
+.sp
+Устройства должны указываться без начального префикса /dev/\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCREATE_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Определяет, должен ли создаваться по умолчанию домашний каталог для новых пользователей\&.
+.sp
+Эта переменная не влияет на системных пользователей и может быть переопределена из командной строки\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Определяет, можно ли войти в систему, если нельзя выполнить cd в домашний каталог\&. По умолчанию \(Fono\(Fc\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Задаёт системный алгоритм шифрования по умолчанию для шифрования паролей (используется, если алгоритм не указан в командной строке)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если этот файл существует и доступ для чтения, то из него читает регистрационное окружение\&. Каждая строка должна иметь формат: имя=значение\&.
+.sp
+Строки, начинающиеся с #, считаются комментарием и игнорируются\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBERASECHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal ERASE character (\fI010\fR
+= backspace,
+\fI0177\fR
+= DEL)\&.
+.sp
+Значение может начинаться с \(Fo0\(Fc при указании значения в восьмеричной системе счисления или \(Fo0x\(Fc при указании значения в шестнадцатеричной системе счисления\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAIL_DELAY\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Задержка в секундах перед повторной попыткой после неудачного входа\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAILLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable logging and display of
+/var/log/faillog
+login failure info\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAKE_SHELL\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set,
+\fBlogin\fR
+will execute this shell instead of the users\*(Aq shell specified in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFTMP_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, то неудачные попытки входа будут протоколироваться в этот файл в формате utmp\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
+\fBUMASK\fR
+is used to create the mode\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHUSHLOGIN_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, то этот файл может заблокировать все обычные переговоры (chatter) при входе\&. Если указан полный путь к файлу, то будет включён сокращённый (hushed) режим, если в этом файле указано имя пользователя или оболочка\&. Если указан не полный путь, то будет включён сокращённый (hushed) режим, если файл находится в домашнем каталоге пользователя\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBISSUE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, то этот файл будет показан перед каждым появлением приглашения на вход\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBKILLCHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal KILL character (\fI025\fR
+= CTRL/U)\&.
+.sp
+Значение может начинаться с \(Fo0\(Fc при указании значения в восьмеричной системе счисления или \(Fo0x\(Fc при указании значения в шестнадцатеричной системе счисления\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Включить протоколирование и показ информации о времени входа из /var/log/lastlog\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_OK_LOGINS\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Включить протоколирование успешных входов\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Включить показ неизвестных имён пользователей при записи неудачных попыток входа\&.
+.sp
+Замечание: протоколирование неизвестных имён пользователя может привести к проблемам с безопасностью, если пользователь введёт свой пароль вместо своего имени\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_RETRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Максимальное количество попыток входа при вводе неверного пароля\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Строка\-приглашение к вводу пароля\&. Значение по умолчанию: \(FoPassword:\(Fc или перевод этой строки на разные языки\&. Если вы измените эту переменную, то перевод будет отсутствовать\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_TIMEOUT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Максимальное время в секундах, отведённое на вход\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Включает проверку и показ состояния почтового ящика при входе\&.
+.sp
+Вы должны выключить это, если почтовый ящик проверяется из файлов автозапуска оболочки (\(Fomailx \-e\(Fc или похожей командой)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Почтовый каталог\&. Данный параметр нужен для управления почтовым ящиком при изменении или удалении учётной записи пользователя\&. Если параметр не задан, то используется значение указанное при сборке\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Определяет расположение почтовых файлов пользователя относительно домашнего каталога\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Значение по умолчанию равно 0, означающее, что ограничения на количество членов в группе нет\&.
+.sp
+Данная возможность (разделение группы) позволяет ограничить длину строк в файле групп\&. Это полезно для ограничения длины строк групп NIS в 1024 символа\&.
+.sp
+Если вам нужно такое ограничение, укажите значение 25\&.
+.sp
+Замечание: разделение групп поддерживается не всеми инструментами (даже в наборе инструментов Shadow)\&. Вы не должны использовать эту переменную, если вам действительно это ненужно\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMOTD_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, то при входе будет показано \(Foсообщение дня\(Fc из файла со списком значений, разделённых \(Fo:\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBNOLOGINS_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, значение равно имени файла, чьё существование запретит вход для не суперпользователей\&. В файле должно содержаться сообщение, описывающее почему запрещён вход\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBOBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Включает дополнительные проверки при смене пароля\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_ALWAYS_WARN\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Предупреждать о слабых паролях (но разрешать их использовать) для суперпользователя\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_CHANGE_TRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Максимальное количество попыток смены пароля (слишком простого) при непрохождении проверки\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Максимальное число дней использования пароля\&. Если пароль старее этого числа, то будет запущена процедура смены пароля\&. Если значение не задано, то предполагается значение \-1 (то есть возможность ограничения не используется)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Максимальное число дней между изменениями пароля\&. Любая смена пароля ранее заданного срока выполнена не будет\&. Если значение не задано, то предполагается значение \-1 (то есть возможность ограничения не используется)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Число дней за которое начнёт выдаваться предупреждение об устаревании пароля\&. Нулевое значение означает, что предупреждение выдаётся в день устаревания, при отрицательном значении предупреждение выдаваться не будет\&. Если значение не задано, выдача предупреждения отключается\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR,
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR
+and
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR
+are only used at the time of account creation\&. Any changes to these settings won\*(Aqt affect existing accounts\&.
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR (number), \fBPASS_MIN_LEN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Number of significant characters in the password for crypt()\&.
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR
+is 8 by default\&. Don\*(Aqt change unless your crypt() is better\&. This is ignored if
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable checking of time restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Увеличение количества раундов повышает сложность подбора пароля простым перебором\&. Но заметим, что при этом для аутентификации пользователей требуется большее количество процессорных ресурсов\&.
+.sp
+Если не задана, то libc выбирает значение количества раундов по умолчанию (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Значения должны лежать в диапазоне 1000\-999999999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSULOG_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, то любая активность su будет протоколироваться в этот файл\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_NAME\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, то выводится имя команды когда работает \(Fosu \-\(Fc\&. Например, если значение равно \(Fosu\(Fc, то \(Fops\(Fc покажет команду как \(Fo\-su\(Fc\&. Если не определена, то \(Fops\(Fc покажет имя запускаемой оболочки например как \(Fo\-sh\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_WHEEL_ONLY\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the user must be listed as a member of the first gid 0 group in
+/etc/group
+(called
+\fIroot\fR
+on most Linux systems) to be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0 accounts\&. If the group doesn\*(Aqt exist or is empty, no one will be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SU_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsu\fR
+activity \- in addition to sulog file logging\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR (string), \fBTTYPERM\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+group, and the permissions will be set to
+\fBTTYPERM\fR\&.
+.sp
+By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user\*(Aqs primary group and the permissions are set to
+\fI0600\fR\&.
+.sp
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+can be either the name of a group or a numeric group identifier\&.
+.sp
+If you have a
+\fBwrite\fR
+program which is "setgid" to a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and TTYPERM to 0620\&. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYTYPE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Если определена, то в ней указывается имя файла, в котором описано соответствие между линией tty и параметром окружения TERM\&. Каждая строка файла имеет формат вида \(Fovt100 tty01\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBULIMIT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Default
+\fBulimit\fR
+value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Задаёт начальное значение маски доступа для создаваемых файлов\&. Если не указано, то маска устанавливается в 022\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERDEL_CMD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Определяет программу, которая будет запущена при удалении пользователя\&. Она должна удалять любые задания at/cron/печати удаляемого пользователя (передаётся в качестве первого аргумента)\&.
+.sp
+Возвращаемый сценарием код завершения не учитывается\&.
+.sp
+Here is an example script, which removes the user\*(Aqs cron, at and print jobs:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+#! /bin/sh
+
+# Check for the required argument\&.
+if [ $# != 1 ]; then
+	echo "Usage: $0 username"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Remove cron jobs\&.
+crontab \-r \-u $1
+
+# Remove at jobs\&.
+# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,
+# even if it was shared by a different username\&.
+AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs
+find $AT_SPOOL_DIR \-name "[^\&.]*" \-type f \-user $1 \-delete \e;
+
+# Remove print jobs\&.
+lprm $1
+
+# All done\&.
+exit 0
+      
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.sp
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Включает установку группы битов umask равной битам владельца (пример: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) для не суперпользователей, если uid равен gid и имя пользователя совпадает с именем первичной группы\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ПЕРЕКРЁСТНЫЕ ССЫЛКИ"
+.PP
+Следующие перекрёстные ссылки отражают связь между программами и их параметрам из набора для работы с теневыми паролями\&.
+.PP
+chfn
+.RS 4
+CHFN_AUTH
+CHFN_RESTRICT
+LOGIN_STRING
+.RE
+.PP
+chgpasswd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+chpasswd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+chsh
+.RS 4
+CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING
+.RE
+.PP
+gpasswd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+groupadd
+.RS 4
+GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN
+.RE
+.PP
+groupdel
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+groupmems
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+groupmod
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+grpck
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+grpconv
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+grpunconv
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+lastlog
+.RS 4
+LASTLOG_UID_MAX
+.RE
+.PP
+login
+.RS 4
+CONSOLE
+CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME
+ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE
+ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY
+FAILLOG_ENAB
+FAKE_SHELL
+FTMP_FILE
+HUSHLOGIN_FILE
+ISSUE_FILE
+KILLCHAR
+LASTLOG_ENAB LASTLOG_UID_MAX
+LOGIN_RETRIES
+LOGIN_STRING
+LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB
+MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB
+TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE
+ULIMIT UMASK
+USERGROUPS_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+newgrp / sg
+.RS 4
+SYSLOG_SG_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+newusers
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB HOME_MODE PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK
+.RE
+.PP
+passwd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+pwck
+.RS 4
+PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+.RE
+.PP
+pwconv
+.RS 4
+PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+.RE
+.PP
+su
+.RS 4
+CONSOLE
+CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME
+ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE
+ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH
+ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB
+SULOG_FILE SU_NAME
+SU_WHEEL_ONLY
+SYSLOG_SU_ENAB
+USERGROUPS_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+sulogin
+.RS 4
+ENV_HZ
+ENV_TZ
+.RE
+.PP
+useradd
+.RS 4
+CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN HOME_MODE LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK
+.RE
+.PP
+userdel
+.RS 4
+MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+usermod
+.RS 4
+LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBpam\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man5/passwd.5 b/man/ru/man5/passwd.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..54bead1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man5/passwd.5
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: passwd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Форматы файлов
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "passwd" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Форматы файлов"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+passwd \- файл паролей
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+contains one line for each user account, with seven fields delimited by colons (\(Fo:\(Fc)\&. These fields are:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+имя пользователя для входа в систему
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+необязательный зашифрованный пароль
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+числовой идентификатор пользователя
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+числовой идентификатор группы
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+ФИО пользователя или поле комментария
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+домашний каталог пользователя
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+необязательный интерпретатор командной строки пользователя
+.RE
+.PP
+If the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field is a lower\-case
+\(Fox\(Fc, then the encrypted password is actually stored in the
+\fBshadow\fR(5)
+file instead; there
+\fImust\fR
+be a corresponding line in the
+/etc/shadow
+file, or else the user account is invalid\&.
+.PP
+The encrypted
+\fIpassword\fR
+field may be empty, in which case no password is required to authenticate as the specified login name\&. However, some applications which read the
+/etc/passwd
+file may decide not to permit
+\fIany\fR
+access at all if the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field is blank\&.
+.PP
+A
+\fIpassword\fR
+field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field before the password was locked\&.
+.PP
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.PP
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)\&.
+.PP
+The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as
+\fBfinger\fR(1)\&.
+.PP
+The home directory field provides the name of the initial working directory\&. The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program uses this information to set the value of the
+\fB$HOME\fR
+environmental variable\&.
+.PP
+The command interpreter field provides the name of the user\*(Aqs command language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute\&. The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program uses this information to set the value of the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environmental variable\&. If this field is empty, it defaults to the value
+/bin/sh\&.
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+необязательный файл с шифрованными паролями
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd\-
+.RS 4
+резервная копия файла /etc/passwd
+.sp
+Заметим, что этот файл используется программами из комплекта утилит shadow, но не всеми инструментами управления пользователями и паролями\&.
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgetent\fR(1),
+\fBgetpwnam\fR(3),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBpwconv\fR(8),
+\fBpwunconv\fR(8),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsulogin\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man5/porttime.5 b/man/ru/man5/porttime.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6396ca9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man5/porttime.5
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: porttime
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Форматы файлов
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "porttime" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Форматы файлов"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+porttime \- файл с временами доступа к портам
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+\fIporttime\fR
+contains a list of tty devices, user names, and permitted login times\&.
+.PP
+Каждая запись состоит из трёх полей, разделённых двоеточиями\&. В первом поле содержится список устройств tty (перечисленных через запятую) или звёздочка, указывающая, что все устройства tty попадают под правило этой записи\&. Во втором поле содержится список имён пользователей (перечисленных через запятую) или звёздочка, указывающая, что все имена пользователей попадают под правило этой записи\&. В третьем поле содержится список (через запятую) допустимого времени работы\&.
+.PP
+Each access time entry consists of zero or more days of the week, abbreviated
+\fISu\fR,
+\fIMo\fR,
+\fITu\fR,
+\fIWe\fR,
+\fITh\fR,
+\fIFr\fR, and
+\fISa\fR, followed by a pair of times separated by a hyphen\&. The abbreviation
+\fIWk\fR
+may be used to represent Monday thru Friday, and
+\fIAl\fR
+may be used to indicate every day\&. If no days are given,
+\fIAl\fR
+is assumed\&.
+.SH "ПРИМЕРЫ"
+.PP
+The following entry allows access to user
+\fBjfh\fR
+on every port during weekdays from 9am to 5pm\&.
+.PP
+*:jfh:Wk0900\-1700
+.PP
+The following entries allow access only to the users
+\fIroot\fR
+and
+\fIoper\fR
+on
+/dev/console
+at any time\&. This illustrates how the
+/etc/porttime
+file is an ordered list of access times\&. Any other user would match the second entry which does not permit access at any time\&.
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      console:root,oper:Al0000\-2400
+      console:*:
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+The following entry allows access for the user
+\fIgames\fR
+on any port during non\-working hours\&.
+.PP
+*:games:Wk1700\-0900,SaSu0000\-2400
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/porttime
+.RS 4
+содержит разрешённое время работы определённых пользователей с определённых портов
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man5/shadow.5 b/man/ru/man5/shadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..851094e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man5/shadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: shadow
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Форматы файлов
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "shadow" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Форматы файлов"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+shadow \- файл теневых паролей
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+shadow
+is a file which contains the password information for the system\*(Aqs accounts and optional aging information\&.
+.PP
+Этот файл должен быть недоступен обычному пользователю, если нужно обеспечить безопасность паролей\&.
+.PP
+Each line of this file contains 9 fields, separated by colons (\(Fo:\(Fc), in the following order:
+.PP
+\fBимя пользователя для входа в систему\fR
+.RS 4
+Должно содержать правильное имя учётной записи, которая существует в системе\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBшифрованный пароль\fR
+.RS 4
+This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to authenticate as the specified login name\&. However, some applications which read the
+/etc/shadow
+file may decide not to permit any access at all if the password field is empty\&.
+.sp
+A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the password field before the password was locked\&.
+.sp
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.sp
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBдата последней смены пароля\fR
+.RS 4
+Дата последней смены пароля в днях начиная с 1 января 1970 года\&.
+.sp
+The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user should change her password the next time she will log in the system\&.
+.sp
+Пустое значение обозначает, что проверка устаревания пароля выключена\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBминимальный срок действия пароля\fR
+.RS 4
+Минимальный срок действия пароля в днях, которые пользователь должен ждать, чтобы поменять пароль\&.
+.sp
+Пустое значение поля и 0 отключают минимальный срок действия пароля\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBмаксимальный срок действия пароля\fR
+.RS 4
+Максимальный срок действия пароля в днях, после которого пользователь должен изменить пароль\&.
+.sp
+По прошествии этого количества дней пароль может быть ещё действительным\&. Пользователя нужно попросить изменить пароль при следующем входе\&.
+.sp
+Пустое значение поля означает, что нет максимального срока действия пароля, нет периода предупреждения о пароле и нет периода неактивности пароля (смотрите далее)\&.
+.sp
+Если максимальный срок действия пароля меньше чем минимальный срок действия пароля, то пользователь не сможет изменить свой пароль\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBпериод предупреждения о пароле\fR
+.RS 4
+Количество дней до устаревания пароля (смотрите максимальный срок действия пароля) во время которых пользователю выдаётся предупреждение\&.
+.sp
+Пустое значение поля и 0 отключают период предупреждения о пароле\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBпериод неактивности пароля\fR
+.RS 4
+Количество дней после устаревания пароля (смотрите максимальный срок действия пароля) во время которых пароль всё ещё принимается (и пользователь должен обновить свой пароль при следующем входе)\&.
+.sp
+После устаревания пароля и истечения этого периода устаревания вход с текущим паролем становится невозможным\&. Пользователь должен обратиться к администратору\&.
+.sp
+Пустое значение поля означает, что период неактивности отсутствует\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBдата истечения срока действия учётной записи\fR
+.RS 4
+Дата истечения срока действия учётной записи, указывается в днях начиная с 1 января 1970 года\&.
+.sp
+Note that an account expiration differs from a password expiration\&. In case of an account expiration, the user shall not be allowed to login\&. In case of a password expiration, the user is not allowed to login using her password\&.
+.sp
+Пустое значение обозначает, что учётная запись никогда не устаревает\&.
+.sp
+Значение 0 не должно использоваться, так как это может рассматриваться как неустаревающая учётная запись или что запись устарела 1 января 1970 года\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBзарезервированное поле\fR
+.RS 4
+Это поле зарезервировано для использования в будущем\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow\-
+.RS 4
+резервная копия файла /etc/shadow
+.sp
+Заметим, что этот файл используется программами из комплекта утилит shadow, но не всеми инструментами управления пользователями и паролями\&.
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBchage\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBpwconv\fR(8),
+\fBpwunconv\fR(8),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsulogin\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man5/suauth.5 b/man/ru/man5/suauth.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4b59ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man5/suauth.5
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: suauth
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Форматы файлов
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "suauth" "5" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Форматы файлов"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+suauth \- файл управления командой su
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fB/etc/suauth\fR\ 'u
+\fB/etc/suauth\fR
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The file
+/etc/suauth
+is referenced whenever the su command is called\&. It can change the behaviour of the su command, based upon:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      1) the user su is targeting
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+2) пользователя, запустившего команду su (или группы, членом которой он может быть)
+.PP
+Формат файла показан ниже, строки начинающиеся с # считаются комментарием и игнорируются;
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      to\-id:from\-id:ACTION
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+Where to\-id is either the word
+\fIALL\fR, a list of usernames delimited by "," or the words
+\fIALL EXCEPT\fR
+followed by a list of usernames delimited by ","\&.
+.PP
+from\-id is formatted the same as to\-id except the extra word
+\fIGROUP\fR
+is recognized\&.
+\fIALL EXCEPT GROUP\fR
+is perfectly valid too\&. Following
+\fIGROUP\fR
+appears one or more group names, delimited by ","\&. It is not sufficient to have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in
+\fB/etc/group\fR(5)
+is necessary\&.
+.PP
+В поле ДЕЙСТВИЕ может быть только одно из следующих значений:
+.PP
+\fIDENY\fR
+.RS 4
+Команда su останавливает выполнение, даже не спрашивая пароль\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fINOPASS\fR
+.RS 4
+Команда su выполняется без запроса пароля\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIOWNPASS\fR
+.RS 4
+Чтобы успешно выполнить команду su, пользователь должен ввести свой собственный пароль\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+Заметим, что тут используются три поля, разделённых двоеточиями\&. Никаких пробелов не допускается около двоеточий\&. Также заметим, что файл просматривается строка за строкой, и первое подходящее правило будет использовано без проверки оставшихся правил\&. Это позволяет системному администратору осуществлять любой контроль, какой он пожелает\&.
+.SH "ПРИМЕР"
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      # sample /etc/suauth file
+      #
+      # A couple of privileged usernames may
+      # su to root with their own password\&.
+      #
+      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS
+      #
+      # Anyone else may not su to root unless in
+      # group wheel\&. This is how BSD does things\&.
+      #
+      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY
+      #
+      # Perhaps terry and birddog are accounts
+      # owned by the same person\&.
+      # Access can be arranged between them
+      # with no password\&.
+      #
+      terry:birddog:NOPASS
+      birddog:terry:NOPASS
+      #
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/suauth
+.RS 4
+.RE
+.SH "ОШИБКИ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ"
+.PP
+Может быть несколько угроз\&. Анализатор файла, в частности, не прощает синтаксических ошибок, ожидая, что не будет недопустимых пробелов (кроме как в начале и конце строк) и специальных слов, разделяющих различные вещи\&.
+.SH "ДИАГНОСТИКА"
+.PP
+An error parsing the file is reported using
+\fBsyslogd\fR(8)
+as level ERR on facility AUTH\&.
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBsu\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/chgpasswd.8 b/man/ru/man8/chgpasswd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..120042b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/chgpasswd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chgpasswd
+.\"    Author: Thomas K\(/loczko <kloczek@pld.org.pl>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "chgpasswd" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+chgpasswd \- обновляет пароли групп в пакетном режиме
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBchgpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBchgpasswd\fR [\fIпараметры\fR]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchgpasswd\fR
+command reads a list of group name and password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a set of existing groups\&. Each line is of the format:
+.PP
+\fIgroup_name\fR:\fIpassword\fR
+.PP
+By default the supplied password must be in clear\-text, and is encrypted by
+\fBchgpasswd\fR\&.
+.PP
+The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable of
+/etc/login\&.defs, and can be overwritten with the
+\fB\-e\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-c\fR
+options\&.
+.PP
+Данная команда предназначена для работы в крупных системных средах, где за один раз заводится несколько учётных записей\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchgpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR
+.RS 4
+Использовать указанный метод для шифрования паролей\&.
+.sp
+Возможные методы: DES, MD5, NONE и SHA256 или SHA512, если эти методы поддерживается libc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-encrypted\fR
+.RS 4
+Передаваемые пароли заданы в шифрованном виде\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-md5\fR
+.RS 4
+Использовать алгоритм шифрования MD5 вместо DES, если пароли передаются не шифрованными\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR
+.RS 4
+Использовать указанное количество раундов шифрования паролей\&.
+.sp
+Значение 0 означает, что система выберет количество раундов по умолчанию для выбранного метода шифрования (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Минимальное значение равно 1000, а максимальное значение равно 999,999,999\&.
+.sp
+Вы можете использовать этот параметр только при методе шифрования SHA256 или SHA512\&.
+.sp
+By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ПРЕДОСТЕРЕЖЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+Не забудьте установить права или umask, чтобы не позволить чтение не шифрованных файлов другими пользователями\&.
+.PP
+Вы должны проверить, что пароль и метод шифрования соответствует политике системных паролей\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Задаёт системный алгоритм шифрования по умолчанию для шифрования паролей (используется, если алгоритм не указан в командной строке)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Значение по умолчанию равно 0, означающее, что ограничения на количество членов в группе нет\&.
+.sp
+Данная возможность (разделение группы) позволяет ограничить длину строк в файле групп\&. Это полезно для ограничения длины строк групп NIS в 1024 символа\&.
+.sp
+Если вам нужно такое ограничение, укажите значение 25\&.
+.sp
+Замечание: разделение групп поддерживается не всеми инструментами (даже в наборе инструментов Shadow)\&. Вы не должны использовать эту переменную, если вам действительно это ненужно\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Увеличение количества раундов повышает сложность подбора пароля простым перебором\&. Но заметим, что при этом для аутентификации пользователей требуется большее количество процессорных ресурсов\&.
+.sp
+Если не задана, то libc выбирает значение количества раундов по умолчанию (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Значения должны лежать в диапазоне 1000\-999999999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/chpasswd.8 b/man/ru/man8/chpasswd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4207b6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/chpasswd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chpasswd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "chpasswd" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+chpasswd \- обновляет пароли в пакетном режиме
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBchpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBchpasswd\fR [\fIпараметры\fR]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchpasswd\fR
+command reads a list of user name and password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a group of existing users\&. Each line is of the format:
+.PP
+\fIuser_name\fR:\fIpassword\fR
+.PP
+By default the passwords must be supplied in clear\-text, and are encrypted by
+\fBchpasswd\fR\&. Also the password age will be updated, if present\&.
+.PP
+The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+or
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variables of
+/etc/login\&.defs, and can be overwritten with the
+\fB\-e\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-c\fR
+options\&.
+.PP
+\fBchpasswd\fR
+first updates all the passwords in memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no errors occurred for any user\&.
+.PP
+Данная команда предназначена для работы в крупных системных средах, где за один раз заводится несколько учётных записей\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR\ \&\fIMETHOD\fR
+.RS 4
+Использовать указанный метод для шифрования паролей\&.
+.sp
+Возможные методы: DES, MD5, NONE и SHA256 или SHA512, если эти методы поддерживается libc\&.
+.sp
+By default (if none of the
+\fB\-c\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-e\fR
+options are specified), the encryption method is defined by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+or
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variables of
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-encrypted\fR
+.RS 4
+Передаваемые пароли заданы в шифрованном виде\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-md5\fR
+.RS 4
+Использовать алгоритм шифрования MD5 вместо DES, если пароли передаются не шифрованными\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR\ \&\fIROUNDS\fR
+.RS 4
+Использовать указанное количество раундов шифрования паролей\&.
+.sp
+Значение 0 означает, что система выберет количество раундов по умолчанию для выбранного метода шифрования (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Минимальное значение равно 1000, а максимальное значение равно 999,999,999\&.
+.sp
+Вы можете использовать этот параметр только при методе шифрования SHA256 или SHA512\&.
+.sp
+By default, the number of rounds is defined by the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+and
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ПРЕДОСТЕРЕЖЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+Не забудьте установить права или umask, чтобы не позволить чтение не шифрованных файлов другими пользователями\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Задаёт системный алгоритм шифрования по умолчанию для шифрования паролей (используется, если алгоритм не указан в командной строке)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Увеличение количества раундов повышает сложность подбора пароля простым перебором\&. Но заметим, что при этом для аутентификации пользователей требуется большее количество процессорных ресурсов\&.
+.sp
+Если не задана, то libc выбирает значение количества раундов по умолчанию (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Значения должны лежать в диапазоне 1000\-999999999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/faillog.8 b/man/ru/man8/faillog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78f029f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/faillog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: faillog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "faillog" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+faillog \- показывает записи из файла faillog или задаёт предел неудачных попыток входа в систему
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBfaillog\fR\ 'u
+\fBfaillog\fR [\fIпараметры\fR]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR
+displays the contents of the failure log database (/var/log/faillog)\&. It can also set the failure counters and limits\&. When
+\fBfaillog\fR
+is run without arguments, it only displays the faillog records of the users who had a login failure\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBfaillog\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+.RS 4
+Display (or act on) faillog records for all users having an entry in the
+faillog
+database\&.
+.sp
+The range of users can be restricted with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option\&.
+.sp
+В режиме вывода это ограничивает вывод списком существующих пользователей, но при этом для них выводятся даже пустые записи faillog\&.
+.sp
+With the
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR,
+\fB\-r\fR,
+\fB\-t\fR
+options, the users\*(Aq records are changed, even if the user does not exist on the system\&. This is useful to reset records of users that have been deleted or to set a policy in advance for a range of users\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\-secs\fR\ \&\fISEC\fR
+.RS 4
+Lock account for
+\fISEC\fR
+seconds after failed login\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-maximum\fR\ \&\fIMAX\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of login failures after the account is disabled to
+\fIMAX\fR\&.
+.sp
+Selecting a
+\fIMAX\fR
+value of 0 has the effect of not placing a limit on the number of failed logins\&.
+.sp
+The maximum failure count should always be 0 for
+\fIroot\fR
+to prevent a denial of services attack against the system\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reset\fR
+.RS 4
+Сбросить счётчик неудачных попыток входа\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Display faillog records more recent than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR\ \&\fILOGIN\fR|\fIRANGE\fR
+.RS 4
+Display faillog record or maintains failure counters and limits (if used with
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR
+or
+\fB\-r\fR
+options) only for the specified user(s)\&.
+.sp
+The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users\&. This
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users can be specified with a min and max values (\fIUID_MIN\-UID_MAX\fR), a max value (\fI\-UID_MAX\fR), or a min value (\fIUID_MIN\-\fR)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+When none of the
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-r\fR
+options are used,
+\fBfaillog\fR
+displays the faillog record of the specified user(s)\&.
+.SH "ПРЕДОСТЕРЕЖЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR
+only prints out users with no successful login since the last failure\&. To print out a user who has had a successful login since their last failure, you must explicitly request the user with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+flag, or print out all users with the
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag\&.
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+.RS 4
+журнал неудавшихся попыток входа в систему
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBfaillog\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/groupadd.8 b/man/ru/man8/groupadd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d10ec2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/groupadd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupadd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "groupadd" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+groupadd \- создаёт новую группу
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupadd\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupadd\fR [\fIпараметры\fR] \fIгруппа\fR
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command creates a new group account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system\&. The new group will be entered into the system files as needed\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+This option causes the command to simply exit with success status if the specified group already exists\&. When used with
+\fB\-g\fR, and the specified GID already exists, another (unique) GID is chosen (i\&.e\&.
+\fB\-g\fR
+is turned off)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGID\fR
+.RS 4
+The numerical value of the group\*(Aqs ID\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+and greater than every other group\&.
+.sp
+See also the
+\fB\-r\fR
+option and the
+\fBGID_MAX\fR
+description\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-K\fR, \fB\-\-key\fR\ \&\fIKEY\fR=\fIVALUE\fR
+.RS 4
+Overrides
+/etc/login\&.defs
+defaults (GID_MIN, GID_MAX and others)\&. Multiple
+\fB\-K\fR
+options can be specified\&.
+.sp
+Example:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MIN\fR=\fI100\fR\ \&
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+.sp
+Note:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MIN\fR=\fI10\fR,\fIGID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+doesn\*(Aqt work yet\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+Разрешить добавление группы с не уникальным GID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&. The default is to disable the password\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+Вы должны проверить, что пароль соответствует политике системных паролей\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+Создать системную группу\&.
+.sp
+The numeric identifiers of new system groups are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-\fBGID_MAX\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Значение по умолчанию равно 0, означающее, что ограничения на количество членов в группе нет\&.
+.sp
+Данная возможность (разделение группы) позволяет ограничить длину строк в файле групп\&. Это полезно для ограничения длины строк групп NIS в 1024 символа\&.
+.sp
+Если вам нужно такое ограничение, укажите значение 25\&.
+.sp
+Замечание: разделение групп поддерживается не всеми инструментами (даже в наборе инструментов Shadow)\&. Вы не должны использовать эту переменную, если вам действительно это ненужно\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей
+.RE
+.SH "ПРЕДОСТЕРЕЖЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+Имена групп должны начинаться со строчной буквы или символа подчёркивания, и должны состоять только из строчных букв, цифр, символов подчёркивания и минус\&. Они могут заканчиваться знаком доллара\&. Это можно описать регулярным выражением: [a\-z_][a\-z0\-9_\-]*[$]?
+.PP
+Groupnames may only be up to 16 characters long\&.
+.PP
+Нельзя добавить группу NIS или LDAP\&. Это необходимо делать на соответствующем сервере\&.
+.PP
+If the groupname already exists in an external group database such as NIS or LDAP,
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+will deny the group creation request\&.
+.SH "ВОЗВРАЩАЕМЫЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+GID not unique (when
+\fB\-o\fR
+not used)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+group name not unique
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/groupdel.8 b/man/ru/man8/groupdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0cf697
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/groupdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupdel
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "groupdel" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+groupdel \- удаляет группу
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupdel\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupdel\fR [\fIпараметры\fR] \fIГРУППА\fR
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to
+\fIGROUP\fR\&. The named group must exist\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ПРЕДОСТЕРЕЖЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+Вы не можете удалить группу, если она является первичной для существующего пользователя\&. Вы должны удалить пользователя перед тем как удалять группу\&.
+.PP
+Вы должны вручную проверить все файловые системы, чтобы убедиться, что не осталось файлов, принадлежащих удалённой группе\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Значение по умолчанию равно 0, означающее, что ограничения на количество членов в группе нет\&.
+.sp
+Данная возможность (разделение группы) позволяет ограничить длину строк в файле групп\&. Это полезно для ограничения длины строк групп NIS в 1024 символа\&.
+.sp
+Если вам нужно такое ограничение, укажите значение 25\&.
+.sp
+Замечание: разделение групп поддерживается не всеми инструментами (даже в наборе инструментов Shadow)\&. Вы не должны использовать эту переменную, если вам действительно это ненужно\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о группах
+.RE
+.SH "ВОЗВРАЩАЕМЫЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI8\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt remove user\*(Aqs primary group
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/groupmems.8 b/man/ru/man8/groupmems.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b1d299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/groupmems.8
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupmems
+.\"    Author: George Kraft, IV
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "groupmems" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+groupmems \- управляет членами первичной группы пользователя
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupmems\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupmems\fR \-a\ \fIuser_name\fR | \-d\ \fIuser_name\fR | [\-g\ \fIgroup_name\fR] | \-l | \-p 
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+command allows a user to administer their own group membership list without the requirement of superuser privileges\&. The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+utility is for systems that configure its users to be in their own name sake primary group (i\&.e\&., guest / guest)\&.
+.PP
+Only the superuser, as administrator, can use
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+to alter the memberships of other groups\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-add\fR\ \&\fIuser_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a user to the group membership list\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR\ \&\fIuser_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Удалить пользователя из группы\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, the user will be removed from the list of members and administrators of the group\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR\ \&\fIgroup_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Суперпользователь может указать группу, в которой нужно изменить список членов\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать список членов группы\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-purge\fR
+.RS 4
+Вычистить всех пользователей из списка членов группы\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+executable should be in mode
+2710
+as user
+\fIroot\fR
+and in group
+\fIgroups\fR\&. The system administrator can add users to group
+\fIgroups\fR
+to allow or disallow them using the
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+utility to manage their own group membership list\&.
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+	$ groupadd \-r groups
+	$ chmod 2710 groupmems
+	$ chown root\&.groups groupmems
+	$ groupmems \-g groups \-a gk4
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Значение по умолчанию равно 0, означающее, что ограничения на количество членов в группе нет\&.
+.sp
+Данная возможность (разделение группы) позволяет ограничить длину строк в файле групп\&. Это полезно для ограничения длины строк групп NIS в 1024 символа\&.
+.sp
+Если вам нужно такое ограничение, укажите значение 25\&.
+.sp
+Замечание: разделение групп поддерживается не всеми инструментами (даже в наборе инструментов Shadow)\&. Вы не должны использовать эту переменную, если вам действительно это ненужно\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о группах
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/groupmod.8 b/man/ru/man8/groupmod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5527a8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/groupmod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupmod
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "groupmod" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+groupmod \- изменяет определение группы в системе
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupmod\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupmod\fR [\fIпараметры\fR] \fIГРУППА\fR
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command modifies the definition of the specified
+\fIGROUP\fR
+by modifying the appropriate entry in the group database\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGID\fR
+.RS 4
+The group ID of the given
+\fIGROUP\fR
+will be changed to
+\fIGID\fR\&.
+.sp
+The value of
+\fIGID\fR
+must be a non\-negative decimal integer\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&.
+.sp
+У пользователей, которых эта группа является первичной, будет выполнено соответствующее обновление\&.
+.sp
+Any files that have the old group ID and must continue to belong to
+\fIGROUP\fR, must have their group ID changed manually\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to the
+\fBGID_MIN\fR,
+\fBGID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR, or
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-new\-name\fR\ \&\fINEW_GROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the group will be changed from
+\fIGROUP\fR
+to
+\fINEW_GROUP\fR
+name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+When used with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option, allow to change the group
+\fIGID\fR
+to a non\-unique value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+Вы должны проверить, что пароль соответствует политике системных паролей\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Значение по умолчанию равно 0, означающее, что ограничения на количество членов в группе нет\&.
+.sp
+Данная возможность (разделение группы) позволяет ограничить длину строк в файле групп\&. Это полезно для ограничения длины строк групп NIS в 1024 символа\&.
+.sp
+Если вам нужно такое ограничение, укажите значение 25\&.
+.sp
+Замечание: разделение групп поддерживается не всеми инструментами (даже в наборе инструментов Shadow)\&. Вы не должны использовать эту переменную, если вам действительно это ненужно\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.SH "ВОЗВРАЩАЕМЫЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+E_SUCCESS: success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+E_USAGE: invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+E_BAD_ARG: invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+E_GID_IN_USE: specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+E_NOTFOUND: specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+E_NAME_IN_USE: group name already in use
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+E_GRP_UPDATE: can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI11\fR
+.RS 4
+E_CLEANUP_SERVICE: can\*(Aqt setup cleanup service
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+E_PAM_USERNAME: can\*(Aqt determine your username for use with pam
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI13\fR
+.RS 4
+E_PAM_ERROR: pam returned an error, see syslog facility id groupmod for the PAM error message
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/grpck.8 b/man/ru/man8/grpck.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eaec6fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/grpck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: grpck
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "grpck" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+grpck \- проверяет корректность файлов групп
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBgrpck\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpck\fR [параметры] [\fIгруппа\fR\ [\ \fIshadow\fR\ ]]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command verifies the integrity of the groups information\&. It checks that all entries in
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow
+have the proper format and contain valid data\&. The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors\&.
+.PP
+Выполняются следующие проверки:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+правильное количество полей
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+уникальность и корректность имени группы
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid group identifier
+(/etc/group only)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid list of members
+and administrators
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a corresponding entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file (respectively
+/etc/group
+for the
+gshadow
+checks)
+.RE
+.PP
+The checks for correct number of fields and unique group name are fatal\&. If an entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete the entire line\&. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed\&. An entry with a duplicated group name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made\&. All other errors are warnings and the user is encouraged to run the
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command to correct the error\&.
+.PP
+The commands which operate on the
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow files
+are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries\&.
+\fBgrpck\fR
+should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entries\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR
+and
+\fB\-s\fR
+options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-read\-only\fR
+.RS 4
+Execute the
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command in read\-only mode\&. This causes all questions regarding changes to be answered
+\fIno\fR
+without user intervention\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sort\fR
+.RS 4
+Sort entries in
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow
+by GID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+By default,
+\fBgrpck\fR
+operates on
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow\&. The user may select alternate files with the
+\fIgroup\fR
+and \fIshadow\fR parameters\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Значение по умолчанию равно 0, означающее, что ограничения на количество членов в группе нет\&.
+.sp
+Данная возможность (разделение группы) позволяет ограничить длину строк в файле групп\&. Это полезно для ограничения длины строк групп NIS в 1024 символа\&.
+.sp
+Если вам нужно такое ограничение, укажите значение 25\&.
+.sp
+Замечание: разделение групп поддерживается не всеми инструментами (даже в наборе инструментов Shadow)\&. Вы не должны использовать эту переменную, если вам действительно это ненужно\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.SH "ВОЗВРАЩАЕМЫЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+one or more bad group entries
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt open group files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt lock group files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group files
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/grpconv.8 b/man/ru/man8/grpconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/grpconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/grpunconv.8 b/man/ru/man8/grpunconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/grpunconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/lastlog.8 b/man/ru/man8/lastlog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..01a5b20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/lastlog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: lastlog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "lastlog" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+lastlog \- выводит отчёт о последней регистрации в системе всех или указанного пользователя
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBlastlog\fR\ 'u
+\fBlastlog\fR [\fIпараметры\fR]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+\fBlastlog\fR
+formats and prints the contents of the last login log
+/var/log/lastlog
+file\&. The
+\fIlogin\-name\fR,
+\fIport\fR, and
+\fIlast login time\fR
+will be printed\&. The default (no flags) causes lastlog entries to be printed, sorted by their order in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBlastlog\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-before\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Print only lastlog records older than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-C\fR, \fB\-\-clear\fR
+.RS 4
+Clear lastlog record of a user\&. This option can be used only together with
+\fB\-u\fR
+(\fB\-\-user\fR))\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-set\fR
+.RS 4
+Set lastlog record of a user to the current time\&. This option can be used only together with
+\fB\-u\fR
+(\fB\-\-user\fR))\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Print the lastlog records more recent than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR\ \&\fILOGIN\fR|\fIRANGE\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать запись lastlog только для указанного пользователя(ей)\&.
+.sp
+The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users\&. This
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users can be specified with a min and max values (\fIUID_MIN\-UID_MAX\fR), a max value (\fI\-UID_MAX\fR), or a min value (\fIUID_MIN\-\fR)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If the user has never logged in the message
+\fI** Never logged in**\fR
+will be displayed instead of the port and time\&.
+.PP
+Будут показаны записи только для пользователей, имеющих в системе данный момент\&. В журнале могут существовать записи для удалённых ранее пользователей\&.
+.SH "ЗАМЕЧАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+lastlog
+file is a database which contains info on the last login of each user\&. You should not rotate it\&. It is a sparse file, so its size on the disk is usually much smaller than the one shown by "\fBls \-l\fR" (which can indicate a really big file if you have in
+passwd
+users with a high UID)\&. You can display its real size with "\fBls \-s\fR"\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/var/log/lastlog
+.RS 4
+содержит список завершённых сеансов работы с системой
+.RE
+.SH "ПРЕДОСТЕРЕЖЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+Большие промежутки в значениях идентификаторов пользователей приводят к тому, что программа некоторое время ничего не выводит на экран (то есть, если в базе данных lastlog нет пользователей с идентификаторами с 170 по 800, то во время обработки UID с 171 по 799 программа кажется повисшей)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/logoutd.8 b/man/ru/man8/logoutd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a97a36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/logoutd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: logoutd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "logoutd" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+logoutd \- контролирует временные интервалы работы в системе
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBlogoutd\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+enforces the login time and port restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+should be started from
+/etc/rc\&. The
+/var/run/utmp
+file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked to see if the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time\&. Any login session which is violating the restrictions in
+/etc/porttime
+is terminated\&.
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/porttime
+.RS 4
+содержит разрешённое время работы определённых пользователей с определённых портов
+.RE
+.PP
+/var/run/utmp
+.RS 4
+содержит список работающих сеансов в системе
+.RE
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/newusers.8 b/man/ru/man8/newusers.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd146ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/newusers.8
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newusers
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "newusers" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+newusers \- обновляет и создаёт новые учётные записи пользователей в пакетном режиме
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBnewusers\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewusers\fR [\fIпараметры\fR] [\fIфайл\fR]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewusers\fR
+command reads a
+\fIfile\fR
+(or the standard input by default) and uses this information to update a set of existing users or to create new users\&. Each line is in the same format as the standard password file (see
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)) with the exceptions explained below:
+.PP
+pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell
+.PP
+\fIpw_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Имя пользователя\&.
+.sp
+It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR)\&. In case of an existing user, the user\*(Aqs information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_passwd\fR
+.RS 4
+Это поле будет зашифровано и использовано как новое значение шифрованного пароля\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI pw_gid\fR
+.RS 4
+Это поле используется для определения UID пользователя\&.
+.sp
+If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+Если в этом поле указано число, то оно будет использовано в качестве UID\&.
+.sp
+If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR), the UID of the specified user will be used\&.
+.sp
+Если изменяется UID существующего пользователя, то у файлов, которыми владел этот пользователь, нужно вручную переопределить владельца\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_gid\fR
+.RS 4
+Это поле используется для определения ID первичной группы пользователя\&.
+.sp
+If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR), the GID of this group will be used as the primary group ID for the user\&.
+.sp
+Если в этом поле содержится число, то это число будет использовано как ID первичной группы пользователя\&. Если с таким GID не существует, то будет создана новая группа с этим GID и именем пользователя\&.
+.sp
+If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the user and a GID will be automatically defined by
+\fBnewusers\fR
+to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new group\&.
+.sp
+If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR), a new group will be created with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by
+\fBnewusers\fR
+to be used as the primary group ID for the user and GID for the new group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_gecos\fR
+.RS 4
+Это поле копируется в поле GECOS записи пользователя\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_dir\fR
+.RS 4
+Это поле используется для определения домашнего каталога пользователя\&.
+.sp
+Если это поле указывает на несуществующий каталог, то указанный каталог создаётся, его владельцем назначается создаваемый или обновляемый пользователь и его первичная группа\&.
+.sp
+If the home directory of an existing user is changed,
+\fBnewusers\fR
+does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new location\&. This should be done manually\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_shell\fR
+.RS 4
+В этом поле задаётся пользовательская оболочка\&. Никаких проверок поля не делается\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBnewusers\fR
+first tries to create or change all the specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group databases\&. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), no changes are committed to the databases\&.
+.PP
+Данная команда предназначена для работы в крупных системных средах, где за один раз обновляется несколько учётных записей\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBnewusers\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR
+.RS 4
+Использовать указанный метод для шифрования паролей\&.
+.sp
+Возможные методы: DES, MD5, NONE и SHA256 или SHA512, если эти методы поддерживается libc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+Создать системную учётную запись\&.
+.sp
+System users will be created with no aging information in
+/etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-\fBUID_MAX\fR
+(and their
+\fBGID\fR
+counterparts for the creation of groups)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR
+.RS 4
+Использовать указанное количество раундов шифрования паролей\&.
+.sp
+Значение 0 означает, что система выберет количество раундов по умолчанию для выбранного метода шифрования (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Минимальное значение равно 1000, а максимальное значение равно 999,999,999\&.
+.sp
+Вы можете использовать этот параметр только при методе шифрования SHA256 или SHA512\&.
+.sp
+By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ПРЕДОСТЕРЕЖЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+Файл с входными данными должен быть защищён, так как в нём содержатся не шифрованные пароли\&.
+.PP
+Вы должны проверить, что пароль и метод шифрования соответствует политике системных паролей\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Задаёт системный алгоритм шифрования по умолчанию для шифрования паролей (используется, если алгоритм не указан в командной строке)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
+\fBUMASK\fR
+is used to create the mode\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Значение по умолчанию равно 0, означающее, что ограничения на количество членов в группе нет\&.
+.sp
+Данная возможность (разделение группы) позволяет ограничить длину строк в файле групп\&. Это полезно для ограничения длины строк групп NIS в 1024 символа\&.
+.sp
+Если вам нужно такое ограничение, укажите значение 25\&.
+.sp
+Замечание: разделение групп поддерживается не всеми инструментами (даже в наборе инструментов Shadow)\&. Вы не должны использовать эту переменную, если вам действительно это ненужно\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Максимальное число дней использования пароля\&. Если пароль старее этого числа, то будет запущена процедура смены пароля\&. Если значение не задано, то предполагается значение \-1 (то есть возможность ограничения не используется)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Максимальное число дней между изменениями пароля\&. Любая смена пароля ранее заданного срока выполнена не будет\&. Если значение не задано, то предполагается значение \-1 (то есть возможность ограничения не используется)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Число дней за которое начнёт выдаваться предупреждение об устаревании пароля\&. Нулевое значение означает, что предупреждение выдаётся в день устаревания, при отрицательном значении предупреждение выдаваться не будет\&. Если значение не задано, выдача предупреждения отключается\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Увеличение количества раундов повышает сложность подбора пароля простым перебором\&. Но заметим, что при этом для аутентификации пользователей требуется большее количество процессорных ресурсов\&.
+.sp
+Если не задана, то libc выбирает значение количества раундов по умолчанию (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Значения должны лежать в диапазоне 1000\-999999999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Задаёт начальное значение маски доступа для создаваемых файлов\&. Если не указано, то маска устанавливается в 022\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/nologin.8 b/man/ru/man8/nologin.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61c6b07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/nologin.8
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: nologin
+.\"    Author: Nicolas Fran\(,cois <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "nologin" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+nologin \- вежливо отказывает во входе в систему
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBnologin\fR\ 'u
+\fBnologin\fR
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnologin\fR
+command displays a message that an account is not available and exits non\-zero\&. It is intended as a replacement shell field for accounts that have been disabled\&.
+.PP
+To disable all logins, investigate
+\fBnologin\fR(5)\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBSSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND\fR
+is populated it will be logged\&.
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnologin\fR(5)\&.
+.SH "ИСТОРИЯ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnologin\fR
+command appeared in BSD 4\&.4\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/pwck.8 b/man/ru/man8/pwck.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f692d39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/pwck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: pwck
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "pwck" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+pwck \- проверяет целостность файлов паролей
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBpwck\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwck\fR [параметры] [\fIpasswd\fR\ [\ \fIshadow\fR\ ]]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwck\fR
+command verifies the integrity of the users and authentication information\&. It checks that all entries in
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow
+have the proper format and contain valid data\&. The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors\&.
+.PP
+Выполняются следующие проверки:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+правильное количество полей
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+уникальность и корректность имени пользователя
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+корректность идентификатора пользователя и группы
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+корректность первичной группы
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+корректность домашнего каталога
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+корректность регистрационной оболочки
+.RE
+.PP
+shadow
+checks are enabled when a second file parameter is specified or when
+/etc/shadow
+exists on the system\&.
+.PP
+Выполняются следующие проверки:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+что каждая запись passwd имеет соответствующую запись shadow и каждая запись shadow имеет соответствующую запись passwd
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+пароли указаны в теневом файле
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+записи shadow содержат корректное количество полей
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+записи shadow уникальны в shadow
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+дата последней смены пароля не находится в будущем
+.RE
+.PP
+The checks for correct number of fields and unique user name are fatal\&. If the entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete the entire line\&. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed\&. An entry with a duplicated user name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made\&. All other errors are warning and the user is encouraged to run the
+\fBusermod\fR
+command to correct the error\&.
+.PP
+The commands which operate on the
+/etc/passwd
+file are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries\&.
+\fBpwck\fR
+should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entry\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR
+and
+\fB\-s\fR
+options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpwck\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+Сообщать только об ошибках\&. Предупреждения, которые не требуют от пользователя никаких действий, показаны не будут\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-read\-only\fR
+.RS 4
+Execute the
+\fBpwck\fR
+command in read\-only mode\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sort\fR
+.RS 4
+Sort entries in
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow
+by UID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+By default,
+\fBpwck\fR
+operates on the files
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow\&. The user may select alternate files with the
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and
+\fIshadow\fR
+parameters\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Максимальное число дней использования пароля\&. Если пароль старее этого числа, то будет запущена процедура смены пароля\&. Если значение не задано, то предполагается значение \-1 (то есть возможность ограничения не используется)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Максимальное число дней между изменениями пароля\&. Любая смена пароля ранее заданного срока выполнена не будет\&. Если значение не задано, то предполагается значение \-1 (то есть возможность ограничения не используется)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Число дней за которое начнёт выдаваться предупреждение об устаревании пароля\&. Нулевое значение означает, что предупреждение выдаётся в день устаревания, при отрицательном значении предупреждение выдаваться не будет\&. Если значение не задано, выдача предупреждения отключается\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.SH "ВОЗВРАЩАЕМЫЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwck\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+one or more bad password entries
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt open password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt lock password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt sort password files
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/pwconv.8 b/man/ru/man8/pwconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..714fc1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/pwconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: pwconv
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "pwconv" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+pwconv, pwunconv, grpconv, grpunconv \- преобразует пароли пользователей и групп в/из защищённую форму
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBpwconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwconv\fR [\fIпараметры\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBpwunconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwunconv\fR [\fIпараметры\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBgrpconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpconv\fR [\fIпараметры\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBgrpunconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpunconv\fR [\fIпараметры\fR]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIshadow\fR
+from
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and an optionally existing
+\fIshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwunconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIpasswd\fR
+from
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and
+\fIshadow\fR
+and then removes
+\fIshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIgshadow\fR
+from
+\fIgroup\fR
+and an optionally existing
+\fIgshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpunconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIgroup\fR
+from
+\fIgroup\fR
+and
+\fIgshadow\fR
+and then removes
+\fIgshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+These four programs all operate on the normal and shadow password and group files:
+/etc/passwd,
+/etc/group,
+/etc/shadow, and
+/etc/gshadow\&.
+.PP
+Each program acquires the necessary locks before conversion\&.
+\fBpwconv\fR
+and
+\fBgrpconv\fR
+are similar\&. First, entries in the shadowed file which don\*(Aqt exist in the main file are removed\&. Then, shadowed entries which don\*(Aqt have `x\*(Aq as the password in the main file are updated\&. Any missing shadowed entries are added\&. Finally, passwords in the main file are replaced with `x\*(Aq\&. These programs can be used for initial conversion as well to update the shadowed file if the main file is edited by hand\&.
+.PP
+\fBpwconv\fR
+will use the values of
+\fIPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR,
+\fIPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR, and
+\fIPASS_WARN_AGE\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs
+when adding new entries to
+/etc/shadow\&.
+.PP
+Likewise
+\fBpwunconv\fR
+and
+\fBgrpunconv\fR
+are similar\&. Passwords in the main file are updated from the shadowed file\&. Entries which exist in the main file but not in the shadowed file are left alone\&. Finally, the shadowed file is removed\&. Some password aging information is lost by
+\fBpwunconv\fR\&. It will convert what it can\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpwconv\fR,
+\fBpwunconv\fR,
+\fBgrpconv\fR, and
+\fBgrpunconv\fR
+commands are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ОШИБКИ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ"
+.PP
+Errors in the password or group files (such as invalid or duplicate entries) may cause these programs to loop forever or fail in other strange ways\&. Please run
+\fBpwck\fR
+and
+\fBgrpck\fR
+to correct any such errors before converting to or from shadow passwords or groups\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+changes the behavior of
+\fBgrpconv\fR
+and
+\fBgrpunconv\fR:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Значение по умолчанию равно 0, означающее, что ограничения на количество членов в группе нет\&.
+.sp
+Данная возможность (разделение группы) позволяет ограничить длину строк в файле групп\&. Это полезно для ограничения длины строк групп NIS в 1024 символа\&.
+.sp
+Если вам нужно такое ограничение, укажите значение 25\&.
+.sp
+Замечание: разделение групп поддерживается не всеми инструментами (даже в наборе инструментов Shadow)\&. Вы не должны использовать эту переменную, если вам действительно это ненужно\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of
+\fBpwconv\fR:
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Максимальное число дней использования пароля\&. Если пароль старее этого числа, то будет запущена процедура смены пароля\&. Если значение не задано, то предполагается значение \-1 (то есть возможность ограничения не используется)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Максимальное число дней между изменениями пароля\&. Любая смена пароля ранее заданного срока выполнена не будет\&. Если значение не задано, то предполагается значение \-1 (то есть возможность ограничения не используется)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Число дней за которое начнёт выдаваться предупреждение об устаревании пароля\&. Нулевое значение означает, что предупреждение выдаётся в день устаревания, при отрицательном значении предупреждение выдаваться не будет\&. Если значение не задано, выдача предупреждения отключается\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/pwunconv.8 b/man/ru/man8/pwunconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/pwunconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/sulogin.8 b/man/ru/man8/sulogin.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2db1b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/sulogin.8
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: sulogin
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "sulogin" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+sulogin \- Single\-user login
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.PP
+\fBsulogin\fR
+[\fItty\-device\fR]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsulogin\fR
+command is invoked by
+\fBinit\fR
+prior to allowing the user access to the system when in single user mode\&. This feature may only be available on certain systems where
+\fBinit\fR
+has been modified accordingly, or where the
+/etc/inittab
+has an entry for a single user login\&.
+.PP
+The user is prompted
+.PP
+Type control\-d to proceed with normal startup,
+(or give root password for system maintenance):
+.PP
+Input and output will be performed with the standard file descriptors unless the optional device name argument is provided\&.
+.PP
+If the user enters the correct root password, a login session is initiated\&. When
+\fIEOF\fR
+is pressed instead, the system enters multi\-user mode\&.
+.PP
+After the user exits the single\-user shell, or presses
+\fIEOF\fR, the system begins the initialization process required to enter multi\-user mode\&.
+.SH "ПРЕДОСТЕРЕЖЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+This command can only be used if
+\fBinit\fR
+has been modified to call
+\fBsulogin\fR
+instead of
+/bin/sh, or if the user has set the
+\fIinittab\fR
+to support a single user login\&. For example, the line:
+.PP
+co:s:respawn:/etc/sulogin /dev/console
+.PP
+should execute the sulogin command in single user mode\&.
+.PP
+As complete an environment as possible is created\&. However, various devices may be unmounted or uninitialized and many of the user commands may be unavailable or nonfunctional as a result\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1),
+\fBinit\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/useradd.8 b/man/ru/man8/useradd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3df76a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/useradd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: useradd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "useradd" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+useradd \- регистрирует нового пользователя или изменяет информацию по умолчанию о новых пользователях
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
+\fBuseradd\fR [\fIпараметры\fR] \fIУЧЁТНАЯ_ЗАПИСЬ\fR
+.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
+\fBuseradd\fR \-D
+.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
+\fBuseradd\fR \-D [\fIпараметры\fR]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+When invoked without the
+\fB\-D\fR
+option, the
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command creates a new user account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system\&. Depending on command line options, the
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command will update system files and may also create the new user\*(Aqs home directory and copy initial files\&.
+.PP
+By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see
+\fB\-g\fR,
+\fB\-N\fR,
+\fB\-U\fR, and
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR)\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-base\-dir\fR\ \&\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The default base directory for the system if
+\fB\-d\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+is not specified\&.
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+is concatenated with the account name to define the home directory\&. If the
+\fB\-m\fR
+option is not used,
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+must exist\&.
+.sp
+If this option is not specified,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will use the base directory specified by the
+\fBHOME\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or
+/home
+by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-comment\fR\ \&\fICOMMENT\fR
+.RS 4
+Любая текстовая строка\&. Обычно, здесь коротко описывается учётная запись, и в настоящее время используется как поле для имени и фамилии пользователя\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-home\-dir\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The new user will be created using
+\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+as the value for the user\*(Aqs login directory\&. The default is to append the
+\fILOGIN\fR
+name to
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+and use that as the login directory name\&. The directory
+\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+does not have to exist but will not be created if it is missing\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-defaults\fR
+.RS 4
+Смотрите далее в подразделе \(FoИзменение значений по умолчанию\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+The date on which the user account will be disabled\&. The date is specified in the format
+\fIYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR\&.
+.sp
+If not specified,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will use the default expiry date specified by the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or an empty string (no expiry) by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Если указано значение 0, то учётная запись блокируется сразу после устаревания пароля, а при значении \-1 данная возможность не используется\&.
+.sp
+If not specified,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will use the default inactivity period specified by the
+\fBINACTIVE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or \-1 by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+Имя или числовой идентификатор первичной группы пользователя\&. Группа с таким именем должна существовать\&. Идентификатор группы должен указывать на уже существующую группу\&.
+.sp
+If not specified, the behavior of
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will depend on the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&. If this variable is set to
+\fIyes\fR
+(or
+\fB\-U/\-\-user\-group\fR
+is specified on the command line), a group will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname\&. If the variable is set to
+\fIno\fR
+(or
+\fB\-N/\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
+is specified on the command line), useradd will set the primary group of the new user to the value specified by the
+\fBGROUP\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or 100 by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-groups\fR\ \&\fIGROUP1\fR[\fI,GROUP2,\&.\&.\&.\fR[\fI,GROUPN\fR]]]
+.RS 4
+A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of\&. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace\&. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option\&. The default is for the user to belong only to the initial group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-skel\fR\ \&\fISKEL_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in the user\*(Aqs home directory, when the home directory is created by
+\fBuseradd\fR\&.
+.sp
+This option is only valid if the
+\fB\-m\fR
+(or
+\fB\-\-create\-home\fR) option is specified\&.
+.sp
+If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the
+\fBSKEL\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd
+or, by default,
+/etc/skel\&.
+.sp
+Если возможно, выполняется копирование ACL и расширенных атрибутов\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-K\fR, \fB\-\-key\fR\ \&\fIKEY\fR=\fIVALUE\fR
+.RS 4
+Overrides
+/etc/login\&.defs
+defaults (\fBUID_MIN\fR,
+\fBUID_MAX\fR,
+\fBUMASK\fR,
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR
+and others)\&.
+
+Example:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR=\fI\-1\fR
+can be used when creating system account to turn off password aging, even though system account has no password at all\&. Multiple
+\fB\-K\fR
+options can be specified, e\&.g\&.:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIUID_MIN\fR=\fI100\fR\ \&
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIUID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-no\-log\-init\fR
+.RS 4
+Не добавлять пользователя в базы данных lastlog и faillog\&.
+.sp
+By default, the user\*(Aqs entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are reset to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-create\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+Create the user\*(Aqs home directory if it does not exist\&. The files and directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with the
+\fB\-k\fR
+option) will be copied to the home directory\&.
+.sp
+By default, if this option is not specified and
+\fBCREATE_HOME\fR
+is not enabled, no home directories are created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-no\-create\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+Do no create the user\*(Aqs home directory, even if the system wide setting from
+/etc/login\&.defs
+(\fBCREATE_HOME\fR) is set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to the group specified by the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option or by the
+\fBGROUP\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.sp
+The default behavior (if the
+\fB\-g\fR,
+\fB\-N\fR, and
+\fB\-U\fR
+options are not specified) is defined by the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+Разрешить создание учётной записи с уже имеющимся (не уникальным) UID\&.
+.sp
+This option is only valid in combination with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&. The default is to disable the password\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+Вы должны проверить, что пароль соответствует политике системных паролей\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+Создать системную учётную запись\&.
+.sp
+System users will be created with no aging information in
+/etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+/etc/login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-\fBUID_MAX\fR
+(and their
+\fBGID\fR
+counterparts for the creation of groups)\&.
+.sp
+Note that
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will not create a home directory for such a user, regardless of the default setting in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+(\fBCREATE_HOME\fR)\&. You have to specify the
+\fB\-m\fR
+options if you want a home directory for a system account to be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the user\*(Aqs login shell\&. The default is to leave this field blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified by the
+\fBSHELL\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or an empty string by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-uid\fR\ \&\fIUID\fR
+.RS 4
+The numerical value of the user\*(Aqs ID\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+and greater than every other user\&.
+.sp
+See also the
+\fB\-r\fR
+option and the
+\fBUID_MAX\fR
+description\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-U\fR, \fB\-\-user\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+Создать группу с тем же именем что и у пользователя, и добавить пользователя в эту группу\&.
+.sp
+The default behavior (if the
+\fB\-g\fR,
+\fB\-N\fR, and
+\fB\-U\fR
+options are not specified) is defined by the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR\ \&\fISEUSER\fR
+.RS 4
+Пользователь SELinux для регистрационной оболочки пользователя\&. По умолчанию это поле пусто, что заставляет систему выбрать пользователя SELinux по умолчанию\&.
+.RE
+.SS "Изменение значений по умолчанию"
+.PP
+When invoked with only the
+\fB\-D\fR
+option,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will display the current default values\&. When invoked with
+\fB\-D\fR
+plus other options,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will update the default values for the specified options\&. Valid default\-changing options are:
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-base\-dir\fR\ \&\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The path prefix for a new user\*(Aqs home directory\&. The user\*(Aqs name will be affixed to the end of
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+to form the new user\*(Aqs home directory name, if the
+\fB\-d\fR
+option is not used when creating a new account\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBHOME\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+Дата, когда учётная запись пользователя заблокирована\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Число дней, которые должны пройти после устаревания пароля, перед тем как учётная запись будет заблокирована\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBINACTIVE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+The group name or ID for a new user\*(Aqs initial group (when the
+\fB\-N/\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
+is used or when the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable is set to
+\fIno\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs)\&. The named group must exist, and a numerical group ID must have an existing entry\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBGROUP\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+Имя новой регистрационной командной оболочки пользователя\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBSHELL\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ЗАМЕЧАНИЯ"
+.PP
+The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files in the
+/etc/skel/
+directory (or any other skeleton directory specified in
+/etc/default/useradd
+or on the command line)\&.
+.SH "ПРЕДОСТЕРЕЖЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+Нельзя добавить пользователя в группу NIS или LDAP\&. Это необходимо делать на соответствующем сервере\&.
+.PP
+Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such as NIS or LDAP,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will deny the user account creation request\&.
+.PP
+Имена пользователей должны начинаться со строчной буквы или символа подчёркивания, и должны состоять только из строчных букв, цифр, символов подчёркивания и минус\&. Они могут заканчиваться знаком доллара\&. Это можно описать регулярным выражением: [a\-z_][a\-z0\-9_\-]*[$]?
+.PP
+Имена пользователей могут быть длиной не более 32 знаков\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCREATE_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Определяет, должен ли создаваться по умолчанию домашний каталог для новых пользователей\&.
+.sp
+Эта переменная не влияет на системных пользователей и может быть переопределена из командной строки\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
+\fBUMASK\fR
+is used to create the mode\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Почтовый каталог\&. Данный параметр нужен для управления почтовым ящиком при изменении или удалении учётной записи пользователя\&. Если параметр не задан, то используется значение указанное при сборке\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Определяет расположение почтовых файлов пользователя относительно домашнего каталога\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Значение по умолчанию равно 0, означающее, что ограничения на количество членов в группе нет\&.
+.sp
+Данная возможность (разделение группы) позволяет ограничить длину строк в файле групп\&. Это полезно для ограничения длины строк групп NIS в 1024 символа\&.
+.sp
+Если вам нужно такое ограничение, укажите значение 25\&.
+.sp
+Замечание: разделение групп поддерживается не всеми инструментами (даже в наборе инструментов Shadow)\&. Вы не должны использовать эту переменную, если вам действительно это ненужно\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Максимальное число дней использования пароля\&. Если пароль старее этого числа, то будет запущена процедура смены пароля\&. Если значение не задано, то предполагается значение \-1 (то есть возможность ограничения не используется)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Максимальное число дней между изменениями пароля\&. Любая смена пароля ранее заданного срока выполнена не будет\&. Если значение не задано, то предполагается значение \-1 (то есть возможность ограничения не используется)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Число дней за которое начнёт выдаваться предупреждение об устаревании пароля\&. Нулевое значение означает, что предупреждение выдаётся в день устаревания, при отрицательном значении предупреждение выдаваться не будет\&. Если значение не задано, выдача предупреждения отключается\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Задаёт начальное значение маски доступа для создаваемых файлов\&. Если не указано, то маска устанавливается в 022\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Включает установку группы битов umask равной битам владельца (пример: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) для не суперпользователей, если uid равен gid и имя пользователя совпадает с именем первичной группы\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/default/useradd
+.RS 4
+значения по умолчанию для создаваемой учётной записи
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/skel/
+.RS 4
+каталог, содержащий файлы по умолчанию
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей
+.RE
+.SH "ВОЗВРАЩАЕМЫЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+UID already in use (and no
+\fB\-o\fR)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+username already in use
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt create home directory
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI14\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update SELinux user mapping
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/userdel.8 b/man/ru/man8/userdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..82e8619
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/userdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: userdel
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "userdel" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+userdel \- удаляет учётную запись и файлы пользователя
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBuserdel\fR\ 'u
+\fBuserdel\fR [параметры] \fIУЧЁТНАЯ_ЗАПИСЬ\fR
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to the user name
+\fILOGIN\fR\&. The named user must exist\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+This option forces the removal of the user account, even if the user is still logged in\&. It also forces
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to remove the user\*(Aqs home directory and mail spool, even if another user uses the same home directory or if the mail spool is not owned by the specified user\&. If
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+is defined to
+\fIyes\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+and if a group exists with the same name as the deleted user, then this group will be removed, even if it is still the primary group of another user\&.
+.sp
+\fINote:\fR
+This option is dangerous and may leave your system in an inconsistent state\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-remove\fR
+.RS 4
+Файлы в домашнем каталоге пользователя будут удалены вместе с самим домашним каталогом и почтовым ящиком\&. Пользовательские файлы, расположенные в других файловых системах, нужно искать и удалять вручную\&.
+.sp
+The mail spool is defined by the
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+variable in the
+login\&.defs
+file\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR
+.RS 4
+Удаляет все пользовательские сопоставления SELinux для учётной записи пользователя\&.
+.RE
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Почтовый каталог\&. Данный параметр нужен для управления почтовым ящиком при изменении или удалении учётной записи пользователя\&. Если параметр не задан, то используется значение указанное при сборке\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Определяет расположение почтовых файлов пользователя относительно домашнего каталога\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Значение по умолчанию равно 0, означающее, что ограничения на количество членов в группе нет\&.
+.sp
+Данная возможность (разделение группы) позволяет ограничить длину строк в файле групп\&. Это полезно для ограничения длины строк групп NIS в 1024 символа\&.
+.sp
+Если вам нужно такое ограничение, укажите значение 25\&.
+.sp
+Замечание: разделение групп поддерживается не всеми инструментами (даже в наборе инструментов Shadow)\&. Вы не должны использовать эту переменную, если вам действительно это ненужно\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERDEL_CMD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Определяет программу, которая будет запущена при удалении пользователя\&. Она должна удалять любые задания at/cron/печати удаляемого пользователя (передаётся в качестве первого аргумента)\&.
+.sp
+Возвращаемый сценарием код завершения не учитывается\&.
+.sp
+Here is an example script, which removes the user\*(Aqs cron, at and print jobs:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+#! /bin/sh
+
+# Check for the required argument\&.
+if [ $# != 1 ]; then
+	echo "Usage: $0 username"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Remove cron jobs\&.
+crontab \-r \-u $1
+
+# Remove at jobs\&.
+# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,
+# even if it was shared by a different username\&.
+AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs
+find $AT_SPOOL_DIR \-name "[^\&.]*" \-type f \-user $1 \-delete \e;
+
+# Remove print jobs\&.
+lprm $1
+
+# All done\&.
+exit 0
+      
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.sp
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Включает установку группы битов umask равной битам владельца (пример: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) для не суперпользователей, если uid равен gid и имя пользователя совпадает с именем первичной группы\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ВОЗВРАЩАЕМЫЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified user doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI8\fR
+.RS 4
+user currently logged in
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt remove home directory
+.RE
+.SH "ПРЕДОСТЕРЕЖЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will not allow you to remove an account if there are running processes which belong to this account\&. In that case, you may have to kill those processes or lock the user\*(Aqs password or account and remove the account later\&. The
+\fB\-f\fR
+option can force the deletion of this account\&.
+.PP
+Вы должны вручную проверить все файловые системы, чтобы убедиться, что не осталось файлов, принадлежащих этому пользователю\&.
+.PP
+Нельзя удалить NIS атрибуты клиента NIS\&. Это необходимо сделать на NIS сервере\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+is defined to
+\fIyes\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will delete the group with the same name as the user\&. To avoid inconsistencies in the passwd and group databases,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will check that this group is not used as a primary group for another user, and will just warn without deleting the group otherwise\&. The
+\fB\-f\fR
+option can force the deletion of this group\&.
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/usermod.8 b/man/ru/man8/usermod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..291b69a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/usermod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: usermod
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "usermod" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+usermod \- изменяет учётную запись пользователя
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBusermod\fR\ 'u
+\fBusermod\fR [\fIпараметры\fR] \fIУЧЁТНАЯ_ЗАПИСЬ\fR
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBusermod\fR
+command modifies the system account files to reflect the changes that are specified on the command line\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBusermod\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-append\fR
+.RS 4
+Add the user to the supplementary group(s)\&. Use only with the
+\fB\-G\fR
+option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-badnames\fR
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-comment\fR\ \&\fICOMMENT\fR
+.RS 4
+The new value of the user\*(Aqs password file comment field\&. It is normally modified using the
+\fBchfn\fR(1)
+utility\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-home\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Домашний каталог нового пользователя\&.
+.sp
+If the
+\fB\-m\fR
+option is given, the contents of the current home directory will be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it does not already exist\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+The date on which the user account will be disabled\&. The date is specified in the format
+\fIYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR\&.
+.sp
+An empty
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+argument will disable the expiration of the account\&.
+.sp
+This option requires a
+/etc/shadow
+file\&. A
+/etc/shadow
+entry will be created if there were none\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Количество дней, которые должны пройти после устаревания пароля, чтобы учётная запись заблокировалась навсегда\&.
+.sp
+Если указано значение 0, то учётная запись блокируется сразу после устаревания пароля, а при значении \-1 данная возможность не используется\&.
+.sp
+This option requires a
+/etc/shadow
+file\&. A
+/etc/shadow
+entry will be created if there were none\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+Имя или числовой идентификатор новой первичной группы пользователя\&. Группа с таким именем должна существовать\&.
+.sp
+Все файлы в домашнем каталоге пользователя, принадлежавшие предыдущей первичной группе пользователя, будут принадлежать новой группе\&.
+.sp
+Группового владельца файлов вне домашнего каталога нужно изменить вручную\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-groups\fR\ \&\fIGROUP1\fR[\fI,GROUP2,\&.\&.\&.\fR[\fI,GROUPN\fR]]]
+.RS 4
+A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of\&. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace\&. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option\&.
+.sp
+If the user is currently a member of a group which is not listed, the user will be removed from the group\&. This behaviour can be changed via the
+\fB\-a\fR
+option, which appends the user to the current supplementary group list\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR\ \&\fINEW_LOGIN\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the user will be changed from
+\fILOGIN\fR
+to
+\fINEW_LOGIN\fR\&. Nothing else is changed\&. In particular, the user\*(Aqs home directory or mail spool should probably be renamed manually to reflect the new login name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-lock\fR
+.RS 4
+Lock a user\*(Aqs password\&. This puts a \*(Aq!\*(Aq in front of the encrypted password, effectively disabling the password\&. You can\*(Aqt use this option with
+\fB\-p\fR
+or
+\fB\-U\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: if you wish to lock the account (not only access with a password), you should also set the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+to
+\fI1\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-move\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+Переместить содержимое домашнего каталога в новое место\&.
+.sp
+This option is only valid in combination with the
+\fB\-d\fR
+(or
+\fB\-\-home\fR) option\&.
+.sp
+\fBusermod\fR
+will try to adapt the ownership of the files and to copy the modes, ACL and extended attributes, but manual changes might be needed afterwards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+When used with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option, this option allows to change the user ID to a non\-unique value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+Вы должны проверить, что пароль соответствует политике системных паролей\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+Имя новой регистрационной оболочки пользователя\&. Если задать пустое значение, то будет использована регистрационная оболочка по умолчанию\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-uid\fR\ \&\fIUID\fR
+.RS 4
+Новый числовой идентификатор пользователя (UID)\&.
+.sp
+This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&.
+.sp
+Для почтового ящика и всех файлов, которыми владеет пользователь и которые расположены в его домашнем каталоге, идентификатор владельца файла будет изменён автоматически\&.
+.sp
+Для файлов, расположенных вне домашнего каталога, идентификатор нужно изменять вручную\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to the
+\fBUID_MIN\fR,
+\fBUID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR, or
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-U\fR, \fB\-\-unlock\fR
+.RS 4
+Unlock a user\*(Aqs password\&. This removes the \*(Aq!\*(Aq in front of the encrypted password\&. You can\*(Aqt use this option with
+\fB\-p\fR
+or
+\fB\-L\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: if you wish to unlock the account (not only access with a password), you should also set the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+(for example to
+\fI99999\fR, or to the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+value from
+/etc/default/useradd)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-add\-subuids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a range of subordinate uids to the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a users account\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-V\fR, \fB\-\-del\-subuids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove a range of subordinate uids from the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a users account\&. When both
+\fB\-\-del\-subuids\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-add\-subuids\fR
+are specified, the removal of all subordinate uid ranges happens before any subordinate uid range is added\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-add\-subgids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a range of subordinate gids to the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a users account\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-del\-subgids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove a range of subordinate gids from the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a users account\&. When both
+\fB\-\-del\-subgids\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-add\-subgids\fR
+are specified, the removal of all subordinate gid ranges happens before any subordinate gid range is added\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR\ \&\fISEUSER\fR
+.RS 4
+Новый пользователь SELinux для пользовательского входа\&.
+.sp
+A blank
+\fISEUSER\fR
+will remove the SELinux user mapping for user
+\fILOGIN\fR
+(if any)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ПРЕДОСТЕРЕЖЕНИЯ"
+.PP
+You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes when this command is being executed if the user\*(Aqs numerical user ID, the user\*(Aqs name, or the user\*(Aqs home directory is being changed\&.
+\fBusermod\fR
+checks this on Linux\&. On other platforms it only uses utmp to check if the user is logged in\&.
+.PP
+You must change the owner of any
+\fBcrontab\fR
+files or
+\fBat\fR
+jobs manually\&.
+.PP
+Вы должны сделать все изменения NIS на сервере NIS самостоятельно\&.
+.SH "НАСТРОЙКА"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Почтовый каталог\&. Данный параметр нужен для управления почтовым ящиком при изменении или удалении учётной записи пользователя\&. Если параметр не задан, то используется значение указанное при сборке\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Определяет расположение почтовых файлов пользователя относительно домашнего каталога\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+Значение по умолчанию равно 0, означающее, что ограничения на количество членов в группе нет\&.
+.sp
+Данная возможность (разделение группы) позволяет ограничить длину строк в файле групп\&. Это полезно для ограничения длины строк групп NIS в 1024 символа\&.
+.sp
+Если вам нужно такое ограничение, укажите значение 25\&.
+.sp
+Замечание: разделение групп поддерживается не всеми инструментами (даже в наборе инструментов Shadow)\&. Вы не должны использовать эту переменную, если вам действительно это ненужно\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+содержит конфигурацию подсистемы теневых паролей
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/vigr.8 b/man/ru/man8/vigr.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff72d7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/vigr.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/vipw.8
diff --git a/man/ru/man8/vipw.8 b/man/ru/man8/vipw.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd8ab4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/ru/man8/vipw.8
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: vipw
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 01/23/2020
+.\"    Manual: Команды управления системой
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Russian
+.\"
+.TH "vipw" "8" "01/23/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Команды управления системой"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "НАЗВАНИЕ"
+vipw, vigr \- позволяют редактировать файлы паролей, групп, теневых паролей пользователей или групп\&.
+.SH "СИНТАКСИС"
+.HP \w'\fBvipw\fR\ 'u
+\fBvipw\fR [\fIпараметры\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBvigr\fR\ 'u
+\fBvigr\fR [\fIпараметры\fR]
+.SH "ОПИСАНИЕ"
+.PP
+The
+\fBvipw\fR
+and
+\fBvigr\fR
+commands edits the files
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/group, respectively\&. With the
+\fB\-s\fR
+flag, they will edit the shadow versions of those files,
+/etc/shadow
+and
+/etc/gshadow, respectively\&. The programs will set the appropriate locks to prevent file corruption\&. When looking for an editor, the programs will first try the environment variable
+\fB$VISUAL\fR, then the environment variable
+\fB$EDITOR\fR, and finally the default editor,
+\fBvi\fR(1)\&.
+.SH "ПАРАМЕТРЫ"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBvipw\fR
+and
+\fBvigr\fR
+commands are:
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+Редактировать базу данных групп\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Показать краткую справку и закончить работу\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-passwd\fR
+.RS 4
+Редактировать базу данных passwd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+Не выводить сообщений при работе\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shadow\fR
+.RS 4
+Редактировать базу данных shadow или gshadow\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ОКРУЖЕНИЕ"
+.PP
+\fBVISUAL\fR
+.RS 4
+Редактор, который будет вызван\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBEDITOR\fR
+.RS 4
+Editor to be used if
+\fBVISUAL\fR
+is not set\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ФАЙЛЫ"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о группах
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+содержит информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+содержит защищаемую информацию о пользователях
+.RE
+.SH "СМОТРИТЕ ТАКЖЕ"
+.PP
+\fBvi\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5)
+,
+\fBpasswd\fR(5), ,
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/sg.1.xml b/man/sg.1.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..012d9a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sg.1.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991       , Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY SYSLOG_SG_ENAB        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SYSLOG_SG_ENAB.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='sg.1'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1991</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">User Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>sg</refname>
+    <refpurpose>execute command as different group ID</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <!-- body begins here -->
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>sg</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>- </arg>
+      <arg choice='opt'>group
+	<arg choice='opt'>-c </arg>
+	command
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+  <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>sg</command> command works similar to
+      <command>newgrp</command> but accepts a command. The command will be
+      executed with the <filename>/bin/sh</filename> shell. With most shells
+      you may run <command>sg</command> from, you need to enclose multi-word
+      commands in quotes. Another difference between
+      <command>newgrp</command> and <command>sg</command> is that some
+      shells treat <command>newgrp</command> specially, replacing themselves
+      with a new instance of a shell that <command>newgrp</command> creates.
+      This doesn't happen with <command>sg</command>, so upon exit from a
+      <command>sg</command> command you are returned to your previous group
+      ID.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &SYSLOG_SG_ENAB;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure user account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/group</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Group account information.</para>
+	 </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="gshadow">
+	<term><filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>id</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>newgrp</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry><phrase condition="gshadow">,
+	<citerefentry>
+	  <refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+	</citerefentry>
+      </phrase>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/shadow.3.xml b/man/shadow.3.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..edc46d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/shadow.3.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1989 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='shadow.3'>
+  <!--  $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1989</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">Library Calls</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>shadow</refname>
+    <refname>getspnam</refname>
+    <refpurpose>encrypted password file routines</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='syntax'>
+    <title>SYNTAX</title>
+    <para>
+      <emphasis>#include &lt;shadow.h&gt;</emphasis>
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      <emphasis>struct spwd *getspent();</emphasis>
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      <emphasis>struct spwd *getspnam(char</emphasis> <emphasis
+      remap='I'>*name</emphasis><emphasis>);</emphasis>
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      <emphasis>void setspent();</emphasis>
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      <emphasis>void endspent();</emphasis>
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      <emphasis>struct spwd *fgetspent(FILE</emphasis> <emphasis
+      remap='I'>*fp</emphasis><emphasis>);</emphasis>
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      <emphasis>struct spwd *sgetspent(char</emphasis> <emphasis
+      remap='I'>*cp</emphasis><emphasis>);</emphasis>
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      <emphasis>int putspent(struct spwd</emphasis> <emphasis
+      remap='I'>*p,</emphasis> <emphasis>FILE</emphasis> <emphasis
+      remap='I'>*fp</emphasis><emphasis>);</emphasis>
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      <emphasis>int lckpwdf();</emphasis>
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      <emphasis>int ulckpwdf();</emphasis>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      <emphasis remap='I'>shadow</emphasis> manipulates the contents of the
+      shadow password file, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>. The structure
+      in the <emphasis remap='I'>#include</emphasis> file is:
+    </para>
+    <programlisting>struct spwd {
+      char		*sp_namp; /* user login name */
+      char		*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */
+      long int		sp_lstchg; /* last password change */
+      long int		sp_min; /* days until change allowed. */
+      long int		sp_max; /* days before change required */
+      long int		sp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */
+      long int		sp_inact; /* days before account inactive */
+      long int		sp_expire; /* date when account expires */
+      unsigned long int	sp_flag; /* reserved for future use */
+}
+    </programlisting>
+    <para>The meanings of each field are:</para>
+    <itemizedlist mark='bullet'>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>sp_namp - pointer to null-terminated user name</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>sp_pwdp - pointer to null-terminated password</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>sp_lstchg - days since Jan 1, 1970 password was last changed</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>sp_min - days before which password may not be changed</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>sp_max - days after which password must be changed</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	 <para>sp_warn - days before password is to expire that user is warned of
+	   pending password expiration
+	 </para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>sp_inact - days after password expires that account is considered
+	  inactive and disabled
+	</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>sp_expire - days since Jan 1, 1970 when account will be disabled</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>sp_flag - reserved for future use</para>
+      </listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
+
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description2'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      <emphasis>getspent</emphasis>, <emphasis>getspname</emphasis>,
+      <emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis>, and <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis>
+      each return a pointer to a <emphasis>struct spwd</emphasis>.
+      <emphasis>getspent</emphasis> returns the next entry from the file,
+      and <emphasis>fgetspent</emphasis> returns the next entry from the
+      given stream, which is assumed to be a file of the proper format.
+      <emphasis>sgetspent</emphasis> returns a pointer to a <emphasis>struct
+      spwd</emphasis> using the provided string as input.
+      <emphasis>getspnam</emphasis> searches from the current position in
+      the file for an entry matching <emphasis>name</emphasis>.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      <emphasis>setspent</emphasis> and <emphasis>endspent</emphasis> may be
+      used to begin and end, respectively, access to the shadow password
+      file.
+    </para>
+    
+    <para>
+      The <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> and <emphasis>ulckpwdf</emphasis>
+      routines should be used to insure exclusive access to the
+      <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file.  <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis>
+      attempts to acquire a lock using <emphasis>pw_lock</emphasis> for up
+      to 15 seconds. It continues by attempting to acquire a second lock
+      using <emphasis>spw_lock</emphasis> for the remainder of the initial
+      15 seconds. Should either attempt fail after a total of 15 seconds,
+      <emphasis>lckpwdf</emphasis> returns -1. When both locks are acquired
+      0 is returned.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='diagnostics'>
+    <title>DIAGNOSTICS</title>
+    <para>
+      Routines return NULL if no more entries are available or if an error
+      occurs during processing. Routines which have <emphasis>int</emphasis>
+      as the return value return 0 for success and
+      -1 for failure.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='caveats'>
+    <title>CAVEATS</title>
+    <para>
+      These routines may only be used by the superuser as access to the
+      shadow password file is restricted.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure user account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>getpwent</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/shadow.5.xml b/man/shadow.5.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79ae27a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/shadow.5.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1989 - 1990, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2009, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='shadow.5'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1989</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">File Formats and Conversions</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>shadow</refname>
+    <refpurpose>shadowed password file</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      <filename>shadow</filename> is a file which contains the password
+      information for the system's accounts and optional aging
+      information.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      This file must not be readable by regular users if password security
+      is to be maintained.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      Each line of this file contains 9 fields, separated by colons
+      (<quote>:</quote>), in the following order:
+    </para>
+
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><emphasis role="bold">login name</emphasis></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    It must be a valid account name, which exist on the system.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><emphasis role="bold">encrypted password</emphasis></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are
+	    required to authenticate as the specified login name.
+	    However, some applications which read the
+	    <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file may decide not to permit
+	    any access at all if the password field is empty.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means
+	    that the password is locked.  The remaining characters on the
+	    line represent the password field before the password was
+	    locked.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Refer to <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle>
+	    <manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry> for details on how
+	    this string is interpreted.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If the password field contains some string that is not a valid
+	    result of <citerefentry><refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle>
+	    <manvolnum>3</manvolnum></citerefentry>, for instance ! or *,
+	    the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in
+	    (but the user may log in the system by other means).
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <emphasis role="bold">date of last password change</emphasis>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The date of the last password change, expressed as the number
+	    of days since Jan 1, 1970.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user
+	    should change her password the next time she will log in the
+	    system.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    An empty field means that password aging features are
+	    disabled.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><emphasis role="bold">minimum password age</emphasis></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The minimum password age is the number of days the user will
+	    have to wait before she will be allowed to change her password
+	    again.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no minimum
+	    password age.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><emphasis role="bold">maximum password age</emphasis></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The maximum password age is the number of days after which the
+	    user will have to change her password.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    After this number of days is elapsed, the password may still
+	    be valid.  The user should be asked to change her password the
+	    next time she will log in.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    An empty field means that there are no maximum password age,
+	    no password warning period, and no password inactivity period
+	    (see below).
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If the maximum password age is lower than the minimum password
+	    age, the user cannot change her password.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <emphasis role="bold">password warning period</emphasis>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The number of days before a password is going to expire (see
+	    the maximum password age above) during which the user should
+	    be warned.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    An empty field and value 0 mean that there are no password
+	    warning period.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <emphasis role="bold">password inactivity period</emphasis>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The number of days after a password has expired (see the
+	    maximum password age above) during which the password should
+	    still be accepted (and the user should update her password
+	    during the next login).
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    After expiration of the password and this expiration period is
+	    elapsed, no login is possible using the current user's
+	    password.  The user should contact her administrator.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    An empty field means that there are no enforcement of an
+	    inactivity period.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <emphasis role="bold">account expiration date</emphasis>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The date of expiration of the account, expressed as the number
+	    of days since Jan 1, 1970.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Note that an account expiration differs from a password
+	    expiration.  In case of an account expiration, the user shall
+	    not be allowed to login.  In case of a password expiration,
+	    the user is not allowed to login using her password.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    An empty field means that the account will never expire.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The value 0 should not be used as it is interpreted as either
+	    an account with no expiration, or as an expiration on Jan 1,
+	    1970.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><emphasis role="bold">reserved field</emphasis></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>This field is reserved for future use.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure user account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shadow-</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Backup file for /etc/shadow.</para>
+	  <para>
+	    Note that this file is used by the tools of the shadow
+	    toolsuite, but not by all user and password management tools.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>chage</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>pwck</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>pwconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>pwunconv</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/su.1.xml b/man/su.1.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b413fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/su.1.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,452 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1989 - 1990, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY CONSOLE               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/CONSOLE.xml">
+<!ENTITY CONSOLE_GROUPS        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/CONSOLE_GROUPS.xml">
+<!ENTITY DEFAULT_HOME          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/DEFAULT_HOME.xml">
+<!ENTITY ENV_HZ                SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENV_HZ.xml">
+<!ENTITY ENVIRON_FILE          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENVIRON_FILE.xml">
+<!ENTITY ENV_PATH              SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENV_PATH.xml">
+<!ENTITY ENV_SUPATH            SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENV_SUPATH.xml">
+<!ENTITY ENV_TZ                SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENV_TZ.xml">
+<!ENTITY LOGIN_STRING          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LOGIN_STRING.xml">
+<!ENTITY MAIL_CHECK_ENAB       SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAIL_CHECK_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY MAIL_DIR              SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAIL_DIR.xml">
+<!ENTITY QUOTAS_ENAB           SYSTEM "login.defs.d/QUOTAS_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY SULOG_FILE            SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SULOG_FILE.xml">
+<!ENTITY SU_NAME               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SU_NAME.xml">
+<!ENTITY SU_WHEEL_ONLY         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SU_WHEEL_ONLY.xml">
+<!ENTITY SYSLOG_SU_ENAB        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SYSLOG_SU_ENAB.xml">
+<!ENTITY USERGROUPS_ENAB       SYSTEM "login.defs.d/USERGROUPS_ENAB.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='su.1'>
+  <!--  $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1989</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">User Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>su</refname>
+    <refpurpose>change user ID or become superuser</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>su</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+          <replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+          <replaceable>-</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+          <replaceable>username</replaceable>
+          <arg choice='opt'>
+              <replaceable>args</replaceable>
+          </arg>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>su</command> command is used to become another user during a
+      login session. Invoked without a <option>username</option>,
+      <command>su</command> defaults to becoming the superuser. The
+      <option>-</option> option may be used to provide an environment similar
+      to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly. The
+      <option>-c</option> option may be used to treat the next argument as a
+      command by most shells.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list. You can use the
+      <option>--</option> argument to stop option parsing. The
+      <option>-</option> option is special: it is also recognized after
+      <option>--</option>, but has to be placed before
+      <option>username</option>.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>The user will be prompted for a password, if appropriate. Invalid
+      passwords will produce an error message. All attempts, both valid and
+      invalid, are logged to detect abuse of the system.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The current environment is passed to the new shell. The value of
+      <envar>$PATH</envar> is reset to <filename>/bin:/usr/bin</filename>
+      for normal users, or <filename>/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin</filename>
+      for the superuser. This may be changed with the
+      <option>ENV_PATH</option> and <option>ENV_SUPATH</option>
+      definitions in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      A subsystem login is indicated by the presence of a "*" as the first
+      character of the login shell. The given home directory will be used as
+      the root of a new file system which the user is actually logged into.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>The options which apply to the <command>su</command> command are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-c</option>, <option>--command</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMAND</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its
+	    <option>-c</option>.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The executed command will have no controlling terminal. This
+	    option cannot be used to execute interactive programs which
+	    need a controlling TTY.
+	    <!-- This avoids TTY hijacking when su is used to lower
+	         privileges -->
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-</option>, <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had
+	    the user logged in directly.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    When <option>-</option> is used, it must be specified before any
+	    <option>username</option>.  For portability it is recommended
+	    to use it as last option, before any
+	    <option>username</option>.  The other forms
+	    (<option>-l</option> and <option>--login</option>)
+	    do not have this restriction.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>The shell that will be invoked.</para>
+	  <para>
+	    The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first):
+	    <!--This should be an ordered list, but lists inside another
+	        list does not work well with current docbook.
+	        - nekral - 2009.06.03 -->
+	    <variablelist>
+	      <varlistentry><term></term><listitem>
+		<para>The shell specified with --shell.</para>
+	      </listitem></varlistentry>
+	      <varlistentry><term></term><listitem>
+		<para>
+		  If <option>--preserve-environment</option> is used, the
+		  shell specified by the <envar>$SHELL</envar> environment
+		  variable.
+		</para>
+	      </listitem></varlistentry>
+	      <varlistentry><term></term><listitem>
+		<para>
+		  The shell indicated in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>
+		  entry for the target user.
+		</para>
+	      </listitem></varlistentry>
+	      <varlistentry><term></term><listitem>
+		<para><filename>/bin/sh</filename> if a shell could not be
+		found by any above method.</para>
+	      </listitem></varlistentry>
+	    </variablelist>
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If the target user has a restricted shell (i.e. the shell field of
+	    this user's entry in <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> is not
+	    listed in <filename>/etc/shells</filename>), then the
+	    <option>--shell</option> option or the <envar>$SHELL</envar>
+	    environment variable won't be taken into account, unless
+	    <command>su</command> is called by root.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-m</option>, <option>-p</option>,
+	  <option>--preserve-environment</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Preserve the current environment, except for:
+	    <variablelist>
+	      <varlistentry>
+		<term><envar>$PATH</envar></term>
+		<listitem>
+		  <para>
+		    reset according to the
+		    <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> options
+		    <option>ENV_PATH</option> or
+		    <option>ENV_SUPATH</option> (see below);
+		  </para>
+		</listitem>
+	      </varlistentry>
+	      <varlistentry>
+		<term><envar>$IFS</envar></term>
+		<listitem>
+		  <para>
+		    reset to
+		    <quote>&lt;space&gt;&lt;tab&gt;&lt;newline&gt;</quote>,
+		    if it was set.
+		  </para>
+		</listitem>
+	      </varlistentry>
+	    </variablelist>
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no
+	    effect (unless <command>su</command> is called by root).
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Note that the default behavior for the environment is the
+	    following:
+	    <variablelist>
+	      <varlistentry><term></term><listitem>
+		  <para>
+		    The <envar>$HOME</envar>, <envar>$SHELL</envar>,
+		    <envar>$USER</envar>, <envar>$LOGNAME</envar>,
+		    <envar>$PATH</envar>, and <envar>$IFS</envar>
+		    environment variables are reset.
+		  </para>
+		</listitem>
+	      </varlistentry>
+	      <varlistentry><term></term><listitem>
+		  <para>
+		    If <option>--login</option> is not used, the
+		    environment is copied, except for the variables above.
+		  </para>
+		</listitem>
+	      </varlistentry>
+	      <varlistentry><term></term><listitem>
+		  <para>
+		    If <option>--login</option> is used, the
+		    <envar>$TERM</envar>, <envar>$COLORTERM</envar>,
+		    <envar>$DISPLAY</envar>, and
+		    <envar>$XAUTHORITY</envar> environment variables are
+		    copied if they were set.
+		  </para>
+		</listitem>
+	      </varlistentry>
+	      <varlistentry condition="no_pam"><term></term><listitem>
+		  <para>
+		    If <option>--login</option> is used, the
+		    <envar>$TZ</envar>, <envar>$HZ</envar>, and
+		    <envar>$MAIL</envar> environment
+		    variables are set according to the 
+		    <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>
+		    options <option>ENV_TZ</option>,
+		    <option>ENV_HZ</option>, <option>MAIL_DIR</option>, and
+		    <option>MAIL_FILE</option> (see below).
+		  </para>
+		</listitem>
+	      </varlistentry>
+	      <varlistentry condition="no_pam"><term></term><listitem>
+		  <para>
+		    If <option>--login</option> is used, other environment
+		    variables might be set by the
+		    <option>ENVIRON_FILE</option> file (see below).
+		  </para>
+		</listitem>
+	      </varlistentry>
+	      <varlistentry condition="pam"><term></term><listitem>
+		  <para>
+		    Other environments might be set by PAM modules.
+		  </para>
+		</listitem>
+	      </varlistentry>
+	    </variablelist>
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='caveats'>
+    <title>CAVEATS</title>
+    <para>
+      This version of <command>su</command> has many compilation options,
+      only some of which may be in use at any particular site.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &CONSOLE;
+      &CONSOLE_GROUPS;
+      &DEFAULT_HOME;
+      <phrase condition="no_pam">&ENV_HZ;</phrase>
+      &ENVIRON_FILE;
+      &ENV_PATH;
+      &ENV_SUPATH;
+      &ENV_TZ;
+      <phrase condition="no_pam">&LOGIN_STRING;</phrase>
+      &MAIL_CHECK_ENAB;
+      <phrase condition="no_pam">&MAIL_DIR;</phrase>
+      &QUOTAS_ENAB;
+      &SULOG_FILE;
+      &SU_NAME;
+      &SU_WHEEL_ONLY;
+      &SYSLOG_SU_ENAB;
+      <phrase condition="no_pam">&USERGROUPS_ENAB;</phrase>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure user account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/login.defs</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Shadow password suite configuration.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='exit_values'>
+    <title>EXIT VALUES</title>
+    <para>
+      On success, <command>su</command> returns the exit value of the
+      command it executed.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      If this command was terminated by a signal, <command>su</command>
+      returns the number of this signal plus 128.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate,
+      and the command did not terminate in time), <command>su</command>
+      returns 255.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      Some exit values from <command>su</command> are independent from the
+      executed command:
+      <variablelist>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>0</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>success (<option>--help</option> only)</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>1</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>System or authentication failure</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>126</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>The requested command was not found</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>127</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>The requested command could not be executed</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+      </variablelist>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para><citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>sg</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/suauth.5.xml b/man/suauth.5.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..97ef6d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/suauth.5.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1996       , Marek Michałkiewicz
+   Copyright (c) 2001 - 2006, Tomasz Kłoczko
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='suauth.5'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Marek</firstname>
+      <surname>Michałkiewicz</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1996</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>suauth</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">File Formats and Conversions</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>suauth</refname>
+    <refpurpose>detailed su control file</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <!-- body begins here -->
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>/etc/suauth</command>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The file <filename>/etc/suauth</filename> is referenced whenever the
+      su command is called. It can change the behaviour of the su command,
+      based upon:
+    </para>
+
+    <!-- .RS -->
+    <literallayout remap='.nf'>
+      1) the user su is targeting
+    </literallayout>
+    <!-- .fi -->
+    <para>
+      2) the user executing the su command (or any groups he might be
+      a member of)
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      The file is formatted like this, with lines starting with a # being
+      treated as comment lines and ignored;
+    </para>
+
+    <literallayout remap='RS'>
+      to-id:from-id:ACTION
+    </literallayout>
+
+    <para>
+      Where to-id is either the word <emphasis>ALL</emphasis>, a list of
+      usernames delimited by "," or the words <emphasis>ALL
+      EXCEPT</emphasis> followed by a list of usernames delimited by ",".
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      from-id is formatted the same as to-id except the extra word
+      <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> is recognized. <emphasis>ALL EXCEPT
+      GROUP</emphasis> is perfectly valid too. Following
+      <emphasis>GROUP</emphasis> appears one or more group names, delimited
+      by ",". It is not sufficient to have primary group id of the relevant
+      group, an entry in
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>/etc/group</refentrytitle>
+      <manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry> is necessary.
+    </para>
+
+    <para> 
+      Action can be one only of the following currently supported options.
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='TP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <emphasis>DENY</emphasis>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>The attempt to su is stopped before a password is
+	    even asked for.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <emphasis>NOPASS</emphasis>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The attempt to su is automatically successful; no password is
+	    asked for.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <emphasis>OWNPASS</emphasis>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    For the su command to be successful, the user must enter his or
+	    her own password. They are told this.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+
+    <para>
+      Note there are three separate fields delimited by a colon. No
+      whitespace must surround this colon. Also note that the file is
+      examined sequentially line by line, and the first applicable rule is
+      used without examining the file further. This makes it possible for a
+      system administrator to exercise as fine control as he or she wishes.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='example'>
+    <title>EXAMPLE</title>
+    <literallayout remap='.nf'>
+      # sample /etc/suauth file
+      #
+      # A couple of privileged usernames may
+      # su to root with their own password.
+      #
+      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS
+      #
+      # Anyone else may not su to root unless in
+      # group wheel. This is how BSD does things.
+      #
+      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY
+      #
+      # Perhaps terry and birddog are accounts
+      # owned by the same person.
+      # Access can be arranged between them
+      # with no password.
+      #
+      terry:birddog:NOPASS
+      birddog:terry:NOPASS
+      #
+    </literallayout>
+    <!-- .fi -->
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/suauth</filename></term>
+	<listitem><para></para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='bugs'>
+    <title>BUGS</title>
+    <para>
+      There could be plenty lurking. The file parser is particularly
+      unforgiving about syntax errors, expecting no spurious whitespace
+      (apart from beginning and end of lines), and a specific token
+      delimiting different things.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='diagnostics'>
+    <title>DIAGNOSTICS</title>
+    <para>
+      An error parsing the file is reported using
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>syslogd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+      as level ERR on facility AUTH.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>su</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/subgid.5.xml b/man/subgid.5.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70c561c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/subgid.5.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 2013 Eric W. Biederman
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='subgid.5'>
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Eric</firstname>
+      <surname>Biederman</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 2013</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">File Formats and Conversions</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>subgid</refname>
+    <refpurpose>the subordinate gid file</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      Each line in <filename>/etc/subgid</filename> contains
+      a user name and a range of subordinate group ids that user
+      is allowed to use.
+
+      This is specified with three fields delimited by colons
+      (<quote>:</quote>).
+      These fields are:
+    </para>
+    <itemizedlist mark='bullet'>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>login name or UID</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>numerical subordinate group ID</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>numerical subordinate group ID count</para>
+      </listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
+
+    <para>
+      This file specifies the group IDs that ordinary users can use, with
+      the <command>newgidmap</command> command, to configure gid mapping
+      in a user namespace.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      Multiple ranges may be specified per user.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      When large number of entries (10000-100000 or more) are defined in
+      <filename>/etc/subgid</filename>, parsing performance penalty will
+      become noticeable. In this case it is recommended to use UIDs
+      instead of login names. Benchmarks have shown speed-ups up to 20x.
+    </para>
+
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/subgid</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Per user subordinate group IDs.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/subgid-</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Backup file for /etc/subgid.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>newgidmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>newuidmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>subuid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>user_namespaces</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/subuid.5.xml b/man/subuid.5.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec6a85f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/subuid.5.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 2013 Eric W. Biederman
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='subuid.5'>
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Eric</firstname>
+      <surname>Biederman</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 2013</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>subuid</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">File Formats and Conversions</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>subuid</refname>
+    <refpurpose>the subordinate uid file</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      Each line in <filename>/etc/subuid</filename> contains
+      a user name and a range of subordinate user ids that user
+      is allowed to use.
+
+      This is specified with three fields delimited by colons
+      (<quote>:</quote>).
+      These fields are:
+    </para>
+    <itemizedlist mark='bullet'>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>login name or UID</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>numerical subordinate user ID</para>
+      </listitem>
+      <listitem>
+	<para>numerical subordinate user ID count</para>
+      </listitem>
+    </itemizedlist>
+
+    <para>
+      This file specifies the user IDs that ordinary users can use, with
+      the <command>newuidmap</command> command, to configure uid mapping
+      in a user namespace.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      Multiple ranges may be specified per user.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      When large number of entries (10000-100000 or more) are defined in
+      <filename>/etc/subuid</filename>, parsing performance penalty will
+      become noticeable. In this case it is recommended to use UIDs
+      instead of login names. Benchmarks have shown speed-ups up to 20x.
+    </para>
+
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/subuid</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Per user subordinate user IDs.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/subuid-</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Backup file for /etc/subuid.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>newgidmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>newuidmap</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>user_namespaces</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/sulogin.8.xml b/man/sulogin.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..432232c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sulogin.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1989 - 1992, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2008, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY ENV_HZ                SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENV_HZ.xml">
+<!ENTITY ENV_TZ                SYSTEM "login.defs.d/ENV_TZ.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='sulogin.8'>
+  <!--  $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1989</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>sulogin</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>sulogin</refname>
+    <refpurpose>Single-user login</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='syntax'>
+    <title>SYNTAX</title>
+    <para><command>sulogin</command> [<emphasis remap='I'>tty-device</emphasis>]
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>sulogin</command> command is invoked by <command>init</command>
+      prior to allowing the user access to the system when in single user mode.
+      This feature may only be available on certain systems where
+      <command>init</command> has been modified accordingly, or where the
+      <filename>/etc/inittab</filename> has an entry for a single user
+      login.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>The user is prompted</para>
+
+    <para>Type control-d to proceed with normal startup,
+      <!-- .br -->
+      (or give root password for system maintenance):
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      Input and output will be performed with the standard file descriptors
+      unless the optional device name argument is provided.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      If the user enters the correct root password, a login session is
+      initiated. When <emphasis>EOF</emphasis> is pressed instead, the
+      system enters multi-user mode.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      After the user exits the single-user shell, or presses
+      <emphasis>EOF</emphasis>, the system begins the initialization process
+      required to enter multi-user mode.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='caveats'>
+    <title>CAVEATS</title>
+    <para>
+      This command can only be used if <command>init</command> has been
+      modified to call <command>sulogin</command> instead of
+      <filename>/bin/sh</filename>, or if the user has set the <emphasis
+      remap='I'>inittab</emphasis> to support a single user login. For
+      example, the line:
+    </para>
+
+    <para>co:s:respawn:/etc/sulogin /dev/console</para>
+
+    <para>should execute the sulogin command in single user mode.</para>
+
+    <para>
+      As complete an environment as possible is created. However, various
+      devices may be unmounted or uninitialized and many of the user
+      commands may be unavailable or nonfunctional as a result.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &ENV_HZ;
+      &ENV_TZ;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure user account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>sh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>init</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/sv/Makefile.am b/man/sv/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e64b7bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+mandir = @mandir@/sv
+
+# 2012.01.28 - activate manpages with more than 50% translated messages
+man_MANS = \
+	man1/chage.1 \
+	man1/chsh.1 \
+	man1/expiry.1 \
+	man5/faillog.5 \
+	man8/faillog.8 \
+	man3/getspnam.3 \
+	man8/groupadd.8 \
+	man8/groupdel.8 \
+	man8/groupmems.8 \
+	man8/groupmod.8 \
+	man1/groups.1 \
+	man8/grpck.8 \
+	man5/gshadow.5 \
+	man8/lastlog.8 \
+	man8/logoutd.8 \
+	man1/newgrp.1 \
+	man8/nologin.8 \
+	man1/passwd.1 \
+	man5/passwd.5 \
+	man8/pwck.8 \
+	man1/sg.1 \
+	man3/shadow.3 \
+	man5/suauth.5 \
+	man8/userdel.8 \
+	man8/vigr.8 \
+	man8/vipw.8
+
+man_nopam = \
+	man5/limits.5 \
+	man5/porttime.5
+
+if !USE_PAM
+man_MANS += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+EXTRA_DIST = \
+	$(man_MANS) \
+	man1/id.1
+
+if USE_PAM
+EXTRA_DIST += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+include ../generate_translations.mak
+
diff --git a/man/sv/Makefile.in b/man/sv/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f6f7147
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,770 @@
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+
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+	man8/faillog.8 man3/getspnam.3 man8/groupadd.8 man8/groupdel.8 \
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+	man8/nologin.8 man1/passwd.1 man5/passwd.5 man8/pwck.8 \
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diff --git a/man/sv/man1/chage.1 b/man/sv/man1/chage.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..804e474
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man1/chage.1
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chage
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Anv\(:andarkommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "CHAGE" "1" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Anv\(:andarkommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+chage \- \(:andra \(oaldringsinformation f\(:or anv\(:andarl\(:osenord
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBchage\fR\ 'u
+\fBchage\fR [\fIflaggor\fR] \fIINLOGGNINGSNAMN\fR
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command changes the number of days between password changes and the date of the last password change\&. This information is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password\&.
+.SH "FLAGGOR"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchage\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-lastday\fR\ \&\fILAST_DAY\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days since January 1st, 1970 when the password was last changed\&. The date may also be expressed in the format YYYY\-MM\-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-E\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the date or number of days since January 1, 1970 on which the user\*(Aqs account will no longer be accessible\&. The date may also be expressed in the format YYYY\-MM\-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area)\&. A user whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being able to use the system again\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+will remove an account expiration date\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Visa hj\(:alpmeddelande och avsluta\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-iso8601\fR
+.RS 4
+When printing dates, use YYYY\-MM\-DD format\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the account is locked\&. The
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+option is the number of days of inactivity\&. A user whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being able to use the system again\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+will remove an account\*(Aqs inactivity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+.RS 4
+Visa kontots \(oaldringsinformation
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid\&. When
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+plus
+\fILAST_DAY\fR
+is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their password before being able to use their account\&. This occurrence can be planned for in advance by use of the
+\fB\-W\fR
+option, which provides the user with advance warning\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchage\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "NOTERA"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+program requires a shadow password file to be available\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command is restricted to the root user, except for the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option, which may be used by an unprivileged user to determine when their password or account is due to expire\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+S\(:aker anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVSLUTNINGSV\(:ARDEN"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI15\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt find the shadow password file
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man1/chsh.1 b/man/sv/man1/chsh.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c07419b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man1/chsh.1
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chsh
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Anv\(:andarkommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "CHSH" "1" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Anv\(:andarkommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+chsh \- \(:andra inloggningsskal
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBchsh\fR\ 'u
+\fBchsh\fR [\fIflaggor\fR] [\fIINLOGGNINGSNAMN\fR]
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchsh\fR
+command changes the user login shell\&. This determines the name of the user\*(Aqs initial login command\&. A normal user may only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change the login shell for any account\&.
+.SH "FLAGGOR"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchsh\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Visa hj\(:alpmeddelande och avsluta\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the user\*(Aqs new login shell\&. Setting this field to blank causes the system to select the default login shell\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If the
+\fB\-s\fR
+option is not selected,
+\fBchsh\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current login shell\&. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line blank to use the current one\&. The current shell is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "NOTERA"
+.PP
+The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must be listed in
+/etc/shells, unless the invoker is the superuser, and then any value may be added\&. An account with a restricted login shell may not change her login shell\&. For this reason, placing
+/bin/rsh
+in
+/etc/shells
+is discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHSH_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchsh\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The string used for prompting a password\&. The default is to use "Password: ", or a translation of that string\&. If you set this variable, the prompt will not be translated\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shells
+.RS 4
+Lista p\(oa giltiga inloggningsskal\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man1/expiry.1 b/man/sv/man1/expiry.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b1290f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man1/expiry.1
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: expiry
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Anv\(:andarkommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "EXPIRY" "1" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Anv\(:andarkommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+expiry \- kontrollera och uppr\(:atth\(oall policy f\(:or l\(:osenordsutg\(oang
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBexpiry\fR\ 'u
+\fBexpiry\fR \fIoption\fR
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command checks (\fB\-c\fR) the current password expiration and forces (\fB\-f\fR) changes when required\&. It is callable as a normal user command\&.
+.SH "FLAGGOR"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR
+.RS 4
+Check the password expiration of the current user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+Force a password change if the current user has an expired password\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Visa hj\(:alpmeddelande och avsluta\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+S\(:aker anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man1/groups.1 b/man/sv/man1/groups.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b03759b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man1/groups.1
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groups
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Anv\(:andarkommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPS" "1" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Anv\(:andarkommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+groups \- visa aktuella gruppnamn
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgroups\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroups\fR [\fIanv\(:andare\fR]
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroups\fR
+command displays the current group names or ID values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value\&. The optional
+\fIuser\fR
+parameter will display the groups for the named
+\fIuser\fR\&.
+.SH "NOTERA"
+.PP
+Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information from
+/etc/group
+reported\&. The user must use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+or
+\fBsg\fR
+to change his current real and effective group ID\&.
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man1/id.1 b/man/sv/man1/id.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa1c8f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man1/id.1
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: id
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Anv\(:andarkommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "ID" "1" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Anv\(:andarkommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+id \- display current user and group ID names
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBid\fR\ 'u
+\fBid\fR [\-a]
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The
+\fBid\fR
+command displays the current real and effective user and group ID names or values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/passwd
+or
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed without the corresponding name\&. The optional
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag will display the group set on systems which support multiple concurrent group membership\&.
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)
diff --git a/man/sv/man1/newgrp.1 b/man/sv/man1/newgrp.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b77c5f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man1/newgrp.1
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newgrp
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Anv\(:andarkommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "NEWGRP" "1" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Anv\(:andarkommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+newgrp \- logga in i en ny grupp
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBnewgrp\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewgrp\fR [\-] [\fIgrupp\fR]
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+command is used to change the current group ID during a login session\&. If the optional
+\fB\-\fR
+flag is given, the user\*(Aqs environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, remains unchanged\&.
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+changes the current real group ID to the named group, or to the default group listed in
+/etc/passwd
+if no group name is given\&.
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+also tries to add the group to the user groupset\&. If not root, the user will be prompted for a password if she does not have a password (in
+/etc/shadow
+if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in
+/etc/passwd
+otherwise) and the group does, or if the user is not listed as a member and the group has a password\&. The user will be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed as a member\&.
+.PP
+If there is an entry for this group in
+/etc/gshadow, then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from this file, otherwise, the entry in
+/etc/group
+is considered\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+S\(:aker anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+S\(:aker gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man1/passwd.1 b/man/sv/man1/passwd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8203402
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man1/passwd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: passwd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Anv\(:andarkommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "PASSWD" "1" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Anv\(:andarkommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+passwd \- \(:andra anv\(:andarl\(:osenord
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBpasswd\fR [\fIflaggor\fR] [\fIINLOGGNINGSNAMN\fR]
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command changes passwords for user accounts\&. A normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the superuser may change the password for any account\&.
+\fBpasswd\fR
+also changes the account or associated password validity period\&.
+.SS "L\(:osenords\(:andringar"
+.PP
+The user is first prompted for their old password, if one is present\&. This password is then encrypted and compared against the stored password\&. The user has only one chance to enter the correct password\&. The superuser is permitted to bypass this step so that forgotten passwords may be changed\&.
+.PP
+After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time\&. If not,
+\fBpasswd\fR
+refuses to change the password and exits\&.
+.PP
+Anv\(:andaren fr\(oagas sedan tv\(oa g\(oanger efter ett ers\(:attande l\(:osenord\&. Den andra inmatningen j\(:amf\(:ors mot den f\(:orsta och b\(oada m\(oaste st\(:amma \(:overens f\(:or att l\(:osenordet ska \(:andras\&.
+.PP
+Sedan testas l\(:osenordet f\(:or sin komplexitet\&. Som en allm\(:an riktlinje b\(:or l\(:osenord inneh\(oalla 6 till 8 tecken och inkluderas ett eller flera tecken fr\(oan var och en av f\(:oljande punkter:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+gemena bokst\(:aver ur alfabetet
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+siffrorna 0 till 9
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+skiljetecken
+.RE
+.PP
+Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill characters\&.
+\fBpasswd\fR
+will reject any password which is not suitably complex\&.
+.SS "Tips f\(:or anv\(:andarl\(:osenord"
+.PP
+The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption algorithm and the size of the key space\&. The legacy
+\fIUNIX\fR
+System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm\&. More recent methods are now recommended (see
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR)\&. The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which is selected\&.
+.PP
+Problem i l\(:osenordss\(:akerheten brukar normalt komma fr\(oan slarvigt valda l\(:osenord eller hantering\&. Av denna anledning b\(:or du inte v\(:alja ett l\(:osenord som finns i en ordbok eller som m\(oaste skrivas ner\&. L\(:osenordet b\(:or heller inte vara ett korrekt namn, ditt personnummer, f\(:odelsedatum eller gatuadress\&. Dessa kan anv\(:andas som gissningar f\(:or att ta sig in i systemet\&.
+.PP
+You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en\&.wikipedia\&.org/wiki/Password_strength
+.SH "FLAGGOR"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+.RS 4
+This option can be used only with
+\fB\-S\fR
+and causes show status for all users\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR
+.RS 4
+Ta bort en anv\(:andares l\(:osenord (g\(:or det blankt)\&. Detta \(:ar ett snabbt s\(:att att inaktivera ett l\(:osenord f\(:or ett konto\&. Det kommer att ta bort det angivna kontots l\(:osenord\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expire\fR
+.RS 4
+L\(:osenordet f\(:or ett konto s\(:atts omedelbart som utg\(oanget\&. Detta kan tvinga en anv\(:andare att \(:andra sitt l\(:osenord vid n\(:asta inloggningsf\(:ors\(:ok\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Visa hj\(:alpmeddelande och avsluta\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+This option is used to disable an account after the password has been expired for a number of days\&. After a user account has had an expired password for
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+days, the user may no longer sign on to the account\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-keep\-tokens\fR
+.RS 4
+Indicate password change should be performed only for expired authentication tokens (passwords)\&. The user wishes to keep their non\-expired tokens as before\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\fR
+.RS 4
+Lock the password of the named account\&. This option disables a password by changing it to a value which matches no possible encrypted value (it adds a \(aa!\(aa at the beginning of the password)\&.
+.sp
+Note that this does not disable the account\&. The user may still be able to login using another authentication token (e\&.g\&. an SSH key)\&. To disable the account, administrators should use
+\fBusermod \-\-expiredate 1\fR
+(this set the account\*(Aqs expire date to Jan 2, 1970)\&.
+.sp
+Users with a locked password are not allowed to change their password\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+Tyst l\(:age\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-repository\fR\ \&\fIREPOSITORY\fR
+.RS 4
+change password in
+\fIREPOSITORY\fR
+repository
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-status\fR
+.RS 4
+Display account status information\&. The status information consists of 7 fields\&. The first field is the user\*(Aqs login name\&. The second field indicates if the user account has a locked password (L), has no password (NP), or has a usable password (P)\&. The third field gives the date of the last password change\&. The next four fields are the minimum age, maximum age, warning period, and inactivity period for the password\&. These ages are expressed in days\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-unlock\fR
+.RS 4
+Unlock the password of the named account\&. This option re\-enables a password by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before using the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-x\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid\&. After
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR, the password is required to be changed\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "T\(:ANK P\(oA"
+.PP
+Password complexity checking may vary from site to site\&. The user is urged to select a password as complex as he or she feels comfortable with\&.
+.PP
+Users may not be able to change their password on a system if NIS is enabled and they are not logged into the NIS server\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This defines the system default encryption algorithm for encrypting passwords (if no algorithm are specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBOBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable additional checks upon password changes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_ALWAYS_WARN\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Warn about weak passwords (but still allow them) if you are root\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_CHANGE_TRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum number of attempts to change password if rejected (too easy)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR (number), \fBPASS_MIN_LEN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Number of significant characters in the password for crypt()\&.
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR
+is 8 by default\&. Don\*(Aqt change unless your crypt() is better\&. This is ignored if
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+With a lot of rounds, it is more difficult to brute forcing the password\&. But note also that more CPU resources will be needed to authenticate users\&.
+.sp
+If not specified, the libc will choose the default number of rounds (5000)\&.
+.sp
+The values must be inside the 1000\-999,999,999 range\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+S\(:aker anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVSLUTNINGSV\(:ARDEN"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid combination of options
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+unexpected failure, nothing done
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+unexpected failure,
+passwd
+file missing
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+passwd
+file busy, try again
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBchpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man1/sg.1 b/man/sv/man1/sg.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08111ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man1/sg.1
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: sg
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Anv\(:andarkommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "SG" "1" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Anv\(:andarkommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+sg \- k\(:or kommando med annat grupp\-id
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBsg\fR\ 'u
+\fBsg\fR [\-] [group\ [\-c\ ]\ command]
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsg\fR
+command works similar to
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+but accepts a command\&. The command will be executed with the
+/bin/sh
+shell\&. With most shells you may run
+\fBsg\fR
+from, you need to enclose multi\-word commands in quotes\&. Another difference between
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+and
+\fBsg\fR
+is that some shells treat
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+specially, replacing themselves with a new instance of a shell that
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+creates\&. This doesn\*(Aqt happen with
+\fBsg\fR, so upon exit from a
+\fBsg\fR
+command you are returned to your previous group ID\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+S\(:aker anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+S\(:aker gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man3/getspnam.3 b/man/sv/man3/getspnam.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd473da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man3/getspnam.3
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man3/shadow.3
diff --git a/man/sv/man3/shadow.3 b/man/sv/man3/shadow.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d16ede6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man3/shadow.3
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: shadow
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Biblioteksanrop
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "SHADOW" "3" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Biblioteksanrop"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+shadow, getspnam \- encrypted password file routines
+.SH "SYNTAX"
+.PP
+\fI#include <shadow\&.h>\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *getspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *getspnam(char\fR
+\fI*name\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIvoid setspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIvoid endspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *fgetspent(FILE\fR
+\fI*fp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *sgetspent(char\fR
+\fI*cp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIint putspent(struct spwd\fR
+\fI*p,\fR
+\fIFIL\fR
+\fI*fp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIint lckpwdf();\fR
+.PP
+\fIint ulckpwdf();\fR
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+\fIshadow\fR
+manipulates the contents of the shadow password file,
+/etc/shadow\&. The structure in the
+\fI#include\fR
+file is:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+struct spwd {
+      char		*sp_namp; /* user login name */
+      char		*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */
+      long int		sp_lstchg; /* last password change */
+      long int		sp_min; /* days until change allowed\&. */
+      long int		sp_max; /* days before change required */
+      long int		sp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */
+      long int		sp_inact; /* days before account inactive */
+      long int		sp_expire; /* date when account expires */
+      unsigned long int	sp_flag; /* reserved for future use */
+}
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+Betydelsen av varje f\(:alt \(:ar:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_namp \- pointer to null\-terminated user name
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_pwdp \- pointer to null\-terminated password
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_lstchg \- days since Jan 1, 1970 password was last changed
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_min \- days before which password may not be changed
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_max \- days after which password must be changed
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_warn \- days before password is to expire that user is warned of pending password expiration
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_inact \- days after password expires that account is considered inactive and disabled
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_expire \- days since Jan 1, 1970 when account will be disabled
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_flag \- reserverat f\(:or framtida anv\(:andning
+.RE
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+\fIgetspent\fR,
+\fIgetspname\fR,
+\fIfgetspent\fR, and
+\fIsgetspent\fR
+each return a pointer to a
+\fIstruct spwd\fR\&.
+\fIgetspent\fR
+returns the next entry from the file, and
+\fIfgetspent\fR
+returns the next entry from the given stream, which is assumed to be a file of the proper format\&.
+\fIsgetspent\fR
+returns a pointer to a
+\fIstruct spwd\fR
+using the provided string as input\&.
+\fIgetspnam\fR
+searches from the current position in the file for an entry matching
+\fIname\fR\&.
+.PP
+\fIsetspent\fR
+and
+\fIendspent\fR
+may be used to begin and end, respectively, access to the shadow password file\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+and
+\fIulckpwdf\fR
+routines should be used to insure exclusive access to the
+/etc/shadow
+file\&.
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+attempts to acquire a lock using
+\fIpw_lock\fR
+for up to 15 seconds\&. It continues by attempting to acquire a second lock using
+\fIspw_lock\fR
+for the remainder of the initial 15 seconds\&. Should either attempt fail after a total of 15 seconds,
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+returns \-1\&. When both locks are acquired 0 is returned\&.
+.SH "DIAGNOSTIK"
+.PP
+Routines return NULL if no more entries are available or if an error occurs during processing\&. Routines which have
+\fIint\fR
+as the return value return 0 for success and \-1 for failure\&.
+.SH "T\(:ANK P\(oA"
+.PP
+These routines may only be used by the superuser as access to the shadow password file is restricted\&.
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+S\(:aker anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBgetpwent\fR(3),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man5/faillog.5 b/man/sv/man5/faillog.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ab99282
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man5/faillog.5
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: faillog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Filformat och konversioner
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "FAILLOG" "5" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Filformat och konversioner"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+faillog \- login failure logging file
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+maintains a count of login failures and the limits for each account\&.
+.PP
+The file contains fixed length records, indexed by numerical UID\&. Each record contains the count of login failures since the last successful login; the maximum number of failures before the account is disabled; the line on which the last login failure occurred; the date of the last login failure; and the duration (in seconds) during which the account will be locked after a failure\&.
+.PP
+Strukturen f\(:or filen \(:ar:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+struct	faillog {
+	short   fail_cnt;
+	short   fail_max;
+	char    fail_line[12];
+	time_t  fail_time;
+	long    fail_locktime;
+};
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+.RS 4
+Failure logging file\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR(8)
diff --git a/man/sv/man5/gshadow.5 b/man/sv/man5/gshadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9cc1d3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man5/gshadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: gshadow
+.\"    Author: Nicolas Fran\(,cois <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Filformat och konversioner
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "GSHADOW" "5" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Filformat och konversioner"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+gshadow \- skuggad gruppfil
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+contains the shadowed information for group accounts\&.
+.PP
+Denna fil f\(oar inte vara l\(:asbar av vanliga anv\(:andare om l\(:osenordss\(:akerheten ska uppr\(:atth\(oallas\&.
+.PP
+Each line of this file contains the following colon\-separated fields:
+.PP
+\fBgruppnamn\fR
+.RS 4
+It must be a valid group name, which exist on the system\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBkrypterat l\(:osenord\fR
+.RS 4
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.sp
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, users will not be able to use a unix password to access the group (but group members do not need the password)\&.
+.sp
+The password is used when a user who is not a member of the group wants to gain the permissions of this group (see
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1))\&.
+.sp
+This field may be empty, in which case only the group members can gain the group permissions\&.
+.sp
+A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the password field before the password was locked\&.
+.sp
+This password supersedes any password specified in
+/etc/group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBadministrators\fR
+.RS 4
+It must be a comma\-separated list of user names\&.
+.sp
+Administrators can change the password or the members of the group\&.
+.sp
+Administrators also have the same permissions as the members (see below)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBmembers\fR
+.RS 4
+It must be a comma\-separated list of user names\&.
+.sp
+Members can access the group without being prompted for a password\&.
+.sp
+You should use the same list of users as in
+/etc/group\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+S\(:aker gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBgrpconv\fR(8),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man5/limits.5 b/man/sv/man5/limits.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac1e386
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man5/limits.5
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: limits
+.\"    Author: Luca Berra
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Filformat och konversioner
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "LIMITS" "5" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Filformat och konversioner"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+limits \- definition av resursbegr\(:ansningar
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The
+\fIlimits\fR
+file (/etc/limits
+by default or LIMITS_FILE defined
+config\&.h) describes the resource limits you wish to impose\&. It should be owned by root and readable by root account only\&.
+.PP
+By default no quota is imposed on \*(Aqroot\*(Aq\&. In fact, there is no way to impose limits via this procedure to root\-equiv accounts (accounts with UID 0)\&.
+.PP
+Varje rad beskriver en begr\(:ansning f\(:or anv\(:andaren i formatet:
+.PP
+\fIuser LIMITS_STRING\fR
+.PP
+or in the form:
+.PP
+\fI@group LIMITS_STRING\fR
+.PP
+The
+\fILIMITS_STRING\fR
+is a string of a concatenated list of resource limits\&. Each limit consists of a letter identifier followed by a numerical limit\&.
+.PP
+De giltiga identifierarna \(:ar:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+A: maximal adressrymd (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+C: max core file size (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+D: maximal datastorlek (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+F: maximum file size (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+K: file creation mask, set by
+\fBumask\fR(2)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+I: max nice value (0\&.\&.39 which translates to 20\&.\&.\-19)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+L: maximalt antal inloggningar f\(:or denna anv\(:andare
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+M: max locked\-in\-memory address space (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+N: maximalt antal \(:oppna filer
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+O: max real time priority
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+P: process priority, set by
+\fBsetpriority\fR(2)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+R: max resident set size (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+S: maximal stackstorlek (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+T: maximal processortid (MIN)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+U: maximalt antal processer
+.RE
+.PP
+For example,
+\fIL2D2048N5\fR
+is a valid
+\fILIMITS_STRING\fR\&. For reading convenience, the following entries are equivalent:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      username L2D2048N5
+      username L2 D2048 N5
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+Be aware that after
+\fIusername\fR
+the rest of the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed\&. An invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the
+\fBlogin\fR
+program\&.
+.PP
+The default entry is denoted by username "\fI*\fR"\&. If you have multiple
+\fIdefault\fR
+entries in your
+\fILIMITS_FILE\fR, then the last one will be used as the default entry\&.
+.PP
+The limits specified in the form "\fI@group\fR" apply to the members of the specified
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.PP
+If more than one line with limits for a user exist, only the first line for this user will be considered\&.
+.PP
+If no lines are specified for a user, the last
+\fI@group\fR
+line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the user\&.
+.PP
+To completely disable limits for a user, a single dash "\fI\-\fR" will do\&.
+.PP
+To disable a limit for a user, a single dash "\fI\-\fR" can be used instead of the numerical value for this limit\&.
+.PP
+Also, please note that all limit settings are set PER LOGIN\&. They are not global, nor are they permanent\&. Perhaps global limits will come, but for now this will have to do ;)
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/limits
+.RS 4
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsetpriority\fR(2),
+\fBsetrlimit\fR(2)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man5/passwd.5 b/man/sv/man5/passwd.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18efaab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man5/passwd.5
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: passwd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Filformat och konversioner
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "PASSWD" "5" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Filformat och konversioner"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+passwd \- l\(:osenordsfilen
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+contains one line for each user account, with seven fields delimited by colons (\(rq:\(rq)\&. These fields are:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+inloggningsnamn
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+valfritt krypterat l\(:osenord
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+numeriskt anv\(:andar\-id
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+numeriskt grupp\-id
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+anv\(:andarnamn eller kommentarsf\(:alt
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+anv\(:andarens hemkatalog
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+optional user command interpreter
+.RE
+.PP
+If the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field is a lower\-case
+\(rqx\(rq, then the encrypted password is actually stored in the
+\fBshadow\fR(5)
+file instead; there
+\fImust\fR
+be a corresponding line in the
+/etc/shadow
+file, or else the user account is invalid\&.
+.PP
+The encrypted
+\fIpassword\fR
+field may be empty, in which case no password is required to authenticate as the specified login name\&. However, some applications which read the
+/etc/passwd
+file may decide not to permit
+\fIany\fR
+access at all if the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field is blank\&.
+.PP
+A
+\fIpassword\fR
+field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field before the password was locked\&.
+.PP
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.PP
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)\&.
+.PP
+The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as
+\fBfinger\fR(1)\&.
+.PP
+The home directory field provides the name of the initial working directory\&. The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program uses this information to set the value of the
+\fB$HOME\fR
+environmental variable\&.
+.PP
+The command interpreter field provides the name of the user\*(Aqs command language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute\&. The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program uses this information to set the value of the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environmental variable\&. If this field is empty, it defaults to the value
+/bin/sh\&.
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+optional encrypted password file
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd\-
+.RS 4
+Backup file for /etc/passwd\&.
+.sp
+Note that this file is used by the tools of the shadow toolsuite, but not by all user and password management tools\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgetent\fR(1),
+\fBgetpwnam\fR(3),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBpwconv\fR(8),
+\fBpwunconv\fR(8),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsulogin\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man5/porttime.5 b/man/sv/man5/porttime.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3a42f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man5/porttime.5
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: porttime
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Filformat och konversioner
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "PORTTIME" "5" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Filformat och konversioner"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+porttime \- port access time file
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+\fIporttime\fR
+contains a list of tty devices, user names, and permitted login times\&.
+.PP
+Each entry consists of three colon separated fields\&. The first field is a comma separated list of tty devices, or an asterisk to indicate that all tty devices are matched by this entry\&. The second field is a comma separated list of user names, or an asterisk to indicated that all user names are matched by this entry\&. The third field is a comma separated list of permitted access times\&.
+.PP
+Each access time entry consists of zero or more days of the week, abbreviated
+\fISu\fR,
+\fIMo\fR,
+\fITu\fR,
+\fIWe\fR,
+\fITh\fR,
+\fIFr\fR, and
+\fISa\fR, followed by a pair of times separated by a hyphen\&. The abbreviation
+\fIWk\fR
+may be used to represent Monday thru Friday, and
+\fIAl\fR
+may be used to indicate every day\&. If no days are given,
+\fIAl\fR
+is assumed\&.
+.SH "EXEMPEL"
+.PP
+The following entry allows access to user
+\fBjfh\fR
+on every port during weekdays from 9am to 5pm\&.
+.PP
+*:jfh:Wk0900\-1700
+.PP
+The following entries allow access only to the users
+\fIroot\fR
+and
+\fIoper\fR
+on
+/dev/console
+at any time\&. This illustrates how the
+/etc/porttime
+file is an ordered list of access times\&. Any other user would match the second entry which does not permit access at any time\&.
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      console:root,oper:Al0000\-2400
+      console:*:
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+The following entry allows access for the user
+\fIgames\fR
+on any port during non\-working hours\&.
+.PP
+*:games:Wk1700\-0900,SaSu0000\-2400
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/porttime
+.RS 4
+Fil som inneh\(oaller port\(oatkomst
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man5/suauth.5 b/man/sv/man5/suauth.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6e630b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man5/suauth.5
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: suauth
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Filformat och konversioner
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "SUAUTH" "5" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Filformat och konversioner"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+suauth \- detaljerad kontrollfil f\(:or su
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fB/etc/suauth\fR\ 'u
+\fB/etc/suauth\fR
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The file
+/etc/suauth
+is referenced whenever the su command is called\&. It can change the behaviour of the su command, based upon:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      1) the user su is targeting
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+2) the user executing the su command (or any groups he might be a member of)
+.PP
+Filen \(:ar i f\(:oljande format, med de rader som inleds med # behandlas som kommentarsrader och ignoreras;
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      to\-id:from\-id:ACTION
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+Where to\-id is either the word
+\fIALL\fR, a list of usernames delimited by "," or the words
+\fIALL EXCEPT\fR
+followed by a list of usernames delimited by ","\&.
+.PP
+from\-id is formatted the same as to\-id except the extra word
+\fIGROUP\fR
+is recognized\&.
+\fIALL EXCEPT GROUP\fR
+is perfectly valid too\&. Following
+\fIGROUP\fR
+appears one or more group names, delimited by ","\&. It is not sufficient to have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in
+\fB/etc/group\fR(5)
+is necessary\&.
+.PP
+\(oAtg\(:arden kan endast vara en av f\(:oljande f\(:or n\(:arvarande st\(:odda flaggor\&.
+.PP
+\fIDENY\fR
+.RS 4
+F\(:ors\(:oket att anv\(:anda su stoppades f\(:ore ett l\(:osenord har efterfr\(oagats\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fINOPASS\fR
+.RS 4
+F\(:ors\(:oket att anv\(:anda su lyckades helt automatiskt; inget l\(:osenord har efterfr\(oagats\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIOWNPASS\fR
+.RS 4
+F\(:or att su\-kommandot ska lyckas m\(oaste anv\(:andaren mata in sitt egna l\(:osenord\&. De blir fr\(oagade att g\(:ora detta\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+Note there are three separate fields delimited by a colon\&. No whitespace must surround this colon\&. Also note that the file is examined sequentially line by line, and the first applicable rule is used without examining the file further\&. This makes it possible for a system administrator to exercise as fine control as he or she wishes\&.
+.SH "EXEMPEL"
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      # sample /etc/suauth file
+      #
+      # A couple of privileged usernames may
+      # su to root with their own password\&.
+      #
+      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS
+      #
+      # Anyone else may not su to root unless in
+      # group wheel\&. This is how BSD does things\&.
+      #
+      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY
+      #
+      # Perhaps terry and birddog are accounts
+      # owned by the same person\&.
+      # Access can be arranged between them
+      # with no password\&.
+      #
+      terry:birddog:NOPASS
+      birddog:terry:NOPASS
+      #
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/suauth
+.RS 4
+.RE
+.SH "FEL"
+.PP
+There could be plenty lurking\&. The file parser is particularly unforgiving about syntax errors, expecting no spurious whitespace (apart from beginning and end of lines), and a specific token delimiting different things\&.
+.SH "DIAGNOSTIK"
+.PP
+An error parsing the file is reported using
+\fBsyslogd\fR(8)
+as level ERR on facility AUTH\&.
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBsu\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man8/faillog.8 b/man/sv/man8/faillog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5316ebd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man8/faillog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: faillog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Systemhanteringskommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "FAILLOG" "8" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Systemhanteringskommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+faillog \- display faillog records or set login failure limits
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBfaillog\fR\ 'u
+\fBfaillog\fR [\fIflaggor\fR]
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR
+displays the contents of the failure log database (/var/log/faillog)\&. It can also set the failure counters and limits\&. When
+\fBfaillog\fR
+is run without arguments, it only displays the faillog records of the users who had a login failure\&.
+.SH "FLAGGOR"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBfaillog\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+.RS 4
+Display (or act on) faillog records for all users having an entry in the
+faillog
+database\&.
+.sp
+The range of users can be restricted with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option\&.
+.sp
+In display mode, this is still restricted to existing users but forces the display of the faillog entries even if they are empty\&.
+.sp
+With the
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR,
+\fB\-r\fR,
+\fB\-t\fR
+options, the users\*(Aq records are changed, even if the user does not exist on the system\&. This is useful to reset records of users that have been deleted or to set a policy in advance for a range of users\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Visa hj\(:alpmeddelande och avsluta\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\-secs\fR\ \&\fISEC\fR
+.RS 4
+Lock account for
+\fISEC\fR
+seconds after failed login\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-maximum\fR\ \&\fIMAX\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of login failures after the account is disabled to
+\fIMAX\fR\&.
+.sp
+Selecting a
+\fIMAX\fR
+value of 0 has the effect of not placing a limit on the number of failed logins\&.
+.sp
+The maximum failure count should always be 0 for
+\fIroot\fR
+to prevent a denial of services attack against the system\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reset\fR
+.RS 4
+Reset the counters of login failures\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Display faillog records more recent than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR\ \&\fILOGIN\fR|\fIRANGE\fR
+.RS 4
+Display faillog record or maintains failure counters and limits (if used with
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR
+or
+\fB\-r\fR
+options) only for the specified user(s)\&.
+.sp
+The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users\&. This
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users can be specified with a min and max values (\fIUID_MIN\-UID_MAX\fR), a max value (\fI\-UID_MAX\fR), or a min value (\fIUID_MIN\-\fR)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+When none of the
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-r\fR
+options are used,
+\fBfaillog\fR
+displays the faillog record of the specified user(s)\&.
+.SH "T\(:ANK P\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR
+only prints out users with no successful login since the last failure\&. To print out a user who has had a successful login since their last failure, you must explicitly request the user with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+flag, or print out all users with the
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag\&.
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+.RS 4
+Failure logging file\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBfaillog\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man8/groupadd.8 b/man/sv/man8/groupadd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cafd8e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man8/groupadd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupadd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Systemhanteringskommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPADD" "8" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Systemhanteringskommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+groupadd \- skapa en ny grupp
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupadd\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupadd\fR [\fIflaggor\fR] \fIgrupp\fR
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command creates a new group account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system\&. The new group will be entered into the system files as needed\&.
+.SH "FLAGGOR"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+This option causes the command to simply exit with success status if the specified group already exists\&. When used with
+\fB\-g\fR, and the specified GID already exists, another (unique) GID is chosen (i\&.e\&.
+\fB\-g\fR
+is turned off)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGID\fR
+.RS 4
+The numerical value of the group\*(Aqs ID\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+and greater than every other group\&.
+.sp
+See also the
+\fB\-r\fR
+option and the
+\fBGID_MAX\fR
+description\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Visa hj\(:alpmeddelande och avsluta\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-K\fR, \fB\-\-key\fR\ \&\fIKEY\fR=\fIVALUE\fR
+.RS 4
+Overrides
+/etc/login\&.defs
+defaults (GID_MIN, GID_MAX and others)\&. Multiple
+\fB\-K\fR
+options can be specified\&.
+.sp
+Example:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MIN\fR=\fI100\fR\ \&
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+.sp
+Note:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MIN\fR=\fI10\fR,\fIGID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+doesn\*(Aqt work yet\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+This option permits to add a group with a non\-unique GID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&. The default is to disable the password\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+You should make sure the password respects the system\*(Aqs password policy\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+Create a system group\&.
+.sp
+The numeric identifiers of new system groups are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-\fBGID_MAX\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+S\(:aker gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.SH "T\(:ANK P\(oA"
+.PP
+Groupnames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore, followed by lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes\&. They can end with a dollar sign\&. In regular expression terms: [a\-z_][a\-z0\-9_\-]*[$]?
+.PP
+Groupnames may only be up to 16 characters long\&.
+.PP
+You may not add a NIS or LDAP group\&. This must be performed on the corresponding server\&.
+.PP
+If the groupname already exists in an external group database such as NIS or LDAP,
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+will deny the group creation request\&.
+.SH "AVSLUTNINGSV\(:ARDEN"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+GID not unique (when
+\fB\-o\fR
+not used)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+group name not unique
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man8/groupdel.8 b/man/sv/man8/groupdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5cc5b3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man8/groupdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupdel
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Systemhanteringskommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPDEL" "8" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Systemhanteringskommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+groupdel \- ta bort en grupp
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupdel\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupdel\fR [\fIflaggor\fR] \fIGRUPP\fR
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to
+\fIGROUP\fR\&. The named group must exist\&.
+.SH "FLAGGOR"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Visa hj\(:alpmeddelande och avsluta\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "T\(:ANK P\(oA"
+.PP
+Du f\(oar inte ta bort den prim\(:ara gruppen f\(:or n\(oagon existerande anv\(:andare\&. Du m\(oaste ta bort anv\(:andaren innan du tar bort gruppen\&.
+.PP
+You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain owned by this group\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+S\(:aker gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVSLUTNINGSV\(:ARDEN"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI8\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt remove user\*(Aqs primary group
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man8/groupmems.8 b/man/sv/man8/groupmems.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3b50a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man8/groupmems.8
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupmems
+.\"    Author: George Kraft, IV
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Systemhanteringskommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPMEMS" "8" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Systemhanteringskommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+groupmems \- administrera medlemmar av en anv\(:andares prim\(:ara grupp
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupmems\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupmems\fR \-a\ \fIuser_name\fR | \-d\ \fIuser_name\fR | [\-g\ \fIgroup_name\fR] | \-l | \-p 
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+command allows a user to administer their own group membership list without the requirement of superuser privileges\&. The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+utility is for systems that configure its users to be in their own name sake primary group (i\&.e\&., guest / guest)\&.
+.PP
+Only the superuser, as administrator, can use
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+to alter the memberships of other groups\&.
+.SH "FLAGGOR"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-add\fR\ \&\fIuser_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a user to the group membership list\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR\ \&\fIuser_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Ta bort en anv\(:andare fr\(oan gruppen medlemslista\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, the user will be removed from the list of members and administrators of the group\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR\ \&\fIgroup_name\fR
+.RS 4
+The superuser can specify which group membership list to modify\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Visa hj\(:alpmeddelande och avsluta\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+.RS 4
+Lista gruppens medlemslista\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-purge\fR
+.RS 4
+Rensa alla anv\(:andare fr\(oan gruppens medlemslista\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SETUP"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+executable should be in mode
+2710
+as user
+\fIroot\fR
+and in group
+\fIgroups\fR\&. The system administrator can add users to group
+\fIgroups\fR
+to allow or disallow them using the
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+utility to manage their own group membership list\&.
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+	$ groupadd \-r groups
+	$ chmod 2710 groupmems
+	$ chown root\&.groups groupmems
+	$ groupmems \-g groups \-a gk4
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+s\(:aker gruppkontoinformation
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man8/groupmod.8 b/man/sv/man8/groupmod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a0e670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man8/groupmod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupmod
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Systemhanteringskommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPMOD" "8" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Systemhanteringskommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+groupmod \- \(:andra en gruppdefinition p\(oa systemet
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupmod\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupmod\fR [\fIflaggor\fR] \fIGRUPP\fR
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command modifies the definition of the specified
+\fIGROUP\fR
+by modifying the appropriate entry in the group database\&.
+.SH "FLAGGOR"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGID\fR
+.RS 4
+The group ID of the given
+\fIGROUP\fR
+will be changed to
+\fIGID\fR\&.
+.sp
+The value of
+\fIGID\fR
+must be a non\-negative decimal integer\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&.
+.sp
+Users who use the group as primary group will be updated to keep the group as their primary group\&.
+.sp
+Any files that have the old group ID and must continue to belong to
+\fIGROUP\fR, must have their group ID changed manually\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to the
+\fBGID_MIN\fR,
+\fBGID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR, or
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Visa hj\(:alpmeddelande och avsluta\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-new\-name\fR\ \&\fINEW_GROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the group will be changed from
+\fIGROUP\fR
+to
+\fINEW_GROUP\fR
+name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+When used with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option, allow to change the group
+\fIGID\fR
+to a non\-unique value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+You should make sure the password respects the system\*(Aqs password policy\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+S\(:aker gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVSLUTNINGSV\(:ARDEN"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+E_SUCCESS: success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+E_USAGE: invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+E_BAD_ARG: invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+E_GID_IN_USE: specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+E_NOTFOUND: specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+E_NAME_IN_USE: group name already in use
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+E_GRP_UPDATE: can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI11\fR
+.RS 4
+E_CLEANUP_SERVICE: can\*(Aqt setup cleanup service
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+E_PAM_USERNAME: can\*(Aqt determine your username for use with pam
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI13\fR
+.RS 4
+E_PAM_ERROR: pam returned an error, see syslog facility id groupmod for the PAM error message
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man8/grpck.8 b/man/sv/man8/grpck.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c139a1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man8/grpck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: grpck
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Systemhanteringskommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "GRPCK" "8" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Systemhanteringskommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+grpck \- validera integriteten f\(:or gruppfiler
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgrpck\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpck\fR [flaggor] [\fIgrupp\fR\ [\ \fIshadow\fR\ ]]
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command verifies the integrity of the groups information\&. It checks that all entries in
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow
+have the proper format and contain valid data\&. The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors\&.
+.PP
+Kontroller g\(:ors f\(:or att validera att varje post har:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+korrekt antal f\(:alt
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a unique and valid group name
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid group identifier
+(/etc/group only)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid list of members
+and administrators
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a corresponding entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file (respectively
+/etc/group
+for the
+gshadow
+checks)
+.RE
+.PP
+The checks for correct number of fields and unique group name are fatal\&. If an entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete the entire line\&. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed\&. An entry with a duplicated group name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made\&. All other errors are warnings and the user is encouraged to run the
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command to correct the error\&.
+.PP
+The commands which operate on the
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow files
+are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries\&.
+\fBgrpck\fR
+should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entries\&.
+.SH "FLAGGOR"
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR
+and
+\fB\-s\fR
+options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Visa hj\(:alpmeddelande och avsluta\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-read\-only\fR
+.RS 4
+Execute the
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command in read\-only mode\&. This causes all questions regarding changes to be answered
+\fIno\fR
+without user intervention\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sort\fR
+.RS 4
+Sort entries in
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow
+by GID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+By default,
+\fBgrpck\fR
+operates on
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow\&. The user may select alternate files with the
+\fIgroup\fR
+and \fIshadow\fR parameters\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+S\(:aker gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVSLUTNINGSV\(:ARDEN"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+one or more bad group entries
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt open group files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt lock group files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group files
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man8/lastlog.8 b/man/sv/man8/lastlog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7ecc2b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man8/lastlog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: lastlog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Systemhanteringskommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "LASTLOG" "8" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Systemhanteringskommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+lastlog \- reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBlastlog\fR\ 'u
+\fBlastlog\fR [\fIflaggor\fR]
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+\fBlastlog\fR
+formats and prints the contents of the last login log
+/var/log/lastlog
+file\&. The
+\fIlogin\-name\fR,
+\fIport\fR, and
+\fIlast login time\fR
+will be printed\&. The default (no flags) causes lastlog entries to be printed, sorted by their order in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.SH "FLAGGOR"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBlastlog\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-before\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Print only lastlog records older than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-C\fR, \fB\-\-clear\fR
+.RS 4
+Clear lastlog record of a user\&. This option can be used only together with
+\fB\-u\fR
+(\fB\-\-user\fR))\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Visa hj\(:alpmeddelande och avsluta\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-set\fR
+.RS 4
+Set lastlog record of a user to the current time\&. This option can be used only together with
+\fB\-u\fR
+(\fB\-\-user\fR))\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Print the lastlog records more recent than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR\ \&\fILOGIN\fR|\fIRANGE\fR
+.RS 4
+Print the lastlog record of the specified user(s)\&.
+.sp
+The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users\&. This
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users can be specified with a min and max values (\fIUID_MIN\-UID_MAX\fR), a max value (\fI\-UID_MAX\fR), or a min value (\fIUID_MIN\-\fR)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If the user has never logged in the message
+\fI** Never logged in**\fR
+will be displayed instead of the port and time\&.
+.PP
+Only the entries for the current users of the system will be displayed\&. Other entries may exist for users that were deleted previously\&.
+.SH "NOTERA"
+.PP
+The
+lastlog
+file is a database which contains info on the last login of each user\&. You should not rotate it\&. It is a sparse file, so its size on the disk is usually much smaller than the one shown by "\fBls \-l\fR" (which can indicate a really big file if you have in
+passwd
+users with a high UID)\&. You can display its real size with "\fBls \-s\fR"\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/var/log/lastlog
+.RS 4
+Databastider f\(:or tidigare anv\(:andarinloggningar\&.
+.RE
+.SH "T\(:ANK P\(oA"
+.PP
+Large gaps in UID numbers will cause the lastlog program to run longer with no output to the screen (i\&.e\&. if in lastlog database there is no entries for users with UID between 170 and 800 lastlog will appear to hang as it processes entries with UIDs 171\-799)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man8/logoutd.8 b/man/sv/man8/logoutd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cec10d1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man8/logoutd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: logoutd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Systemhanteringskommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "LOGOUTD" "8" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Systemhanteringskommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+logoutd \- enforce login time restrictions
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBlogoutd\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+enforces the login time and port restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+should be started from
+/etc/rc\&. The
+/var/run/utmp
+file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked to see if the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time\&. Any login session which is violating the restrictions in
+/etc/porttime
+is terminated\&.
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/porttime
+.RS 4
+Fil som inneh\(oaller port\(oatkomst
+.RE
+.PP
+/var/run/utmp
+.RS 4
+Lista p\(oa aktuella inloggningssessioner\&.
+.RE
diff --git a/man/sv/man8/nologin.8 b/man/sv/man8/nologin.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bec08cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man8/nologin.8
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: nologin
+.\"    Author: Nicolas Fran\(,cois <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Systemhanteringskommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "NOLOGIN" "8" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Systemhanteringskommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+nologin \- v\(:agra sn\(:allt en inloggning
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBnologin\fR\ 'u
+\fBnologin\fR
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnologin\fR
+command displays a message that an account is not available and exits non\-zero\&. It is intended as a replacement shell field for accounts that have been disabled\&.
+.PP
+To disable all logins, investigate
+\fBnologin\fR(5)\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBSSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND\fR
+is populated it will be logged\&.
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnologin\fR(5)\&.
+.SH "HISTORY"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnologin\fR
+command appeared in BSD 4\&.4\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man8/pwck.8 b/man/sv/man8/pwck.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f99af7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man8/pwck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: pwck
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Systemhanteringskommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "PWCK" "8" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Systemhanteringskommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+pwck \- validera integriteten f\(:or l\(:osenordsfiler
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBpwck\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwck\fR [flaggor] [\fIpasswd\fR\ [\ \fIshadow\fR\ ]]
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwck\fR
+command verifies the integrity of the users and authentication information\&. It checks that all entries in
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow
+have the proper format and contain valid data\&. The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors\&.
+.PP
+Kontroller g\(:ors f\(:or att validera att varje post har:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+korrekt antal f\(:alt
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a unique and valid user name
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+en giltig identifierare f\(:or anv\(:andare och grupp
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+en giltig prim\(:ar grupp
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+en giltig hemkatalog
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+ett giltigt inloggningsskal
+.RE
+.PP
+shadow
+checks are enabled when a second file parameter is specified or when
+/etc/shadow
+exists on the system\&.
+.PP
+These checks are the following:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+every passwd entry has a matching shadow entry, and every shadow entry has a matching passwd entry
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+passwords are specified in the shadowed file
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+shadow entries have the correct number of fields
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+shadow entries are unique in shadow
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+the last password changes are not in the future
+.RE
+.PP
+The checks for correct number of fields and unique user name are fatal\&. If the entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete the entire line\&. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed\&. An entry with a duplicated user name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made\&. All other errors are warning and the user is encouraged to run the
+\fBusermod\fR
+command to correct the error\&.
+.PP
+The commands which operate on the
+/etc/passwd
+file are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries\&.
+\fBpwck\fR
+should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entry\&.
+.SH "FLAGGOR"
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR
+and
+\fB\-s\fR
+options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpwck\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Visa hj\(:alpmeddelande och avsluta\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+Report errors only\&. The warnings which do not require any action from the user won\*(Aqt be displayed\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-read\-only\fR
+.RS 4
+Execute the
+\fBpwck\fR
+command in read\-only mode\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sort\fR
+.RS 4
+Sort entries in
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow
+by UID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+By default,
+\fBpwck\fR
+operates on the files
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow\&. The user may select alternate files with the
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and
+\fIshadow\fR
+parameters\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The maximum number of days a password may be used\&. If the password is older than this, a password change will be forced\&. If not specified, \-1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The minimum number of days allowed between password changes\&. Any password changes attempted sooner than this will be rejected\&. If not specified, \-1 will be assumed (which disables the restriction)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The number of days warning given before a password expires\&. A zero means warning is given only upon the day of expiration, a negative value means no warning is given\&. If not specified, no warning will be provided\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+S\(:aker anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVSLUTNINGSV\(:ARDEN"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwck\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+one or more bad password entries
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt open password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt lock password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt sort password files
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man8/userdel.8 b/man/sv/man8/userdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..822320b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man8/userdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: userdel
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Systemhanteringskommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "USERDEL" "8" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Systemhanteringskommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+userdel \- ta bort ett anv\(:andarkonto och relaterade filer
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBuserdel\fR\ 'u
+\fBuserdel\fR [flaggor] \fIINLOGGNINGSNAMN\fR
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to the user name
+\fILOGIN\fR\&. The named user must exist\&.
+.SH "FLAGGOR"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+This option forces the removal of the user account, even if the user is still logged in\&. It also forces
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to remove the user\*(Aqs home directory and mail spool, even if another user uses the same home directory or if the mail spool is not owned by the specified user\&. If
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+is defined to
+\fIyes\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+and if a group exists with the same name as the deleted user, then this group will be removed, even if it is still the primary group of another user\&.
+.sp
+\fINote:\fR
+This option is dangerous and may leave your system in an inconsistent state\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Visa hj\(:alpmeddelande och avsluta\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-remove\fR
+.RS 4
+Files in the user\*(Aqs home directory will be removed along with the home directory itself and the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&. Files located in other file systems will have to be searched for and deleted manually\&.
+.sp
+The mail spool is defined by the
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+variable in the
+login\&.defs
+file\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove any SELinux user mapping for the user\*(Aqs login\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The mail spool directory\&. This is needed to manipulate the mailbox when its corresponding user account is modified or deleted\&. If not specified, a compile\-time default is used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Defines the location of the users mail spool files relatively to their home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+The default value is 0, meaning that there are no limits in the number of members in a group\&.
+.sp
+This feature (split group) permits to limit the length of lines in the group file\&. This is useful to make sure that lines for NIS groups are not larger than 1024 characters\&.
+.sp
+If you need to enforce such limit, you can use 25\&.
+.sp
+Note: split groups may not be supported by all tools (even in the Shadow toolsuite)\&. You should not use this variable unless you really need it\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERDEL_CMD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, this command is run when removing a user\&. It should remove any at/cron/print jobs etc\&. owned by the user to be removed (passed as the first argument)\&.
+.sp
+The return code of the script is not taken into account\&.
+.sp
+Here is an example script, which removes the user\*(Aqs cron, at and print jobs:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+#! /bin/sh
+
+# Check for the required argument\&.
+if [ $# != 1 ]; then
+	echo "Usage: $0 username"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Remove cron jobs\&.
+crontab \-r \-u $1
+
+# Remove at jobs\&.
+# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,
+# even if it was shared by a different username\&.
+AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs
+find $AT_SPOOL_DIR \-name "[^\&.]*" \-type f \-user $1 \-delete \e;
+
+# Remove print jobs\&.
+lprm $1
+
+# All done\&.
+exit 0
+      
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.sp
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of the umask group bits to be the same as owner bits (examples: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) for non\-root users, if the uid is the same as gid, and username is the same as the primary group name\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow password suite configuration\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+S\(:aker anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVSLUTNINGSV\(:ARDEN"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified user doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI8\fR
+.RS 4
+user currently logged in
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt remove home directory
+.RE
+.SH "T\(:ANK P\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will not allow you to remove an account if there are running processes which belong to this account\&. In that case, you may have to kill those processes or lock the user\*(Aqs password or account and remove the account later\&. The
+\fB\-f\fR
+option can force the deletion of this account\&.
+.PP
+You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files remain owned by this user\&.
+.PP
+Du f\(oar inte ta bort n\(oagra NIS\-attribut p\(oa en NIS\-klient\&. Detta m\(oaste genomf\(:oras p\(oa NIS\-servern\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+is defined to
+\fIyes\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will delete the group with the same name as the user\&. To avoid inconsistencies in the passwd and group databases,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will check that this group is not used as a primary group for another user, and will just warn without deleting the group otherwise\&. The
+\fB\-f\fR
+option can force the deletion of this group\&.
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/sv/man8/vigr.8 b/man/sv/man8/vigr.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff72d7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man8/vigr.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/vipw.8
diff --git a/man/sv/man8/vipw.8 b/man/sv/man8/vipw.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5adbd8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/sv/man8/vipw.8
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: vipw
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23-01-2020
+.\"    Manual: Systemhanteringskommandon
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Swedish
+.\"
+.TH "VIPW" "8" "23-01-2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Systemhanteringskommandon"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NAMN"
+vipw, vigr \- redigera l\(:osenordet, grupp, skuggl\(:osenord eller skuggruppfil
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBvipw\fR\ 'u
+\fBvipw\fR [\fIflaggor\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBvigr\fR\ 'u
+\fBvigr\fR [\fIflaggor\fR]
+.SH "BESKRIVNING"
+.PP
+The
+\fBvipw\fR
+and
+\fBvigr\fR
+commands edits the files
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/group, respectively\&. With the
+\fB\-s\fR
+flag, they will edit the shadow versions of those files,
+/etc/shadow
+and
+/etc/gshadow, respectively\&. The programs will set the appropriate locks to prevent file corruption\&. When looking for an editor, the programs will first try the environment variable
+\fB$VISUAL\fR, then the environment variable
+\fB$EDITOR\fR, and finally the default editor,
+\fBvi\fR(1)\&.
+.SH "FLAGGOR"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBvipw\fR
+and
+\fBvigr\fR
+commands are:
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+Redigera gruppdatabasen\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Visa hj\(:alpmeddelande och avsluta\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-passwd\fR
+.RS 4
+Redigera l\(:osenordsdatabasen\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+Tyst l\(:age\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shadow\fR
+.RS 4
+Redigera shadow\- eller gshadow\-databasen\&.
+.RE
+.SH "ENVIRONMENT"
+.PP
+\fBVISUAL\fR
+.RS 4
+Editor to be used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBEDITOR\fR
+.RS 4
+Editor to be used if
+\fBVISUAL\fR
+is not set\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FILER"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+S\(:aker gruppkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+S\(:aker anv\(:andarkontoinformation\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SE OCKS\(oA"
+.PP
+\fBvi\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5)
+,
+\fBpasswd\fR(5), ,
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/tr/Makefile.am b/man/tr/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d8b916
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/tr/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
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+	man1/chfn.1 \
+	man8/groupadd.8 \
+	man8/groupdel.8 \
+	man8/groupmod.8 \
+	man1/login.1 \
+	man1/passwd.1 \
+	man5/passwd.5 \
+	man5/shadow.5 \
+	man1/su.1 \
+	man8/useradd.8 \
+	man8/userdel.8 \
+	man8/usermod.8
+
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diff --git a/man/tr/Makefile.in b/man/tr/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7321155
--- /dev/null
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+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,'`; \
+	dir='$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)'; $(am__uninstall_files_from_dir)
+tags TAGS:
+
+ctags CTAGS:
+
+cscope cscopelist:
+
+
+distdir: $(BUILT_SOURCES)
+	$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) distdir-am
+
+distdir-am: $(DISTFILES)
+	@srcdirstrip=`echo "$(srcdir)" | sed 's/[].[^$$\\*]/\\\\&/g'`; \
+	topsrcdirstrip=`echo "$(top_srcdir)" | sed 's/[].[^$$\\*]/\\\\&/g'`; \
+	list='$(DISTFILES)'; \
+	  dist_files=`for file in $$list; do echo $$file; done | \
+	  sed -e "s|^$$srcdirstrip/||;t" \
+	      -e "s|^$$topsrcdirstrip/|$(top_builddir)/|;t"`; \
+	case $$dist_files in \
+	  */*) $(MKDIR_P) `echo "$$dist_files" | \
+			   sed '/\//!d;s|^|$(distdir)/|;s,/[^/]*$$,,' | \
+			   sort -u` ;; \
+	esac; \
+	for file in $$dist_files; do \
+	  if test -f $$file || test -d $$file; then d=.; else d=$(srcdir); fi; \
+	  if test -d $$d/$$file; then \
+	    dir=`echo "/$$file" | sed -e 's,/[^/]*$$,,'`; \
+	    if test -d "$(distdir)/$$file"; then \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    if test -d $(srcdir)/$$file && test $$d != $(srcdir); then \
+	      cp -fpR $(srcdir)/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    cp -fpR $$d/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	  else \
+	    test -f "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || cp -p $$d/$$file "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || exit 1; \
+	  fi; \
+	done
+check-am: all-am
+check: check-am
+all-am: Makefile $(MANS)
+installdirs:
+	for dir in "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)" "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)" "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)"; do \
+	  test -z "$$dir" || $(MKDIR_P) "$$dir"; \
+	done
+install: install-am
+install-exec: install-exec-am
+install-data: install-data-am
+uninstall: uninstall-am
+
+install-am: all-am
+	@$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) install-exec-am install-data-am
+
+installcheck: installcheck-am
+install-strip:
+	if test -z '$(STRIP)'; then \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	      install; \
+	else \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	    "INSTALL_PROGRAM_ENV=STRIPPROG='$(STRIP)'" install; \
+	fi
+mostlyclean-generic:
+
+clean-generic:
+
+distclean-generic:
+	-test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)
+	-test . = "$(srcdir)" || test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)
+
+maintainer-clean-generic:
+	@echo "This command is intended for maintainers to use"
+	@echo "it deletes files that may require special tools to rebuild."
+clean: clean-am
+
+clean-am: clean-generic clean-libtool mostlyclean-am
+
+distclean: distclean-am
+	-rm -f Makefile
+distclean-am: clean-am distclean-generic
+
+dvi: dvi-am
+
+dvi-am:
+
+html: html-am
+
+html-am:
+
+info: info-am
+
+info-am:
+
+install-data-am: install-man
+
+install-dvi: install-dvi-am
+
+install-dvi-am:
+
+install-exec-am:
+
+install-html: install-html-am
+
+install-html-am:
+
+install-info: install-info-am
+
+install-info-am:
+
+install-man: install-man1 install-man5 install-man8
+
+install-pdf: install-pdf-am
+
+install-pdf-am:
+
+install-ps: install-ps-am
+
+install-ps-am:
+
+installcheck-am:
+
+maintainer-clean: maintainer-clean-am
+	-rm -f Makefile
+maintainer-clean-am: distclean-am maintainer-clean-generic
+
+mostlyclean: mostlyclean-am
+
+mostlyclean-am: mostlyclean-generic mostlyclean-libtool
+
+pdf: pdf-am
+
+pdf-am:
+
+ps: ps-am
+
+ps-am:
+
+uninstall-am: uninstall-man
+
+uninstall-man: uninstall-man1 uninstall-man5 uninstall-man8
+
+.MAKE: install-am install-strip
+
+.PHONY: all all-am check check-am clean clean-generic clean-libtool \
+	cscopelist-am ctags-am distclean distclean-generic \
+	distclean-libtool distdir dvi dvi-am html html-am info info-am \
+	install install-am install-data install-data-am install-dvi \
+	install-dvi-am install-exec install-exec-am install-html \
+	install-html-am install-info install-info-am install-man \
+	install-man1 install-man5 install-man8 install-pdf \
+	install-pdf-am install-ps install-ps-am install-strip \
+	installcheck installcheck-am installdirs maintainer-clean \
+	maintainer-clean-generic mostlyclean mostlyclean-generic \
+	mostlyclean-libtool pdf pdf-am ps ps-am tags-am uninstall \
+	uninstall-am uninstall-man uninstall-man1 uninstall-man5 \
+	uninstall-man8
+
+.PRECIOUS: Makefile
+
+
+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
diff --git a/man/tr/man1/chage.1 b/man/tr/man1/chage.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16bbbb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/tr/man1/chage.1
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+
+
+.\" Copyright 1990 - 1994 Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+  
+.TH chage 1 "" "" ""
+.nh  
+.SH İSİM  
+chage - 
+kullanıcı parolasının son kullanma tarihini değiştirir
+  
+.SH KULLANIM
+
+.nf
+
+\fBchage\fR [\fB-m \fR\fIasgari-gün-sayısı\fR]  [\fB-M \fR\fIazami-gün-sayısı\fR]  [\fB-d \fR\fIson-gün\fR]
+      [\fB-I \fR\fIpasif\fR]  [\fB-E \fR\fIson-tarih\fR]  [\fB-W \fR\fIuyarı-gün-sayısı\fR]  \fIkullanıcı\fR
+
+\fBchage -l \fR\fIkullanıcı\fR
+
+.fi
+
+
+  
+.SH AÇIKLAMA
+
+
+\fBchage\fR, parolanın son değiştirilme tarihinden, değiştirilmesi gerekecek olan güne kadar geçen sürenin gün cinsinde miktarını değiştirir. Bu bilgi, sistem tarafından, kullanıcının ne zaman parolasını değiştirmesi gerektiğini bulmakta kullanılır. Bu komut root kullanıcıya tahsis edilmiştir. Sadece \fB-l\fR seçeneği, normal kullanıcılar tarafından, parola ve hesaplarının son kullanma tarihini görmek amacı ile kullanılabilir.
+
+\fB-m\fR seçeneği ile belirtilen \fIasgari-gün-sayısı\fR´nın değeri, parola değişiklikleri arasında geçecek  asgari gün sayısıdır. Buraya sıfır değeri verilirse, kullanıcı istediği bir zaman parolasını değiştirebilir.
+
+\fB-M\fR seçeneği ile belirtilen \fIazami-gün-sayısı\fR´nın değeri, parolanın geçerliliğinin biteceği güne kadar geçecek zamanın gün cinsinden miktarıdır.  \fIazami-gün-sayısı\fR artı \fIson-gün\fR, içinde bulunulan günden az ise, kullanıcı hesabını kullanmadan önce parolasını değiştirmek zorunda kalacaktır. Bu olay, \fB-W\fR seçeneğini kullanılarak da ayarlanabilir. Bu seçenek sayesinde kullanıcıya bu olay hakkında uyarı mesajı verebilirsiniz.
+
+\fB-d\fR seçeneği ile, \fIson-gün\fR´ün değeri 1 Ocak 1970´den parolanın son değişeceği güne kadar olan gün sayısıdır. YYYY-AA-GG biçiminde bir tarih olarak da belirtilebilir (veya  yaşadığınız bölgede kabul edilen tarih biçimi ile).
+
+\fB-E\fR seçeneği, kullanıcı hesabının hangi tarihten sonra erişilemez olduğunu ayarlamak için kullanılır. \fIson-tarih\fR´in değeri; 1 Ocak 1970´den hesabın kilitleneceği güne kadar olan sürenin gün cinsinden miktarıdır. YYYY-AA-GG biçiminde bir tarih olarak da belirtilebilir (veya  yaşadığınız bölgede kabul edilen tarih biçimi ile).  Hesabı kilitlenen bir kullanıcının hesabını tekrar kullanabilmesi için, mutlaka sistem yöneticisine baş vurması gerekmektedir.
+
+\fB-I\fR seçeneği, bir parolanın pasif hale geçmesi ile  hesabın kilitlenmesi arasında geçecek olan gün miktarını ayarlamak için kullanılır.  \fIpasif\fR seçeneği, pasif geçecek gün sayısıdır. 0 (sıfır) değeri bu özelliği etkisizleştirir.  Hesabı kilitlenen bir kullanıcının hesabını tekrar kullanabilmesi için, mutlaka sistem yöneticisine baş vurması gerekmektedir.
+
+\fB-W\fR seçeneği, bir parola değişikliğinin gerekeceği günden kaç gün önce uyarı verileceğini ayarlamak için kullanılır. \fIuyarı-gün-sayısı\fR seçeneği, kullanıcının parolasının geçersiz kalmasından önce kullanıcının uyarılacağı gün sayısıdır.
+
+Şayet hiçbir seçenek belirtilmezse, \fBchage\fR etkileşimli kipe geçer. O an için geçerli olan bütün değerleri ekrana yazar. Bu alanlardaki değerleri değiştirmek için yeni değerler girilir. Şayet geçerli değerleri kullanmak istiyorsanız bu satırları boş bırakın. Geçerli değerler \fB[ ]\fR işaretleri arasında gösterilir.
+
+.SH SINIRLAMALAR
+
+\fBchage\fR uygulamasının /etc/shadow dosyasına ihtiyacı vardır.  Şayet parolalar /etc/passwd dosyası içinde saklanıyorsa, \fBchage\fR uygulamasının işlevselliği ortadan kalkar.
+
+.SH İLGİLİ DOYALAR
+
+/etc/passwd - kullanıcı hesabı bilgileri
+.br
+/etc/shadow - gölge parolalı kullanıcı hesabı bilgileri
+
+.SH İLGİLİ DOYALAR
+
+\fBpasswd\fR(5), 
+\fBshadow\fR(5)    
+    
+.SH YAZAN
+
+Julianne Frances Haugh <jockgrrl (at) ix.netcom.com> tarafından yazılmıştır.
+    
+.SH ÇEVİREN
+
+Yalçın Kolukısa <yalcink01 (at) yahoo.com>, Kasım 2003
+
diff --git a/man/tr/man1/chfn.1 b/man/tr/man1/chfn.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a867ed9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/tr/man1/chfn.1
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+
+
+.\"  chfn.1 -- change your finger information
+.\"  (c) 1994 by salvatore valente <svalente@athena.mit.edu>
+.\"
+.\"  this program is free software.  you can redistribute it and
+.\"  modify it under the terms of the gnu general public license.
+.\"  there is no warranty.
+
+.TH chfn 1 "13 Ekim 1994" "chfn " "Linux Başvuru Kılavuzu"
+.nh
+.SH İSİM  
+chfn - 
+kişisel bilgilerinizi değiştirir
+
+.SH KULLANIM
+
+.nf
+
+\fBchfn\fR [ \fB-f \fR\fIAdı-Soyadı\fR ] [ \fB-o \fR\fIİşyeri\fR ]  [ \fB-p \fR\fIİş-telefonu\fR ]
+     [ \fB-h \fR\fIEv-telefonu\fR ]  [ \fB-u\fR ] [ \fB-v\fR ] [ \fIkullanıcı\fR ]
+
+.fi
+
+
+
+.SH AÇIKLAMA
+
+\fBchfn\fR, kişisel bilgilerinizi değiştirmek için kullanılır. Bu bilgiler /etc/passwd dosyası içinde saklanır ve \fBfinger\fR komutu aracılığı ile ekrana gönderilir. Linux \fBfinger\fR komutu; \fBchfn\fR tarafından değiştirilebilen dört bilgi alanı görüntüler: adınız ve soyadınız, işyeriniz, iş telefon numaranız ve ev telefon numaranız.
+.SS KOMUT SATIRI
+
+Dört parçadan oluşan bu bilgilerin herhangi biri komut satırından belirtilebilir. Şayet komut satırından bilgi girilmemiş ise, \fBchfn\fR etkileşimli kipe geçecektir.
+.SS ETKİLEŞİMLİ KİP
+
+Etkileşimli kipte, \fBchfn\fR, her bir alan için kullanıcıdan veri girmesini isteyecektir. Bu alanlara yeni bilgi girebilir ya da eski bilgiyi korumak için  enter tuşuna basıp devam edebilirsiniz. Alanları boş bırakmak için \fBnone\fR kelimesini giriniz.
+
+.SH SEÇENEKLER   
+
+
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+\fB-f\fR, \fB--full-name\fR
+Ad ve soyadı belirtilir.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-o\fR, \fB--office\fR
+İşyeri ya da işyerindeki bölümünüz.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-p\fR, \fB--office-phone\fR
+İş telefonunuz.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-h\fR, \fB--home-phone\fR
+Ev telefonunuz.     
+
+.TP 
+\fB-u\fR, \fB--help\fR
+Bu kullanım bilgisi görüntüler ve çıkar.        
+
+.TP 
+\fB-v\fR, \fB--version\fR
+Sürüm bilgilerini görüntüler ve çıkar.        
+
+.PP
+
+.SH İLGİLİ BELGELER
+
+\fBfinger\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5).
+
+.SH YAZAN
+
+Salvatore Valente <svalente (at) mit.edu> tarafından yazılmıştır.
+.SH ÇEVİREN
+
+Yalçın Kolukısa <yalcink01 (at) yahoo.com>, Aralık 2003
+
diff --git a/man/tr/man1/login.1 b/man/tr/man1/login.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..491a97d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/tr/man1/login.1
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+
+
+.\" Copyright 1993 Rickard E. Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
+.\" May be distributed under the GNU General Public License
+
+.TH login 1 "4 Kasım 1996" "Util-linux 1.6" "Linux Yazılımcılarının Kılavuzu"
+.nh
+.SH İSİM  
+login - 
+Kullanıcının sisteme girişini sağlar.
+
+.SH KULLANIM
+
+
+\fBlogin\fR [ \fIisim\fR ]
+.br
+\fBlogin -p\fR
+.br
+\fBlogin -h\fR \fIkonakismi\fR
+.br
+\fBlogin -f\fR \fIisim\fR
+
+
+.SH AÇIKLAMA
+
+\fBlogin\fR, bir sisteme bağlanmak için kullanılır. Ayrıca, istenilen bir anda, bir kullanıcı adından başka birine geçiş yapmak içinde kullanılabilir (günümüzdeki pek çok kabuk, yerleşik olarak bu özelliği desteklemektedir).
+
+Herhangi bir argüman belirtilmemişse, \fBlogin\fR kullanıcı adını soracaktır.
+
+Şayet kullanıcı root değilse, ve eğer /etc/nologin dosyası varsa, bu dosyanın içeriği ekrana basılacak ve \fBlogin\fR sonlandırılacaktır. Bu genellikle, sistem kapanırken, yapılacak bağlantıları önlemek için kullanılır.
+
+Şayet kullanıcı için /etc/usertty içinde özel erişim kısıtlamaları tanımlanmışsa, kullanıcı bu şartları karşılamak zorundadır. Aksi taktirde bağlantı girişimi reddedilecek ve bir \fBsyslog\fR iletisi üretilecektir. Daha fazla bilgi için "Özel Erişim Kısıtlamaları" bölümüne bakınız.
+
+Şayet kullanıcı root ise, /etc/securetty içinde listelenen uçbirimlerden birisini kullanarak bağlanmak zorundadır. Giriş hataları \fBsyslog\fR tarafından kaydedilir. 
+
+Bütün bu şartlar kontrol edildikten sonra, parola istenecek ve kontrol edilecektir (şayet bu kullanıcı için parola gerekli ise). \fBlogin\fR sonlandırılmadan önce, 10 giriş denemesine izin vardır, fakat ilk üç denemeden sonra isteğe karşılık verme süresi uzayacaktır. Bağlantı hataları \fBsyslog\fR üzerinden rapor edilecektir. Bu, ayrıca başarılı root bağlantılarını raporlamak içinde kullanılır. 
+
+Şayet .hushlogin dosyası varsa, bir "hızlı" bağlantı gerçekleştirilir (bu özellik; e-posta kontrolünü, en son bağlantı zamanının ve günün iletisinin ekrana basılmasını engeller). Diğer yandan, şayet /var/log/lastlog dosyası varsa, son bağlantı zamanı ekrana basılacaktır (ve o anki bağlantı kaydedilecektir).
+
+Uçbirimin UID ve GID ayarlarını yapmak gibi, rastgele yönetim işleri yapılır. Şayet daha önceden belirtilmişse, TERM ortam değişkeni korunur (\fB-p\fR seçeneği kullanılmışsa diğer çevre değişkenleri de korunur).  Daha sonra HOME, PATH, SHELL, TERM, MAIL ve LOGNAME ortam değişkenleri ayarlanır. PATH değişkeni normal kullanıcılar için öntanımlı olarak /usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:. ve root kullanıcı için /bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin'dir. Son olarak, şayet bu bir "hızlı" bağlantı değilse; günün iletisi görüntülenir, kullanıcıya ait /var/spool/mail içindeki dosya kontrol edilir ve şayet dosya uzunluğu sıfırdan farklı ise bir ileti görüntülenir (şayet bu dosyanın uzunluğu sıfırdan farklı ise, kullanıcıya bir ileti gelmiş demektir).
+
+Daha sonra kullanıcı kabuğu başlatılır. Şayet \fB/etc/passwd\fR içinde  kullanıcı için bir kabuk tanımlı değilse, \fB/bin/sh\fR kullanılır. Şayet /etc/passwd içinde bir dizin tanımlı değilse, ev dizini olarak \fB/\fR (kök) dizini kullanılır (yukarıda bahsedilen .hushlogin dosyası için ev dizinine bakılır).
+
+
+.SH SEÇENEKLER
+
+
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+\fB-p\fR
+\fBgetty\fR(8) tarafından kullanılır, ortam değişkenlerinin korunmasını sağlar.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-f\fR
+İkinci bağlantı doğrulamasını atlamak için kullanılır. Özellikle root kullanıcı için çalışmaz ve Linux altında da çalıştığı görülmemiştir.        
+
+.TP 
+\fB-h\fR
+Diğer sunucular tarafından (\fBtelnetd\fR(8) gibi) uzak sunucunun adını, \fBlogin\fR´e bildirmek için kullanılır, bundan dolayı, utmp ve wtmp içine yerleştirilebilir. Bu seçenek sadece root kullanıcı içindir.
+
+.PP
+
+.SH ÖZEL ERİŞİM KISITLAMALARI
+
+/etc/securetty dosyası, root kullanıcının bağlantı yapabileceği, uçbirim isimlerinin listesini içerir. Her bir satırda, /dev/ öneki olmaksızın bir tty aygıtının adı belirtilmelidir. Şayet bu dosya yoksa, root kullanıcı herhangi bir uçbirim üzerinden bağlanabilir.
+
+Günümüzde çoğu Linux sistemi PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules - Eklenebilir Kimlik Kantlama Modülleri) kullanmaktadır. PAM kullanılmayan sistemlerde /etc/usertty dosyası, belirlenen kullanıcılar için, ek erişim kısıtlamaları içerir. Şayet bu dosya yoksa, ek erişim kısıtlamaları yüklenemez. Bu dosya çeşitli bölümler içerir. Üç çeşit bölüm türü münkündür: CLASSES, GROUPS ve USERS. CLASSES bölümü uçbirim sınıflarının ve sunucu adlarının şablonlarını içerir. GROUPS  bölümü her bir grup için, USERS bölümü  ise her bir kullanıcı için izin verilen uçbirimleri ve sunucuları tanımlar.
+
+Bu dosya içindeki her bir satır en fazla 255 karaktere sahip olabilir. Açıklamalar \fB#\fR ile başlar ve satır sonuna kadar devam eder.
+
+.SS CLASSES Bölümü
+
+Bir CLASSES bölümü bir satırın başında tamamen büyük harflerden oluşmuş CLASSES dizgesi ile başlar. Yeni bir bölümün başlangıcına veya dosyanın sonuna kadar  her bir satır sekmeler ya da boşluklar tarafından ayrılmış sözcük dizilimleri içerir. Her bir satır uçbirim sınıfları ve sunucu şablonları içerir. 
+
+Satır başındaki sözcük, satırın kalanında tanımlanmış uçbirimler ve sunucu şablonları için ortak sınıf ismidir. Bu sınıf ismi GROUPS veya USERS bölümlerinde kullanılabilir. Yinelenmiş sınıflar oluşturma hatasından korunmak için sınıf isimleri tanımlamaların içinde kullanılmamalıdır. 
+
+Örnek bir CLASSES bölümü:
+
+.nf
+
+CLASSES
+sinif1       tty1 tty2
+sinif2       tty3 @.foo.com
+
+.fi
+
+
+Burada \fIsinif1\fR ve \fIsinif2\fR sınıfları sağ taraflarındakilerle tanımlanmıştır.
+
+.SS GROUPS Bölümü
+
+Bir GROUPS bölümü; her bir UNIX grubu için izin verilen uçbirim ve 
+sunucuları tanımlar.  Şayet bir kullanıcı /etc/passwd ve /etc/group dosyalarındaki tanımlara göre göre bir UNIX grubunun üyesi ise ve bu grup /etc/usertty içindeki GROUPS bölümünde belirtilmiş ise, kullanıcıya erişim izni verilmiş demektir.      
+
+Bir CLASSES bölümü bir satırın başında tamamen büyük harflerden oluşmuş CLASSES dizgesi ile başlar.
+Bir GROUPS bölümü bir satırda tamamen büyük harflerden oluşmuş GROUPS 
+yazısı ile başlar ve devam eden tüm satırlar, boşluklar veya tablar ile ayrılmış, kelimeler dizileridir. Satırdaki ilk kelime grup adı ve diğer kelimeler; grup elemanlarına bağlantı için izin verilen ttys´ler ve sunuculardır. Bu tanımlamalar önceki bölümde( CLASSES bölümünde) açıklanan sınıfları içerebilirler.
+
+
+.SH TEMİNİ
+
+\fBlogin\fR, e2fsprogs  paketinin bir parçasıdır ve
+.br
+http://e2fsprogs.sourceforge.net adresinden temin edilebilir.
+
+.SH İLGİLİ BELGELER
+
+\fBchattr\fR(1)
+
+.SH ÇEVİREN
+
+Yalçın Kolukısa <yalcink01 (at) yahoo.com>, Kasım 2003
+
diff --git a/man/tr/man1/passwd.1 b/man/tr/man1/passwd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afc461a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/tr/man1/passwd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+
+
+.\" Copyright Red Hat, Inc., 1998, 1999, 2002.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, and the entire permission notice in its entirety,
+.\"    including the disclaimer of warranties.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote
+.\"    products derived from this software without specific prior
+.\"    written permission.
+.\"
+.\" ALTERNATIVELY, this product may be distributed under the terms of
+.\" the GNU Public License, in which case the provisions of the GPL are
+.\" required INSTEAD OF the above restrictions.  (This clause is
+.\" necessary due to a potential bad interaction between the GPL and
+.\" the restrictions contained in a BSD-style copyright.)
+.\"
+.\"  THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
+.\" WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
+.\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+.\" DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT,
+.\" INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+.\" (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
+.\" SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
+.\" STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
+.\" OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) Cristian Gafton, 1998, <gafton@redhat.com>
+.\"
+ 
+.TH passwd 1 "3 Ocak 1998" "Red Hat Linux" "Kullanıcı Araçları"
+.nh
+.SH İSİM  
+passwd - 
+kullanıcının parolasını günceller
+
+.SH KULLANIM
+
+.nf
+
+\fBpasswd \fR[\fB-k\fR] [\fB-l\fR] [\fB-u \fR[\fB-f\fR]] [\fB-d\fR] [\fB-n \fR\fIasgari_ömür\fR] [\fB-x \fR\fIazami_ömür\fR] 
+       [\fB-w \fR\fIuyarı_süresi\fR] [\fB-i \fR\fIaskı_süresi\fR] [\fB-S\fR] [\fIkullanıcı\fR]
+
+.fi
+
+
+
+.SH AÇIKLAMA
+
+\fBpasswd\fR, bir kullanıcının parolasını günceller
+
+\fBpasswd\fR, \fBLinux-PAM API\fR´si aracılığı ile çalışmak üzere ayarlanmıştır. Aslında, \fBpasswd\fR, kendisini Linux-Pam ile birlikte bir "passdw" servisi olarak başlatır ve  yetkilendirme için ayarlanmış parola modüllerini kullanır. Daha sonra kullanıcının parolası güncellenir.
+
+Bu servis için, Linux-PAM ayar dosyası, basitçe, şu şekilde olurdu: 
+
+.nf
+
+#
+# bir parola güncellenmeden önce, bu önerilen parolanın sağlamlığını
+# kontrol eden passwd servis girdisi.
+#
+passwd password requisite \
+            /usr/lib/security/pam_cracklib.so retry=3
+passwd password required \
+            /usr/lib/security/pam_unix.so use_authtok
+#
+
+.fi
+
+
+NOT: Bu uygulamanın düzgün çalışması için, diğer modül türlerine ihtiyaç yoktur.
+
+.SH SEÇENEKLER
+
+
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+\fB-k\fR
+Bu seçenek, güncellemenin, sadece geçerlilik süresi bitmiş parolaları kapsadığı anlamaına gelir. Kullanıcı geçerlilik süresi dolmamış parolalarını kullanmaya devam edebilir.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-l\fR
+Bu seçeneği sadece root kullanıcı kullanabilir. Belirtilen hesabı 
+kilitlemeye yarar. Kilitleme işlemi; şifrelenmiş parolanın sözdizimi geçersiz hale getirilerek uygulanır (şifreli sözdiziminin başına ! getirmek suretiyle).
+
+.TP 
+\fB--stdin\fR
+Bu seçenek, yeni parolanın borulanabilen standart girdiden okunacağı anlamına gelir.     
+
+.TP 
+\fB-u\fR
+\fB-l\fR seçeneğinin tersidir. Kilitlenmiş hesap parolalarının önündeki ! önekini kaldırarak, hesabı kullanıma açar. Bu seçenek, sadece root kullanıcıya tahsis edilmiştir. Öntanımlı olarak, \fBpassdw\fR, parolasız bir hesap oluşturmayı reddedecektir (parola olarak sadece ! işaretine sahip bir hesabın kilidini kaldıramaz). \fB-f\fR seçeneği, bu korumayı aşmak için kullanılabilir. 
+
+.TP 
+\fB-d\fR
+Bu seçenek, bir hesabın parolasını yok etmenin en kolay ve hızlı yoludur. Belirtilen hesabın parolasız açılmasını sağlar. Sadece root kullanıcı bu seçeneği kullanabilir. 
+
+.TP 
+\fB-n\fR
+Kullanıcının hesabı parola için bir geçerlilik süresi tanımlanmasını destekliyorsa, bu seçenekle parolanın geçerli olduğu asgari süre gün cinsinden belirtilebilir. Sadece root kullanıcı bu seçeneği kullanabilir. 
+
+.TP 
+\fB-x\fR
+Kullanıcının hesabı parola için bir geçerlilik süresi tanımlanmasını destekliyorsa, bu seçenekle parolanın geçerli olduğu azami süre gün cinsinden belirtilebilir. Sadece root kullanıcı bu seçeneği kullanabilir. 
+
+.TP 
+\fB-w\fR
+Kullanıcının hesabı parola için bir geçerlilik süresi tanımlanmasını destekliyorsa, bu seçenekle, kullanıcının parolasının zamanaşımına uğrayacağı tarihten kaç gün önceden itibaren uyarılacağı gün cinsinden belirtilebilir. Sadece root kullanıcı bu seçeneği kullanabilir.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-i\fR
+Kullanıcının hesabı parola için bir geçerlilik süresi tanımlanmasını destekliyorsa, kullanıcı parolası zamanaşımına uğradıktan sonra kullanıcı hesabı tamamen iptal edilene kadar kaç gün süreyle bekleneceği belirtilir. Sadece root kullanıcı bu seçeneği kullanabilir.
+
+.PP
+
+.SH İKİ ÖNEMLİ KURAL
+.SS Parolanızı koruyun
+
+Parolanızı herhangi bir yere not etmeyin. Bunun yerine ezberinizde tutun. Parolanızı şifrelenmemiş bir dosya içine yazıp, ortalıkta bırakmayın. Birbirinden bağımsız parolalar kullanın. Her yere aynı parola ile üye olmayın. Bilgisayar destek veya satış görevlileri ile parolanızı paylaşmayın. Parolanızı yazarken, kimsenin sizi izlemesine izin vermeyin. Güvenli olduğuna inanmadığınız bir sistemden, parolanız aracılığı ile giriş yapmayın. Parolanız için geçerlilik süreleri tahsis edin ve parolanızı düzenli olarak değiştirin. Bir sistemdeki parolanız sizin her şeyinizdir. Bu konuda paronoyak davranmak, vurdumduymazlıktan daha mantıklı bir yöntemdir.
+
+.SS Tahmin edilmesi güç bir parola seçin
+
+\fBpasswd\fR, sizin kötü bir parola seçmenizi önlemeye çalışacaktır, fakat bu çok güvenilir bir sistem değildir. Parolalarınızı, mantıklı bir şekilde oluşturun. Herhangi bir sözlükte (hangi dilde olursa olsun) bulunabilecek kelimeler kullanmayın. Çocuğunuzun, en sevdiğiniz film kahramanınızın, evcil hayvanlarınızın, ana-babanızın, mekanların ve ünlü kişilerin adlarını parola olarak seçmeyin. Telefon numarası, araç plakanız, doğum tarihiniz, SSK numaranız gibi başkaları tarafından ulaşılabilecek bilgileri, parola olarak kullanmayınız. Basit şablonlu parolalardan uzak durun. Bunun yerine, küçük ve büyük harflerin karışımından oluşan ve mümkünse içerisinde rakamlar bulunan parolalar seçin. Uzun parolalar kullanın. Noktalama işaretlerinin kullanıldığı kelime çiftleri oldukça iyi bir seçim olacaktır. Uzun ve akılda kalır bir cümlenin ilk harflerinden oluşmuş anlamsız bir kelime de oldukça iyi bir seçim sayılır. 
+
+
+
+Sistem, sizi bu iki kurala uymak konusunda biraz zorlayacaktır ama buradaki en önemli etken "insan"dır. Sistemlerin daha güvenli hale gelmesini sağlayan en önemli etken uyanık kullanıcılardır.
+
+.SH ÇIKIŞ DURUMU
+
+Çıkış durumu olarak \fB0\fR, işlemin başarıyla tamamlandığını gösterir. Hata oluştuğu durumlarda \fB1\fR ile çıkar. Metin olarak çıktılanabilen hatalar standart hataya yazılır.
+
+.SH UYUMLULUK
+
+Linux-PAM (Linux için Eklenebilir Kimlik Kanıtlama modülleri).
+.br
+Şayet, elinizdeki Linux-PAM sürümü, Linux dosya sistemi standartları ile uyumlu ise, modülleri /usr/lib/security dizini (örnekte gösterilen) yerine /lib/security altında bulabilirsiniz.
+
+.SH İLGİLİ DOSYALAR
+
+\fB/etc/pam.d/passwd\fR - \fBLinux-PAM\fR yapılandırma dosyası
+
+.SH YAZILIM HATALARI
+
+Bilinen herhangi bir yazılım hatası yoktur.
+.SH İLGİLİ BELGELER
+
+\fBpam_chauthok\fR(2),
+\fBpam\fR(8).
+
+\fBLinux-PAM\fR ile bu uygulamanın birlikte nasıl yapılandırıldığı hakkında daha ayrıntılı bilgiyi
+.br
+http://parc.power.net/morgan/Linux-PAM/index.html
+.br
+adresindeki, \fBLinux-PAM System Administrators´ Guide\fR içinde bulabilirsiniz.
+
+.SH YAZAN
+
+Cristian Gafton  <gafton (at) redhat.com> tarafından yazılmıştır.
+.SH ÇEVİREN
+
+Yalçın Kolukısa <yalcink01 (at) yahoo.com>, Aralık 2003
+
diff --git a/man/tr/man1/su.1 b/man/tr/man1/su.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..332c142
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/tr/man1/su.1
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+
+.TH su 1 "Eylül 2001" "GNU sh-utils 2.0.11" "FSF"
+.nh
+.SH İSİM  
+su - 
+başka bir kullanıcı ve grup kimliği ile bir kabuk çalıştırır
+
+.SH KULLANIM
+
+
+\fBsu\fR [\fISEÇENEK\fR]... [-] [\fIKULLANICI\fR [\fIARGÜMANLAR\fR]...]
+
+
+
+.SH AÇIKLAMA
+
+Etkin kullanıcı ve grup kimliğini \fIKULLANICI\fR´nınkilerle ile değiştirir.    
+
+
+
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+\fB-\fR, \fB-l\fR, \fB--login\fR
+Kabuğu, giriş kabuğu haline dönüştürür.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-c\fR, \fB--commmand\fR=\fIKOMUT \fR
+Kabuğa \fB-c\fR ile tek bir \fIKOMUT\fR aktarır.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-f\fR, \fB--fast\fR
+Kabuğa \fB-f\fR aktarır (csh veya tcsh için).
+
+.TP 
+\fB-m\fR, \fB--preserve-environment\fR
+Ortam değişkenlerini sıfırlamaz.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-p\fR
+\fB-m\fR ile aynıdır.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-s\fR, \fB--shell\fR=\fIKABUK \fR
+/etc/shells izin verdiği taktirde \fIKABUK\fR kabuğunu çalıştırır.
+
+.TP 
+\fB--help\fR
+Bu yardım metnini görüntüler ve çıkar.      
+
+.TP 
+\fB--version\fR
+Sürüm bilgilerini görüntüler ve çıkar.        
+
+.PP
+
+
+Tek başına \fB-\fR verilirse \fB-l\fR verilmiş gibi işlem yapılır. \fIKULLANICI\fR belirtilmezse, kullanıcı root kabul edilir.
+
+.SH YAZAN
+
+David MacKenzie tarafından yazılmıştır.
+.SH GERİBİLDİRİM
+
+Lütfen, böcekleri ve hataları <bug-sh-utils (at) gnu.org> adresine bildirin.
+.SH TELİF HAKKI
+
+Telif hakkı © 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.br
+Bu bir serbest yazılımdır; kopyalama koşulları için kaynak koduna bakınız. Hiçbir garantisi yoktur; hatta SATILABİLİRLİĞİ veya ŞAHSİ KULLANIMINIZA UYGUNLUĞU için bile garanti verilmez.
+
+.SH İLGİLİ BELGELER
+
+\fBsu\fR komutu ile ilgili kapsamlı bir kılavuz Texinfo olarak mevcuttur. Şayet \fBinfo\fR ve \fBsu\fR yazılımları düzgün bir şekilde sisteminizde mevcutsa, aşağıdaki komut ile bu kılavuzu görüntüleyebilirsiniz.
+
+.IP 
+
+\fBinfo su\fR
+.PP
+
+.SH ÇEVİREN
+
+Yalçın Kolukısa <yalcink01 (at) yahoo.com>, Kasım 2003
+
diff --git a/man/tr/man5/passwd.5 b/man/tr/man5/passwd.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c5348b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/tr/man5/passwd.5
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+
+
+.\" Copyright (c) 1993 Michael Haardt (michael@moria.de), Fri Apr  2 11:32:09 MET DST 1993
+.\"
+.\" This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
+.\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+.\" published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+.\" the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+.\"
+.\" The GNU General Public License's references to "object code"
+.\" and "executables" are to be interpreted as the output of any
+.\" document formatting or typesetting system, including
+.\" intermediate and printed output.
+.\"
+.\" This manual is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
+.\"
+.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+.\" License along with this manual; if not, write to the Free
+.\" Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111,
+.\" USA.
+.\"
+.\" Modified Sun Jul 25 10:46:28 1993 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
+.\" Modified Sun Aug 21 18:12:27 1994 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
+.\" Modified Sun Jun 18 01:53:57 1995 by Andries Brouwer (aeb@cwi.nl)
+.\" Modified Mon Jan  5 20:24:40 MET 1998 by Michael Haardt
+.\"  (michael@cantor.informatik.rwth-aachen.de)
+
+.TH passwd 5 "5 Ocak 1998" "" "Dosya biçimleri"
+.nh
+.SH İSİM  
+passwd - 
+parola dosyası
+  
+.SH AÇIKLAMA
+
+
+
+
+
+
+\fBpasswd\fR bir metin dosyasıdır. Sistem hesaplarının bir listesini tutar. Kullanıcı kimliği, grup kimliği, ev dizini, kabuk ve benzeri bilgileri ihtiva eder. Sıklıkla, her bir hesap için şifrelenmiş parolayı da içerir. Herkes tarafından okunma iznine sahiptir (pek çok uygulama bu dosyayı kullanır, mesela \fBls\fR(1), kullanıcı ismi ile kullanıcı kimlğini birbirine eşlemek için kullanır) ama sadece süper kullanıcının yazma izni vardır.
+
+Eski güzel günlerde, bu okuma izni ile ilgili büyük bir sorun yoktu. Herkes bu şifreli parolaları okuyabiliyordu ama  iyi seçilmiş bir parolayı kırmak için yeterli donanım gücü yoktu ve kullanıcı grubu oldukça iyi niyetliydi. Günümüzde ise, pek çok kullanıcı gölgeli parola sistemini kullanmakta, /etc/passwd içinde parolanın yerinde bir `*´ görünmekte ve şifreli parola /etc/shadow içinde saklanmaktadır. Bu dosya sadece süper kullanıcı tarafından okunabilir.
+
+Gölgeli parolanın kullanılıp kullanılmadığına bakılmaksızın, pek çok sistem yöneticisi, şifrelenmiş parola alanında bir yıldız kullanır. Böylece bu kullanıcının bir parola kullanarak yetki almasını önler. (Yine de aşağıdaki \fBEK BİLGİ\fR bölümüne bakınız.
+
+Şayet yeni bir kullanıcı hesabı oluşturuyorsanız, ilk olarak parola alanına bir yıldız koyunuz, daha sonra \fBpasswd\fR(1)komutu ile parolayı belirleyin.
+
+Her satırda bir girdi yapılır ve her satır şu biçimdedir:
+.RS
+
+hesap:parola:UID:GID:GECOS:dizin:kabuk
+.RE
+
+Bu alanların açıklamaları şunlardır:
+
+
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+\fIhesap\fR
+Kullanıcının sistemdeki adı. Büyük harf içermemelidir.
+
+.TP 
+\fIparola\fR
+Şifreli kullanıcı parolası veya bir yıldız işareti.
+
+.TP 
+\fIUID\fR
+Sayısal kullanıcı kimliği
+
+.TP 
+\fIGID\fR
+Bu kullanıcının sayısal birincil grup kimliği
+
+.TP 
+\fIGECOS\fR
+Bu alan seçime bağlıdır ve sadece bilgilendirme amacı 
+ile kullanılır. Genellikle kullanıcının tam adı yazılır. GECOS´un anlamı General Electric  Comprehensive  Operating System´dir. General Electric´in büyük sistem bölümü Honeywell´e satıldığı zaman GCOS olarak yeniden adlandırılmıştır.    Dennis Ritchie´nin bildirdiğine göre: "bazı zamanlar yazıcı çıktılarını veya toplu işleri GCOS makineye gönderiyoruz. Parola dosyasındaki gcos alanı $IDENTcard için bilgileri biriktirme alanı olarak kullanılır. Zariflik olsun diye oraya konmamıştır."
+
+.TP 
+\fIdizin\fR
+Kullanıcının $HOME dizinidir.
+
+.TP 
+\fIkabuk\fR
+Sisteme girişte kullanılacak kabuk (belirtilmemişse \fB/bin/sh\fR kullanılır). Şayet olmayan bir uygulama belirtilirse, kullanıcı \fBlogin\fR(1) ile sisteme bağlanamaz.
+
+.PP
+.SH EK BİLGİ
+
+Şayet bir kullanıcı grubu oluşturmak istiyorsanız, Grup numaraları aynı olmak zorundadır ve /etc/group dosyasında bir girdisi olmalıdır. Aksi taktirde bir grup oluşturulmaz.
+
+Şayet şifreli parola bir yıldız ile betimlenmişse, kullanıcı \fBlogin\fR(1)'i kullanarak bağlanamaz ama hala \fBrlogin\fR(1)'i kullanarak bağlanabilir, varolan bir süreci çalıştırabilir, \fBrsh\fR(1), \fBcron\fR(1), \fBat\fR(1) veya posta süzgeçleri üzerinden yenilerini başlatabilir. Kabuk alanını değiştirerek bir hesabı kapatmaya çalışmak da aynı sonucu verir ve ek olarak \fBsu\fR(1) komutunun kullanımına izin verir.
+
+.SH İLGİLİ DOSYALAR
+
+/etc/passwd
+.SH İLGİLİ BELGELER
+
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5).
+
+.SH ÇEVİREN
+
+Yalçın Kolukısa <yalcink01 (at) yahoo.com>, Ocak 2004
+
diff --git a/man/tr/man5/shadow.5 b/man/tr/man5/shadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c56f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/tr/man5/shadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+
+
+.\" Copyright 1989 - 1990, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+.TH shadow 5 "" "" ""
+.nh
+.SH İSİM  
+shadow - 
+şifreli parola dosyası
+  
+.SH AÇIKLAMA
+
+\fBshadow\fR kullanıcı hesaplarının şifreli parola bilgilerini ve isteğe bağlı parola dönemsellik bilgilerini içerir.
+
+
+.IP 
+
+Kullanıcı adı
+
+Şifreli parola
+
+1 Ocak 1970´den parolanın en son değiştiği güne kadar geçen gün sayısı
+
+Parolanın değişmesi gerekecek güne kadar olan sürenin gün sayısı
+
+Parolanın değişmesi gereken günden sonraki sürenin gün sayısı
+
+Parolanın zaman aşımından önce kullanıcının uyarılacağı gün sayısı
+
+Parolanın zaman aşımından hesabın kapatılacağı güne kadar geçecek sürenin gün sayısı
+
+1 ocak 1970´den hesabın kapatılacağı güne kadar geçen sürenin gün sayısı
+
+Bir yedek alan
+
+.PP
+Parola alanı mutlaka dolu olmalıdır. Şifreli parola alanı 64 karakterlik 
+bir alfabeden (a´dan z´ye, A´dan Z´ye, 0´dan 9´a, "." Ve "/" den oluşan bir alfabe) seçilen 13 ila 24 karakterden oluşur. Bu dizgenin nasıl yorumlandığını görmek için \fBcrypt\fR(3)'e bakınız.
+
+Parolanın en son değiştiği günün tarihi, 1 Ocak 1970´den beri geçen gün sayısı olarak belirtilir. Geçerli gün sayısı geçmeden parolanın tekrar değiştirilmesi önlenebilir ve belirli bir gün sayısı geçtikten sonra parolanın değişmesi için kullanıcı zorlanabilir. Şayet gerekli en az gün sayısı en çok gün sayısından daha büyük ise, parola kullanıcı tarafından değiştirilemez.
+
+Şayet parola son kullanım tarihinden sonra belirtilen süre içinde değiştirilmez ise, kullanıcı hesabı kapatılır. Parola son kullanım tarihinden bağımsız olarak, bir kullanıcı hesabı belirtilen sürenin sonunda kapatılabilir.
+
+Bu bilgiler, /etc/passwd dosyasında da varsa, /etc/shadow dosyasındaki bilgiler geçerlidir. 
+
+Parola güvenliği açısından bu dosya için normal kullanıcılara okuma izni kapalı olmalıdır.
+
+.SH İLGİLİ DOSYALAR
+
+/etc/passwd - kullanıcı hesap bilgileri
+.br
+/etc/shadow - şifreli kullanıcı parolaları
+
+.SH İLGİLİ BELGELER
+
+\fBchage\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBpwconv\fR(8),
+\fBpwunconv\fR(8),
+\fBsulogin\fR(8).
+
+.SH YAZAN
+
+Julianne Frances Haugh <jockgrrl (at) ix.netcom.com> tarafından yazılmıştır.
+.SH ÇEVİREN
+
+Yalçın Kolukısa <yalcink01 (at) yahoo.com>, Ocak 2004
+
diff --git a/man/tr/man8/groupadd.8 b/man/tr/man8/groupadd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1568ae2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/tr/man8/groupadd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+
+
+.\" Copyright 1991, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+.TH groupadd 8 "" "" ""
+.nh
+.SH İSİM  
+groupadd - 
+yeni bir grup oluşturur
+
+.SH KULLANIM
+
+.nf
+
+\fBgroupadd\fR [\fB-g \fR\fIgrup-kimliği\fR [\fB-o\fR]] [\fB-r\fR] [\fB-f\fR] \fIgrup\fR
+
+.fi
+
+
+.SH AÇIKLAMA
+
+\fBgroupadd\fR komutu, komut satırından tanımlanan bilgiler ve sistemdeki öntanımlı bilgiler eşliğinde yeni bir grup oluşturur. Yeni grup, gerekli sistem dosyalarına girilir. \fBgroupadd\fR komutuna uygulanacak seçenekler şunlardır:
+
+
+
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+\fB-g \fR\fIgrup-kimliği\fR
+Grubu tanımlayan numara. \fB-o\fR seçeneği belirtilmediği sürece bu numara benzersiz olmalıdır. Negatif bir değer atanamaz. Öntanımlı olarak 500´den ve diğer bütün tanımlı grup numaralarından daha büyük olan en küçük sayı kullanılır. 0 ile 499 arasındaki değerler, geleneksel olarak, \fIsistem hesapları\fR için ayrılır.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-r\fR
+Bu seçenek \fBgroupadd\fR komutuna bir \fIsistem hesabı\fR eklemesini söyler. \fB-g\fR seçeneği belirtilmediği sürece, 499´dan küçük olan olası bir grup numarası atanır. Bu seçenek Red Hat tarafından eklenmiştir.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-f\fR
+Zorlama seçeneği. Bu seçenek, \fBgroupadd\fR komutunun eklemeye çalıştığı grup sistemde halihazırda var ise, bir hata vererek çıkmasını sağlar. Böyle bir durumda grup değişmeyecek veya tekrar eklenmeyecektir. 
+
+Bu seçenek aynı zamanda, \fB-g\fR seçeneğinin çalışma şeklini düzenler. Benzersiz olmayan bir grup numarası istediğiniz ve \fB-o\fR seçeneğini vermediğiniz zaman, grup oluşturma işlemi, standart şekline (\fB-g\fR veya \fB-o\fR seçeneği tanımlanmadığı durumda bir grup ekler gibi) geri dönecektir. Bu seçenek Red Hat tarafından eklenmiştir.
+
+.PP
+
+.SH İLGİLİ DOSYALAR
+
+.nf
+
+\fB/etc/group\fR   - grupların hesap bilgileri
+\fB/etc/gshadow\fR - güvenli grup bilgileri
+
+.fi
+
+
+.SH İLGİLİ BELGELER
+
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8).
+
+.SH YAZAN
+
+Julianne Frances Haugh <jockgrrl (at) ix.netcom.com> tarafından yazılmıştır.
+
+.SH ÇEVİREN
+
+Yalçın Kolukısa <yalcink01 (at) yahoo.com>, Ocak 2004
+
diff --git a/man/tr/man8/groupdel.8 b/man/tr/man8/groupdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eda77ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/tr/man8/groupdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+
+
+.\" Copyright 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+.TH groupdel 8 "" "" ""
+.nh
+.SH İSİM  
+groupdel - 
+bir grubu siler
+
+.SH KULLANIM
+\fBgroupdel \fR\fIgrup\fR
+  
+.SH AÇIKLAMA
+
+\fBgroupdel\fR komutu, sistem hesap dosyalarını düzenler ve \fIgrup\fR olarak belirtilen gruba ait bütün girdileri siler. Silinmek istenen grup, sistemde varolmalıdır.
+
+Silme işleminden sonra, silinen grup numarasına ait herhangi bir dosya kalmadığından emin olmak için bütün dosya sistemlerini kontrol etmelisiniz.
+
+.SH YETERSİZLİKLER
+
+Varolan herhangi bir kullanıcının birincil grubunu silemeyebilirsiniz. Grubu silmeden önce bu kullanıcıyı sistemden kaldırmak zorundasınız.
+
+.SH İLGİLİ DOSYALAR
+
+.nf
+
+\fB/etc/group\fR   - grupların hesap bilgileri
+\fB/etc/gshadow\fR - güvenli grup bilgileri
+
+.fi
+
+
+.SH İLGİLİ BELGELER
+
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8).
+
+.SH YAZAN
+
+Julianne Frances Haugh <jockgrrl (at) ix.netcom.com> tarafından yazılmıştır.
+
+.SH ÇEVİREN
+
+Yalçın Kolukısa <yalcink01 (at) yahoo.com>, Ocak 2004
+
diff --git a/man/tr/man8/groupmod.8 b/man/tr/man8/groupmod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f55a05d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/tr/man8/groupmod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+
+
+.\" Copyright 1991, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+.TH groupmod 8 "" "" ""
+.nh
+.SH İSİM  
+groupmod - 
+bir grubun niteliklerini düzenler
+
+.SH KULLANIM
+
+.nf
+
+\fBgroupmod\fR [\fB-g \fR\fIgrup-kimliği\fR [\fB-o\fR]] [\fB-n \fR\fIgrup-ismi\fR] \fIgrup\fR
+
+.fi
+
+
+.SH AÇIKLAMA
+
+\fBgroupmod\fR komutu, komut satırından tanımlanan bir gruba ait bilgilerdeki değişiklikleri, sistem hesap dosyaları üzerinde değiştirmek için kullanılır. Bu komuta verilebilecek seçenekler şunlardır: 
+
+
+
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+\fB-g \fR\fIgrup-kimliği\fR
+Grubu tanımlayan numara. \fB-o\fR seçeneği belirtilmediği sürece bu numara benzersiz olmalıdır. Negatif bir değer atanamaz.  0 ile 99 arasında değerler, geleneksel olarak, sistem grupları için ayrılmıştır. Dosya grup numarası, eski grup numarası olan bütün dosyaların dosya grup numaraları el ile değiştirilmelidir.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-n \fR\fIgrup-ismi\fR
+\fIgrup\fR ile belirtilen grubun alacağı yeni grup adını tanımlar.
+
+.PP
+
+.SH İLGİLİ DOSYALAR
+
+.nf
+
+\fB/etc/group\fR   - grupların hesap bilgileri
+\fB/etc/gshadow\fR - güvenli grup bilgileri
+
+.fi
+
+
+.SH İLGİLİ BELGELER
+
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8).
+
+.SH YAZAN
+
+Julianne Frances Haugh <jockgrrl (at) ix.netcom.com> tarafından yazılmıştır.
+
+.SH ÇEVİREN
+
+Yalçın Kolukısa <yalcink01 (at) yahoo.com>, Ocak 2004
+
diff --git a/man/tr/man8/useradd.8 b/man/tr/man8/useradd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..379b2d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/tr/man8/useradd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+
+
+.\" Copyright 1991 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+.TH useradd 8 "" "" ""
+.nh
+.SH İSİM  
+useradd - 
+yeni bir kullanıcı oluşturur veya öntanımlı yeni kullanıcı bilgilerini günceller
+
+.SH KULLANIM
+
+.nf
+
+\fBuseradd\fR [\fB-c \fR\fIaçıklama\fR] [\fB-d \fR\fIevdizini\fR]
+        [\fB-e \fR\fIbitiş_tarihi\fR] [\fB-f \fR\fIaskı_süresi\fR]
+        [\fB-g \fR\fIbirincil_grup\fR] [\fB-G \fR\fIgrup\fR[,...]]
+        [\fB-m \fR[\fB-k \fR\fIiskelet_dizin\fR] | \fB-M\fR] [\fB-p \fR\fIparola\fR]
+        [\fB-s \fR\fIkabuk\fR] [\fB-u \fR\fIkull_kiml\fR [ \fB-o\fR]] [\fB-n\fR] [\fB-r\fR] \fIkullanıcı\fR
+
+.fi
+
+
+.nf
+    
+\fBuseradd -D\fR [\fB-g \fR\fIöntanımlı_grup\fR] [\fB-b \fR\fIöntanımlı_ev\fR]
+        [\fB-f \fR\fIöntanımlı_askı_süresi\fR] [\fB-e \fR\fIöntanımlı_bitiş_tarihi\fR]
+        [\fB-s \fR\fIöntanımlı_kabuk\fR]
+
+.fi
+
+
+.SH AÇIKLAMA
+.SS Yeni Kullanıcıların Oluşturulması
+
+\fB-D\fR seçeneği belitilmeden çağrıldığında, \fBuseradd\fR komutu, komut satırında tanımlanan değerleri ve sistemdeki öntanımlı değerleri kullanarak yeni bir kullanıcı oluşturur. Komut satırında belirtilen seçeneklere bağlı olarak, gerekli sistem dosyalarına yeni kullanıcının bilgileri girilir; ev dizini oluşturulur;  ilk dosyalar kopyalanır.  Red Hat Linux´da kullanılan sürümünde, \fB-n\fR seçeneği belirtilmediği sürece, oluşturulan her kullanıcı için yeni bir grup oluşturulur. Kullanabileceğiniz seçenekler şunlardır:
+
+
+
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+\fB-c \fR\fIaçıklama\fR
+Yeni kullanıcının parola dosyasındaki açıklama alanı.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-d \fR\fIevdizini\fR
+Oluşturulan yeni kullanıcının sisteme girişte kullanacağı ev dizinini belirtir. Öntanımlı olarak, \fIkullanıcı\fR ismi \fIöntanımlı_ev\fR'e eklenecek ve sisteme giriş dizini ismi olarak kullanılacaktır.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-e \fR\fIbitiş_tarihi\fR
+Kullanıcı hesabının son kullanma tarihini belirtir. Tarih YYYY-AA-GG (Y: yıl, A: ay, G: gün) şeklinde belirtilir.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-f \fR\fIaskı_süresi\fR
+Kullanıcı parolasının son kullanma tarihinden itibaren, bu hesabın 
+tamamen kapatılacağı tarihe kadar geçecek olan sürenin gün cinsinden değeri belirtilir. Bu değer 0 olarak belirtilirse, parolanın son kullanma tarihinde hesap kapatılır. -1 değeri verilirse, bu özellik iptal edilmiş olur. -1 değeri öntanımlı değerdir. 
+
+.TP 
+\fB-g \fR\fIbirincil_grup\fR
+Kullanıcının üyesi olacağı birincil grubun adı veya numarası belirtilir. Belirtilen grup, sistemde önceden tanımlanmış olmalıdır. Şayet grup numarası belirtilmiş ise, bu numara sistemde var olan bir gruba ait olmalıdır. Olmayan gruba ait bir isim veya numara kullanamazsınız. Öntanımlı değer 1 dir.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-g \fR\fIgrup\fR[,...]
+Kullanıcının üyesi olacağı ilave gruplar belirtilir. Her grup, diğerinden virgül ile ayrılır, arada boşluk bırakılmaz. Burada tanımlanan gruplar, \fB-g\fR ile tanımlanan grubun kısıtlamalarına tabidirler. Öntanımlı olarak, kullanıcının sadece \fIbirincil_grup\fR üyesi olduğu kabul edilir.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-m\fR
+Şayet sistemde kullanıcının ev dizini yok ise, yeni bir dizin oluşturulur. Eğer \fB-k\fR seçeneği belirtilmişse \fIiskelet_dizin\fR içindeki dosyalar ev dizinine kopyalanır. Aksi taktirde /etc/skel içindeki dosyalar kullanılır. \fIiskelet_dizin\fR veya /etc/skel içindeki bütün dizinler, ev dizininde de oluşturulur. \fB-k\fR seçeneği, sadece \fB-m\fR seçeneği ile birlikte kullanıldığında etkilidir. Öntanımlı olarak, dizin oluşturulmaz ve dosyalar kopyalanmaz.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-M\fR
+/etc/login.defs içinde tanımlı bütün sistemi kapsayan ayarlarda ev dizininin yaratılması gerektiği belirtilmiş olsa bile, kullanıcı ev dizini oluşturulmaz.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-n\fR
+Öntanımlı olarak, oluşturulan yeni kullanıcı ile aynı adlı yeni bir grup oluşturulur. Bu seçenek belirtilir ise, bu Red Hat Linux´a özel davranış kapatılmış olur. 
+
+.TP 
+\fB-r\fR
+Bu seçenek, yeni bir sistem hesabı açmak için kullanılır. Böylece, /etc/login.defs içinde belirtilen UID_MIN değerinden daha küçük kullanıcı kimlikli kullanıcı oluşturulabilir. /etc/login.defs içindeki öntanımlı değerler ne olursa olsun, \fBuseradd\fR komutu böyle bir kullanıcı için ev dizini oluşturmayacaktır. Oluşturulacak sistem hesabı için bir ev dizini istiyorsanız, \fB-m\fR seçeneğini kullanmak zorundasınız. Bu, Red Hat tarafından eklenmiş bir seçenektir.   
+
+.TP 
+\fB-p \fR\fIparola\fR
+\fBcrypt\fR(3) tarafından döndürülen şifrelenmiş paroladır. Öntanımlı olarak hesap kapalıdır.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-s \fR\fIkabuk\fR
+Kullanıcının sisteme girişte kullanacağı kabuğun adıdır. Öntanımlı olarak bu değer boştur, böylece sistemin öntanımlı kabuğunun seçilmesi sağlanır. 
+
+.TP 
+\fB-u \fR\fIkull_kiml\fR
+Kullanıcı kimliğinin sayısal değeridir. Bu değer, \fB-o\fR seçeneği kullanılmadığı sürece, eşsiz olmalıdır. Değer mutlaka pozitif bir sayı olmalıdır. Öntanımlı olarak, diğer kullanıcıların numaralarından ve 99´dan büyük, en küçük numara kullanılır. 0 ile 99 arasındaki değerler sistem hesapları için ayrılmıştır.
+
+.PP
+.SS Öntanımlı Değerlerin Değiştirilmesi
+
+ 
+\fB-D\fR seçeneği ile birlikte kullanıldığı zaman, \fBuseradd\fR ya geçerli değerleri görüntüler, ya da öntanımlı değerleri, komut satırından belirtilenler ile günceller. Kullanabileceğiniz seçenekler şunlardır:          
+
+
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+\fB-b \fR\fIöntanımlı_ev\fR
+Yeni bir kullanıcının ev dizini için ilk dosyayolu önekini belirtir. \fIYeni bir hesap açarken \fB-d\fR seçeneği belirtilmemişse\fR, yeni kullanıcının adı \fIöntanımlı_ev\fR'in sonuna eklenir ve yeni dizin oluşturulur.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-e \fR\fIöntanımlı_bitiş_tarihi\fR
+Kullanıcı hesabının kapatılacağı tarih.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-f \fR\fIöntanımlı_askı_süresi\fR
+Kullanıcı parolasının son kullanma tarihinden itibaren, bu hesabın tamamen kapatılacağı tarihe kadar geçecek olan sürenin gün cinsinden değeri.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-g \fR\fIöntanımlı_grup\fR
+Yeni bir kullanıcı için birincil grup adı veya grup kimliği. Belirtilen grup ismi sistemde mevcut olmalı ve sayısal grup kimliği için mevcut bir girdi bulunmalıdır.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-s \fR\fIöntanımlı_kabuk\fR
+Yeni bir kullanıcının sisteme girişte kullanacağı kabuğun adı. Belirtilen kabuk gelecekte açılacak bütün yeni hesaplarda kullanılır.
+
+.PP
+
+Şayet herhangi bir seçenek belirtilmezse, \fBuseradd\fR geçerli öntanımlı değerleri görüntüleyecektir.
+
+.SH NOTLAR    
+
+/etc/skel dizinindeki öntanımlı dosyaların yerleştirilmesi sistem yöneticilerinin sorumluluğundadır. \fBuseradd\fR komutunun bu sürümü, Red Hat tarafından, Red Hat kullanıcı/grup uyumluluğunu sağlayamak için düzenlenmiştir.
+
+.SH YETERSİZLİKLER
+
+NIS grubuna kullanıcı ekleyemezsiniz. Bu NIS sunucusu üzerinde yapılmalıdır. 
+ 
+.SH İLGİLİ DOSYALAR
+
+.nf
+
+\fB/etc/passwd\fR          - kullanıcı hesabı bilgileri
+\fB/etc/shadow\fR          - güvenli kullanıcı hesabı bilgileri
+\fB/etc/group\fR           - grup bilgileri
+\fB/etc/gshadow\fR         - güvenli grup bilgileri
+\fB/etc/default/useradd\fR - öntanımlı bilgiler
+\fB/etc/login.defs\fR      - sistem genelinde geçerli kurallar
+\fB/etc/skel\fR            - öntanımlı dosyaları içeren dizin
+
+.fi
+
+
+.SH İLGİLİ BELGELER
+
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8).
+
+.SH YAZAN
+
+Julianne Frances Haugh <jockgrrl (at) ix.netcom.com> tarafından yazılmıştır.
+
+.SH ÇEVİREN
+
+Yalçın Kolukısa <yalcink01 (at) yahoo.com>, Aralık 2003
+
diff --git a/man/tr/man8/userdel.8 b/man/tr/man8/userdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b6f5919
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/tr/man8/userdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+
+
+.\" Copyright 1991 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+.TH userdel 8 "" "" ""
+.nh
+.SH İSİM  
+userdel - 
+Bir kullanıcı hesabını ve onunla ilgili dosyaları siler
+
+.SH KULLANIM
+
+.nf
+
+\fBuserdel\fR [ \fB-r\fR ] \fIkullanıcı\fR
+
+.fi
+
+
+.SH AÇIKLAMA
+
+\fBuserdel\fR, userdel komutu, \fIkullanıcı\fR ile belirtilen hesabı silerek, sistem hesap dosyalarını değiştirir. Silinmeye çalışan \fIkullanıcı\fR hesabı, sistemde var olan bir hesap olmalıdır. Var olmayan bir hesabı silemezsiniz.
+
+
+
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+\fB-r\fR
+Kullanıcının ev dizinindeki dosyalar, ev dizininin kendisi ve 
+kullanıcının posta havuzu silinir. Diğer dosya sistemlerinde bulunan dosyalar silinmez. Bu nedenle bu dosyaları bulmak ve onları silmek sistem yöneticisinin görevidir.
+
+.PP
+
+.SH İLGİLİ DOSYALAR    
+
+.nf
+
+/etc/passwd - kullanıcı hesap bilgileri
+/etc/shadow - güvenli kullanıcı hesap bilgileri
+/etc/group  - grup bilgileri 
+
+.fi
+  
+
+.SH YETERSİZLİKLER    
+
+Kullanıcı sisteme bağlı ise, \fBuserdel\fR komutu ile bu hesabı 
+kaldıramazsınız.  Silmeye çalıştığınız hesaba ait çalışan bütün süreçleri öldürmek zorundasınız. Bir NIS istemcisindeki NIS özniteliklerini kaldıramayabilirsiniz. Bu işlem, NIS sunucu üzerinde gerçekleştirilmelidir.
+
+.SH İLGİLİ BELGELER
+
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8).
+
+.SH YAZAN
+
+Julianne Frances Haugh <jockgrrl (at) ix.netcom.com> tarafından  yazılmıştır.
+
+.SH ÇEVİREN
+
+Yalçın Kolukısa <yalcink01 (at) yahoo.com>, Aralık 2003
+
diff --git a/man/tr/man8/usermod.8 b/man/tr/man8/usermod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6980829
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/tr/man8/usermod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+
+
+.\" Copyright 1991 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+.TH usermod 8 "" "" ""
+.nh
+.SH İSİM  
+usermod - 
+bir kullanıcı hesabını düzenler
+
+.SH KULLANIM
+
+.nf
+
+\fBusermod\fR [\fB-c \fR\fIaçıklama\fR] [\fB-d \fR\fIevdizini \fR[\fB-m\fR]]
+        [\fB-e \fR\fIbitiş_tarihi\fR] [\fB-f \fR\fIaskı_süresi\fR]
+        [\fB-g \fR\fIbirincil_grup\fR] [\fB-G \fR\fIgrup\fR[,...]]
+        [\fB-l \fR\fIkullanıcı-adı\fR]  [\fB-p \fR\fIparola\fR]
+        [\fB-s \fR\fIkabuk\fR] [\fB-u \fR\fIkull_kiml\fR [\fB-o\fR]] [\fB-L\fR|\fB-U\fR] \fIkullanıcı\fR
+
+.fi
+
+
+.SH AÇIKLAMA
+
+\fBusermod\fR komutu, sistem hesap dosyalarını düzenlemeye, üzerlerinde değişiklik yapmaya yarar. Bu komuta uygulanabilecek seçenekler şunlardır:
+
+
+
+.br
+.ns
+.TP 
+\fB-c \fR\fIaçıklama\fR
+Kullanıcı parola dosyasındaki açıklama alanına girilecek yeni değeri belirtir. Normalde \fBchfn\fR(1) komutu ile düzenlenir.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-d \fR\fIevdizini\fR
+Kullanıcının sisteme girişte kullanacağı ev dizinini belirtir. Şayet \fB-m\fR seçeneği belirtilmiş ise, kullanıcının hali hazırda kullanmakta olduğu ev dizininin içeriği yeni oluşturulan ev dizinine aktarılır.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-e \fR\fIbitiş_tarihi\fR
+Kullanıcı hesabının son kullanma tarihini belirtir. Tarih YYYY-AA-GG (Y: yıl, A: ay, G: gün) şeklinde belirtilir.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-f \fR\fIaskı_süresi\fR
+Kullanıcı parolasının son kullanma tarihinden itibaren, bu hesabın 
+tamamen kapatılacağı tarihe kadar geçecek olan sürenin gün cinsinden değeri belirtilir. Bu değer 0 olarak belirtilirse, parolanın son kullanma tarihinde hesap kapatılır. -1 değeri verilirse, bu özellik iptal edilmiş olur. -1 değeri öntanımlı değerdir. 
+
+.TP 
+\fB-g \fR\fIbirincil_grup\fR
+Kullanıcının üyesi olacağı birincil grubun adı veya numarası belirtilir. Belirtilen grup, sistemde önceden tanımlanmış olmalıdır. Öntanımlı değer 1 dir.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-g \fR\fIgrup\fR[,...]
+Kullanıcının üyesi olacağı ilave gruplar belirtilir. Her grup, diğerinden virgül ile ayrılır, arada boşluk bırakılmaz. Burada tanımlanan gruplar, \fB-g\fR ile tanımlanan grubun kısıtlamalarına tabidirler. Şayet kullanıcı listelenen gruplar haricinde bir grubun da üyesi ise, kullanıcı bu gruptan çıkarılır.  
+
+.TP 
+\fB-l \fR\fIkullanıcı-adı\fR
+Sisteme girişte kullanıcının kullanacağı yeni isim. Sadece isim değişir, başka hiçbir şey değişmez. Kullanıcının ev dizininin ismi, yeni kullanıcı ismi ile bağlantı yapılmasını sağlamak için \fIkullanıcı-adı\fR ile tanımlanan yeni isme dönüşür.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-p \fR\fIparola\fR
+\fBcrypt\fR(3) tarafından döndürülen şifrelenmiş paroladır.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-s \fR\fIkabuk\fR
+Kullanıcının sisteme girişte kullanacağı kabuğun adıdır. Bu alan boş bırakılırsa, sistemin öntanımlı kabuğunun seçilmesi sağlanır. 
+
+.TP 
+\fB-u \fR\fIkull_kiml\fR
+Kullanıcı kimliğinin sayısal değeridir. Bu değer, \fB-o\fR seçeneği kullanılmadığı sürece, eşsiz olmalıdır. Değer mutlaka pozitif bir sayı olmalıdır. 0 ile 99 arsındaki değerler sistem hesapları için ayrılmıştır. Bu değer değiştirildiği zaman; kullanıcının sahip olduğu bütün dosyaların ve kullanıcı ev dizinini kök dizin olarak kabul ederek, kullanıcı ev dizininin altındaki hiyeraşik yapı içindeki bütün dosyaların kullanıcı numarası otomatik olarak değişir. Kullanıcı ev dizininin dışındaki dosyaların kullanıcı iyelik numarası kullanıcı tarafından değiştirilmelidir.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-L\fR
+Kullanıcı parolasını kilitler. Parolayı devre dışı bırakmak için, şifreli parolanın önüne '!'  işareti koyar. Bu seçeneği \fB-p\fR veya \fB-U\fR seçenekleri ile birlikte kullanamazsınız.
+
+.TP 
+\fB-U\fR
+Devre dışı bırakılmış bir kullanıcı parolasını tekrar açar. Yaptığı iş şifreli parolanın önündeki '!' işaretini kaldırmaktır. Bu seçeneği \fB-p\fR veya \fB-L\fR seçenekleri ile birlikte kullanamazsınız.
+
+.PP
+.SH YETERSİZLİKLER
+
+\fBusermod\fR komutu ile, sisteme bağlı bir kullanıcının adını 
+değiştiremezsiniz. Kullanıcının tanımlayıcı numarasını değiştirmeye kalktığınız zaman, kullanıcının herhangi bir süreç çalıştırmadığından emin olun. Herhangi bir \fBcrontab\fR dosyasının sahibini kendiniz değiştirmelisiniz.  Çalışan herhangi bir işin sahibini de kendiniz değiştirmelisiniz. NIS sunuculardaki NIS ile alakalı bütün değişiklikleri kendiniz yapmalısınız
+ 
+.SH İLGİLİ DOSYALAR
+
+.nf
+
+\fB/etc/passwd\fR  - kullanıcı hesabı bilgileri
+\fB/etc/shadow\fR  - güvenli kullanıcı hesabı bilgileri
+\fB/etc/group\fR   - grup bilgileri
+
+.fi
+
+
+.SH İLGİLİ BELGELER
+
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8).
+
+.SH YAZAN
+
+Julianne Frances Haugh <jockgrrl (at) ix.netcom.com> tarafından yazılmıştır.
+
+.SH ÇEVİREN
+
+Yalçın Kolukısa <yalcink01 (at) yahoo.com>, Ocak 2004
+
diff --git a/man/useradd.8.xml b/man/useradd.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03612ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/useradd.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,880 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY CREATE_HOME           SYSTEM "login.defs.d/CREATE_HOME.xml">
+<!ENTITY GID_MAX               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/GID_MAX.xml">
+<!ENTITY HOME_MODE             SYSTEM "login.defs.d/HOME_MODE.xml">
+<!ENTITY LASTLOG_UID_MAX       SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LASTLOG_UID_MAX.xml">
+<!ENTITY MAIL_DIR              SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAIL_DIR.xml">
+<!ENTITY MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_MAX_DAYS         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_MAX_DAYS.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_MIN_DAYS         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_MIN_DAYS.xml">
+<!ENTITY PASS_WARN_AGE         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/PASS_WARN_AGE.xml">
+<!ENTITY SUB_GID_COUNT         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SUB_GID_COUNT.xml">
+<!ENTITY SUB_UID_COUNT         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SUB_UID_COUNT.xml">
+<!ENTITY SYS_GID_MAX           SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SYS_GID_MAX.xml">
+<!ENTITY SYS_UID_MAX           SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SYS_UID_MAX.xml">
+<!ENTITY UID_MAX               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/UID_MAX.xml">
+<!ENTITY UMASK                 SYSTEM "login.defs.d/UMASK.xml">
+<!ENTITY TCB_AUTH_GROUP        SYSTEM "login.defs.d/TCB_AUTH_GROUP.xml">
+<!ENTITY TCB_SYMLINKS          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/TCB_SYMLINKS.xml">
+<!ENTITY USE_TCB               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/USE_TCB.xml">
+<!ENTITY USERGROUPS_ENAB       SYSTEM "login.defs.d/USERGROUPS_ENAB.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='useradd.8'>
+  <!--  $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1991</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>useradd</refname>
+    <refpurpose>create a new user or update default new user information</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>useradd</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='plain'><replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>useradd</command>
+      <arg choice='plain'>-D </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>useradd</command>
+      <arg choice='plain'>-D </arg>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+      <para>
+	When invoked without the <option>-D</option> option, the
+	<command>useradd</command> command creates a new user account using
+	the values specified on the command line plus the default values from
+	the system. Depending on command line options, the
+	<command>useradd</command> command
+	will update system files and may also create the new user's home
+	directory and copy initial files.
+      </para>
+      <para>
+	By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see
+	<option>-g</option>, <option>-N</option>, <option>-U</option>, and
+	<option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option>).
+      </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>The options which apply to the <command>useradd</command> command are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>--badname</option>&nbsp;
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+        Allow names that do not conform to standards.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-b</option>, <option>--base-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The default base directory for the system if <option>-d</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> is not specified.
+	    <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> is
+	    concatenated with the account name to define the home directory. 
+	    If the <option>-m</option> option is not used,
+	    <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> must exist.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If this option is not specified, <command>useradd</command>
+	    will use the base directory specified by the
+	    <option>HOME</option> variable in
+	    <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, or
+	    <filename>/home</filename> by default.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMENT</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Any text string. It is generally a short description of the
+	    login, and is currently used as the field for the user's full
+	    name.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-d</option>, <option>--home-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The new user will be created using
+	    <replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable> as the value for the user's
+	    login directory. The default is to append the
+	    <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> name to
+	    <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> and use that as the login
+	    directory name. The directory <replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>
+	    does not have to exist but will not be created if it is missing.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-D</option>, <option>--defaults</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    See below, the subsection "Changing the default values".
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The date on which the user account will be disabled. The date is
+	    specified in the format <emphasis remap='I'>YYYY-MM-DD</emphasis>.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the
+	    default expiry date specified by the <option>EXPIRE</option>
+	    variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, or
+	    an empty string (no expiry) by default.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The number of days after a password expires until the account is
+	    permanently disabled. A value of 0 disables the account as soon
+	    as the password has expired, and a value of -1 disables the
+	    feature.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If not specified, <command>useradd</command> will use the
+	    default inactivity period specified by the
+	    <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in
+	    <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, or -1 by default.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The group name or number of the user's initial login group. The
+	    group name must exist. A group number must refer to an already
+	    existing group.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If not specified, the behavior of <command>useradd</command>
+	    will depend on the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable
+	    in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>. If this variable is
+	    set to <replaceable>yes</replaceable> (or
+	    <option>-U/--user-group</option> is specified on the command
+	    line), a group will be created for the user, with the same
+	    name as her loginname. If the variable is set to
+	    <replaceable>no</replaceable> (or
+	    <option>-N/--no-user-group</option> is specified on the
+	    command line), useradd will set the primary group of the new
+	    user to the value specified by the <option>GROUP</option>
+	    variable in <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, or
+	    100 by default.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-G</option>, <option>--groups</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP1</replaceable>[<emphasis remap='I'>,GROUP2,...</emphasis>[<emphasis remap='I'>,GROUPN</emphasis>]]]
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member
+	    of. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no
+	    intervening whitespace. The groups are subject to the same
+	    restrictions as the group given with the <option>-g</option>
+	    option. The default is for the user to belong only to the
+	    initial group.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-k</option>, <option>--skel</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SKEL_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories
+	    to be copied in the user's home directory, when the home
+	    directory is created by <command>useradd</command>.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    This option is only valid if the <option>-m</option> (or
+	    <option>--create-home</option>) option is specified.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined
+	    by the <option>SKEL</option> variable in
+	    <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> or, by default,
+	    <filename>/etc/skel</filename>.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If possible, the ACLs and extended attributes are copied.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-K</option>, <option>--key</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>KEY</replaceable>=<replaceable>VALUE</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Overrides <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> defaults
+	    (<option>UID_MIN</option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>,
+	    <option>UMASK</option>, <option>PASS_MAX_DAYS</option>
+	    and others).
+	  <para>
+	  </para>
+	    Example: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASS_MAX_DAYS</replaceable>=<replaceable>-1</replaceable>
+	    can be used when creating system account to turn off password
+	    aging, even though system account has no password at all.
+	    Multiple <option>-K</option> options can be specified, e.g.:
+	    <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</replaceable>=<replaceable>100</replaceable>&nbsp;
+	    <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>
+	  </para>
+	  <!--para>
+	    Note: <option>-K</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID_MIN</replaceable>=<replaceable>10</replaceable>,<replaceable>UID_MAX</replaceable>=<replaceable>499</replaceable>
+	    doesn't work yet.
+	  </para-->
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-l</option>, <option>--no-log-init</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Do not add the user to the lastlog and faillog databases.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    By default, the user's entries in the lastlog and faillog
+	    databases are reset to avoid reusing the entry from a previously
+	    deleted user.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-m</option>, <option>--create-home</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Create the user's home directory if it does not exist. 
+	    The files and directories contained in the skeleton directory
+	    (which can be defined with the <option>-k</option> option)
+	    will be copied to the home directory.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    By default, if this option is not specified and
+	    <option>CREATE_HOME</option> is not enabled, no home
+	    directories are created.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	 <option>-M</option>, <option>--no-create-home</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Do no create the user's home directory, even if the system
+	    wide setting from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>
+	    (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>) is set to
+	    <replaceable>yes</replaceable>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-N</option>, <option>--no-user-group</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but
+	    add the user to the group specified by the <option>-g</option>
+	    option or by the <option>GROUP</option> variable in
+	    <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The default behavior (if the <option>-g</option>,
+	    <option>-N</option>, and <option>-U</option> options are not
+	    specified) is defined by the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option>
+	    variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Allow the creation of a user account with a duplicate (non-unique) UID.</para>
+	  <para>
+	    This option is only valid in combination with the
+	    <option>-u</option> option.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASSWORD</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry>
+	    <refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
+	    </citerefentry>. The default is to disable the password.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    <emphasis role="bold">Note:</emphasis> This option is not
+	    recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will
+	    be visible by users listing the processes.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    You should make sure the password respects the system's
+	    password policy.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-r</option>, <option>--system</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Create a system account.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    System users will be created with no aging information in
+	    <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, and their numeric
+	    identifiers are chosen in the
+	    <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>-<option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>
+	    range, defined in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>, instead of
+	    <option>UID_MIN</option>-<option>UID_MAX</option> (and their
+	    <option>GID</option> counterparts for the creation of groups).
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Note that <command>useradd</command> will not create a home
+	    directory for such a user, regardless of the default setting
+	    in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>
+	    (<option>CREATE_HOME</option>). You have to specify the
+	    <option>-m</option> options if you want a home directory for a
+	    system account to be created.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-P</option>, <option>--prefix</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+		This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing 
+		a cross-compilation target.
+		Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified.
+		PAM authentication is using the host files.
+		No SELINUX support.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The name of the user's login shell. The default is to leave this
+	    field blank, which causes the system to select the default login
+	    shell specified by the <option>SHELL</option> variable in
+	    <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>, or an empty string
+	    by default.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The numerical value of the user's ID. This value must be unique,
+	    unless the <option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be
+	    non-negative. The default is to use the smallest ID value
+	    greater than or equal to <option>UID_MIN</option> and greater
+	    than every other user.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    See also the <option>-r</option> option and the
+	    <option>UID_MAX</option> description.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-U</option>, <option>--user-group</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Create a group with the same name as the user, and
+	    add the user to this group.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The default behavior (if the <option>-g</option>,
+	    <option>-N</option>, and <option>-U</option> options are not
+	    specified) is defined by the <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option>
+	    variable in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The SELinux user for the user's login. The default is to leave this
+	    field blank, which causes the system to select the default SELinux
+	    user.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+
+    <refsect2 id='changing_the_default_values'>
+      <title>Changing the default values</title>
+      <para>
+	When invoked with only the <option>-D</option> option,
+	<command>useradd</command> will display the current default values.
+	When invoked with <option>-D</option> plus other options,
+	<command>useradd</command> will update the default values for the
+	specified options. Valid default-changing options are:
+      </para>
+      <variablelist remap='IP'>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term>
+	    <option>-b</option>, <option>--base-dir</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable>
+	  </term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>
+	      The path prefix for a new user's home directory. The
+	      user's name will be affixed to the end of
+	      <replaceable>BASE_DIR</replaceable> to form the new user's
+	      home directory name, if the <option>-d</option> option is not used
+	      when creating a new account.
+	    </para>
+	    <para>
+	      This option sets the <option>HOME</option> variable in
+	      <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>.
+	    </para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term>
+	    <option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>
+	  </term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>The date on which the user account is disabled.</para>
+	    <para>
+	      This option sets the <option>EXPIRE</option> variable in
+	      <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>.
+	    </para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term>
+	    <option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable>
+	  </term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>
+	      The number of days after a password has expired before the
+	      account will be disabled.
+	    </para>
+	    <para>
+	      This option sets the <option>INACTIVE</option> variable in
+	      <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>.
+	    </para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term>
+	    <option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>
+	  </term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>
+	      The group name or ID for a new user's initial group (when
+	      the <option>-N/--no-user-group</option> is used or when the
+	      <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> variable is set to
+	      <replaceable>no</replaceable> in
+	      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>). The named
+	      group must exist, and a numerical group ID must have an
+	      existing entry.
+	    </para>
+	    <para>
+	      This option sets the <option>GROUP</option> variable in
+	      <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>.
+	    </para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term>
+	    <option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</replaceable>
+	  </term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>
+	      The name of a new user's login shell.
+	    </para>
+	    <para>
+	      This option sets the <option>SHELL</option> variable in
+	      <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>.
+	    </para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+      </variablelist>
+
+    </refsect2>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='notes'>
+    <title>NOTES</title>
+    <para>The system administrator is responsible for placing the default
+      user files in the <filename>/etc/skel/</filename> directory (or any
+      other skeleton directory specified in
+      <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> or on the command line).
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='caveats'>
+    <title>CAVEATS</title>
+    <para>
+      You may not add a user to a NIS or LDAP group. This must be
+      performed on the corresponding server.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user
+      database such as NIS or LDAP, <command>useradd</command> will deny
+      the user account creation request.
+    </para>
+
+    <para>
+      Usernames must start with a lower case letter or an underscore,
+      followed by lower case letters, digits, underscores, or dashes.
+      They can end with a dollar sign.
+      In regular expression terms: [a-z_][a-z0-9_-]*[$]?
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      Usernames may only be up to 32 characters long.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &CREATE_HOME;
+      &GID_MAX; <!-- documents also GID_MIN -->
+      &HOME_MODE;
+      &LASTLOG_UID_MAX;
+      &MAIL_DIR;
+      &MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP;
+      &PASS_MAX_DAYS;
+      &PASS_MIN_DAYS;
+      &PASS_WARN_AGE;
+      &SUB_GID_COUNT; <!-- documents also SUB_GID_MAX and SUB_GID_MIN -->
+      &SUB_UID_COUNT; <!-- documents also SUB_UID_MAX and SUB_UID_MIN -->
+      &SYS_GID_MAX; <!-- documents also SYS_GID_MIN -->
+      &SYS_UID_MAX; <!-- documents also SYS_UID_MIN -->
+      &TCB_AUTH_GROUP;
+      &TCB_SYMLINKS;
+      &UID_MAX; <!-- documents also UID_MIN -->
+      &UMASK;
+      &USE_TCB;
+      &USERGROUPS_ENAB;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure user account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/group</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="gshadow">
+	<term><filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Default values for account creation.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/skel/</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Directory containing default files.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="subids">
+	<term><filename>/etc/subgid</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Per user subordinate group IDs.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="subids">
+	<term><filename>/etc/subuid</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Per user subordinate user IDs.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/login.defs</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Shadow password suite configuration.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='exit_values'>
+    <title>EXIT VALUES</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>useradd</command> command exits with the following values:
+      <variablelist>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>0</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>success</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>1</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>can't update password file</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>2</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>invalid command syntax</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>3</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>invalid argument to option</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>4</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>UID already in use (and no <option>-o</option>)</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>6</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>specified group doesn't exist</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>9</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>username already in use</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>10</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>can't update group file</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>12</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>can't create home directory</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>14</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>can't update SELinux user mapping</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+      </variablelist>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>newusers</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <phrase condition="subids">
+	<citerefentry>
+	  <refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+	</citerefentry>,
+	<citerefentry>
+	  <refentrytitle>subuid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+	</citerefentry>,
+      </phrase>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/userdel.8.xml b/man/userdel.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b086383
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/userdel.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,366 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY MAIL_DIR              SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAIL_DIR.xml">
+<!ENTITY MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP.xml">
+<!ENTITY TCB_SYMLINKS          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/TCB_SYMLINKS.xml">
+<!ENTITY USE_TCB               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/USE_TCB.xml">
+<!ENTITY USERDEL_CMD           SYSTEM "login.defs.d/USERDEL_CMD.xml">
+<!ENTITY USERGROUPS_ENAB       SYSTEM "login.defs.d/USERGROUPS_ENAB.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='userdel.8'>
+  <!-- $Id$ -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1991</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>userdel</refname>
+    <refpurpose>delete a user account and related files</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>userdel</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>options</arg>
+      <arg choice='plain'>
+	<replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>userdel</command> command modifies the system account
+      files, deleting all entries that refer to the user name <emphasis
+      remap='I'>LOGIN</emphasis>. The named user must exist.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>userdel</command> command are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-f</option>, <option>--force</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    This option forces the removal of the user account, even if the
+	    user is still
+	    logged in. It also forces <command>userdel</command> to remove
+	    the user's home directory and mail spool, even if another
+	    user uses the same home directory or if the mail spool is not
+	    owned by the specified user.  If
+	    <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis
+	    remap='I'>yes</emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>
+	    and if a group exists with the same name as the deleted user,
+	    then this group will be removed, even if it is still the primary
+	    group of another user.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    <emphasis>Note:</emphasis> This option is dangerous and may leave
+	    your system in an inconsistent state.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+          <listitem>
+	    <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	  </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-r</option>, <option>--remove</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Files in the user's home directory will be removed along with
+	    the home directory itself and the user's mail spool. Files
+	    located in other file systems will have to be searched for and
+	    deleted manually.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The mail spool is defined by the <option>MAIL_DIR</option>
+	    variable in the <filename>login.defs</filename> file.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-P</option>, <option>--prefix</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+		This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing 
+		a cross-compilation target.
+		Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified.
+		PAM authentication is using the host files.
+		No SELINUX support.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Remove any SELinux user mapping for the user's login.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &MAIL_DIR; <!-- documents also MAIL_FILE -->
+      &MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP;
+      &TCB_SYMLINKS;
+      &USE_TCB;
+      &USERDEL_CMD;
+      &USERGROUPS_ENAB;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/group</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/login.defs</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Shadow password suite configuration.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure user account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="subids">
+	<term><filename>/etc/subgid</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Per user subordinate group IDs.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="subids">
+	<term><filename>/etc/subuid</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Per user subordinate user IDs.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='exit_values'>
+    <title>EXIT VALUES</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>userdel</command> command exits with the following values:
+      <variablelist>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>0</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>success</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>1</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>can't update password file</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>2</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>invalid command syntax</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>6</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>specified user doesn't exist</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>8</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>user currently logged in</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>10</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>can't update group file</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+	<varlistentry>
+	  <term><replaceable>12</replaceable></term>
+	  <listitem>
+	    <para>can't remove home directory</para>
+	  </listitem>
+	</varlistentry>
+      </variablelist>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='caveats'>
+    <title>CAVEATS</title>
+    <para>
+      <command>userdel</command> will not allow you to remove an account if
+      there are running processes which belong to this account. In that
+      case, you may have to kill those processes or lock the user's
+      password or account and remove the account later. The
+      <option>-f</option> option can force the deletion of this account.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      You should manually check all file systems to ensure that no files
+      remain owned by this user.
+    </para>
+    <para>You may not remove any NIS attributes on a NIS client. This must
+      be performed on the NIS server.
+    </para>
+    <para>If <option>USERGROUPS_ENAB</option> is defined to <emphasis
+      remap='I'>yes</emphasis> in <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>,
+      <command>userdel</command> will delete the group with the same name
+      as the user. To avoid inconsistencies in the passwd and group
+      databases, <command>userdel</command> will check that this group is
+      not used as a primary group for another user, and will just warn
+      without deleting the group otherwise. The <option>-f</option> option
+      can force the deletion of this group.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para><citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <phrase condition="subids">
+	<citerefentry>
+	  <refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+	</citerefentry>,
+	<citerefentry>
+	  <refentrytitle>subuid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+	</citerefentry>,
+      </phrase>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/usermod.8.xml b/man/usermod.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a1d0efd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/usermod.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,635 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1991 - 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY LASTLOG_UID_MAX       SYSTEM "login.defs.d/LASTLOG_UID_MAX.xml">
+<!ENTITY MAIL_DIR              SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAIL_DIR.xml">
+<!ENTITY MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYSTEM "login.defs.d/MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP.xml">
+<!ENTITY SUB_GID_COUNT         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SUB_GID_COUNT.xml">
+<!ENTITY SUB_UID_COUNT         SYSTEM "login.defs.d/SUB_UID_COUNT.xml">
+<!ENTITY TCB_SYMLINKS          SYSTEM "login.defs.d/TCB_SYMLINKS.xml">
+<!ENTITY USE_TCB               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/USE_TCB.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='usermod.8'>
+  <!--  $Id$  -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Julianne Frances</firstname>
+      <surname>Haugh</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1991</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>usermod</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>usermod</refname>
+    <refpurpose>modify a user account</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>usermod</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>options</replaceable>
+      </arg>
+      <arg choice='plain'><replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>usermod</command> command modifies the system account
+      files to reflect the changes that are specified on the command line.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>usermod</command> command
+      are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-a</option>, <option>--append</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Add the user to the supplementary group(s). Use only with the
+	    <option>-G</option> option.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-b</option>, <option>--badnames</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Allow names that do not conform to standards.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-c</option>, <option>--comment</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>COMMENT</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The new value of the user's password file comment field. It is
+	    normally modified using the <citerefentry>
+	    <refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+	    </citerefentry> utility.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-d</option>, <option>--home</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>HOME_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The user's new login directory.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If the <option>-m</option>
+	    option is given, the contents of the current home directory will
+	    be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it does
+	    not already exist.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-e</option>, <option>--expiredate</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The date on which the user account will be disabled. The date is
+	    specified in the format <emphasis remap='I'>YYYY-MM-DD</emphasis>.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    An empty <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> argument will
+	    disable the expiration of the account.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    This option requires a <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file.
+	    A <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> entry will be created if
+	    there were none.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-f</option>, <option>--inactive</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>INACTIVE</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The number of days after a password expires until the account is
+	    permanently disabled.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    A value of 0 disables the account as soon
+	    as the password has expired, and a value of -1 disables the
+	    feature.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    This option requires a <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file.
+	    A <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> entry will be created if
+	    there were none.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-g</option>, <option>--gid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The group name or number of the user's new initial login group.
+	    The group must exist.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Any file from the user's home directory owned by the previous
+	    primary group of the user will be owned by this new group.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The group ownership of files outside of the user's home directory
+	    must be fixed manually.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-G</option>, <option>--groups</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>GROUP1</replaceable>[<emphasis remap='I'>,GROUP2,...</emphasis>[<emphasis remap='I'>,GROUPN</emphasis>]]]
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member
+	    of. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no
+	    intervening whitespace. The groups are subject to the same
+	    restrictions as the group given with the <option>-g</option>
+	    option.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    If the user is currently a member of a group which is
+	    not listed, the user will be removed from the group. This
+	    behaviour can be changed via the <option>-a</option> option, which
+	    appends the user to the current supplementary group list.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-l</option>, <option>--login</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The name of the user will be changed from
+	    <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable> to
+	    <replaceable>NEW_LOGIN</replaceable>. Nothing else is changed. In
+	    particular, the user's home directory or mail spool should
+	    probably be renamed manually to reflect the new login name.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-L</option>, <option>--lock</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Lock a user's password. This puts a '!' in front of the
+	    encrypted password, effectively disabling the password. You
+	    can't use this option with <option>-p</option> or
+	    <option>-U</option>.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Note: if you wish to lock the account (not only access with a
+	    password), you should also set the
+	    <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> to
+	    <replaceable>1</replaceable>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-m</option>, <option>--move-home</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Move the content of the user's home directory to the new
+	    location.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    This option is only valid in combination with the
+	    <option>-d</option> (or <option>--home</option>) option.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    <command>usermod</command> will try to adapt the ownership of the
+	    files and to copy the modes, ACL and extended attributes, but
+	    manual changes might be needed afterwards.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-o</option>, <option>--non-unique</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    When used with the <option>-u</option> option, this option
+	    allows to change the user ID to a non-unique value.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-p</option>, <option>--password</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PASSWORD</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The encrypted password, as returned by <citerefentry>
+	    <refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
+	    </citerefentry>.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    <emphasis role="bold">Note:</emphasis> This option is not
+	    recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will
+	    be visible by users listing the processes.
+	  </para>
+	  <para condition="pam">
+	    The password will be written in the local
+	    <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or
+	    <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> file. This might differ from the
+	    password database configured in your PAM configuration.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    You should make sure the password respects the system's
+	    password policy.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-P</option>, <option>--prefix</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>PREFIX_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+		This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing 
+		a cross-compilation target.
+		Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified.
+		PAM authentication is using the host files.
+		No SELINUX support.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-s</option>, <option>--shell</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SHELL</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The name of the user's new login shell. Setting this field to
+	    blank causes the system to select the default login shell.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-u</option>, <option>--uid</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>UID</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The new numerical value of the user's ID.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    This value must be unique,
+	    unless the <option>-o</option> option is used. The value must be
+	    non-negative.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The user's mailbox, and any files which the user owns and which are
+	    located in the user's home
+	    directory will have the file user ID changed automatically.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    The ownership of files outside of the user's home directory
+	    must be fixed manually.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    No checks will be performed with regard to the
+	    <option>UID_MIN</option>, <option>UID_MAX</option>,
+	    <option>SYS_UID_MIN</option>, or <option>SYS_UID_MAX</option>
+	    from <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-U</option>, <option>--unlock</option>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Unlock a user's password. This removes the '!' in front of the
+	    encrypted password. You can't use this option with
+	    <option>-p</option> or <option>-L</option>.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    Note: if you wish to unlock the account (not only access with a
+	    password), you should also set the
+	    <replaceable>EXPIRE_DATE</replaceable> (for example to
+	    <replaceable>99999</replaceable>, or to the
+	    <option>EXPIRE</option> value from
+	    <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename>).
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="subids">
+	<term>
+	  <option>-v</option>, <option>--add-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Add a range of subordinate uids to the user's account. 
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a users account.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	     No checks will be performed with regard to
+	     <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_UID_MAX</option>, or
+	     <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> from /etc/login.defs.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="subids">
+	<term>
+	  <option>-V</option>, <option>--del-subuids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Remove a range of subordinate uids from the user's account.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a users account.
+	    When both <option>--del-subuids</option> and <option>--add-subuids</option> are specified,
+	    the removal of all subordinate uid ranges happens before any subordinate uid range is added.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	     No checks will be performed with regard to
+	     <option>SUB_UID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_UID_MAX</option>, or
+	     <option>SUB_UID_COUNT</option> from /etc/login.defs.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="subids">
+	<term>
+	  <option>-w</option>, <option>--add-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Add a range of subordinate gids to the user's account.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a users account.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	     No checks will be performed with regard to
+	     <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_GID_MAX</option>, or
+	     <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> from /etc/login.defs.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="subids">
+	<term>
+	  <option>-W</option>, <option>--del-subgids</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>FIRST</replaceable>-<replaceable>LAST</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Remove a range of subordinate gids from the user's account.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a users account.
+	    When both <option>--del-subgids</option> and <option>--add-subgids</option> are specified,
+	    the removal of all subordinate gid ranges happens before any subordinate gid range is added.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	     No checks will be performed with regard to
+	     <option>SUB_GID_MIN</option>, <option>SUB_GID_MAX</option>, or
+	     <option>SUB_GID_COUNT</option> from /etc/login.defs.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-Z</option>, <option>--selinux-user</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    The new SELinux user for the user's login.
+	  </para>
+	  <para>
+	    A blank <replaceable>SEUSER</replaceable> will remove the
+	    SELinux user mapping for user <replaceable>LOGIN</replaceable>
+	    (if any).
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='caveats'>
+    <title>CAVEATS</title>
+    <para>
+      You must make certain that the named user is
+      not executing any processes when this command is being executed if the
+      user's numerical user ID, the user's name, or the user's home
+      directory is being changed. <command>usermod</command> checks this
+      on Linux. On other platforms it only uses utmp to check if the user is logged in.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      You must change the owner of any <command>crontab</command> files or
+      <command>at</command> jobs manually.
+    </para>
+    <para>
+      You must make any changes involving NIS on the NIS server.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration'>
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &LASTLOG_UID_MAX;
+      &MAIL_DIR; <!-- documents also MAIL_FILE -->
+      &MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP;
+      &SUB_GID_COUNT; <!-- documents also SUB_GID_MAX and SUB_GID_MIN -->
+      &SUB_UID_COUNT; <!-- documents also SUB_UID_MAX and SUB_UID_MIN -->
+      &TCB_SYMLINKS;
+      &USE_TCB;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/group</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="gshadow">
+	<term><filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/login.defs</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Shadow password suite configuration.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure user account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="subids">
+	<term><filename>/etc/subgid</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Per user subordinate group IDs.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="subids">
+	<term><filename>/etc/subuid</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Per user subordinate user IDs.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>chfn</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>chsh</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>crypt</refentrytitle><manvolnum>3</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>gpasswd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupadd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>groupmod</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <phrase condition="subids">
+	<citerefentry>
+	  <refentrytitle>subgid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+	</citerefentry>,
+	<citerefentry>
+	  <refentrytitle>subuid</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+	</citerefentry>,
+      </phrase>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>useradd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>userdel</refentrytitle><manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/vipw.8.xml b/man/vipw.8.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..810ef59
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/vipw.8.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+<!--
+   Copyright (c) 1997       , Marek Michałkiewicz
+   Copyright (c) 2001 - 2006, Tomasz Kłoczko
+   Copyright (c) 2007 - 2011, Nicolas François
+   All rights reserved.
+  
+   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+   are met:
+   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+      documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+   3. The name of the copyright holders or contributors may not be used to
+      endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+      specific prior written permission.
+  
+   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+   ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+   SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+   LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+   DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+   THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+   OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
+<!ENTITY USE_TCB               SYSTEM "login.defs.d/USE_TCB.xml">
+<!-- SHADOW-CONFIG-HERE -->
+]>
+<refentry id='vipw.8'>
+  <!--  $Id$  -->
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Marek</firstname>
+      <surname>Michałkiewicz</surname>
+      <contrib>Creation, 1997</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Thomas</firstname>
+      <surname>Kłoczko</surname>
+      <email>kloczek@pld.org.pl</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2000 - 2007</contrib>
+    </author>
+    <author>
+      <firstname>Nicolas</firstname>
+      <surname>François</surname>
+      <email>nicolas.francois@centraliens.net</email>
+      <contrib>shadow-utils maintainer, 2007 - now</contrib>
+    </author>
+  </refentryinfo>
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>vipw</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>8</manvolnum>
+    <refmiscinfo class="sectdesc">System Management Commands</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="source">shadow-utils</refmiscinfo>
+    <refmiscinfo class="version">&SHADOW_UTILS_VERSION;</refmiscinfo>
+  </refmeta>
+  <refnamediv id='name'>
+    <refname>vipw</refname>
+    <refname>vigr</refname>
+    <refpurpose>
+      edit the password, group, shadow-password or shadow-group file
+    </refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv id='synopsis'>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>vipw</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>options</replaceable>                                                                                           
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>vigr</command>
+      <arg choice='opt'>
+	<replaceable>options</replaceable>                                                                                           
+      </arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1 id='description'>
+    <title>DESCRIPTION</title>
+    <para>
+      The <command>vipw</command> and <command>vigr</command> commands edits
+      the files <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
+      <filename>/etc/group</filename>, respectively. With the
+      <option>-s</option> flag, they will edit the shadow versions of those
+      files, <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and
+      <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename>, respectively. The programs will set
+      the appropriate locks to prevent file corruption. When looking for an
+      editor, the programs will first try the environment variable
+      <envar>$VISUAL</envar>, then the environment variable
+      <envar>$EDITOR</envar>, and finally the default editor,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle>
+      <manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='options'>
+    <title>OPTIONS</title>
+    <para>
+      The options which apply to the <command>vipw</command> and
+      <command>vigr</command> commands are:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist remap='IP'>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-g</option>, <option>--group</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Edit group database.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-h</option>, <option>--help</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Display help message and exit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-p</option>, <option>--passwd</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Edit passwd database.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-q</option>, <option>--quiet</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Quiet mode.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term>
+	  <option>-R</option>, <option>--root</option>&nbsp;<replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	</term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>
+	    Apply changes in the <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable>
+	    directory and use the configuration files from the
+	    <replaceable>CHROOT_DIR</replaceable> directory.
+	  </para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>-s</option>, <option>--shadow</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Edit shadow or gshadow database.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry condition="tcb">
+	<term><option>-u</option>, <option>--user</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Indicates which user's tcb shadow file to edit.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='configuration' condition="tcb">
+    <title>CONFIGURATION</title>
+    <para>
+      The following configuration variables in
+      <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename> change the behavior of this
+      tool:
+    </para>
+    <variablelist>
+      &USE_TCB;
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='environment'>
+    <title>ENVIRONMENT</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>VISUAL</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Editor to be used.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><option>EDITOR</option></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Editor to be used if <option>VISUAL</option> is not set.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='files'>
+    <title>FILES</title>
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/group</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure group account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/passwd</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>User account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+      <varlistentry>
+	<term><filename>/etc/shadow</filename></term>
+	<listitem>
+	  <para>Secure user account information.</para>
+	</listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+    </variablelist>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1 id='see_also'>
+    <title>SEE ALSO</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>vi</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>group</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>gshadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>
+      <citerefentry condition="tcb">
+	<refentrytitle>login.defs</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>passwd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry condition="tcb">
+	<refentrytitle>tcb</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry>
+	<refentrytitle>shadow</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum>
+      </citerefentry>.
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+</refentry>
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/Makefile.am b/man/zh_CN/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9d8f2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+
+mandir = @mandir@/zh_CN
+
+man_MANS = \
+	man1/chage.1 \
+	man1/chfn.1 \
+	man8/chgpasswd.8 \
+	man8/chpasswd.8 \
+	man1/chsh.1 \
+	man1/expiry.1 \
+	man5/faillog.5 \
+	man8/faillog.8 \
+	man3/getspnam.3 \
+	man1/gpasswd.1 \
+	man8/groupadd.8 \
+	man8/groupdel.8 \
+	man8/groupmems.8 \
+	man8/groupmod.8 \
+	man1/groups.1 \
+	man8/grpck.8 \
+	man8/grpconv.8 \
+	man8/grpunconv.8 \
+	man5/gshadow.5 \
+	man8/lastlog.8 \
+	man1/login.1 \
+	man5/login.defs.5 \
+	man8/logoutd.8 \
+	man1/newgrp.1 \
+	man8/newusers.8 \
+	man8/nologin.8 \
+	man1/passwd.1 \
+	man5/passwd.5 \
+	man8/pwck.8 \
+	man8/pwconv.8 \
+	man8/pwunconv.8 \
+	man1/sg.1 \
+	man3/shadow.3 \
+	man5/shadow.5 \
+	man1/su.1 \
+	man5/suauth.5 \
+	man8/useradd.8 \
+	man8/userdel.8 \
+	man8/usermod.8 \
+	man8/vigr.8 \
+	man8/vipw.8
+
+man_nopam = \
+	man5/limits.5 \
+	man5/login.access.5 \
+	man5/porttime.5
+
+if !USE_PAM
+man_MANS += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+EXTRA_DIST = \
+	$(man_MANS) \
+	man1/id.1 \
+	man8/sulogin.8
+
+if USE_PAM
+EXTRA_DIST += $(man_nopam)
+endif
+
+include ../generate_translations.mak
+
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/Makefile.in b/man/zh_CN/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..432a593
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/Makefile.in
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diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/chage.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/chage.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0eae23d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/chage.1
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chage
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "CHAGE" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+chage \- 更改用户密码过期信息
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBchage\fR\ 'u
+\fBchage\fR [\fI选项\fR] \fI登录\fR
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command changes the number of days between password changes and the date of the last password change\&. This information is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchage\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-lastday\fR\ \&\fILAST_DAY\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days since January 1st, 1970 when the password was last changed\&. The date may also be expressed in the format YYYY\-MM\-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-E\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the date or number of days since January 1, 1970 on which the user\*(Aqs account will no longer be accessible\&. The date may also be expressed in the format YYYY\-MM\-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area)\&. A user whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being able to use the system again\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+will remove an account expiration date\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-iso8601\fR
+.RS 4
+When printing dates, use YYYY\-MM\-DD format\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the account is locked\&. The
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+option is the number of days of inactivity\&. A user whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being able to use the system again\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+will remove an account\*(Aqs inactivity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+.RS 4
+现实账户年龄信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid\&. When
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+plus
+\fILAST_DAY\fR
+is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their password before being able to use their account\&. This occurrence can be planned for in advance by use of the
+\fB\-W\fR
+option, which provides the user with advance warning\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchage\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "注意"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+program requires a shadow password file to be available\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command is restricted to the root user, except for the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option, which may be used by an unprivileged user to determine when their password or account is due to expire\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "退出值"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI15\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt find the shadow password file
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/chfn.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/chfn.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0a2f2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/chfn.1
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chfn
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "CHFN" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+chfn \- 更改真名和信息
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBchfn\fR\ 'u
+\fBchfn\fR [\fI选项\fR] [\fI登录\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchfn\fR
+command changes user fullname, office room number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user\*(Aqs account\&. This information is typically printed by
+\fBfinger\fR(1)
+and similar programs\&. A normal user may only change the fields for her own account, subject to the restrictions in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&. (The default configuration is to prevent users from changing their fullname\&.) The superuser may change any field for any account\&. Additionally, only the superuser may use the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option to change the undefined portions of the GECOS field\&.
+.PP
+These fields must not contain any colons\&. Except for the
+\fIother\fR
+field, they should not contain any comma or equal sign\&. It is also recommended to avoid non\-US\-ASCII characters, but this is only enforced for the phone numbers\&. The
+\fIother\fR
+field is used to store accounting information used by other applications\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchfn\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-full\-name\fR\ \&\fIFULL_NAME\fR
+.RS 4
+更改用户的全名
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-home\-phone\fR\ \&\fIHOME_PHONE\fR
+.RS 4
+Change the user\*(Aqs home phone number\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-other\fR\ \&\fIOTHER\fR
+.RS 4
+Change the user\*(Aqs other GECOS information\&. This field is used to store accounting information used by other applications, and can be changed only by a superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-room\fR\ \&\fIROOM_NUMBER\fR
+.RS 4
+Change the user\*(Aqs room number\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-work\-phone\fR\ \&\fIWORK_PHONE\fR
+.RS 4
+Change the user\*(Aqs office phone number\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchfn\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fB[ ]\fR
+marks\&. Without options,
+\fBchfn\fR
+prompts for the current user account\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_RESTRICT\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This parameter specifies which values in the
+\fIgecos\fR
+field of the
+/etc/passwd
+file may be changed by regular users using the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program\&. It can be any combination of letters
+\fIf\fR,
+\fIr\fR,
+\fIw\fR,
+\fIh\fR, for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively\&. For backward compatibility,
+\fIyes\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIrwh\fR
+and
+\fIno\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIfrwh\fR\&. If not specified, only the superuser can make any changes\&. The most restrictive setting is better achieved by not installing
+\fBchfn\fR
+SUID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+此字符串用于提示输入密码。默认是 "Password: "，或者翻译了的结果(汉语中翻译为了\(lq密码：\(rq)。如果设置了此变量，提示不会被翻译。
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/chsh.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/chsh.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9147a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/chsh.1
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chsh
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "CHSH" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+chsh \- 更改登录 shell
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBchsh\fR\ 'u
+\fBchsh\fR [\fI选项\fR] [\fI登录\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchsh\fR
+command changes the user login shell\&. This determines the name of the user\*(Aqs initial login command\&. A normal user may only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change the login shell for any account\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchsh\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+用户的新登录 shell 的名称。将此字段设置为空会让系统选择默认的登录 shell。
+.RE
+.PP
+If the
+\fB\-s\fR
+option is not selected,
+\fBchsh\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current login shell\&. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line blank to use the current one\&. The current shell is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "注意"
+.PP
+The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must be listed in
+/etc/shells, unless the invoker is the superuser, and then any value may be added\&. An account with a restricted login shell may not change her login shell\&. For this reason, placing
+/bin/rsh
+in
+/etc/shells
+is discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHSH_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchsh\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+此字符串用于提示输入密码。默认是 "Password: "，或者翻译了的结果(汉语中翻译为了\(lq密码：\(rq)。如果设置了此变量，提示不会被翻译。
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shells
+.RS 4
+可用的登录 shell 的列表。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/expiry.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/expiry.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afd3255
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/expiry.1
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: expiry
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "EXPIRY" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+expiry \- check and enforce password expiration policy
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBexpiry\fR\ 'u
+\fBexpiry\fR \fI选项\fR
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command checks (\fB\-c\fR) the current password expiration and forces (\fB\-f\fR) changes when required\&. It is callable as a normal user command\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR
+.RS 4
+Check the password expiration of the current user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+如果用户密码过期，则强制用户修改密码。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/gpasswd.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/gpasswd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b4f351
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/gpasswd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: gpasswd
+.\"    Author: Rafal Maszkowski
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "GPASSWD" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+gpasswd \- administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBgpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBgpasswd\fR [\fI选项\fR] \fIgroup\fR
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+command is used to administer
+/etc/group, and /etc/gshadow\&. Every group can have
+administrators,
+members and a password\&.
+.PP
+System administrators can use the
+\fB\-A\fR
+option to define group administrator(s) and the
+\fB\-M\fR
+option to define members\&. They have all rights of group administrators and members\&.
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+called by
+a group administrator
+with a group name only prompts for the new password of the
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.PP
+If a password is set the members can still use
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1)
+without a password, and non\-members must supply the password\&.
+.SS "请注意组密码"
+.PP
+Group passwords are an inherent security problem since more than one person is permitted to know the password\&. However, groups are a useful tool for permitting co\-operation between different users\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+Except for the
+\fB\-A\fR
+and
+\fB\-M\fR
+options, the options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-add\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR
+.RS 4
+Add the
+\fIuser\fR
+to the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove the
+\fIuser\fR
+from the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Q\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-remove\-password\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove the password from the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&. The group password will be empty\&. Only group members will be allowed to use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+to join the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-restrict\fR
+.RS 4
+Restrict the access to the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&. The group password is set to "!"\&. Only group members with a password will be allowed to use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+to join the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-administrators\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR,\&.\&.\&.
+.RS 4
+设置有管理权限的用户列表。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-members\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR,\&.\&.\&.
+.RS 4
+设置组成员列表。
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+This tool only operates on the
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow files\&.
+Thus you cannot change any NIS or LDAP group\&. This must be performed on the corresponding server\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+这定义了系统加密密码的默认算法(如果没有在命令行上指定算法)。
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。
+.sp
+此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。
+.sp
+如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。
+.sp
+注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量，除非真的需要。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+使用很多轮转，会让暴力破解更加困难。但是需要注意，认证用户时也会需要更多的 CPU 资源。
+.sp
+如果没有指定，libc 会选择默认的轮转数(5000)。
+.sp
+值必须在 1000 \- 999,999,999 之间。
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+安全组账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/groups.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/groups.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b7982a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/groups.1
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groups
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPS" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+groups \- 现实当前组名
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBgroups\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroups\fR [\fI用户\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroups\fR
+command displays the current group names or ID values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value\&. The optional
+\fIuser\fR
+parameter will display the groups for the named
+\fIuser\fR\&.
+.SH "注意"
+.PP
+Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information from
+/etc/group
+reported\&. The user must use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+or
+\fBsg\fR
+to change his current real and effective group ID\&.
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/id.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/id.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..637c0d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/id.1
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: id
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "ID" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+id \- display current user and group ID names
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBid\fR\ 'u
+\fBid\fR [\-a]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBid\fR
+command displays the current real and effective user and group ID names or values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/passwd
+or
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed without the corresponding name\&. The optional
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag will display the group set on systems which support multiple concurrent group membership\&.
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/login.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/login.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ecfde7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/login.1
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "LOGIN" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+login \- 在系统上启动回话
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] [\-h\ \fIhost\fR] [\fI用户名\fR] [\fIENV=VAR\fR...]
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] [\-h\ \fIhost\fR] \-f \fI用户名\fR
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] \-r\ \fIhost\fR
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is used to establish a new session with the system\&. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the
+\fIlogin:\fR
+prompt on the user\*(Aqs terminal\&.
+\fBlogin\fR
+may be special to the shell and may not be invoked as a sub\-process\&. When called from a shell,
+\fBlogin\fR
+should be executed as
+\fBexec login\fR
+which will cause the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new logged in user to return to the session of the caller)\&. Attempting to execute
+\fBlogin\fR
+from any shell but the login shell will produce an error message\&.
+.PP
+The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate\&. Echoing is disabled to prevent revealing the password\&. Only a small number of password failures are permitted before
+\fBlogin\fR
+exits and the communications link is severed\&.
+.PP
+If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for a new password before proceeding\&. You will be forced to provide your old password and the new password before continuing\&. Please refer to
+\fBpasswd\fR(1)
+for more information\&.
+.PP
+After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and the presence of mail\&. You may turn off the printing of the system message file,
+/etc/motd, by creating a zero\-length file
+\&.hushlogin
+in your login directory\&. The mail message will be one of "\fIYou have new mail\&.\fR", "\fIYou have mail\&.\fR", or "\fINo Mail\&.\fR" according to the condition of your mailbox\&.
+.PP
+Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the
+/etc/passwd
+file\&. The value for
+\fB$HOME\fR,
+\fB$SHELL\fR,
+\fB$PATH\fR,
+\fB$LOGNAME\fR, and
+\fB$MAIL\fR
+are set according to the appropriate fields in the password entry\&. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to entries in the GECOS field\&.
+.PP
+On some installations, the environmental variable
+\fB$TERM\fR
+will be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in
+/etc/ttytype\&.
+.PP
+命令解释器的初始化脚本也可能执行。请参考手册中相应的章节来获取关于此功能的更多信息。
+.PP
+在登录 shell 中以第一个字符是\(lq*\(rq标注的是子系统登录。给定的主目录将被用于用户实际登录的新文件系统的根。
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file\&. It is the responsibility of
+\fBgetty\fR(8)
+and
+\fBinit\fR(8)
+to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session\&. If you use
+\fBlogin\fR
+from the shell prompt without
+\fBexec\fR, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession"\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR
+.RS 4
+不要执行认证，用户已经预认证过。
+.sp
+Note: In that case,
+\fIusername\fR
+is mandatory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR
+.RS 4
+此登录的远程主机名。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR
+.RS 4
+保留环境。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR
+.RS 4
+为 rlogin (远程登录)执行 autologin (自动登录)协议。
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR,
+\fB\-h\fR
+and
+\fB\-f\fR
+options are only used when
+\fBlogin\fR
+is invoked by root\&.
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+This version of
+\fBlogin\fR
+has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site\&.
+.PP
+文件的位置由系统配置决定。
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file\&. It is the responsibility of
+\fBgetty\fR(8)
+and
+\fBinit\fR(8)
+to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session\&. If you use
+\fBlogin\fR
+from the shell prompt without
+\fBexec\fR, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession"\&.
+.PP
+As with any program,
+\fBlogin\fR\*(Aqs appearance can be faked\&. If non\-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the machine\&. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a trusted path and prevent this kind of attack\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义了，或者是包含设备名(没行一个)的文件的完整路径名，或者是\(lq:\(rq分隔的设备名列表。将只会在这写设备上允许 root 登录。
+.sp
+如果没有定义，可以在任何设备上使用 root。
+.sp
+指定的设备时不带 /dev/ 前缀。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+如果不能 cd 到主目录时，说明是否允许登录。默认是否。
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果此文件存在，并且可读，将会从中读取登录环境。所有行都必须是 name=value 的格式。
+.sp
+以 # 开头的行将视为注释，并被忽略。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBERASECHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal ERASE character (\fI010\fR
+= backspace,
+\fI0177\fR
+= DEL)\&.
+.sp
+此值可以使用前缀\(lq0\(rq表示八进制，\(lq0x\(rq表示十六进制。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAIL_DELAY\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+登录失败后，等待多少秒才再允许登录。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAILLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable logging and display of
+/var/log/faillog
+login failure info\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAKE_SHELL\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set,
+\fBlogin\fR
+will execute this shell instead of the users\*(Aq shell specified in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFTMP_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义，登录失败会以 utmp 格式记录在此文件中。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHUSHLOGIN_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, this file can inhibit all the usual chatter during the login sequence\&. If a full pathname is specified, then hushed mode will be enabled if the user\*(Aqs name or shell are found in the file\&. If not a full pathname, then hushed mode will be enabled if the file exists in the user\*(Aqs home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBISSUE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义了，此文件将在每次的登录提示之前现实。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBKILLCHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal KILL character (\fI025\fR
+= CTRL/U)\&.
+.sp
+此值可以使用前缀\(lq0\(rq表示八进制，\(lq0x\(rq表示十六进制。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+允许记录和显示 /var/log/lastlog 登录时间信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_RETRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+密码错误时，重试的最大次数。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+此字符串用于提示输入密码。默认是 "Password: "，或者翻译了的结果(汉语中翻译为了\(lq密码：\(rq)。如果设置了此变量，提示不会被翻译。
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_TIMEOUT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+最大登录时间(以秒为单位)。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_OK_LOGINS\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+允许记录成功登录。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+在记录到登录失败时，允许记录未知用户名。
+.sp
+注意：如果用户不小心将密码输入到了登录名中，记录未知用户名可能是一个安全隐患。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+启用登录时检查和现实邮箱状态。
+.sp
+如果 shell 的启动文件已经检查了邮件("mailx \-e" 或者其它同功能的工具)，您应该禁用它。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+邮箱目录。修改或删除用户账户时需要处理邮箱，如果没有指定，将使用编译时指定的默认值。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+定义用户邮箱文件的位置(相对于主目录)。
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMOTD_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, ":" delimited list of "message of the day" files to be displayed upon login\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBNOLOGINS_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, name of file whose presence will inhibit non\-root logins\&. The contents of this file should be a message indicating why logins are inhibited\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable checking of time restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR (string), \fBTTYPERM\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+group, and the permissions will be set to
+\fBTTYPERM\fR\&.
+.sp
+By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user\*(Aqs primary group and the permissions are set to
+\fI0600\fR\&.
+.sp
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+can be either the name of a group or a numeric group identifier\&.
+.sp
+If you have a
+\fBwrite\fR
+program which is "setgid" to a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and TTYPERM to 0620\&. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYTYPE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, file which maps tty line to TERM environment parameter\&. Each line of the file is in a format something like "vt100 tty01"\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBULIMIT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Default
+\fBulimit\fR
+value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+文件模式创建掩码初始化为此值。如果没有指定，掩码初始化为 022。
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+如果 uid 和 gid 相同，用户名和主用户名也相同，使非 root 组的组掩码位和属主位相同 (如：022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007)。
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/var/run/utmp
+.RS 4
+当前登录会话的列表。
+.RE
+.PP
+/var/log/wtmp
+.RS 4
+先前的登录会话列表。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/motd
+.RS 4
+System message of the day file\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/nologin
+.RS 4
+阻止非 root 用户登录。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/ttytype
+.RS 4
+终端类型列表。
+.RE
+.PP
+$HOME/\&.hushlogin
+.RS 4
+阻止现实系统信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBmail\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnologin\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBsecuretty\fR(5),
+\fBgetty\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/newgrp.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/newgrp.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c696e0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/newgrp.1
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newgrp
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "NEWGRP" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+newgrp \- 登录到一个新组
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBnewgrp\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewgrp\fR [\-] [\fIgroup\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+command is used to change the current group ID during a login session\&. If the optional
+\fB\-\fR
+flag is given, the user\*(Aqs environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, remains unchanged\&.
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+changes the current real group ID to the named group, or to the default group listed in
+/etc/passwd
+if no group name is given\&.
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+also tries to add the group to the user groupset\&. If not root, the user will be prompted for a password if she does not have a password (in
+/etc/shadow
+if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in
+/etc/passwd
+otherwise) and the group does, or if the user is not listed as a member and the group has a password\&. The user will be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed as a member\&.
+.PP
+If there is an entry for this group in
+/etc/gshadow, then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from this file, otherwise, the entry in
+/etc/group
+is considered\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+安全组账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/passwd.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/passwd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d934a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/passwd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: passwd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "PASSWD" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+passwd \- 更改用户密码
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBpasswd\fR [\fI选项\fR] [\fI登录\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command changes passwords for user accounts\&. A normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the superuser may change the password for any account\&.
+\fBpasswd\fR
+also changes the account or associated password validity period\&.
+.SS "密码更改"
+.PP
+如果有旧密码，首先提示用户输入旧密码。加密这个密码然后和存储的密码进行比较。用户只有一次机会输入正确密码。允许超级用户略过这个步骤，以便更改忘记了的密码。
+.PP
+After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time\&. If not,
+\fBpasswd\fR
+refuses to change the password and exits\&.
+.PP
+提示用户输入两次新密码。第二次和第一次进行比较，并且需要相同才能更改密码。
+.PP
+然后，测试密码的负责程度。一般来讲，密码应该包含 6 到 8 位字符，从下边的一个或多个集合中选择：
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+小写字母
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+数字 0 到 9
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+标点符号
+.RE
+.PP
+Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill characters\&.
+\fBpasswd\fR
+will reject any password which is not suitably complex\&.
+.SS "关于用户密码的提示"
+.PP
+The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption algorithm and the size of the key space\&. The legacy
+\fIUNIX\fR
+System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm\&. More recent methods are now recommended (see
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR)\&. The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which is selected\&.
+.PP
+由于粗心地或处理选择密码，会危及密码的安全。由于这个原因，您不应该选择出现在词典中或者必须要写下来才能记住的密码。密码也不应该是一个名字、许可证号、生日或者街道号。所有这些可以用于猜测来损害系统安全。
+.PP
+You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en\&.wikipedia\&.org/wiki/Password_strength
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+.RS 4
+This option can be used only with
+\fB\-S\fR
+and causes show status for all users\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR
+.RS 4
+删除用户密码(让它为空)。这是禁用一个用户密码的快速方法。它将设置给出名称的账户。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expire\fR
+.RS 4
+让一个账户的密码立即过期。这可以强制一个用户下次登录时更改密码。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+This option is used to disable an account after the password has been expired for a number of days\&. After a user account has had an expired password for
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+days, the user may no longer sign on to the account\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-keep\-tokens\fR
+.RS 4
+表示密码更改只应该因为认证口令(密码)过期更改。用户希望保持他们尚未过期的口令。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\fR
+.RS 4
+锁定指定账户的密码。此选项通过将密码更改为一个不可能与加密值匹配的值来禁用(它在密码开头添加一个\(lq!\(rq)。
+.sp
+Note that this does not disable the account\&. The user may still be able to login using another authentication token (e\&.g\&. an SSH key)\&. To disable the account, administrators should use
+\fBusermod \-\-expiredate 1\fR
+(this set the account\*(Aqs expire date to Jan 2, 1970)\&.
+.sp
+被锁定了密码的用户不允许更改密码。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+安静模式。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-repository\fR\ \&\fIREPOSITORY\fR
+.RS 4
+change password in
+\fIREPOSITORY\fR
+repository
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-status\fR
+.RS 4
+显示账户状态信息。状态信息包含 7 个字段。首个字段是用户的登录名，第二个字段表示用户账户是否已经锁定密码(L)、没有密码 (NP)或者密码可用(P)，第三个字段给出最后一次更改密码的日期。接下来的四个字段分别是密码的最小年龄、最大年龄、警告期和禁用期。这些年龄以天为单位计算。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-unlock\fR
+.RS 4
+Unlock the password of the named account\&. This option re\-enables a password by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before using the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-x\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid\&. After
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR, the password is required to be changed\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+密码复杂性检查在每台机器间不同。用户应该选择适合的尽量复杂的密码。
+.PP
+在启动了 NIS 的系统上，如果没有登录 NIS 服务器，用户或许不能更改自己的密码。
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+这定义了系统加密密码的默认算法(如果没有在命令行上指定算法)。
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBOBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+对密码更改启用附加检查。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_ALWAYS_WARN\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+如果是 root，警告弱密码，但是仍然允许使用。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_CHANGE_TRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+可以尝试更改密码的最大次数(太容易)。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR (number), \fBPASS_MIN_LEN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Number of significant characters in the password for crypt()\&.
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR
+is 8 by default\&. Don\*(Aqt change unless your crypt() is better\&. This is ignored if
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+使用很多轮转，会让暴力破解更加困难。但是需要注意，认证用户时也会需要更多的 CPU 资源。
+.sp
+如果没有指定，libc 会选择默认的轮转数(5000)。
+.sp
+值必须在 1000 \- 999,999,999 之间。
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.SH "退出值"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid combination of options
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+unexpected failure, nothing done
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+unexpected failure,
+passwd
+file missing
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+passwd
+file busy, try again
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBchpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/sg.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/sg.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bda6a5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/sg.1
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: sg
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "SG" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+sg \- 以不同的组 ID 执行命令
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBsg\fR\ 'u
+\fBsg\fR [\-] [group\ [\-c\ ]\ command]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsg\fR
+command works similar to
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+but accepts a command\&. The command will be executed with the
+/bin/sh
+shell\&. With most shells you may run
+\fBsg\fR
+from, you need to enclose multi\-word commands in quotes\&. Another difference between
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+and
+\fBsg\fR
+is that some shells treat
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+specially, replacing themselves with a new instance of a shell that
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+creates\&. This doesn\*(Aqt happen with
+\fBsg\fR, so upon exit from a
+\fBsg\fR
+command you are returned to your previous group ID\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+安全组账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/su.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/su.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4d29c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/su.1
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: su
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "SU" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+su \- 更改用户 ID 或成为超级用户
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBsu\fR\ 'u
+\fBsu\fR [\fI选项\fR] [\fI\-\fR] [\fI用户名\fR\ [\ \fIargs\fR\ ]]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsu\fR
+command is used to become another user during a login session\&. Invoked without a
+\fBusername\fR,
+\fBsu\fR
+defaults to becoming the superuser\&. The
+\fB\-\fR
+option may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly\&. The
+\fB\-c\fR
+option may be used to treat the next argument as a command by most shells\&.
+.PP
+Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list\&. You can use the
+\fB\-\-\fR
+argument to stop option parsing\&. The
+\fB\-\fR
+option is special: it is also recognized after
+\fB\-\-\fR, but has to be placed before
+\fBusername\fR\&.
+.PP
+如果合适，将提示用户输入一个密码。输入无效的密码会产生一个错误消息。所有的尝试，无论成功还是失败，都会被记录，以检测对系统的滥用。
+.PP
+The current environment is passed to the new shell\&. The value of
+\fB$PATH\fR
+is reset to
+/bin:/usr/bin
+for normal users, or
+/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
+for the superuser\&. This may be changed with the
+\fBENV_PATH\fR
+and
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR
+definitions in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.PP
+在登录 shell 中以第一个字符是\(lq*\(rq标注的是子系统登录。给定的主目录将被用于用户实际登录的新文件系统的根。
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBsu\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-command\fR\ \&\fICOMMAND\fR
+.RS 4
+Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its
+\fB\-c\fR\&.
+.sp
+The executed command will have no controlling terminal\&. This option cannot be used to execute interactive programs which need a controlling TTY\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-\fR, \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR
+.RS 4
+提供一个类似于用户直接登录的环境，用户可能会希望这样。
+.sp
+When
+\fB\-\fR
+is used, it must be specified before any
+\fBusername\fR\&. For portability it is recommended to use it as last option, before any
+\fBusername\fR\&. The other forms (\fB\-l\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-login\fR) do not have this restriction\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+将使用的 shell。
+.sp
+The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first):
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The shell specified with \-\-shell\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+is used, the shell specified by the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The shell indicated in the
+/etc/passwd
+entry for the target user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+/bin/sh
+if a shell could not be found by any above method\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+If the target user has a restricted shell (i\&.e\&. the shell field of this user\*(Aqs entry in
+/etc/passwd
+is not listed in
+/etc/shells), then the
+\fB\-\-shell\fR
+option or the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environment variable won\*(Aqt be taken into account, unless
+\fBsu\fR
+is called by root\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+.RS 4
+Preserve the current environment, except for:
+.PP
+\fB$PATH\fR
+.RS 4
+reset according to the
+/etc/login\&.defs
+options
+\fBENV_PATH\fR
+or
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR
+(see below);
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB$IFS\fR
+.RS 4
+reset to
+\(lq<space><tab><newline>\(rq, if it was set\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless
+\fBsu\fR
+is called by root)\&.
+.sp
+Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following:
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The
+\fB$HOME\fR,
+\fB$SHELL\fR,
+\fB$USER\fR,
+\fB$LOGNAME\fR,
+\fB$PATH\fR, and
+\fB$IFS\fR
+environment variables are reset\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is not used, the environment is copied, except for the variables above\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, the
+\fB$TERM\fR,
+\fB$COLORTERM\fR,
+\fB$DISPLAY\fR, and
+\fB$XAUTHORITY\fR
+environment variables are copied if they were set\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, the
+\fB$TZ\fR,
+\fB$HZ\fR, and
+\fB$MAIL\fR
+environment variables are set according to the
+/etc/login\&.defs
+options
+\fBENV_TZ\fR,
+\fBENV_HZ\fR,
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR, and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+(see below)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, other environment variables might be set by the
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR
+file (see below)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+This version of
+\fBsu\fR
+has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义了，或者是包含设备名(没行一个)的文件的完整路径名，或者是\(lq:\(rq分隔的设备名列表。将只会在这写设备上允许 root 登录。
+.sp
+如果没有定义，可以在任何设备上使用 root。
+.sp
+指定的设备时不带 /dev/ 前缀。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+如果不能 cd 到主目录时，说明是否允许登录。默认是否。
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果此文件存在，并且可读，将会从中读取登录环境。所有行都必须是 name=value 的格式。
+.sp
+以 # 开头的行将视为注释，并被忽略。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+此字符串用于提示输入密码。默认是 "Password: "，或者翻译了的结果(汉语中翻译为了\(lq密码：\(rq)。如果设置了此变量，提示不会被翻译。
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+启用登录时检查和现实邮箱状态。
+.sp
+如果 shell 的启动文件已经检查了邮件("mailx \-e" 或者其它同功能的工具)，您应该禁用它。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+邮箱目录。修改或删除用户账户时需要处理邮箱，如果没有指定，将使用编译时指定的默认值。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+定义用户邮箱文件的位置(相对于主目录)。
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSULOG_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义了，所有的 su 活动都会记录到此文件。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_NAME\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义了，就是运行\(lqsu \-\(rq时显示的命令名称。例如，如果定义为\(lqsu\(rq，那么\(lqps\(rq会显示此命令为\(lq\-su\(rq。如果没有定义，\(lqps\(rq将会显示实际执行的 shell，例如类似于\(lq\-sh\(rq。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_WHEEL_ONLY\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the user must be listed as a member of the first gid 0 group in
+/etc/group
+(called
+\fIroot\fR
+on most Linux systems) to be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0 accounts\&. If the group doesn\*(Aqt exist or is empty, no one will be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SU_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsu\fR
+activity \- in addition to sulog file logging\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+如果 uid 和 gid 相同，用户名和主用户名也相同，使非 root 组的组掩码位和属主位相同 (如：022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007)。
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.SH "退出值"
+.PP
+On success,
+\fBsu\fR
+returns the exit value of the command it executed\&.
+.PP
+If this command was terminated by a signal,
+\fBsu\fR
+returns the number of this signal plus 128\&.
+.PP
+If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the command did not terminate in time),
+\fBsu\fR
+returns 255\&.
+.PP
+Some exit values from
+\fBsu\fR
+are independent from the executed command:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success (\fB\-\-help\fR
+only)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+System or authentication failure
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI126\fR
+.RS 4
+The requested command was not found
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI127\fR
+.RS 4
+The requested command could not be executed
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man3/getspnam.3 b/man/zh_CN/man3/getspnam.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd473da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man3/getspnam.3
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man3/shadow.3
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man3/shadow.3 b/man/zh_CN/man3/shadow.3
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cb8e8b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man3/shadow.3
@@ -0,0 +1,245 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: shadow
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 库函数调用
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "SHADOW" "3" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "库函数调用"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+shadow, getspnam \- 加密密码文件工具函数
+.SH "SYNTAX"
+.PP
+\fI#include <shadow\&.h>\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *getspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *getspnam(char\fR
+\fI*name\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIvoid setspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIvoid endspent();\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *fgetspent(FILE\fR
+\fI*fp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIstruct spwd *sgetspent(char\fR
+\fI*cp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIint putspent(struct spwd\fR
+\fI*p,\fR
+\fIFILE\fR
+\fI*fp\fR\fI);\fR
+.PP
+\fIint lckpwdf();\fR
+.PP
+\fIint ulckpwdf();\fR
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+\fIshadow\fR
+manipulates the contents of the shadow password file,
+/etc/shadow\&. The structure in the
+\fI#include\fR
+file is:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+struct spwd {
+      char		*sp_namp; /* user login name */
+      char		*sp_pwdp; /* encrypted password */
+      long int		sp_lstchg; /* last password change */
+      long int		sp_min; /* days until change allowed\&. */
+      long int		sp_max; /* days before change required */
+      long int		sp_warn; /* days warning for expiration */
+      long int		sp_inact; /* days before account inactive */
+      long int		sp_expire; /* date when account expires */
+      unsigned long int	sp_flag; /* reserved for future use */
+}
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+每个字段的含义是：
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_namp \- 指向以 null 结束的用户名的指针
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_pwdp \- 指向 null 结束的密码的指针
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_lstchg \- 最近更改密码的日期(日期计算方法是从1970年1月1日开始的天数)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_min \- days before which password may not be changed
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_max \- days after which password must be changed
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_warn \- days before password is to expire that user is warned of pending password expiration
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_inact \- days after password expires that account is considered inactive and disabled
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_expire \- days since Jan 1, 1970 when account will be disabled
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+sp_flag \- reserved for future use
+.RE
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+\fIgetspent\fR,
+\fIgetspname\fR,
+\fIfgetspent\fR, and
+\fIsgetspent\fR
+each return a pointer to a
+\fIstruct spwd\fR\&.
+\fIgetspent\fR
+returns the next entry from the file, and
+\fIfgetspent\fR
+returns the next entry from the given stream, which is assumed to be a file of the proper format\&.
+\fIsgetspent\fR
+returns a pointer to a
+\fIstruct spwd\fR
+using the provided string as input\&.
+\fIgetspnam\fR
+searches from the current position in the file for an entry matching
+\fIname\fR\&.
+.PP
+\fIsetspent\fR
+and
+\fIendspent\fR
+may be used to begin and end, respectively, access to the shadow password file\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+and
+\fIulckpwdf\fR
+routines should be used to insure exclusive access to the
+/etc/shadow
+file\&.
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+attempts to acquire a lock using
+\fIpw_lock\fR
+for up to 15 seconds\&. It continues by attempting to acquire a second lock using
+\fIspw_lock\fR
+for the remainder of the initial 15 seconds\&. Should either attempt fail after a total of 15 seconds,
+\fIlckpwdf\fR
+returns \-1\&. When both locks are acquired 0 is returned\&.
+.SH "DIAGNOSTICS"
+.PP
+Routines return NULL if no more entries are available or if an error occurs during processing\&. Routines which have
+\fIint\fR
+as the return value return 0 for success and \-1 for failure\&.
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+这些函数只能由超级用户使用，因为对影子密码文件的访问是受限的。
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBgetpwent\fR(3),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man5/faillog.5 b/man/zh_CN/man5/faillog.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39a982f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man5/faillog.5
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: faillog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 文件格式和转化
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "FAILLOG" "5" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "文件格式和转化"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+faillog \- 登录失败的日志文件
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+maintains a count of login failures and the limits for each account\&.
+.PP
+The file contains fixed length records, indexed by numerical UID\&. Each record contains the count of login failures since the last successful login; the maximum number of failures before the account is disabled; the line on which the last login failure occurred; the date of the last login failure; and the duration (in seconds) during which the account will be locked after a failure\&.
+.PP
+文件的结构是：
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+struct	faillog {
+	short   fail_cnt;
+	short   fail_max;
+	char    fail_line[12];
+	time_t  fail_time;
+	long    fail_locktime;
+};
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+.RS 4
+Failure logging file\&.
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR(8)
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man5/gshadow.5 b/man/zh_CN/man5/gshadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac163c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man5/gshadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: gshadow
+.\"    Author: Nicolas Fran\(,cois <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 文件格式和转化
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "GSHADOW" "5" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "文件格式和转化"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+gshadow \- 影子化了的组文件
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+contains the shadowed information for group accounts\&.
+.PP
+如果没有维护好密码安全，此文件绝对不能让普通用户可读。
+.PP
+此文件的每行包含逗号分隔的如下字段：
+.PP
+\fB组名\fR
+.RS 4
+必须是系统中已经存在的有效组。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB加密了的密码\fR
+.RS 4
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.sp
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, users will not be able to use a unix password to access the group (but group members do not need the password)\&.
+.sp
+The password is used when a user who is not a member of the group wants to gain the permissions of this group (see
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1))\&.
+.sp
+此字段可以为空，此时，只有组成员可以获取组权限。
+.sp
+A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the password field before the password was locked\&.
+.sp
+This password supersedes any password specified in
+/etc/group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB管理员\fR
+.RS 4
+必须是一个逗号分隔的用户名列表。
+.sp
+管理员可以更改组密码和成员。
+.sp
+管理员也有成员一样的权限(请看下边)。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB成员\fR
+.RS 4
+必须是一个逗号分隔的用户名列表。
+.sp
+成员可以免密码访问组。
+.sp
+You should use the same list of users as in
+/etc/group\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+安全组账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBgrpconv\fR(8),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man5/limits.5 b/man/zh_CN/man5/limits.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1328a85
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man5/limits.5
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: limits
+.\"    Author: Luca Berra
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 文件格式和转化
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "LIMITS" "5" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "文件格式和转化"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+limits \- 资源限制描述
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fIlimits\fR
+file (/etc/limits
+by default or LIMITS_FILE defined
+config\&.h) describes the resource limits you wish to impose\&. It should be owned by root and readable by root account only\&.
+.PP
+By default no quota is imposed on \*(Aqroot\*(Aq\&. In fact, there is no way to impose limits via this procedure to root\-equiv accounts (accounts with UID 0)\&.
+.PP
+每行以如下格式对一个用户描述限制：
+.PP
+\fIuser LIMITS_STRING\fR
+.PP
+或如下格式：
+.PP
+\fI@group LIMITS_STRING\fR
+.PP
+The
+\fILIMITS_STRING\fR
+is a string of a concatenated list of resource limits\&. Each limit consists of a letter identifier followed by a numerical limit\&.
+.PP
+可用的指示符有：
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+A：最大地址空间 (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+C：最大转储文件大小 (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+D：最大数据大小 (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+F: maximum file size (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+K: file creation mask, set by
+\fBumask\fR(2)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+I：最高 nice 级别，(0\&.\&.\&.39 对应 20\&.\&.\&.\-19)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+L：此用户的最大登录数
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+M: max locked\-in\-memory address space (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+N：最大的文件打开数
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+O：最大实时优先级
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+P: process priority, set by
+\fBsetpriority\fR(2)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+R: max resident set size (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+S：最大栈尺寸 (KB)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+T：最大 CPU 时间 (分钟)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+U：最大处理器数目
+.RE
+.PP
+For example,
+\fIL2D2048N5\fR
+is a valid
+\fILIMITS_STRING\fR\&. For reading convenience, the following entries are equivalent:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      username L2D2048N5
+      username L2 D2048 N5
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+Be aware that after
+\fIusername\fR
+the rest of the line is considered a limit string, thus comments are not allowed\&. An invalid limits string will be rejected (not considered) by the
+\fBlogin\fR
+program\&.
+.PP
+The default entry is denoted by username "\fI*\fR"\&. If you have multiple
+\fIdefault\fR
+entries in your
+\fILIMITS_FILE\fR, then the last one will be used as the default entry\&.
+.PP
+The limits specified in the form "\fI@group\fR" apply to the members of the specified
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.PP
+If more than one line with limits for a user exist, only the first line for this user will be considered\&.
+.PP
+If no lines are specified for a user, the last
+\fI@group\fR
+line matching a group whose the user is a member of will be considered, or the last line with default limits if no groups contain the user\&.
+.PP
+To completely disable limits for a user, a single dash "\fI\-\fR" will do\&.
+.PP
+To disable a limit for a user, a single dash "\fI\-\fR" can be used instead of the numerical value for this limit\&.
+.PP
+Also, please note that all limit settings are set PER LOGIN\&. They are not global, nor are they permanent\&. Perhaps global limits will come, but for now this will have to do ;)
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/limits
+.RS 4
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsetpriority\fR(2),
+\fBsetrlimit\fR(2)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man5/login.access.5 b/man/zh_CN/man5/login.access.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e91af4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man5/login.access.5
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login.access
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 文件格式和转化
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "LOGIN\&.ACCESS" "5" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "文件格式和转化"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+login.access \- 登录访问控制表
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fIlogin\&.access\fR
+file specifies (user, host) combinations and/or (user, tty) combinations for which a login will be either accepted or refused\&.
+.PP
+When someone logs in, the
+\fIlogin\&.access\fR
+is scanned for the first entry that matches the (user, host) combination, or, in case of non\-networked logins, the first entry that matches the (user, tty) combination\&. The permissions field of that table entry determines whether the login will be accepted or refused\&.
+.PP
+登录访问控制表的每一行有\(lq:\(rq分隔的三个字段：
+.PP
+\fIpermission\fR:\fIusers\fR:\fIorigins\fR
+.PP
+The first field should be a "\fI+\fR" (access granted) or "\fI\-\fR" (access denied) character\&. The second field should be a list of one or more login names, group names, or
+\fIALL\fR
+(always matches)\&. The third field should be a list of one or more tty names (for non\-networked logins), host names, domain names (begin with "\&."), host addresses, internet network numbers (end with "\&."),
+\fIALL\fR
+(always matches) or
+\fILOCAL\fR
+(matches any string that does not contain a "\&." character)\&. If you run NIS you can use @netgroupname in host or user patterns\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fIEXCEPT\fR
+operator makes it possible to write very compact rules\&.
+.PP
+The group file is searched only when a name does not match that of the logged\-in user\&. Only groups are matched in which users are explicitly listed: the program does not look at a user\*(Aqs primary group id value\&.
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man5/login.defs.5 b/man/zh_CN/man5/login.defs.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6267e1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man5/login.defs.5
@@ -0,0 +1,854 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login.defs
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 文件格式和转化
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "LOGIN\&.DEFS" "5" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "文件格式和转化"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+login.defs \- 影子密码套件配置
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+/etc/login\&.defs
+file defines the site\-specific configuration for the shadow password suite\&. This file is required\&. Absence of this file will not prevent system operation, but will probably result in undesirable operation\&.
+.PP
+This file is a readable text file, each line of the file describing one configuration parameter\&. The lines consist of a configuration name and value, separated by whitespace\&. Blank lines and comment lines are ignored\&. Comments are introduced with a "#" pound sign and the pound sign must be the first non\-white character of the line\&.
+.PP
+Parameter values may be of four types: strings, booleans, numbers, and long numbers\&. A string is comprised of any printable characters\&. A boolean should be either the value
+\fIyes\fR
+or
+\fIno\fR\&. An undefined boolean parameter or one with a value other than these will be given a
+\fIno\fR
+value\&. Numbers (both regular and long) may be either decimal values, octal values (precede the value with
+\fI0\fR) or hexadecimal values (precede the value with
+\fI0x\fR)\&. The maximum value of the regular and long numeric parameters is machine\-dependent\&.
+.PP
+提供如下配置项：
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_RESTRICT\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This parameter specifies which values in the
+\fIgecos\fR
+field of the
+/etc/passwd
+file may be changed by regular users using the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program\&. It can be any combination of letters
+\fIf\fR,
+\fIr\fR,
+\fIw\fR,
+\fIh\fR, for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively\&. For backward compatibility,
+\fIyes\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIrwh\fR
+and
+\fIno\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIfrwh\fR\&. If not specified, only the superuser can make any changes\&. The most restrictive setting is better achieved by not installing
+\fBchfn\fR
+SUID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHSH_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchsh\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义了，或者是包含设备名(没行一个)的文件的完整路径名，或者是\(lq:\(rq分隔的设备名列表。将只会在这写设备上允许 root 登录。
+.sp
+如果没有定义，可以在任何设备上使用 root。
+.sp
+指定的设备时不带 /dev/ 前缀。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCREATE_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+指示是否应该为新用户默认创建主目录。
+.sp
+此设置并不应用到系统用户，并且可以使用命令行覆盖。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+如果不能 cd 到主目录时，说明是否允许登录。默认是否。
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+这定义了系统加密密码的默认算法(如果没有在命令行上指定算法)。
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果此文件存在，并且可读，将会从中读取登录环境。所有行都必须是 name=value 的格式。
+.sp
+以 # 开头的行将视为注释，并被忽略。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBERASECHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal ERASE character (\fI010\fR
+= backspace,
+\fI0177\fR
+= DEL)\&.
+.sp
+此值可以使用前缀\(lq0\(rq表示八进制，\(lq0x\(rq表示十六进制。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAIL_DELAY\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+登录失败后，等待多少秒才再允许登录。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAILLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable logging and display of
+/var/log/faillog
+login failure info\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAKE_SHELL\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set,
+\fBlogin\fR
+will execute this shell instead of the users\*(Aq shell specified in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFTMP_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义，登录失败会以 utmp 格式记录在此文件中。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
+\fBUMASK\fR
+is used to create the mode\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHUSHLOGIN_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, this file can inhibit all the usual chatter during the login sequence\&. If a full pathname is specified, then hushed mode will be enabled if the user\*(Aqs name or shell are found in the file\&. If not a full pathname, then hushed mode will be enabled if the file exists in the user\*(Aqs home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBISSUE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义了，此文件将在每次的登录提示之前现实。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBKILLCHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal KILL character (\fI025\fR
+= CTRL/U)\&.
+.sp
+此值可以使用前缀\(lq0\(rq表示八进制，\(lq0x\(rq表示十六进制。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+允许记录和显示 /var/log/lastlog 登录时间信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_OK_LOGINS\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+允许记录成功登录。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+在记录到登录失败时，允许记录未知用户名。
+.sp
+注意：如果用户不小心将密码输入到了登录名中，记录未知用户名可能是一个安全隐患。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_RETRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+密码错误时，重试的最大次数。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+此字符串用于提示输入密码。默认是 "Password: "，或者翻译了的结果(汉语中翻译为了\(lq密码：\(rq)。如果设置了此变量，提示不会被翻译。
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_TIMEOUT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+最大登录时间(以秒为单位)。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+启用登录时检查和现实邮箱状态。
+.sp
+如果 shell 的启动文件已经检查了邮件("mailx \-e" 或者其它同功能的工具)，您应该禁用它。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+邮箱目录。修改或删除用户账户时需要处理邮箱，如果没有指定，将使用编译时指定的默认值。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+定义用户邮箱文件的位置(相对于主目录)。
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。
+.sp
+此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。
+.sp
+如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。
+.sp
+注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量，除非真的需要。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMOTD_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, ":" delimited list of "message of the day" files to be displayed upon login\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBNOLOGINS_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, name of file whose presence will inhibit non\-root logins\&. The contents of this file should be a message indicating why logins are inhibited\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBOBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+对密码更改启用附加检查。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_ALWAYS_WARN\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+如果是 root，警告弱密码，但是仍然允许使用。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_CHANGE_TRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+可以尝试更改密码的最大次数(太容易)。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+一个密码可以使用的最大天数。如果密码比这旧，将会强迫更改密码。如果不指定，就假定为 \-1，这会禁用这个限制。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+两次更改密码时间的最小间隔。将会拒绝任何早于此的更改密码的尝试。如果不指定，假定为 \-1，将会禁用这个限制。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+密码过期之前给出警告的天数。0 表示只有只在过期的当天警告，负值表示不警告。如果没有指定，不会给警告。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR,
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR
+and
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR
+are only used at the time of account creation\&. Any changes to these settings won\*(Aqt affect existing accounts\&.
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR (number), \fBPASS_MIN_LEN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Number of significant characters in the password for crypt()\&.
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR
+is 8 by default\&. Don\*(Aqt change unless your crypt() is better\&. This is ignored if
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable checking of time restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+使用很多轮转，会让暴力破解更加困难。但是需要注意，认证用户时也会需要更多的 CPU 资源。
+.sp
+如果没有指定，libc 会选择默认的轮转数(5000)。
+.sp
+值必须在 1000 \- 999,999,999 之间。
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSULOG_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义了，所有的 su 活动都会记录到此文件。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_NAME\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义了，就是运行\(lqsu \-\(rq时显示的命令名称。例如，如果定义为\(lqsu\(rq，那么\(lqps\(rq会显示此命令为\(lq\-su\(rq。如果没有定义，\(lqps\(rq将会显示实际执行的 shell，例如类似于\(lq\-sh\(rq。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_WHEEL_ONLY\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the user must be listed as a member of the first gid 0 group in
+/etc/group
+(called
+\fIroot\fR
+on most Linux systems) to be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0 accounts\&. If the group doesn\*(Aqt exist or is empty, no one will be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SU_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsu\fR
+activity \- in addition to sulog file logging\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR (string), \fBTTYPERM\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+group, and the permissions will be set to
+\fBTTYPERM\fR\&.
+.sp
+By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user\*(Aqs primary group and the permissions are set to
+\fI0600\fR\&.
+.sp
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+can be either the name of a group or a numeric group identifier\&.
+.sp
+If you have a
+\fBwrite\fR
+program which is "setgid" to a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and TTYPERM to 0620\&. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYTYPE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, file which maps tty line to TERM environment parameter\&. Each line of the file is in a format something like "vt100 tty01"\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBULIMIT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Default
+\fBulimit\fR
+value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+文件模式创建掩码初始化为此值。如果没有指定，掩码初始化为 022。
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERDEL_CMD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义了，这是删除账户时执行的命令。它应该移除所有属于此用户的的 at/cron/print 等作业(作为第一个参数传递)。
+.sp
+这个脚本的返回值并不被带到账户中去。
+.sp
+Here is an example script, which removes the user\*(Aqs cron, at and print jobs:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+#! /bin/sh
+
+# Check for the required argument\&.
+if [ $# != 1 ]; then
+	echo "Usage: $0 username"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Remove cron jobs\&.
+crontab \-r \-u $1
+
+# Remove at jobs\&.
+# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,
+# even if it was shared by a different username\&.
+AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs
+find $AT_SPOOL_DIR \-name "[^\&.]*" \-type f \-user $1 \-delete \e;
+
+# Remove print jobs\&.
+lprm $1
+
+# All done\&.
+exit 0
+      
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.sp
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+如果 uid 和 gid 相同，用户名和主用户名也相同，使非 root 组的组掩码位和属主位相同 (如：022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007)。
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "交叉引用"
+.PP
+如下交叉引用显示影子密码套件哪个程序使用哪个参数。
+.PP
+chfn
+.RS 4
+CHFN_AUTH
+CHFN_RESTRICT
+LOGIN_STRING
+.RE
+.PP
+chgpasswd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+chpasswd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+chsh
+.RS 4
+CHSH_AUTH LOGIN_STRING
+.RE
+.PP
+gpasswd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+groupadd
+.RS 4
+GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN
+.RE
+.PP
+groupdel
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+groupmems
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+groupmod
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+grpck
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+grpconv
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+grpunconv
+.RS 4
+MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.PP
+lastlog
+.RS 4
+LASTLOG_UID_MAX
+.RE
+.PP
+login
+.RS 4
+CONSOLE
+CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME
+ENV_HZ ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH ENV_TZ ENVIRON_FILE
+ERASECHAR FAIL_DELAY
+FAILLOG_ENAB
+FAKE_SHELL
+FTMP_FILE
+HUSHLOGIN_FILE
+ISSUE_FILE
+KILLCHAR
+LASTLOG_ENAB LASTLOG_UID_MAX
+LOGIN_RETRIES
+LOGIN_STRING
+LOGIN_TIMEOUT LOG_OK_LOGINS LOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB
+MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MOTD_FILE NOLOGINS_FILE PORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB QUOTAS_ENAB
+TTYGROUP TTYPERM TTYTYPE_FILE
+ULIMIT UMASK
+USERGROUPS_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+newgrp / sg
+.RS 4
+SYSLOG_SG_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+newusers
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD GID_MAX GID_MIN MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP MD5_CRYPT_ENAB HOME_MODE PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK
+.RE
+.PP
+passwd
+.RS 4
+ENCRYPT_METHOD MD5_CRYPT_ENAB OBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB PASS_ALWAYS_WARN PASS_CHANGE_TRIES PASS_MAX_LEN PASS_MIN_LEN
+SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS
+.RE
+.PP
+pwck
+.RS 4
+PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+.RE
+.PP
+pwconv
+.RS 4
+PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE
+.RE
+.PP
+su
+.RS 4
+CONSOLE
+CONSOLE_GROUPS DEFAULT_HOME
+ENV_HZ ENVIRON_FILE
+ENV_PATH ENV_SUPATH
+ENV_TZ LOGIN_STRING MAIL_CHECK_ENAB MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE QUOTAS_ENAB
+SULOG_FILE SU_NAME
+SU_WHEEL_ONLY
+SYSLOG_SU_ENAB
+USERGROUPS_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+sulogin
+.RS 4
+ENV_HZ
+ENV_TZ
+.RE
+.PP
+useradd
+.RS 4
+CREATE_HOME GID_MAX GID_MIN HOME_MODE LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP PASS_MAX_DAYS PASS_MIN_DAYS PASS_WARN_AGE SUB_GID_COUNT SUB_GID_MAX SUB_GID_MIN SUB_UID_COUNT SUB_UID_MAX SUB_UID_MIN SYS_GID_MAX SYS_GID_MIN SYS_UID_MAX SYS_UID_MIN UID_MAX UID_MIN UMASK
+.RE
+.PP
+userdel
+.RS 4
+MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP USERDEL_CMD USERGROUPS_ENAB
+.RE
+.PP
+usermod
+.RS 4
+LASTLOG_UID_MAX MAIL_DIR MAIL_FILE MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBpam\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man5/passwd.5 b/man/zh_CN/man5/passwd.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bd853b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man5/passwd.5
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: passwd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 文件格式和转化
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "PASSWD" "5" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "文件格式和转化"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+passwd \- 密码文件
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+contains one line for each user account, with seven fields delimited by colons (\(lq:\(rq)\&. These fields are:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+登录名
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+可选的加密后的密码
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+数字用户 ID
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+数字组 ID
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+用户名和注释字段
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+用户主目录
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+可选的用户命令解释器
+.RE
+.PP
+If the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field is a lower\-case
+\(lqx\(rq, then the encrypted password is actually stored in the
+\fBshadow\fR(5)
+file instead; there
+\fImust\fR
+be a corresponding line in the
+/etc/shadow
+file, or else the user account is invalid\&.
+.PP
+The encrypted
+\fIpassword\fR
+field may be empty, in which case no password is required to authenticate as the specified login name\&. However, some applications which read the
+/etc/passwd
+file may decide not to permit
+\fIany\fR
+access at all if the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field is blank\&.
+.PP
+A
+\fIpassword\fR
+field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the
+\fIpassword\fR
+field before the password was locked\&.
+.PP
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.PP
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)\&.
+.PP
+The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as
+\fBfinger\fR(1)\&.
+.PP
+The home directory field provides the name of the initial working directory\&. The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program uses this information to set the value of the
+\fB$HOME\fR
+environmental variable\&.
+.PP
+The command interpreter field provides the name of the user\*(Aqs command language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute\&. The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program uses this information to set the value of the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environmental variable\&. If this field is empty, it defaults to the value
+/bin/sh\&.
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+可选的加密后的密码文件
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd\-
+.RS 4
+/etc/passwd 的备份文件。
+.sp
+注意，此文件由 shadow 工具集使用，而不是所有的用户和密码管理工具都会使用。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgetent\fR(1),
+\fBgetpwnam\fR(3),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBpwconv\fR(8),
+\fBpwunconv\fR(8),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsulogin\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man5/porttime.5 b/man/zh_CN/man5/porttime.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fcc951
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man5/porttime.5
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: porttime
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 文件格式和转化
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "PORTTIME" "5" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "文件格式和转化"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+porttime \- 端口访问时间文件
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+\fIporttime\fR
+contains a list of tty devices, user names, and permitted login times\&.
+.PP
+每项包含三个由冒号分隔的字段。第一个字段是逗号分隔的 tty 设备列表，或者星号表示匹配所有终端。第二个字段是逗号分隔的用户名列表，或者星号表示匹配所有用户名。第三个字段是逗号分隔的访问许可时间。
+.PP
+Each access time entry consists of zero or more days of the week, abbreviated
+\fISu\fR,
+\fIMo\fR,
+\fITu\fR,
+\fIWe\fR,
+\fITh\fR,
+\fIFr\fR, and
+\fISa\fR, followed by a pair of times separated by a hyphen\&. The abbreviation
+\fIWk\fR
+may be used to represent Monday thru Friday, and
+\fIAl\fR
+may be used to indicate every day\&. If no days are given,
+\fIAl\fR
+is assumed\&.
+.SH "示例"
+.PP
+The following entry allows access to user
+\fBjfh\fR
+on every port during weekdays from 9am to 5pm\&.
+.PP
+*:jfh:Wk0900\-1700
+.PP
+The following entries allow access only to the users
+\fIroot\fR
+and
+\fIoper\fR
+on
+/dev/console
+at any time\&. This illustrates how the
+/etc/porttime
+file is an ordered list of access times\&. Any other user would match the second entry which does not permit access at any time\&.
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      console:root,oper:Al0000\-2400
+      console:*:
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+The following entry allows access for the user
+\fIgames\fR
+on any port during non\-working hours\&.
+.PP
+*:games:Wk1700\-0900,SaSu0000\-2400
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/porttime
+.RS 4
+包含了端口访问信息的文件。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man5/shadow.5 b/man/zh_CN/man5/shadow.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c9fe5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man5/shadow.5
@@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: shadow
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 文件格式和转化
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "SHADOW" "5" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "文件格式和转化"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+shadow \- 影子化了的密码文件
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+shadow
+is a file which contains the password information for the system\*(Aqs accounts and optional aging information\&.
+.PP
+如果没有维护好密码安全，此文件绝对不能让普通用户可读。
+.PP
+Each line of this file contains 9 fields, separated by colons (\(lq:\(rq), in the following order:
+.PP
+\fB登录名\fR
+.RS 4
+必须是有效的账户名，且已经存在于系统中。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB加密了的密码\fR
+.RS 4
+This field may be empty, in which case no passwords are required to authenticate as the specified login name\&. However, some applications which read the
+/etc/shadow
+file may decide not to permit any access at all if the password field is empty\&.
+.sp
+A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked\&. The remaining characters on the line represent the password field before the password was locked\&.
+.sp
+Refer to
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)
+for details on how this string is interpreted\&.
+.sp
+If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of
+\fBcrypt\fR(3), for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in (but the user may log in the system by other means)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB最后一次更改密码的日期\fR
+.RS 4
+最近一次更改密码的时间，表示从1970年1月1日开始的天数。
+.sp
+The value 0 has a special meaning, which is that the user should change her password the next time she will log in the system\&.
+.sp
+空字段表示密码年龄功能被禁用。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB密码的最小年龄\fR
+.RS 4
+最小密码年龄是指，用户一次更改密码之后，要等多长时间才再次被允许更改密码。
+.sp
+空字段或 0 表示没有最小密码年龄。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB最大密码年龄\fR
+.RS 4
+最大密码年龄是指，这写天之后，用户必须更改密码。
+.sp
+这写天之后，密码仍然可用。用户将会在下次登录的时候被要求更改密码。
+.sp
+空字段表示没有最大密码年龄，没有密码警告时间段，没有密码禁用时间段(请看下边)。
+.sp
+如果最大密码年龄小于最小密码年龄，用户将会不能更改密码。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB密码警告时间段\fR
+.RS 4
+密码过期之前，提前警告用户的的天数(请参考上边的密码的最大年龄)。
+.sp
+空字段或者 0 表示没有密码警告期。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB密码禁用期\fR
+.RS 4
+密码过期(查看上边的密码最大年龄)后，仍然接受此密码的天数(在此期间，用户应该在下次登录时修改密码)。
+.sp
+密码到期并且过了这个宽限期之后，使用用户的当前的密码将会不能登录。用户需要联系系统管理员。
+.sp
+空字段表示没有强制密码过期。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB账户过期日期\fR
+.RS 4
+账户过期的日期，表示从1970年1月1日开始的天数。
+.sp
+Note that an account expiration differs from a password expiration\&. In case of an account expiration, the user shall not be allowed to login\&. In case of a password expiration, the user is not allowed to login using her password\&.
+.sp
+空字段表示账户永不过期。
+.sp
+应该避免使用 0，因为它既能理解成永不过期也能理解成在1970年1月1日过期。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB保留字段\fR
+.RS 4
+此字段保留作将来使用。
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow\-
+.RS 4
+/etc/shadow 的备份文件。
+.sp
+注意，此文件由 shadow 工具集使用，而不是所有的用户和密码管理工具都会使用。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBchage\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBpwconv\fR(8),
+\fBpwunconv\fR(8),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsulogin\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man5/suauth.5 b/man/zh_CN/man5/suauth.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a1de53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man5/suauth.5
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: suauth
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 文件格式和转化
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "SUAUTH" "5" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "文件格式和转化"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+suauth \- 详细的 su 控制文件
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fB/etc/suauth\fR\ 'u
+\fB/etc/suauth\fR
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The file
+/etc/suauth
+is referenced whenever the su command is called\&. It can change the behaviour of the su command, based upon:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      1) the user su is targeting
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+2) 执行 su 命令的用户 (或者他可能属于的组)
+.PP
+文件格式为：以 # 开头的行视为注视，并被忽略；
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      to\-id:from\-id:ACTION
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.PP
+Where to\-id is either the word
+\fIALL\fR, a list of usernames delimited by "," or the words
+\fIALL EXCEPT\fR
+followed by a list of usernames delimited by ","\&.
+.PP
+from\-id is formatted the same as to\-id except the extra word
+\fIGROUP\fR
+is recognized\&.
+\fIALL EXCEPT GROUP\fR
+is perfectly valid too\&. Following
+\fIGROUP\fR
+appears one or more group names, delimited by ","\&. It is not sufficient to have primary group id of the relevant group, an entry in
+\fB/etc/group\fR(5)
+is necessary\&.
+.PP
+动作只可以使用如下当前支持的选项。
+.PP
+\fIDENY\fR
+.RS 4
+su 的尝试在询问密码之前就被拒绝。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fINOPASS\fR
+.RS 4
+su 尝试自动成功，而且不询问密码。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIOWNPASS\fR
+.RS 4
+为了成功执行 su，用户必须提供自己的密码。将会提示他们这样。
+.RE
+.PP
+注意，有三个用冒号分割的字段。冒号旁边不能有空格。也请注意，这个文件会被一行一行地依次检查，会使用第一个可用的规则，而不会继续检查文件。这可以让系统管理员使系统尽量符合其期望。
+.SH "示例"
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+      # sample /etc/suauth file
+      #
+      # A couple of privileged usernames may
+      # su to root with their own password\&.
+      #
+      root:chris,birddog:OWNPASS
+      #
+      # Anyone else may not su to root unless in
+      # group wheel\&. This is how BSD does things\&.
+      #
+      root:ALL EXCEPT GROUP wheel:DENY
+      #
+      # Perhaps terry and birddog are accounts
+      # owned by the same person\&.
+      # Access can be arranged between them
+      # with no password\&.
+      #
+      terry:birddog:NOPASS
+      birddog:terry:NOPASS
+      #
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/suauth
+.RS 4
+.RE
+.SH "缺陷"
+.PP
+可能会有很多潜在问题。文件解析器尤其不能容忍语法错误，不能有无意义的空白符(除了行首和行尾)，并且使用特定的标记分割不同的事情。
+.SH "DIAGNOSTICS"
+.PP
+An error parsing the file is reported using
+\fBsyslogd\fR(8)
+as level ERR on facility AUTH\&.
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBsu\fR(1)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/chgpasswd.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/chgpasswd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff0204e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/chgpasswd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chgpasswd
+.\"    Author: Thomas K\(/loczko <kloczek@pld.org.pl>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "CHGPASSWD" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+chgpasswd \- 批量更新组密码
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBchgpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBchgpasswd\fR [\fI选项\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchgpasswd\fR
+command reads a list of group name and password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a set of existing groups\&. Each line is of the format:
+.PP
+\fIgroup_name\fR:\fIpassword\fR
+.PP
+By default the supplied password must be in clear\-text, and is encrypted by
+\fBchgpasswd\fR\&.
+.PP
+The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable of
+/etc/login\&.defs, and can be overwritten with the
+\fB\-e\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-c\fR
+options\&.
+.PP
+此命令一般用于需要一次创建很多用户的大型系统。
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchgpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR
+.RS 4
+使用指定的方法加密密码。
+.sp
+可用的方法有 DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 或 SHA512，前提是您的 libc 支持这写方法。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-encrypted\fR
+.RS 4
+提供的密码是已经加密了的
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-md5\fR
+.RS 4
+如果提供的密码没有加密，则使用 MD5 加密而不是 DES。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR
+.RS 4
+使用指定次数的轮转来加密密码。
+.sp
+值 0 表示让系统为加密方法选择默认的轮转次数 (5000)。
+.sp
+会强制最小 1,000，最大 9,9999,9999
+.sp
+您只可以对 SHA256 或 SHA512 使用此选项。
+.sp
+By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+记住要设置权限或者掩码来阻止其它用户对未加密文件的读取。
+.PP
+您需要确保你吗和加密方法符合系统的密码策略。
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+这定义了系统加密密码的默认算法(如果没有在命令行上指定算法)。
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。
+.sp
+此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。
+.sp
+如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。
+.sp
+注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量，除非真的需要。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+使用很多轮转，会让暴力破解更加困难。但是需要注意，认证用户时也会需要更多的 CPU 资源。
+.sp
+如果没有指定，libc 会选择默认的轮转数(5000)。
+.sp
+值必须在 1000 \- 999,999,999 之间。
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+安全组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/chpasswd.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/chpasswd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b26ed56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/chpasswd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chpasswd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "CHPASSWD" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+chpasswd \- 批量更新密码
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBchpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBchpasswd\fR [\fI选项\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchpasswd\fR
+command reads a list of user name and password pairs from standard input and uses this information to update a group of existing users\&. Each line is of the format:
+.PP
+\fIuser_name\fR:\fIpassword\fR
+.PP
+By default the passwords must be supplied in clear\-text, and are encrypted by
+\fBchpasswd\fR\&. Also the password age will be updated, if present\&.
+.PP
+The default encryption algorithm can be defined for the system with the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+or
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variables of
+/etc/login\&.defs, and can be overwritten with the
+\fB\-e\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-c\fR
+options\&.
+.PP
+\fBchpasswd\fR
+first updates all the passwords in memory, and then commits all the changes to disk if no errors occurred for any user\&.
+.PP
+此命令一般用于需要一次创建很多用户的大型系统。
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR\ \&\fIMETHOD\fR
+.RS 4
+使用指定的方法加密密码。
+.sp
+可用的方法有 DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 或 SHA512，前提是您的 libc 支持这写方法。
+.sp
+By default (if none of the
+\fB\-c\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-e\fR
+options are specified), the encryption method is defined by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+or
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variables of
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-encrypted\fR
+.RS 4
+提供的密码是已经加密了的
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-md5\fR
+.RS 4
+如果提供的密码没有加密，则使用 MD5 加密而不是 DES。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR\ \&\fIROUNDS\fR
+.RS 4
+使用指定次数的轮转来加密密码。
+.sp
+值 0 表示让系统为加密方法选择默认的轮转次数 (5000)。
+.sp
+会强制最小 1,000，最大 9,9999,9999
+.sp
+您只可以对 SHA256 或 SHA512 使用此选项。
+.sp
+By default, the number of rounds is defined by the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+and
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+记住要设置权限或者掩码来阻止其它用户对未加密文件的读取。
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+这定义了系统加密密码的默认算法(如果没有在命令行上指定算法)。
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+使用很多轮转，会让暴力破解更加困难。但是需要注意，认证用户时也会需要更多的 CPU 资源。
+.sp
+如果没有指定，libc 会选择默认的轮转数(5000)。
+.sp
+值必须在 1000 \- 999,999,999 之间。
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/faillog.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/faillog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50b154b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/faillog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: faillog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "FAILLOG" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+faillog \- 显示登录失败记录或设置登录失败限制
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBfaillog\fR\ 'u
+\fBfaillog\fR [\fI选项\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR
+displays the contents of the failure log database (/var/log/faillog)\&. It can also set the failure counters and limits\&. When
+\fBfaillog\fR
+is run without arguments, it only displays the faillog records of the users who had a login failure\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBfaillog\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+.RS 4
+Display (or act on) faillog records for all users having an entry in the
+faillog
+database\&.
+.sp
+The range of users can be restricted with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option\&.
+.sp
+In display mode, this is still restricted to existing users but forces the display of the faillog entries even if they are empty\&.
+.sp
+With the
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR,
+\fB\-r\fR,
+\fB\-t\fR
+options, the users\*(Aq records are changed, even if the user does not exist on the system\&. This is useful to reset records of users that have been deleted or to set a policy in advance for a range of users\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\-secs\fR\ \&\fISEC\fR
+.RS 4
+Lock account for
+\fISEC\fR
+seconds after failed login\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-maximum\fR\ \&\fIMAX\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of login failures after the account is disabled to
+\fIMAX\fR\&.
+.sp
+Selecting a
+\fIMAX\fR
+value of 0 has the effect of not placing a limit on the number of failed logins\&.
+.sp
+The maximum failure count should always be 0 for
+\fIroot\fR
+to prevent a denial of services attack against the system\&.
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-reset\fR
+.RS 4
+重置登录失败计数。
+.sp
+Write access to
+/var/log/faillog
+is required for this option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Display faillog records more recent than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR\ \&\fILOGIN\fR|\fIRANGE\fR
+.RS 4
+Display faillog record or maintains failure counters and limits (if used with
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR
+or
+\fB\-r\fR
+options) only for the specified user(s)\&.
+.sp
+The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users\&. This
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users can be specified with a min and max values (\fIUID_MIN\-UID_MAX\fR), a max value (\fI\-UID_MAX\fR), or a min value (\fIUID_MIN\-\fR)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+When none of the
+\fB\-l\fR,
+\fB\-m\fR, or
+\fB\-r\fR
+options are used,
+\fBfaillog\fR
+displays the faillog record of the specified user(s)\&.
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+\fBfaillog\fR
+only prints out users with no successful login since the last failure\&. To print out a user who has had a successful login since their last failure, you must explicitly request the user with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+flag, or print out all users with the
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag\&.
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/var/log/faillog
+.RS 4
+Failure logging file\&.
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBfaillog\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/groupadd.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/groupadd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f150550
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/groupadd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupadd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPADD" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+groupadd \- 创建一个新组
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupadd\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupadd\fR [\fI选项\fR] \fIgroup\fR
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command creates a new group account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system\&. The new group will be entered into the system files as needed\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+This option causes the command to simply exit with success status if the specified group already exists\&. When used with
+\fB\-g\fR, and the specified GID already exists, another (unique) GID is chosen (i\&.e\&.
+\fB\-g\fR
+is turned off)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGID\fR
+.RS 4
+The numerical value of the group\*(Aqs ID\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+and greater than every other group\&.
+.sp
+See also the
+\fB\-r\fR
+option and the
+\fBGID_MAX\fR
+description\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-K\fR, \fB\-\-key\fR\ \&\fIKEY\fR=\fIVALUE\fR
+.RS 4
+Overrides
+/etc/login\&.defs
+defaults (GID_MIN, GID_MAX and others)\&. Multiple
+\fB\-K\fR
+options can be specified\&.
+.sp
+Example:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MIN\fR=\fI100\fR\ \&
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+.sp
+Note:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIGID_MIN\fR=\fI10\fR,\fIGID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+doesn\*(Aqt work yet\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+此选项允许添加一个使用非唯一 GID 的组。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&. The default is to disable the password\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+您应该确保密码符合系统的密码政策。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+创建一个系统组。
+.sp
+The numeric identifiers of new system groups are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-\fBGID_MAX\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。
+.sp
+此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。
+.sp
+如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。
+.sp
+注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量，除非真的需要。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+安全组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+组名必须以小写字母或者下划线开头，跟随小写字母、下划线或短横线。可以由美元符号结束。用正则表达式就是：[a\-z_][a\-z0\-9_\-]*[$]?
+.PP
+Groupnames may only be up to 16 characters long\&.
+.PP
+You may not add a NIS or LDAP group\&. This must be performed on the corresponding server\&.
+.PP
+If the groupname already exists in an external group database such as NIS or LDAP,
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+will deny the group creation request\&.
+.SH "退出值"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+GID not unique (when
+\fB\-o\fR
+not used)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+group name not unique
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/groupdel.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/groupdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd5804d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/groupdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupdel
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPDEL" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+groupdel \- 删除一个组
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupdel\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupdel\fR [\fI选项\fR] \fIGROUP\fR
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to
+\fIGROUP\fR\&. The named group must exist\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+您不能移除现有用户的主组。在移除此组之前，必须先移除此用户。
+.PP
+您需要手动检查所有文件系统，以确保没有遗留的属于此组的文件。
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。
+.sp
+此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。
+.sp
+如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。
+.sp
+注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量，除非真的需要。
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+安全组账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "退出值"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupdel\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI8\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt remove user\*(Aqs primary group
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/groupmems.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/groupmems.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fdfe2c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/groupmems.8
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupmems
+.\"    Author: George Kraft, IV
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPMEMS" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+groupmems \- 用户主组的管理员成员
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupmems\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupmems\fR \-a\ \fIuser_name\fR | \-d\ \fIuser_name\fR | [\-g\ \fIgroup_name\fR] | \-l | \-p 
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+command allows a user to administer their own group membership list without the requirement of superuser privileges\&. The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+utility is for systems that configure its users to be in their own name sake primary group (i\&.e\&., guest / guest)\&.
+.PP
+Only the superuser, as administrator, can use
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+to alter the memberships of other groups\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-add\fR\ \&\fIuser_name\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a user to the group membership list\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR\ \&\fIuser_name\fR
+.RS 4
+从组成员列表中删除用户。
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, the user will be removed from the list of members and administrators of the group\&.
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR\ \&\fIgroup_name\fR
+.RS 4
+超级用户可以指定修改哪个组的组成员列表。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+.RS 4
+列出组成员。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-purge\fR
+.RS 4
+从组成员列表中删除所有用户。
+.sp
+If the
+/etc/gshadow
+file exist, and the group has no entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file, a new entry will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.SH "SETUP"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+executable should be in mode
+2710
+as user
+\fIroot\fR
+and in group
+\fIgroups\fR\&. The system administrator can add users to group
+\fIgroups\fR
+to allow or disallow them using the
+\fBgroupmems\fR
+utility to manage their own group membership list\&.
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+	$ groupadd \-r groups
+	$ chmod 2710 groupmems
+	$ chown root\&.groups groupmems
+	$ groupmems \-g groups \-a gk4
+    
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。
+.sp
+此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。
+.sp
+如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。
+.sp
+注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量，除非真的需要。
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+安全组账户信息
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/groupmod.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/groupmod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9701a5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/groupmod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groupmod
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPMOD" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+groupmod \- modify a group definition on the system
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBgroupmod\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroupmod\fR [\fI选项\fR] \fIGROUP\fR
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command modifies the definition of the specified
+\fIGROUP\fR
+by modifying the appropriate entry in the group database\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGID\fR
+.RS 4
+The group ID of the given
+\fIGROUP\fR
+will be changed to
+\fIGID\fR\&.
+.sp
+The value of
+\fIGID\fR
+must be a non\-negative decimal integer\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&.
+.sp
+Users who use the group as primary group will be updated to keep the group as their primary group\&.
+.sp
+Any files that have the old group ID and must continue to belong to
+\fIGROUP\fR, must have their group ID changed manually\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to the
+\fBGID_MIN\fR,
+\fBGID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR, or
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-new\-name\fR\ \&\fINEW_GROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the group will be changed from
+\fIGROUP\fR
+to
+\fINEW_GROUP\fR
+name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+When used with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option, allow to change the group
+\fIGID\fR
+to a non\-unique value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+您应该确保密码符合系统的密码政策。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。
+.sp
+此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。
+.sp
+如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。
+.sp
+注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量，除非真的需要。
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+安全组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "退出值"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+E_SUCCESS: success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+E_USAGE: invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+E_BAD_ARG: invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+E_GID_IN_USE: specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+E_NOTFOUND: specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+E_NAME_IN_USE: group name already in use
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+E_GRP_UPDATE: can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI11\fR
+.RS 4
+E_CLEANUP_SERVICE: can\*(Aqt setup cleanup service
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+E_PAM_USERNAME: can\*(Aqt determine your username for use with pam
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI13\fR
+.RS 4
+E_PAM_ERROR: pam returned an error, see syslog facility id groupmod for the PAM error message
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/grpck.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/grpck.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb8f146
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/grpck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: grpck
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "GRPCK" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+grpck \- 检查组文件的完整性
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBgrpck\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpck\fR [选项] [\fIgroup\fR\ [\ \fIshadow\fR\ ]]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command verifies the integrity of the groups information\&. It checks that all entries in
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow
+have the proper format and contain valid data\&. The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors\&.
+.PP
+检查的项目有：
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+正确的字段数
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+一个唯一且有效的组名
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid group identifier
+(/etc/group only)
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a valid list of members
+and administrators
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+a corresponding entry in the
+/etc/gshadow
+file (respectively
+/etc/group
+for the
+gshadow
+checks)
+.RE
+.PP
+The checks for correct number of fields and unique group name are fatal\&. If an entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete the entire line\&. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed\&. An entry with a duplicated group name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made\&. All other errors are warnings and the user is encouraged to run the
+\fBgroupmod\fR
+command to correct the error\&.
+.PP
+The commands which operate on the
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow files
+are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries\&.
+\fBgrpck\fR
+should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entries\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR
+and
+\fB\-s\fR
+options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-read\-only\fR
+.RS 4
+Execute the
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command in read\-only mode\&. This causes all questions regarding changes to be answered
+\fIno\fR
+without user intervention\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sort\fR
+.RS 4
+Sort entries in
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow
+by GID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+By default,
+\fBgrpck\fR
+operates on
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow\&. The user may select alternate files with the
+\fIgroup\fR
+and \fIshadow\fR parameters\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。
+.sp
+此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。
+.sp
+如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。
+.sp
+注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量，除非真的需要。
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+安全组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "退出值"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpck\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+one or more bad group entries
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt open group files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt lock group files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group files
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/grpconv.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/grpconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/grpconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/grpunconv.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/grpunconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/grpunconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/lastlog.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/lastlog.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52dcc9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/lastlog.8
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: lastlog
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "LASTLOG" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+lastlog \- 报告所有用户的最近登录情况，或者指定用户的最近登录情况
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBlastlog\fR\ 'u
+\fBlastlog\fR [\fI选项\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+\fBlastlog\fR
+formats and prints the contents of the last login log
+/var/log/lastlog
+file\&. The
+\fIlogin\-name\fR,
+\fIport\fR, and
+\fIlast login time\fR
+will be printed\&. The default (no flags) causes lastlog entries to be printed, sorted by their order in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBlastlog\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-before\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Print only lastlog records older than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-C\fR, \fB\-\-clear\fR
+.RS 4
+Clear lastlog record of a user\&. This option can be used only together with
+\fB\-u\fR
+(\fB\-\-user\fR))\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-set\fR
+.RS 4
+Set lastlog record of a user to the current time\&. This option can be used only together with
+\fB\-u\fR
+(\fB\-\-user\fR))\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-time\fR\ \&\fIDAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Print the lastlog records more recent than
+\fIDAYS\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR\ \&\fILOGIN\fR|\fIRANGE\fR
+.RS 4
+现实指定用户的最近登录记录。
+.sp
+The users can be specified by a login name, a numerical user ID, or a
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users\&. This
+\fIRANGE\fR
+of users can be specified with a min and max values (\fIUID_MIN\-UID_MAX\fR), a max value (\fI\-UID_MAX\fR), or a min value (\fIUID_MIN\-\fR)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If the user has never logged in the message
+\fI** Never logged in**\fR
+will be displayed instead of the port and time\&.
+.PP
+Only the entries for the current users of the system will be displayed\&. Other entries may exist for users that were deleted previously\&.
+.SH "注意"
+.PP
+The
+lastlog
+file is a database which contains info on the last login of each user\&. You should not rotate it\&. It is a sparse file, so its size on the disk is usually much smaller than the one shown by "\fBls \-l\fR" (which can indicate a really big file if you have in
+passwd
+users with a high UID)\&. You can display its real size with "\fBls \-s\fR"\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/var/log/lastlog
+.RS 4
+Database times of previous user logins\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+Large gaps in UID numbers will cause the lastlog program to run longer with no output to the screen (i\&.e\&. if in lastlog database there is no entries for users with UID between 170 and 800 lastlog will appear to hang as it processes entries with UIDs 171\-799)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/logoutd.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/logoutd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d9c36e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/logoutd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: logoutd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "LOGOUTD" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+logoutd \- 强制登录时间限制
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBlogoutd\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+enforces the login time and port restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+\fBlogoutd\fR
+should be started from
+/etc/rc\&. The
+/var/run/utmp
+file is scanned periodically and each user name is checked to see if the named user is permitted on the named port at the current time\&. Any login session which is violating the restrictions in
+/etc/porttime
+is terminated\&.
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/porttime
+.RS 4
+包含了端口访问信息的文件。
+.RE
+.PP
+/var/run/utmp
+.RS 4
+当前登录会话的列表。
+.RE
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/newusers.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/newusers.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..190defa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/newusers.8
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newusers
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "NEWUSERS" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+newusers \- 批量更新和创建新用户
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBnewusers\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewusers\fR [\fI选项\fR] [\fI文件\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewusers\fR
+command reads a
+\fIfile\fR
+(or the standard input by default) and uses this information to update a set of existing users or to create new users\&. Each line is in the same format as the standard password file (see
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)) with the exceptions explained below:
+.PP
+pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell
+.PP
+\fIpw_name\fR
+.RS 4
+这是用户的用户名。
+.sp
+It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR)\&. In case of an existing user, the user\*(Aqs information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_passwd\fR
+.RS 4
+此字段将被加密然后用于加密后密码的新值。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_uid\fR
+.RS 4
+此字段用于定义用户的 UID。
+.sp
+If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+如果此字段包含一个数字，此数字会用于 UID。
+.sp
+If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR), the UID of the specified user will be used\&.
+.sp
+如果一个现有用户更改了 UID，此用户的文件所有权需要手动修复。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_gid\fR
+.RS 4
+此字段用于定义用户的主组 ID。
+.sp
+If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR), the GID of this group will be used as the primary group ID for the user\&.
+.sp
+如果此字段是一个数字，此数字会被用作此用户的主组 ID。如果没有对应此 GID 的现有组，将会使用此 GID 创建一个新组，名称和用户名相同。
+.sp
+If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the user and a GID will be automatically defined by
+\fBnewusers\fR
+to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new group\&.
+.sp
+If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not created before by
+\fBnewusers\fR), a new group will be created with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by
+\fBnewusers\fR
+to be used as the primary group ID for the user and GID for the new group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_gecos\fR
+.RS 4
+此字段复制到用户的 GECOS 字段。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_dir\fR
+.RS 4
+此字段用于定义用户的主目录。
+.sp
+如果此字段指定的不是现有的目录，将会创建指定的目录，所有权设置为创建或更新的用户及其主组。
+.sp
+If the home directory of an existing user is changed,
+\fBnewusers\fR
+does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new location\&. This should be done manually\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fIpw_shell\fR
+.RS 4
+此字段定义了用户的 shell。对此字段不进行任何检查。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBnewusers\fR
+first tries to create or change all the specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group databases\&. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), no changes are committed to the databases\&.
+.PP
+此命令一般用于在大型的应用环境中，对大量账户进行一次性更新。
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBnewusers\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR
+.RS 4
+使用指定的方法加密密码。
+.sp
+可用的方法有 DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 或 SHA512，前提是您的 libc 支持这写方法。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+创建一个系统账户。
+.sp
+System users will be created with no aging information in
+/etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-\fBUID_MAX\fR
+(and their
+\fBGID\fR
+counterparts for the creation of groups)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR
+.RS 4
+使用指定次数的轮转来加密密码。
+.sp
+值 0 表示让系统为加密方法选择默认的轮转次数 (5000)。
+.sp
+会强制最小 1,000，最大 9,9999,9999
+.sp
+您只可以对 SHA256 或 SHA512 使用此选项。
+.sp
+By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+输入文件必须受到保护，因为它包含未加密的密码。
+.PP
+您需要确保你吗和加密方法符合系统的密码策略。
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+这定义了系统加密密码的默认算法(如果没有在命令行上指定算法)。
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
+\fBUMASK\fR
+is used to create the mode\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。
+.sp
+此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。
+.sp
+如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。
+.sp
+注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量，除非真的需要。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+一个密码可以使用的最大天数。如果密码比这旧，将会强迫更改密码。如果不指定，就假定为 \-1，这会禁用这个限制。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+两次更改密码时间的最小间隔。将会拒绝任何早于此的更改密码的尝试。如果不指定，假定为 \-1，将会禁用这个限制。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+密码过期之前给出警告的天数。0 表示只有只在过期的当天警告，负值表示不警告。如果没有指定，不会给警告。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+使用很多轮转，会让暴力破解更加困难。但是需要注意，认证用户时也会需要更多的 CPU 资源。
+.sp
+如果没有指定，libc 会选择默认的轮转数(5000)。
+.sp
+值必须在 1000 \- 999,999,999 之间。
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+文件模式创建掩码初始化为此值。如果没有指定，掩码初始化为 022。
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+安全组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/nologin.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/nologin.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d07348f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/nologin.8
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: nologin
+.\"    Author: Nicolas Fran\(,cois <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "NOLOGIN" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+nologin \- 礼貌地拒绝登录
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBnologin\fR\ 'u
+\fBnologin\fR
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnologin\fR
+command displays a message that an account is not available and exits non\-zero\&. It is intended as a replacement shell field for accounts that have been disabled\&.
+.PP
+To disable all logins, investigate
+\fBnologin\fR(5)\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBSSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND\fR
+is populated it will be logged\&.
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnologin\fR(5)\&.
+.SH "历史"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnologin\fR
+command appeared in BSD 4\&.4\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/pwck.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/pwck.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8544184
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/pwck.8
@@ -0,0 +1,328 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: pwck
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "PWCK" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+pwck \- 检查密码文件的完整性
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBpwck\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwck\fR [选项] [\fIpasswd\fR\ [\ \fIshadow\fR\ ]]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwck\fR
+command verifies the integrity of the users and authentication information\&. It checks that all entries in
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow
+have the proper format and contain valid data\&. The user is prompted to delete entries that are improperly formatted or which have other uncorrectable errors\&.
+.PP
+检查的项目有：
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+正确的字段数
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+一个唯一且有效的用户名
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+一个有效的用户和组标识符
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+有效的主组
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+有效的主目录
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+有效的登录 shell
+.RE
+.PP
+shadow
+checks are enabled when a second file parameter is specified or when
+/etc/shadow
+exists on the system\&.
+.PP
+这些检查是：
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+每个密码项都有对应的影子相，反之亦然。
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+密码在影子化了的文件中指定
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+影子项有正确的字段数。
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+影子项在影子文件中是唯一的
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+最后一次的密码更改时间不是被设成了一个将来的时间。
+.RE
+.PP
+The checks for correct number of fields and unique user name are fatal\&. If the entry has the wrong number of fields, the user will be prompted to delete the entire line\&. If the user does not answer affirmatively, all further checks are bypassed\&. An entry with a duplicated user name is prompted for deletion, but the remaining checks will still be made\&. All other errors are warning and the user is encouraged to run the
+\fBusermod\fR
+command to correct the error\&.
+.PP
+The commands which operate on the
+/etc/passwd
+file are not able to alter corrupted or duplicated entries\&.
+\fBpwck\fR
+should be used in those circumstances to remove the offending entry\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR
+and
+\fB\-s\fR
+options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpwck\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+只报告错误。不显示那些不需要用户操作的警告。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-read\-only\fR
+.RS 4
+Execute the
+\fBpwck\fR
+command in read\-only mode\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sort\fR
+.RS 4
+Sort entries in
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow
+by UID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+By default,
+\fBpwck\fR
+operates on the files
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/shadow\&. The user may select alternate files with the
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and
+\fIshadow\fR
+parameters\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+一个密码可以使用的最大天数。如果密码比这旧，将会强迫更改密码。如果不指定，就假定为 \-1，这会禁用这个限制。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+两次更改密码时间的最小间隔。将会拒绝任何早于此的更改密码的尝试。如果不指定，假定为 \-1，将会禁用这个限制。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+密码过期之前给出警告的天数。0 表示只有只在过期的当天警告，负值表示不警告。如果没有指定，不会给警告。
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "退出值"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwck\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+one or more bad password entries
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt open password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt lock password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password files
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt sort password files
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/pwconv.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/pwconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b6f41e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/pwconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: pwconv
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "PWCONV" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+pwconv, pwunconv, grpconv, grpunconv \- 在影子密码和组以及其它直接转换
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBpwconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwconv\fR [\fI选项\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBpwunconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBpwunconv\fR [\fI选项\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBgrpconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpconv\fR [\fI选项\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBgrpunconv\fR\ 'u
+\fBgrpunconv\fR [\fI选项\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIshadow\fR
+from
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and an optionally existing
+\fIshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBpwunconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIpasswd\fR
+from
+\fIpasswd\fR
+and
+\fIshadow\fR
+and then removes
+\fIshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIgshadow\fR
+from
+\fIgroup\fR
+and an optionally existing
+\fIgshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBgrpunconv\fR
+command creates
+\fIgroup\fR
+from
+\fIgroup\fR
+and
+\fIgshadow\fR
+and then removes
+\fIgshadow\fR\&.
+.PP
+These four programs all operate on the normal and shadow password and group files:
+/etc/passwd,
+/etc/group,
+/etc/shadow, and
+/etc/gshadow\&.
+.PP
+Each program acquires the necessary locks before conversion\&.
+\fBpwconv\fR
+and
+\fBgrpconv\fR
+are similar\&. First, entries in the shadowed file which don\*(Aqt exist in the main file are removed\&. Then, shadowed entries which don\*(Aqt have `x\*(Aq as the password in the main file are updated\&. Any missing shadowed entries are added\&. Finally, passwords in the main file are replaced with `x\*(Aq\&. These programs can be used for initial conversion as well to update the shadowed file if the main file is edited by hand\&.
+.PP
+\fBpwconv\fR
+will use the values of
+\fIPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR,
+\fIPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR, and
+\fIPASS_WARN_AGE\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs
+when adding new entries to
+/etc/shadow\&.
+.PP
+Likewise
+\fBpwunconv\fR
+and
+\fBgrpunconv\fR
+are similar\&. Passwords in the main file are updated from the shadowed file\&. Entries which exist in the main file but not in the shadowed file are left alone\&. Finally, the shadowed file is removed\&. Some password aging information is lost by
+\fBpwunconv\fR\&. It will convert what it can\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpwconv\fR,
+\fBpwunconv\fR,
+\fBgrpconv\fR, and
+\fBgrpunconv\fR
+commands are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.SH "缺陷"
+.PP
+Errors in the password or group files (such as invalid or duplicate entries) may cause these programs to loop forever or fail in other strange ways\&. Please run
+\fBpwck\fR
+and
+\fBgrpck\fR
+to correct any such errors before converting to or from shadow passwords or groups\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+changes the behavior of
+\fBgrpconv\fR
+and
+\fBgrpunconv\fR:
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。
+.sp
+此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。
+.sp
+如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。
+.sp
+注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量，除非真的需要。
+.RE
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of
+\fBpwconv\fR:
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+一个密码可以使用的最大天数。如果密码比这旧，将会强迫更改密码。如果不指定，就假定为 \-1，这会禁用这个限制。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+两次更改密码时间的最小间隔。将会拒绝任何早于此的更改密码的尝试。如果不指定，假定为 \-1，将会禁用这个限制。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+密码过期之前给出警告的天数。0 表示只有只在过期的当天警告，负值表示不警告。如果没有指定，不会给警告。
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpwck\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/pwunconv.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/pwunconv.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6eed9e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/pwunconv.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/pwconv.8
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/sulogin.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/sulogin.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8acbf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/sulogin.8
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: sulogin
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "SULOGIN" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+sulogin \- Single\-user login
+.SH "SYNTAX"
+.PP
+\fBsulogin\fR
+[\fItty\-device\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsulogin\fR
+command is invoked by
+\fBinit\fR
+prior to allowing the user access to the system when in single user mode\&. This feature may only be available on certain systems where
+\fBinit\fR
+has been modified accordingly, or where the
+/etc/inittab
+has an entry for a single user login\&.
+.PP
+The user is prompted
+.PP
+Type control\-d to proceed with normal startup,
+(or give root password for system maintenance):
+.PP
+Input and output will be performed with the standard file descriptors unless the optional device name argument is provided\&.
+.PP
+If the user enters the correct root password, a login session is initiated\&. When
+\fIEOF\fR
+is pressed instead, the system enters multi\-user mode\&.
+.PP
+After the user exits the single\-user shell, or presses
+\fIEOF\fR, the system begins the initialization process required to enter multi\-user mode\&.
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+This command can only be used if
+\fBinit\fR
+has been modified to call
+\fBsulogin\fR
+instead of
+/bin/sh, or if the user has set the
+\fIinittab\fR
+to support a single user login\&. For example, the line:
+.PP
+co:s:respawn:/etc/sulogin /dev/console
+.PP
+should execute the sulogin command in single user mode\&.
+.PP
+As complete an environment as possible is created\&. However, various devices may be unmounted or uninitialized and many of the user commands may be unavailable or nonfunctional as a result\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1),
+\fBinit\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/useradd.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/useradd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea0f7b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/useradd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,784 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: useradd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "USERADD" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+useradd \- 创建一个新用户或更新默认新用户信息
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
+\fBuseradd\fR [\fI选项\fR] \fI登录\fR
+.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
+\fBuseradd\fR \-D
+.HP \w'\fBuseradd\fR\ 'u
+\fBuseradd\fR \-D [\fI选项\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+When invoked without the
+\fB\-D\fR
+option, the
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command creates a new user account using the values specified on the command line plus the default values from the system\&. Depending on command line options, the
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command will update system files and may also create the new user\*(Aqs home directory and copy initial files\&.
+.PP
+By default, a group will also be created for the new user (see
+\fB\-g\fR,
+\fB\-N\fR,
+\fB\-U\fR, and
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR)\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-base\-dir\fR\ \&\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The default base directory for the system if
+\fB\-d\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+is not specified\&.
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+is concatenated with the account name to define the home directory\&. If the
+\fB\-m\fR
+option is not used,
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+must exist\&.
+.sp
+If this option is not specified,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will use the base directory specified by the
+\fBHOME\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or
+/home
+by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-comment\fR\ \&\fICOMMENT\fR
+.RS 4
+任何字符串。通常是关于登录的简短描述，当前用于用户全名。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-home\-dir\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The new user will be created using
+\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+as the value for the user\*(Aqs login directory\&. The default is to append the
+\fILOGIN\fR
+name to
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+and use that as the login directory name\&. The directory
+\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+does not have to exist but will not be created if it is missing\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-D\fR, \fB\-\-defaults\fR
+.RS 4
+看下边，\(lq更改默认值\(rq子节。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+The date on which the user account will be disabled\&. The date is specified in the format
+\fIYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR\&.
+.sp
+If not specified,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will use the default expiry date specified by the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or an empty string (no expiry) by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+密码过期后，账户被彻底禁用之前的天数。0 表示立即禁用，\-1 表示禁用这个功能。
+.sp
+If not specified,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will use the default inactivity period specified by the
+\fBINACTIVE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or \-1 by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+用户初始登陆组的组名或号码。组名必须已经存在。组号码必须指代已经存在的组。
+.sp
+If not specified, the behavior of
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will depend on the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&. If this variable is set to
+\fIyes\fR
+(or
+\fB\-U/\-\-user\-group\fR
+is specified on the command line), a group will be created for the user, with the same name as her loginname\&. If the variable is set to
+\fIno\fR
+(or
+\fB\-N/\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
+is specified on the command line), useradd will set the primary group of the new user to the value specified by the
+\fBGROUP\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or 100 by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-groups\fR\ \&\fIGROUP1\fR[\fI,GROUP2,\&.\&.\&.\fR[\fI,GROUPN\fR]]]
+.RS 4
+A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of\&. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace\&. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option\&. The default is for the user to belong only to the initial group\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-skel\fR\ \&\fISKEL_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The skeleton directory, which contains files and directories to be copied in the user\*(Aqs home directory, when the home directory is created by
+\fBuseradd\fR\&.
+.sp
+This option is only valid if the
+\fB\-m\fR
+(or
+\fB\-\-create\-home\fR) option is specified\&.
+.sp
+If this option is not set, the skeleton directory is defined by the
+\fBSKEL\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd
+or, by default,
+/etc/skel\&.
+.sp
+如果可以，也复制 ACL 和扩展属性。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-K\fR, \fB\-\-key\fR\ \&\fIKEY\fR=\fIVALUE\fR
+.RS 4
+Overrides
+/etc/login\&.defs
+defaults (\fBUID_MIN\fR,
+\fBUID_MAX\fR,
+\fBUMASK\fR,
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR
+and others)\&.
+
+Example:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR=\fI\-1\fR
+can be used when creating system account to turn off password aging, even though system account has no password at all\&. Multiple
+\fB\-K\fR
+options can be specified, e\&.g\&.:
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIUID_MIN\fR=\fI100\fR\ \&
+\fB\-K\fR\ \&\fIUID_MAX\fR=\fI499\fR
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-no\-log\-init\fR
+.RS 4
+不要将用户添加到最近登录和登录失败数据库。
+.sp
+By default, the user\*(Aqs entries in the lastlog and faillog databases are reset to avoid reusing the entry from a previously deleted user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-create\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+Create the user\*(Aqs home directory if it does not exist\&. The files and directories contained in the skeleton directory (which can be defined with the
+\fB\-k\fR
+option) will be copied to the home directory\&.
+.sp
+By default, if this option is not specified and
+\fBCREATE_HOME\fR
+is not enabled, no home directories are created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-no\-create\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+Do no create the user\*(Aqs home directory, even if the system wide setting from
+/etc/login\&.defs
+(\fBCREATE_HOME\fR) is set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-N\fR, \fB\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+Do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add the user to the group specified by the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option or by the
+\fBGROUP\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.sp
+The default behavior (if the
+\fB\-g\fR,
+\fB\-N\fR, and
+\fB\-U\fR
+options are not specified) is defined by the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+允许使用重复的 UID 创建用户账户。
+.sp
+This option is only valid in combination with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&. The default is to disable the password\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+您应该确保密码符合系统的密码政策。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
+.RS 4
+创建一个系统账户。
+.sp
+System users will be created with no aging information in
+/etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+range, defined in
+/etc/login\&.defs, instead of
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-\fBUID_MAX\fR
+(and their
+\fBGID\fR
+counterparts for the creation of groups)\&.
+.sp
+Note that
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will not create a home directory for such a user, regardless of the default setting in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+(\fBCREATE_HOME\fR)\&. You have to specify the
+\fB\-m\fR
+options if you want a home directory for a system account to be created\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the user\*(Aqs login shell\&. The default is to leave this field blank, which causes the system to select the default login shell specified by the
+\fBSHELL\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd, or an empty string by default\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-uid\fR\ \&\fIUID\fR
+.RS 4
+The numerical value of the user\*(Aqs ID\&. This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&. The default is to use the smallest ID value greater than or equal to
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+and greater than every other user\&.
+.sp
+See also the
+\fB\-r\fR
+option and the
+\fBUID_MAX\fR
+description\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-U\fR, \fB\-\-user\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+创建一个和用户同名的组，并将用户添加到组中。
+.sp
+The default behavior (if the
+\fB\-g\fR,
+\fB\-N\fR, and
+\fB\-U\fR
+options are not specified) is defined by the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR\ \&\fISEUSER\fR
+.RS 4
+用户登陆的 SELinux 用户。默认为留空，这会造成系统选择默认的 SELinux 用户。
+.RE
+.SS "更改默认值"
+.PP
+When invoked with only the
+\fB\-D\fR
+option,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will display the current default values\&. When invoked with
+\fB\-D\fR
+plus other options,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will update the default values for the specified options\&. Valid default\-changing options are:
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-base\-dir\fR\ \&\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+The path prefix for a new user\*(Aqs home directory\&. The user\*(Aqs name will be affixed to the end of
+\fIBASE_DIR\fR
+to form the new user\*(Aqs home directory name, if the
+\fB\-d\fR
+option is not used when creating a new account\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBHOME\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+禁用此用户账户的日期。
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+密码过期到账户被禁用之前的天数。
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBINACTIVE\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+The group name or ID for a new user\*(Aqs initial group (when the
+\fB\-N/\-\-no\-user\-group\fR
+is used or when the
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+variable is set to
+\fIno\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs)\&. The named group must exist, and a numerical group ID must have an existing entry\&.
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBGROUP\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+新用户的登录 shell 名。
+.sp
+This option sets the
+\fBSHELL\fR
+variable in
+/etc/default/useradd\&.
+.RE
+.SH "注意："
+.PP
+The system administrator is responsible for placing the default user files in the
+/etc/skel/
+directory (or any other skeleton directory specified in
+/etc/default/useradd
+or on the command line)\&.
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+您可能不能想 NIS 组或 LDAP 组添加用户。这只能在相应服务器上进行。
+.PP
+Similarly, if the username already exists in an external user database such as NIS or LDAP,
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will deny the user account creation request\&.
+.PP
+用户名必须以一个小写字母或下划线开始，跟随小写字符、数字、下划线或连字符的组合。可以以美元符号结束。用正则表达式表示就是：[a\-z_][a\-z0\-9_\-]*[$]?
+.PP
+用户名不能超过 32 个字符长。
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCREATE_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+指示是否应该为新用户默认创建主目录。
+.sp
+此设置并不应用到系统用户，并且可以使用命令行覆盖。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBGID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
+\fBUMASK\fR
+is used to create the mode\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+邮箱目录。修改或删除用户账户时需要处理邮箱，如果没有指定，将使用编译时指定的默认值。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+定义用户邮箱文件的位置(相对于主目录)。
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。
+.sp
+此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。
+.sp
+如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。
+.sp
+注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量，除非真的需要。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+一个密码可以使用的最大天数。如果密码比这旧，将会强迫更改密码。如果不指定，就假定为 \-1，这会禁用这个限制。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+两次更改密码时间的最小间隔。将会拒绝任何早于此的更改密码的尝试。如果不指定，假定为 \-1，将会禁用这个限制。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+密码过期之前给出警告的天数。0 表示只有只在过期的当天警告，负值表示不警告。如果没有指定，不会给警告。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBgroupadd\fR, or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
+\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
+\fBuseradd\fR
+or
+\fBnewusers\fR\&.
+.sp
+The default value for
+\fBUID_MIN\fR
+(resp\&.
+\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+文件模式创建掩码初始化为此值。如果没有指定，掩码初始化为 022。
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+如果 uid 和 gid 相同，用户名和主用户名也相同，使非 root 组的组掩码位和属主位相同 (如：022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007)。
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+安全组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/default/useradd
+.RS 4
+账户创建的默认值。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/skel/
+.RS 4
+包含默认文件的目录。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.SH "退出值"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuseradd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+UID already in use (and no
+\fB\-o\fR)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified group doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI9\fR
+.RS 4
+username already in use
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt create home directory
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI14\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update SELinux user mapping
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/userdel.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/userdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c91432
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/userdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,308 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: userdel
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "USERDEL" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+userdel \- 删除用户账户和相关文件
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBuserdel\fR\ 'u
+\fBuserdel\fR [选项] \fI登录\fR
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command modifies the system account files, deleting all entries that refer to the user name
+\fILOGIN\fR\&. The named user must exist\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+This option forces the removal of the user account, even if the user is still logged in\&. It also forces
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to remove the user\*(Aqs home directory and mail spool, even if another user uses the same home directory or if the mail spool is not owned by the specified user\&. If
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+is defined to
+\fIyes\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+and if a group exists with the same name as the deleted user, then this group will be removed, even if it is still the primary group of another user\&.
+.sp
+\fINote:\fR
+This option is dangerous and may leave your system in an inconsistent state\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-remove\fR
+.RS 4
+用户主目录中的文件将随用户主目录和用户邮箱一起删除。在其它文件系统中的文件必须手动搜索并删除。
+.sp
+The mail spool is defined by the
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+variable in the
+login\&.defs
+file\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR
+.RS 4
+移除用户登录的所有 SELinux 用户映射。
+.RE
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+邮箱目录。修改或删除用户账户时需要处理邮箱，如果没有指定，将使用编译时指定的默认值。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+定义用户邮箱文件的位置(相对于主目录)。
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。
+.sp
+此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。
+.sp
+如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。
+.sp
+注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量，除非真的需要。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERDEL_CMD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义了，这是删除账户时执行的命令。它应该移除所有属于此用户的的 at/cron/print 等作业(作为第一个参数传递)。
+.sp
+这个脚本的返回值并不被带到账户中去。
+.sp
+Here is an example script, which removes the user\*(Aqs cron, at and print jobs:
+.sp
+.if n \{\
+.RS 4
+.\}
+.nf
+#! /bin/sh
+
+# Check for the required argument\&.
+if [ $# != 1 ]; then
+	echo "Usage: $0 username"
+	exit 1
+fi
+
+# Remove cron jobs\&.
+crontab \-r \-u $1
+
+# Remove at jobs\&.
+# Note that it will remove any jobs owned by the same UID,
+# even if it was shared by a different username\&.
+AT_SPOOL_DIR=/var/spool/cron/atjobs
+find $AT_SPOOL_DIR \-name "[^\&.]*" \-type f \-user $1 \-delete \e;
+
+# Remove print jobs\&.
+lprm $1
+
+# All done\&.
+exit 0
+      
+.fi
+.if n \{\
+.RE
+.\}
+.sp
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+如果 uid 和 gid 相同，用户名和主用户名也相同，使非 root 组的组掩码位和属主位相同 (如：022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007)。
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "退出值"
+.PP
+The
+\fBuserdel\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update password file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+specified user doesn\*(Aqt exist
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI8\fR
+.RS 4
+user currently logged in
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI10\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt update group file
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI12\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt remove home directory
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will not allow you to remove an account if there are running processes which belong to this account\&. In that case, you may have to kill those processes or lock the user\*(Aqs password or account and remove the account later\&. The
+\fB\-f\fR
+option can force the deletion of this account\&.
+.PP
+您应该手动检查所以文件系统，以确保没有遗留此用户的文件。
+.PP
+您不能在 NIS 客户端上移除任何 NIS 属性。这必须在 NIS 服务器上执行。
+.PP
+If
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR
+is defined to
+\fIyes\fR
+in
+/etc/login\&.defs,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will delete the group with the same name as the user\&. To avoid inconsistencies in the passwd and group databases,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will check that this group is not used as a primary group for another user, and will just warn without deleting the group otherwise\&. The
+\fB\-f\fR
+option can force the deletion of this group\&.
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/usermod.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/usermod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..270df0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/usermod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,469 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: usermod
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "USERMOD" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+usermod \- 修改一个用户账户
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBusermod\fR\ 'u
+\fBusermod\fR [\fI选项\fR] \fI登录\fR
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBusermod\fR
+command modifies the system account files to reflect the changes that are specified on the command line\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBusermod\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-append\fR
+.RS 4
+Add the user to the supplementary group(s)\&. Use only with the
+\fB\-G\fR
+option\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-b\fR, \fB\-\-badnames\fR
+.RS 4
+Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-comment\fR\ \&\fICOMMENT\fR
+.RS 4
+The new value of the user\*(Aqs password file comment field\&. It is normally modified using the
+\fBchfn\fR(1)
+utility\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-home\fR\ \&\fIHOME_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+用户的新登录目录。
+.sp
+If the
+\fB\-m\fR
+option is given, the contents of the current home directory will be moved to the new home directory, which is created if it does not already exist\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+The date on which the user account will be disabled\&. The date is specified in the format
+\fIYYYY\-MM\-DD\fR\&.
+.sp
+An empty
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+argument will disable the expiration of the account\&.
+.sp
+This option requires a
+/etc/shadow
+file\&. A
+/etc/shadow
+entry will be created if there were none\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+密码过期之后，账户被彻底禁用之前的天数。
+.sp
+0 表示密码过期时，立即禁用账户；\-1 表示不使用这个功能。
+.sp
+This option requires a
+/etc/shadow
+file\&. A
+/etc/shadow
+entry will be created if there were none\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-gid\fR\ \&\fIGROUP\fR
+.RS 4
+用户的新初始登录组的组名或数字代号。此组必须存在。
+.sp
+用户主目录中，属于原来的主组的文件将转交新组所有。
+.sp
+主目录之外的文件所属的组必须手动修改。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-G\fR, \fB\-\-groups\fR\ \&\fIGROUP1\fR[\fI,GROUP2,\&.\&.\&.\fR[\fI,GROUPN\fR]]]
+.RS 4
+A list of supplementary groups which the user is also a member of\&. Each group is separated from the next by a comma, with no intervening whitespace\&. The groups are subject to the same restrictions as the group given with the
+\fB\-g\fR
+option\&.
+.sp
+If the user is currently a member of a group which is not listed, the user will be removed from the group\&. This behaviour can be changed via the
+\fB\-a\fR
+option, which appends the user to the current supplementary group list\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR\ \&\fINEW_LOGIN\fR
+.RS 4
+The name of the user will be changed from
+\fILOGIN\fR
+to
+\fINEW_LOGIN\fR\&. Nothing else is changed\&. In particular, the user\*(Aqs home directory or mail spool should probably be renamed manually to reflect the new login name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-L\fR, \fB\-\-lock\fR
+.RS 4
+Lock a user\*(Aqs password\&. This puts a \*(Aq!\*(Aq in front of the encrypted password, effectively disabling the password\&. You can\*(Aqt use this option with
+\fB\-p\fR
+or
+\fB\-U\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: if you wish to lock the account (not only access with a password), you should also set the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+to
+\fI1\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-move\-home\fR
+.RS 4
+将用户的主目录移动到新位置。
+.sp
+This option is only valid in combination with the
+\fB\-d\fR
+(or
+\fB\-\-home\fR) option\&.
+.sp
+\fBusermod\fR
+will try to adapt the ownership of the files and to copy the modes, ACL and extended attributes, but manual changes might be needed afterwards\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-non\-unique\fR
+.RS 4
+When used with the
+\fB\-u\fR
+option, this option allows to change the user ID to a non\-unique value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-password\fR\ \&\fIPASSWORD\fR
+.RS 4
+The encrypted password, as returned by
+\fBcrypt\fR(3)\&.
+.sp
+\fBNote:\fR
+This option is not recommended because the password (or encrypted password) will be visible by users listing the processes\&.
+.sp
+您应该确保密码符合系统的密码政策。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-P\fR, \fB\-\-prefix\fR\ \&\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fIPREFIX_DIR\fR
+directory\&. This option does not chroot and is intended for preparing a cross\-compilation target\&. Some limitations: NIS and LDAP users/groups are not verified\&. PAM authentication is using the host files\&. No SELINUX support\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+用户的新登录 shell 的名称。将此字段设置为空会让系统选择默认的登录 shell。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-uid\fR\ \&\fIUID\fR
+.RS 4
+用户 ID 的新数值。
+.sp
+This value must be unique, unless the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option is used\&. The value must be non\-negative\&.
+.sp
+用户的邮箱，用户主目录中属于此用户的文件的属主 ID 也将自动更改。
+.sp
+用户主目录之外文件所有权必须手动修复。
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to the
+\fBUID_MIN\fR,
+\fBUID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR, or
+\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
+from
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-U\fR, \fB\-\-unlock\fR
+.RS 4
+Unlock a user\*(Aqs password\&. This removes the \*(Aq!\*(Aq in front of the encrypted password\&. You can\*(Aqt use this option with
+\fB\-p\fR
+or
+\fB\-L\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: if you wish to unlock the account (not only access with a password), you should also set the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+(for example to
+\fI99999\fR, or to the
+\fBEXPIRE\fR
+value from
+/etc/default/useradd)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-add\-subuids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a range of subordinate uids to the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a users account\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-V\fR, \fB\-\-del\-subuids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove a range of subordinate uids from the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a users account\&. When both
+\fB\-\-del\-subuids\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-add\-subuids\fR
+are specified, the removal of all subordinate uid ranges happens before any subordinate uid range is added\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-add\-subgids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Add a range of subordinate gids to the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to add multiple ranges to a users account\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-del\-subgids\fR\ \&\fIFIRST\fR\-\fILAST\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove a range of subordinate gids from the user\*(Aqs account\&.
+.sp
+This option may be specified multiple times to remove multiple ranges to a users account\&. When both
+\fB\-\-del\-subgids\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-add\-subgids\fR
+are specified, the removal of all subordinate gid ranges happens before any subordinate gid range is added\&.
+.sp
+No checks will be performed with regard to
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR, or
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+from /etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Z\fR, \fB\-\-selinux\-user\fR\ \&\fISEUSER\fR
+.RS 4
+用户登陆的 SELinux 用户。
+.sp
+A blank
+\fISEUSER\fR
+will remove the SELinux user mapping for user
+\fILOGIN\fR
+(if any)\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+You must make certain that the named user is not executing any processes when this command is being executed if the user\*(Aqs numerical user ID, the user\*(Aqs name, or the user\*(Aqs home directory is being changed\&.
+\fBusermod\fR
+checks this on Linux\&. On other platforms it only uses utmp to check if the user is logged in\&.
+.PP
+You must change the owner of any
+\fBcrontab\fR
+files or
+\fBat\fR
+jobs manually\&.
+.PP
+您必须更改 NIS 服务器上的 NIS 相关内容。
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Highest user ID number for which the lastlog entries should be updated\&. As higher user IDs are usually tracked by remote user identity and authentication services there is no need to create a huge sparse lastlog file for them\&.
+.sp
+No
+\fBLASTLOG_UID_MAX\fR
+option present in the configuration means that there is no user ID limit for writing lastlog entries\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+邮箱目录。修改或删除用户账户时需要处理邮箱，如果没有指定，将使用编译时指定的默认值。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+定义用户邮箱文件的位置(相对于主目录)。
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。
+.sp
+此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。
+.sp
+如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。
+.sp
+注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量，除非真的需要。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+unused group IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+If
+/etc/subuid
+exists, the commands
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+unused user IDs from the range
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
+to
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
+for each new user\&.
+.sp
+The default values for
+\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
+\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
+are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+安全组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBcrypt\fR(3),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/vigr.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/vigr.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff72d7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/vigr.8
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.so man8/vipw.8
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man8/vipw.8 b/man/zh_CN/man8/vipw.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..971d955
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man8/vipw.8
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: vipw
+.\"    Author: Marek Micha\(/lkiewicz
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "VIPW" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+vipw, vigr \- 编辑密码、组、影子密码或影子组文件。
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBvipw\fR\ 'u
+\fBvipw\fR [\fI选项\fR]
+.HP \w'\fBvigr\fR\ 'u
+\fBvigr\fR [\fI选项\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBvipw\fR
+and
+\fBvigr\fR
+commands edits the files
+/etc/passwd
+and
+/etc/group, respectively\&. With the
+\fB\-s\fR
+flag, they will edit the shadow versions of those files,
+/etc/shadow
+and
+/etc/gshadow, respectively\&. The programs will set the appropriate locks to prevent file corruption\&. When looking for an editor, the programs will first try the environment variable
+\fB$VISUAL\fR, then the environment variable
+\fB$EDITOR\fR, and finally the default editor,
+\fBvi\fR(1)\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBvipw\fR
+and
+\fBvigr\fR
+commands are:
+.PP
+\fB\-g\fR, \fB\-\-group\fR
+.RS 4
+编辑 group 数据库。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-passwd\fR
+.RS 4
+编辑 passwd 数据库。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+安静模式。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shadow\fR
+.RS 4
+编辑 shadow 或 gshadow 数据库。
+.RE
+.SH "环境变量"
+.PP
+\fBVISUAL\fR
+.RS 4
+要使用的编辑器。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBEDITOR\fR
+.RS 4
+Editor to be used if
+\fBVISUAL\fR
+is not set\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+安全组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBvi\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5),
+\fBgshadow\fR(5)
+,
+\fBpasswd\fR(5), ,
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_TW/Makefile.am b/man/zh_TW/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c36ed2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_TW/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# man pages encoded in Big5
+mandir = @mandir@/zh_TW
+
+man_MANS = \
+	man1/chfn.1 \
+	man1/chsh.1 \
+	man8/chpasswd.8 \
+	man1/newgrp.1 \
+	man8/groupadd.8 \
+	man8/groupdel.8 \
+	man8/groupmod.8 \
+	man5/passwd.5 \
+	man1/su.1 \
+	man8/useradd.8 \
+	man8/userdel.8 \
+	man8/usermod.8
+
+EXTRA_DIST = $(man_MANS)
diff --git a/man/zh_TW/Makefile.in b/man/zh_TW/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91a7be2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_TW/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,662 @@
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+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do echo "$$i"; done | \
+	  sed -n '/\.1[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^1][0-9a-z]*$$,1,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,'`; \
+	dir='$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)'; $(am__uninstall_files_from_dir)
+install-man5: $(man_MANS)
+	@$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
+	@list1=''; \
+	list2='$(man_MANS)'; \
+	test -n "$(man5dir)" \
+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
+	  || exit 0; \
+	echo " $(MKDIR_P) '$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)'"; \
+	$(MKDIR_P) "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)" || exit 1; \
+	{ for i in $$list1; do echo "$$i"; done;  \
+	if test -n "$$list2"; then \
+	  for i in $$list2; do echo "$$i"; done \
+	    | sed -n '/\.5[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	fi; \
+	} | while read p; do \
+	  if test -f $$p; then d=; else d="$(srcdir)/"; fi; \
+	  echo "$$d$$p"; echo "$$p"; \
+	done | \
+	sed -e 'n;s,.*/,,;p;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^5][0-9a-z]*$$,5,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,' | \
+	sed 'N;N;s,\n, ,g' | { \
+	list=; while read file base inst; do \
+	  if test "$$base" = "$$inst"; then list="$$list $$file"; else \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) '$$file' '$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)/$$inst'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) "$$file" "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)/$$inst" || exit $$?; \
+	  fi; \
+	done; \
+	for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done | $(am__base_list) | \
+	while read files; do \
+	  test -z "$$files" || { \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files '$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)" || exit $$?; }; \
+	done; }
+
+uninstall-man5:
+	@$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL)
+	@list=''; test -n "$(man5dir)" || exit 0; \
+	files=`{ for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done; \
+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do echo "$$i"; done | \
+	  sed -n '/\.5[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^5][0-9a-z]*$$,5,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,'`; \
+	dir='$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)'; $(am__uninstall_files_from_dir)
+install-man8: $(man_MANS)
+	@$(NORMAL_INSTALL)
+	@list1=''; \
+	list2='$(man_MANS)'; \
+	test -n "$(man8dir)" \
+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
+	  || exit 0; \
+	echo " $(MKDIR_P) '$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)'"; \
+	$(MKDIR_P) "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)" || exit 1; \
+	{ for i in $$list1; do echo "$$i"; done;  \
+	if test -n "$$list2"; then \
+	  for i in $$list2; do echo "$$i"; done \
+	    | sed -n '/\.8[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	fi; \
+	} | while read p; do \
+	  if test -f $$p; then d=; else d="$(srcdir)/"; fi; \
+	  echo "$$d$$p"; echo "$$p"; \
+	done | \
+	sed -e 'n;s,.*/,,;p;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^8][0-9a-z]*$$,8,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,' | \
+	sed 'N;N;s,\n, ,g' | { \
+	list=; while read file base inst; do \
+	  if test "$$base" = "$$inst"; then list="$$list $$file"; else \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) '$$file' '$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)/$$inst'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) "$$file" "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)/$$inst" || exit $$?; \
+	  fi; \
+	done; \
+	for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done | $(am__base_list) | \
+	while read files; do \
+	  test -z "$$files" || { \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files '$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)" || exit $$?; }; \
+	done; }
+
+uninstall-man8:
+	@$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL)
+	@list=''; test -n "$(man8dir)" || exit 0; \
+	files=`{ for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done; \
+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do echo "$$i"; done | \
+	  sed -n '/\.8[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^8][0-9a-z]*$$,8,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,'`; \
+	dir='$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)'; $(am__uninstall_files_from_dir)
+tags TAGS:
+
+ctags CTAGS:
+
+cscope cscopelist:
+
+
+distdir: $(BUILT_SOURCES)
+	$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) distdir-am
+
+distdir-am: $(DISTFILES)
+	@srcdirstrip=`echo "$(srcdir)" | sed 's/[].[^$$\\*]/\\\\&/g'`; \
+	topsrcdirstrip=`echo "$(top_srcdir)" | sed 's/[].[^$$\\*]/\\\\&/g'`; \
+	list='$(DISTFILES)'; \
+	  dist_files=`for file in $$list; do echo $$file; done | \
+	  sed -e "s|^$$srcdirstrip/||;t" \
+	      -e "s|^$$topsrcdirstrip/|$(top_builddir)/|;t"`; \
+	case $$dist_files in \
+	  */*) $(MKDIR_P) `echo "$$dist_files" | \
+			   sed '/\//!d;s|^|$(distdir)/|;s,/[^/]*$$,,' | \
+			   sort -u` ;; \
+	esac; \
+	for file in $$dist_files; do \
+	  if test -f $$file || test -d $$file; then d=.; else d=$(srcdir); fi; \
+	  if test -d $$d/$$file; then \
+	    dir=`echo "/$$file" | sed -e 's,/[^/]*$$,,'`; \
+	    if test -d "$(distdir)/$$file"; then \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    if test -d $(srcdir)/$$file && test $$d != $(srcdir); then \
+	      cp -fpR $(srcdir)/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	      find "$(distdir)/$$file" -type d ! -perm -700 -exec chmod u+rwx {} \;; \
+	    fi; \
+	    cp -fpR $$d/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	  else \
+	    test -f "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || cp -p $$d/$$file "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || exit 1; \
+	  fi; \
+	done
+check-am: all-am
+check: check-am
+all-am: Makefile $(MANS)
+installdirs:
+	for dir in "$(DESTDIR)$(man1dir)" "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)" "$(DESTDIR)$(man8dir)"; do \
+	  test -z "$$dir" || $(MKDIR_P) "$$dir"; \
+	done
+install: install-am
+install-exec: install-exec-am
+install-data: install-data-am
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+install-am: all-am
+	@$(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) install-exec-am install-data-am
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+installcheck: installcheck-am
+install-strip:
+	if test -z '$(STRIP)'; then \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	      install; \
+	else \
+	  $(MAKE) $(AM_MAKEFLAGS) INSTALL_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" \
+	    install_sh_PROGRAM="$(INSTALL_STRIP_PROGRAM)" INSTALL_STRIP_FLAG=-s \
+	    "INSTALL_PROGRAM_ENV=STRIPPROG='$(STRIP)'" install; \
+	fi
+mostlyclean-generic:
+
+clean-generic:
+
+distclean-generic:
+	-test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_FILES)
+	-test . = "$(srcdir)" || test -z "$(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)" || rm -f $(CONFIG_CLEAN_VPATH_FILES)
+
+maintainer-clean-generic:
+	@echo "This command is intended for maintainers to use"
+	@echo "it deletes files that may require special tools to rebuild."
+clean: clean-am
+
+clean-am: clean-generic clean-libtool mostlyclean-am
+
+distclean: distclean-am
+	-rm -f Makefile
+distclean-am: clean-am distclean-generic
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+dvi: dvi-am
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+dvi-am:
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+html: html-am
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+install-data-am: install-man
+
+install-dvi: install-dvi-am
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+install-dvi-am:
+
+install-exec-am:
+
+install-html: install-html-am
+
+install-html-am:
+
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+install-ps-am:
+
+installcheck-am:
+
+maintainer-clean: maintainer-clean-am
+	-rm -f Makefile
+maintainer-clean-am: distclean-am maintainer-clean-generic
+
+mostlyclean: mostlyclean-am
+
+mostlyclean-am: mostlyclean-generic mostlyclean-libtool
+
+pdf: pdf-am
+
+pdf-am:
+
+ps: ps-am
+
+ps-am:
+
+uninstall-am: uninstall-man
+
+uninstall-man: uninstall-man1 uninstall-man5 uninstall-man8
+
+.MAKE: install-am install-strip
+
+.PHONY: all all-am check check-am clean clean-generic clean-libtool \
+	cscopelist-am ctags-am distclean distclean-generic \
+	distclean-libtool distdir dvi dvi-am html html-am info info-am \
+	install install-am install-data install-data-am install-dvi \
+	install-dvi-am install-exec install-exec-am install-html \
+	install-html-am install-info install-info-am install-man \
+	install-man1 install-man5 install-man8 install-pdf \
+	install-pdf-am install-ps install-ps-am install-strip \
+	installcheck installcheck-am installdirs maintainer-clean \
+	maintainer-clean-generic mostlyclean mostlyclean-generic \
+	mostlyclean-libtool pdf pdf-am ps ps-am tags-am uninstall \
+	uninstall-am uninstall-man uninstall-man1 uninstall-man5 \
+	uninstall-man8
+
+.PRECIOUS: Makefile
+
+
+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
diff --git a/man/zh_TW/man1/chfn.1 b/man/zh_TW/man1/chfn.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b84668f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_TW/man1/chfn.1
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" (c) 1994 by salvatore valente <svalente@athena.mit.edu>
+.\"
+.\" this program is free software.  you can redistribute it and
+.\" modify it under the terms of the gnu general public license.
+.\" there is no warranty.
+.TH CHFN 1 "October 13 1994" "chfn" "Linux Reference Manual"
+.SH 名稱
+chfn \- 改 變 你 的 finger 訊 息
+.SH 語法
+.B chfn
+[\ \-f\ full\-name\ ] [\ \-o\ office\ ] [\ \-p\ office\-phone\ ]
+[\ \-h\ home\-phone\ ] [\ \-u\ ] [\ \-v\ ] [\ username\ ]
+.SH 描述
+.B chfn
+是 用 來 改 變 你 的 finger 訊 息 。 訊 息 是 存 放 在
+.I /etc/passwd 檔 內 。 可 藉 由
+.B finger
+來 顯 示 你 的 訊 息 。 Linux
+.B finger
+命 令 會 顯 示 四 段 訊 息 ， 這 些 訊 息 均 可 藉 由
+.B chfn
+改 變
+: 真 實 姓 名 ， 工 作 地 點 電 話 ， 及 你 家 的 電 話 。
+.SS 命令列
+每 一 段 訊 息 均 可 在 命 令 列 上 指 定 。 如 沒 有 給 定 訊 息 ，
+.B chfn
+進 入 交 談 模 式
+.SS INTERACTIVE MODE
+交談模式
+.B chfn
+會 在 每 一 欄 前 提 示 。 在 提 示 狀 態 下 ， 你 就 可 輸 入 新 的 訊 息 或 
+是 按  return 而 不 改 變 。
+輸 入 "none" 則 表 示 該 欄 空 白 。
+.SH 選項
+.TP
+.I "\-f, \-\-full\-name"
+真 實 姓 名
+.TP
+.I "\-h, \-\-home\-phone"
+家 裡 的 電 話
+.TP
+.I "\-o, \-\-office"
+辦 工 室 號 碼
+.TP
+.I "\-p, \-\-office\-phone"
+辦 公 室 電 話
+.TP
+.I "\-u, \-\-help"
+秀 出 使 用 說 明 短 訊 。
+.TP
+.I "\-v, \-\-version"
+秀 出 版 本 訊 息 。
+.SH "相關文件"
+.BR finger (1),
+.BR passwd (5)
+.SH 作者
+Salvatore Valente <svalente@mit.edu>
diff --git a/man/zh_TW/man1/chsh.1 b/man/zh_TW/man1/chsh.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a934c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_TW/man1/chsh.1
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\"  (c) 1994 by salvatore valente <svalente@athena.mit.edu>
+.\"
+.\"  this program is free software.  you can redistribute it and
+.\"  modify it under the terms of the gnu general public license.
+.\"  there is no warranty.
+.TH CHSH 1 "October 13 1994" "chsh" "Linux Reference Manual"
+.SH 名稱
+chsh \- 更換你登入時所用的shell
+.SH 語法
+.B chsh
+[\ \-s\ shell\ ] [\ \-l\ ] [\ \-u\ ] [\ \-v\ ] [\ username\ ]
+.SH 描述
+.B chsh
+用來更換你登入時所用的shell
+。在命令列沒指定shell。
+.B chsh
+會提示一個給你。
+.SS 有效的shell
+.B chsh
+可用指定路徑全名的方式來指定任何一個可執行的檔案。
+然而，如果此 shell並沒紀錄在
+.I /etc/shells
+檔上，則chsh會提出警告訊息。
+.SH 選項
+.TP
+.I "\-l, \-\-list\-shells"
+列出紀錄在
+.I /etc/shells
+的shell。
+.TP
+.I "\-s, \-\-shell"
+變更你的登入shell.
+.TP
+.I "\-u, \-\-help"
+使用短訊。
+.TP
+.I "\-v, \-\-version"
+版本資訊
+.SH "相關文件"
+.BR login (1),
+.BR passwd (5),
+.BR shells (5)
+.SH 作者
+Salvatore Valente <svalente@mit.edu>
diff --git a/man/zh_TW/man1/newgrp.1 b/man/zh_TW/man1/newgrp.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3fb79f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_TW/man1/newgrp.1
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+.\" Original author unknown.  This man page is in the public domain.
+.\" Modified Sat Oct  9 17:46:48 1993 by faith@cs.unc.edu
+.TH NEWGRP 1 "9 October 1993" "Linux 1.2" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
+
+.SH NAME
+newgrp \- 登入到新的使用者組中
+
+.SH "總覽 (SYNOPSIS)"
+.BI "newgrp [ " group " ]"
+
+.SH "描述 (DESCRIPTION)"
+.B Newgrp
+改變 調用者 的 使用者組標識, 類似於
+.BR login (1).
+調用者 仍舊 登入 在 系統 中, 當前目錄 也不變, 但是 檔案的訪問權限 將 根據
+新的 使用者組 ID 計算.
+.LP
+如果 沒有 指定 使用者組, GID 將 變成 登入 的 GID.
+.LP
+
+.SH "檔案 (FILES)"
+.I /etc/group
+.br
+.I /etc/passwd
+
+.SH "另見 (SEE ALSO)"
+.BR login "(1), " group (5)
+
+.SH "作者 (AUTHOR)"
+Originally by Michael Haardt. Currently maintained by 
+Peter Orbaek (poe@daimi.aau.dk).
+
+.SH "[中文版維護人]"
+.B 徐明 <xuming@users.sourceforge.net>
+.SH "[中文版最新更新]"
+.BR 2003/05/13
+.SH "《中國Linux論壇man手冊頁翻譯計劃》"
+.BI http://cmpp.linuxforum.net
diff --git a/man/zh_TW/man1/su.1 b/man/zh_TW/man1/su.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..964d3d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_TW/man1/su.1
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+.TH SU "1" "1999年8月" "GNU sh-utils 2.0"  FSF
+.SH NAME(名稱)
+su \- 運行替換使用者和組標識的shell
+.SH SYNOPSIS(總覽)
+.B su
+[\fIOPTION\fR]... [\fI-\fR] [\fIUSER \fR[\fIARG\fR]...]
+.SH DESCRIPTION(描述)
+.PP
+.PP
+修改有效使用者標識和組標識為USER的.
+.TP
+-, \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR
+使得shell為可登入的shell
+.TP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-commmand\fR=\fICOMMAND\fR
+傳遞單個COMMAND給\fB\-c\fR的shell.
+.TP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-fast\fR
+傳遞\fB\-f\fR給shell(針對csh或tcsh)
+.TP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+不重置環境變量
+.TP
+\fB\-p\fR
+與\fB\-m\fR同
+.TP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR=\fISHELL\fR
+如果/etc/shells允許\,運行SHELL.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-help\fR
+顯示幫助並退出
+.TP
+\fB\-\-version\fR
+輸出版本信息並退出
+.PP
+單一的-意味著\fB\-l\fR.如果沒有給定USER,則假定為root.
+.SH (報告BUGS)
+報告bugs,請發郵件到bug-sh-utils@gnu.org.
+.SH (另見)
+以Texinfo手冊形式維護的
+.B su
+完全文件.如果你正確地安裝了
+.B info
+和
+.B echo
+命令
+.IP
+.B info su
+.PP
+應該可以使你訪問到整個手冊.
+.SH COPYRIGHT(版權)
+版權所有 \(co 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.br
+這是自由軟體;參看複製條件的源檔案.不作任何擔保,更不用說商品性或者基於特殊目的的適
+用性.
+
+.SH "[中文版維護人]"
+.B riser <boomer@ccidnet.com>
+.SH "[中文版最新更新]"
+.BR 2001/08/08
+.SH "《中國linux論壇man手冊頁翻譯計劃》:"
+.BI http://cmpp.linuxforum.net
diff --git a/man/zh_TW/man5/passwd.5 b/man/zh_TW/man5/passwd.5
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..57b5ea3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_TW/man5/passwd.5
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+.\" Copyright (c) 1993 Michael Haardt (michael@moria.de), Fri Apr 2 11:32:09 MET DST 1993
+.\" Chinese Version Copyright Scorpio, www.linuxforum.net, 2000
+.\"
+.\" This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
+.\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
+.\" published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
+.\" the License, or (at your option) any later version.
+.\"
+.\" The GNU General Public License's references to "object code"
+.\" and "executables" are to be interpreted as the output of any
+.\" document formatting or typesetting system, including
+.\" intermediate and printed output.
+.\"
+.\" This manual is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
+.\"
+.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
+.\" License along with this manual; if not, write to the Free
+.\" Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111,
+.\" USA.
+.\"
+.\" Modified Sun Jul 25 10:46:28 1993 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
+.\" Modified Sun Aug 21 18:12:27 1994 by Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu)
+.\" Modified Sun Jun 18 01:53:57 1995 by Andries Brouwer (aeb@cwi.nl)
+.\" Modified Mon Jan 5 20:24:40 MET 1998 by Michael Haardt
+.\" (michael@cantor.informatik.rwth-aachen.de)
+.TH PASSWD 5 "January 5, 1998" "" "File formats"
+.SH NAME 名稱
+passwd \- 密碼檔案
+.SH 描述
+.B Passwd
+是個純文字檔, 它包含了一個系統帳戶列表,
+給出每個帳戶一些有用的信息，比如使用者 ID,組 ID, 家目錄, shell,等.
+通常它也包含了每個使用者經過加密的密碼.
+它通常應該是可讀的（許\多命令，工具程式，像
+.BR ls (1)
+用它做使用者 Id 到使用者名稱的映射）,但是只允許\超級使用者有寫方式權限.
+.PP
+在過去美好的日子裏，這種一般的讀許\可沒有什麼大問題.
+每個人都能讀到加密了的密碼，因為硬體太慢以至於不能解開一個
+精選的密碼，另外，這基本假定是為友好的使用團體使用的.
+現在，許\多人運行一些版本的影子密碼套件，它們在
+.I /etc/passwd
+的密碼域裏是 *，而不再是加密的口令，
+加密的口令放在
+.I /etc/shadow
+中，那個檔案只有超級使用者能讀．
+.PP
+不管是否使用了影子密碼，許\多系統管理員使用一個星號在加密的密碼字段
+以確保使用者不能鑒別他（她）自己的密碼. (見下面的注意)
+.PP
+如果你建立了一個新的登入，首先放個星號在密碼字段,
+然後使用
+.BR passwd (1)
+設置它.
+.PP
+（密碼檔案）裏每行一條記錄，並且每行有這樣的格式：
+.sp
+.RS
+account:password:UID:GID:GECOS:directory:shell
+（帳號:密碼:使用者ID:組ID:一般的信息:目錄:shell）
+.RE
+.sp
+字段描述如下:
+.sp
+.RS
+.TP 1.0in
+.I account
+使用者在系統中的名字，它不能包含大寫字母.
+.TP
+.I password
+加密的使用者密碼，或者星號。
+.TP
+.I UID
+使用者 ID 數。
+.TP
+.I GID
+使用者的主要組 ID 數。
+.TP
+.I GECOS
+這字段是可選的，通常為了存放信息目的而設的．
+通常，它包含了使用者的全名. GECOS 意思是通用電氣綜合作業系統（General Electric
+Comprehensive Operating System）, 當 GE 的大型系統部分割售賣給 Honeywell
+時它被改為 GCOS. Dennis Ritchie 作過報告："有時我們發送印刷品或批道作業到
+GCOS機器時，gcos 字段打斷了 $IDENT 卡的信息，不太美觀。"（譯者：我想是太長吧） 
+.TP
+.I directory
+使用者的 $HOME 目錄.
+.TP
+.I shell
+登入時運行的程式（如果空的，使用
+.BR /bin/sh ).
+如果設為不存在的執行（程式），使用者不能通過
+.BR login (1)
+登入.
+.RE
+.SH 注意
+如果你想建立使用者組，他們的 GID 必須相等並且一定是在
+\fI/etc/group\fP的一條記錄, 要不然組就不存在．
+.PP
+如果加密密碼設成星號，使用者將不能用
+.BR login (1)
+來登入, 但依然可以用
+.BR rlogin (1)
+登入, 通過
+.BR rsh (1)
+或者
+.BR cron (1)
+或者
+.BR at (1)
+或者 mail 過濾器等程式運行已有的進程和開始新的等.
+試圖通過簡單改變 shell 字段鎖住一個使用者結果是一樣的，
+而且還附上了使用
+.B su(1) 
+的權限．
+.SH 相關檔案
+.I /etc/passwd
+.SH "又見"
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR login (1),
+.BR su (1),
+.BR group (5),
+.BR shadow (5)
+.br
+.SH "[中文版維護人]"
+.B Scorpio <rawk@chinese.com>
+.SH "[中文版最新更新]"
+.B 2000/11/26
+.SH "《中國linux論壇man手冊頁翻譯計劃》:"
+.BI http://cmpp.linuxforum.net
diff --git a/man/zh_TW/man8/chpasswd.8 b/man/zh_TW/man8/chpasswd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..068cf95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_TW/man8/chpasswd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+.\" Copyright 1991, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"; 中文版版權所有 soloman, Laser www.linuxforum.net 2000
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.TH CHPASSWD 8
+.SH NAME
+chpasswd \- 成批更新使用者的口令
+.SH 總覽
+chpasswd [\-e]
+.SH 描述
+.B chpasswd
+從系統的標準輸入讀入使用者的名稱和口令，
+並利用這些信息來更新系統上已存在的使用者的口令。
+在沒有用 \-e 這個開關選項的情況下，口令將按明文的形式接收。
+如果使用了 \-e 選項，口令將只能以加密的方式傳遞。
+每行的具體格式如下所示：
+.sp 1
+		\fI使用者名\fR：\fI新口令\fR
+.sp 1
+使用者名必須是系統上已存在的使用者。
+輸入的密碼在必要時進行加密處理，
+如果口令檔案具有時間特性，則同時更新。
+.PP
+此命令適用於大型的系統，在此類系統中，
+使用者一般都是一次同時生成的，而用 adduser 和
+passwd 口令來對其一一進行設置一般說往往比較慢。
+.SH 注意事項
+.\" The \fBmkpasswd\fR command must be executed afterwards to update the
+.\" DBM password files.
+.\" This command may be discarded in favor of the newusers(8) command.
+因為可以使用檔案重定向進行輸入，
+即：chpasswd &lt; user&amp;passwd-filename， 
+如果輸入檔案是按非加密方式傳遞的話，請對該檔案進行適當的加密。
+.SH 又見
+passwd(1),useradd(8),newuser(8)
+.SH 作者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jfh@bga.com)
+
+.SH "[中文版維護人]"
+.B 所羅門 <solomen@email.com.cn>
+.SH "[中文版最新更新]"
+2000/11/26
+.SH "[中國 Linux 論壇 man 手冊頁翻譯計劃]"
+.BI http://cmpp.linuxforum.net
+
diff --git a/man/zh_TW/man8/groupadd.8 b/man/zh_TW/man8/groupadd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b88cb0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_TW/man8/groupadd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.TH GROUPADD 8
+.SH 名稱
+groupadd \- 建 立 新 群 組
+.SH 語法
+\fBgroupadd\fR [\fB\-g\fR \fIgid\fR [\fB\-o\fR]] [\fB\-f\fR] \fIgroup\fR
+.SH 描述
+\fBgroupadd\fR
+可 指 定 群 組 名 稱 來 建 立 新 的 群 組 帳 號 。
+需 要 時 可 從 系 統 中 取 得 新 群 組 值 。
+\fBgroupadd\fR 有 下 列 選 項 可 用 。
+.IP \fB\-f\fR
+This is \fIforce\fR flag. 
+新 增 一 個 已 經 存 在 的 群 組 帳 號 ， 系 統 會 出
+現 錯 誤 訊 息 然 後 結 束 \fBgroupadd\fR 。
+ 如 果 是 這 樣 的 情 況 ， 不 會 新 增 這 個 群 組 
+( 如 果 是 這 個 情 況 下 ， 系 統 不 會 再 新 增 一 次 )
+.br
+也 可 同 時 加 上 \fB\-g\fR 選 項
+當 你 加 上 一 個 \fIgid\fR ， 此 時  \fIgid\fR
+就 不 用 是 唯 一 值 ， 可 不 加 \fB\-o\fR 參 數 ，
+建 好 群 組 後 會 顯 結 果  
+(adding a group as neither \fB\-g\fR or \fB\-o\fR options were
+specified).
+
+.IP "\fB\-g \fIgid\fR"
+group's ID 值 。
+除  非 使 用 \fB\-o\fR 參 數 不 然 該 值 必 須 是 唯 一 ， 不 可 相 同 。
+數 值 不 可 為 負 。
+預 設 為 最 小  不  得 小 於 500 而 逐 次 增 加 。 0~999 傳 統 上
+是 保 留 給 \fI系統帳號\fR 使 用 。
+.IP \fB\-r\fR
+此 參 數 是 用 來 建 立 \fI系統帳號\fR 。
+的  UID 會 比 定 義 在 系 統 檔 上 /etc/login.defs.
+的 UID_MIN 來 的 小 。 注 意 useradd 此 用 法 所 建
+立  的 帳 號 不 會 建 立 使 用 者 目 錄 ， 也 不 會
+在 乎 紀 錄 在 /etc/login.defs. 的 定 義 值  。  如
+果  你 想 要 有 使 用 者 目 錄 須 額 外 指 定 \-m 參
+數 來 建 立 系 統 帳 號 。 這 是 RED HAT 額  外  增
+設 的 選 項 。
+它 會 自 動 幫 你 選 定 一 個 小 於 999 的 \fIgif\fR
+不 需 要 再 加 上 \fB\-g\fR 參 數 。
+.br
+這 是 RED HAT 額  外  增 設 的 選 項 。
+
+.br
+這 是 RED HAT 額  外  增 設 的 選 項 。
+.SH 檔案
+\fI/etc/group\fR \- 群 組 資 訊
+.br
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR \- 群 組 資 訊 加 密
+.SH 相關文件
+.BR chfn (1),
+.BR chsh (1),
+.BR useradd (8),
+.BR userdel (8),
+.BR usermod (8),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR groupdel (8),
+.BR groupmod (8)
+.SH 作者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jfh@tab.com)
diff --git a/man/zh_TW/man8/groupdel.8 b/man/zh_TW/man8/groupdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad79a2d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_TW/man8/groupdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991 - 1993, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.TH GROUPDEL 8
+.SH 名稱
+groupdel \- 刪除群組
+.SH 語法
+.B groupdel
+.I group
+.SH 描述
+\fBgroupdel\fR 命令會修改系統帳號檔，會刪除所有已經存在的\fIgroup\fR.
+群組名須存在。
+.PP
+你須手動確認一下所有的檔案系統確保有沒有檔案還是沒修正群組名變成群組ID。
+.SH 警告
+如果有任何一個群組的使用者在線上的話就不能移除該群組。
+最好先移除使用者後再移除群組。
+.SH 檔案
+\fI/etc/group\fR \- 群組資訊
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR \- 群組資訊加密
+.SH 相關文件
+.BR chfn (1),
+.BR chsh (1),
+.BR useradd (8),
+.BR userdel (8),
+.BR usermod (8),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR groupadd (8),
+.BR groupmod (8)
+.SH 作者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jfh@tab.com)
diff --git a/man/zh_TW/man8/groupmod.8 b/man/zh_TW/man8/groupmod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c1dae7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_TW/man8/groupmod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.TH GROUPMOD 8
+.SH 名稱
+groupmod \- 修 改 群 組
+.SH 語法
+\fBgroupmod\fR [\fB\-g\fR \fIgid \fR[\fB\-o\fR]] [\fB\-n\fR \fIgroup_name \fR] \fIgroup\fR
+.SH 描述
+
+\fBgroupmod\fR 命 令 會 參 照 你 命 令 列 上 指 定 的 部 份 
+修 改 系 統 帳 號 檔 。 下 列 為 \fIgroupmod\fR 可 選 用 的 參 數 。
+
+.IP "\fB\-g\fR \fIgid\fR"
+群 組 I D 值 。
+必 須 為 唯 一 的 ID 值 ， 除 非 用 \-o 選 項 。
+數 字 不 可 為 負 值。預 設 為 最
+小 不 得 小 於 999 而 逐 次 增 加 。 0~ 499 傳 統 上
+是 保 留 給 系 統 帳 號 使 用 。
+如 果 有 檔 案 使 用 舊 的 群 組 ID ， 而 這 時 候 你 新 增 的 群 組 ID
+恰 好 與 舊 的 相 同 ， 這 樣 的 話
+你 要 手 動 改 一 下 這 些 檔 案 的 群 組 ID 。
+.IP "\fB\-n\fR \fIgroup_name\fR"
+更 改 群 組 名 。
+.SH 檔案
+\fI/etc/group\fR \- 群 組 資 訊 
+.br
+\fI/etc/gshadow\fR \- 群 組 資 訊 加 密
+.SH 相關文件
+.BR chfn (1),
+.BR chsh (1),
+.BR useradd (8),
+.BR userdel (8),
+.BR usermod (8),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR groupadd (8),
+.BR groupdel (8)
+.SH 作者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jfh@tab.com)
diff --git a/man/zh_TW/man8/useradd.8 b/man/zh_TW/man8/useradd.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0bfd0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_TW/man8/useradd.8
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991 \- 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.TH USERADD 8
+.SH 名 稱
+useradd \- 帳 號 建 立 或 更 新 新 使 用 者 的 資 訊
+.SH 語 法
+.TP 8
+.B useradd
+.\" .RB [ \-A
+.\" .RI { method | \fBDEFAULT\fR "},... ]"
+.RB [ \-c
+.IR comment ]
+.RB [ \-d
+.IR home_dir ]
+.br
+.RB [ \-e
+.IR expire_date ]
+.RB [ \-f
+.IR inactive_time ]
+.br
+.RB [ \-g
+.IR initial_group ]
+.RB [ \-G
+.IR group [,...]]
+.br
+.RB [ \-m " [" \-k
+.IR skeleton_dir ] " |" " " \-M ]
+.RB [ \-s
+.IR shell ]
+.br
+.RB [ \-u
+.IR uid " ["
+.BR \-o ]]
+.RB [ \-n ]
+.RB [ \-r ]
+.I login
+.TP 8
+\fBuseradd\fR \fB\-D\fR [\fB\-g\fR \fIdefault_group\fR] [\fB\-b\fR \fIdefault_home\fR]
+.br
+[\fB\-f\fR \fIdefault_inactive\fR] [\fB\-e\fR \fIdefault_expire_date\fR]
+.br
+[\fB\-s\fR \fIdefault_shell\fR]
+.SH 描 述
+.SS 新 帳 號 建 立
+當 不 加 \fB\-D\fR 參 數 , \fBuseradd\fR 指 令 使 用 命 令 列 來 指 定
+新 帳 號 的 設 定 值 and 使 用 系 統 上 的 預 設 值 .
+新 使 用 者 帳 號 將 產 生 一 些 系 統 檔 案 ， 使 用 者 目 錄 建 立 ，
+拷 備 起 始 檔 案 等
+， 這 些 均 可 以 利 用 命 令列 選 項 指 定 。 此 版 本 為 Red Hat Linux 提 供
+， 可 幫 每 個 新 加 入 的 使 用 者 建 立 個 別 的 group , 毋 須 添 加 \fB\-n\fR
+選 項 。  
+\fBuseradd\fR 可 使 用 的 選 項 為
+.IP "\fB\-c\fR \fIcomment\fR"
+新 帳 號 password 檔 的 說 明 欄 。 
+.IP "\fB\-d\fR \fIhome_dir\fR"
+新 帳 號 每 次 登 入 時 所 使 用 的 \fIhome_dir\fR 。 
+預 設 值 為 \fIdefault_home\fR 內 \fIlogin\fR 名 稱 ， 並 當 成 登 入 時 目 錄 
+名 稱 。
+.IP "\fB\-e\fR \fIexpire_date\fR"
+帳 號 終 止 日 期 。 日 期 的 指 定 格 式 為 \fIMM/DD/YY\fR 。
+.IP "\fB\-f\fR \fIinactive_days\fR"
+帳 號 過 期 幾 日 後 永 久 停 權 。
+當 值 為 0 時 帳 號 則 立 刻 被 停 權 。
+而 當 值 為 \-1 時 則 關 閉 此 功\ 能 ， 預 設 值 為 \-1
+.IP "\fB\-g\fR \fIinitial_group\fR"
+group 名 稱 或 以 數 字 來 做 為 使 用 者 登 入 起 始 群 組 (group) 。
+群 組 名 須 為 現 有 存 在 的 名 稱 。
+群 組 數 字 也 須 為 現 有 存 在 的 群 組 。
+預 設 的 群 組 數 字 為 1 。
+.IP "\fB\-G\fR \fIgroup,[...]\fR"
+定 義 此 使 用 者 為 此 一 堆 groups 的 成 員 。
+每 個 群 組 使 用 "," 區 格 開 來 ， 不 可 以 夾 雜 空 白 字 元 。
+ 群 組 名 同 \fB\-g\fR 選 項 的 限 制 。
+定 義 值 為 使用 者 的 起 始 群 組 。
+.IP \fB\-m\fR
+使 用 者 目 錄 如 不 存 在 則 自 動 建 立 。
+如 使 用 \fB\-k\fR 選 項 \fIskeleton_dir\fR 內 的 檔 案 將 複 製 至 使 用 者 目 
+錄 下 。
+然 而 在 \fI/etc/skel\fR 目 錄 下 的 檔 案 也 會 複 製 過 去 取 代 。
+任 何 在 \fIskeleton_dir\fR or \fI/etc/skel\fR 的 目 錄 也 相 同 會 在 使 用 者
+目 錄 下 一 一 建 立 。
+The \fB\-k\fR 同 \fB\-m\fR
+不 建 立 目 錄 以 及 不 複 製 任 何 檔 案 為 預 設 值 。
+.IP \fB\-M\fR
+不 建 立 使 用 者 目 錄 ， 即 使 \fI/etc/login.defs\fR 系 統 檔 設 定 要 建 
+立 使 用 者 目 錄 。
+.IP \fB\-n\fR
+預 設 值 使 用 者 群 組 與 使 用 者 名 稱 會 相 同 。 此 選 項 將 取 消 此 預 
+設 值 。
+.IP \fB\-r\fR
+此 參 數 是 用 來 建 立 系 統 帳 號 。 系 統 帳 號 的 UID 會 比 定 義 在 系
+統 檔 上 \fI/etc/login.defs\fR.
+的 UID_MIN 來 的 小 。 注 意 \fBuseradd\fR 此 用 法 所 建 立 的 帳 號 不 會
+建 立 使 用 者 目 錄
+， 也 不 會 在 乎 紀 錄 在 \fI/etc/login.defs\fR. 的 定 義 值 。
+如 果 你 想 要 有 使 用 者 目 錄 須 額 外 指 定 \fB\-m\fR 參 數 來 建 立 系 
+統 帳 號 。
+這 是 RED HAT 額 外 增 設 的 選 項 。
+.IP "\fB\-s\fR \fIshell\fR"
+使 用 者 登 入 後 使 用 的 shell 名 稱 。
+預 設 為 不 填 寫 ， 這 樣 系 統 會 幫 你 指 定 預 設 的 登 入 shell 。
+.IP "\fB\-u\fR \fIuid\fR"
+使 用 者 的 ID 值 。 必 須 為 唯 一 的 ID 值 ， 除 非 用 \fI\-o\fR 選 項 。
+數 字 不 可 為 負 值。預 設 為 最 小 不 得 小 於 999 而 逐 次 增 加 。
+0~ 999 傳 統 上 是 保 留 給 系 統 帳 號 使 用 。
+
+.SS 改 變 預 設 值
+當 \fB\-D\fR 選 項 出 現 時 ， \fBuseradd\fR 秀 出 現 在 的 預 設 值 ， 或 是 藉 
+由
+命 令 列 的 方 式 更 新 預 設 值 。
+可 用 選 項 為 ：
+.IP "\fB\-b\fR \fIdefault_home\fR"
+定 義 使 用 者 所 屬 目 錄 的 前 一 個 目 錄 。
+使 用 者 名 稱 會 附 加 在 \fIdefault_home\fR 後 面
+用 來 建 立 新 使 用 者 的 目 錄 。
+當 然 使 用 \fB\-d\fI 後 則 此 選 項 無 效 。
+.IP "\fB\-e\fR \fIdefault_expire_date\fR"
+使 用 者 帳 號 停 止 日 期 。
+.IP "\fB\-f\fR \fIdefault_inactive\fR"
+帳 號 過 期 幾 日 後 停 權 。
+.IP "\fB\-g\fR \fIdefault_group\fR"
+新 帳 號 起 始 群 組 名 或 ID 。
+群 組 名 須 為 現 有 存 在 的 名 稱 。
+群 組 I D 也 須 為 現 有 存 在 的 群 組 。
+.IP "\fB\-s\fR \fIdefault_shell\fR"
+使 用 者 登 入 後 使 用 的 shell 名 稱 。
+往 後 新 加 入 的 帳 號 都 將 使 用 此 shell.
+.PP
+如 不 指 定 任 何 參 數 ， \fBuseradd\fR 顯 示 目 前 預 設 的 值 。
+.SH 注 記 
+系 統 管 理 者 有 義 務 在 \fI/etc/skel\fR 目 錄 下 放 置 使 用 者 定 義 檔 。
+.br
+此 版 本 『useradd』 由 Red Hat 修 改 。
+.SH 警 告
+不 可 新 增 使 用 者 於 NIS 群 組 中 。
+你 必 須 在 NIS 伺 服 器 上 執 行 。
+.SH 檔 案
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- 使 用 者 帳 號 資 訊
+.br
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR \- 使 用 者 帳 號 資 訊 加 密
+.br
+\fI/etc/group\fR \- 群 組 資 訊
+.br
+\fI/etc/default/useradd\fR \- 定 義 資 訊
+.br
+\fI/etc/login.defs\fR \- 系 統 廣 義 設 定
+.br
+\fI/etc/skel/\fR \- 內 含 定 義 檔 的 目 錄
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.BR chfn (1),
+.BR chsh (1),
+.BR groupadd (8),
+.BR groupdel (8),
+.BR groupmod (8),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR userdel (8),
+.BR usermod (8)
+.SH AUTHOR
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jfh@tab.com)
diff --git a/man/zh_TW/man8/userdel.8 b/man/zh_TW/man8/userdel.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a255d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_TW/man8/userdel.8
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991 \- 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.TH USERDEL 8
+.SH 名稱
+userdel \- 刪 除 使 用 者 帳 號 及 相 關 檔 案
+.SH 語法
+.B userdel
+[\fB\-r\fR]
+.I login
+.SH 描述
+\fBuserdel\fR 命 令 修 改 系 統 帳 號 檔
+刪 除 所 有 \fIlogin\fR 會 參 考 的 部 份 。
+使 用 者 名 稱 必 須是 存 在 的 。
+.IP \fB\-r\fR
+使 用 者 目 錄 下 的 檔 案 一 並 移 除 。 在 其 他 位 置 上 的 檔
+案 也 將 一 一 找 出 並 刪 除 。
+.SH 檔案
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- 使 用 者 帳 號 資 料
+.br
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR \- 使 用 者 帳 號 資 訊 加 密
+.br
+\fI/etc/group\fR \- 群 組 資 訊
+.SH 警告
+\fBuserdel\fR 不 允 許 你 移 除 正 在線 上
+的 使 用 者 帳 號 。
+你 必 須 砍 掉 此 帳 號 現 在 在 系 統 上 執 行 的 程 序 才 能 進 行 帳 號
+刪 除 。
+不 能 在 NIS client 端 移 除 NIS 屬 性 的 東 西 。
+這 動 做 須 在 NIS server 端 上 執 行 。
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.BR chfn (1),
+.BR chsh (1),
+.BR groupadd (8),
+.BR groupdel (8),
+.BR groupmod (8),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR useradd (8),
+.BR usermod (8)
+.SH 作者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jfh@tab.com)
diff --git a/man/zh_TW/man8/usermod.8 b/man/zh_TW/man8/usermod.8
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c52785
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_TW/man8/usermod.8
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+.\" $Id$
+.\" Copyright 1991 \- 1994, Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of Julianne F. Haugh nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY JULIE HAUGH AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL JULIE HAUGH OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.TH USERMOD 8
+.SH 名稱
+usermod \- 修 改 使 用 者 帳 號
+.SH 語法
+.TP 8
+.B usermod
+.\" .RB [ \-A
+.\" .RI { method | \fBDEFAULT\fR "},... ]"
+.RB [ \-c
+.IR comment ]
+.RB [ \-d
+.IR home_dir " ["
+.BR \-m ]]
+.br
+.RB [ \-e
+.IR expire_date ]
+.RB [ \-f
+.IR inactive_time ]
+.br
+.RB [ \-g
+.IR initial_group ]
+.RB [ \-G
+.IR group [,...]]
+.br
+.RB [ \-l
+.IR login_name ]
+.RB [ \-s
+.IR shell ]
+.br
+.RB [ \-u
+.IR uid " ["
+.BR \-o ]]
+.I login
+.SH 描述
+\fBusermod\fR 命 令 會 參 照 你 命 令 列 上 指 定 的 部 份 修 改 系 統 帳 
+號 檔 。 下 列 為 \fBusermod\fR 可 選 用 的 參 數 。
+
+.\" .IP "\fB\-A \fImethod\fR|\fBDEFAULT\fR"
+.\" The new value of the user's authentication method.
+.\" The authentication method is the name of a program which is responsible
+.\" for validating the user's identity.
+.\" The string \fBDEFAULT\fR may be used to change the user's authentication
+.\" method to the standard system password method.
+.IP "\fB\-c\fR \fIcomment\fR"
+更 新 使 用 者 帳 號 password 檔 中 的 注 解 欄
+， 一 般 是 使 用 \fBchfn\fR(1) 來 修 改 。
+.IP "\fB\-d\fR \fIhome_dir\fR"
+更 新 使 用 者 新 的 登 入 目 錄 。
+如 果 給 定 \fB\-m\fR 選 項 ， 使 用 者 舊 目 錄 會 搬 到 新 的 目 錄 去 
+，如 舊 目 錄 不 存 在 則 建 個 新 的 。
+.IP "\fB\-e\fR \fIexpire_date\fR"
+加 上 使 用 者 帳 號 停 止 日 期 。 日 期 格 式 為 \fIMM/DD/YY\fR.
+.IP "\fB\-f\fR \fIinactive_days\fR"
+帳 號 過 期 幾 日 後 永 久 停 權。當 值 為  0  時
+帳  號 則 立 刻 被 停 權 。 而 當 值 為 \-1 時 則 關閉此功\能
+。預 設 值 為 \-1。
+.IP "\fB\-g\fR \fIinitial_group\fR"
+更 新 使 用 者 新 的 起 始 登 入 群 組 。 群 組 名 須 已 存 在 
+。群 組 ID 必 須 參 照 既 有 的 的 群 組 。 群 組 ID 預 設 值 為 1 。
+.IP "\fB\-G\fR \fIgroup,[...]\fR"
+定 義 使 用 者 為  一 堆 groups 的 成 員 。 每
+個 群 組 使 用 "," 區 格 開 來 ， 不 可 以 夾 雜 空
+白 字 元 。 群 組 名 同 \-g 選 項 的 限 制 。
+如 果 使 用 者 現 在 的 群 組 不 再 此 列 ， 則 將 使 用 者 由 該 
+群 組 中 移 除 。
+.IP "\fB\-l\fR \fIlogin_name\fR"
+變 更 使 用 者 \fIlogin\fR 時 的 名 稱 為 \fIlogin_name\fR 。
+其 於 不 變 。 特 別 是 ， 使 用 者 目 錄 名 應 該 也 會 跟 著 更 動 成 新 
+的 登 入 名 。
+.IP "\fB\-s\fR \fIshell\fR"
+指 定 新 登 入 shell 。 如 此 欄 留 白 ， 系 統 將 選 用 系 統 預 設 shell 。
+.IP "\fB\-u\fR \fIuid\fR"
+使 用 者 ID 值 。必 須 為 唯 一 的 ID 值 ， 除 非 用 \fI\-o\fR 選 項 。 數 
+字 不 可 為 負 值。預 設 為 最 小  不  得 小 於 999 而 逐 次 
+增 加 。 0~ 999 傳 統 上 是 保 留 給 系 統 帳 號 使 用 。
+使 用 者 目 錄 樹 下 所 有 的 檔 案 目 錄 其 user ID 會 自 動 改 變 。
+放 在 使 用 者 目 錄 外 的 檔 案 則 要 自 行 手 動 更 動 。
+.SH 警告
+\fBusermod\fR 不 允 許 你 改 變  正 在線 上 的 使 用 者 帳 號 名 稱 。
+當 usermod 用 來 改 變 user ID, 必 須 確 認 這 名 user 沒 在 電 腦 上 執 
+行 任 何 程 序。
+你 需 手 動 更 改 使 用 者 的 crontab 檔 。
+也 需 手 動 更 改 使 用 者 的 at 工 作 檔 。
+採 用 NIS server 須 在 server 上 更 動 相 關 的 NIS 設 定 。
+
+.SH 檔案
+\fI/etc/passwd\fR \- 使 用 者 帳 號 資 訊
+.br
+\fI/etc/shadow\fR \- 使 用 者 帳 號 資 訊 加 密
+.br
+\fI/etc/group\fR \- 群 組 資 訊
+.SH 相關文件
+.BR chfn (1),
+.BR chsh (1),
+.BR groupadd (8),
+.BR groupdel (8),
+.BR groupmod (8),
+.BR passwd (1),
+.BR useradd (8),
+.BR userdel (8)
+.SH 作者
+Julianne Frances Haugh (jfh@tab.com)