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+//! Secret keys for elliptic curves (i.e. private scalars).
+//!
+//! The [`SecretKey`] type is a wrapper around a secret scalar value which is
+//! designed to prevent unintentional exposure (e.g. via `Debug` or other
+//! logging). It also handles zeroing the secret value out of memory securely
+//! on drop.
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "pkcs8", feature = "sec1"))]
+mod pkcs8;
+
+use crate::{Curve, Error, FieldBytes, Result, ScalarPrimitive};
+use core::fmt::{self, Debug};
+use generic_array::typenum::Unsigned;
+use subtle::{Choice, ConstantTimeEq};
+use zeroize::{Zeroize, ZeroizeOnDrop};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "arithmetic")]
+use crate::{rand_core::CryptoRngCore, CurveArithmetic, NonZeroScalar, PublicKey};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "jwk")]
+use crate::jwk::{JwkEcKey, JwkParameters};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "pem")]
+use pem_rfc7468::{self as pem, PemLabel};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "sec1")]
+use {
+ crate::{
+ sec1::{EncodedPoint, ModulusSize, ValidatePublicKey},
+ FieldBytesSize,
+ },
+ sec1::der,
+};
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "alloc", feature = "arithmetic", feature = "sec1"))]
+use {
+ crate::{
+ sec1::{FromEncodedPoint, ToEncodedPoint},
+ AffinePoint,
+ },
+ alloc::vec::Vec,
+ sec1::der::Encode,
+ zeroize::Zeroizing,
+};
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "arithmetic", any(feature = "jwk", feature = "pem")))]
+use alloc::string::String;
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "arithmetic", feature = "jwk"))]
+use alloc::string::ToString;
+
+#[cfg(all(doc, feature = "pkcs8"))]
+use {crate::pkcs8::DecodePrivateKey, core::str::FromStr};
+
+/// Elliptic curve secret keys.
+///
+/// This type wraps a secret scalar value, helping to prevent accidental
+/// exposure and securely erasing the value from memory when dropped.
+///
+/// # Parsing PKCS#8 Keys
+///
+/// PKCS#8 is a commonly used format for encoding secret keys (especially ones
+/// generated by OpenSSL).
+///
+/// Keys in PKCS#8 format are either binary (ASN.1 BER/DER), or PEM encoded
+/// (ASCII) and begin with the following:
+///
+/// ```text
+/// -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
+/// ```
+///
+/// To decode an elliptic curve private key from PKCS#8, enable the `pkcs8`
+/// feature of this crate (or the `pkcs8` feature of a specific RustCrypto
+/// elliptic curve crate) and use the [`DecodePrivateKey`] trait to parse it.
+///
+/// When the `pem` feature of this crate (or a specific RustCrypto elliptic
+/// curve crate) is enabled, a [`FromStr`] impl is also available.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct SecretKey<C: Curve> {
+ /// Scalar value
+ inner: ScalarPrimitive<C>,
+}
+
+impl<C> SecretKey<C>
+where
+ C: Curve,
+{
+ /// Generate a random [`SecretKey`].
+ #[cfg(feature = "arithmetic")]
+ pub fn random(rng: &mut impl CryptoRngCore) -> Self
+ where
+ C: CurveArithmetic,
+ {
+ Self {
+ inner: NonZeroScalar::<C>::random(rng).into(),
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Create a new secret key from a scalar value.
+ pub fn new(scalar: ScalarPrimitive<C>) -> Self {
+ Self { inner: scalar }
+ }
+
+ /// Borrow the inner secret [`ScalarPrimitive`] value.
+ ///
+ /// # ⚠️ Warning
+ ///
+ /// This value is key material.
+ ///
+ /// Please treat it with the care it deserves!
+ pub fn as_scalar_primitive(&self) -> &ScalarPrimitive<C> {
+ &self.inner
+ }
+
+ /// Get the secret [`NonZeroScalar`] value for this key.
+ ///
+ /// # ⚠️ Warning
+ ///
+ /// This value is key material.
+ ///
+ /// Please treat it with the care it deserves!
+ #[cfg(feature = "arithmetic")]
+ pub fn to_nonzero_scalar(&self) -> NonZeroScalar<C>
+ where
+ C: CurveArithmetic,
+ {
+ self.into()
+ }
+
+ /// Get the [`PublicKey`] which corresponds to this secret key
+ #[cfg(feature = "arithmetic")]
+ pub fn public_key(&self) -> PublicKey<C>
+ where
+ C: CurveArithmetic,
+ {
+ PublicKey::from_secret_scalar(&self.to_nonzero_scalar())
+ }
+
+ /// Deserialize secret key from an encoded secret scalar.
+ pub fn from_bytes(bytes: &FieldBytes<C>) -> Result<Self> {
+ let inner: ScalarPrimitive<C> =
+ Option::from(ScalarPrimitive::from_bytes(bytes)).ok_or(Error)?;
+
+ if inner.is_zero().into() {
+ return Err(Error);
+ }
+
+ Ok(Self { inner })
+ }
+
+ /// Deserialize secret key from an encoded secret scalar passed as a
+ /// byte slice.
+ ///
+ /// The slice is expected to be at most `C::FieldBytesSize` bytes in
+ /// length but may be up to 4-bytes shorter than that, which is handled by
+ /// zero-padding the value.
+ pub fn from_slice(slice: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
+ if slice.len() > C::FieldBytesSize::USIZE {
+ return Err(Error);
+ }
+
+ /// Maximum number of "missing" bytes to interpret as zeroes.
+ const MAX_LEADING_ZEROES: usize = 4;
+
+ let offset = C::FieldBytesSize::USIZE.saturating_sub(slice.len());
+
+ if offset == 0 {
+ Self::from_bytes(FieldBytes::<C>::from_slice(slice))
+ } else if offset <= MAX_LEADING_ZEROES {
+ let mut bytes = FieldBytes::<C>::default();
+ bytes[offset..].copy_from_slice(slice);
+
+ let ret = Self::from_bytes(&bytes);
+ bytes.zeroize();
+ ret
+ } else {
+ Err(Error)
+ }
+ }
+
+ /// Serialize raw secret scalar as a big endian integer.
+ pub fn to_bytes(&self) -> FieldBytes<C> {
+ self.inner.to_bytes()
+ }
+
+ /// Deserialize secret key encoded in the SEC1 ASN.1 DER `ECPrivateKey` format.
+ #[cfg(all(feature = "sec1"))]
+ pub fn from_sec1_der(der_bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<Self>
+ where
+ C: Curve + ValidatePublicKey,
+ FieldBytesSize<C>: ModulusSize,
+ {
+ sec1::EcPrivateKey::try_from(der_bytes)?
+ .try_into()
+ .map_err(|_| Error)
+ }
+
+ /// Serialize secret key in the SEC1 ASN.1 DER `ECPrivateKey` format.
+ #[cfg(all(feature = "alloc", feature = "arithmetic", feature = "sec1"))]
+ pub fn to_sec1_der(&self) -> der::Result<Zeroizing<Vec<u8>>>
+ where
+ C: CurveArithmetic,
+ AffinePoint<C>: FromEncodedPoint<C> + ToEncodedPoint<C>,
+ FieldBytesSize<C>: ModulusSize,
+ {
+ let private_key_bytes = Zeroizing::new(self.to_bytes());
+ let public_key_bytes = self.public_key().to_encoded_point(false);
+
+ let ec_private_key = Zeroizing::new(
+ sec1::EcPrivateKey {
+ private_key: &private_key_bytes,
+ parameters: None,
+ public_key: Some(public_key_bytes.as_bytes()),
+ }
+ .to_der()?,
+ );
+
+ Ok(ec_private_key)
+ }
+
+ /// Parse [`SecretKey`] from PEM-encoded SEC1 `ECPrivateKey` format.
+ ///
+ /// PEM-encoded SEC1 keys can be identified by the leading delimiter:
+ ///
+ /// ```text
+ /// -----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY-----
+ /// ```
+ #[cfg(feature = "pem")]
+ pub fn from_sec1_pem(s: &str) -> Result<Self>
+ where
+ C: Curve + ValidatePublicKey,
+ FieldBytesSize<C>: ModulusSize,
+ {
+ let (label, der_bytes) = pem::decode_vec(s.as_bytes()).map_err(|_| Error)?;
+
+ if label != sec1::EcPrivateKey::PEM_LABEL {
+ return Err(Error);
+ }
+
+ Self::from_sec1_der(&der_bytes).map_err(|_| Error)
+ }
+
+ /// Serialize private key as self-zeroizing PEM-encoded SEC1 `ECPrivateKey`
+ /// with the given [`pem::LineEnding`].
+ ///
+ /// Pass `Default::default()` to use the OS's native line endings.
+ #[cfg(feature = "pem")]
+ pub fn to_sec1_pem(&self, line_ending: pem::LineEnding) -> Result<Zeroizing<String>>
+ where
+ C: CurveArithmetic,
+ AffinePoint<C>: FromEncodedPoint<C> + ToEncodedPoint<C>,
+ FieldBytesSize<C>: ModulusSize,
+ {
+ self.to_sec1_der()
+ .ok()
+ .and_then(|der| {
+ pem::encode_string(sec1::EcPrivateKey::PEM_LABEL, line_ending, &der).ok()
+ })
+ .map(Zeroizing::new)
+ .ok_or(Error)
+ }
+
+ /// Parse a [`JwkEcKey`] JSON Web Key (JWK) into a [`SecretKey`].
+ #[cfg(feature = "jwk")]
+ pub fn from_jwk(jwk: &JwkEcKey) -> Result<Self>
+ where
+ C: JwkParameters + ValidatePublicKey,
+ FieldBytesSize<C>: ModulusSize,
+ {
+ Self::try_from(jwk)
+ }
+
+ /// Parse a string containing a JSON Web Key (JWK) into a [`SecretKey`].
+ #[cfg(feature = "jwk")]
+ pub fn from_jwk_str(jwk: &str) -> Result<Self>
+ where
+ C: JwkParameters + ValidatePublicKey,
+ FieldBytesSize<C>: ModulusSize,
+ {
+ jwk.parse::<JwkEcKey>().and_then(|jwk| Self::from_jwk(&jwk))
+ }
+
+ /// Serialize this secret key as [`JwkEcKey`] JSON Web Key (JWK).
+ #[cfg(all(feature = "arithmetic", feature = "jwk"))]
+ pub fn to_jwk(&self) -> JwkEcKey
+ where
+ C: CurveArithmetic + JwkParameters,
+ AffinePoint<C>: FromEncodedPoint<C> + ToEncodedPoint<C>,
+ FieldBytesSize<C>: ModulusSize,
+ {
+ self.into()
+ }
+
+ /// Serialize this secret key as JSON Web Key (JWK) string.
+ #[cfg(all(feature = "arithmetic", feature = "jwk"))]
+ pub fn to_jwk_string(&self) -> Zeroizing<String>
+ where
+ C: CurveArithmetic + JwkParameters,
+ AffinePoint<C>: FromEncodedPoint<C> + ToEncodedPoint<C>,
+ FieldBytesSize<C>: ModulusSize,
+ {
+ Zeroizing::new(self.to_jwk().to_string())
+ }
+}
+
+impl<C> ConstantTimeEq for SecretKey<C>
+where
+ C: Curve,
+{
+ fn ct_eq(&self, other: &Self) -> Choice {
+ self.inner.ct_eq(&other.inner)
+ }
+}
+
+impl<C> Debug for SecretKey<C>
+where
+ C: Curve,
+{
+ fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+ f.debug_struct(core::any::type_name::<Self>())
+ .finish_non_exhaustive()
+ }
+}
+
+impl<C> ZeroizeOnDrop for SecretKey<C> where C: Curve {}
+
+impl<C> Drop for SecretKey<C>
+where
+ C: Curve,
+{
+ fn drop(&mut self) {
+ self.inner.zeroize();
+ }
+}
+
+impl<C: Curve> Eq for SecretKey<C> {}
+
+impl<C> PartialEq for SecretKey<C>
+where
+ C: Curve,
+{
+ fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+ self.ct_eq(other).into()
+ }
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "sec1"))]
+impl<C> TryFrom<sec1::EcPrivateKey<'_>> for SecretKey<C>
+where
+ C: Curve + ValidatePublicKey,
+ FieldBytesSize<C>: ModulusSize,
+{
+ type Error = der::Error;
+
+ fn try_from(sec1_private_key: sec1::EcPrivateKey<'_>) -> der::Result<Self> {
+ let secret_key = Self::from_slice(sec1_private_key.private_key)
+ .map_err(|_| der::Tag::Sequence.value_error())?;
+
+ // TODO(tarcieri): validate `sec1_private_key.params`?
+ if let Some(pk_bytes) = sec1_private_key.public_key {
+ let pk = EncodedPoint::<C>::from_bytes(pk_bytes)
+ .map_err(|_| der::Tag::BitString.value_error())?;
+
+ if C::validate_public_key(&secret_key, &pk).is_err() {
+ return Err(der::Tag::BitString.value_error());
+ }
+ }
+
+ Ok(secret_key)
+ }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "arithmetic")]
+impl<C> From<NonZeroScalar<C>> for SecretKey<C>
+where
+ C: CurveArithmetic,
+{
+ fn from(scalar: NonZeroScalar<C>) -> SecretKey<C> {
+ SecretKey::from(&scalar)
+ }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "arithmetic")]
+impl<C> From<&NonZeroScalar<C>> for SecretKey<C>
+where
+ C: CurveArithmetic,
+{
+ fn from(scalar: &NonZeroScalar<C>) -> SecretKey<C> {
+ SecretKey {
+ inner: scalar.into(),
+ }
+ }
+}