Adding upstream version 1:5.45.upstream/1%5.45upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

5 files changed, 2728 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/doc/Makefile.am b/doc/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4a78589
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+MAGIC	 = $(pkgdatadir)/magic
+if FSECT5
+man_MAGIC = magic.5
+else
+man_MAGIC = magic.4
+endif
+fsect = @fsect@
+man_MANS = file.1 $(man_MAGIC) libmagic.3
+
+EXTRA_DIST = file.man magic.man libmagic.man
+CLEANFILES = $(man_MANS)
+
+file.1:	Makefile file.man
+	@rm -f $@
+	sed -e s@__CSECTION__@1@g \
+	    -e s@__FSECTION__@${fsect}@g \
+	    -e s@__VERSION__@${VERSION}@g \
+	    -e s@__MAGIC__@${MAGIC}@g $(srcdir)/file.man > $@
+
+magic.${fsect}: Makefile magic.man
+	@rm -f $@
+	sed -e s@__CSECTION__@1@g \
+	    -e s@__FSECTION__@${fsect}@g \
+	    -e s@__VERSION__@${VERSION}@g \
+	    -e s@__MAGIC__@${MAGIC}@g $(srcdir)/magic.man > $@
+
+libmagic.3: Makefile libmagic.man
+	@rm -f $@
+	sed -e s@__CSECTION__@1@g \
+	    -e s@__FSECTION__@${fsect}@g \
+	    -e s@__VERSION__@${VERSION}@g \
+	    -e s@__MAGIC__@${MAGIC}@g $(srcdir)/libmagic.man > $@
diff --git a/doc/Makefile.in b/doc/Makefile.in
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..08b71aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/Makefile.in
@@ -0,0 +1,688 @@
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+	  && test -n "`echo $$list1$$list2`" \
+	  || exit 0; \
+	echo " $(MKDIR_P) '$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)'"; \
+	$(MKDIR_P) "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)" || exit 1; \
+	{ for i in $$list1; do echo "$$i"; done;  \
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+	fi; \
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+	  if test -f $$p; then d=; else d="$(srcdir)/"; fi; \
+	  echo "$$d$$p"; echo "$$p"; \
+	done | \
+	sed -e 'n;s,.*/,,;p;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^5][0-9a-z]*$$,5,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,' | \
+	sed 'N;N;s,\n, ,g' | { \
+	list=; while read file base inst; do \
+	  if test "$$base" = "$$inst"; then list="$$list $$file"; else \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) '$$file' '$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)/$$inst'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) "$$file" "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)/$$inst" || exit $$?; \
+	  fi; \
+	done; \
+	for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done | $(am__base_list) | \
+	while read files; do \
+	  test -z "$$files" || { \
+	    echo " $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files '$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)'"; \
+	    $(INSTALL_DATA) $$files "$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)" || exit $$?; }; \
+	done; }
+
+uninstall-man5:
+	@$(NORMAL_UNINSTALL)
+	@list=''; test -n "$(man5dir)" || exit 0; \
+	files=`{ for i in $$list; do echo "$$i"; done; \
+	l2='$(man_MANS)'; for i in $$l2; do echo "$$i"; done | \
+	  sed -n '/\.5[a-z]*$$/p'; \
+	} | sed -e 's,.*/,,;h;s,.*\.,,;s,^[^5][0-9a-z]*$$,5,;x' \
+	      -e 's,\.[0-9a-z]*$$,,;$(transform);G;s,\n,.,'`; \
+	dir='$(DESTDIR)$(man5dir)'; $(am__uninstall_files_from_dir)
+tags TAGS:
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+ctags CTAGS:
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+
+distdir-am: $(DISTFILES)
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+	topsrcdirstrip=`echo "$(top_srcdir)" | sed 's/[].[^$$\\*]/\\\\&/g'`; \
+	list='$(DISTFILES)'; \
+	  dist_files=`for file in $$list; do echo $$file; done | \
+	  sed -e "s|^$$srcdirstrip/||;t" \
+	      -e "s|^$$topsrcdirstrip/|$(top_builddir)/|;t"`; \
+	case $$dist_files in \
+	  */*) $(MKDIR_P) `echo "$$dist_files" | \
+			   sed '/\//!d;s|^|$(distdir)/|;s,/[^/]*$$,,' | \
+			   sort -u` ;; \
+	esac; \
+	for file in $$dist_files; do \
+	  if test -f $$file || test -d $$file; then d=.; else d=$(srcdir); fi; \
+	  if test -d $$d/$$file; then \
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+	    cp -fpR $$d/$$file "$(distdir)$$dir" || exit 1; \
+	  else \
+	    test -f "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || cp -p $$d/$$file "$(distdir)/$$file" \
+	    || exit 1; \
+	  fi; \
+	done
+check-am: all-am
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+	  test -z "$$dir" || $(MKDIR_P) "$$dir"; \
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+.PHONY: all all-am check check-am clean clean-generic clean-libtool \
+	cscopelist-am ctags-am distclean distclean-generic \
+	distclean-libtool distdir dvi dvi-am html html-am info info-am \
+	install install-am install-data install-data-am install-dvi \
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+	tags-am uninstall uninstall-am uninstall-man uninstall-man1 \
+	uninstall-man3 uninstall-man4 uninstall-man5
+
+.PRECIOUS: Makefile
+
+
+file.1:	Makefile file.man
+	@rm -f $@
+	sed -e s@__CSECTION__@1@g \
+	    -e s@__FSECTION__@${fsect}@g \
+	    -e s@__VERSION__@${VERSION}@g \
+	    -e s@__MAGIC__@${MAGIC}@g $(srcdir)/file.man > $@
+
+magic.${fsect}: Makefile magic.man
+	@rm -f $@
+	sed -e s@__CSECTION__@1@g \
+	    -e s@__FSECTION__@${fsect}@g \
+	    -e s@__VERSION__@${VERSION}@g \
+	    -e s@__MAGIC__@${MAGIC}@g $(srcdir)/magic.man > $@
+
+libmagic.3: Makefile libmagic.man
+	@rm -f $@
+	sed -e s@__CSECTION__@1@g \
+	    -e s@__FSECTION__@${fsect}@g \
+	    -e s@__VERSION__@${VERSION}@g \
+	    -e s@__MAGIC__@${MAGIC}@g $(srcdir)/libmagic.man > $@
+
+# Tell versions [3.59,3.63) of GNU make to not export all variables.
+# Otherwise a system limit (for SysV at least) may be exceeded.
+.NOEXPORT:
diff --git a/doc/file.man b/doc/file.man
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bf78c0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/file.man
@@ -0,0 +1,743 @@
+.\" $File: file.man,v 1.150 2023/05/21 17:08:34 christos Exp $
+.Dd May 21, 2023
+.Dt FILE __CSECTION__
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm file
+.Nd determine file type
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Bk -words
+.Op Fl bcdEhiklLNnprsSvzZ0
+.Op Fl Fl apple
+.Op Fl Fl exclude-quiet
+.Op Fl Fl extension
+.Op Fl Fl mime-encoding
+.Op Fl Fl mime-type
+.Op Fl e Ar testname
+.Op Fl F Ar separator
+.Op Fl f Ar namefile
+.Op Fl m Ar magicfiles
+.Op Fl P Ar name=value
+.Ar
+.Ek
+.Nm
+.Fl C
+.Op Fl m Ar magicfiles
+.Nm
+.Op Fl Fl help
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+This manual page documents version __VERSION__ of the
+.Nm
+command.
+.Pp
+.Nm
+tests each argument in an attempt to classify it.
+There are three sets of tests, performed in this order:
+filesystem tests, magic tests, and language tests.
+The
+.Em first
+test that succeeds causes the file type to be printed.
+.Pp
+The type printed will usually contain one of the words
+.Em text
+(the file contains only
+printing characters and a few common control
+characters and is probably safe to read on an
+.Dv ASCII
+terminal),
+.Em executable
+(the file contains the result of compiling a program
+in a form understandable to some
+.Tn UNIX
+kernel or another),
+or
+.Em data
+meaning anything else (data is usually
+.Dq binary
+or non-printable).
+Exceptions are well-known file formats (core files, tar archives)
+that are known to contain binary data.
+When modifying magic files or the program itself, make sure to
+.Em preserve these keywords .
+Users depend on knowing that all the readable files in a directory
+have the word
+.Dq text
+printed.
+Don't do as Berkeley did and change
+.Dq shell commands text
+to
+.Dq shell script .
+.Pp
+The filesystem tests are based on examining the return from a
+.Xr stat 2
+system call.
+The program checks to see if the file is empty,
+or if it's some sort of special file.
+Any known file types appropriate to the system you are running on
+(sockets, symbolic links, or named pipes (FIFOs) on those systems that
+implement them)
+are intuited if they are defined in the system header file
+.In sys/stat.h .
+.Pp
+The magic tests are used to check for files with data in
+particular fixed formats.
+The canonical example of this is a binary executable (compiled program)
+.Dv a.out
+file, whose format is defined in
+.In elf.h ,
+.In a.out.h
+and possibly
+.In exec.h
+in the standard include directory.
+These files have a
+.Dq magic number
+stored in a particular place
+near the beginning of the file that tells the
+.Tn UNIX
+operating system
+that the file is a binary executable, and which of several types thereof.
+The concept of a
+.Dq magic number
+has been applied by extension to data files.
+Any file with some invariant identifier at a small fixed
+offset into the file can usually be described in this way.
+The information identifying these files is read from the compiled
+magic file
+.Pa __MAGIC__.mgc ,
+or the files in the directory
+.Pa __MAGIC__
+if the compiled file does not exist.
+In addition, if
+.Pa $HOME/.magic.mgc
+or
+.Pa $HOME/.magic
+exists, it will be used in preference to the system magic files.
+.Pp
+If a file does not match any of the entries in the magic file,
+it is examined to see if it seems to be a text file.
+ASCII, ISO-8859-x, non-ISO 8-bit extended-ASCII character sets
+(such as those used on Macintosh and IBM PC systems),
+UTF-8-encoded Unicode, UTF-16-encoded Unicode, and EBCDIC
+character sets can be distinguished by the different
+ranges and sequences of bytes that constitute printable text
+in each set.
+If a file passes any of these tests, its character set is reported.
+ASCII, ISO-8859-x, UTF-8, and extended-ASCII files are identified
+as
+.Dq text
+because they will be mostly readable on nearly any terminal;
+UTF-16 and EBCDIC are only
+.Dq character data
+because, while
+they contain text, it is text that will require translation
+before it can be read.
+In addition,
+.Nm
+will attempt to determine other characteristics of text-type files.
+If the lines of a file are terminated by CR, CRLF, or NEL, instead
+of the Unix-standard LF, this will be reported.
+Files that contain embedded escape sequences or overstriking
+will also be identified.
+.Pp
+Once
+.Nm
+has determined the character set used in a text-type file,
+it will
+attempt to determine in what language the file is written.
+The language tests look for particular strings (cf.
+.In names.h )
+that can appear anywhere in the first few blocks of a file.
+For example, the keyword
+.Em .br
+indicates that the file is most likely a
+.Xr troff 1
+input file, just as the keyword
+.Em struct
+indicates a C program.
+These tests are less reliable than the previous
+two groups, so they are performed last.
+The language test routines also test for some miscellany
+(such as
+.Xr tar 1
+archives, JSON files).
+.Pp
+Any file that cannot be identified as having been written
+in any of the character sets listed above is simply said to be
+.Dq data .
+.Sh OPTIONS
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Fl Fl apple
+Causes the
+.Nm
+command to output the file type and creator code as
+used by older MacOS versions.
+The code consists of eight letters,
+the first describing the file type, the latter the creator.
+This option works properly only for file formats that have the
+apple-style output defined.
+.It Fl b , Fl Fl brief
+Do not prepend filenames to output lines (brief mode).
+.It Fl C , Fl Fl compile
+Write a
+.Pa magic.mgc
+output file that contains a pre-parsed version of the magic file or directory.
+.It Fl c , Fl Fl checking-printout
+Cause a checking printout of the parsed form of the magic file.
+This is usually used in conjunction with the
+.Fl m
+option to debug a new magic file before installing it.
+.It Fl d
+Prints internal debugging information to stderr.
+.It Fl E
+On filesystem errors (file not found etc), instead of handling the error
+as regular output as POSIX mandates and keep going, issue an error message
+and exit.
+.It Fl e , Fl Fl exclude Ar testname
+Exclude the test named in
+.Ar testname
+from the list of tests made to determine the file type.
+Valid test names are:
+.Bl -tag -width compress
+.It apptype
+.Dv EMX
+application type (only on EMX).
+.It ascii
+Various types of text files (this test will try to guess the text
+encoding, irrespective of the setting of the
+.Sq encoding
+option).
+.It encoding
+Different text encodings for soft magic tests.
+.It tokens
+Ignored for backwards compatibility.
+.It cdf
+Prints details of Compound Document Files.
+.It compress
+Checks for, and looks inside, compressed files.
+.It csv
+Checks Comma Separated Value files.
+.It elf
+Prints ELF file details, provided soft magic tests are enabled and the
+elf magic is found.
+.It json
+Examines JSON (RFC-7159) files by parsing them for compliance.
+.It soft
+Consults magic files.
+.It simh
+Examines SIMH tape files.
+.It tar
+Examines tar files by verifying the checksum of the 512 byte tar header.
+Excluding this test can provide more detailed content description by using
+the soft magic method.
+.It text
+A synonym for
+.Sq ascii .
+.El
+.It Fl Fl exclude-quiet
+Like
+.Fl Fl exclude
+but ignore tests that
+.Nm
+does not know about.
+This is intended for compatibility with older versions of
+.Nm .
+.It Fl Fl extension
+Print a slash-separated list of valid extensions for the file type found.
+.It Fl F , Fl Fl separator Ar separator
+Use the specified string as the separator between the filename and the
+file result returned.
+Defaults to
+.Sq \&: .
+.It Fl f , Fl Fl files-from Ar namefile
+Read the names of the files to be examined from
+.Ar namefile
+(one per line)
+before the argument list.
+Either
+.Ar namefile
+or at least one filename argument must be present;
+to test the standard input, use
+.Sq -
+as a filename argument.
+Please note that
+.Ar namefile
+is unwrapped and the enclosed filenames are processed when this option is
+encountered and before any further options processing is done.
+This allows one to process multiple lists of files with different command line
+arguments on the same
+.Nm
+invocation.
+Thus if you want to set the delimiter, you need to do it before you specify
+the list of files, like:
+.Dq Fl F Ar @ Fl f Ar namefile ,
+instead of:
+.Dq Fl f Ar namefile Fl F Ar @ .
+.It Fl h , Fl Fl no-dereference
+This option causes symlinks not to be followed
+(on systems that support symbolic links).
+This is the default if the environment variable
+.Dv POSIXLY_CORRECT
+is not defined.
+.It Fl i , Fl Fl mime
+Causes the
+.Nm
+command to output mime type strings rather than the more
+traditional human readable ones.
+Thus it may say
+.Sq text/plain; charset=us-ascii
+rather than
+.Dq ASCII text .
+.It Fl Fl mime-type , Fl Fl mime-encoding
+Like
+.Fl i ,
+but print only the specified element(s).
+.It Fl k , Fl Fl keep-going
+Don't stop at the first match, keep going.
+Subsequent matches will be
+have the string
+.Sq "\[rs]012\- "
+prepended.
+(If you want a newline, see the
+.Fl r
+option.)
+The magic pattern with the highest strength (see the
+.Fl l
+option) comes first.
+.It Fl l , Fl Fl list
+Shows a list of patterns and their strength sorted descending by
+.Xr magic __FSECTION__
+strength
+which is used for the matching (see also the
+.Fl k
+option).
+.It Fl L , Fl Fl dereference
+This option causes symlinks to be followed, as the like-named option in
+.Xr ls 1
+(on systems that support symbolic links).
+This is the default if the environment variable
+.Ev POSIXLY_CORRECT
+is defined.
+.It Fl m , Fl Fl magic-file Ar magicfiles
+Specify an alternate list of files and directories containing magic.
+This can be a single item, or a colon-separated list.
+If a compiled magic file is found alongside a file or directory,
+it will be used instead.
+.It Fl N , Fl Fl no-pad
+Don't pad filenames so that they align in the output.
+.It Fl n , Fl Fl no-buffer
+Force stdout to be flushed after checking each file.
+This is only useful if checking a list of files.
+It is intended to be used by programs that want filetype output from a pipe.
+.It Fl p , Fl Fl preserve-date
+On systems that support
+.Xr utime 3
+or
+.Xr utimes 2 ,
+attempt to preserve the access time of files analyzed, to pretend that
+.Nm
+never read them.
+.It Fl P , Fl Fl parameter Ar name=value
+Set various parameter limits.
+.Bl -column "elf_phnum" "Default" "XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
+.It Sy "Name" Ta Sy "Default" Ta Sy "Explanation"
+.It Li bytes Ta 1M Ta max number of bytes to read from file
+.It Li elf_notes Ta 256 Ta max ELF notes processed
+.It Li elf_phnum Ta 2K Ta max ELF program sections processed
+.It Li elf_shnum Ta 32K Ta max ELF sections processed
+.It Li elf_shsize Ta 128MB Ta max ELF section size processed
+.It Li encoding Ta 65K Ta max number of bytes to determine encoding
+.It Li indir Ta 50 Ta recursion limit for indirect magic
+.It Li name Ta 50 Ta use count limit for name/use magic
+.It Li regex Ta 8K Ta length limit for regex searches
+.El
+.It Fl r , Fl Fl raw
+Don't translate unprintable characters to \eooo.
+Normally
+.Nm
+translates unprintable characters to their octal representation.
+.It Fl s , Fl Fl special-files
+Normally,
+.Nm
+only attempts to read and determine the type of argument files which
+.Xr stat 2
+reports are ordinary files.
+This prevents problems, because reading special files may have peculiar
+consequences.
+Specifying the
+.Fl s
+option causes
+.Nm
+to also read argument files which are block or character special files.
+This is useful for determining the filesystem types of the data in raw
+disk partitions, which are block special files.
+This option also causes
+.Nm
+to disregard the file size as reported by
+.Xr stat 2
+since on some systems it reports a zero size for raw disk partitions.
+.It Fl S , Fl Fl no-sandbox
+On systems where libseccomp
+.Pa ( https://github.com/seccomp/libseccomp )
+is available, the
+.Fl S
+option disables sandboxing which is enabled by default.
+This option is needed for
+.Nm
+to execute external decompressing programs,
+i.e. when the
+.Fl z
+option is specified and the built-in decompressors are not available.
+On systems where sandboxing is not available, this option has no effect.
+.It Fl v , Fl Fl version
+Print the version of the program and exit.
+.It Fl z , Fl Fl uncompress
+Try to look inside compressed files.
+.It Fl Z , Fl Fl uncompress-noreport
+Try to look inside compressed files, but report information about the contents
+only not the compression.
+.It Fl 0 , Fl Fl print0
+Output a null character
+.Sq \e0
+after the end of the filename.
+Nice to
+.Xr cut 1
+the output.
+This does not affect the separator, which is still printed.
+.Pp
+If this option is repeated more than once, then
+.Nm
+prints just the filename followed by a NUL followed by the description
+(or ERROR: text) followed by a second NUL for each entry.
+.It Fl -help
+Print a help message and exit.
+.El
+.Sh ENVIRONMENT
+The environment variable
+.Ev MAGIC
+can be used to set the default magic file name.
+If that variable is set, then
+.Nm
+will not attempt to open
+.Pa $HOME/.magic .
+.Nm
+adds
+.Dq Pa .mgc
+to the value of this variable as appropriate.
+The environment variable
+.Ev POSIXLY_CORRECT
+controls (on systems that support symbolic links), whether
+.Nm
+will attempt to follow symlinks or not.
+If set, then
+.Nm
+follows symlink, otherwise it does not.
+This is also controlled by the
+.Fl L
+and
+.Fl h
+options.
+.Sh FILES
+.Bl -tag -width __MAGIC__.mgc -compact
+.It Pa __MAGIC__.mgc
+Default compiled list of magic.
+.It Pa __MAGIC__
+Directory containing default magic files.
+.El
+.Sh EXIT STATUS
+.Nm
+will exit with
+.Dv 0
+if the operation was successful or
+.Dv >0
+if an error was encountered.
+The following errors cause diagnostic messages, but don't affect the program
+exit code (as POSIX requires), unless
+.Fl E
+is specified:
+.Bl -bullet -compact -offset indent
+.It
+A file cannot be found
+.It
+There is no permission to read a file
+.It
+The file type cannot be determined
+.El
+.Sh EXAMPLES
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+$ file file.c file /dev/{wd0a,hda}
+file.c:	  C program text
+file:	  ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV),
+	  dynamically linked (uses shared libs), stripped
+/dev/wd0a: block special (0/0)
+/dev/hda: block special (3/0)
+
+$ file -s /dev/wd0{b,d}
+/dev/wd0b: data
+/dev/wd0d: x86 boot sector
+
+$ file -s /dev/hda{,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
+/dev/hda:   x86 boot sector
+/dev/hda1:  Linux/i386 ext2 filesystem
+/dev/hda2:  x86 boot sector
+/dev/hda3:  x86 boot sector, extended partition table
+/dev/hda4:  Linux/i386 ext2 filesystem
+/dev/hda5:  Linux/i386 swap file
+/dev/hda6:  Linux/i386 swap file
+/dev/hda7:  Linux/i386 swap file
+/dev/hda8:  Linux/i386 swap file
+/dev/hda9:  empty
+/dev/hda10: empty
+
+$ file -i file.c file /dev/{wd0a,hda}
+file.c:	     text/x-c
+file:	     application/x-executable
+/dev/hda:    application/x-not-regular-file
+/dev/wd0a:   application/x-not-regular-file
+
+.Ed
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr hexdump 1 ,
+.Xr od 1 ,
+.Xr strings 1 ,
+.Xr magic __FSECTION__
+.Sh STANDARDS CONFORMANCE
+This program is believed to exceed the System V Interface Definition
+of FILE(CMD), as near as one can determine from the vague language
+contained therein.
+Its behavior is mostly compatible with the System V program of the same name.
+This version knows more magic, however, so it will produce
+different (albeit more accurate) output in many cases.
+.\" URL: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/file.html
+.Pp
+The one significant difference
+between this version and System V
+is that this version treats any white space
+as a delimiter, so that spaces in pattern strings must be escaped.
+For example,
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\*[Gt]10	string	language impress\	(imPRESS data)
+.Ed
+.Pp
+in an existing magic file would have to be changed to
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\*[Gt]10	string	language\e impress	(imPRESS data)
+.Ed
+.Pp
+In addition, in this version, if a pattern string contains a backslash,
+it must be escaped.
+For example
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+0	string		\ebegindata	Andrew Toolkit document
+.Ed
+.Pp
+in an existing magic file would have to be changed to
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+0	string		\e\ebegindata	Andrew Toolkit document
+.Ed
+.Pp
+SunOS releases 3.2 and later from Sun Microsystems include a
+.Nm
+command derived from the System V one, but with some extensions.
+This version differs from Sun's only in minor ways.
+It includes the extension of the
+.Sq \*[Am]
+operator, used as,
+for example,
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\*[Gt]16	long\*[Am]0x7fffffff	\*[Gt]0		not stripped
+.Ed
+.Sh SECURITY
+On systems where libseccomp
+.Pa ( https://github.com/seccomp/libseccomp )
+is available,
+.Nm
+is enforces limiting system calls to only the ones necessary for the
+operation of the program.
+This enforcement does not provide any security benefit when
+.Nm
+is asked to decompress input files running external programs with
+the
+.Fl z
+option.
+To enable execution of external decompressors, one needs to disable
+sandboxing using the
+.Fl S
+option.
+.Sh MAGIC DIRECTORY
+The magic file entries have been collected from various sources,
+mainly USENET, and contributed by various authors.
+Christos Zoulas (address below) will collect additional
+or corrected magic file entries.
+A consolidation of magic file entries
+will be distributed periodically.
+.Pp
+The order of entries in the magic file is significant.
+Depending on what system you are using, the order that
+they are put together may be incorrect.
+If your old
+.Nm
+command uses a magic file,
+keep the old magic file around for comparison purposes
+(rename it to
+.Pa __MAGIC__.orig ) .
+.Sh HISTORY
+There has been a
+.Nm
+command in every
+.Dv UNIX since at least Research Version 4
+(man page dated November, 1973).
+The System V version introduced one significant major change:
+the external list of magic types.
+This slowed the program down slightly but made it a lot more flexible.
+.Pp
+This program, based on the System V version,
+was written by Ian Darwin
+.Aq ian@darwinsys.com
+without looking at anybody else's source code.
+.Pp
+John Gilmore revised the code extensively, making it better than
+the first version.
+Geoff Collyer found several inadequacies
+and provided some magic file entries.
+Contributions of the
+.Sq \*[Am]
+operator by Rob McMahon,
+.Aq cudcv@warwick.ac.uk ,
+1989.
+.Pp
+Guy Harris,
+.Aq guy@netapp.com ,
+made many changes from 1993 to the present.
+.Pp
+Primary development and maintenance from 1990 to the present by
+Christos Zoulas
+.Aq christos@astron.com .
+.Pp
+Altered by Chris Lowth
+.Aq chris@lowth.com ,
+2000: handle the
+.Fl i
+option to output mime type strings, using an alternative
+magic file and internal logic.
+.Pp
+Altered by Eric Fischer
+.Aq enf@pobox.com ,
+July, 2000,
+to identify character codes and attempt to identify the languages
+of non-ASCII files.
+.Pp
+Altered by Reuben Thomas
+.Aq rrt@sc3d.org ,
+2007-2011, to improve MIME support, merge MIME and non-MIME magic,
+support directories as well as files of magic, apply many bug fixes,
+update and fix a lot of magic, improve the build system, improve the
+documentation, and rewrite the Python bindings in pure Python.
+.Pp
+The list of contributors to the
+.Sq magic
+directory (magic files)
+is too long to include here.
+You know who you are; thank you.
+Many contributors are listed in the source files.
+.Sh LEGAL NOTICE
+Copyright (c) Ian F. Darwin, Toronto, Canada, 1986-1999.
+Covered by the standard Berkeley Software Distribution copyright; see the file
+COPYING in the source distribution.
+.Pp
+The files
+.Pa tar.h
+and
+.Pa is_tar.c
+were written by John Gilmore from his public-domain
+.Xr tar 1
+program, and are not covered by the above license.
+.Sh BUGS
+Please report bugs and send patches to the bug tracker at
+.Pa https://bugs.astron.com/
+or the mailing list at
+.Aq file@astron.com
+(visit
+.Pa https://mailman.astron.com/mailman/listinfo/file
+first to subscribe).
+.Sh TODO
+Fix output so that tests for MIME and APPLE flags are not needed all
+over the place, and actual output is only done in one place.
+This needs a design.
+Suggestion: push possible outputs on to a list, then pick the
+last-pushed (most specific, one hopes) value at the end, or
+use a default if the list is empty.
+This should not slow down evaluation.
+.Pp
+The handling of
+.Dv MAGIC_CONTINUE
+and printing \e012- between entries is clumsy and complicated; refactor
+and centralize.
+.Pp
+Some of the encoding logic is hard-coded in encoding.c and can be moved
+to the magic files if we had a !:charset annotation.
+.Pp
+Continue to squash all magic bugs.
+See Debian BTS for a good source.
+.Pp
+Store arbitrarily long strings, for example for %s patterns, so that
+they can be printed out.
+Fixes Debian bug #271672.
+This can be done by allocating strings in a string pool, storing the
+string pool at the end of the magic file and converting all the string
+pointers to relative offsets from the string pool.
+.Pp
+Add syntax for relative offsets after current level (Debian bug #466037).
+.Pp
+Make file -ki work, i.e. give multiple MIME types.
+.Pp
+Add a zip library so we can peek inside Office2007 documents to
+print more details about their contents.
+.Pp
+Add an option to print URLs for the sources of the file descriptions.
+.Pp
+Combine script searches and add a way to map executable names to MIME
+types (e.g. have a magic value for !:mime which causes the resulting
+string to be looked up in a table).
+This would avoid adding the same magic repeatedly for each new
+hash-bang interpreter.
+.Pp
+When a file descriptor is available, we can skip and adjust the buffer
+instead of the hacky buffer management we do now.
+.Pp
+Fix
+.Dq name
+and
+.Dq use
+to check for consistency at compile time (duplicate
+.Dq name ,
+.Dq use
+pointing to undefined
+.Dq name
+).
+Make
+.Dq name
+/
+.Dq use
+more efficient by keeping a sorted list of names.
+Special-case ^ to flip endianness in the parser so that it does not
+have to be escaped, and document it.
+.Pp
+If the offsets specified internally in the file exceed the buffer size
+(
+.Dv HOWMANY
+variable in file.h), then we don't seek to that offset, but we give up.
+It would be better if buffer managements was done when the file descriptor
+is available so we can seek around the file.
+One must be careful though because this has performance and thus security
+considerations, because one can slow down things by repeatedly seeking.
+.Pp
+There is support now for keeping separate buffers and having offsets from
+the end of the file, but the internal buffer management still needs an
+overhaul.
+.Sh AVAILABILITY
+You can obtain the original author's latest version by anonymous FTP
+on
+.Pa ftp.astron.com
+in the directory
+.Pa /pub/file/file-X.YZ.tar.gz .
diff --git a/doc/libmagic.man b/doc/libmagic.man
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e89c6ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/libmagic.man
@@ -0,0 +1,435 @@
+.\" $File: libmagic.man,v 1.49 2023/07/20 14:32:07 christos Exp $
+.\"
+.\" Copyright (c) Christos Zoulas 2003, 2018, 2022
+.\" All Rights Reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice immediately at the beginning of the file, without modification,
+.\"    this list of conditions, and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+.\" ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.Dd June 16, 2023
+.Dt LIBMAGIC 3
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm magic_open ,
+.Nm magic_close ,
+.Nm magic_error ,
+.Nm magic_errno ,
+.Nm magic_descriptor ,
+.Nm magic_buffer ,
+.Nm magic_getflags ,
+.Nm magic_setflags ,
+.Nm magic_check ,
+.Nm magic_compile ,
+.Nm magic_list ,
+.Nm magic_load ,
+.Nm magic_load_buffers ,
+.Nm magic_setparam ,
+.Nm magic_getparam ,
+.Nm magic_version
+.Nd Magic number recognition library
+.Sh LIBRARY
+.Lb libmagic
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.In magic.h
+.Ft magic_t
+.Fn magic_open "int flags"
+.Ft void
+.Fn magic_close "magic_t cookie"
+.Ft const char *
+.Fn magic_error "magic_t cookie"
+.Ft int
+.Fn magic_errno "magic_t cookie"
+.Ft const char *
+.Fn magic_descriptor "magic_t cookie" "int fd"
+.Ft const char *
+.Fn magic_file "magic_t cookie" "const char *filename"
+.Ft const char *
+.Fn magic_buffer "magic_t cookie" "const void *buffer" "size_t length"
+.Ft int
+.Fn magic_getflags "magic_t cookie"
+.Ft int
+.Fn magic_setflags "magic_t cookie" "int flags"
+.Ft int
+.Fn magic_check "magic_t cookie" "const char *filename"
+.Ft int
+.Fn magic_compile "magic_t cookie" "const char *filename"
+.Ft int
+.Fn magic_list "magic_t cookie" "const char *filename"
+.Ft int
+.Fn magic_load "magic_t cookie" "const char *filename"
+.Ft int
+.Fn magic_load_buffers "magic_t cookie" "void **buffers" "size_t *sizes" "size_t nbuffers"
+.Ft int
+.Fn magic_getparam "magic_t cookie" "int param" "void *value"
+.Ft int
+.Fn magic_setparam "magic_t cookie" "int param" "const void *value"
+.Ft int
+.Fn magic_version "void"
+.Ft const char *
+.Fn magic_getpath "const char *magicfile" "int action"
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+These functions
+operate on the magic database file
+which is described
+in
+.Xr magic __FSECTION__ .
+.Pp
+The function
+.Fn magic_open
+creates a magic cookie pointer and returns it.
+It returns
+.Dv NULL
+if there was an error allocating the magic cookie.
+The
+.Ar flags
+argument specifies how the other magic functions should behave:
+.Bl -tag -width MAGIC_COMPRESS
+.It Dv MAGIC_NONE
+No special handling.
+.It Dv MAGIC_DEBUG
+Print debugging messages to stderr.
+.It Dv MAGIC_SYMLINK
+If the file queried is a symlink, follow it.
+.It Dv MAGIC_COMPRESS
+If the file is compressed, unpack it and look at the contents.
+.It Dv MAGIC_DEVICES
+If the file is a block or character special device, then open the device
+and try to look in its contents.
+.It Dv MAGIC_MIME_TYPE
+Return a MIME type string, instead of a textual description.
+.It Dv MAGIC_MIME_ENCODING
+Return a MIME encoding, instead of a textual description.
+.It Dv MAGIC_MIME
+A shorthand for MAGIC_MIME_TYPE | MAGIC_MIME_ENCODING.
+.It Dv MAGIC_CONTINUE
+Return all matches, not just the first.
+.It Dv MAGIC_CHECK
+Check the magic database for consistency and print warnings to stderr.
+.It Dv MAGIC_PRESERVE_ATIME
+On systems that support
+.Xr utime 3
+or
+.Xr utimes 2 ,
+attempt to preserve the access time of files analysed.
+.It Dv MAGIC_RAW
+Don't translate unprintable characters to a \eooo octal representation.
+.It Dv MAGIC_ERROR
+Treat operating system errors while trying to open files and follow symlinks
+as real errors, instead of printing them in the magic buffer.
+.It Dv MAGIC_APPLE
+Return the Apple creator and type.
+.It Dv MAGIC_EXTENSION
+Return a slash-separated list of extensions for this file type.
+.It Dv MAGIC_COMPRESS_TRANSP
+Don't report on compression, only report about the uncompressed data.
+.It Dv MAGIC_NO_CHECK_APPTYPE
+Don't check for
+.Dv EMX
+application type (only on EMX).
+.It Dv MAGIC_NO_COMPRESS_FORK
+Don't allow decompressors that use fork.
+.It Dv MAGIC_NO_CHECK_CDF
+Don't get extra information on MS Composite Document Files.
+.It Dv MAGIC_NO_CHECK_COMPRESS
+Don't look inside compressed files.
+.It Dv MAGIC_NO_CHECK_ELF
+Don't print ELF details.
+.It Dv MAGIC_NO_CHECK_ENCODING
+Don't check text encodings.
+.It Dv MAGIC_NO_CHECK_SOFT
+Don't consult magic files.
+.It Dv MAGIC_NO_CHECK_TAR
+Don't examine tar files.
+.It Dv MAGIC_NO_CHECK_TEXT
+Don't check for various types of text files.
+.It Dv MAGIC_NO_CHECK_TOKENS
+Don't look for known tokens inside ascii files.
+.It Dv MAGIC_NO_CHECK_JSON
+Don't examine JSON files.
+.It Dv MAGIC_NO_CHECK_CSV
+Don't examine CSV files.
+.It Dv MAGIC_NO_CHECK_SIMH
+Don't examine SIMH tape files.
+.El
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn magic_close
+function closes the
+.Xr magic __FSECTION__
+database and deallocates any resources used.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn magic_error
+function returns a textual explanation of the last error, or
+.Dv NULL
+if there was no error.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn magic_errno
+function returns the last operating system error number
+.Pq Xr errno 2
+that was encountered by a system call.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn magic_file
+function returns a textual description of the contents of the
+.Ar filename
+argument, or
+.Dv NULL
+if an error occurred.
+If the
+.Ar filename
+is
+.Dv NULL ,
+then stdin is used.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn magic_descriptor
+function returns a textual description of the contents of the
+.Ar fd
+argument, or
+.Dv NULL
+if an error occurred.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn magic_buffer
+function returns a textual description of the contents of the
+.Ar buffer
+argument with
+.Ar length
+bytes size.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn magic_getflags
+functions returns a value representing current
+.Ar flags
+set.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn magic_setflags
+function sets the
+.Ar flags
+described above.
+Note that using both MIME flags together can also
+return extra information on the charset.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn magic_check
+function can be used to check the validity of entries in the colon
+separated database files passed in as
+.Ar filename ,
+or
+.Dv NULL
+for the default database.
+It returns 0 on success and \-1 on failure.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn magic_compile
+function can be used to compile the colon
+separated list of database files passed in as
+.Ar filename ,
+or
+.Dv NULL
+for the default database.
+It returns 0 on success and \-1 on failure.
+The compiled files created are named from the
+.Xr basename 1
+of each file argument with
+.Dq .mgc
+appended to it.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn magic_list
+function dumps all magic entries in a human readable format,
+dumping first the entries that are matched against binary files and then the
+ones that match text files.
+It takes and optional
+.Fa filename
+argument which is a colon separated list of database files, or
+.Dv NULL
+for the default database.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn magic_load
+function must be used to load the colon
+separated list of database files passed in as
+.Ar filename ,
+or
+.Dv NULL
+for the default database file before any magic queries can performed.
+.Pp
+The default database file is named by the MAGIC environment variable.
+If that variable is not set, the default database file name is __MAGIC__.
+.Fn magic_load
+adds
+.Dq .mgc
+to the database filename as appropriate.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn magic_load_buffers
+function takes an array of size
+.Fa nbuffers
+of
+.Fa buffers
+with a respective size for each in the array of
+.Fa sizes
+loaded with the contents of the magic databases from the filesystem.
+This function can be used in environment where the magic library does
+not have direct access to the filesystem, but can access the magic
+database via shared memory or other IPC means.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn magic_getparam
+and
+.Fn magic_setparam
+allow getting and setting various limits related to the magic
+library.
+.Bl -column "MAGIC_PARAM_ELF_PHNUM_MAX" "size_t" "Default" -offset indent
+.It Sy "Parameter" Ta Sy "Type" Ta Sy "Default"
+.It Li MAGIC_PARAM_INDIR_MAX Ta size_t Ta 15
+.It Li MAGIC_PARAM_NAME_MAX Ta size_t Ta 30
+.It Li MAGIC_PARAM_ELF_NOTES_MAX Ta size_t Ta 256
+.It Li MAGIC_PARAM_ELF_PHNUM_MAX Ta size_t Ta 128
+.It Li MAGIC_PARAM_ELF_SHNUM_MAX Ta size_t Ta 32768
+.It Li MAGIC_PARAM_REGEX_MAX Ta size_t Ta 8192
+.It Li MAGIC_PARAM_BYTES_MAX Ta size_t Ta 1048576
+.El
+.Pp
+The
+.Dv MAGIC_PARAM_INDIR_RECURSION
+parameter controls how many levels of recursion will be followed for
+indirect magic entries.
+.Pp
+The
+.Dv MAGIC_PARAM_NAME_RECURSION
+parameter controls how many levels of recursion will be followed for
+for name/use calls.
+.Pp
+The
+.Dv MAGIC_PARAM_NAME_MAX
+parameter controls the maximum number of calls for name/use.
+.Pp
+The
+.Dv MAGIC_PARAM_NOTES_MAX
+parameter controls how many ELF notes will be processed.
+.Pp
+The
+.Dv MAGIC_PARAM_PHNUM_MAX
+parameter controls how many ELF program sections will be processed.
+.Pp
+The
+.Dv MAGIC_PARAM_SHNUM_MAX
+parameter controls how many ELF sections will be processed.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn magic_version
+command returns the version number of this library which is compiled into
+the shared library using the constant
+.Dv MAGIC_VERSION
+from
+.In magic.h .
+This can be used by client programs to verify that the version they compile
+against is the same as the version that they run against.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fn magic_getpath
+command returns the colon separated list of magic database locations.
+If the
+.Fa filename
+is non-NULL, then it is returned.
+Otherwise, if the
+.Dv MAGIC
+environment variable is defined, then it is returned.
+Otherwise, if
+.Fa action
+is 0 (meaning "file load"), then any user-specific magic database file is included.
+Otherwise, only the system default magic database path is included.
+.Sh RETURN VALUES
+The function
+.Fn magic_open
+returns a magic cookie on success and
+.Dv NULL
+on failure setting errno to an appropriate value.
+It will set errno to
+.Er EINVAL
+if an unsupported value for flags was given.
+The
+.Fn magic_list ,
+.Fn magic_load ,
+.Fn magic_compile ,
+and
+.Fn magic_check
+functions return 0 on success and \-1 on failure.
+The
+.Fn magic_buffer ,
+.Fn magic_getpath ,
+and
+.Fn magic_file ,
+functions return a string on success and
+.Dv NULL
+on failure.
+The
+.Fn magic_error
+function returns a textual description of the errors of the above
+functions, or
+.Dv NULL
+if there was no error.
+The
+.Fn magic_version
+always returns the version number of the library.
+Finally,
+.Fn magic_setflags
+returns \-1 on systems that don't support
+.Xr utime 3 ,
+or
+.Xr utimes 2
+when
+.Dv MAGIC_PRESERVE_ATIME
+is set.
+.Sh FILES
+.Bl -tag -width __MAGIC__.mgc -compact
+.It Pa __MAGIC__
+The non-compiled default magic database.
+.It Pa __MAGIC__.mgc
+The compiled default magic database.
+.El
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr file __CSECTION__ ,
+.Xr magic __FSECTION__
+.Sh BUGS
+The results from
+.Fn magic_buffer
+and
+.Fn magic_file
+where the buffer and the file contain the same data
+can produce different results, because in the
+.Fn magic_file
+case, the program can
+.Xr lseek 2
+and
+.Xr stat 2
+the file descriptor.
+.Sh AUTHORS
+.An M\(oans Rullg\(oard
+Initial libmagic implementation, and configuration.
+.An Christos Zoulas
+API cleanup, error code and allocation handling.
diff --git a/doc/magic.man b/doc/magic.man
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af4bfa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/magic.man
@@ -0,0 +1,830 @@
+.\" $File: magic.man,v 1.103 2023/07/20 14:32:07 christos Exp $
+.Dd Arpil 18, 2023
+.Dt MAGIC __FSECTION__
+.Os
+.\" install as magic.4 on USG, magic.5 on V7, Berkeley and Linux systems.
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm magic
+.Nd file command's magic pattern file
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+This manual page documents the format of magic files as
+used by the
+.Xr file __CSECTION__
+command, version __VERSION__.
+The
+.Xr file __CSECTION__
+command identifies the type of a file using,
+among other tests,
+a test for whether the file contains certain
+.Dq "magic patterns" .
+The database of these
+.Dq "magic patterns"
+is usually located in a binary file in
+.Pa __MAGIC__.mgc
+or a directory of source text magic pattern fragment files in
+.Pa __MAGIC__ .
+The database specifies what patterns are to be tested for, what message or
+MIME type to print if a particular pattern is found,
+and additional information to extract from the file.
+.Pp
+The format of the source fragment files that are used to build this database
+is as follows:
+Each line of a fragment file specifies a test to be performed.
+A test compares the data starting at a particular offset
+in the file with a byte value, a string or a numeric value.
+If the test succeeds, a message is printed.
+The line consists of the following fields:
+.Bl -tag -width ".Dv message"
+.It Dv offset
+A number specifying the offset (in bytes) into the file of the data
+which is to be tested.
+This offset can be a negative number if it is:
+.Bl -bullet  -compact
+.It
+The first direct offset of the magic entry (at continuation level 0),
+in which case it is interpreted an offset from end end of the file
+going backwards.
+This works only when a file descriptor to the file is available and it
+is a regular file.
+.It
+A continuation offset relative to the end of the last up-level field
+.Dv ( \*[Am] ) .
+.El
+.It Dv type
+The type of the data to be tested.
+The possible values are:
+.Bl -tag -width ".Dv lestring16"
+.It Dv byte
+A one-byte value.
+.It Dv short
+A two-byte value in this machine's native byte order.
+.It Dv long
+A four-byte value in this machine's native byte order.
+.It Dv quad
+An eight-byte value in this machine's native byte order.
+.It Dv float
+A 32-bit single precision IEEE floating point number in this machine's native byte order.
+.It Dv double
+A 64-bit double precision IEEE floating point number in this machine's native byte order.
+.It Dv string
+A string of bytes.
+The string type specification can be optionally followed by a /<width> 
+option and optionally followed by a set of flags /[bCcftTtWw]*.
+The width limits the number of characters to be copied.
+Zero means all characters.
+The following flags are supported:
+.Bl -tag -width B -compact -offset XXXX
+.It b
+Force binary file test.
+.It C
+Use upper case insensitive matching: upper case
+characters in the magic match both lower and upper case characters in the
+target, whereas lower case characters in the magic only match upper case
+characters in the target.
+.It c
+Use lower case insensitive matching: lower case
+characters in the magic match both lower and upper case characters in the
+target, whereas upper case characters in the magic only match upper case
+characters in the target.
+To do a complete case insensitive match, specify both
+.Dq c
+and
+.Dq C .
+.It f
+Require that the matched string is a full word, not a partial word match.
+.It T
+Trim the string, i.e. leading and trailing whitespace
+.It t
+Force text file test.
+.It W
+Compact whitespace in the target, which must
+contain at least one whitespace character.
+If the magic has
+.Dv n
+consecutive blanks, the target needs at least
+.Dv n
+consecutive blanks to match.
+.It w
+Treat every blank in the magic as an optional blank.
+is deleted before the string is printed.
+.El
+.It Dv pstring
+A Pascal-style string where the first byte/short/int is interpreted as the
+unsigned length.
+The length defaults to byte and can be specified as a modifier.
+The following modifiers are supported:
+.Bl -tag -width B -compact -offset XXXX
+.It B
+A byte length (default).
+.It H
+A 2 byte big endian length.
+.It h
+A 2 byte little endian length.
+.It L
+A 4 byte big endian length.
+.It l
+A 4 byte little endian length.
+.It J
+The length includes itself in its count.
+.El
+The string is not NUL terminated.
+.Dq J
+is used rather than the more
+valuable
+.Dq I
+because this type of length is a feature of the JPEG
+format.
+.It Dv date
+A four-byte value interpreted as a UNIX date.
+.It Dv qdate
+An eight-byte value interpreted as a UNIX date.
+.It Dv ldate
+A four-byte value interpreted as a UNIX-style date, but interpreted as
+local time rather than UTC.
+.It Dv qldate
+An eight-byte value interpreted as a UNIX-style date, but interpreted as
+local time rather than UTC.
+.It Dv qwdate
+An eight-byte value interpreted as a Windows-style date.
+.It Dv beid3
+A 32-bit ID3 length in big-endian byte order.
+.It Dv beshort
+A two-byte value in big-endian byte order.
+.It Dv belong
+A four-byte value in big-endian byte order.
+.It Dv bequad
+An eight-byte value in big-endian byte order.
+.It Dv befloat
+A 32-bit single precision IEEE floating point number in big-endian byte order.
+.It Dv bedouble
+A 64-bit double precision IEEE floating point number in big-endian byte order.
+.It Dv bedate
+A four-byte value in big-endian byte order,
+interpreted as a Unix date.
+.It Dv beqdate
+An eight-byte value in big-endian byte order,
+interpreted as a Unix date.
+.It Dv beldate
+A four-byte value in big-endian byte order,
+interpreted as a UNIX-style date, but interpreted as local time rather
+than UTC.
+.It Dv beqldate
+An eight-byte value in big-endian byte order,
+interpreted as a UNIX-style date, but interpreted as local time rather
+than UTC.
+.It Dv beqwdate
+An eight-byte value in big-endian byte order,
+interpreted as a Windows-style date.
+.It Dv bestring16
+A two-byte unicode (UCS16) string in big-endian byte order.
+.It Dv leid3
+A 32-bit ID3 length in little-endian byte order.
+.It Dv leshort
+A two-byte value in little-endian byte order.
+.It Dv lelong
+A four-byte value in little-endian byte order.
+.It Dv lequad
+An eight-byte value in little-endian byte order.
+.It Dv lefloat
+A 32-bit single precision IEEE floating point number in little-endian byte order.
+.It Dv ledouble
+A 64-bit double precision IEEE floating point number in little-endian byte order.
+.It Dv ledate
+A four-byte value in little-endian byte order,
+interpreted as a UNIX date.
+.It Dv leqdate
+An eight-byte value in little-endian byte order,
+interpreted as a UNIX date.
+.It Dv leldate
+A four-byte value in little-endian byte order,
+interpreted as a UNIX-style date, but interpreted as local time rather
+than UTC.
+.It Dv leqldate
+An eight-byte value in little-endian byte order,
+interpreted as a UNIX-style date, but interpreted as local time rather
+than UTC.
+.It Dv leqwdate
+An eight-byte value in little-endian byte order,
+interpreted as a Windows-style date.
+.It Dv lestring16
+A two-byte unicode (UCS16) string in little-endian byte order.
+.It Dv melong
+A four-byte value in middle-endian (PDP-11) byte order.
+.It Dv medate
+A four-byte value in middle-endian (PDP-11) byte order,
+interpreted as a UNIX date.
+.It Dv meldate
+A four-byte value in middle-endian (PDP-11) byte order,
+interpreted as a UNIX-style date, but interpreted as local time rather
+than UTC.
+.It Dv indirect
+Starting at the given offset, consult the magic database again.
+The offset of the
+.Dv indirect
+magic is by default absolute in the file, but one can specify
+.Dv /r
+to indicate that the offset is relative from the beginning of the entry.
+.It Dv name
+Define a
+.Dq named
+magic instance that can be called from another
+.Dv use
+magic entry, like a subroutine call.
+Named instance direct magic offsets are relative to the offset of the
+previous matched entry, but indirect offsets are relative to the beginning
+of the file as usual.
+Named magic entries always match.
+.It Dv use
+Recursively call the named magic starting from the current offset.
+If the name of the referenced begins with a
+.Dv ^
+then the endianness of the magic is switched; if the magic mentioned
+.Dv leshort
+for example,
+it is treated as
+.Dv beshort
+and vice versa.
+This is useful to avoid duplicating the rules for different endianness.
+.It Dv regex
+A regular expression match in extended POSIX regular expression syntax
+(like egrep).
+Regular expressions can take exponential time to process, and their
+performance is hard to predict, so their use is discouraged.
+When used in production environments, their performance
+should be carefully checked.
+The size of the string to search should also be limited by specifying
+.Dv /<length> ,
+to avoid performance issues scanning long files.
+The type specification can also be optionally followed by
+.Dv /[c][s][l] .
+The
+.Dq c
+flag makes the match case insensitive, while the
+.Dq s
+flag update the offset to the start offset of the match, rather than the end.
+The
+.Dq l
+modifier, changes the limit of length to mean number of lines instead of a
+byte count.
+Lines are delimited by the platforms native line delimiter.
+When a line count is specified, an implicit byte count also computed assuming
+each line is 80 characters long.
+If neither a byte or line count is specified, the search is limited automatically
+to 8KiB.
+.Dv ^
+and
+.Dv $
+match the beginning and end of individual lines, respectively,
+not beginning and end of file.
+.It Dv search
+A literal string search starting at the given offset.
+The same modifier flags can be used as for string patterns.
+The search expression must contain the range in the form
+.Dv /number,
+that is the number of positions at which the match will be
+attempted, starting from the start offset.
+This is suitable for
+searching larger binary expressions with variable offsets, using
+.Dv \e
+escapes for special characters.
+The order of modifier and number is not relevant.
+.It Dv default
+This is intended to be used with the test
+.Em x
+(which is always true) and it has no type.
+It matches when no other test at that continuation level has matched before.
+Clearing that matched tests for a continuation level, can be done using the
+.Dv clear
+test.
+.It Dv clear
+This test is always true and clears the match flag for that continuation level.
+It is intended to be used with the
+.Dv default
+test.
+.It Dv der
+Parse the file as a DER Certificate file.
+The test field is used as a der type that needs to be matched.
+The DER types are:
+.Dv eoc ,
+.Dv bool ,
+.Dv int ,
+.Dv bit_str ,
+.Dv octet_str ,
+.Dv null ,
+.Dv obj_id ,
+.Dv obj_desc ,
+.Dv ext ,
+.Dv real ,
+.Dv enum ,
+.Dv embed ,
+.Dv utf8_str ,
+.Dv rel_oid ,
+.Dv time ,
+.Dv res2 ,
+.Dv seq ,
+.Dv set ,
+.Dv num_str ,
+.Dv prt_str ,
+.Dv t61_str ,
+.Dv vid_str ,
+.Dv ia5_str ,
+.Dv utc_time ,
+.Dv gen_time ,
+.Dv gr_str ,
+.Dv vis_str ,
+.Dv gen_str ,
+.Dv univ_str ,
+.Dv char_str ,
+.Dv bmp_str ,
+.Dv date ,
+.Dv tod ,
+.Dv datetime ,
+.Dv duration ,
+.Dv oid-iri ,
+.Dv rel-oid-iri .
+These types can be followed by an optional numeric size, which indicates
+the field width in bytes.
+.It Dv guid
+A Globally Unique Identifier, parsed and printed as
+XXXXXXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXX.
+It's format is a string.
+.It Dv offset
+This is a quad value indicating the current offset of the file.
+It can be used to determine the size of the file or the magic buffer.
+For example the magic entries:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+-0	offset	x	this file is %lld bytes
+-0	offset	<=100	must be more than 100 \e
+    bytes and is only %lld
+.Ed
+.It Dv octal
+A string representing an octal number.
+.El
+.El
+.Pp
+For compatibility with the Single
+.Ux
+Standard, the type specifiers
+.Dv dC
+and
+.Dv d1
+are equivalent to
+.Dv byte ,
+the type specifiers
+.Dv uC
+and
+.Dv u1
+are equivalent to
+.Dv ubyte ,
+the type specifiers
+.Dv dS
+and
+.Dv d2
+are equivalent to
+.Dv short ,
+the type specifiers
+.Dv uS
+and
+.Dv u2
+are equivalent to
+.Dv ushort ,
+the type specifiers
+.Dv dI ,
+.Dv dL ,
+and
+.Dv d4
+are equivalent to
+.Dv long ,
+the type specifiers
+.Dv uI ,
+.Dv uL ,
+and
+.Dv u4
+are equivalent to
+.Dv ulong ,
+the type specifier
+.Dv d8
+is equivalent to
+.Dv quad ,
+the type specifier
+.Dv u8
+is equivalent to
+.Dv uquad ,
+and the type specifier
+.Dv s
+is equivalent to
+.Dv string .
+In addition, the type specifier
+.Dv dQ
+is equivalent to
+.Dv quad
+and the type specifier
+.Dv uQ
+is equivalent to
+.Dv uquad .
+.Pp
+Each top-level magic pattern (see below for an explanation of levels)
+is classified as text or binary according to the types used.
+Types
+.Dq regex
+and
+.Dq search
+are classified as text tests, unless non-printable characters are used
+in the pattern.
+All other tests are classified as binary.
+A top-level
+pattern is considered to be a test text when all its patterns are text
+patterns; otherwise, it is considered to be a binary pattern.
+When
+matching a file, binary patterns are tried first; if no match is
+found, and the file looks like text, then its encoding is determined
+and the text patterns are tried.
+.Pp
+The numeric types may optionally be followed by
+.Dv \*[Am]
+and a numeric value,
+to specify that the value is to be AND'ed with the
+numeric value before any comparisons are done.
+Prepending a
+.Dv u
+to the type indicates that ordered comparisons should be unsigned.
+.It Dv test
+The value to be compared with the value from the file.
+If the type is
+numeric, this value
+is specified in C form; if it is a string, it is specified as a C string
+with the usual escapes permitted (e.g. \en for new-line).
+.Pp
+Numeric values
+may be preceded by a character indicating the operation to be performed.
+It may be
+.Dv = ,
+to specify that the value from the file must equal the specified value,
+.Dv \*[Lt] ,
+to specify that the value from the file must be less than the specified
+value,
+.Dv \*[Gt] ,
+to specify that the value from the file must be greater than the specified
+value,
+.Dv \*[Am] ,
+to specify that the value from the file must have set all of the bits
+that are set in the specified value,
+.Dv ^ ,
+to specify that the value from the file must have clear any of the bits
+that are set in the specified value, or
+.Dv ~ ,
+the value specified after is negated before tested.
+.Dv x ,
+to specify that any value will match.
+If the character is omitted, it is assumed to be
+.Dv = .
+Operators
+.Dv \*[Am] ,
+.Dv ^ ,
+and
+.Dv ~
+don't work with floats and doubles.
+The operator
+.Dv !\&
+specifies that the line matches if the test does
+.Em not
+succeed.
+.Pp
+Numeric values are specified in C form; e.g.
+.Dv 13
+is decimal,
+.Dv 013
+is octal, and
+.Dv 0x13
+is hexadecimal.
+.Pp
+Numeric operations are not performed on date types, instead the numeric
+value is interpreted as an offset.
+.Pp
+For string values, the string from the
+file must match the specified string.
+The operators
+.Dv = ,
+.Dv \*[Lt]
+and
+.Dv \*[Gt]
+(but not
+.Dv \*[Am] )
+can be applied to strings.
+The length used for matching is that of the string argument
+in the magic file.
+This means that a line can match any non-empty string (usually used to
+then print the string), with
+.Em \*[Gt]\e0
+(because all non-empty strings are greater than the empty string).
+.Pp
+Dates are treated as numerical values in the respective internal
+representation.
+.Pp
+The special test
+.Em x
+always evaluates to true.
+.It Dv message
+The message to be printed if the comparison succeeds.
+If the string contains a
+.Xr printf 3
+format specification, the value from the file (with any specified masking
+performed) is printed using the message as the format string.
+If the string begins with
+.Dq \eb ,
+the message printed is the remainder of the string with no whitespace
+added before it: multiple matches are normally separated by a single
+space.
+.El
+.Pp
+An APPLE 4+4 character APPLE creator and type can be specified as:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+!:apple	CREATYPE
+.Ed
+.Pp
+A slash-separated list of commonly found filename extensions can be specified
+as:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+!:ext	ext[/ext...]
+.Ed
+.Pp
+i.e. the literal string
+.Dq !:ext
+followed by a slash-separated list of commonly found extensions; for example
+for JPEG images:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+!:ext jpeg/jpg/jpe/jfif
+.Ed
+.Pp
+A MIME type is given on a separate line, which must be the next
+non-blank or comment line after the magic line that identifies the
+file type, and has the following format:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+!:mime	MIMETYPE
+.Ed
+.Pp
+i.e. the literal string
+.Dq !:mime
+followed by the MIME type.
+.Pp
+An optional strength can be supplied on a separate line which refers to
+the current magic description using the following format:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+!:strength OP VALUE
+.Ed
+.Pp
+The operand
+.Dv OP
+can be:
+.Dv + ,
+.Dv - ,
+.Dv * ,
+or
+.Dv /
+and
+.Dv VALUE
+is a constant between 0 and 255.
+This constant is applied using the specified operand
+to the currently computed default magic strength.
+.Pp
+Some file formats contain additional information which is to be printed
+along with the file type or need additional tests to determine the true
+file type.
+These additional tests are introduced by one or more
+.Em \*[Gt]
+characters preceding the offset.
+The number of
+.Em \*[Gt]
+on the line indicates the level of the test; a line with no
+.Em \*[Gt]
+at the beginning is considered to be at level 0.
+Tests are arranged in a tree-like hierarchy:
+if the test on a line at level
+.Em n
+succeeds, all following tests at level
+.Em n+1
+are performed, and the messages printed if the tests succeed, until a line
+with level
+.Em n
+(or less) appears.
+For more complex files, one can use empty messages to get just the
+"if/then" effect, in the following way:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+0      string   MZ
+\*[Gt]0x18  leshort  \*[Lt]0x40   MS-DOS executable
+\*[Gt]0x18  leshort  \*[Gt]0x3f   extended PC executable (e.g., MS Windows)
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Offsets do not need to be constant, but can also be read from the file
+being examined.
+If the first character following the last
+.Em \*[Gt]
+is a
+.Em \&(
+then the string after the parenthesis is interpreted as an indirect offset.
+That means that the number after the parenthesis is used as an offset in
+the file.
+The value at that offset is read, and is used again as an offset
+in the file.
+Indirect offsets are of the form:
+.Em (( x [[.,][bBcCeEfFgGhHiIlmsSqQ]][+\-][ y ]) .
+The value of
+.Em x
+is used as an offset in the file.
+A byte, id3 length, short or long is read at that offset depending on the
+.Em [bBcCeEfFgGhHiIlmsSqQ]
+type specifier.
+The value is treated as signed if
+.Dq ,
+is specified or unsigned if
+.Dq .
+is specified.
+The capitalized types interpret the number as a big endian
+value, whereas the small letter versions interpret the number as a little
+endian value;
+the
+.Em m
+type interprets the number as a middle endian (PDP-11) value.
+To that number the value of
+.Em y
+is added and the result is used as an offset in the file.
+The default type if one is not specified is long.
+The following types are recognized:
+.Bl -column -offset indent "Type" "Half/Short" "Little" "Size"
+.It Sy Type	Sy Mnemonic	Sy Endian	Sy Size
+.It bcBc	Byte/Char	N/A	1
+.It efg	Double	Little	8
+.It EFG	Double	Big	8
+.It hs	Half/Short	Little	2
+.It HS	Half/Short	Big	2
+.It i	ID3	Little	4
+.It I	ID3	Big	4
+.It m	Middle	Middle	4
+.It o	Octal	Textual	Variable
+.It q	Quad	Little	8
+.It Q	Quad	Big	8
+.El
+.Pp
+That way variable length structures can be examined:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+# MS Windows executables are also valid MS-DOS executables
+0           string  MZ
+\*[Gt]0x18       leshort \*[Lt]0x40   MZ executable (MS-DOS)
+# skip the whole block below if it is not an extended executable
+\*[Gt]0x18       leshort \*[Gt]0x3f
+\*[Gt]\*[Gt](0x3c.l)  string  PE\e0\e0  PE executable (MS-Windows)
+\*[Gt]\*[Gt](0x3c.l)  string  LX\e0\e0  LX executable (OS/2)
+.Ed
+.Pp
+This strategy of examining has a drawback: you must make sure that you
+eventually print something, or users may get empty output (such as when
+there is neither PE\e0\e0 nor LE\e0\e0 in the above example).
+.Pp
+If this indirect offset cannot be used directly, simple calculations are
+possible: appending
+.Em [+-*/%\*[Am]|^]number
+inside parentheses allows one to modify
+the value read from the file before it is used as an offset:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+# MS Windows executables are also valid MS-DOS executables
+0           string  MZ
+# sometimes, the value at 0x18 is less that 0x40 but there's still an
+# extended executable, simply appended to the file
+\*[Gt]0x18       leshort \*[Lt]0x40
+\*[Gt]\*[Gt](4.s*512) leshort 0x014c  COFF executable (MS-DOS, DJGPP)
+\*[Gt]\*[Gt](4.s*512) leshort !0x014c MZ executable (MS-DOS)
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Sometimes you do not know the exact offset as this depends on the length or
+position (when indirection was used before) of preceding fields.
+You can specify an offset relative to the end of the last up-level
+field using
+.Sq \*[Am]
+as a prefix to the offset:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+0           string  MZ
+\*[Gt]0x18       leshort \*[Gt]0x3f
+\*[Gt]\*[Gt](0x3c.l)  string  PE\e0\e0    PE executable (MS-Windows)
+# immediately following the PE signature is the CPU type
+\*[Gt]\*[Gt]\*[Gt]\*[Am]0       leshort 0x14c     for Intel 80386
+\*[Gt]\*[Gt]\*[Gt]\*[Am]0       leshort 0x184     for DEC Alpha
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Indirect and relative offsets can be combined:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+0             string  MZ
+\*[Gt]0x18         leshort \*[Lt]0x40
+\*[Gt]\*[Gt](4.s*512)   leshort !0x014c MZ executable (MS-DOS)
+# if it's not COFF, go back 512 bytes and add the offset taken
+# from byte 2/3, which is yet another way of finding the start
+# of the extended executable
+\*[Gt]\*[Gt]\*[Gt]\*[Am](2.s-514) string  LE      LE executable (MS Windows VxD driver)
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Or the other way around:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+0                 string  MZ
+\*[Gt]0x18             leshort \*[Gt]0x3f
+\*[Gt]\*[Gt](0x3c.l)        string  LE\e0\e0  LE executable (MS-Windows)
+# at offset 0x80 (-4, since relative offsets start at the end
+# of the up-level match) inside the LE header, we find the absolute
+# offset to the code area, where we look for a specific signature
+\*[Gt]\*[Gt]\*[Gt](\*[Am]0x7c.l+0x26) string  UPX     \eb, UPX compressed
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Or even both!
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+0                string  MZ
+\*[Gt]0x18            leshort \*[Gt]0x3f
+\*[Gt]\*[Gt](0x3c.l)       string  LE\e0\e0 LE executable (MS-Windows)
+# at offset 0x58 inside the LE header, we find the relative offset
+# to a data area where we look for a specific signature
+\*[Gt]\*[Gt]\*[Gt]\*[Am](\*[Am]0x54.l-3)  string  UNACE  \eb, ACE self-extracting archive
+.Ed
+.Pp
+If you have to deal with offset/length pairs in your file, even the
+second value in a parenthesized expression can be taken from the file itself,
+using another set of parentheses.
+Note that this additional indirect offset is always relative to the
+start of the main indirect offset.
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+0                 string       MZ
+\*[Gt]0x18             leshort      \*[Gt]0x3f
+\*[Gt]\*[Gt](0x3c.l)        string       PE\e0\e0 PE executable (MS-Windows)
+# search for the PE section called ".idata"...
+\*[Gt]\*[Gt]\*[Gt]\*[Am]0xf4          search/0x140 .idata
+# ...and go to the end of it, calculated from start+length;
+# these are located 14 and 10 bytes after the section name
+\*[Gt]\*[Gt]\*[Gt]\*[Gt](\*[Am]0xe.l+(-4)) string       PK\e3\e4 \eb, ZIP self-extracting archive
+.Ed
+.Pp
+If you have a list of known values at a particular continuation level,
+and you want to provide a switch-like default case:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+# clear that continuation level match
+\*[Gt]18	clear
+\*[Gt]18	lelong	1	one
+\*[Gt]18	lelong	2	two
+\*[Gt]18	default	x
+# print default match
+\*[Gt]\*[Gt]18	lelong	x	unmatched 0x%x
+.Ed
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr file __CSECTION__
+\- the command that reads this file.
+.Sh BUGS
+The formats
+.Dv long ,
+.Dv belong ,
+.Dv lelong ,
+.Dv melong ,
+.Dv short ,
+.Dv beshort ,
+and
+.Dv leshort
+do not depend on the length of the C data types
+.Dv short
+and
+.Dv long
+on the platform, even though the Single
+.Ux
+Specification implies that they do.
+However, as OS X Mountain Lion has passed the Single
+.Ux
+Specification validation suite, and supplies a version of
+.Xr file __CSECTION__
+in which they do not depend on the sizes of the C data types and that is
+built for a 64-bit environment in which
+.Dv long
+is 8 bytes rather than 4 bytes, presumably the validation suite does not
+test whether, for example
+.Dv long
+refers to an item with the same size as the C data type
+.Dv long .
+There should probably be
+.Dv type
+names
+.Dv int8 ,
+.Dv uint8 ,
+.Dv int16 ,
+.Dv uint16 ,
+.Dv int32 ,
+.Dv uint32 ,
+.Dv int64 ,
+and
+.Dv uint64 ,
+and specified-byte-order variants of them,
+to make it clearer that those types have specified widths.
+.\"
+.\" From: guy@sun.uucp (Guy Harris)
+.\" Newsgroups: net.bugs.usg
+.\" Subject: /etc/magic's format isn't well documented
+.\" Message-ID: <2752@sun.uucp>
+.\" Date: 3 Sep 85 08:19:07 GMT
+.\" Organization: Sun Microsystems, Inc.
+.\" Lines: 136
+.\"
+.\" Here's a manual page for the format accepted by the "file" made by adding
+.\" the changes I posted to the S5R2 version.
+.\"
+.\" Modified for Ian Darwin's version of the file command.