Adding upstream version 124.0.1.upstream/124.0.1

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 3587 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/third_party/aom/av1/encoder/ratectrl.c b/third_party/aom/av1/encoder/ratectrl.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df86380272
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/aom/av1/encoder/ratectrl.c
@@ -0,0 +1,3587 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016, Alliance for Open Media. All rights reserved
+ *
+ * This source code is subject to the terms of the BSD 2 Clause License and
+ * the Alliance for Open Media Patent License 1.0. If the BSD 2 Clause License
+ * was not distributed with this source code in the LICENSE file, you can
+ * obtain it at www.aomedia.org/license/software. If the Alliance for Open
+ * Media Patent License 1.0 was not distributed with this source code in the
+ * PATENTS file, you can obtain it at www.aomedia.org/license/patent.
+ */
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "aom_dsp/aom_dsp_common.h"
+#include "aom_mem/aom_mem.h"
+#include "aom_ports/mem.h"
+#include "aom_ports/aom_once.h"
+
+#include "av1/common/alloccommon.h"
+#include "av1/encoder/aq_cyclicrefresh.h"
+#include "av1/common/common.h"
+#include "av1/common/entropymode.h"
+#include "av1/common/quant_common.h"
+#include "av1/common/seg_common.h"
+
+#include "av1/encoder/encodemv.h"
+#include "av1/encoder/encode_strategy.h"
+#include "av1/encoder/gop_structure.h"
+#include "av1/encoder/random.h"
+#include "av1/encoder/ratectrl.h"
+
+#include "config/aom_dsp_rtcd.h"
+
+#define USE_UNRESTRICTED_Q_IN_CQ_MODE 0
+
+// Max rate target for 1080P and below encodes under normal circumstances
+// (1920 * 1080 / (16 * 16)) * MAX_MB_RATE bits per MB
+#define MAX_MB_RATE 250
+#define MAXRATE_1080P 2025000
+
+#define MIN_BPB_FACTOR 0.005
+#define MAX_BPB_FACTOR 50
+
+#define SUPERRES_QADJ_PER_DENOM_KEYFRAME_SOLO 0
+#define SUPERRES_QADJ_PER_DENOM_KEYFRAME 2
+#define SUPERRES_QADJ_PER_DENOM_ARFFRAME 0
+
+#define FRAME_OVERHEAD_BITS 200
+#define ASSIGN_MINQ_TABLE(bit_depth, name)                   \
+  do {                                                       \
+    switch (bit_depth) {                                     \
+      case AOM_BITS_8: name = name##_8; break;               \
+      case AOM_BITS_10: name = name##_10; break;             \
+      case AOM_BITS_12: name = name##_12; break;             \
+      default:                                               \
+        assert(0 &&                                          \
+               "bit_depth should be AOM_BITS_8, AOM_BITS_10" \
+               " or AOM_BITS_12");                           \
+        name = NULL;                                         \
+    }                                                        \
+  } while (0)
+
+// Tables relating active max Q to active min Q
+static int kf_low_motion_minq_8[QINDEX_RANGE];
+static int kf_high_motion_minq_8[QINDEX_RANGE];
+static int arfgf_low_motion_minq_8[QINDEX_RANGE];
+static int arfgf_high_motion_minq_8[QINDEX_RANGE];
+static int inter_minq_8[QINDEX_RANGE];
+static int rtc_minq_8[QINDEX_RANGE];
+
+static int kf_low_motion_minq_10[QINDEX_RANGE];
+static int kf_high_motion_minq_10[QINDEX_RANGE];
+static int arfgf_low_motion_minq_10[QINDEX_RANGE];
+static int arfgf_high_motion_minq_10[QINDEX_RANGE];
+static int inter_minq_10[QINDEX_RANGE];
+static int rtc_minq_10[QINDEX_RANGE];
+static int kf_low_motion_minq_12[QINDEX_RANGE];
+static int kf_high_motion_minq_12[QINDEX_RANGE];
+static int arfgf_low_motion_minq_12[QINDEX_RANGE];
+static int arfgf_high_motion_minq_12[QINDEX_RANGE];
+static int inter_minq_12[QINDEX_RANGE];
+static int rtc_minq_12[QINDEX_RANGE];
+
+static int gf_high = 2400;
+static int gf_low = 300;
+#ifdef STRICT_RC
+static int kf_high = 3200;
+#else
+static int kf_high = 5000;
+#endif
+static int kf_low = 400;
+
+// How many times less pixels there are to encode given the current scaling.
+// Temporary replacement for rcf_mult and rate_thresh_mult.
+static double resize_rate_factor(const FrameDimensionCfg *const frm_dim_cfg,
+                                 int width, int height) {
+  return (double)(frm_dim_cfg->width * frm_dim_cfg->height) / (width * height);
+}
+
+// Functions to compute the active minq lookup table entries based on a
+// formulaic approach to facilitate easier adjustment of the Q tables.
+// The formulae were derived from computing a 3rd order polynomial best
+// fit to the original data (after plotting real maxq vs minq (not q index))
+static int get_minq_index(double maxq, double x3, double x2, double x1,
+                          aom_bit_depth_t bit_depth) {
+  const double minqtarget = AOMMIN(((x3 * maxq + x2) * maxq + x1) * maxq, maxq);
+
+  // Special case handling to deal with the step from q2.0
+  // down to lossless mode represented by q 1.0.
+  if (minqtarget <= 2.0) return 0;
+
+  return av1_find_qindex(minqtarget, bit_depth, 0, QINDEX_RANGE - 1);
+}
+
+static void init_minq_luts(int *kf_low_m, int *kf_high_m, int *arfgf_low,
+                           int *arfgf_high, int *inter, int *rtc,
+                           aom_bit_depth_t bit_depth) {
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < QINDEX_RANGE; i++) {
+    const double maxq = av1_convert_qindex_to_q(i, bit_depth);
+    kf_low_m[i] = get_minq_index(maxq, 0.000001, -0.0004, 0.150, bit_depth);
+    kf_high_m[i] = get_minq_index(maxq, 0.0000021, -0.00125, 0.45, bit_depth);
+    arfgf_low[i] = get_minq_index(maxq, 0.0000015, -0.0009, 0.30, bit_depth);
+    arfgf_high[i] = get_minq_index(maxq, 0.0000021, -0.00125, 0.55, bit_depth);
+    inter[i] = get_minq_index(maxq, 0.00000271, -0.00113, 0.90, bit_depth);
+    rtc[i] = get_minq_index(maxq, 0.00000271, -0.00113, 0.70, bit_depth);
+  }
+}
+
+static void rc_init_minq_luts(void) {
+  init_minq_luts(kf_low_motion_minq_8, kf_high_motion_minq_8,
+                 arfgf_low_motion_minq_8, arfgf_high_motion_minq_8,
+                 inter_minq_8, rtc_minq_8, AOM_BITS_8);
+  init_minq_luts(kf_low_motion_minq_10, kf_high_motion_minq_10,
+                 arfgf_low_motion_minq_10, arfgf_high_motion_minq_10,
+                 inter_minq_10, rtc_minq_10, AOM_BITS_10);
+  init_minq_luts(kf_low_motion_minq_12, kf_high_motion_minq_12,
+                 arfgf_low_motion_minq_12, arfgf_high_motion_minq_12,
+                 inter_minq_12, rtc_minq_12, AOM_BITS_12);
+}
+
+void av1_rc_init_minq_luts(void) { aom_once(rc_init_minq_luts); }
+
+// These functions use formulaic calculations to make playing with the
+// quantizer tables easier. If necessary they can be replaced by lookup
+// tables if and when things settle down in the experimental bitstream
+double av1_convert_qindex_to_q(int qindex, aom_bit_depth_t bit_depth) {
+  // Convert the index to a real Q value (scaled down to match old Q values)
+  switch (bit_depth) {
+    case AOM_BITS_8: return av1_ac_quant_QTX(qindex, 0, bit_depth) / 4.0;
+    case AOM_BITS_10: return av1_ac_quant_QTX(qindex, 0, bit_depth) / 16.0;
+    case AOM_BITS_12: return av1_ac_quant_QTX(qindex, 0, bit_depth) / 64.0;
+    default:
+      assert(0 && "bit_depth should be AOM_BITS_8, AOM_BITS_10 or AOM_BITS_12");
+      return -1.0;
+  }
+}
+
+int av1_get_bpmb_enumerator(FRAME_TYPE frame_type,
+                            const int is_screen_content_type) {
+  int enumerator;
+
+  if (is_screen_content_type) {
+    enumerator = (frame_type == KEY_FRAME) ? 1000000 : 750000;
+  } else {
+    enumerator = (frame_type == KEY_FRAME) ? 2000000 : 1500000;
+  }
+
+  return enumerator;
+}
+
+static int get_init_ratio(double sse) { return (int)(300000 / sse); }
+
+int av1_rc_bits_per_mb(const AV1_COMP *cpi, FRAME_TYPE frame_type, int qindex,
+                       double correction_factor, int accurate_estimate) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  const int is_screen_content_type = cpi->is_screen_content_type;
+  const aom_bit_depth_t bit_depth = cm->seq_params->bit_depth;
+  const double q = av1_convert_qindex_to_q(qindex, bit_depth);
+  int enumerator = av1_get_bpmb_enumerator(frame_type, is_screen_content_type);
+
+  assert(correction_factor <= MAX_BPB_FACTOR &&
+         correction_factor >= MIN_BPB_FACTOR);
+
+  if (cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode == AOM_CBR && frame_type != KEY_FRAME &&
+      accurate_estimate && cpi->rec_sse != UINT64_MAX) {
+    const int mbs = cm->mi_params.MBs;
+    const double sse_sqrt =
+        (double)((int)sqrt((double)(cpi->rec_sse)) << BPER_MB_NORMBITS) /
+        (double)mbs;
+    const int ratio = (cpi->rc.bit_est_ratio == 0) ? get_init_ratio(sse_sqrt)
+                                                   : cpi->rc.bit_est_ratio;
+    // Clamp the enumerator to lower the q fluctuations.
+    enumerator = AOMMIN(AOMMAX((int)(ratio * sse_sqrt), 20000), 170000);
+  }
+
+  // q based adjustment to baseline enumerator
+  return (int)(enumerator * correction_factor / q);
+}
+
+int av1_estimate_bits_at_q(const AV1_COMP *cpi, int q,
+                           double correction_factor) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  const FRAME_TYPE frame_type = cm->current_frame.frame_type;
+  const int mbs = cm->mi_params.MBs;
+  const int bpm =
+      (int)(av1_rc_bits_per_mb(cpi, frame_type, q, correction_factor,
+                               cpi->sf.hl_sf.accurate_bit_estimate));
+  return AOMMAX(FRAME_OVERHEAD_BITS,
+                (int)((uint64_t)bpm * mbs) >> BPER_MB_NORMBITS);
+}
+
+int av1_rc_clamp_pframe_target_size(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, int target,
+                                    FRAME_UPDATE_TYPE frame_update_type) {
+  const RATE_CONTROL *rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const AV1EncoderConfig *oxcf = &cpi->oxcf;
+  const int min_frame_target =
+      AOMMAX(rc->min_frame_bandwidth, rc->avg_frame_bandwidth >> 5);
+  // Clip the frame target to the minimum setup value.
+  if (frame_update_type == OVERLAY_UPDATE ||
+      frame_update_type == INTNL_OVERLAY_UPDATE) {
+    // If there is an active ARF at this location use the minimum
+    // bits on this frame even if it is a constructed arf.
+    // The active maximum quantizer insures that an appropriate
+    // number of bits will be spent if needed for constructed ARFs.
+    target = min_frame_target;
+  } else if (target < min_frame_target) {
+    target = min_frame_target;
+  }
+
+  // Clip the frame target to the maximum allowed value.
+  if (target > rc->max_frame_bandwidth) target = rc->max_frame_bandwidth;
+  if (oxcf->rc_cfg.max_inter_bitrate_pct) {
+    const int max_rate =
+        rc->avg_frame_bandwidth * oxcf->rc_cfg.max_inter_bitrate_pct / 100;
+    target = AOMMIN(target, max_rate);
+  }
+
+  return target;
+}
+
+int av1_rc_clamp_iframe_target_size(const AV1_COMP *const cpi, int64_t target) {
+  const RATE_CONTROL *rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const RateControlCfg *const rc_cfg = &cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg;
+  if (rc_cfg->max_intra_bitrate_pct) {
+    const int64_t max_rate =
+        (int64_t)rc->avg_frame_bandwidth * rc_cfg->max_intra_bitrate_pct / 100;
+    target = AOMMIN(target, max_rate);
+  }
+  if (target > rc->max_frame_bandwidth) target = rc->max_frame_bandwidth;
+  return (int)target;
+}
+
+// Update the buffer level for higher temporal layers, given the encoded current
+// temporal layer.
+static void update_layer_buffer_level(SVC *svc, int encoded_frame_size,
+                                      bool is_screen) {
+  const int current_temporal_layer = svc->temporal_layer_id;
+  for (int i = current_temporal_layer + 1; i < svc->number_temporal_layers;
+       ++i) {
+    const int layer =
+        LAYER_IDS_TO_IDX(svc->spatial_layer_id, i, svc->number_temporal_layers);
+    LAYER_CONTEXT *lc = &svc->layer_context[layer];
+    PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *lp_rc = &lc->p_rc;
+    lp_rc->bits_off_target +=
+        (int)round(lc->target_bandwidth / lc->framerate) - encoded_frame_size;
+    // Clip buffer level to maximum buffer size for the layer.
+    lp_rc->bits_off_target =
+        AOMMIN(lp_rc->bits_off_target, lp_rc->maximum_buffer_size);
+    lp_rc->buffer_level = lp_rc->bits_off_target;
+
+    // For screen-content mode: don't let buffer level go below threshold,
+    // given here as -rc->maximum_ buffer_size, to allow buffer to come back
+    // up sooner after slide change with big oveshoot.
+    if (is_screen) {
+      lp_rc->bits_off_target =
+          AOMMAX(lp_rc->bits_off_target, -lp_rc->maximum_buffer_size);
+      lp_rc->buffer_level = lp_rc->bits_off_target;
+    }
+  }
+}
+// Update the buffer level: leaky bucket model.
+static void update_buffer_level(AV1_COMP *cpi, int encoded_frame_size) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+
+  // Non-viewable frames are a special case and are treated as pure overhead.
+  if (!cm->show_frame)
+    p_rc->bits_off_target -= encoded_frame_size;
+  else
+    p_rc->bits_off_target += rc->avg_frame_bandwidth - encoded_frame_size;
+
+  // Clip the buffer level to the maximum specified buffer size.
+  p_rc->bits_off_target =
+      AOMMIN(p_rc->bits_off_target, p_rc->maximum_buffer_size);
+  // For screen-content mode: don't let buffel level go below threshold,
+  // given here as -rc->maximum_ buffer_size, to allow buffer to come back
+  // up sooner after slide change with big oveshoot.
+  if (cpi->oxcf.tune_cfg.content == AOM_CONTENT_SCREEN)
+    p_rc->bits_off_target =
+        AOMMAX(p_rc->bits_off_target, -p_rc->maximum_buffer_size);
+  p_rc->buffer_level = p_rc->bits_off_target;
+
+  if (cpi->ppi->use_svc)
+    update_layer_buffer_level(&cpi->svc, encoded_frame_size,
+                              cpi->oxcf.tune_cfg.content == AOM_CONTENT_SCREEN);
+
+#if CONFIG_FPMT_TEST
+  /* The variable temp_buffer_level is introduced for quality
+   * simulation purpose, it retains the value previous to the parallel
+   * encode frames. The variable is updated based on the update flag.
+   *
+   * If there exist show_existing_frames between parallel frames, then to
+   * retain the temp state do not update it. */
+  int show_existing_between_parallel_frames =
+      (cpi->ppi->gf_group.update_type[cpi->gf_frame_index] ==
+           INTNL_OVERLAY_UPDATE &&
+       cpi->ppi->gf_group.frame_parallel_level[cpi->gf_frame_index + 1] == 2);
+
+  if (cpi->do_frame_data_update && !show_existing_between_parallel_frames &&
+      cpi->ppi->fpmt_unit_test_cfg == PARALLEL_SIMULATION_ENCODE) {
+    p_rc->temp_buffer_level = p_rc->buffer_level;
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+int av1_rc_get_default_min_gf_interval(int width, int height,
+                                       double framerate) {
+  // Assume we do not need any constraint lower than 4K 20 fps
+  static const double factor_safe = 3840 * 2160 * 20.0;
+  const double factor = (double)width * height * framerate;
+  const int default_interval =
+      clamp((int)(framerate * 0.125), MIN_GF_INTERVAL, MAX_GF_INTERVAL);
+
+  if (factor <= factor_safe)
+    return default_interval;
+  else
+    return AOMMAX(default_interval,
+                  (int)(MIN_GF_INTERVAL * factor / factor_safe + 0.5));
+  // Note this logic makes:
+  // 4K24: 5
+  // 4K30: 6
+  // 4K60: 12
+}
+
+int av1_rc_get_default_max_gf_interval(double framerate, int min_gf_interval) {
+  int interval = AOMMIN(MAX_GF_INTERVAL, (int)(framerate * 0.75));
+  interval += (interval & 0x01);  // Round to even value
+  interval = AOMMAX(MAX_GF_INTERVAL, interval);
+  return AOMMAX(interval, min_gf_interval);
+}
+
+void av1_primary_rc_init(const AV1EncoderConfig *oxcf,
+                         PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *p_rc) {
+  const RateControlCfg *const rc_cfg = &oxcf->rc_cfg;
+
+  int worst_allowed_q = rc_cfg->worst_allowed_q;
+
+  int min_gf_interval = oxcf->gf_cfg.min_gf_interval;
+  int max_gf_interval = oxcf->gf_cfg.max_gf_interval;
+  if (min_gf_interval == 0)
+    min_gf_interval = av1_rc_get_default_min_gf_interval(
+        oxcf->frm_dim_cfg.width, oxcf->frm_dim_cfg.height,
+        oxcf->input_cfg.init_framerate);
+  if (max_gf_interval == 0)
+    max_gf_interval = av1_rc_get_default_max_gf_interval(
+        oxcf->input_cfg.init_framerate, min_gf_interval);
+  p_rc->baseline_gf_interval = (min_gf_interval + max_gf_interval) / 2;
+  p_rc->this_key_frame_forced = 0;
+  p_rc->next_key_frame_forced = 0;
+  p_rc->ni_frames = 0;
+
+  p_rc->tot_q = 0.0;
+  p_rc->total_actual_bits = 0;
+  p_rc->total_target_bits = 0;
+  p_rc->buffer_level = p_rc->starting_buffer_level;
+
+  if (oxcf->target_seq_level_idx[0] < SEQ_LEVELS) {
+    worst_allowed_q = 255;
+  }
+  if (oxcf->pass == AOM_RC_ONE_PASS && rc_cfg->mode == AOM_CBR) {
+    p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[KEY_FRAME] = worst_allowed_q;
+    p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME] = worst_allowed_q;
+  } else {
+    p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[KEY_FRAME] =
+        (worst_allowed_q + rc_cfg->best_allowed_q) / 2;
+    p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME] =
+        (worst_allowed_q + rc_cfg->best_allowed_q) / 2;
+  }
+  p_rc->avg_q = av1_convert_qindex_to_q(rc_cfg->worst_allowed_q,
+                                        oxcf->tool_cfg.bit_depth);
+  p_rc->last_q[KEY_FRAME] = rc_cfg->best_allowed_q;
+  p_rc->last_q[INTER_FRAME] = rc_cfg->worst_allowed_q;
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < RATE_FACTOR_LEVELS; ++i) {
+    p_rc->rate_correction_factors[i] = 0.7;
+  }
+  p_rc->rate_correction_factors[KF_STD] = 1.0;
+  p_rc->bits_off_target = p_rc->starting_buffer_level;
+
+  p_rc->rolling_target_bits =
+      (int)(oxcf->rc_cfg.target_bandwidth / oxcf->input_cfg.init_framerate);
+  p_rc->rolling_actual_bits =
+      (int)(oxcf->rc_cfg.target_bandwidth / oxcf->input_cfg.init_framerate);
+}
+
+void av1_rc_init(const AV1EncoderConfig *oxcf, RATE_CONTROL *rc) {
+  const RateControlCfg *const rc_cfg = &oxcf->rc_cfg;
+
+  rc->frames_since_key = 8;  // Sensible default for first frame.
+  rc->frames_to_fwd_kf = oxcf->kf_cfg.fwd_kf_dist;
+
+  rc->frames_till_gf_update_due = 0;
+  rc->ni_av_qi = rc_cfg->worst_allowed_q;
+  rc->ni_tot_qi = 0;
+
+  rc->min_gf_interval = oxcf->gf_cfg.min_gf_interval;
+  rc->max_gf_interval = oxcf->gf_cfg.max_gf_interval;
+  if (rc->min_gf_interval == 0)
+    rc->min_gf_interval = av1_rc_get_default_min_gf_interval(
+        oxcf->frm_dim_cfg.width, oxcf->frm_dim_cfg.height,
+        oxcf->input_cfg.init_framerate);
+  if (rc->max_gf_interval == 0)
+    rc->max_gf_interval = av1_rc_get_default_max_gf_interval(
+        oxcf->input_cfg.init_framerate, rc->min_gf_interval);
+  rc->avg_frame_low_motion = 0;
+
+  rc->resize_state = ORIG;
+  rc->resize_avg_qp = 0;
+  rc->resize_buffer_underflow = 0;
+  rc->resize_count = 0;
+  rc->rtc_external_ratectrl = 0;
+  rc->frame_level_fast_extra_bits = 0;
+  rc->use_external_qp_one_pass = 0;
+}
+
+static bool check_buffer_below_thresh(AV1_COMP *cpi, int64_t buffer_level,
+                                      int drop_mark) {
+  SVC *svc = &cpi->svc;
+  if (!cpi->ppi->use_svc || cpi->svc.number_spatial_layers == 1 ||
+      cpi->svc.framedrop_mode == AOM_LAYER_DROP) {
+    return (buffer_level <= drop_mark);
+  } else {
+    // For SVC in the AOM_FULL_SUPERFRAME_DROP): the condition on
+    // buffer is checked on current and upper spatial layers.
+    for (int i = svc->spatial_layer_id; i < svc->number_spatial_layers; ++i) {
+      const int layer = LAYER_IDS_TO_IDX(i, svc->temporal_layer_id,
+                                         svc->number_temporal_layers);
+      LAYER_CONTEXT *lc = &svc->layer_context[layer];
+      PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *lrc = &lc->p_rc;
+      // Exclude check for layer whose bitrate is 0.
+      if (lc->target_bandwidth > 0) {
+        const int drop_thresh = cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.drop_frames_water_mark;
+        const int drop_mark_layer =
+            (int)(drop_thresh * lrc->optimal_buffer_level / 100);
+        if (lrc->buffer_level <= drop_mark_layer) return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+}
+
+int av1_rc_drop_frame(AV1_COMP *cpi) {
+  const AV1EncoderConfig *oxcf = &cpi->oxcf;
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+#if CONFIG_FPMT_TEST
+  const int simulate_parallel_frame =
+      cpi->ppi->gf_group.frame_parallel_level[cpi->gf_frame_index] > 0 &&
+      cpi->ppi->fpmt_unit_test_cfg == PARALLEL_SIMULATION_ENCODE;
+  int64_t buffer_level =
+      simulate_parallel_frame ? p_rc->temp_buffer_level : p_rc->buffer_level;
+#else
+  int64_t buffer_level = p_rc->buffer_level;
+#endif
+  // Never drop on key frame, or for frame whose base layer is key.
+  // If drop_count_consec hits or exceeds max_consec_drop then don't drop.
+  if (cpi->common.current_frame.frame_type == KEY_FRAME ||
+      (cpi->ppi->use_svc &&
+       cpi->svc.layer_context[cpi->svc.temporal_layer_id].is_key_frame) ||
+      !oxcf->rc_cfg.drop_frames_water_mark ||
+      (rc->max_consec_drop > 0 &&
+       rc->drop_count_consec >= rc->max_consec_drop)) {
+    return 0;
+  } else {
+    SVC *svc = &cpi->svc;
+    // In the full_superframe framedrop mode for svc, if the previous spatial
+    // layer was dropped, drop the current spatial layer.
+    if (cpi->ppi->use_svc && svc->spatial_layer_id > 0 &&
+        svc->drop_spatial_layer[svc->spatial_layer_id - 1] &&
+        svc->framedrop_mode == AOM_FULL_SUPERFRAME_DROP)
+      return 1;
+    // -1 is passed here for drop_mark since we are checking if
+    // buffer goes below 0 (<= -1).
+    if (check_buffer_below_thresh(cpi, buffer_level, -1)) {
+      // Always drop if buffer is below 0.
+      rc->drop_count_consec++;
+      return 1;
+    } else {
+      // If buffer is below drop_mark, for now just drop every other frame
+      // (starting with the next frame) until it increases back over drop_mark.
+      const int drop_mark = (int)(oxcf->rc_cfg.drop_frames_water_mark *
+                                  p_rc->optimal_buffer_level / 100);
+      const bool buffer_below_thresh =
+          check_buffer_below_thresh(cpi, buffer_level, drop_mark);
+      if (!buffer_below_thresh && rc->decimation_factor > 0) {
+        --rc->decimation_factor;
+      } else if (buffer_below_thresh && rc->decimation_factor == 0) {
+        rc->decimation_factor = 1;
+      }
+      if (rc->decimation_factor > 0) {
+        if (rc->decimation_count > 0) {
+          --rc->decimation_count;
+          rc->drop_count_consec++;
+          return 1;
+        } else {
+          rc->decimation_count = rc->decimation_factor;
+          return 0;
+        }
+      } else {
+        rc->decimation_count = 0;
+        return 0;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static int adjust_q_cbr(const AV1_COMP *cpi, int q, int active_worst_quality,
+                        int width, int height) {
+  const RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  const SVC *const svc = &cpi->svc;
+  const RefreshFrameInfo *const refresh_frame = &cpi->refresh_frame;
+  // Flag to indicate previous frame has overshoot, and buffer level
+  // for current frame is low (less than ~half of optimal). For such
+  // (inter) frames, if the source_sad is non-zero, relax the max_delta_up
+  // and clamp applied below.
+  const bool overshoot_buffer_low =
+      cpi->rc.rc_1_frame == -1 && rc->frame_source_sad > 1000 &&
+      p_rc->buffer_level < (p_rc->optimal_buffer_level >> 1) &&
+      rc->frames_since_key > 4;
+  int max_delta_down;
+  int max_delta_up = overshoot_buffer_low ? 60 : 20;
+  const int change_avg_frame_bandwidth =
+      abs(rc->avg_frame_bandwidth - rc->prev_avg_frame_bandwidth) >
+      0.1 * (rc->avg_frame_bandwidth);
+
+  // Set the maximum adjustment down for Q for this frame.
+  if (cpi->oxcf.q_cfg.aq_mode == CYCLIC_REFRESH_AQ &&
+      cpi->cyclic_refresh->apply_cyclic_refresh) {
+    // For static screen type content limit the Q drop till the start of the
+    // next refresh cycle.
+    if (cpi->is_screen_content_type &&
+        (cpi->cyclic_refresh->sb_index > cpi->cyclic_refresh->last_sb_index)) {
+      max_delta_down = AOMMIN(8, AOMMAX(1, rc->q_1_frame / 32));
+    } else {
+      max_delta_down = AOMMIN(16, AOMMAX(1, rc->q_1_frame / 8));
+    }
+    if (!cpi->ppi->use_svc && cpi->is_screen_content_type) {
+      // Link max_delta_up to max_delta_down and buffer status.
+      if (p_rc->buffer_level > p_rc->optimal_buffer_level) {
+        max_delta_up = AOMMAX(4, max_delta_down);
+      } else {
+        max_delta_up = AOMMAX(8, max_delta_down);
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    max_delta_down = (cpi->is_screen_content_type)
+                         ? AOMMIN(8, AOMMAX(1, rc->q_1_frame / 16))
+                         : AOMMIN(16, AOMMAX(1, rc->q_1_frame / 8));
+  }
+  // If resolution changes or avg_frame_bandwidth significantly changed,
+  // then set this flag to indicate change in target bits per macroblock.
+  const int change_target_bits_mb =
+      cm->prev_frame &&
+      (width != cm->prev_frame->width || height != cm->prev_frame->height ||
+       change_avg_frame_bandwidth);
+  // Apply some control/clamp to QP under certain conditions.
+  // Delay the use of the clamping for svc until after num_temporal_layers,
+  // to make they have been set for each temporal layer.
+  if (!frame_is_intra_only(cm) && rc->frames_since_key > 1 &&
+      (!cpi->ppi->use_svc ||
+       svc->current_superframe > (unsigned int)svc->number_temporal_layers) &&
+      !change_target_bits_mb && !cpi->rc.rtc_external_ratectrl &&
+      (!cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.gf_cbr_boost_pct ||
+       !(refresh_frame->alt_ref_frame || refresh_frame->golden_frame))) {
+    // If in the previous two frames we have seen both overshoot and undershoot
+    // clamp Q between the two. Check for rc->q_1/2_frame > 0 in case they have
+    // not been set due to dropped frames.
+    if (rc->rc_1_frame * rc->rc_2_frame == -1 &&
+        rc->q_1_frame != rc->q_2_frame && rc->q_1_frame > 0 &&
+        rc->q_2_frame > 0 && !overshoot_buffer_low) {
+      int qclamp = clamp(q, AOMMIN(rc->q_1_frame, rc->q_2_frame),
+                         AOMMAX(rc->q_1_frame, rc->q_2_frame));
+      // If the previous frame had overshoot and the current q needs to
+      // increase above the clamped value, reduce the clamp for faster reaction
+      // to overshoot.
+      if (cpi->rc.rc_1_frame == -1 && q > qclamp && rc->frames_since_key > 10)
+        q = (q + qclamp) >> 1;
+      else
+        q = qclamp;
+    }
+    // Adjust Q base on source content change from scene detection.
+    if (cpi->sf.rt_sf.check_scene_detection && rc->prev_avg_source_sad > 0 &&
+        rc->frames_since_key > 10 && rc->frame_source_sad > 0 &&
+        !cpi->rc.rtc_external_ratectrl) {
+      const int bit_depth = cm->seq_params->bit_depth;
+      double delta =
+          (double)rc->avg_source_sad / (double)rc->prev_avg_source_sad - 1.0;
+      // Push Q downwards if content change is decreasing and buffer level
+      // is stable (at least 1/4-optimal level), so not overshooting. Do so
+      // only for high Q to avoid excess overshoot.
+      // Else reduce decrease in Q from previous frame if content change is
+      // increasing and buffer is below max (so not undershooting).
+      if (delta < 0.0 &&
+          p_rc->buffer_level > (p_rc->optimal_buffer_level >> 2) &&
+          q > (rc->worst_quality >> 1)) {
+        double q_adj_factor = 1.0 + 0.5 * tanh(4.0 * delta);
+        double q_val = av1_convert_qindex_to_q(q, bit_depth);
+        q += av1_compute_qdelta(rc, q_val, q_val * q_adj_factor, bit_depth);
+      } else if (rc->q_1_frame - q > 0 && delta > 0.1 &&
+                 p_rc->buffer_level < AOMMIN(p_rc->maximum_buffer_size,
+                                             p_rc->optimal_buffer_level << 1)) {
+        q = (3 * q + rc->q_1_frame) >> 2;
+      }
+    }
+    // Limit the decrease in Q from previous frame.
+    if (rc->q_1_frame - q > max_delta_down) q = rc->q_1_frame - max_delta_down;
+    // Limit the increase in Q from previous frame.
+    else if (q - rc->q_1_frame > max_delta_up)
+      q = rc->q_1_frame + max_delta_up;
+  }
+  // Adjustment for temporal layers.
+  if (svc->number_temporal_layers > 1 && svc->spatial_layer_id == 0 &&
+      !change_target_bits_mb && !cpi->rc.rtc_external_ratectrl &&
+      cpi->oxcf.resize_cfg.resize_mode != RESIZE_DYNAMIC) {
+    if (svc->temporal_layer_id > 0) {
+      // Constrain enhancement relative to the previous base TL0.
+      // Get base temporal layer TL0.
+      const int layer = LAYER_IDS_TO_IDX(0, 0, svc->number_temporal_layers);
+      LAYER_CONTEXT *lc = &svc->layer_context[layer];
+      // lc->rc.avg_frame_bandwidth and lc->p_rc.last_q correspond to the
+      // last TL0 frame.
+      if (rc->avg_frame_bandwidth < lc->rc.avg_frame_bandwidth &&
+          q < lc->p_rc.last_q[INTER_FRAME] - 4)
+        q = lc->p_rc.last_q[INTER_FRAME] - 4;
+    } else if (cpi->svc.temporal_layer_id == 0 &&
+               p_rc->buffer_level > (p_rc->optimal_buffer_level >> 2) &&
+               rc->frame_source_sad < 100000) {
+      // Push base TL0 Q down if buffer is stable and frame_source_sad
+      // is below threshold.
+      int delta = (svc->number_temporal_layers == 2) ? 4 : 10;
+      q = q - delta;
+    }
+  }
+  // For non-svc (single layer): if resolution has increased push q closer
+  // to the active_worst to avoid excess overshoot.
+  if (!cpi->ppi->use_svc && cm->prev_frame &&
+      (width * height > 1.5 * cm->prev_frame->width * cm->prev_frame->height))
+    q = (q + active_worst_quality) >> 1;
+  // For single layer RPS: Bias Q based on distance of closest reference.
+  if (cpi->ppi->rtc_ref.bias_recovery_frame) {
+    const int min_dist = av1_svc_get_min_ref_dist(cpi);
+    q = q - AOMMIN(min_dist, 20);
+  }
+  return AOMMAX(AOMMIN(q, cpi->rc.worst_quality), cpi->rc.best_quality);
+}
+
+static const RATE_FACTOR_LEVEL rate_factor_levels[FRAME_UPDATE_TYPES] = {
+  KF_STD,        // KF_UPDATE
+  INTER_NORMAL,  // LF_UPDATE
+  GF_ARF_STD,    // GF_UPDATE
+  GF_ARF_STD,    // ARF_UPDATE
+  INTER_NORMAL,  // OVERLAY_UPDATE
+  INTER_NORMAL,  // INTNL_OVERLAY_UPDATE
+  GF_ARF_LOW,    // INTNL_ARF_UPDATE
+};
+
+static RATE_FACTOR_LEVEL get_rate_factor_level(const GF_GROUP *const gf_group,
+                                               int gf_frame_index) {
+  const FRAME_UPDATE_TYPE update_type = gf_group->update_type[gf_frame_index];
+  assert(update_type < FRAME_UPDATE_TYPES);
+  return rate_factor_levels[update_type];
+}
+
+/*!\brief Gets a rate vs Q correction factor
+ *
+ * This function returns the current value of a correction factor used to
+ * dynamilcally adjust the relationship between Q and the expected number
+ * of bits for the frame.
+ *
+ * \ingroup rate_control
+ * \param[in]   cpi                   Top level encoder instance structure
+ * \param[in]   width                 Frame width
+ * \param[in]   height                Frame height
+ *
+ * \return Returns a correction factor for the current frame
+ */
+static double get_rate_correction_factor(const AV1_COMP *cpi, int width,
+                                         int height) {
+  const RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  const RefreshFrameInfo *const refresh_frame = &cpi->refresh_frame;
+  double rcf;
+  double rate_correction_factors_kfstd;
+  double rate_correction_factors_gfarfstd;
+  double rate_correction_factors_internormal;
+
+  rate_correction_factors_kfstd =
+      (cpi->ppi->gf_group.frame_parallel_level[cpi->gf_frame_index] > 0)
+          ? rc->frame_level_rate_correction_factors[KF_STD]
+          : p_rc->rate_correction_factors[KF_STD];
+  rate_correction_factors_gfarfstd =
+      (cpi->ppi->gf_group.frame_parallel_level[cpi->gf_frame_index] > 0)
+          ? rc->frame_level_rate_correction_factors[GF_ARF_STD]
+          : p_rc->rate_correction_factors[GF_ARF_STD];
+  rate_correction_factors_internormal =
+      (cpi->ppi->gf_group.frame_parallel_level[cpi->gf_frame_index] > 0)
+          ? rc->frame_level_rate_correction_factors[INTER_NORMAL]
+          : p_rc->rate_correction_factors[INTER_NORMAL];
+
+  if (cpi->common.current_frame.frame_type == KEY_FRAME) {
+    rcf = rate_correction_factors_kfstd;
+  } else if (is_stat_consumption_stage(cpi)) {
+    const RATE_FACTOR_LEVEL rf_lvl =
+        get_rate_factor_level(&cpi->ppi->gf_group, cpi->gf_frame_index);
+    double rate_correction_factors_rflvl =
+        (cpi->ppi->gf_group.frame_parallel_level[cpi->gf_frame_index] > 0)
+            ? rc->frame_level_rate_correction_factors[rf_lvl]
+            : p_rc->rate_correction_factors[rf_lvl];
+    rcf = rate_correction_factors_rflvl;
+  } else {
+    if ((refresh_frame->alt_ref_frame || refresh_frame->golden_frame) &&
+        !rc->is_src_frame_alt_ref && !cpi->ppi->use_svc &&
+        (cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode != AOM_CBR ||
+         cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.gf_cbr_boost_pct > 20))
+      rcf = rate_correction_factors_gfarfstd;
+    else
+      rcf = rate_correction_factors_internormal;
+  }
+  rcf *= resize_rate_factor(&cpi->oxcf.frm_dim_cfg, width, height);
+  return fclamp(rcf, MIN_BPB_FACTOR, MAX_BPB_FACTOR);
+}
+
+/*!\brief Sets a rate vs Q correction factor
+ *
+ * This function updates the current value of a correction factor used to
+ * dynamilcally adjust the relationship between Q and the expected number
+ * of bits for the frame.
+ *
+ * \ingroup rate_control
+ * \param[in]   cpi                   Top level encoder instance structure
+ * \param[in]   is_encode_stage       Indicates if recode loop or post-encode
+ * \param[in]   factor                New correction factor
+ * \param[in]   width                 Frame width
+ * \param[in]   height                Frame height
+ *
+ * \remark Updates the rate correction factor for the
+ *         current frame type in cpi->rc.
+ */
+static void set_rate_correction_factor(AV1_COMP *cpi, int is_encode_stage,
+                                       double factor, int width, int height) {
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  const RefreshFrameInfo *const refresh_frame = &cpi->refresh_frame;
+  int update_default_rcf = 1;
+  // Normalize RCF to account for the size-dependent scaling factor.
+  factor /= resize_rate_factor(&cpi->oxcf.frm_dim_cfg, width, height);
+
+  factor = fclamp(factor, MIN_BPB_FACTOR, MAX_BPB_FACTOR);
+
+  if (cpi->common.current_frame.frame_type == KEY_FRAME) {
+    p_rc->rate_correction_factors[KF_STD] = factor;
+  } else if (is_stat_consumption_stage(cpi)) {
+    const RATE_FACTOR_LEVEL rf_lvl =
+        get_rate_factor_level(&cpi->ppi->gf_group, cpi->gf_frame_index);
+    if (is_encode_stage &&
+        cpi->ppi->gf_group.frame_parallel_level[cpi->gf_frame_index] > 0) {
+      rc->frame_level_rate_correction_factors[rf_lvl] = factor;
+      update_default_rcf = 0;
+    }
+    if (update_default_rcf) p_rc->rate_correction_factors[rf_lvl] = factor;
+  } else {
+    if ((refresh_frame->alt_ref_frame || refresh_frame->golden_frame) &&
+        !rc->is_src_frame_alt_ref && !cpi->ppi->use_svc &&
+        (cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode != AOM_CBR ||
+         cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.gf_cbr_boost_pct > 20)) {
+      p_rc->rate_correction_factors[GF_ARF_STD] = factor;
+    } else {
+      if (is_encode_stage &&
+          cpi->ppi->gf_group.frame_parallel_level[cpi->gf_frame_index] > 0) {
+        rc->frame_level_rate_correction_factors[INTER_NORMAL] = factor;
+        update_default_rcf = 0;
+      }
+      if (update_default_rcf)
+        p_rc->rate_correction_factors[INTER_NORMAL] = factor;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void av1_rc_update_rate_correction_factors(AV1_COMP *cpi, int is_encode_stage,
+                                           int width, int height) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  double correction_factor = 1.0;
+  double rate_correction_factor =
+      get_rate_correction_factor(cpi, width, height);
+  double adjustment_limit;
+  int projected_size_based_on_q = 0;
+  int cyclic_refresh_active =
+      cpi->oxcf.q_cfg.aq_mode == CYCLIC_REFRESH_AQ && cpi->common.seg.enabled;
+
+  // Do not update the rate factors for arf overlay frames.
+  if (cpi->rc.is_src_frame_alt_ref) return;
+
+  // Don't update rate correction factors here on scene changes as
+  // it is already reset in av1_encodedframe_overshoot_cbr(),
+  // but reset variables related to previous frame q and size.
+  // Note that the counter of frames since the last scene change
+  // is only valid when cyclic refresh mode is enabled and that
+  // this break out only applies to scene changes that are not
+  // recorded as INTRA only key frames.
+  if ((cpi->oxcf.q_cfg.aq_mode == CYCLIC_REFRESH_AQ) &&
+      (cpi->cyclic_refresh->counter_encode_maxq_scene_change == 0) &&
+      !frame_is_intra_only(cm) && !cpi->ppi->use_svc) {
+    cpi->rc.q_2_frame = cm->quant_params.base_qindex;
+    cpi->rc.q_1_frame = cm->quant_params.base_qindex;
+    cpi->rc.rc_2_frame = 0;
+    cpi->rc.rc_1_frame = 0;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Clear down mmx registers to allow floating point in what follows
+
+  // Work out how big we would have expected the frame to be at this Q given
+  // the current correction factor.
+  // Stay in double to avoid int overflow when values are large
+  if (cyclic_refresh_active) {
+    projected_size_based_on_q =
+        av1_cyclic_refresh_estimate_bits_at_q(cpi, rate_correction_factor);
+  } else {
+    projected_size_based_on_q = av1_estimate_bits_at_q(
+        cpi, cm->quant_params.base_qindex, rate_correction_factor);
+  }
+  // Work out a size correction factor.
+  if (projected_size_based_on_q > FRAME_OVERHEAD_BITS)
+    correction_factor = (double)cpi->rc.projected_frame_size /
+                        (double)projected_size_based_on_q;
+
+  // Clamp correction factor to prevent anything too extreme
+  correction_factor = AOMMAX(correction_factor, 0.25);
+
+  cpi->rc.q_2_frame = cpi->rc.q_1_frame;
+  cpi->rc.q_1_frame = cm->quant_params.base_qindex;
+  cpi->rc.rc_2_frame = cpi->rc.rc_1_frame;
+  if (correction_factor > 1.1)
+    cpi->rc.rc_1_frame = -1;
+  else if (correction_factor < 0.9)
+    cpi->rc.rc_1_frame = 1;
+  else
+    cpi->rc.rc_1_frame = 0;
+
+  // Decide how heavily to dampen the adjustment
+  if (correction_factor > 0.0) {
+    if (cpi->is_screen_content_type) {
+      adjustment_limit =
+          0.25 + 0.5 * AOMMIN(0.5, fabs(log10(correction_factor)));
+    } else {
+      adjustment_limit =
+          0.25 + 0.75 * AOMMIN(0.5, fabs(log10(correction_factor)));
+    }
+  } else {
+    adjustment_limit = 0.75;
+  }
+
+  // Adjustment to delta Q and number of blocks updated in cyclic refressh
+  // based on over or under shoot of target in current frame.
+  if (cyclic_refresh_active && cpi->rc.this_frame_target > 0) {
+    CYCLIC_REFRESH *const cr = cpi->cyclic_refresh;
+    if (correction_factor > 1.25) {
+      cr->percent_refresh_adjustment =
+          AOMMAX(cr->percent_refresh_adjustment - 1, -5);
+      cr->rate_ratio_qdelta_adjustment =
+          AOMMAX(cr->rate_ratio_qdelta_adjustment - 0.05, -0.0);
+    } else if (correction_factor < 0.5) {
+      cr->percent_refresh_adjustment =
+          AOMMIN(cr->percent_refresh_adjustment + 1, 5);
+      cr->rate_ratio_qdelta_adjustment =
+          AOMMIN(cr->rate_ratio_qdelta_adjustment + 0.05, 0.25);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (correction_factor > 1.01) {
+    // We are not already at the worst allowable quality
+    correction_factor = (1.0 + ((correction_factor - 1.0) * adjustment_limit));
+    rate_correction_factor = rate_correction_factor * correction_factor;
+    // Keep rate_correction_factor within limits
+    if (rate_correction_factor > MAX_BPB_FACTOR)
+      rate_correction_factor = MAX_BPB_FACTOR;
+  } else if (correction_factor < 0.99) {
+    // We are not already at the best allowable quality
+    correction_factor = 1.0 / correction_factor;
+    correction_factor = (1.0 + ((correction_factor - 1.0) * adjustment_limit));
+    correction_factor = 1.0 / correction_factor;
+
+    rate_correction_factor = rate_correction_factor * correction_factor;
+
+    // Keep rate_correction_factor within limits
+    if (rate_correction_factor < MIN_BPB_FACTOR)
+      rate_correction_factor = MIN_BPB_FACTOR;
+  }
+
+  set_rate_correction_factor(cpi, is_encode_stage, rate_correction_factor,
+                             width, height);
+}
+
+// Calculate rate for the given 'q'.
+static int get_bits_per_mb(const AV1_COMP *cpi, int use_cyclic_refresh,
+                           double correction_factor, int q) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  return use_cyclic_refresh
+             ? av1_cyclic_refresh_rc_bits_per_mb(cpi, q, correction_factor)
+             : av1_rc_bits_per_mb(cpi, cm->current_frame.frame_type, q,
+                                  correction_factor,
+                                  cpi->sf.hl_sf.accurate_bit_estimate);
+}
+
+/*!\brief Searches for a Q index value predicted to give an average macro
+ * block rate closest to the target value.
+ *
+ * Similar to find_qindex_by_rate() function, but returns a q index with a
+ * rate just above or below the desired rate, depending on which of the two
+ * rates is closer to the desired rate.
+ * Also, respects the selected aq_mode when computing the rate.
+ *
+ * \ingroup rate_control
+ * \param[in]   desired_bits_per_mb   Target bits per mb
+ * \param[in]   cpi                   Top level encoder instance structure
+ * \param[in]   correction_factor     Current Q to rate correction factor
+ * \param[in]   best_qindex           Min allowed Q value.
+ * \param[in]   worst_qindex          Max allowed Q value.
+ *
+ * \return Returns a correction factor for the current frame
+ */
+static int find_closest_qindex_by_rate(int desired_bits_per_mb,
+                                       const AV1_COMP *cpi,
+                                       double correction_factor,
+                                       int best_qindex, int worst_qindex) {
+  const int use_cyclic_refresh = cpi->oxcf.q_cfg.aq_mode == CYCLIC_REFRESH_AQ &&
+                                 cpi->cyclic_refresh->apply_cyclic_refresh;
+
+  // Find 'qindex' based on 'desired_bits_per_mb'.
+  assert(best_qindex <= worst_qindex);
+  int low = best_qindex;
+  int high = worst_qindex;
+  while (low < high) {
+    const int mid = (low + high) >> 1;
+    const int mid_bits_per_mb =
+        get_bits_per_mb(cpi, use_cyclic_refresh, correction_factor, mid);
+    if (mid_bits_per_mb > desired_bits_per_mb) {
+      low = mid + 1;
+    } else {
+      high = mid;
+    }
+  }
+  assert(low == high);
+
+  // Calculate rate difference of this q index from the desired rate.
+  const int curr_q = low;
+  const int curr_bits_per_mb =
+      get_bits_per_mb(cpi, use_cyclic_refresh, correction_factor, curr_q);
+  const int curr_bit_diff = (curr_bits_per_mb <= desired_bits_per_mb)
+                                ? desired_bits_per_mb - curr_bits_per_mb
+                                : INT_MAX;
+  assert((curr_bit_diff != INT_MAX && curr_bit_diff >= 0) ||
+         curr_q == worst_qindex);
+
+  // Calculate rate difference for previous q index too.
+  const int prev_q = curr_q - 1;
+  int prev_bit_diff;
+  if (curr_bit_diff == INT_MAX || curr_q == best_qindex) {
+    prev_bit_diff = INT_MAX;
+  } else {
+    const int prev_bits_per_mb =
+        get_bits_per_mb(cpi, use_cyclic_refresh, correction_factor, prev_q);
+    assert(prev_bits_per_mb > desired_bits_per_mb);
+    prev_bit_diff = prev_bits_per_mb - desired_bits_per_mb;
+  }
+
+  // Pick one of the two q indices, depending on which one has rate closer to
+  // the desired rate.
+  return (curr_bit_diff <= prev_bit_diff) ? curr_q : prev_q;
+}
+
+int av1_rc_regulate_q(const AV1_COMP *cpi, int target_bits_per_frame,
+                      int active_best_quality, int active_worst_quality,
+                      int width, int height) {
+  const int MBs = av1_get_MBs(width, height);
+  const double correction_factor =
+      get_rate_correction_factor(cpi, width, height);
+  const int target_bits_per_mb =
+      (int)(((uint64_t)target_bits_per_frame << BPER_MB_NORMBITS) / MBs);
+
+  int q =
+      find_closest_qindex_by_rate(target_bits_per_mb, cpi, correction_factor,
+                                  active_best_quality, active_worst_quality);
+  if (cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode == AOM_CBR && has_no_stats_stage(cpi))
+    return adjust_q_cbr(cpi, q, active_worst_quality, width, height);
+
+  return q;
+}
+
+static int get_active_quality(int q, int gfu_boost, int low, int high,
+                              int *low_motion_minq, int *high_motion_minq) {
+  if (gfu_boost > high) {
+    return low_motion_minq[q];
+  } else if (gfu_boost < low) {
+    return high_motion_minq[q];
+  } else {
+    const int gap = high - low;
+    const int offset = high - gfu_boost;
+    const int qdiff = high_motion_minq[q] - low_motion_minq[q];
+    const int adjustment = ((offset * qdiff) + (gap >> 1)) / gap;
+    return low_motion_minq[q] + adjustment;
+  }
+}
+
+static int get_kf_active_quality(const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc, int q,
+                                 aom_bit_depth_t bit_depth) {
+  int *kf_low_motion_minq;
+  int *kf_high_motion_minq;
+  ASSIGN_MINQ_TABLE(bit_depth, kf_low_motion_minq);
+  ASSIGN_MINQ_TABLE(bit_depth, kf_high_motion_minq);
+  return get_active_quality(q, p_rc->kf_boost, kf_low, kf_high,
+                            kf_low_motion_minq, kf_high_motion_minq);
+}
+
+static int get_gf_active_quality_no_rc(int gfu_boost, int q,
+                                       aom_bit_depth_t bit_depth) {
+  int *arfgf_low_motion_minq;
+  int *arfgf_high_motion_minq;
+  ASSIGN_MINQ_TABLE(bit_depth, arfgf_low_motion_minq);
+  ASSIGN_MINQ_TABLE(bit_depth, arfgf_high_motion_minq);
+  return get_active_quality(q, gfu_boost, gf_low, gf_high,
+                            arfgf_low_motion_minq, arfgf_high_motion_minq);
+}
+
+static int get_gf_active_quality(const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc, int q,
+                                 aom_bit_depth_t bit_depth) {
+  return get_gf_active_quality_no_rc(p_rc->gfu_boost, q, bit_depth);
+}
+
+static int get_gf_high_motion_quality(int q, aom_bit_depth_t bit_depth) {
+  int *arfgf_high_motion_minq;
+  ASSIGN_MINQ_TABLE(bit_depth, arfgf_high_motion_minq);
+  return arfgf_high_motion_minq[q];
+}
+
+static int calc_active_worst_quality_no_stats_vbr(const AV1_COMP *cpi) {
+  const RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  const RefreshFrameInfo *const refresh_frame = &cpi->refresh_frame;
+  const unsigned int curr_frame = cpi->common.current_frame.frame_number;
+  int active_worst_quality;
+  int last_q_key_frame;
+  int last_q_inter_frame;
+#if CONFIG_FPMT_TEST
+  const int simulate_parallel_frame =
+      cpi->ppi->gf_group.frame_parallel_level[cpi->gf_frame_index] > 0 &&
+      cpi->ppi->fpmt_unit_test_cfg == PARALLEL_SIMULATION_ENCODE;
+  last_q_key_frame = simulate_parallel_frame ? p_rc->temp_last_q[KEY_FRAME]
+                                             : p_rc->last_q[KEY_FRAME];
+  last_q_inter_frame = simulate_parallel_frame ? p_rc->temp_last_q[INTER_FRAME]
+                                               : p_rc->last_q[INTER_FRAME];
+#else
+  last_q_key_frame = p_rc->last_q[KEY_FRAME];
+  last_q_inter_frame = p_rc->last_q[INTER_FRAME];
+#endif
+
+  if (cpi->common.current_frame.frame_type == KEY_FRAME) {
+    active_worst_quality =
+        curr_frame == 0 ? rc->worst_quality : last_q_key_frame * 2;
+  } else {
+    if (!rc->is_src_frame_alt_ref &&
+        (refresh_frame->golden_frame || refresh_frame->bwd_ref_frame ||
+         refresh_frame->alt_ref_frame)) {
+      active_worst_quality =
+          curr_frame == 1 ? last_q_key_frame * 5 / 4 : last_q_inter_frame;
+    } else {
+      active_worst_quality =
+          curr_frame == 1 ? last_q_key_frame * 2 : last_q_inter_frame * 2;
+    }
+  }
+  return AOMMIN(active_worst_quality, rc->worst_quality);
+}
+
+// Adjust active_worst_quality level based on buffer level.
+static int calc_active_worst_quality_no_stats_cbr(const AV1_COMP *cpi) {
+  // Adjust active_worst_quality: If buffer is above the optimal/target level,
+  // bring active_worst_quality down depending on fullness of buffer.
+  // If buffer is below the optimal level, let the active_worst_quality go from
+  // ambient Q (at buffer = optimal level) to worst_quality level
+  // (at buffer = critical level).
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  const RATE_CONTROL *rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  const SVC *const svc = &cpi->svc;
+  unsigned int num_frames_weight_key = 5 * cpi->svc.number_temporal_layers;
+  // Buffer level below which we push active_worst to worst_quality.
+  int64_t critical_level = p_rc->optimal_buffer_level >> 3;
+  int64_t buff_lvl_step = 0;
+  int adjustment = 0;
+  int active_worst_quality;
+  int ambient_qp;
+  if (cm->current_frame.frame_type == KEY_FRAME) return rc->worst_quality;
+  // For ambient_qp we use minimum of avg_frame_qindex[KEY_FRAME/INTER_FRAME]
+  // for the first few frames following key frame. These are both initialized
+  // to worst_quality and updated with (3/4, 1/4) average in postencode_update.
+  // So for first few frames following key, the qp of that key frame is weighted
+  // into the active_worst_quality setting. For SVC the key frame should
+  // correspond to layer (0, 0), so use that for layer context.
+  int avg_qindex_key = p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[KEY_FRAME];
+  if (svc->number_temporal_layers > 1) {
+    int layer = LAYER_IDS_TO_IDX(0, 0, svc->number_temporal_layers);
+    const LAYER_CONTEXT *lc = &svc->layer_context[layer];
+    const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const lp_rc = &lc->p_rc;
+    avg_qindex_key =
+        AOMMIN(lp_rc->avg_frame_qindex[KEY_FRAME], lp_rc->last_q[KEY_FRAME]);
+  }
+  ambient_qp = (cm->current_frame.frame_number < num_frames_weight_key)
+                   ? AOMMIN(p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME], avg_qindex_key)
+                   : p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME];
+  ambient_qp = AOMMIN(rc->worst_quality, ambient_qp);
+
+  if (p_rc->buffer_level > p_rc->optimal_buffer_level) {
+    // Adjust down.
+    int max_adjustment_down;  // Maximum adjustment down for Q
+
+    if (cpi->oxcf.q_cfg.aq_mode == CYCLIC_REFRESH_AQ && !cpi->ppi->use_svc &&
+        (cpi->oxcf.tune_cfg.content == AOM_CONTENT_SCREEN)) {
+      active_worst_quality = AOMMIN(rc->worst_quality, ambient_qp);
+      max_adjustment_down = AOMMIN(4, active_worst_quality / 16);
+    } else {
+      active_worst_quality = AOMMIN(rc->worst_quality, ambient_qp * 5 / 4);
+      max_adjustment_down = active_worst_quality / 3;
+    }
+
+    if (max_adjustment_down) {
+      buff_lvl_step =
+          ((p_rc->maximum_buffer_size - p_rc->optimal_buffer_level) /
+           max_adjustment_down);
+      if (buff_lvl_step)
+        adjustment = (int)((p_rc->buffer_level - p_rc->optimal_buffer_level) /
+                           buff_lvl_step);
+      active_worst_quality -= adjustment;
+    }
+  } else if (p_rc->buffer_level > critical_level) {
+    // Adjust up from ambient Q.
+    active_worst_quality = AOMMIN(rc->worst_quality, ambient_qp);
+    if (critical_level) {
+      buff_lvl_step = (p_rc->optimal_buffer_level - critical_level);
+      if (buff_lvl_step) {
+        adjustment = (int)((rc->worst_quality - ambient_qp) *
+                           (p_rc->optimal_buffer_level - p_rc->buffer_level) /
+                           buff_lvl_step);
+      }
+      active_worst_quality += adjustment;
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Set to worst_quality if buffer is below critical level.
+    active_worst_quality = rc->worst_quality;
+  }
+  return active_worst_quality;
+}
+
+// Calculate the active_best_quality level.
+static int calc_active_best_quality_no_stats_cbr(const AV1_COMP *cpi,
+                                                 int active_worst_quality,
+                                                 int width, int height) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  const RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  const RefreshFrameInfo *const refresh_frame = &cpi->refresh_frame;
+  const CurrentFrame *const current_frame = &cm->current_frame;
+  int *rtc_minq;
+  const int bit_depth = cm->seq_params->bit_depth;
+  int active_best_quality = rc->best_quality;
+  ASSIGN_MINQ_TABLE(bit_depth, rtc_minq);
+
+  if (frame_is_intra_only(cm)) {
+    // Handle the special case for key frames forced when we have reached
+    // the maximum key frame interval. Here force the Q to a range
+    // based on the ambient Q to reduce the risk of popping.
+    if (p_rc->this_key_frame_forced) {
+      int qindex = p_rc->last_boosted_qindex;
+      double last_boosted_q = av1_convert_qindex_to_q(qindex, bit_depth);
+      int delta_qindex = av1_compute_qdelta(rc, last_boosted_q,
+                                            (last_boosted_q * 0.75), bit_depth);
+      active_best_quality = AOMMAX(qindex + delta_qindex, rc->best_quality);
+    } else if (current_frame->frame_number > 0) {
+      // not first frame of one pass and kf_boost is set
+      double q_adj_factor = 1.0;
+      double q_val;
+      active_best_quality = get_kf_active_quality(
+          p_rc, p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[KEY_FRAME], bit_depth);
+      // Allow somewhat lower kf minq with small image formats.
+      if ((width * height) <= (352 * 288)) {
+        q_adj_factor -= 0.25;
+      }
+      // Convert the adjustment factor to a qindex delta
+      // on active_best_quality.
+      q_val = av1_convert_qindex_to_q(active_best_quality, bit_depth);
+      active_best_quality +=
+          av1_compute_qdelta(rc, q_val, q_val * q_adj_factor, bit_depth);
+    }
+  } else if (!rc->is_src_frame_alt_ref && !cpi->ppi->use_svc &&
+             cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.gf_cbr_boost_pct &&
+             (refresh_frame->golden_frame || refresh_frame->alt_ref_frame)) {
+    // Use the lower of active_worst_quality and recent
+    // average Q as basis for GF/ARF best Q limit unless last frame was
+    // a key frame.
+    int q = active_worst_quality;
+    if (rc->frames_since_key > 1 &&
+        p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME] < active_worst_quality) {
+      q = p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME];
+    }
+    active_best_quality = get_gf_active_quality(p_rc, q, bit_depth);
+  } else {
+    // Use the lower of active_worst_quality and recent/average Q.
+    FRAME_TYPE frame_type =
+        (current_frame->frame_number > 1) ? INTER_FRAME : KEY_FRAME;
+    if (p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[frame_type] < active_worst_quality)
+      active_best_quality = rtc_minq[p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[frame_type]];
+    else
+      active_best_quality = rtc_minq[active_worst_quality];
+  }
+  return active_best_quality;
+}
+
+#if RT_PASSIVE_STRATEGY
+static int get_q_passive_strategy(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
+                                  const int q_candidate, const int threshold) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  const CurrentFrame *const current_frame = &cm->current_frame;
+  int sum = 0;
+  int count = 0;
+  int i = 1;
+  while (i < MAX_Q_HISTORY) {
+    int frame_id = current_frame->frame_number - i;
+    if (frame_id <= 0) break;
+    sum += p_rc->q_history[frame_id % MAX_Q_HISTORY];
+    ++count;
+    ++i;
+  }
+  if (count > 0) {
+    const int avg_q = sum / count;
+    if (abs(avg_q - q_candidate) <= threshold) return avg_q;
+  }
+  return q_candidate;
+}
+#endif  // RT_PASSIVE_STRATEGY
+
+/*!\brief Picks q and q bounds given CBR rate control parameters in \c cpi->rc.
+ *
+ * Handles the special case when using:
+ * - Constant bit-rate mode: \c cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode == \ref AOM_CBR, and
+ * - 1-pass encoding without LAP (look-ahead processing), so 1st pass stats are
+ * NOT available.
+ *
+ * \ingroup rate_control
+ * \param[in]       cpi          Top level encoder structure
+ * \param[in]       width        Coded frame width
+ * \param[in]       height       Coded frame height
+ * \param[out]      bottom_index Bottom bound for q index (best quality)
+ * \param[out]      top_index    Top bound for q index (worst quality)
+ * \return Returns selected q index to be used for encoding this frame.
+ */
+static int rc_pick_q_and_bounds_no_stats_cbr(const AV1_COMP *cpi, int width,
+                                             int height, int *bottom_index,
+                                             int *top_index) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  const RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  const CurrentFrame *const current_frame = &cm->current_frame;
+  int q;
+  int active_worst_quality = calc_active_worst_quality_no_stats_cbr(cpi);
+  int active_best_quality = calc_active_best_quality_no_stats_cbr(
+      cpi, active_worst_quality, width, height);
+  assert(has_no_stats_stage(cpi));
+  assert(cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode == AOM_CBR);
+
+  // Clip the active best and worst quality values to limits
+  active_best_quality =
+      clamp(active_best_quality, rc->best_quality, rc->worst_quality);
+  active_worst_quality =
+      clamp(active_worst_quality, active_best_quality, rc->worst_quality);
+
+  *top_index = active_worst_quality;
+  *bottom_index = active_best_quality;
+
+  // Limit Q range for the adaptive loop.
+  if (current_frame->frame_type == KEY_FRAME && !p_rc->this_key_frame_forced &&
+      current_frame->frame_number != 0) {
+    int qdelta = 0;
+    qdelta = av1_compute_qdelta_by_rate(cpi, current_frame->frame_type,
+                                        active_worst_quality, 2.0);
+    *top_index = active_worst_quality + qdelta;
+    *top_index = AOMMAX(*top_index, *bottom_index);
+  }
+
+  q = av1_rc_regulate_q(cpi, rc->this_frame_target, active_best_quality,
+                        active_worst_quality, width, height);
+#if RT_PASSIVE_STRATEGY
+  if (current_frame->frame_type != KEY_FRAME &&
+      cpi->oxcf.tune_cfg.content == AOM_CONTENT_SCREEN) {
+    q = get_q_passive_strategy(cpi, q, 50);
+  }
+#endif  // RT_PASSIVE_STRATEGY
+  if (q > *top_index) {
+    // Special case when we are targeting the max allowed rate
+    if (rc->this_frame_target >= rc->max_frame_bandwidth)
+      *top_index = q;
+    else
+      q = *top_index;
+  }
+
+  assert(*top_index <= rc->worst_quality && *top_index >= rc->best_quality);
+  assert(*bottom_index <= rc->worst_quality &&
+         *bottom_index >= rc->best_quality);
+  assert(q <= rc->worst_quality && q >= rc->best_quality);
+  return q;
+}
+
+static int gf_group_pyramid_level(const GF_GROUP *gf_group, int gf_index) {
+  return gf_group->layer_depth[gf_index];
+}
+
+static int get_active_cq_level(const RATE_CONTROL *rc,
+                               const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *p_rc,
+                               const AV1EncoderConfig *const oxcf,
+                               int intra_only, aom_superres_mode superres_mode,
+                               int superres_denom) {
+  const RateControlCfg *const rc_cfg = &oxcf->rc_cfg;
+  static const double cq_adjust_threshold = 0.1;
+  int active_cq_level = rc_cfg->cq_level;
+  if (rc_cfg->mode == AOM_CQ || rc_cfg->mode == AOM_Q) {
+    // printf("Superres %d %d %d = %d\n", superres_denom, intra_only,
+    //        rc->frames_to_key, !(intra_only && rc->frames_to_key <= 1));
+    if ((superres_mode == AOM_SUPERRES_QTHRESH ||
+         superres_mode == AOM_SUPERRES_AUTO) &&
+        superres_denom != SCALE_NUMERATOR) {
+      int mult = SUPERRES_QADJ_PER_DENOM_KEYFRAME_SOLO;
+      if (intra_only && rc->frames_to_key <= 1) {
+        mult = 0;
+      } else if (intra_only) {
+        mult = SUPERRES_QADJ_PER_DENOM_KEYFRAME;
+      } else {
+        mult = SUPERRES_QADJ_PER_DENOM_ARFFRAME;
+      }
+      active_cq_level = AOMMAX(
+          active_cq_level - ((superres_denom - SCALE_NUMERATOR) * mult), 0);
+    }
+  }
+  if (rc_cfg->mode == AOM_CQ && p_rc->total_target_bits > 0) {
+    const double x = (double)p_rc->total_actual_bits / p_rc->total_target_bits;
+    if (x < cq_adjust_threshold) {
+      active_cq_level = (int)(active_cq_level * x / cq_adjust_threshold);
+    }
+  }
+  return active_cq_level;
+}
+
+/*!\brief Picks q and q bounds given non-CBR rate control params in \c cpi->rc.
+ *
+ * Handles the special case when using:
+ * - Any rate control other than constant bit-rate mode:
+ * \c cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode != \ref AOM_CBR, and
+ * - 1-pass encoding without LAP (look-ahead processing), so 1st pass stats are
+ * NOT available.
+ *
+ * \ingroup rate_control
+ * \param[in]       cpi          Top level encoder structure
+ * \param[in]       width        Coded frame width
+ * \param[in]       height       Coded frame height
+ * \param[out]      bottom_index Bottom bound for q index (best quality)
+ * \param[out]      top_index    Top bound for q index (worst quality)
+ * \return Returns selected q index to be used for encoding this frame.
+ */
+static int rc_pick_q_and_bounds_no_stats(const AV1_COMP *cpi, int width,
+                                         int height, int *bottom_index,
+                                         int *top_index) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  const RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  const CurrentFrame *const current_frame = &cm->current_frame;
+  const AV1EncoderConfig *const oxcf = &cpi->oxcf;
+  const RefreshFrameInfo *const refresh_frame = &cpi->refresh_frame;
+  const enum aom_rc_mode rc_mode = oxcf->rc_cfg.mode;
+
+  assert(has_no_stats_stage(cpi));
+  assert(rc_mode == AOM_VBR ||
+         (!USE_UNRESTRICTED_Q_IN_CQ_MODE && rc_mode == AOM_CQ) ||
+         rc_mode == AOM_Q);
+
+  const int cq_level =
+      get_active_cq_level(rc, p_rc, oxcf, frame_is_intra_only(cm),
+                          cpi->superres_mode, cm->superres_scale_denominator);
+  const int bit_depth = cm->seq_params->bit_depth;
+
+  int active_best_quality;
+  int active_worst_quality = calc_active_worst_quality_no_stats_vbr(cpi);
+  int q;
+  int *inter_minq;
+  ASSIGN_MINQ_TABLE(bit_depth, inter_minq);
+
+  if (frame_is_intra_only(cm)) {
+    if (rc_mode == AOM_Q) {
+      const int qindex = cq_level;
+      const double q_val = av1_convert_qindex_to_q(qindex, bit_depth);
+      const int delta_qindex =
+          av1_compute_qdelta(rc, q_val, q_val * 0.25, bit_depth);
+      active_best_quality = AOMMAX(qindex + delta_qindex, rc->best_quality);
+    } else if (p_rc->this_key_frame_forced) {
+#if CONFIG_FPMT_TEST
+      const int simulate_parallel_frame =
+          cpi->ppi->gf_group.frame_parallel_level[cpi->gf_frame_index] > 0 &&
+          cpi->ppi->fpmt_unit_test_cfg == PARALLEL_SIMULATION_ENCODE;
+      int qindex = simulate_parallel_frame ? p_rc->temp_last_boosted_qindex
+                                           : p_rc->last_boosted_qindex;
+#else
+      int qindex = p_rc->last_boosted_qindex;
+#endif
+      const double last_boosted_q = av1_convert_qindex_to_q(qindex, bit_depth);
+      const int delta_qindex = av1_compute_qdelta(
+          rc, last_boosted_q, last_boosted_q * 0.75, bit_depth);
+      active_best_quality = AOMMAX(qindex + delta_qindex, rc->best_quality);
+    } else {  // not first frame of one pass and kf_boost is set
+      double q_adj_factor = 1.0;
+
+      active_best_quality = get_kf_active_quality(
+          p_rc, p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[KEY_FRAME], bit_depth);
+
+      // Allow somewhat lower kf minq with small image formats.
+      if ((width * height) <= (352 * 288)) {
+        q_adj_factor -= 0.25;
+      }
+
+      // Convert the adjustment factor to a qindex delta on active_best_quality.
+      {
+        const double q_val =
+            av1_convert_qindex_to_q(active_best_quality, bit_depth);
+        active_best_quality +=
+            av1_compute_qdelta(rc, q_val, q_val * q_adj_factor, bit_depth);
+      }
+    }
+  } else if (!rc->is_src_frame_alt_ref &&
+             (refresh_frame->golden_frame || refresh_frame->alt_ref_frame)) {
+    // Use the lower of active_worst_quality and recent
+    // average Q as basis for GF/ARF best Q limit unless last frame was
+    // a key frame.
+    q = (rc->frames_since_key > 1 &&
+         p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME] < active_worst_quality)
+            ? p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME]
+            : p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[KEY_FRAME];
+    // For constrained quality dont allow Q less than the cq level
+    if (rc_mode == AOM_CQ) {
+      if (q < cq_level) q = cq_level;
+      active_best_quality = get_gf_active_quality(p_rc, q, bit_depth);
+      // Constrained quality use slightly lower active best.
+      active_best_quality = active_best_quality * 15 / 16;
+    } else if (rc_mode == AOM_Q) {
+      const int qindex = cq_level;
+      const double q_val = av1_convert_qindex_to_q(qindex, bit_depth);
+      const int delta_qindex =
+          (refresh_frame->alt_ref_frame)
+              ? av1_compute_qdelta(rc, q_val, q_val * 0.40, bit_depth)
+              : av1_compute_qdelta(rc, q_val, q_val * 0.50, bit_depth);
+      active_best_quality = AOMMAX(qindex + delta_qindex, rc->best_quality);
+    } else {
+      active_best_quality = get_gf_active_quality(p_rc, q, bit_depth);
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (rc_mode == AOM_Q) {
+      const int qindex = cq_level;
+      const double q_val = av1_convert_qindex_to_q(qindex, bit_depth);
+      const double delta_rate[FIXED_GF_INTERVAL] = { 0.50, 1.0, 0.85, 1.0,
+                                                     0.70, 1.0, 0.85, 1.0 };
+      const int delta_qindex = av1_compute_qdelta(
+          rc, q_val,
+          q_val * delta_rate[current_frame->frame_number % FIXED_GF_INTERVAL],
+          bit_depth);
+      active_best_quality = AOMMAX(qindex + delta_qindex, rc->best_quality);
+    } else {
+      // Use the lower of active_worst_quality and recent/average Q.
+      active_best_quality =
+          (current_frame->frame_number > 1)
+              ? inter_minq[p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME]]
+              : inter_minq[p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[KEY_FRAME]];
+      // For the constrained quality mode we don't want
+      // q to fall below the cq level.
+      if ((rc_mode == AOM_CQ) && (active_best_quality < cq_level)) {
+        active_best_quality = cq_level;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Clip the active best and worst quality values to limits
+  active_best_quality =
+      clamp(active_best_quality, rc->best_quality, rc->worst_quality);
+  active_worst_quality =
+      clamp(active_worst_quality, active_best_quality, rc->worst_quality);
+
+  *top_index = active_worst_quality;
+  *bottom_index = active_best_quality;
+
+  // Limit Q range for the adaptive loop.
+  {
+    int qdelta = 0;
+    if (current_frame->frame_type == KEY_FRAME &&
+        !p_rc->this_key_frame_forced && current_frame->frame_number != 0) {
+      qdelta = av1_compute_qdelta_by_rate(cpi, current_frame->frame_type,
+                                          active_worst_quality, 2.0);
+    } else if (!rc->is_src_frame_alt_ref &&
+               (refresh_frame->golden_frame || refresh_frame->alt_ref_frame)) {
+      qdelta = av1_compute_qdelta_by_rate(cpi, current_frame->frame_type,
+                                          active_worst_quality, 1.75);
+    }
+    *top_index = active_worst_quality + qdelta;
+    *top_index = AOMMAX(*top_index, *bottom_index);
+  }
+
+  if (rc_mode == AOM_Q) {
+    q = active_best_quality;
+    // Special case code to try and match quality with forced key frames
+  } else if ((current_frame->frame_type == KEY_FRAME) &&
+             p_rc->this_key_frame_forced) {
+#if CONFIG_FPMT_TEST
+    const int simulate_parallel_frame =
+        cpi->ppi->gf_group.frame_parallel_level[cpi->gf_frame_index] > 0 &&
+        cpi->ppi->fpmt_unit_test_cfg == PARALLEL_SIMULATION_ENCODE;
+    q = simulate_parallel_frame ? p_rc->temp_last_boosted_qindex
+                                : p_rc->last_boosted_qindex;
+#else
+    q = p_rc->last_boosted_qindex;
+#endif
+  } else {
+    q = av1_rc_regulate_q(cpi, rc->this_frame_target, active_best_quality,
+                          active_worst_quality, width, height);
+    if (q > *top_index) {
+      // Special case when we are targeting the max allowed rate
+      if (rc->this_frame_target >= rc->max_frame_bandwidth)
+        *top_index = q;
+      else
+        q = *top_index;
+    }
+  }
+
+  assert(*top_index <= rc->worst_quality && *top_index >= rc->best_quality);
+  assert(*bottom_index <= rc->worst_quality &&
+         *bottom_index >= rc->best_quality);
+  assert(q <= rc->worst_quality && q >= rc->best_quality);
+  return q;
+}
+
+static const double arf_layer_deltas[MAX_ARF_LAYERS + 1] = { 2.50, 2.00, 1.75,
+                                                             1.50, 1.25, 1.15,
+                                                             1.0 };
+int av1_frame_type_qdelta(const AV1_COMP *cpi, int q) {
+  const GF_GROUP *const gf_group = &cpi->ppi->gf_group;
+  const RATE_FACTOR_LEVEL rf_lvl =
+      get_rate_factor_level(gf_group, cpi->gf_frame_index);
+  const FRAME_TYPE frame_type = gf_group->frame_type[cpi->gf_frame_index];
+  const int arf_layer = AOMMIN(gf_group->layer_depth[cpi->gf_frame_index], 6);
+  const double rate_factor =
+      (rf_lvl == INTER_NORMAL) ? 1.0 : arf_layer_deltas[arf_layer];
+
+  return av1_compute_qdelta_by_rate(cpi, frame_type, q, rate_factor);
+}
+
+// This unrestricted Q selection on CQ mode is useful when testing new features,
+// but may lead to Q being out of range on current RC restrictions
+#if USE_UNRESTRICTED_Q_IN_CQ_MODE
+static int rc_pick_q_and_bounds_no_stats_cq(const AV1_COMP *cpi, int width,
+                                            int height, int *bottom_index,
+                                            int *top_index) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  const RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const AV1EncoderConfig *const oxcf = &cpi->oxcf;
+  const int cq_level =
+      get_active_cq_level(rc, oxcf, frame_is_intra_only(cm), cpi->superres_mode,
+                          cm->superres_scale_denominator);
+  const int bit_depth = cm->seq_params->bit_depth;
+  const int q = (int)av1_convert_qindex_to_q(cq_level, bit_depth);
+  (void)width;
+  (void)height;
+  assert(has_no_stats_stage(cpi));
+  assert(cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode == AOM_CQ);
+
+  *top_index = q;
+  *bottom_index = q;
+
+  return q;
+}
+#endif  // USE_UNRESTRICTED_Q_IN_CQ_MODE
+
+#define STATIC_MOTION_THRESH 95
+static void get_intra_q_and_bounds(const AV1_COMP *cpi, int width, int height,
+                                   int *active_best, int *active_worst,
+                                   int cq_level) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  const RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  const AV1EncoderConfig *const oxcf = &cpi->oxcf;
+  int active_best_quality;
+  int active_worst_quality = *active_worst;
+  const int bit_depth = cm->seq_params->bit_depth;
+
+  if (rc->frames_to_key <= 1 && oxcf->rc_cfg.mode == AOM_Q) {
+    // If the next frame is also a key frame or the current frame is the
+    // only frame in the sequence in AOM_Q mode, just use the cq_level
+    // as q.
+    active_best_quality = cq_level;
+    active_worst_quality = cq_level;
+  } else if (p_rc->this_key_frame_forced) {
+    // Handle the special case for key frames forced when we have reached
+    // the maximum key frame interval. Here force the Q to a range
+    // based on the ambient Q to reduce the risk of popping.
+    double last_boosted_q;
+    int delta_qindex;
+    int qindex;
+#if CONFIG_FPMT_TEST
+    const int simulate_parallel_frame =
+        cpi->ppi->gf_group.frame_parallel_level[cpi->gf_frame_index] > 0 &&
+        cpi->ppi->fpmt_unit_test_cfg == PARALLEL_SIMULATION_ENCODE;
+    int last_boosted_qindex = simulate_parallel_frame
+                                  ? p_rc->temp_last_boosted_qindex
+                                  : p_rc->last_boosted_qindex;
+#else
+    int last_boosted_qindex = p_rc->last_boosted_qindex;
+#endif
+    if (is_stat_consumption_stage_twopass(cpi) &&
+        cpi->ppi->twopass.last_kfgroup_zeromotion_pct >= STATIC_MOTION_THRESH) {
+      qindex = AOMMIN(p_rc->last_kf_qindex, last_boosted_qindex);
+      active_best_quality = qindex;
+      last_boosted_q = av1_convert_qindex_to_q(qindex, bit_depth);
+      delta_qindex = av1_compute_qdelta(rc, last_boosted_q,
+                                        last_boosted_q * 1.25, bit_depth);
+      active_worst_quality =
+          AOMMIN(qindex + delta_qindex, active_worst_quality);
+    } else {
+      qindex = last_boosted_qindex;
+      last_boosted_q = av1_convert_qindex_to_q(qindex, bit_depth);
+      delta_qindex = av1_compute_qdelta(rc, last_boosted_q,
+                                        last_boosted_q * 0.50, bit_depth);
+      active_best_quality = AOMMAX(qindex + delta_qindex, rc->best_quality);
+    }
+  } else {
+    // Not forced keyframe.
+    double q_adj_factor = 1.0;
+    double q_val;
+
+    // Baseline value derived from active_worst_quality and kf boost.
+    active_best_quality =
+        get_kf_active_quality(p_rc, active_worst_quality, bit_depth);
+    if (cpi->is_screen_content_type) {
+      active_best_quality /= 2;
+    }
+
+    if (is_stat_consumption_stage_twopass(cpi) &&
+        cpi->ppi->twopass.kf_zeromotion_pct >= STATIC_KF_GROUP_THRESH) {
+      active_best_quality /= 3;
+    }
+
+    // Allow somewhat lower kf minq with small image formats.
+    if ((width * height) <= (352 * 288)) {
+      q_adj_factor -= 0.25;
+    }
+
+    // Make a further adjustment based on the kf zero motion measure.
+    if (is_stat_consumption_stage_twopass(cpi))
+      q_adj_factor +=
+          0.05 - (0.001 * (double)cpi->ppi->twopass.kf_zeromotion_pct);
+
+    // Convert the adjustment factor to a qindex delta
+    // on active_best_quality.
+    q_val = av1_convert_qindex_to_q(active_best_quality, bit_depth);
+    active_best_quality +=
+        av1_compute_qdelta(rc, q_val, q_val * q_adj_factor, bit_depth);
+
+    // Tweak active_best_quality for AOM_Q mode when superres is on, as this
+    // will be used directly as 'q' later.
+    if (oxcf->rc_cfg.mode == AOM_Q &&
+        (cpi->superres_mode == AOM_SUPERRES_QTHRESH ||
+         cpi->superres_mode == AOM_SUPERRES_AUTO) &&
+        cm->superres_scale_denominator != SCALE_NUMERATOR) {
+      active_best_quality =
+          AOMMAX(active_best_quality -
+                     ((cm->superres_scale_denominator - SCALE_NUMERATOR) *
+                      SUPERRES_QADJ_PER_DENOM_KEYFRAME),
+                 0);
+    }
+  }
+  *active_best = active_best_quality;
+  *active_worst = active_worst_quality;
+}
+
+static void adjust_active_best_and_worst_quality(const AV1_COMP *cpi,
+                                                 const int is_intrl_arf_boost,
+                                                 int *active_worst,
+                                                 int *active_best) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  const RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  const RefreshFrameInfo *const refresh_frame = &cpi->refresh_frame;
+  int active_best_quality = *active_best;
+  int active_worst_quality = *active_worst;
+#if CONFIG_FPMT_TEST
+  const int simulate_parallel_frame =
+      cpi->ppi->gf_group.frame_parallel_level[cpi->gf_frame_index] > 0 &&
+      cpi->ppi->fpmt_unit_test_cfg == PARALLEL_SIMULATION_ENCODE;
+  int extend_minq = simulate_parallel_frame ? p_rc->temp_extend_minq
+                                            : cpi->ppi->twopass.extend_minq;
+  int extend_maxq = simulate_parallel_frame ? p_rc->temp_extend_maxq
+                                            : cpi->ppi->twopass.extend_maxq;
+#endif
+  // Extension to max or min Q if undershoot or overshoot is outside
+  // the permitted range.
+  if (cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode != AOM_Q) {
+    if (frame_is_intra_only(cm) ||
+        (!rc->is_src_frame_alt_ref &&
+         (refresh_frame->golden_frame || is_intrl_arf_boost ||
+          refresh_frame->alt_ref_frame))) {
+#if CONFIG_FPMT_TEST
+      active_best_quality -= extend_minq;
+      active_worst_quality += (extend_maxq / 2);
+#else
+      active_best_quality -= cpi->ppi->twopass.extend_minq / 4;
+      active_worst_quality += (cpi->ppi->twopass.extend_maxq / 2);
+#endif
+    } else {
+#if CONFIG_FPMT_TEST
+      active_best_quality -= extend_minq / 2;
+      active_worst_quality += extend_maxq;
+#else
+      active_best_quality -= cpi->ppi->twopass.extend_minq / 4;
+      active_worst_quality += cpi->ppi->twopass.extend_maxq;
+#endif
+    }
+  }
+
+#ifndef STRICT_RC
+  // Static forced key frames Q restrictions dealt with elsewhere.
+  if (!(frame_is_intra_only(cm)) || !p_rc->this_key_frame_forced ||
+      (cpi->ppi->twopass.last_kfgroup_zeromotion_pct < STATIC_MOTION_THRESH)) {
+    const int qdelta = av1_frame_type_qdelta(cpi, active_worst_quality);
+    active_worst_quality =
+        AOMMAX(active_worst_quality + qdelta, active_best_quality);
+  }
+#endif
+
+  // Modify active_best_quality for downscaled normal frames.
+  if (av1_frame_scaled(cm) && !frame_is_kf_gf_arf(cpi)) {
+    int qdelta = av1_compute_qdelta_by_rate(cpi, cm->current_frame.frame_type,
+                                            active_best_quality, 2.0);
+    active_best_quality =
+        AOMMAX(active_best_quality + qdelta, rc->best_quality);
+  }
+
+  active_best_quality =
+      clamp(active_best_quality, rc->best_quality, rc->worst_quality);
+  active_worst_quality =
+      clamp(active_worst_quality, active_best_quality, rc->worst_quality);
+
+  *active_best = active_best_quality;
+  *active_worst = active_worst_quality;
+}
+
+/*!\brief Gets a Q value to use  for the current frame
+ *
+ *
+ * Selects a Q value from a permitted range that we estimate
+ * will result in approximately the target number of bits.
+ *
+ * \ingroup rate_control
+ * \param[in]   cpi                   Top level encoder instance structure
+ * \param[in]   width                 Width of frame
+ * \param[in]   height                Height of frame
+ * \param[in]   active_worst_quality  Max Q allowed
+ * \param[in]   active_best_quality   Min Q allowed
+ *
+ * \return The suggested Q for this frame.
+ */
+static int get_q(const AV1_COMP *cpi, const int width, const int height,
+                 const int active_worst_quality,
+                 const int active_best_quality) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  const RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  int q;
+#if CONFIG_FPMT_TEST
+  const int simulate_parallel_frame =
+      cpi->ppi->gf_group.frame_parallel_level[cpi->gf_frame_index] > 0 &&
+      cpi->ppi->fpmt_unit_test_cfg;
+  int last_boosted_qindex = simulate_parallel_frame
+                                ? p_rc->temp_last_boosted_qindex
+                                : p_rc->last_boosted_qindex;
+#else
+  int last_boosted_qindex = p_rc->last_boosted_qindex;
+#endif
+
+  if (cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode == AOM_Q ||
+      (frame_is_intra_only(cm) && !p_rc->this_key_frame_forced &&
+       cpi->ppi->twopass.kf_zeromotion_pct >= STATIC_KF_GROUP_THRESH &&
+       rc->frames_to_key > 1)) {
+    q = active_best_quality;
+    // Special case code to try and match quality with forced key frames.
+  } else if (frame_is_intra_only(cm) && p_rc->this_key_frame_forced) {
+    // If static since last kf use better of last boosted and last kf q.
+    if (cpi->ppi->twopass.last_kfgroup_zeromotion_pct >= STATIC_MOTION_THRESH) {
+      q = AOMMIN(p_rc->last_kf_qindex, last_boosted_qindex);
+    } else {
+      q = AOMMIN(last_boosted_qindex,
+                 (active_best_quality + active_worst_quality) / 2);
+    }
+    q = clamp(q, active_best_quality, active_worst_quality);
+  } else {
+    q = av1_rc_regulate_q(cpi, rc->this_frame_target, active_best_quality,
+                          active_worst_quality, width, height);
+    if (q > active_worst_quality) {
+      // Special case when we are targeting the max allowed rate.
+      if (rc->this_frame_target < rc->max_frame_bandwidth) {
+        q = active_worst_quality;
+      }
+    }
+    q = AOMMAX(q, active_best_quality);
+  }
+  return q;
+}
+
+// Returns |active_best_quality| for an inter frame.
+// The |active_best_quality| depends on different rate control modes:
+// VBR, Q, CQ, CBR.
+// The returning active_best_quality could further be adjusted in
+// adjust_active_best_and_worst_quality().
+static int get_active_best_quality(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
+                                   const int active_worst_quality,
+                                   const int cq_level, const int gf_index) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  const int bit_depth = cm->seq_params->bit_depth;
+  const RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  const AV1EncoderConfig *const oxcf = &cpi->oxcf;
+  const RefreshFrameInfo *const refresh_frame = &cpi->refresh_frame;
+  const GF_GROUP *gf_group = &cpi->ppi->gf_group;
+  const enum aom_rc_mode rc_mode = oxcf->rc_cfg.mode;
+  int *inter_minq;
+  ASSIGN_MINQ_TABLE(bit_depth, inter_minq);
+  int active_best_quality = 0;
+  const int is_intrl_arf_boost =
+      gf_group->update_type[gf_index] == INTNL_ARF_UPDATE;
+  int is_leaf_frame =
+      !(gf_group->update_type[gf_index] == ARF_UPDATE ||
+        gf_group->update_type[gf_index] == GF_UPDATE || is_intrl_arf_boost);
+
+  // TODO(jingning): Consider to rework this hack that covers issues incurred
+  // in lightfield setting.
+  if (cm->tiles.large_scale) {
+    is_leaf_frame = !(refresh_frame->golden_frame ||
+                      refresh_frame->alt_ref_frame || is_intrl_arf_boost);
+  }
+  const int is_overlay_frame = rc->is_src_frame_alt_ref;
+
+  if (is_leaf_frame || is_overlay_frame) {
+    if (rc_mode == AOM_Q) return cq_level;
+
+    active_best_quality = inter_minq[active_worst_quality];
+    // For the constrained quality mode we don't want
+    // q to fall below the cq level.
+    if ((rc_mode == AOM_CQ) && (active_best_quality < cq_level)) {
+      active_best_quality = cq_level;
+    }
+    return active_best_quality;
+  }
+
+  // Determine active_best_quality for frames that are not leaf or overlay.
+  int q = active_worst_quality;
+  // Use the lower of active_worst_quality and recent
+  // average Q as basis for GF/ARF best Q limit unless last frame was
+  // a key frame.
+  if (rc->frames_since_key > 1 &&
+      p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME] < active_worst_quality) {
+    q = p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME];
+  }
+  if (rc_mode == AOM_CQ && q < cq_level) q = cq_level;
+  active_best_quality = get_gf_active_quality(p_rc, q, bit_depth);
+  // Constrained quality use slightly lower active best.
+  if (rc_mode == AOM_CQ) active_best_quality = active_best_quality * 15 / 16;
+  const int min_boost = get_gf_high_motion_quality(q, bit_depth);
+  const int boost = min_boost - active_best_quality;
+  active_best_quality = min_boost - (int)(boost * p_rc->arf_boost_factor);
+  if (!is_intrl_arf_boost) return active_best_quality;
+
+  if (rc_mode == AOM_Q || rc_mode == AOM_CQ) active_best_quality = p_rc->arf_q;
+  int this_height = gf_group_pyramid_level(gf_group, gf_index);
+  while (this_height > 1) {
+    active_best_quality = (active_best_quality + active_worst_quality + 1) / 2;
+    --this_height;
+  }
+  return active_best_quality;
+}
+
+// Returns the q_index for a single frame in the GOP.
+// This function assumes that rc_mode == AOM_Q mode.
+int av1_q_mode_get_q_index(int base_q_index, int gf_update_type,
+                           int gf_pyramid_level, int arf_q) {
+  const int is_intrl_arf_boost = gf_update_type == INTNL_ARF_UPDATE;
+  int is_leaf_or_overlay_frame = gf_update_type == LF_UPDATE ||
+                                 gf_update_type == OVERLAY_UPDATE ||
+                                 gf_update_type == INTNL_OVERLAY_UPDATE;
+
+  if (is_leaf_or_overlay_frame) return base_q_index;
+
+  if (!is_intrl_arf_boost) return arf_q;
+
+  int active_best_quality = arf_q;
+  int active_worst_quality = base_q_index;
+
+  while (gf_pyramid_level > 1) {
+    active_best_quality = (active_best_quality + active_worst_quality + 1) / 2;
+    --gf_pyramid_level;
+  }
+  return active_best_quality;
+}
+
+// Returns the q_index for the ARF in the GOP.
+int av1_get_arf_q_index(int base_q_index, int gfu_boost, int bit_depth,
+                        double arf_boost_factor) {
+  int active_best_quality =
+      get_gf_active_quality_no_rc(gfu_boost, base_q_index, bit_depth);
+  const int min_boost = get_gf_high_motion_quality(base_q_index, bit_depth);
+  const int boost = min_boost - active_best_quality;
+  return min_boost - (int)(boost * arf_boost_factor);
+}
+
+static int rc_pick_q_and_bounds_q_mode(const AV1_COMP *cpi, int width,
+                                       int height, int gf_index,
+                                       int *bottom_index, int *top_index) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  const RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  const AV1EncoderConfig *const oxcf = &cpi->oxcf;
+  const int cq_level =
+      get_active_cq_level(rc, p_rc, oxcf, frame_is_intra_only(cm),
+                          cpi->superres_mode, cm->superres_scale_denominator);
+  int active_best_quality = 0;
+  int active_worst_quality = rc->active_worst_quality;
+  int q;
+
+  if (frame_is_intra_only(cm)) {
+    get_intra_q_and_bounds(cpi, width, height, &active_best_quality,
+                           &active_worst_quality, cq_level);
+  } else {
+    //  Active best quality limited by previous layer.
+    active_best_quality =
+        get_active_best_quality(cpi, active_worst_quality, cq_level, gf_index);
+  }
+
+  if (cq_level > 0) active_best_quality = AOMMAX(1, active_best_quality);
+
+  *top_index = active_worst_quality;
+  *bottom_index = active_best_quality;
+
+  *top_index = AOMMAX(*top_index, rc->best_quality);
+  *top_index = AOMMIN(*top_index, rc->worst_quality);
+
+  *bottom_index = AOMMAX(*bottom_index, rc->best_quality);
+  *bottom_index = AOMMIN(*bottom_index, rc->worst_quality);
+
+  q = active_best_quality;
+
+  q = AOMMAX(q, rc->best_quality);
+  q = AOMMIN(q, rc->worst_quality);
+
+  assert(*top_index <= rc->worst_quality && *top_index >= rc->best_quality);
+  assert(*bottom_index <= rc->worst_quality &&
+         *bottom_index >= rc->best_quality);
+  assert(q <= rc->worst_quality && q >= rc->best_quality);
+
+  return q;
+}
+
+/*!\brief Picks q and q bounds given rate control parameters in \c cpi->rc.
+ *
+ * Handles the the general cases not covered by
+ * \ref rc_pick_q_and_bounds_no_stats_cbr() and
+ * \ref rc_pick_q_and_bounds_no_stats()
+ *
+ * \ingroup rate_control
+ * \param[in]       cpi          Top level encoder structure
+ * \param[in]       width        Coded frame width
+ * \param[in]       height       Coded frame height
+ * \param[in]       gf_index     Index of this frame in the golden frame group
+ * \param[out]      bottom_index Bottom bound for q index (best quality)
+ * \param[out]      top_index    Top bound for q index (worst quality)
+ * \return Returns selected q index to be used for encoding this frame.
+ */
+static int rc_pick_q_and_bounds(const AV1_COMP *cpi, int width, int height,
+                                int gf_index, int *bottom_index,
+                                int *top_index) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  const RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  const AV1EncoderConfig *const oxcf = &cpi->oxcf;
+  const RefreshFrameInfo *const refresh_frame = &cpi->refresh_frame;
+  const GF_GROUP *gf_group = &cpi->ppi->gf_group;
+  assert(IMPLIES(has_no_stats_stage(cpi),
+                 cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode == AOM_Q &&
+                     gf_group->update_type[gf_index] != ARF_UPDATE));
+  const int cq_level =
+      get_active_cq_level(rc, p_rc, oxcf, frame_is_intra_only(cm),
+                          cpi->superres_mode, cm->superres_scale_denominator);
+
+  if (oxcf->rc_cfg.mode == AOM_Q) {
+    return rc_pick_q_and_bounds_q_mode(cpi, width, height, gf_index,
+                                       bottom_index, top_index);
+  }
+
+  int active_best_quality = 0;
+  int active_worst_quality = rc->active_worst_quality;
+  int q;
+
+  const int is_intrl_arf_boost =
+      gf_group->update_type[gf_index] == INTNL_ARF_UPDATE;
+
+  if (frame_is_intra_only(cm)) {
+    get_intra_q_and_bounds(cpi, width, height, &active_best_quality,
+                           &active_worst_quality, cq_level);
+#ifdef STRICT_RC
+    active_best_quality = 0;
+#endif
+  } else {
+    //  Active best quality limited by previous layer.
+    const int pyramid_level = gf_group_pyramid_level(gf_group, gf_index);
+
+    if ((pyramid_level <= 1) || (pyramid_level > MAX_ARF_LAYERS)) {
+      active_best_quality = get_active_best_quality(cpi, active_worst_quality,
+                                                    cq_level, gf_index);
+    } else {
+#if CONFIG_FPMT_TEST
+      const int simulate_parallel_frame =
+          cpi->ppi->gf_group.frame_parallel_level[cpi->gf_frame_index] > 0 &&
+          cpi->ppi->fpmt_unit_test_cfg == PARALLEL_SIMULATION_ENCODE;
+      int local_active_best_quality =
+          simulate_parallel_frame
+              ? p_rc->temp_active_best_quality[pyramid_level - 1]
+              : p_rc->active_best_quality[pyramid_level - 1];
+      active_best_quality = local_active_best_quality + 1;
+#else
+      active_best_quality = p_rc->active_best_quality[pyramid_level - 1] + 1;
+#endif
+
+      active_best_quality = AOMMIN(active_best_quality, active_worst_quality);
+#ifdef STRICT_RC
+      active_best_quality += (active_worst_quality - active_best_quality) / 16;
+#else
+      active_best_quality += (active_worst_quality - active_best_quality) / 2;
+#endif
+    }
+
+    // For alt_ref and GF frames (including internal arf frames) adjust the
+    // worst allowed quality as well. This insures that even on hard
+    // sections we dont clamp the Q at the same value for arf frames and
+    // leaf (non arf) frames. This is important to the TPL model which assumes
+    // Q drops with each arf level.
+    if (!(rc->is_src_frame_alt_ref) &&
+        (refresh_frame->golden_frame || refresh_frame->alt_ref_frame ||
+         is_intrl_arf_boost)) {
+      active_worst_quality =
+          (active_best_quality + (3 * active_worst_quality) + 2) / 4;
+    }
+  }
+
+  adjust_active_best_and_worst_quality(
+      cpi, is_intrl_arf_boost, &active_worst_quality, &active_best_quality);
+  q = get_q(cpi, width, height, active_worst_quality, active_best_quality);
+
+  // Special case when we are targeting the max allowed rate.
+  if (rc->this_frame_target >= rc->max_frame_bandwidth &&
+      q > active_worst_quality) {
+    active_worst_quality = q;
+  }
+
+  *top_index = active_worst_quality;
+  *bottom_index = active_best_quality;
+
+  assert(*top_index <= rc->worst_quality && *top_index >= rc->best_quality);
+  assert(*bottom_index <= rc->worst_quality &&
+         *bottom_index >= rc->best_quality);
+  assert(q <= rc->worst_quality && q >= rc->best_quality);
+
+  return q;
+}
+
+static void rc_compute_variance_onepass_rt(AV1_COMP *cpi) {
+  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG const *const unscaled_src = cpi->unscaled_source;
+  if (unscaled_src == NULL) return;
+
+  const uint8_t *src_y = unscaled_src->y_buffer;
+  const int src_ystride = unscaled_src->y_stride;
+  const YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG *yv12 = get_ref_frame_yv12_buf(cm, LAST_FRAME);
+  const uint8_t *pre_y = yv12->buffers[0];
+  const int pre_ystride = yv12->strides[0];
+
+  // TODO(yunqing): support scaled reference frames.
+  if (cpi->scaled_ref_buf[LAST_FRAME - 1]) return;
+
+  for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+    if (unscaled_src->widths[i] != yv12->widths[i] ||
+        unscaled_src->heights[i] != yv12->heights[i]) {
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+
+  const int num_mi_cols = cm->mi_params.mi_cols;
+  const int num_mi_rows = cm->mi_params.mi_rows;
+  const BLOCK_SIZE bsize = BLOCK_64X64;
+  int num_samples = 0;
+  // sse is computed on 64x64 blocks
+  const int sb_size_by_mb = (cm->seq_params->sb_size == BLOCK_128X128)
+                                ? (cm->seq_params->mib_size >> 1)
+                                : cm->seq_params->mib_size;
+  const int sb_cols = (num_mi_cols + sb_size_by_mb - 1) / sb_size_by_mb;
+  const int sb_rows = (num_mi_rows + sb_size_by_mb - 1) / sb_size_by_mb;
+
+  uint64_t fsse = 0;
+  cpi->rec_sse = 0;
+
+  for (int sbi_row = 0; sbi_row < sb_rows; ++sbi_row) {
+    for (int sbi_col = 0; sbi_col < sb_cols; ++sbi_col) {
+      unsigned int sse;
+      uint8_t src[64 * 64] = { 0 };
+      // Apply 4x4 block averaging/denoising on source frame.
+      for (int i = 0; i < 64; i += 4) {
+        for (int j = 0; j < 64; j += 4) {
+          const unsigned int avg =
+              aom_avg_4x4(src_y + i * src_ystride + j, src_ystride);
+
+          for (int m = 0; m < 4; ++m) {
+            for (int n = 0; n < 4; ++n) src[i * 64 + j + m * 64 + n] = avg;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      cpi->ppi->fn_ptr[bsize].vf(src, 64, pre_y, pre_ystride, &sse);
+      fsse += sse;
+      num_samples++;
+      src_y += 64;
+      pre_y += 64;
+    }
+    src_y += (src_ystride << 6) - (sb_cols << 6);
+    pre_y += (pre_ystride << 6) - (sb_cols << 6);
+  }
+  assert(num_samples > 0);
+  // Ensure rec_sse > 0
+  if (num_samples > 0) cpi->rec_sse = fsse > 0 ? fsse : 1;
+}
+
+int av1_rc_pick_q_and_bounds(AV1_COMP *cpi, int width, int height, int gf_index,
+                             int *bottom_index, int *top_index) {
+  PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  int q;
+  // TODO(sarahparker) merge no-stats vbr and altref q computation
+  // with rc_pick_q_and_bounds().
+  const GF_GROUP *gf_group = &cpi->ppi->gf_group;
+  if ((cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode != AOM_Q ||
+       gf_group->update_type[gf_index] == ARF_UPDATE) &&
+      has_no_stats_stage(cpi)) {
+    if (cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode == AOM_CBR) {
+      // TODO(yunqing): the results could be used for encoder optimization.
+      cpi->rec_sse = UINT64_MAX;
+      if (cpi->sf.hl_sf.accurate_bit_estimate &&
+          cpi->common.current_frame.frame_type != KEY_FRAME)
+        rc_compute_variance_onepass_rt(cpi);
+
+      q = rc_pick_q_and_bounds_no_stats_cbr(cpi, width, height, bottom_index,
+                                            top_index);
+      // preserve copy of active worst quality selected.
+      cpi->rc.active_worst_quality = *top_index;
+
+#if USE_UNRESTRICTED_Q_IN_CQ_MODE
+    } else if (cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode == AOM_CQ) {
+      q = rc_pick_q_and_bounds_no_stats_cq(cpi, width, height, bottom_index,
+                                           top_index);
+#endif  // USE_UNRESTRICTED_Q_IN_CQ_MODE
+    } else {
+      q = rc_pick_q_and_bounds_no_stats(cpi, width, height, bottom_index,
+                                        top_index);
+    }
+  } else {
+    q = rc_pick_q_and_bounds(cpi, width, height, gf_index, bottom_index,
+                             top_index);
+  }
+  if (gf_group->update_type[gf_index] == ARF_UPDATE) p_rc->arf_q = q;
+
+  return q;
+}
+
+void av1_rc_compute_frame_size_bounds(const AV1_COMP *cpi, int frame_target,
+                                      int *frame_under_shoot_limit,
+                                      int *frame_over_shoot_limit) {
+  if (cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode == AOM_Q) {
+    *frame_under_shoot_limit = 0;
+    *frame_over_shoot_limit = INT_MAX;
+  } else {
+    // For very small rate targets where the fractional adjustment
+    // may be tiny make sure there is at least a minimum range.
+    assert(cpi->sf.hl_sf.recode_tolerance <= 100);
+    const int tolerance = (int)AOMMAX(
+        100, ((int64_t)cpi->sf.hl_sf.recode_tolerance * frame_target) / 100);
+    *frame_under_shoot_limit = AOMMAX(frame_target - tolerance, 0);
+    *frame_over_shoot_limit =
+        AOMMIN(frame_target + tolerance, cpi->rc.max_frame_bandwidth);
+  }
+}
+
+void av1_rc_set_frame_target(AV1_COMP *cpi, int target, int width, int height) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+
+  rc->this_frame_target = target;
+
+  // Modify frame size target when down-scaled.
+  if (av1_frame_scaled(cm) && cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode != AOM_CBR) {
+    rc->this_frame_target =
+        (int)(rc->this_frame_target *
+              resize_rate_factor(&cpi->oxcf.frm_dim_cfg, width, height));
+  }
+
+  // Target rate per SB64 (including partial SB64s.
+  rc->sb64_target_rate =
+      (int)(((int64_t)rc->this_frame_target << 12) / (width * height));
+}
+
+static void update_alt_ref_frame_stats(AV1_COMP *cpi) {
+  // this frame refreshes means next frames don't unless specified by user
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  rc->frames_since_golden = 0;
+}
+
+static void update_golden_frame_stats(AV1_COMP *cpi) {
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+
+  // Update the Golden frame usage counts.
+  if (cpi->refresh_frame.golden_frame || rc->is_src_frame_alt_ref) {
+    rc->frames_since_golden = 0;
+  } else if (cpi->common.show_frame) {
+    rc->frames_since_golden++;
+  }
+}
+
+void av1_rc_postencode_update(AV1_COMP *cpi, uint64_t bytes_used) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  const CurrentFrame *const current_frame = &cm->current_frame;
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  const GF_GROUP *const gf_group = &cpi->ppi->gf_group;
+  const RefreshFrameInfo *const refresh_frame = &cpi->refresh_frame;
+
+  const int is_intrnl_arf =
+      gf_group->update_type[cpi->gf_frame_index] == INTNL_ARF_UPDATE;
+
+  const int qindex = cm->quant_params.base_qindex;
+
+#if RT_PASSIVE_STRATEGY
+  const int frame_number = current_frame->frame_number % MAX_Q_HISTORY;
+  p_rc->q_history[frame_number] = qindex;
+#endif  // RT_PASSIVE_STRATEGY
+
+  // Update rate control heuristics
+  rc->projected_frame_size = (int)(bytes_used << 3);
+
+  // Post encode loop adjustment of Q prediction.
+  av1_rc_update_rate_correction_factors(cpi, 0, cm->width, cm->height);
+
+  // Update bit estimation ratio.
+  if (cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode == AOM_CBR &&
+      cm->current_frame.frame_type != KEY_FRAME &&
+      cpi->sf.hl_sf.accurate_bit_estimate) {
+    const double q = av1_convert_qindex_to_q(cm->quant_params.base_qindex,
+                                             cm->seq_params->bit_depth);
+    const int this_bit_est_ratio =
+        (int)(rc->projected_frame_size * q / sqrt((double)cpi->rec_sse));
+    cpi->rc.bit_est_ratio =
+        cpi->rc.bit_est_ratio == 0
+            ? this_bit_est_ratio
+            : (7 * cpi->rc.bit_est_ratio + this_bit_est_ratio) / 8;
+  }
+
+  // Keep a record of last Q and ambient average Q.
+  if (current_frame->frame_type == KEY_FRAME) {
+    p_rc->last_q[KEY_FRAME] = qindex;
+    p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[KEY_FRAME] =
+        ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(3 * p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[KEY_FRAME] + qindex, 2);
+  } else {
+    if ((cpi->ppi->use_svc && cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode == AOM_CBR) ||
+        cpi->rc.rtc_external_ratectrl ||
+        (!rc->is_src_frame_alt_ref &&
+         !(refresh_frame->golden_frame || is_intrnl_arf ||
+           refresh_frame->alt_ref_frame))) {
+      p_rc->last_q[INTER_FRAME] = qindex;
+      p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME] = ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO(
+          3 * p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME] + qindex, 2);
+      p_rc->ni_frames++;
+      p_rc->tot_q += av1_convert_qindex_to_q(qindex, cm->seq_params->bit_depth);
+      p_rc->avg_q = p_rc->tot_q / p_rc->ni_frames;
+      // Calculate the average Q for normal inter frames (not key or GFU
+      // frames).
+      rc->ni_tot_qi += qindex;
+      rc->ni_av_qi = rc->ni_tot_qi / p_rc->ni_frames;
+    }
+  }
+  // Keep record of last boosted (KF/GF/ARF) Q value.
+  // If the current frame is coded at a lower Q then we also update it.
+  // If all mbs in this group are skipped only update if the Q value is
+  // better than that already stored.
+  // This is used to help set quality in forced key frames to reduce popping
+  if ((qindex < p_rc->last_boosted_qindex) ||
+      (current_frame->frame_type == KEY_FRAME) ||
+      (!p_rc->constrained_gf_group &&
+       (refresh_frame->alt_ref_frame || is_intrnl_arf ||
+        (refresh_frame->golden_frame && !rc->is_src_frame_alt_ref)))) {
+    p_rc->last_boosted_qindex = qindex;
+  }
+  if (current_frame->frame_type == KEY_FRAME) p_rc->last_kf_qindex = qindex;
+
+  update_buffer_level(cpi, rc->projected_frame_size);
+  rc->prev_avg_frame_bandwidth = rc->avg_frame_bandwidth;
+
+  // Rolling monitors of whether we are over or underspending used to help
+  // regulate min and Max Q in two pass.
+  if (av1_frame_scaled(cm))
+    rc->this_frame_target = (int)(rc->this_frame_target /
+                                  resize_rate_factor(&cpi->oxcf.frm_dim_cfg,
+                                                     cm->width, cm->height));
+  if (current_frame->frame_type != KEY_FRAME) {
+    p_rc->rolling_target_bits = (int)ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO_64(
+        p_rc->rolling_target_bits * 3 + rc->this_frame_target, 2);
+    p_rc->rolling_actual_bits = (int)ROUND_POWER_OF_TWO_64(
+        p_rc->rolling_actual_bits * 3 + rc->projected_frame_size, 2);
+  }
+
+  // Actual bits spent
+  p_rc->total_actual_bits += rc->projected_frame_size;
+  p_rc->total_target_bits += cm->show_frame ? rc->avg_frame_bandwidth : 0;
+
+  if (is_altref_enabled(cpi->oxcf.gf_cfg.lag_in_frames,
+                        cpi->oxcf.gf_cfg.enable_auto_arf) &&
+      refresh_frame->alt_ref_frame &&
+      (current_frame->frame_type != KEY_FRAME && !frame_is_sframe(cm)))
+    // Update the alternate reference frame stats as appropriate.
+    update_alt_ref_frame_stats(cpi);
+  else
+    // Update the Golden frame stats as appropriate.
+    update_golden_frame_stats(cpi);
+
+#if CONFIG_FPMT_TEST
+  /*The variables temp_avg_frame_qindex, temp_last_q, temp_avg_q,
+   * temp_last_boosted_qindex are introduced only for quality simulation
+   * purpose, it retains the value previous to the parallel encode frames. The
+   * variables are updated based on the update flag.
+   *
+   * If there exist show_existing_frames between parallel frames, then to
+   * retain the temp state do not update it. */
+  int show_existing_between_parallel_frames =
+      (cpi->ppi->gf_group.update_type[cpi->gf_frame_index] ==
+           INTNL_OVERLAY_UPDATE &&
+       cpi->ppi->gf_group.frame_parallel_level[cpi->gf_frame_index + 1] == 2);
+
+  if (cpi->do_frame_data_update && !show_existing_between_parallel_frames &&
+      cpi->ppi->fpmt_unit_test_cfg == PARALLEL_SIMULATION_ENCODE) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_TYPES; i++) {
+      p_rc->temp_last_q[i] = p_rc->last_q[i];
+    }
+    p_rc->temp_avg_q = p_rc->avg_q;
+    p_rc->temp_last_boosted_qindex = p_rc->last_boosted_qindex;
+    p_rc->temp_total_actual_bits = p_rc->total_actual_bits;
+    p_rc->temp_projected_frame_size = rc->projected_frame_size;
+    for (int i = 0; i < RATE_FACTOR_LEVELS; i++)
+      p_rc->temp_rate_correction_factors[i] = p_rc->rate_correction_factors[i];
+  }
+#endif
+  if (current_frame->frame_type == KEY_FRAME) rc->frames_since_key = 0;
+  if (cpi->refresh_frame.golden_frame)
+    rc->frame_num_last_gf_refresh = current_frame->frame_number;
+  rc->prev_coded_width = cm->width;
+  rc->prev_coded_height = cm->height;
+  rc->frame_number_encoded++;
+  rc->prev_frame_is_dropped = 0;
+  rc->drop_count_consec = 0;
+  // if (current_frame->frame_number == 1 && cm->show_frame)
+  /*
+  rc->this_frame_target =
+      (int)(rc->this_frame_target / resize_rate_factor(&cpi->oxcf.frm_dim_cfg,
+  cm->width, cm->height));
+      */
+}
+
+void av1_rc_postencode_update_drop_frame(AV1_COMP *cpi) {
+  // Update buffer level with zero size, update frame counters, and return.
+  update_buffer_level(cpi, 0);
+  if (cpi->svc.spatial_layer_id == cpi->svc.number_spatial_layers - 1) {
+    cpi->rc.frames_since_key++;
+    cpi->rc.frames_to_key--;
+  }
+  cpi->rc.rc_2_frame = 0;
+  cpi->rc.rc_1_frame = 0;
+  cpi->rc.prev_avg_frame_bandwidth = cpi->rc.avg_frame_bandwidth;
+  cpi->rc.prev_coded_width = cpi->common.width;
+  cpi->rc.prev_coded_height = cpi->common.height;
+  cpi->rc.prev_frame_is_dropped = 1;
+  // On a scene/slide change for dropped frame: reset the avg_source_sad to 0,
+  // otherwise the avg_source_sad can get too large and subsequent frames
+  // may miss the scene/slide detection.
+  if (cpi->rc.high_source_sad) cpi->rc.avg_source_sad = 0;
+  if (cpi->ppi->use_svc && cpi->svc.number_spatial_layers > 1) {
+    cpi->svc.last_layer_dropped[cpi->svc.spatial_layer_id] = true;
+    cpi->svc.drop_spatial_layer[cpi->svc.spatial_layer_id] = true;
+  }
+}
+
+int av1_find_qindex(double desired_q, aom_bit_depth_t bit_depth,
+                    int best_qindex, int worst_qindex) {
+  assert(best_qindex <= worst_qindex);
+  int low = best_qindex;
+  int high = worst_qindex;
+  while (low < high) {
+    const int mid = (low + high) >> 1;
+    const double mid_q = av1_convert_qindex_to_q(mid, bit_depth);
+    if (mid_q < desired_q) {
+      low = mid + 1;
+    } else {
+      high = mid;
+    }
+  }
+  assert(low == high);
+  assert(av1_convert_qindex_to_q(low, bit_depth) >= desired_q ||
+         low == worst_qindex);
+  return low;
+}
+
+int av1_compute_qdelta(const RATE_CONTROL *rc, double qstart, double qtarget,
+                       aom_bit_depth_t bit_depth) {
+  const int start_index =
+      av1_find_qindex(qstart, bit_depth, rc->best_quality, rc->worst_quality);
+  const int target_index =
+      av1_find_qindex(qtarget, bit_depth, rc->best_quality, rc->worst_quality);
+  return target_index - start_index;
+}
+
+// Find q_index for the desired_bits_per_mb, within [best_qindex, worst_qindex],
+// assuming 'correction_factor' is 1.0.
+// To be precise, 'q_index' is the smallest integer, for which the corresponding
+// bits per mb <= desired_bits_per_mb.
+// If no such q index is found, returns 'worst_qindex'.
+static int find_qindex_by_rate(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
+                               int desired_bits_per_mb, FRAME_TYPE frame_type,
+                               int best_qindex, int worst_qindex) {
+  assert(best_qindex <= worst_qindex);
+  int low = best_qindex;
+  int high = worst_qindex;
+  while (low < high) {
+    const int mid = (low + high) >> 1;
+    const int mid_bits_per_mb =
+        av1_rc_bits_per_mb(cpi, frame_type, mid, 1.0, 0);
+    if (mid_bits_per_mb > desired_bits_per_mb) {
+      low = mid + 1;
+    } else {
+      high = mid;
+    }
+  }
+  assert(low == high);
+  assert(av1_rc_bits_per_mb(cpi, frame_type, low, 1.0, 0) <=
+             desired_bits_per_mb ||
+         low == worst_qindex);
+  return low;
+}
+
+int av1_compute_qdelta_by_rate(const AV1_COMP *cpi, FRAME_TYPE frame_type,
+                               int qindex, double rate_target_ratio) {
+  const RATE_CONTROL *rc = &cpi->rc;
+
+  // Look up the current projected bits per block for the base index
+  const int base_bits_per_mb =
+      av1_rc_bits_per_mb(cpi, frame_type, qindex, 1.0, 0);
+
+  // Find the target bits per mb based on the base value and given ratio.
+  const int target_bits_per_mb = (int)(rate_target_ratio * base_bits_per_mb);
+
+  const int target_index = find_qindex_by_rate(
+      cpi, target_bits_per_mb, frame_type, rc->best_quality, rc->worst_quality);
+  return target_index - qindex;
+}
+
+void av1_rc_set_gf_interval_range(const AV1_COMP *const cpi,
+                                  RATE_CONTROL *const rc) {
+  const AV1EncoderConfig *const oxcf = &cpi->oxcf;
+
+  // Special case code for 1 pass fixed Q mode tests
+  if ((has_no_stats_stage(cpi)) && (oxcf->rc_cfg.mode == AOM_Q)) {
+    rc->max_gf_interval = oxcf->gf_cfg.max_gf_interval;
+    rc->min_gf_interval = oxcf->gf_cfg.min_gf_interval;
+    rc->static_scene_max_gf_interval = rc->min_gf_interval + 1;
+  } else {
+    // Set Maximum gf/arf interval
+    rc->max_gf_interval = oxcf->gf_cfg.max_gf_interval;
+    rc->min_gf_interval = oxcf->gf_cfg.min_gf_interval;
+    if (rc->min_gf_interval == 0)
+      rc->min_gf_interval = av1_rc_get_default_min_gf_interval(
+          oxcf->frm_dim_cfg.width, oxcf->frm_dim_cfg.height, cpi->framerate);
+    if (rc->max_gf_interval == 0)
+      rc->max_gf_interval = av1_rc_get_default_max_gf_interval(
+          cpi->framerate, rc->min_gf_interval);
+    /*
+     * Extended max interval for genuinely static scenes like slide shows.
+     * The no.of.stats available in the case of LAP is limited,
+     * hence setting to max_gf_interval.
+     */
+    if (cpi->ppi->lap_enabled)
+      rc->static_scene_max_gf_interval = rc->max_gf_interval + 1;
+    else
+      rc->static_scene_max_gf_interval = MAX_STATIC_GF_GROUP_LENGTH;
+
+    if (rc->max_gf_interval > rc->static_scene_max_gf_interval)
+      rc->max_gf_interval = rc->static_scene_max_gf_interval;
+
+    // Clamp min to max
+    rc->min_gf_interval = AOMMIN(rc->min_gf_interval, rc->max_gf_interval);
+  }
+}
+
+void av1_rc_update_framerate(AV1_COMP *cpi, int width, int height) {
+  const AV1EncoderConfig *const oxcf = &cpi->oxcf;
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  int vbr_max_bits;
+  const int MBs = av1_get_MBs(width, height);
+
+  rc->avg_frame_bandwidth =
+      (int)round(oxcf->rc_cfg.target_bandwidth / cpi->framerate);
+  rc->min_frame_bandwidth =
+      (int)(rc->avg_frame_bandwidth * oxcf->rc_cfg.vbrmin_section / 100);
+
+  rc->min_frame_bandwidth =
+      AOMMAX(rc->min_frame_bandwidth, FRAME_OVERHEAD_BITS);
+
+  // A maximum bitrate for a frame is defined.
+  // The baseline for this aligns with HW implementations that
+  // can support decode of 1080P content up to a bitrate of MAX_MB_RATE bits
+  // per 16x16 MB (averaged over a frame). However this limit is extended if
+  // a very high rate is given on the command line or the the rate cannnot
+  // be acheived because of a user specificed max q (e.g. when the user
+  // specifies lossless encode.
+  vbr_max_bits =
+      (int)(((int64_t)rc->avg_frame_bandwidth * oxcf->rc_cfg.vbrmax_section) /
+            100);
+  rc->max_frame_bandwidth =
+      AOMMAX(AOMMAX((MBs * MAX_MB_RATE), MAXRATE_1080P), vbr_max_bits);
+
+  av1_rc_set_gf_interval_range(cpi, rc);
+}
+
+#define VBR_PCT_ADJUSTMENT_LIMIT 50
+// For VBR...adjustment to the frame target based on error from previous frames
+static void vbr_rate_correction(AV1_COMP *cpi, int *this_frame_target) {
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+#if CONFIG_FPMT_TEST
+  const int simulate_parallel_frame =
+      cpi->ppi->gf_group.frame_parallel_level[cpi->gf_frame_index] > 0 &&
+      cpi->ppi->fpmt_unit_test_cfg == PARALLEL_SIMULATION_ENCODE;
+  int64_t vbr_bits_off_target = simulate_parallel_frame
+                                    ? cpi->ppi->p_rc.temp_vbr_bits_off_target
+                                    : p_rc->vbr_bits_off_target;
+#else
+  int64_t vbr_bits_off_target = p_rc->vbr_bits_off_target;
+#endif
+  const int stats_count =
+      cpi->ppi->twopass.stats_buf_ctx->total_stats != NULL
+          ? (int)cpi->ppi->twopass.stats_buf_ctx->total_stats->count
+          : 0;
+  const int frame_window = AOMMIN(
+      16, (int)(stats_count - (int)cpi->common.current_frame.frame_number));
+  assert(VBR_PCT_ADJUSTMENT_LIMIT <= 100);
+  if (frame_window > 0) {
+    const int max_delta = (int)AOMMIN(
+        abs((int)(vbr_bits_off_target / frame_window)),
+        ((int64_t)(*this_frame_target) * VBR_PCT_ADJUSTMENT_LIMIT) / 100);
+
+    // vbr_bits_off_target > 0 means we have extra bits to spend
+    // vbr_bits_off_target < 0 we are currently overshooting
+    *this_frame_target += (vbr_bits_off_target >= 0) ? max_delta : -max_delta;
+  }
+
+#if CONFIG_FPMT_TEST
+  int64_t vbr_bits_off_target_fast =
+      simulate_parallel_frame ? cpi->ppi->p_rc.temp_vbr_bits_off_target_fast
+                              : p_rc->vbr_bits_off_target_fast;
+#endif
+  // Fast redistribution of bits arising from massive local undershoot.
+  // Dont do it for kf,arf,gf or overlay frames.
+  if (!frame_is_kf_gf_arf(cpi) &&
+#if CONFIG_FPMT_TEST
+      vbr_bits_off_target_fast &&
+#else
+      p_rc->vbr_bits_off_target_fast &&
+#endif
+      !rc->is_src_frame_alt_ref) {
+    int one_frame_bits = AOMMAX(rc->avg_frame_bandwidth, *this_frame_target);
+    int fast_extra_bits;
+#if CONFIG_FPMT_TEST
+    fast_extra_bits = (int)AOMMIN(vbr_bits_off_target_fast, one_frame_bits);
+    fast_extra_bits =
+        (int)AOMMIN(fast_extra_bits,
+                    AOMMAX(one_frame_bits / 8, vbr_bits_off_target_fast / 8));
+#else
+    fast_extra_bits =
+        (int)AOMMIN(p_rc->vbr_bits_off_target_fast, one_frame_bits);
+    fast_extra_bits = (int)AOMMIN(
+        fast_extra_bits,
+        AOMMAX(one_frame_bits / 8, p_rc->vbr_bits_off_target_fast / 8));
+#endif
+    if (fast_extra_bits > 0) {
+      // Update this_frame_target only if additional bits are available from
+      // local undershoot.
+      *this_frame_target += (int)fast_extra_bits;
+    }
+    // Store the fast_extra_bits of the frame and reduce it from
+    // vbr_bits_off_target_fast during postencode stage.
+    rc->frame_level_fast_extra_bits = fast_extra_bits;
+    // Retaining the condition to udpate during postencode stage since
+    // fast_extra_bits are calculated based on vbr_bits_off_target_fast.
+    cpi->do_update_vbr_bits_off_target_fast = 1;
+  }
+}
+
+void av1_set_target_rate(AV1_COMP *cpi, int width, int height) {
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  int target_rate = rc->base_frame_target;
+
+  // Correction to rate target based on prior over or under shoot.
+  if (cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode == AOM_VBR || cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode == AOM_CQ)
+    vbr_rate_correction(cpi, &target_rate);
+  av1_rc_set_frame_target(cpi, target_rate, width, height);
+}
+
+int av1_calc_pframe_target_size_one_pass_vbr(
+    const AV1_COMP *const cpi, FRAME_UPDATE_TYPE frame_update_type) {
+  static const int af_ratio = 10;
+  const RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  int64_t target;
+#if USE_ALTREF_FOR_ONE_PASS
+  if (frame_update_type == KF_UPDATE || frame_update_type == GF_UPDATE ||
+      frame_update_type == ARF_UPDATE) {
+    target = ((int64_t)rc->avg_frame_bandwidth * p_rc->baseline_gf_interval *
+              af_ratio) /
+             (p_rc->baseline_gf_interval + af_ratio - 1);
+  } else {
+    target = ((int64_t)rc->avg_frame_bandwidth * p_rc->baseline_gf_interval) /
+             (p_rc->baseline_gf_interval + af_ratio - 1);
+  }
+  if (target > INT_MAX) target = INT_MAX;
+#else
+  target = rc->avg_frame_bandwidth;
+#endif
+  return av1_rc_clamp_pframe_target_size(cpi, (int)target, frame_update_type);
+}
+
+int av1_calc_iframe_target_size_one_pass_vbr(const AV1_COMP *const cpi) {
+  static const int kf_ratio = 25;
+  const RATE_CONTROL *rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const int64_t target = (int64_t)rc->avg_frame_bandwidth * kf_ratio;
+  return av1_rc_clamp_iframe_target_size(cpi, target);
+}
+
+int av1_calc_pframe_target_size_one_pass_cbr(
+    const AV1_COMP *cpi, FRAME_UPDATE_TYPE frame_update_type) {
+  const AV1EncoderConfig *oxcf = &cpi->oxcf;
+  const RATE_CONTROL *rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  const RateControlCfg *rc_cfg = &oxcf->rc_cfg;
+  const int64_t diff = p_rc->optimal_buffer_level - p_rc->buffer_level;
+  const int64_t one_pct_bits = 1 + p_rc->optimal_buffer_level / 100;
+  int min_frame_target =
+      AOMMAX(rc->avg_frame_bandwidth >> 4, FRAME_OVERHEAD_BITS);
+  int target;
+
+  if (rc_cfg->gf_cbr_boost_pct) {
+    const int af_ratio_pct = rc_cfg->gf_cbr_boost_pct + 100;
+    if (frame_update_type == GF_UPDATE || frame_update_type == OVERLAY_UPDATE) {
+      target = (rc->avg_frame_bandwidth * p_rc->baseline_gf_interval *
+                af_ratio_pct) /
+               (p_rc->baseline_gf_interval * 100 + af_ratio_pct - 100);
+    } else {
+      target = (rc->avg_frame_bandwidth * p_rc->baseline_gf_interval * 100) /
+               (p_rc->baseline_gf_interval * 100 + af_ratio_pct - 100);
+    }
+  } else {
+    target = rc->avg_frame_bandwidth;
+  }
+  if (cpi->ppi->use_svc) {
+    // Note that for layers, avg_frame_bandwidth is the cumulative
+    // per-frame-bandwidth. For the target size of this frame, use the
+    // layer average frame size (i.e., non-cumulative per-frame-bw).
+    int layer =
+        LAYER_IDS_TO_IDX(cpi->svc.spatial_layer_id, cpi->svc.temporal_layer_id,
+                         cpi->svc.number_temporal_layers);
+    const LAYER_CONTEXT *lc = &cpi->svc.layer_context[layer];
+    target = lc->avg_frame_size;
+    min_frame_target = AOMMAX(lc->avg_frame_size >> 4, FRAME_OVERHEAD_BITS);
+  }
+  if (diff > 0) {
+    // Lower the target bandwidth for this frame.
+    const int pct_low =
+        (int)AOMMIN(diff / one_pct_bits, rc_cfg->under_shoot_pct);
+    target -= (target * pct_low) / 200;
+  } else if (diff < 0) {
+    // Increase the target bandwidth for this frame.
+    const int pct_high =
+        (int)AOMMIN(-diff / one_pct_bits, rc_cfg->over_shoot_pct);
+    target += (target * pct_high) / 200;
+  }
+  if (rc_cfg->max_inter_bitrate_pct) {
+    const int max_rate =
+        rc->avg_frame_bandwidth * rc_cfg->max_inter_bitrate_pct / 100;
+    target = AOMMIN(target, max_rate);
+  }
+  return AOMMAX(min_frame_target, target);
+}
+
+int av1_calc_iframe_target_size_one_pass_cbr(const AV1_COMP *cpi) {
+  const RATE_CONTROL *rc = &cpi->rc;
+  const PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  int64_t target;
+  if (cpi->common.current_frame.frame_number == 0) {
+    target = ((p_rc->starting_buffer_level / 2) > INT_MAX)
+                 ? INT_MAX
+                 : (int)(p_rc->starting_buffer_level / 2);
+    if (cpi->svc.number_temporal_layers > 1 && target < (INT_MAX >> 2)) {
+      target = target << AOMMIN(2, (cpi->svc.number_temporal_layers - 1));
+    }
+  } else {
+    int kf_boost = 32;
+    int framerate = (int)round(cpi->framerate);
+
+    kf_boost = AOMMAX(kf_boost, (int)(2 * framerate - 16));
+    if (rc->frames_since_key < framerate / 2) {
+      kf_boost = (int)(kf_boost * rc->frames_since_key / (framerate / 2));
+    }
+    target = ((16 + kf_boost) * rc->avg_frame_bandwidth) >> 4;
+  }
+  return av1_rc_clamp_iframe_target_size(cpi, target);
+}
+
+static void set_golden_update(AV1_COMP *const cpi) {
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  int divisor = 10;
+  if (cpi->oxcf.q_cfg.aq_mode == CYCLIC_REFRESH_AQ)
+    divisor = cpi->cyclic_refresh->percent_refresh;
+
+  // Set minimum gf_interval for GF update to a multiple of the refresh period,
+  // with some max limit. Depending on past encoding stats, GF flag may be
+  // reset and update may not occur until next baseline_gf_interval.
+  const int gf_length_mult[2] = { 8, 4 };
+  if (divisor > 0)
+    p_rc->baseline_gf_interval =
+        AOMMIN(gf_length_mult[cpi->sf.rt_sf.gf_length_lvl] * (100 / divisor),
+               MAX_GF_INTERVAL_RT);
+  else
+    p_rc->baseline_gf_interval = FIXED_GF_INTERVAL_RT;
+  if (rc->avg_frame_low_motion && rc->avg_frame_low_motion < 40)
+    p_rc->baseline_gf_interval = 16;
+}
+
+static void set_baseline_gf_interval(AV1_COMP *cpi, FRAME_TYPE frame_type) {
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  GF_GROUP *const gf_group = &cpi->ppi->gf_group;
+
+  set_golden_update(cpi);
+
+  if (p_rc->baseline_gf_interval > rc->frames_to_key &&
+      cpi->oxcf.kf_cfg.auto_key)
+    p_rc->baseline_gf_interval = rc->frames_to_key;
+  p_rc->gfu_boost = DEFAULT_GF_BOOST_RT;
+  p_rc->constrained_gf_group =
+      (p_rc->baseline_gf_interval >= rc->frames_to_key &&
+       cpi->oxcf.kf_cfg.auto_key)
+          ? 1
+          : 0;
+  rc->frames_till_gf_update_due = p_rc->baseline_gf_interval;
+  cpi->gf_frame_index = 0;
+  // SVC does not use GF as periodic boost.
+  // TODO(marpan): Find better way to disable this for SVC.
+  if (cpi->ppi->use_svc) {
+    SVC *const svc = &cpi->svc;
+    p_rc->baseline_gf_interval = MAX_STATIC_GF_GROUP_LENGTH - 1;
+    p_rc->gfu_boost = 1;
+    p_rc->constrained_gf_group = 0;
+    rc->frames_till_gf_update_due = p_rc->baseline_gf_interval;
+    for (int layer = 0;
+         layer < svc->number_spatial_layers * svc->number_temporal_layers;
+         ++layer) {
+      LAYER_CONTEXT *const lc = &svc->layer_context[layer];
+      lc->p_rc.baseline_gf_interval = p_rc->baseline_gf_interval;
+      lc->p_rc.gfu_boost = p_rc->gfu_boost;
+      lc->p_rc.constrained_gf_group = p_rc->constrained_gf_group;
+      lc->rc.frames_till_gf_update_due = rc->frames_till_gf_update_due;
+      lc->group_index = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  gf_group->size = p_rc->baseline_gf_interval;
+  gf_group->update_type[0] = (frame_type == KEY_FRAME) ? KF_UPDATE : GF_UPDATE;
+  gf_group->refbuf_state[cpi->gf_frame_index] =
+      (frame_type == KEY_FRAME) ? REFBUF_RESET : REFBUF_UPDATE;
+}
+
+void av1_adjust_gf_refresh_qp_one_pass_rt(AV1_COMP *cpi) {
+  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  RTC_REF *const rtc_ref = &cpi->ppi->rtc_ref;
+  const int resize_pending = is_frame_resize_pending(cpi);
+  if (!resize_pending && !rc->high_source_sad) {
+    // Check if we should disable GF refresh (if period is up),
+    // or force a GF refresh update (if we are at least halfway through
+    // period) based on QP. Look into add info on segment deltaq.
+    PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+    const int avg_qp = p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME];
+    const int allow_gf_update =
+        rc->frames_till_gf_update_due <= (p_rc->baseline_gf_interval - 10);
+    int gf_update_changed = 0;
+    int thresh = 87;
+    if ((cm->current_frame.frame_number - cpi->rc.frame_num_last_gf_refresh) <
+            FIXED_GF_INTERVAL_RT &&
+        rc->frames_till_gf_update_due == 1 &&
+        cm->quant_params.base_qindex > avg_qp) {
+      // Disable GF refresh since QP is above the running average QP.
+      rtc_ref->refresh[rtc_ref->gld_idx_1layer] = 0;
+      gf_update_changed = 1;
+      cpi->refresh_frame.golden_frame = 0;
+    } else if (allow_gf_update &&
+               ((cm->quant_params.base_qindex < thresh * avg_qp / 100) ||
+                (rc->avg_frame_low_motion && rc->avg_frame_low_motion < 20))) {
+      // Force refresh since QP is well below average QP or this is a high
+      // motion frame.
+      rtc_ref->refresh[rtc_ref->gld_idx_1layer] = 1;
+      gf_update_changed = 1;
+      cpi->refresh_frame.golden_frame = 1;
+    }
+    if (gf_update_changed) {
+      set_baseline_gf_interval(cpi, INTER_FRAME);
+      int refresh_mask = 0;
+      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < INTER_REFS_PER_FRAME; i++) {
+        int ref_frame_map_idx = rtc_ref->ref_idx[i];
+        refresh_mask |= rtc_ref->refresh[ref_frame_map_idx]
+                        << ref_frame_map_idx;
+      }
+      cm->current_frame.refresh_frame_flags = refresh_mask;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*!\brief Setup the reference prediction structure for 1 pass real-time
+ *
+ * Set the reference prediction structure for 1 layer.
+ * Current structue is to use 3 references (LAST, GOLDEN, ALTREF),
+ * where ALT_REF always behind current by lag_alt frames, and GOLDEN is
+ * either updated on LAST with period baseline_gf_interval (fixed slot)
+ * or always behind current by lag_gld (gld_fixed_slot = 0, lag_gld <= 7).
+ *
+ * \ingroup rate_control
+ * \param[in]       cpi          Top level encoder structure
+ * \param[in]       gf_update    Flag to indicate if GF is updated
+ *
+ * \remark Nothing is returned. Instead the settings for the prediction
+ * structure are set in \c cpi-ext_flags; and the buffer slot index
+ * (for each of 7 references) and refresh flags (for each of the 8 slots)
+ * are set in \c cpi->svc.ref_idx[] and \c cpi->svc.refresh[].
+ */
+void av1_set_rtc_reference_structure_one_layer(AV1_COMP *cpi, int gf_update) {
+  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  ExternalFlags *const ext_flags = &cpi->ext_flags;
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  ExtRefreshFrameFlagsInfo *const ext_refresh_frame_flags =
+      &ext_flags->refresh_frame;
+  RTC_REF *const rtc_ref = &cpi->ppi->rtc_ref;
+  unsigned int frame_number = (cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.drop_frames_water_mark)
+                                  ? rc->frame_number_encoded
+                                  : cm->current_frame.frame_number;
+  unsigned int lag_alt = 4;
+  int last_idx = 0;
+  int last_idx_refresh = 0;
+  int gld_idx = 0;
+  int alt_ref_idx = 0;
+  int last2_idx = 0;
+  ext_refresh_frame_flags->update_pending = 1;
+  ext_flags->ref_frame_flags = 0;
+  ext_refresh_frame_flags->last_frame = 1;
+  ext_refresh_frame_flags->golden_frame = 0;
+  ext_refresh_frame_flags->alt_ref_frame = 0;
+  // Decide altref lag adaptively for rt
+  if (cpi->sf.rt_sf.sad_based_adp_altref_lag) {
+    lag_alt = 6;
+    const uint64_t th_frame_sad[4][3] = {
+      { 18000, 18000, 18000 },  // HDRES CPU 9
+      { 25000, 25000, 25000 },  // MIDRES CPU 9
+      { 40000, 30000, 20000 },  // HDRES CPU10
+      { 30000, 25000, 20000 }   // MIDRES CPU 10
+    };
+    int th_idx = cpi->sf.rt_sf.sad_based_adp_altref_lag - 1;
+    assert(th_idx < 4);
+    if (rc->avg_source_sad > th_frame_sad[th_idx][0])
+      lag_alt = 3;
+    else if (rc->avg_source_sad > th_frame_sad[th_idx][1])
+      lag_alt = 4;
+    else if (rc->avg_source_sad > th_frame_sad[th_idx][2])
+      lag_alt = 5;
+  }
+  // This defines the reference structure for 1 layer (non-svc) RTC encoding.
+  // To avoid the internal/default reference structure for non-realtime
+  // overwriting this behavior, we use the "svc" ref parameters from the
+  // external control SET_SVC_REF_FRAME_CONFIG.
+  // TODO(marpan): rename that control and the related internal parameters
+  // to rtc_ref.
+  for (int i = 0; i < INTER_REFS_PER_FRAME; ++i) rtc_ref->ref_idx[i] = 7;
+  for (int i = 0; i < REF_FRAMES; ++i) rtc_ref->refresh[i] = 0;
+  // Set the reference frame flags.
+  ext_flags->ref_frame_flags ^= AOM_LAST_FLAG;
+  if (!cpi->sf.rt_sf.force_only_last_ref) {
+    ext_flags->ref_frame_flags ^= AOM_ALT_FLAG;
+    ext_flags->ref_frame_flags ^= AOM_GOLD_FLAG;
+    if (cpi->sf.rt_sf.ref_frame_comp_nonrd[1])
+      ext_flags->ref_frame_flags ^= AOM_LAST2_FLAG;
+  }
+  const int sh = 6;
+  // Moving index slot for last: 0 - (sh - 1).
+  if (frame_number > 1) last_idx = ((frame_number - 1) % sh);
+  // Moving index for refresh of last: one ahead for next frame.
+  last_idx_refresh = (frame_number % sh);
+  gld_idx = 6;
+
+  // Moving index for alt_ref, lag behind LAST by lag_alt frames.
+  if (frame_number > lag_alt) alt_ref_idx = ((frame_number - lag_alt) % sh);
+  if (cpi->sf.rt_sf.ref_frame_comp_nonrd[1]) {
+    // Moving index for LAST2, lag behind LAST by 2 frames.
+    if (frame_number > 2) last2_idx = ((frame_number - 2) % sh);
+  }
+  rtc_ref->ref_idx[0] = last_idx;          // LAST
+  rtc_ref->ref_idx[1] = last_idx_refresh;  // LAST2 (for refresh of last).
+  if (cpi->sf.rt_sf.ref_frame_comp_nonrd[1]) {
+    rtc_ref->ref_idx[1] = last2_idx;         // LAST2
+    rtc_ref->ref_idx[2] = last_idx_refresh;  // LAST3 (for refresh of last).
+  }
+  rtc_ref->ref_idx[3] = gld_idx;      // GOLDEN
+  rtc_ref->ref_idx[6] = alt_ref_idx;  // ALT_REF
+  // Refresh this slot, which will become LAST on next frame.
+  rtc_ref->refresh[last_idx_refresh] = 1;
+  // Update GOLDEN on period for fixed slot case.
+  if (gf_update && cm->current_frame.frame_type != KEY_FRAME) {
+    ext_refresh_frame_flags->golden_frame = 1;
+    rtc_ref->refresh[gld_idx] = 1;
+  }
+  rtc_ref->gld_idx_1layer = gld_idx;
+  // Set the flag to reduce the number of reference frame buffers used.
+  // This assumes that slot 7 is never used.
+  cpi->rt_reduce_num_ref_buffers = 1;
+  cpi->rt_reduce_num_ref_buffers &= (rtc_ref->ref_idx[0] < 7);
+  cpi->rt_reduce_num_ref_buffers &= (rtc_ref->ref_idx[1] < 7);
+  cpi->rt_reduce_num_ref_buffers &= (rtc_ref->ref_idx[3] < 7);
+  cpi->rt_reduce_num_ref_buffers &= (rtc_ref->ref_idx[6] < 7);
+  if (cpi->sf.rt_sf.ref_frame_comp_nonrd[1])
+    cpi->rt_reduce_num_ref_buffers &= (rtc_ref->ref_idx[2] < 7);
+}
+
+/*!\brief Check for scene detection, for 1 pass real-time mode.
+ *
+ * Compute average source sad (temporal sad: between current source and
+ * previous source) over a subset of superblocks. Use this is detect big changes
+ * in content and set the \c cpi->rc.high_source_sad flag.
+ *
+ * \ingroup rate_control
+ * \param[in]       cpi          Top level encoder structure
+ * \param[in]       frame_input  Current and last input source frames
+ *
+ * \remark Nothing is returned. Instead the flag \c cpi->rc.high_source_sad
+ * is set if scene change is detected, and \c cpi->rc.avg_source_sad is updated.
+ */
+static void rc_scene_detection_onepass_rt(AV1_COMP *cpi,
+                                          const EncodeFrameInput *frame_input) {
+  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG const *const unscaled_src = frame_input->source;
+  YV12_BUFFER_CONFIG const *const unscaled_last_src = frame_input->last_source;
+  uint8_t *src_y;
+  int src_ystride;
+  int src_width;
+  int src_height;
+  uint8_t *last_src_y;
+  int last_src_ystride;
+  int last_src_width;
+  int last_src_height;
+  int width = cm->width;
+  int height = cm->height;
+  if (cpi->svc.number_spatial_layers > 1) {
+    width = cpi->oxcf.frm_dim_cfg.width;
+    height = cpi->oxcf.frm_dim_cfg.height;
+  }
+  if (width != cm->render_width || height != cm->render_height ||
+      unscaled_src == NULL || unscaled_last_src == NULL) {
+    aom_free(cpi->src_sad_blk_64x64);
+    cpi->src_sad_blk_64x64 = NULL;
+  }
+  if (unscaled_src == NULL || unscaled_last_src == NULL) return;
+  src_y = unscaled_src->y_buffer;
+  src_ystride = unscaled_src->y_stride;
+  src_width = unscaled_src->y_width;
+  src_height = unscaled_src->y_height;
+  last_src_y = unscaled_last_src->y_buffer;
+  last_src_ystride = unscaled_last_src->y_stride;
+  last_src_width = unscaled_last_src->y_width;
+  last_src_height = unscaled_last_src->y_height;
+  if (src_width != last_src_width || src_height != last_src_height) {
+    aom_free(cpi->src_sad_blk_64x64);
+    cpi->src_sad_blk_64x64 = NULL;
+    return;
+  }
+  rc->high_source_sad = 0;
+  rc->percent_blocks_with_motion = 0;
+  rc->max_block_source_sad = 0;
+  rc->prev_avg_source_sad = rc->avg_source_sad;
+  int num_mi_cols = cm->mi_params.mi_cols;
+  int num_mi_rows = cm->mi_params.mi_rows;
+  if (cpi->svc.number_spatial_layers > 1) {
+    num_mi_cols = cpi->svc.mi_cols_full_resoln;
+    num_mi_rows = cpi->svc.mi_rows_full_resoln;
+  }
+  int num_zero_temp_sad = 0;
+  uint32_t min_thresh = 10000;
+  if (cpi->oxcf.tune_cfg.content != AOM_CONTENT_SCREEN) {
+    min_thresh = cm->width * cm->height <= 320 * 240 && cpi->framerate < 10.0
+                     ? 50000
+                     : 100000;
+  }
+  const BLOCK_SIZE bsize = BLOCK_64X64;
+  // Loop over sub-sample of frame, compute average sad over 64x64 blocks.
+  uint64_t avg_sad = 0;
+  uint64_t tmp_sad = 0;
+  int num_samples = 0;
+  const int thresh =
+      cm->width * cm->height <= 320 * 240 && cpi->framerate < 10.0 ? 5 : 6;
+  // SAD is computed on 64x64 blocks
+  const int sb_size_by_mb = (cm->seq_params->sb_size == BLOCK_128X128)
+                                ? (cm->seq_params->mib_size >> 1)
+                                : cm->seq_params->mib_size;
+  const int sb_cols = (num_mi_cols + sb_size_by_mb - 1) / sb_size_by_mb;
+  const int sb_rows = (num_mi_rows + sb_size_by_mb - 1) / sb_size_by_mb;
+  uint64_t sum_sq_thresh = 10000;  // sum = sqrt(thresh / 64*64)) ~1.5
+  int num_low_var_high_sumdiff = 0;
+  int light_change = 0;
+  // Flag to check light change or not.
+  const int check_light_change = 0;
+  // TODO(marpan): There seems some difference along the bottom border when
+  // using the source_last_tl0 for last_source (used for temporal layers or
+  // when previous frame is dropped).
+  // Remove this bord parameter when issue is resolved: difference is that
+  // non-zero sad exists along bottom border even though source is static.
+  const int border =
+      rc->prev_frame_is_dropped || cpi->svc.number_temporal_layers > 1;
+  // Store blkwise SAD for later use
+  if (width == cm->render_width && height == cm->render_height) {
+    if (cpi->src_sad_blk_64x64 == NULL) {
+      CHECK_MEM_ERROR(cm, cpi->src_sad_blk_64x64,
+                      (uint64_t *)aom_calloc(sb_cols * sb_rows,
+                                             sizeof(*cpi->src_sad_blk_64x64)));
+    }
+  }
+  // Avoid bottom and right border.
+  for (int sbi_row = 0; sbi_row < sb_rows - border; ++sbi_row) {
+    for (int sbi_col = 0; sbi_col < sb_cols; ++sbi_col) {
+      tmp_sad = cpi->ppi->fn_ptr[bsize].sdf(src_y, src_ystride, last_src_y,
+                                            last_src_ystride);
+      if (cpi->src_sad_blk_64x64 != NULL)
+        cpi->src_sad_blk_64x64[sbi_col + sbi_row * sb_cols] = tmp_sad;
+      if (check_light_change) {
+        unsigned int sse, variance;
+        variance = cpi->ppi->fn_ptr[bsize].vf(src_y, src_ystride, last_src_y,
+                                              last_src_ystride, &sse);
+        // Note: sse - variance = ((sum * sum) >> 12)
+        // Detect large lighting change.
+        if (variance < (sse >> 1) && (sse - variance) > sum_sq_thresh) {
+          num_low_var_high_sumdiff++;
+        }
+      }
+      avg_sad += tmp_sad;
+      num_samples++;
+      if (tmp_sad == 0) num_zero_temp_sad++;
+      if (tmp_sad > rc->max_block_source_sad)
+        rc->max_block_source_sad = tmp_sad;
+
+      src_y += 64;
+      last_src_y += 64;
+    }
+    src_y += (src_ystride << 6) - (sb_cols << 6);
+    last_src_y += (last_src_ystride << 6) - (sb_cols << 6);
+  }
+  if (check_light_change && num_samples > 0 &&
+      num_low_var_high_sumdiff > (num_samples >> 1))
+    light_change = 1;
+  if (num_samples > 0) avg_sad = avg_sad / num_samples;
+  // Set high_source_sad flag if we detect very high increase in avg_sad
+  // between current and previous frame value(s). Use minimum threshold
+  // for cases where there is small change from content that is completely
+  // static.
+  if (!light_change &&
+      avg_sad >
+          AOMMAX(min_thresh, (unsigned int)(rc->avg_source_sad * thresh)) &&
+      rc->frames_since_key > 1 + cpi->svc.number_spatial_layers &&
+      num_zero_temp_sad < 3 * (num_samples >> 2))
+    rc->high_source_sad = 1;
+  else
+    rc->high_source_sad = 0;
+  rc->avg_source_sad = (3 * rc->avg_source_sad + avg_sad) >> 2;
+  rc->frame_source_sad = avg_sad;
+  if (num_samples > 0)
+    rc->percent_blocks_with_motion =
+        ((num_samples - num_zero_temp_sad) * 100) / num_samples;
+  // Scene detection is only on base SLO, and using full/orignal resolution.
+  // Pass the state to the upper spatial layers.
+  if (cpi->svc.number_spatial_layers > 1) {
+    SVC *svc = &cpi->svc;
+    for (int sl = 0; sl < svc->number_spatial_layers; ++sl) {
+      int tl = svc->temporal_layer_id;
+      const int layer = LAYER_IDS_TO_IDX(sl, tl, svc->number_temporal_layers);
+      LAYER_CONTEXT *lc = &svc->layer_context[layer];
+      RATE_CONTROL *lrc = &lc->rc;
+      lrc->high_source_sad = rc->high_source_sad;
+      lrc->frame_source_sad = rc->frame_source_sad;
+      lrc->avg_source_sad = rc->avg_source_sad;
+      lrc->percent_blocks_with_motion = rc->percent_blocks_with_motion;
+      lrc->max_block_source_sad = rc->max_block_source_sad;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*!\brief Set the GF baseline interval for 1 pass real-time mode.
+ *
+ *
+ * \ingroup rate_control
+ * \param[in]       cpi          Top level encoder structure
+ * \param[in]       frame_type   frame type
+ *
+ * \return Return GF update flag, and update the \c cpi->rc with
+ * the next GF interval settings.
+ */
+static int set_gf_interval_update_onepass_rt(AV1_COMP *cpi,
+                                             FRAME_TYPE frame_type) {
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  int gf_update = 0;
+  const int resize_pending = is_frame_resize_pending(cpi);
+  // GF update based on frames_till_gf_update_due, also
+  // force upddate on resize pending frame or for scene change.
+  if ((resize_pending || rc->high_source_sad ||
+       rc->frames_till_gf_update_due == 0) &&
+      cpi->svc.temporal_layer_id == 0 && cpi->svc.spatial_layer_id == 0) {
+    set_baseline_gf_interval(cpi, frame_type);
+    gf_update = 1;
+  }
+  return gf_update;
+}
+
+static void resize_reset_rc(AV1_COMP *cpi, int resize_width, int resize_height,
+                            int prev_width, int prev_height) {
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  SVC *const svc = &cpi->svc;
+  int target_bits_per_frame;
+  int active_worst_quality;
+  int qindex;
+  double tot_scale_change = (double)(resize_width * resize_height) /
+                            (double)(prev_width * prev_height);
+  // Disable the skip mv search for svc on resize frame.
+  svc->skip_mvsearch_last = 0;
+  svc->skip_mvsearch_gf = 0;
+  svc->skip_mvsearch_altref = 0;
+  // Reset buffer level to optimal, update target size.
+  p_rc->buffer_level = p_rc->optimal_buffer_level;
+  p_rc->bits_off_target = p_rc->optimal_buffer_level;
+  rc->this_frame_target =
+      av1_calc_pframe_target_size_one_pass_cbr(cpi, INTER_FRAME);
+  target_bits_per_frame = rc->this_frame_target;
+  if (tot_scale_change > 4.0)
+    p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME] = rc->worst_quality;
+  else if (tot_scale_change > 1.0)
+    p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME] =
+        (p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME] + rc->worst_quality) >> 1;
+  active_worst_quality = calc_active_worst_quality_no_stats_cbr(cpi);
+  qindex = av1_rc_regulate_q(cpi, target_bits_per_frame, rc->best_quality,
+                             active_worst_quality, resize_width, resize_height);
+  // If resize is down, check if projected q index is close to worst_quality,
+  // and if so, reduce the rate correction factor (since likely can afford
+  // lower q for resized frame).
+  if (tot_scale_change < 1.0 && qindex > 90 * rc->worst_quality / 100)
+    p_rc->rate_correction_factors[INTER_NORMAL] *= 0.85;
+  // If resize is back up: check if projected q index is too much above the
+  // previous index, and if so, reduce the rate correction factor
+  // (since prefer to keep q for resized frame at least closet to previous q).
+  // Also check if projected qindex is close to previous qindex, if so
+  // increase correction factor (to push qindex higher and avoid overshoot).
+  if (tot_scale_change >= 1.0) {
+    if (tot_scale_change < 4.0 &&
+        qindex > 130 * p_rc->last_q[INTER_FRAME] / 100)
+      p_rc->rate_correction_factors[INTER_NORMAL] *= 0.8;
+    if (qindex <= 120 * p_rc->last_q[INTER_FRAME] / 100)
+      p_rc->rate_correction_factors[INTER_NORMAL] *= 1.5;
+  }
+  if (svc->number_temporal_layers > 1) {
+    // Apply the same rate control reset to all temporal layers.
+    for (int tl = 0; tl < svc->number_temporal_layers; tl++) {
+      LAYER_CONTEXT *lc = NULL;
+      lc = &svc->layer_context[svc->spatial_layer_id *
+                                   svc->number_temporal_layers +
+                               tl];
+      lc->rc.resize_state = rc->resize_state;
+      lc->p_rc.buffer_level = lc->p_rc.optimal_buffer_level;
+      lc->p_rc.bits_off_target = lc->p_rc.optimal_buffer_level;
+      lc->p_rc.rate_correction_factors[INTER_NORMAL] =
+          p_rc->rate_correction_factors[INTER_NORMAL];
+      lc->p_rc.avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME] =
+          p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME];
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/*!\brief ChecK for resize based on Q, for 1 pass real-time mode.
+ *
+ * Check if we should resize, based on average QP from past x frames.
+ * Only allow for resize at most 1/2 scale down for now, Scaling factor
+ * for each step may be 3/4 or 1/2.
+ *
+ * \ingroup rate_control
+ * \param[in]       cpi          Top level encoder structure
+ *
+ * \remark Return resized width/height in \c cpi->resize_pending_params,
+ * and update some resize counters in \c rc.
+ */
+static void dynamic_resize_one_pass_cbr(AV1_COMP *cpi) {
+  const AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  RESIZE_ACTION resize_action = NO_RESIZE;
+  const int avg_qp_thr1 = 70;
+  const int avg_qp_thr2 = 50;
+  // Don't allow for resized frame to go below 160x90, resize in steps of 3/4.
+  const int min_width = (160 * 4) / 3;
+  const int min_height = (90 * 4) / 3;
+  int down_size_on = 1;
+  // Don't resize on key frame; reset the counters on key frame.
+  if (cm->current_frame.frame_type == KEY_FRAME) {
+    rc->resize_avg_qp = 0;
+    rc->resize_count = 0;
+    rc->resize_buffer_underflow = 0;
+    return;
+  }
+  // No resizing down if frame size is below some limit.
+  if ((cm->width * cm->height) < min_width * min_height) down_size_on = 0;
+
+  // Resize based on average buffer underflow and QP over some window.
+  // Ignore samples close to key frame, since QP is usually high after key.
+  if (cpi->rc.frames_since_key > cpi->framerate) {
+    const int window = AOMMIN(30, (int)(2 * cpi->framerate));
+    rc->resize_avg_qp += p_rc->last_q[INTER_FRAME];
+    if (cpi->ppi->p_rc.buffer_level <
+        (int)(30 * p_rc->optimal_buffer_level / 100))
+      ++rc->resize_buffer_underflow;
+    ++rc->resize_count;
+    // Check for resize action every "window" frames.
+    if (rc->resize_count >= window) {
+      int avg_qp = rc->resize_avg_qp / rc->resize_count;
+      // Resize down if buffer level has underflowed sufficient amount in past
+      // window, and we are at original or 3/4 of original resolution.
+      // Resize back up if average QP is low, and we are currently in a resized
+      // down state, i.e. 1/2 or 3/4 of original resolution.
+      // Currently, use a flag to turn 3/4 resizing feature on/off.
+      if (rc->resize_buffer_underflow > (rc->resize_count >> 2) &&
+          down_size_on) {
+        if (rc->resize_state == THREE_QUARTER) {
+          resize_action = DOWN_ONEHALF;
+          rc->resize_state = ONE_HALF;
+        } else if (rc->resize_state == ORIG) {
+          resize_action = DOWN_THREEFOUR;
+          rc->resize_state = THREE_QUARTER;
+        }
+      } else if (rc->resize_state != ORIG &&
+                 avg_qp < avg_qp_thr1 * cpi->rc.worst_quality / 100) {
+        if (rc->resize_state == THREE_QUARTER ||
+            avg_qp < avg_qp_thr2 * cpi->rc.worst_quality / 100) {
+          resize_action = UP_ORIG;
+          rc->resize_state = ORIG;
+        } else if (rc->resize_state == ONE_HALF) {
+          resize_action = UP_THREEFOUR;
+          rc->resize_state = THREE_QUARTER;
+        }
+      }
+      // Reset for next window measurement.
+      rc->resize_avg_qp = 0;
+      rc->resize_count = 0;
+      rc->resize_buffer_underflow = 0;
+    }
+  }
+  // If decision is to resize, reset some quantities, and check is we should
+  // reduce rate correction factor,
+  if (resize_action != NO_RESIZE) {
+    int resize_width = cpi->oxcf.frm_dim_cfg.width;
+    int resize_height = cpi->oxcf.frm_dim_cfg.height;
+    int resize_scale_num = 1;
+    int resize_scale_den = 1;
+    if (resize_action == DOWN_THREEFOUR || resize_action == UP_THREEFOUR) {
+      resize_scale_num = 3;
+      resize_scale_den = 4;
+    } else if (resize_action == DOWN_ONEHALF) {
+      resize_scale_num = 1;
+      resize_scale_den = 2;
+    }
+    resize_width = resize_width * resize_scale_num / resize_scale_den;
+    resize_height = resize_height * resize_scale_num / resize_scale_den;
+    resize_reset_rc(cpi, resize_width, resize_height, cm->width, cm->height);
+  }
+  return;
+}
+
+static INLINE int set_key_frame(AV1_COMP *cpi, unsigned int frame_flags) {
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  SVC *const svc = &cpi->svc;
+
+  // Very first frame has to be key frame.
+  if (cm->current_frame.frame_number == 0) return 1;
+  // Set key frame if forced by frame flags.
+  if (frame_flags & FRAMEFLAGS_KEY) return 1;
+  if (!cpi->ppi->use_svc) {
+    // Non-SVC
+    if (cpi->oxcf.kf_cfg.auto_key && rc->frames_to_key == 0) return 1;
+  } else {
+    // SVC
+    if (svc->spatial_layer_id == 0 &&
+        (cpi->oxcf.kf_cfg.auto_key &&
+         (cpi->oxcf.kf_cfg.key_freq_max == 0 ||
+          svc->current_superframe % cpi->oxcf.kf_cfg.key_freq_max == 0)))
+      return 1;
+  }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+// Set to true if this frame is a recovery frame, for 1 layer RPS,
+// and whether we should apply some boost (QP, adjust speed features, etc).
+// Recovery frame here means frame whose closest reference suddenly
+// switched from previous frame to one much further away.
+// TODO(marpan): Consider adding on/off flag to SVC_REF_FRAME_CONFIG to
+// allow more control for applications.
+static bool set_flag_rps_bias_recovery_frame(const AV1_COMP *const cpi) {
+  if (cpi->ppi->rtc_ref.set_ref_frame_config &&
+      cpi->svc.number_temporal_layers == 1 &&
+      cpi->svc.number_spatial_layers == 1 &&
+      cpi->ppi->rtc_ref.reference_was_previous_frame) {
+    int min_dist = av1_svc_get_min_ref_dist(cpi);
+    // Only consider boost for this frame if its closest reference is further
+    // than x frames away, using x = 4 for now.
+    if (min_dist != INT_MAX && min_dist > 4) return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+void av1_get_one_pass_rt_params(AV1_COMP *cpi, FRAME_TYPE *const frame_type,
+                                const EncodeFrameInput *frame_input,
+                                unsigned int frame_flags) {
+  RATE_CONTROL *const rc = &cpi->rc;
+  PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  GF_GROUP *const gf_group = &cpi->ppi->gf_group;
+  SVC *const svc = &cpi->svc;
+  ResizePendingParams *const resize_pending_params =
+      &cpi->resize_pending_params;
+  int target;
+  const int layer =
+      LAYER_IDS_TO_IDX(svc->spatial_layer_id, svc->temporal_layer_id,
+                       svc->number_temporal_layers);
+  if (cpi->ppi->use_svc) {
+    av1_update_temporal_layer_framerate(cpi);
+    av1_restore_layer_context(cpi);
+  }
+  cpi->ppi->rtc_ref.bias_recovery_frame = set_flag_rps_bias_recovery_frame(cpi);
+  // Set frame type.
+  if (set_key_frame(cpi, frame_flags)) {
+    *frame_type = KEY_FRAME;
+    p_rc->this_key_frame_forced =
+        cm->current_frame.frame_number != 0 && rc->frames_to_key == 0;
+    rc->frames_to_key = cpi->oxcf.kf_cfg.key_freq_max;
+    p_rc->kf_boost = DEFAULT_KF_BOOST_RT;
+    gf_group->update_type[cpi->gf_frame_index] = KF_UPDATE;
+    gf_group->frame_type[cpi->gf_frame_index] = KEY_FRAME;
+    gf_group->refbuf_state[cpi->gf_frame_index] = REFBUF_RESET;
+    if (cpi->ppi->use_svc) {
+      if (cm->current_frame.frame_number > 0)
+        av1_svc_reset_temporal_layers(cpi, 1);
+      svc->layer_context[layer].is_key_frame = 1;
+    }
+    rc->frame_number_encoded = 0;
+    cpi->ppi->rtc_ref.non_reference_frame = 0;
+  } else {
+    *frame_type = INTER_FRAME;
+    gf_group->update_type[cpi->gf_frame_index] = LF_UPDATE;
+    gf_group->frame_type[cpi->gf_frame_index] = INTER_FRAME;
+    gf_group->refbuf_state[cpi->gf_frame_index] = REFBUF_UPDATE;
+    if (cpi->ppi->use_svc) {
+      LAYER_CONTEXT *lc = &svc->layer_context[layer];
+      lc->is_key_frame =
+          svc->spatial_layer_id == 0
+              ? 0
+              : svc->layer_context[svc->temporal_layer_id].is_key_frame;
+      // If the user is setting the reference structure with
+      // set_ref_frame_config and did not set any references, set the
+      // frame type to Intra-only.
+      if (cpi->ppi->rtc_ref.set_ref_frame_config) {
+        int no_references_set = 1;
+        for (int i = 0; i < INTER_REFS_PER_FRAME; i++) {
+          if (cpi->ppi->rtc_ref.reference[i]) {
+            no_references_set = 0;
+            break;
+          }
+        }
+        // Set to intra_only_frame if no references are set.
+        // The stream can start decoding on INTRA_ONLY_FRAME so long as the
+        // layer with the intra_only_frame doesn't signal a reference to a slot
+        // that hasn't been set yet.
+        if (no_references_set) *frame_type = INTRA_ONLY_FRAME;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // Check for scene change: for SVC check on base spatial layer only.
+  if (cpi->sf.rt_sf.check_scene_detection && svc->spatial_layer_id == 0) {
+    if (rc->prev_coded_width == cm->width &&
+        rc->prev_coded_height == cm->height) {
+      rc_scene_detection_onepass_rt(cpi, frame_input);
+    } else {
+      aom_free(cpi->src_sad_blk_64x64);
+      cpi->src_sad_blk_64x64 = NULL;
+    }
+  }
+  // Check for dynamic resize, for single spatial layer for now.
+  // For temporal layers only check on base temporal layer.
+  if (cpi->oxcf.resize_cfg.resize_mode == RESIZE_DYNAMIC) {
+    if (svc->number_spatial_layers == 1 && svc->temporal_layer_id == 0)
+      dynamic_resize_one_pass_cbr(cpi);
+    if (rc->resize_state == THREE_QUARTER) {
+      resize_pending_params->width = (3 + cpi->oxcf.frm_dim_cfg.width * 3) >> 2;
+      resize_pending_params->height =
+          (3 + cpi->oxcf.frm_dim_cfg.height * 3) >> 2;
+    } else if (rc->resize_state == ONE_HALF) {
+      resize_pending_params->width = (1 + cpi->oxcf.frm_dim_cfg.width) >> 1;
+      resize_pending_params->height = (1 + cpi->oxcf.frm_dim_cfg.height) >> 1;
+    } else {
+      resize_pending_params->width = cpi->oxcf.frm_dim_cfg.width;
+      resize_pending_params->height = cpi->oxcf.frm_dim_cfg.height;
+    }
+  } else if (is_frame_resize_pending(cpi)) {
+    resize_reset_rc(cpi, resize_pending_params->width,
+                    resize_pending_params->height, cm->width, cm->height);
+  }
+  // Set the GF interval and update flag.
+  if (!rc->rtc_external_ratectrl)
+    set_gf_interval_update_onepass_rt(cpi, *frame_type);
+  // Set target size.
+  if (cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode == AOM_CBR) {
+    if (*frame_type == KEY_FRAME || *frame_type == INTRA_ONLY_FRAME) {
+      target = av1_calc_iframe_target_size_one_pass_cbr(cpi);
+    } else {
+      target = av1_calc_pframe_target_size_one_pass_cbr(
+          cpi, gf_group->update_type[cpi->gf_frame_index]);
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (*frame_type == KEY_FRAME || *frame_type == INTRA_ONLY_FRAME) {
+      target = av1_calc_iframe_target_size_one_pass_vbr(cpi);
+    } else {
+      target = av1_calc_pframe_target_size_one_pass_vbr(
+          cpi, gf_group->update_type[cpi->gf_frame_index]);
+    }
+  }
+  if (cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.mode == AOM_Q)
+    rc->active_worst_quality = cpi->oxcf.rc_cfg.cq_level;
+
+  av1_rc_set_frame_target(cpi, target, cm->width, cm->height);
+  rc->base_frame_target = target;
+  cm->current_frame.frame_type = *frame_type;
+  // For fixed mode SVC: if KSVC is enabled remove inter layer
+  // prediction on spatial enhancement layer frames for frames
+  // whose base is not KEY frame.
+  if (cpi->ppi->use_svc && !svc->use_flexible_mode && svc->ksvc_fixed_mode &&
+      svc->number_spatial_layers > 1 &&
+      !svc->layer_context[layer].is_key_frame) {
+    ExternalFlags *const ext_flags = &cpi->ext_flags;
+    ext_flags->ref_frame_flags ^= AOM_GOLD_FLAG;
+  }
+}
+
+int av1_encodedframe_overshoot_cbr(AV1_COMP *cpi, int *q) {
+  AV1_COMMON *const cm = &cpi->common;
+  PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *const p_rc = &cpi->ppi->p_rc;
+  double rate_correction_factor =
+      cpi->ppi->p_rc.rate_correction_factors[INTER_NORMAL];
+  const int target_size = cpi->rc.avg_frame_bandwidth;
+  double new_correction_factor;
+  int target_bits_per_mb;
+  double q2;
+  int enumerator;
+  int is_screen_content = (cpi->oxcf.tune_cfg.content == AOM_CONTENT_SCREEN);
+  *q = (3 * cpi->rc.worst_quality + *q) >> 2;
+  // For screen content use the max-q set by the user to allow for less
+  // overshoot on slide changes.
+  if (is_screen_content) *q = cpi->rc.worst_quality;
+  cpi->cyclic_refresh->counter_encode_maxq_scene_change = 0;
+  // Adjust avg_frame_qindex, buffer_level, and rate correction factors, as
+  // these parameters will affect QP selection for subsequent frames. If they
+  // have settled down to a very different (low QP) state, then not adjusting
+  // them may cause next frame to select low QP and overshoot again.
+  p_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME] = *q;
+  p_rc->buffer_level = p_rc->optimal_buffer_level;
+  p_rc->bits_off_target = p_rc->optimal_buffer_level;
+  // Reset rate under/over-shoot flags.
+  cpi->rc.rc_1_frame = 0;
+  cpi->rc.rc_2_frame = 0;
+  // Adjust rate correction factor.
+  target_bits_per_mb =
+      (int)(((uint64_t)target_size << BPER_MB_NORMBITS) / cm->mi_params.MBs);
+  // Reset rate correction factor: for now base it on target_bits_per_mb
+  // and qp (==max_QP). This comes from the inverse computation of
+  // av1_rc_bits_per_mb().
+  q2 = av1_convert_qindex_to_q(*q, cm->seq_params->bit_depth);
+  enumerator = av1_get_bpmb_enumerator(INTER_NORMAL, is_screen_content);
+  new_correction_factor = (double)target_bits_per_mb * q2 / enumerator;
+  if (new_correction_factor > rate_correction_factor) {
+    rate_correction_factor =
+        (new_correction_factor + rate_correction_factor) / 2.0;
+    if (rate_correction_factor > MAX_BPB_FACTOR)
+      rate_correction_factor = MAX_BPB_FACTOR;
+    cpi->ppi->p_rc.rate_correction_factors[INTER_NORMAL] =
+        rate_correction_factor;
+  }
+  // For temporal layers: reset the rate control parameters across all
+  // temporal layers.
+  if (cpi->svc.number_temporal_layers > 1) {
+    SVC *svc = &cpi->svc;
+    for (int tl = 0; tl < svc->number_temporal_layers; ++tl) {
+      int sl = svc->spatial_layer_id;
+      const int layer = LAYER_IDS_TO_IDX(sl, tl, svc->number_temporal_layers);
+      LAYER_CONTEXT *lc = &svc->layer_context[layer];
+      RATE_CONTROL *lrc = &lc->rc;
+      PRIMARY_RATE_CONTROL *lp_rc = &lc->p_rc;
+      lp_rc->avg_frame_qindex[INTER_FRAME] = *q;
+      lp_rc->buffer_level = lp_rc->optimal_buffer_level;
+      lp_rc->bits_off_target = lp_rc->optimal_buffer_level;
+      lrc->rc_1_frame = 0;
+      lrc->rc_2_frame = 0;
+      lp_rc->rate_correction_factors[INTER_NORMAL] = rate_correction_factor;
+    }
+  }
+  return 1;
+}