Adding upstream version 247.3.upstream/247.3upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

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+<?xml version='1.0'?> <!--*-nxml-*-->
+<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
+  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">
+<!-- SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-2.1-or-later -->
+
+<refentry id="systemd-analyze" conditional='ENABLE_ANALYZE'
+    xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude">
+
+  <refentryinfo>
+    <title>systemd-analyze</title>
+    <productname>systemd</productname>
+  </refentryinfo>
+
+  <refmeta>
+    <refentrytitle>systemd-analyze</refentrytitle>
+    <manvolnum>1</manvolnum>
+  </refmeta>
+
+  <refnamediv>
+    <refname>systemd-analyze</refname>
+    <refpurpose>Analyze and debug system manager</refpurpose>
+  </refnamediv>
+
+  <refsynopsisdiv>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-analyze</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg>time</arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-analyze</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain">blame</arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-analyze</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain">critical-chain</arg>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-analyze</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain">dump</arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-analyze</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain">plot</arg>
+      <arg choice="opt">>file.svg</arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-analyze</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain">dot</arg>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>PATTERN</replaceable></arg>
+      <arg choice="opt">>file.dot</arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-analyze</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain">unit-paths</arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-analyze</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain">exit-status</arg>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>STATUS</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-analyze</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain">capability</arg>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>CAPABILITY</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-analyze</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain">condition</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain"><replaceable>CONDITION</replaceable>…</arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-analyze</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain">syscall-filter</arg>
+      <arg choice="opt"><replaceable>SET</replaceable>…</arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-analyze</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain">calendar</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>SPEC</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-analyze</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain">timestamp</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>TIMESTAMP</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-analyze</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain">timespan</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>SPAN</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-analyze</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain">cat-config</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>NAME</replaceable>|<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-analyze</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain">verify</arg>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat"><replaceable>FILE</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+    <cmdsynopsis>
+      <command>systemd-analyze</command>
+      <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain">security</arg>
+      <arg choice="plain" rep="repeat"><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable></arg>
+    </cmdsynopsis>
+  </refsynopsisdiv>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Description</title>
+
+    <para><command>systemd-analyze</command> may be used to determine
+    system boot-up performance statistics and retrieve other state and
+    tracing information from the system and service manager, and to
+    verify the correctness of unit files. It is also used to access
+    special functions useful for advanced system manager debugging.</para>
+
+    <para>If no command is passed, <command>systemd-analyze
+    time</command> is implied.</para>
+
+    <refsect2>
+      <title><command>systemd-analyze time</command></title>
+
+      <para>This command prints the time spent in the kernel before userspace has been reached, the time
+      spent in the initial RAM disk (initrd) before normal system userspace has been reached, and the time
+      normal system userspace took to initialize. Note that these measurements simply measure the time passed
+      up to the point where all system services have been spawned, but not necessarily until they fully
+      finished initialization or the disk is idle.</para>
+
+      <example>
+        <title><command>Show how long the boot took</command></title>
+
+        <programlisting># in a container
+$ systemd-analyze time
+Startup finished in 296ms (userspace)
+multi-user.target reached after 275ms in userspace
+
+# on a real machine
+$ systemd-analyze time
+Startup finished in 2.584s (kernel) + 19.176s (initrd) + 47.847s (userspace) = 1min 9.608s
+multi-user.target reached after 47.820s in userspace
+</programlisting>
+      </example>
+    </refsect2>
+
+    <refsect2>
+      <title><command>systemd-analyze blame</command></title>
+
+      <para>This command prints a list of all running units, ordered by the time they took to initialize.
+      This information may be used to optimize boot-up times. Note that the output might be misleading as the
+      initialization of one service might be slow simply because it waits for the initialization of another
+      service to complete.  Also note: <command>systemd-analyze blame</command> doesn't display results for
+      services with <varname>Type=simple</varname>, because systemd considers such services to be started
+      immediately, hence no measurement of the initialization delays can be done. Also note that this command
+      only shows the time units took for starting up, it does not show how long unit jobs spent in the
+      execution queue. In particular it shows the time units spent in <literal>activating</literal> state,
+      which is not defined for units such as device units that transition directly from
+      <literal>inactive</literal> to <literal>active</literal>. This command hence gives an impression of the
+      performance of program code, but cannot accurately reflect latency introduced by waiting for
+      hardware and similar events.</para>
+
+      <example>
+        <title><command>Show which units took the most time during boot</command></title>
+
+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze blame
+         32.875s pmlogger.service
+         20.905s systemd-networkd-wait-online.service
+         13.299s dev-vda1.device
+         ...
+            23ms sysroot.mount
+            11ms initrd-udevadm-cleanup-db.service
+             3ms sys-kernel-config.mount
+        </programlisting>
+      </example>
+    </refsect2>
+
+    <refsect2>
+      <title><command>systemd-analyze critical-chain <optional><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>...</optional></command></title>
+
+      <para>This command prints a tree of the time-critical chain of units (for each of the specified
+      <replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>s or for the default target otherwise). The time after the unit is
+      active or started is printed after the "@" character. The time the unit takes to start is printed after
+      the "+" character. Note that the output might be misleading as the initialization of services might
+      depend on socket activation and because of the parallel execution of units. Also, similar to the
+      <command>blame</command> command, this only takes into account the time units spent in
+      <literal>activating</literal> state, and hence does not cover units that never went through an
+      <literal>activating</literal> state (such as device units that transition directly from
+      <literal>inactive</literal> to <literal>active</literal>). Moreover it does not show information on
+      jobs (and in particular not jobs that timed out).</para>
+
+      <example>
+        <title><command>systemd-analyze critical-chain</command></title>
+
+      <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze critical-chain
+multi-user.target @47.820s
+└─pmie.service @35.968s +548ms
+  └─pmcd.service @33.715s +2.247s
+    └─network-online.target @33.712s
+      └─systemd-networkd-wait-online.service @12.804s +20.905s
+        └─systemd-networkd.service @11.109s +1.690s
+          └─systemd-udevd.service @9.201s +1.904s
+            └─systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service @7.306s +1.776s
+              └─kmod-static-nodes.service @6.976s +177ms
+                └─systemd-journald.socket
+                  └─system.slice
+                    └─-.slice
+</programlisting>
+      </example>
+    </refsect2>
+
+    <refsect2>
+      <title><command>systemd-analyze dump</command></title>
+
+      <para>This command outputs a (usually very long) human-readable serialization of the complete server
+      state. Its format is subject to change without notice and should not be parsed by applications.</para>
+
+      <example>
+        <title>Show the internal state of user manager</title>
+
+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze --user dump
+Timestamp userspace: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
+Timestamp finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
+Timestamp generators-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
+Timestamp generators-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
+Timestamp units-load-start: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
+Timestamp units-load-finish: Thu 2019-03-14 23:28:07 CET
+-> Unit proc-timer_list.mount:
+        Description: /proc/timer_list
+        ...
+-> Unit default.target:
+        Description: Main user target
+...
+</programlisting>
+      </example>
+    </refsect2>
+
+    <refsect2>
+      <title><command>systemd-analyze plot</command></title>
+
+      <para>This command prints an SVG graphic detailing which system services have been started at what
+      time, highlighting the time they spent on initialization.</para>
+
+      <example>
+        <title><command>Plot a bootchart</command></title>
+
+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze plot >bootup.svg
+$ eog bootup.svg&amp;
+</programlisting>
+      </example>
+    </refsect2>
+
+    <refsect2>
+      <title><command>systemd-analyze dot [<replaceable>pattern</replaceable>...]</command></title>
+
+      <para>This command generates textual dependency graph description in dot format for further processing
+      with the GraphViz
+      <citerefentry project='die-net'><refentrytitle>dot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+      tool. Use a command line like <command>systemd-analyze dot | dot -Tsvg >systemd.svg</command> to
+      generate a graphical dependency tree. Unless <option>--order</option> or <option>--require</option> is
+      passed, the generated graph will show both ordering and requirement dependencies. Optional pattern
+      globbing style specifications (e.g. <filename>*.target</filename>) may be given at the end. A unit
+      dependency is included in the graph if any of these patterns match either the origin or destination
+      node.</para>
+
+      <example>
+        <title>Plot all dependencies of any unit whose name starts with <literal>avahi-daemon</literal>
+        </title>
+
+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze dot 'avahi-daemon.*' | dot -Tsvg >avahi.svg
+$ eog avahi.svg</programlisting>
+      </example>
+
+      <example>
+        <title>Plot the dependencies between all known target units</title>
+
+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze dot --to-pattern='*.target' --from-pattern='*.target' \
+      | dot -Tsvg >targets.svg
+$ eog targets.svg</programlisting>
+      </example>
+    </refsect2>
+
+    <refsect2>
+      <title><command>systemd-analyze unit-paths</command></title>
+
+      <para>This command outputs a list of all directories from which unit files, <filename>.d</filename>
+      overrides, and <filename>.wants</filename>, <filename>.requires</filename> symlinks may be
+      loaded. Combine with <option>--user</option> to retrieve the list for the user manager instance, and
+      <option>--global</option> for the global configuration of user manager instances.</para>
+
+      <example>
+        <title><command>Show all paths for generated units</command></title>
+
+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze unit-paths | grep '^/run'
+/run/systemd/system.control
+/run/systemd/transient
+/run/systemd/generator.early
+/run/systemd/system
+/run/systemd/system.attached
+/run/systemd/generator
+/run/systemd/generator.late
+</programlisting>
+      </example>
+
+      <para>Note that this verb prints the list that is compiled into <command>systemd-analyze</command>
+      itself, and does not communicate with the running manager. Use
+      <programlisting>systemctl [--user] [--global] show -p UnitPath --value</programlisting>
+      to retrieve the actual list that the manager uses, with any empty directories omitted.</para>
+    </refsect2>
+
+    <refsect2>
+      <title><command>systemd-analyze exit-status <optional><replaceable>STATUS</replaceable>...</optional></command></title>
+
+      <para>This command prints a list of exit statuses along with their "class", i.e. the source of the
+      definition (one of <literal>glibc</literal>, <literal>systemd</literal>, <literal>LSB</literal>, or
+      <literal>BSD</literal>), see the Process Exit Codes section in
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.exec</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+      If no additional arguments are specified, all known statuses are are shown. Otherwise, only the
+      definitions for the specified codes are shown.</para>
+
+      <example>
+        <title><command>Show some example exit status names</command></title>
+
+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze exit-status 0 1 {63..65}
+NAME    STATUS CLASS
+SUCCESS 0      glibc
+FAILURE 1      glibc
+-       63     -
+USAGE   64     BSD
+DATAERR 65     BSD
+</programlisting>
+      </example>
+    </refsect2>
+
+    <refsect2>
+      <title><command>systemd-analyze capability <optional><replaceable>CAPABILITY</replaceable>...</optional></command></title>
+
+      <para>This command prints a list of Linux capabilities along with their numeric IDs. See <citerefentry
+      project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>capabilities</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+      for details. If no argument is specified the full list of capabilities known to the service manager and
+      the kernel is shown. Capabilities defined by the kernel but not known to the service manager are shown
+      as <literal>cap_???</literal>. Optionally, if arguments are specified they may refer to specific
+      cabilities by name or numeric ID, in which case only the indicated capabilities are shown in the
+      table.</para>
+
+      <example>
+        <title><command>Show some example capability names</command></title>
+
+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze capability 0 1 {30..32}
+NAME              NUMBER
+cap_chown              0
+cap_dac_override       1
+cap_audit_control     30
+cap_setfcap           31
+cap_mac_override      32</programlisting>
+      </example>
+    </refsect2>
+
+    <refsect2>
+      <title><command>systemd-analyze condition <replaceable>CONDITION</replaceable>...</command></title>
+
+      <para>This command will evaluate <varname index="false">Condition*=...</varname> and
+      <varname index="false">Assert*=...</varname> assignments, and print their values, and
+      the resulting value of the combined condition set. See
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+      for a list of available conditions and asserts.</para>
+
+      <example>
+        <title>Evaluate conditions that check kernel versions</title>
+
+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze condition 'ConditionKernelVersion = ! &lt;4.0' \
+        'ConditionKernelVersion = &gt;=5.1' \
+        'ConditionACPower=|false' \
+        'ConditionArchitecture=|!arm' \
+        'AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release'
+test.service: AssertPathExists=/etc/os-release succeeded.
+Asserts succeeded.
+test.service: ConditionArchitecture=|!arm succeeded.
+test.service: ConditionACPower=|false failed.
+test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=&gt;=5.1 succeeded.
+test.service: ConditionKernelVersion=!&lt;4.0 succeeded.
+Conditions succeeded.</programlisting>
+      </example>
+    </refsect2>
+
+    <refsect2>
+      <title><command>systemd-analyze syscall-filter <optional><replaceable>SET</replaceable>...</optional></command></title>
+
+      <para>This command will list system calls contained in the specified system call set
+      <replaceable>SET</replaceable>, or all known sets if no sets are specified. Argument
+      <replaceable>SET</replaceable> must include the <literal>@</literal> prefix.</para>
+    </refsect2>
+
+    <refsect2>
+      <title><command>systemd-analyze calendar <replaceable>EXPRESSION</replaceable>...</command></title>
+
+      <para>This command will parse and normalize repetitive calendar time events, and will calculate when
+      they elapse next. This takes the same input as the <varname>OnCalendar=</varname> setting in
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.timer</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      following the syntax described in
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>. By
+      default, only the next time the calendar expression will elapse is shown; use
+      <option>--iterations=</option> to show the specified number of next times the expression
+      elapses. Each time the expression elapses forms a timestamp, see the <command>timestamp</command>
+      verb below.</para>
+
+      <example>
+        <title>Show leap days in the near future</title>
+
+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze calendar --iterations=5 '*-2-29 0:0:0'
+  Original form: *-2-29 0:0:0
+Normalized form: *-02-29 00:00:00
+    Next elapse: Sat 2020-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
+       From now: 11 months 15 days left
+       Iter. #2: Thu 2024-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
+       From now: 4 years 11 months left
+       Iter. #3: Tue 2028-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
+       From now: 8 years 11 months left
+       Iter. #4: Sun 2032-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
+       From now: 12 years 11 months left
+       Iter. #5: Fri 2036-02-29 00:00:00 UTC
+       From now: 16 years 11 months left
+</programlisting>
+      </example>
+    </refsect2>
+
+    <refsect2>
+      <title><command>systemd-analyze timestamp <replaceable>TIMESTAMP</replaceable>...</command></title>
+
+      <para>This command parses a timestamp (i.e. a single point in time) and outputs the normalized form and
+      the difference between this timestamp and now. The timestamp should adhere to the syntax documented in
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      section "PARSING TIMESTAMPS".</para>
+
+      <example>
+        <title>Show parsing of timestamps</title>
+
+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze timestamp yesterday now tomorrow
+  Original form: yesterday
+Normalized form: Mon 2019-05-20 00:00:00 CEST
+       (in UTC): Sun 2019-05-19 22:00:00 UTC
+   UNIX seconds: @15583032000
+       From now: 1 day 9h ago
+
+  Original form: now
+Normalized form: Tue 2019-05-21 09:48:39 CEST
+       (in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 07:48:39 UTC
+   UNIX seconds: @1558424919.659757
+       From now: 43us ago
+
+  Original form: tomorrow
+Normalized form: Wed 2019-05-22 00:00:00 CEST
+       (in UTC): Tue 2019-05-21 22:00:00 UTC
+   UNIX seconds: @15584760000
+       From now: 14h left
+</programlisting>
+      </example>
+    </refsect2>
+
+    <refsect2>
+      <title><command>systemd-analyze timespan <replaceable>EXPRESSION</replaceable>...</command></title>
+
+      <para>This command parses a time span (i.e. a difference between two timestamps) and outputs the
+      normalized form and the equivalent value in microseconds. The time span should adhere to the syntax
+      documented in
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.time</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      section "PARSING TIME SPANS". Values without units are parsed as seconds.</para>
+
+      <example>
+        <title>Show parsing of timespans</title>
+
+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze timespan 1s 300s '1year 0.000001s'
+Original: 1s
+      μs: 1000000
+   Human: 1s
+
+Original: 300s
+      μs: 300000000
+   Human: 5min
+
+Original: 1year 0.000001s
+      μs: 31557600000001
+   Human: 1y 1us
+</programlisting>
+      </example>
+    </refsect2>
+
+    <refsect2>
+      <title><command>systemd-analyze cat-config</command>
+      <replaceable>NAME</replaceable>|<replaceable>PATH</replaceable>...</title>
+
+      <para>This command is similar to <command>systemctl cat</command>, but operates on config files. It
+      will copy the contents of a config file and any drop-ins to standard output, using the usual systemd
+      set of directories and rules for precedence. Each argument must be either an absolute path including
+      the prefix (such as <filename>/etc/systemd/logind.conf</filename> or
+      <filename>/usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf</filename>), or a name relative to the prefix (such as
+      <filename>systemd/logind.conf</filename>).</para>
+
+      <example>
+        <title>Showing logind configuration</title>
+        <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/logind.conf
+# /etc/systemd/logind.conf
+...
+[Login]
+NAutoVTs=8
+...
+
+# /usr/lib/systemd/logind.conf.d/20-test.conf
+... some override from another package
+
+# /etc/systemd/logind.conf.d/50-override.conf
+... some administrator override
+        </programlisting>
+      </example>
+    </refsect2>
+
+    <refsect2>
+      <title><command>systemd-analyze verify <replaceable>FILE</replaceable>...</command></title>
+
+      <para>This command will load unit files and print warnings if any errors are detected. Files specified
+      on the command line will be loaded, but also any other units referenced by them. The full unit search
+      path is formed by combining the directories for all command line arguments, and the usual unit load
+      paths. The variable <varname>$SYSTEMD_UNIT_PATH</varname> is supported, and may be used to replace or
+      augment the compiled in set of unit load paths; see
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. All
+      units files present in the directories containing the command line arguments will be used in preference
+      to the other paths.</para>
+
+      <para>The following errors are currently detected:</para>
+      <itemizedlist>
+        <listitem><para>unknown sections and directives,</para></listitem>
+
+        <listitem><para>missing dependencies which are required to start the given unit,</para></listitem>
+
+        <listitem><para>man pages listed in <varname>Documentation=</varname> which are not found in the
+        system,</para></listitem>
+
+        <listitem><para>commands listed in <varname>ExecStart=</varname> and similar which are not found in
+        the system or not executable.</para></listitem>
+      </itemizedlist>
+
+      <example>
+        <title>Misspelt directives</title>
+
+        <programlisting>$ cat ./user.slice
+[Unit]
+WhatIsThis=11
+Documentation=man:nosuchfile(1)
+Requires=different.service
+
+[Service]
+Description=x
+
+$ systemd-analyze verify ./user.slice
+[./user.slice:9] Unknown lvalue 'WhatIsThis' in section 'Unit'
+[./user.slice:13] Unknown section 'Service'. Ignoring.
+Error: org.freedesktop.systemd1.LoadFailed:
+   Unit different.service failed to load:
+   No such file or directory.
+Failed to create user.slice/start: Invalid argument
+user.slice: man nosuchfile(1) command failed with code 16
+        </programlisting>
+      </example>
+
+      <example>
+        <title>Missing service units</title>
+
+        <programlisting>$ tail ./a.socket ./b.socket
+==> ./a.socket &lt;==
+[Socket]
+ListenStream=100
+
+==> ./b.socket &lt;==
+[Socket]
+ListenStream=100
+Accept=yes
+
+$ systemd-analyze verify ./a.socket ./b.socket
+Service a.service not loaded, a.socket cannot be started.
+Service b@0.service not loaded, b.socket cannot be started.
+        </programlisting>
+      </example>
+    </refsect2>
+
+    <refsect2>
+      <title><command>systemd-analyze security <optional><replaceable>UNIT</replaceable>...</optional></command></title>
+
+      <para>This command analyzes the security and sandboxing settings of one or more specified service
+      units. If at least one unit name is specified the security settings of the specified service units are
+      inspected and a detailed analysis is shown. If no unit name is specified, all currently loaded,
+      long-running service units are inspected and a terse table with results shown. The command checks for
+      various security-related service settings, assigning each a numeric "exposure level" value, depending
+      on how important a setting is. It then calculates an overall exposure level for the whole unit, which
+      is an estimation in the range 0.0…10.0 indicating how exposed a service is security-wise. High exposure
+      levels indicate very little applied sandboxing. Low exposure levels indicate tight sandboxing and
+      strongest security restrictions. Note that this only analyzes the per-service security features systemd
+      itself implements. This means that any additional security mechanisms applied by the service code
+      itself are not accounted for. The exposure level determined this way should not be misunderstood: a
+      high exposure level neither means that there is no effective sandboxing applied by the service code
+      itself, nor that the service is actually vulnerable to remote or local attacks. High exposure levels do
+      indicate however that most likely the service might benefit from additional settings applied to
+      them.</para>
+
+      <para>Please note that many of the security and sandboxing settings individually can be circumvented —
+      unless combined with others. For example, if a service retains the privilege to establish or undo mount
+      points many of the sandboxing options can be undone by the service code itself. Due to that is
+      essential that each service uses the most comprehensive and strict sandboxing and security settings
+      possible. The tool will take into account some of these combinations and relationships between the
+      settings, but not all. Also note that the security and sandboxing settings analyzed here only apply to
+      the operations executed by the service code itself. If a service has access to an IPC system (such as
+      D-Bus) it might request operations from other services that are not subject to the same
+      restrictions. Any comprehensive security and sandboxing analysis is hence incomplete if the IPC access
+      policy is not validated too.</para>
+
+      <example>
+      <title>Analyze <filename index="false">systemd-logind.service</filename></title>
+
+      <programlisting>$ systemd-analyze security --no-pager systemd-logind.service
+  NAME                DESCRIPTION                              EXPOSURE
+✗ PrivateNetwork=     Service has access to the host's network      0.5
+✗ User=/DynamicUser=  Service runs as root user                     0.4
+✗ DeviceAllow=        Service has no device ACL                     0.2
+✓ IPAddressDeny=      Service blocks all IP address ranges
+...
+→ Overall exposure level for systemd-logind.service: 4.1 OK 🙂
+</programlisting>
+      </example>
+    </refsect2>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Options</title>
+
+    <para>The following options are understood:</para>
+
+    <variablelist>
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--system</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Operates on the system systemd instance. This
+        is the implied default.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--user</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Operates on the user systemd
+        instance.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--global</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Operates on the system-wide configuration for
+        user systemd instance.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--order</option></term>
+        <term><option>--require</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>When used in conjunction with the
+        <command>dot</command> command (see above), selects which
+        dependencies are shown in the dependency graph. If
+        <option>--order</option> is passed, only dependencies of type
+        <varname>After=</varname> or <varname>Before=</varname> are
+        shown. If <option>--require</option> is passed, only
+        dependencies of type <varname>Requires=</varname>,
+        <varname>Requisite=</varname>,
+        <varname>Wants=</varname> and <varname>Conflicts=</varname>
+        are shown. If neither is passed, this shows dependencies of
+        all these types.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--from-pattern=</option></term>
+        <term><option>--to-pattern=</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>When used in conjunction with the
+        <command>dot</command> command (see above), this selects which
+        relationships are shown in the dependency graph. Both options
+        require a
+        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>glob</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+        pattern as an argument, which will be matched against the
+        left-hand and the right-hand, respectively, nodes of a
+        relationship.</para>
+
+        <para>Each of these can be used more than once, in which case
+        the unit name must match one of the values. When tests for
+        both sides of the relation are present, a relation must pass
+        both tests to be shown. When patterns are also specified as
+        positional arguments, they must match at least one side of the
+        relation. In other words, patterns specified with those two
+        options will trim the list of edges matched by the positional
+        arguments, if any are given, and fully determine the list of
+        edges shown otherwise.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--fuzz=</option><replaceable>timespan</replaceable></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>When used in conjunction with the
+        <command>critical-chain</command> command (see above), also
+        show units, which finished <replaceable>timespan</replaceable>
+        earlier, than the latest unit in the same level. The unit of
+        <replaceable>timespan</replaceable> is seconds unless
+        specified with a different unit, e.g.
+        "50ms".</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--man=no</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Do not invoke
+        <citerefentry project='man-pages'><refentrytitle>man</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+        to verify the existence of man pages listed in <varname>Documentation=</varname>.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--generators</option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>Invoke unit generators, see
+        <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.generator</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>.
+        Some generators require root privileges. Under a normal user, running with
+        generators enabled will generally result in some warnings.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--root=<replaceable>PATH</replaceable></option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>With <command>cat-files</command>, show config files underneath
+        the specified root path <replaceable>PATH</replaceable>.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--iterations=<replaceable>NUMBER</replaceable></option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>When used with the <command>calendar</command> command, show the specified number of
+        iterations the specified calendar expression will elapse next. Defaults to 1.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry>
+        <term><option>--base-time=<replaceable>TIMESTAMP</replaceable></option></term>
+
+        <listitem><para>When used with the <command>calendar</command> command, show next iterations relative
+        to the specified point in time. If not specified defaults to the current time.</para></listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="host" />
+      <xi:include href="user-system-options.xml" xpointer="machine" />
+
+      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="help" />
+      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="version" />
+      <xi:include href="standard-options.xml" xpointer="no-pager" />
+    </variablelist>
+
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>Exit status</title>
+
+    <para>On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code
+    otherwise.</para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+  <xi:include href="less-variables.xml" />
+
+  <refsect1>
+    <title>See Also</title>
+    <para>
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,
+      <citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>
+    </para>
+  </refsect1>
+
+</refentry>