path: root/man/zh_CN/man1/su.1

'\" t
.\"     Title: su
.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
.\"    Manual: 用户命令
.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
.\"
.TH "SU" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
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.SH "名称"
su \- 更改用户 ID 或成为超级用户
.SH "大纲"
.HP \w'\fBsu\fR\ 'u
\fBsu\fR [\fI选项\fR] [\fI\-\fR] [\fI用户名\fR\ [\ \fIargs\fR\ ]]
.SH "描述"
.PP
The
\fBsu\fR
command is used to become another user during a login session\&. Invoked without a
\fBusername\fR,
\fBsu\fR
defaults to becoming the superuser\&. The
\fB\-\fR
option may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly\&. The
\fB\-c\fR
option may be used to treat the next argument as a command by most shells\&.
.PP
Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list\&. You can use the
\fB\-\-\fR
argument to stop option parsing\&. The
\fB\-\fR
option is special: it is also recognized after
\fB\-\-\fR, but has to be placed before
\fBusername\fR\&.
.PP
如果合适，将提示用户输入一个密码。输入无效的密码会产生一个错误消息。所有的尝试，无论成功还是失败，都会被记录，以检测对系统的滥用。
.PP
The current environment is passed to the new shell\&. The value of
\fB$PATH\fR
is reset to
/bin:/usr/bin
for normal users, or
/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
for the superuser\&. This may be changed with the
\fBENV_PATH\fR
and
\fBENV_SUPATH\fR
definitions in
/etc/login\&.defs\&.
.PP
在登录 shell 中以第一个字符是\(lq*\(rq标注的是子系统登录。给定的主目录将被用于用户实际登录的新文件系统的根。
.SH "选项"
.PP
The options which apply to the
\fBsu\fR
command are:
.PP
\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-command\fR\ \&\fICOMMAND\fR
.RS 4
Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its
\fB\-c\fR\&.
.sp
The executed command will have no controlling terminal\&. This option cannot be used to execute interactive programs which need a controlling TTY\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-\fR, \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR
.RS 4
提供一个类似于用户直接登录的环境，用户可能会希望这样。
.sp
When
\fB\-\fR
is used, it must be specified before any
\fBusername\fR\&. For portability it is recommended to use it as last option, before any
\fBusername\fR\&. The other forms (\fB\-l\fR
and
\fB\-\-login\fR) do not have this restriction\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
.RS 4
将使用的 shell。
.sp
The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first):
.PP
.RS 4
The shell specified with \-\-shell\&.
.RE
.PP
.RS 4
If
\fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
is used, the shell specified by the
\fB$SHELL\fR
environment variable\&.
.RE
.PP
.RS 4
The shell indicated in the
/etc/passwd
entry for the target user\&.
.RE
.PP
.RS 4
/bin/sh
if a shell could not be found by any above method\&.
.RE
.sp
If the target user has a restricted shell (i\&.e\&. the shell field of this user\*(Aqs entry in
/etc/passwd
is not listed in
/etc/shells), then the
\fB\-\-shell\fR
option or the
\fB$SHELL\fR
environment variable won\*(Aqt be taken into account, unless
\fBsu\fR
is called by root\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
.RS 4
Preserve the current environment, except for:
.PP
\fB$PATH\fR
.RS 4
reset according to the
/etc/login\&.defs
options
\fBENV_PATH\fR
or
\fBENV_SUPATH\fR
(see below);
.RE
.PP
\fB$IFS\fR
.RS 4
reset to
\(lq<space><tab><newline>\(rq, if it was set\&.
.RE
.sp
If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless
\fBsu\fR
is called by root)\&.
.sp
Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following:
.PP
.RS 4
The
\fB$HOME\fR,
\fB$SHELL\fR,
\fB$USER\fR,
\fB$LOGNAME\fR,
\fB$PATH\fR, and
\fB$IFS\fR
environment variables are reset\&.
.RE
.PP
.RS 4
If
\fB\-\-login\fR
is not used, the environment is copied, except for the variables above\&.
.RE
.PP
.RS 4
If
\fB\-\-login\fR
is used, the
\fB$TERM\fR,
\fB$COLORTERM\fR,
\fB$DISPLAY\fR, and
\fB$XAUTHORITY\fR
environment variables are copied if they were set\&.
.RE
.PP
.RS 4
If
\fB\-\-login\fR
is used, the
\fB$TZ\fR,
\fB$HZ\fR, and
\fB$MAIL\fR
environment variables are set according to the
/etc/login\&.defs
options
\fBENV_TZ\fR,
\fBENV_HZ\fR,
\fBMAIL_DIR\fR, and
\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
(see below)\&.
.RE
.PP
.RS 4
If
\fB\-\-login\fR
is used, other environment variables might be set by the
\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR
file (see below)\&.
.RE
.sp
.RE
.SH "CAVEATS"
.PP
This version of
\fBsu\fR
has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site\&.
.SH "配置文件"
.PP
The following configuration variables in
/etc/login\&.defs
change the behavior of this tool:
.PP
\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
.RS 4
如果定义了，或者是包含设备名(没行一个)的文件的完整路径名，或者是\(lq:\(rq分隔的设备名列表。将只会在这写设备上允许 root 登录。
.sp
如果没有定义，可以在任何设备上使用 root。
.sp
指定的设备时不带 /dev/ 前缀。
.RE
.PP
\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
.RS 4
List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.

Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
.RS 4
如果不能 cd 到主目录时，说明是否允许登录。默认是否。
.sp
If set to
\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
.RS 4
If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
.RS 4
如果此文件存在，并且可读，将会从中读取登录环境。所有行都必须是 name=value 的格式。
.sp
以 # 开头的行将视为注释，并被忽略。
.RE
.PP
\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
.RS 4
If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
.RS 4
If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
.RS 4
If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
\fITZ=\fR
(for example
\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
/etc/tzname)\&.
.sp
If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
.RS 4
此字符串用于提示输入密码。默认是 "Password: "，或者翻译了的结果(汉语中翻译为了\(lq密码：\(rq)。如果设置了此变量，提示不会被翻译。
.sp
If the string contains
\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
.RS 4
启用登录时检查和现实邮箱状态。
.sp
如果 shell 的启动文件已经检查了邮件("mailx \-e" 或者其它同功能的工具)，您应该禁用它。
.RE
.PP
\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
.RS 4
邮箱目录。修改或删除用户账户时需要处理邮箱，如果没有指定，将使用编译时指定的默认值。
.RE
.PP
\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
.RS 4
定义用户邮箱文件的位置(相对于主目录)。
.RE
.PP
The
\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
and
\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
variables are used by
\fBuseradd\fR,
\fBusermod\fR, and
\fBuserdel\fR
to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
.PP
If
\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
is set to
\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
\fBMAIL\fR
environment variable\&.
.PP
\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
.RS 4
Enable setting of resource limits from
/etc/limits
and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBSULOG_FILE\fR (string)
.RS 4
如果定义了，所有的 su 活动都会记录到此文件。
.RE
.PP
\fBSU_NAME\fR (string)
.RS 4
如果定义了，就是运行\(lqsu \-\(rq时显示的命令名称。例如，如果定义为\(lqsu\(rq，那么\(lqps\(rq会显示此命令为\(lq\-su\(rq。如果没有定义，\(lqps\(rq将会显示实际执行的 shell，例如类似于\(lq\-sh\(rq。
.RE
.PP
\fBSU_WHEEL_ONLY\fR (boolean)
.RS 4
If
\fIyes\fR, the user must be listed as a member of the first gid 0 group in
/etc/group
(called
\fIroot\fR
on most Linux systems) to be able to
\fBsu\fR
to uid 0 accounts\&. If the group doesn\*(Aqt exist or is empty, no one will be able to
\fBsu\fR
to uid 0\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBSYSLOG_SU_ENAB\fR (boolean)
.RS 4
Enable "syslog" logging of
\fBsu\fR
activity \- in addition to sulog file logging\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
.RS 4
如果 uid 和 gid 相同，用户名和主用户名也相同，使非 root 组的组掩码位和属主位相同 (如：022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007)。
.sp
If set to
\fIyes\fR,
\fBuserdel\fR
will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
\fBuseradd\fR
will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
.RE
.SH "文件"
.PP
/etc/passwd
.RS 4
用户账户信息。
.RE
.PP
/etc/shadow
.RS 4
安全用户账户信息。
.RE
.PP
/etc/login\&.defs
.RS 4
Shadow 密码套件配置。
.RE
.SH "退出值"
.PP
On success,
\fBsu\fR
returns the exit value of the command it executed\&.
.PP
If this command was terminated by a signal,
\fBsu\fR
returns the number of this signal plus 128\&.
.PP
If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the command did not terminate in time),
\fBsu\fR
returns 255\&.
.PP
Some exit values from
\fBsu\fR
are independent from the executed command:
.PP
\fI0\fR
.RS 4
success (\fB\-\-help\fR
only)
.RE
.PP
\fI1\fR
.RS 4
System or authentication failure
.RE
.PP
\fI126\fR
.RS 4
The requested command was not found
.RE
.PP
\fI127\fR
.RS 4
The requested command could not be executed
.RE
.SH "参见"
.PP
\fBlogin\fR(1),
\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
\fBsg\fR(1),
\fBsh\fR(1)\&.