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+// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+// * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+// * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+// * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+// Google Test - The Google C++ Testing and Mocking Framework
+//
+// This file implements a universal value printer that can print a
+// value of any type T:
+//
+// void ::testing::internal::UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, ostream_ptr);
+//
+// A user can teach this function how to print a class type T by
+// defining either operator<<() or PrintTo() in the namespace that
+// defines T. More specifically, the FIRST defined function in the
+// following list will be used (assuming T is defined in namespace
+// foo):
+//
+// 1. foo::PrintTo(const T&, ostream*)
+// 2. operator<<(ostream&, const T&) defined in either foo or the
+// global namespace.
+//
+// However if T is an STL-style container then it is printed element-wise
+// unless foo::PrintTo(const T&, ostream*) is defined. Note that
+// operator<<() is ignored for container types.
+//
+// If none of the above is defined, it will print the debug string of
+// the value if it is a protocol buffer, or print the raw bytes in the
+// value otherwise.
+//
+// To aid debugging: when T is a reference type, the address of the
+// value is also printed; when T is a (const) char pointer, both the
+// pointer value and the NUL-terminated string it points to are
+// printed.
+//
+// We also provide some convenient wrappers:
+//
+// // Prints a value to a string. For a (const or not) char
+// // pointer, the NUL-terminated string (but not the pointer) is
+// // printed.
+// std::string ::testing::PrintToString(const T& value);
+//
+// // Prints a value tersely: for a reference type, the referenced
+// // value (but not the address) is printed; for a (const or not) char
+// // pointer, the NUL-terminated string (but not the pointer) is
+// // printed.
+// void ::testing::internal::UniversalTersePrint(const T& value, ostream*);
+//
+// // Prints value using the type inferred by the compiler. The difference
+// // from UniversalTersePrint() is that this function prints both the
+// // pointer and the NUL-terminated string for a (const or not) char pointer.
+// void ::testing::internal::UniversalPrint(const T& value, ostream*);
+//
+// // Prints the fields of a tuple tersely to a string vector, one
+// // element for each field. Tuple support must be enabled in
+// // gtest-port.h.
+// std::vector<string> UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(
+// const Tuple& value);
+//
+// Known limitation:
+//
+// The print primitives print the elements of an STL-style container
+// using the compiler-inferred type of *iter where iter is a
+// const_iterator of the container. When const_iterator is an input
+// iterator but not a forward iterator, this inferred type may not
+// match value_type, and the print output may be incorrect. In
+// practice, this is rarely a problem as for most containers
+// const_iterator is a forward iterator. We'll fix this if there's an
+// actual need for it. Note that this fix cannot rely on value_type
+// being defined as many user-defined container types don't have
+// value_type.
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "gtest/gtest.h"
+// IWYU pragma: friend gtest/.*
+// IWYU pragma: friend gmock/.*
+
+#ifndef GOOGLETEST_INCLUDE_GTEST_GTEST_PRINTERS_H_
+#define GOOGLETEST_INCLUDE_GTEST_GTEST_PRINTERS_H_
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <memory>
+#include <ostream> // NOLINT
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "gtest/internal/gtest-internal.h"
+#include "gtest/internal/gtest-port.h"
+
+namespace testing {
+
+// Definitions in the internal* namespaces are subject to change without notice.
+// DO NOT USE THEM IN USER CODE!
+namespace internal {
+
+template <typename T>
+void UniversalPrint(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os);
+
+// Used to print an STL-style container when the user doesn't define
+// a PrintTo() for it.
+struct ContainerPrinter {
+ template <typename T,
+ typename = typename std::enable_if<
+ (sizeof(IsContainerTest<T>(0)) == sizeof(IsContainer)) &&
+ !IsRecursiveContainer<T>::value>::type>
+ static void PrintValue(const T& container, std::ostream* os) {
+ const size_t kMaxCount = 32; // The maximum number of elements to print.
+ *os << '{';
+ size_t count = 0;
+ for (auto&& elem : container) {
+ if (count > 0) {
+ *os << ',';
+ if (count == kMaxCount) { // Enough has been printed.
+ *os << " ...";
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ *os << ' ';
+ // We cannot call PrintTo(elem, os) here as PrintTo() doesn't
+ // handle `elem` being a native array.
+ internal::UniversalPrint(elem, os);
+ ++count;
+ }
+
+ if (count > 0) {
+ *os << ' ';
+ }
+ *os << '}';
+ }
+};
+
+// Used to print a pointer that is neither a char pointer nor a member
+// pointer, when the user doesn't define PrintTo() for it. (A member
+// variable pointer or member function pointer doesn't really point to
+// a location in the address space. Their representation is
+// implementation-defined. Therefore they will be printed as raw
+// bytes.)
+struct FunctionPointerPrinter {
+ template <typename T, typename = typename std::enable_if<
+ std::is_function<T>::value>::type>
+ static void PrintValue(T* p, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ if (p == nullptr) {
+ *os << "NULL";
+ } else {
+ // T is a function type, so '*os << p' doesn't do what we want
+ // (it just prints p as bool). We want to print p as a const
+ // void*.
+ *os << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(p);
+ }
+ }
+};
+
+struct PointerPrinter {
+ template <typename T>
+ static void PrintValue(T* p, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ if (p == nullptr) {
+ *os << "NULL";
+ } else {
+ // T is not a function type. We just call << to print p,
+ // relying on ADL to pick up user-defined << for their pointer
+ // types, if any.
+ *os << p;
+ }
+ }
+};
+
+namespace internal_stream_operator_without_lexical_name_lookup {
+
+// The presence of an operator<< here will terminate lexical scope lookup
+// straight away (even though it cannot be a match because of its argument
+// types). Thus, the two operator<< calls in StreamPrinter will find only ADL
+// candidates.
+struct LookupBlocker {};
+void operator<<(LookupBlocker, LookupBlocker);
+
+struct StreamPrinter {
+ template <typename T,
+ // Don't accept member pointers here. We'd print them via implicit
+ // conversion to bool, which isn't useful.
+ typename = typename std::enable_if<
+ !std::is_member_pointer<T>::value>::type,
+ // Only accept types for which we can find a streaming operator via
+ // ADL (possibly involving implicit conversions).
+ typename = decltype(std::declval<std::ostream&>()
+ << std::declval<const T&>())>
+ static void PrintValue(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ // Call streaming operator found by ADL, possibly with implicit conversions
+ // of the arguments.
+ *os << value;
+ }
+};
+
+} // namespace internal_stream_operator_without_lexical_name_lookup
+
+struct ProtobufPrinter {
+ // We print a protobuf using its ShortDebugString() when the string
+ // doesn't exceed this many characters; otherwise we print it using
+ // DebugString() for better readability.
+ static const size_t kProtobufOneLinerMaxLength = 50;
+
+ template <typename T,
+ typename = typename std::enable_if<
+ internal::HasDebugStringAndShortDebugString<T>::value>::type>
+ static void PrintValue(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ std::string pretty_str = value.ShortDebugString();
+ if (pretty_str.length() > kProtobufOneLinerMaxLength) {
+ pretty_str = "\n" + value.DebugString();
+ }
+ *os << ("<" + pretty_str + ">");
+ }
+};
+
+struct ConvertibleToIntegerPrinter {
+ // Since T has no << operator or PrintTo() but can be implicitly
+ // converted to BiggestInt, we print it as a BiggestInt.
+ //
+ // Most likely T is an enum type (either named or unnamed), in which
+ // case printing it as an integer is the desired behavior. In case
+ // T is not an enum, printing it as an integer is the best we can do
+ // given that it has no user-defined printer.
+ static void PrintValue(internal::BiggestInt value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ *os << value;
+ }
+};
+
+struct ConvertibleToStringViewPrinter {
+#if GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_STRING_VIEW
+ static void PrintValue(internal::StringView value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ internal::UniversalPrint(value, os);
+ }
+#endif
+};
+
+// Prints the given number of bytes in the given object to the given
+// ostream.
+GTEST_API_ void PrintBytesInObjectTo(const unsigned char* obj_bytes,
+ size_t count, ::std::ostream* os);
+struct RawBytesPrinter {
+ // SFINAE on `sizeof` to make sure we have a complete type.
+ template <typename T, size_t = sizeof(T)>
+ static void PrintValue(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintBytesInObjectTo(
+ static_cast<const unsigned char*>(
+ // Load bearing cast to void* to support iOS
+ reinterpret_cast<const void*>(std::addressof(value))),
+ sizeof(value), os);
+ }
+};
+
+struct FallbackPrinter {
+ template <typename T>
+ static void PrintValue(const T&, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ *os << "(incomplete type)";
+ }
+};
+
+// Try every printer in order and return the first one that works.
+template <typename T, typename E, typename Printer, typename... Printers>
+struct FindFirstPrinter : FindFirstPrinter<T, E, Printers...> {};
+
+template <typename T, typename Printer, typename... Printers>
+struct FindFirstPrinter<
+ T, decltype(Printer::PrintValue(std::declval<const T&>(), nullptr)),
+ Printer, Printers...> {
+ using type = Printer;
+};
+
+// Select the best printer in the following order:
+// - Print containers (they have begin/end/etc).
+// - Print function pointers.
+// - Print object pointers.
+// - Use the stream operator, if available.
+// - Print protocol buffers.
+// - Print types convertible to BiggestInt.
+// - Print types convertible to StringView, if available.
+// - Fallback to printing the raw bytes of the object.
+template <typename T>
+void PrintWithFallback(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ using Printer = typename FindFirstPrinter<
+ T, void, ContainerPrinter, FunctionPointerPrinter, PointerPrinter,
+ internal_stream_operator_without_lexical_name_lookup::StreamPrinter,
+ ProtobufPrinter, ConvertibleToIntegerPrinter,
+ ConvertibleToStringViewPrinter, RawBytesPrinter, FallbackPrinter>::type;
+ Printer::PrintValue(value, os);
+}
+
+// FormatForComparison<ToPrint, OtherOperand>::Format(value) formats a
+// value of type ToPrint that is an operand of a comparison assertion
+// (e.g. ASSERT_EQ). OtherOperand is the type of the other operand in
+// the comparison, and is used to help determine the best way to
+// format the value. In particular, when the value is a C string
+// (char pointer) and the other operand is an STL string object, we
+// want to format the C string as a string, since we know it is
+// compared by value with the string object. If the value is a char
+// pointer but the other operand is not an STL string object, we don't
+// know whether the pointer is supposed to point to a NUL-terminated
+// string, and thus want to print it as a pointer to be safe.
+//
+// INTERNAL IMPLEMENTATION - DO NOT USE IN A USER PROGRAM.
+
+// The default case.
+template <typename ToPrint, typename OtherOperand>
+class FormatForComparison {
+ public:
+ static ::std::string Format(const ToPrint& value) {
+ return ::testing::PrintToString(value);
+ }
+};
+
+// Array.
+template <typename ToPrint, size_t N, typename OtherOperand>
+class FormatForComparison<ToPrint[N], OtherOperand> {
+ public:
+ static ::std::string Format(const ToPrint* value) {
+ return FormatForComparison<const ToPrint*, OtherOperand>::Format(value);
+ }
+};
+
+// By default, print C string as pointers to be safe, as we don't know
+// whether they actually point to a NUL-terminated string.
+
+#define GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_POINTER_(CharType) \
+ template <typename OtherOperand> \
+ class FormatForComparison<CharType*, OtherOperand> { \
+ public: \
+ static ::std::string Format(CharType* value) { \
+ return ::testing::PrintToString(static_cast<const void*>(value)); \
+ } \
+ }
+
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_POINTER_(char);
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_POINTER_(const char);
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_POINTER_(wchar_t);
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_POINTER_(const wchar_t);
+#ifdef __cpp_lib_char8_t
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_POINTER_(char8_t);
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_POINTER_(const char8_t);
+#endif
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_POINTER_(char16_t);
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_POINTER_(const char16_t);
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_POINTER_(char32_t);
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_POINTER_(const char32_t);
+
+#undef GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_POINTER_
+
+// If a C string is compared with an STL string object, we know it's meant
+// to point to a NUL-terminated string, and thus can print it as a string.
+
+#define GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(CharType, OtherStringType) \
+ template <> \
+ class FormatForComparison<CharType*, OtherStringType> { \
+ public: \
+ static ::std::string Format(CharType* value) { \
+ return ::testing::PrintToString(value); \
+ } \
+ }
+
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(char, ::std::string);
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(const char, ::std::string);
+#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(char8_t, ::std::u8string);
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(const char8_t, ::std::u8string);
+#endif
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(char16_t, ::std::u16string);
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(const char16_t, ::std::u16string);
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(char32_t, ::std::u32string);
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(const char32_t, ::std::u32string);
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(wchar_t, ::std::wstring);
+GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_(const wchar_t, ::std::wstring);
+#endif
+
+#undef GTEST_IMPL_FORMAT_C_STRING_AS_STRING_
+
+// Formats a comparison assertion (e.g. ASSERT_EQ, EXPECT_LT, and etc)
+// operand to be used in a failure message. The type (but not value)
+// of the other operand may affect the format. This allows us to
+// print a char* as a raw pointer when it is compared against another
+// char* or void*, and print it as a C string when it is compared
+// against an std::string object, for example.
+//
+// INTERNAL IMPLEMENTATION - DO NOT USE IN A USER PROGRAM.
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+std::string FormatForComparisonFailureMessage(const T1& value,
+ const T2& /* other_operand */) {
+ return FormatForComparison<T1, T2>::Format(value);
+}
+
+// UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(value, ostream_ptr) prints the given
+// value to the given ostream. The caller must ensure that
+// 'ostream_ptr' is not NULL, or the behavior is undefined.
+//
+// We define UniversalPrinter as a class template (as opposed to a
+// function template), as we need to partially specialize it for
+// reference types, which cannot be done with function templates.
+template <typename T>
+class UniversalPrinter;
+
+// Prints the given value using the << operator if it has one;
+// otherwise prints the bytes in it. This is what
+// UniversalPrinter<T>::Print() does when PrintTo() is not specialized
+// or overloaded for type T.
+//
+// A user can override this behavior for a class type Foo by defining
+// an overload of PrintTo() in the namespace where Foo is defined. We
+// give the user this option as sometimes defining a << operator for
+// Foo is not desirable (e.g. the coding style may prevent doing it,
+// or there is already a << operator but it doesn't do what the user
+// wants).
+template <typename T>
+void PrintTo(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ internal::PrintWithFallback(value, os);
+}
+
+// The following list of PrintTo() overloads tells
+// UniversalPrinter<T>::Print() how to print standard types (built-in
+// types, strings, plain arrays, and pointers).
+
+// Overloads for various char types.
+GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(unsigned char c, ::std::ostream* os);
+GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(signed char c, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(char c, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ // When printing a plain char, we always treat it as unsigned. This
+ // way, the output won't be affected by whether the compiler thinks
+ // char is signed or not.
+ PrintTo(static_cast<unsigned char>(c), os);
+}
+
+// Overloads for other simple built-in types.
+inline void PrintTo(bool x, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ *os << (x ? "true" : "false");
+}
+
+// Overload for wchar_t type.
+// Prints a wchar_t as a symbol if it is printable or as its internal
+// code otherwise and also as its decimal code (except for L'\0').
+// The L'\0' char is printed as "L'\\0'". The decimal code is printed
+// as signed integer when wchar_t is implemented by the compiler
+// as a signed type and is printed as an unsigned integer when wchar_t
+// is implemented as an unsigned type.
+GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(wchar_t wc, ::std::ostream* os);
+
+GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(char32_t c, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(char16_t c, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintTo(ImplicitCast_<char32_t>(c), os);
+}
+#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
+inline void PrintTo(char8_t c, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintTo(ImplicitCast_<char32_t>(c), os);
+}
+#endif
+
+// gcc/clang __{u,}int128_t
+#if defined(__SIZEOF_INT128__)
+GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(__uint128_t v, ::std::ostream* os);
+GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(__int128_t v, ::std::ostream* os);
+#endif // __SIZEOF_INT128__
+
+// Overloads for C strings.
+GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(const char* s, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(char* s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintTo(ImplicitCast_<const char*>(s), os);
+}
+
+// signed/unsigned char is often used for representing binary data, so
+// we print pointers to it as void* to be safe.
+inline void PrintTo(const signed char* s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintTo(ImplicitCast_<const void*>(s), os);
+}
+inline void PrintTo(signed char* s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintTo(ImplicitCast_<const void*>(s), os);
+}
+inline void PrintTo(const unsigned char* s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintTo(ImplicitCast_<const void*>(s), os);
+}
+inline void PrintTo(unsigned char* s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintTo(ImplicitCast_<const void*>(s), os);
+}
+#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
+// Overloads for u8 strings.
+GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(const char8_t* s, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(char8_t* s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintTo(ImplicitCast_<const char8_t*>(s), os);
+}
+#endif
+// Overloads for u16 strings.
+GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(const char16_t* s, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(char16_t* s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintTo(ImplicitCast_<const char16_t*>(s), os);
+}
+// Overloads for u32 strings.
+GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(const char32_t* s, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(char32_t* s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintTo(ImplicitCast_<const char32_t*>(s), os);
+}
+
+// MSVC can be configured to define wchar_t as a typedef of unsigned
+// short. It defines _NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED when wchar_t is a native
+// type. When wchar_t is a typedef, defining an overload for const
+// wchar_t* would cause unsigned short* be printed as a wide string,
+// possibly causing invalid memory accesses.
+#if !defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(_NATIVE_WCHAR_T_DEFINED)
+// Overloads for wide C strings
+GTEST_API_ void PrintTo(const wchar_t* s, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(wchar_t* s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintTo(ImplicitCast_<const wchar_t*>(s), os);
+}
+#endif
+
+// Overload for C arrays. Multi-dimensional arrays are printed
+// properly.
+
+// Prints the given number of elements in an array, without printing
+// the curly braces.
+template <typename T>
+void PrintRawArrayTo(const T a[], size_t count, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ UniversalPrint(a[0], os);
+ for (size_t i = 1; i != count; i++) {
+ *os << ", ";
+ UniversalPrint(a[i], os);
+ }
+}
+
+// Overloads for ::std::string.
+GTEST_API_ void PrintStringTo(const ::std::string& s, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(const ::std::string& s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintStringTo(s, os);
+}
+
+// Overloads for ::std::u8string
+#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
+GTEST_API_ void PrintU8StringTo(const ::std::u8string& s, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(const ::std::u8string& s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintU8StringTo(s, os);
+}
+#endif
+
+// Overloads for ::std::u16string
+GTEST_API_ void PrintU16StringTo(const ::std::u16string& s, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(const ::std::u16string& s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintU16StringTo(s, os);
+}
+
+// Overloads for ::std::u32string
+GTEST_API_ void PrintU32StringTo(const ::std::u32string& s, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(const ::std::u32string& s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintU32StringTo(s, os);
+}
+
+// Overloads for ::std::wstring.
+#if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
+GTEST_API_ void PrintWideStringTo(const ::std::wstring& s, ::std::ostream* os);
+inline void PrintTo(const ::std::wstring& s, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintWideStringTo(s, os);
+}
+#endif // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
+
+#if GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_STRING_VIEW
+// Overload for internal::StringView.
+inline void PrintTo(internal::StringView sp, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintTo(::std::string(sp), os);
+}
+#endif // GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_STRING_VIEW
+
+inline void PrintTo(std::nullptr_t, ::std::ostream* os) { *os << "(nullptr)"; }
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_RTTI
+inline void PrintTo(const std::type_info& info, std::ostream* os) {
+ *os << internal::GetTypeName(info);
+}
+#endif // GTEST_HAS_RTTI
+
+template <typename T>
+void PrintTo(std::reference_wrapper<T> ref, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ UniversalPrinter<T&>::Print(ref.get(), os);
+}
+
+inline const void* VoidifyPointer(const void* p) { return p; }
+inline const void* VoidifyPointer(volatile const void* p) {
+ return const_cast<const void*>(p);
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename Ptr>
+void PrintSmartPointer(const Ptr& ptr, std::ostream* os, char) {
+ if (ptr == nullptr) {
+ *os << "(nullptr)";
+ } else {
+ // We can't print the value. Just print the pointer..
+ *os << "(" << (VoidifyPointer)(ptr.get()) << ")";
+ }
+}
+template <typename T, typename Ptr,
+ typename = typename std::enable_if<!std::is_void<T>::value &&
+ !std::is_array<T>::value>::type>
+void PrintSmartPointer(const Ptr& ptr, std::ostream* os, int) {
+ if (ptr == nullptr) {
+ *os << "(nullptr)";
+ } else {
+ *os << "(ptr = " << (VoidifyPointer)(ptr.get()) << ", value = ";
+ UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(*ptr, os);
+ *os << ")";
+ }
+}
+
+template <typename T, typename D>
+void PrintTo(const std::unique_ptr<T, D>& ptr, std::ostream* os) {
+ (PrintSmartPointer<T>)(ptr, os, 0);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void PrintTo(const std::shared_ptr<T>& ptr, std::ostream* os) {
+ (PrintSmartPointer<T>)(ptr, os, 0);
+}
+
+// Helper function for printing a tuple. T must be instantiated with
+// a tuple type.
+template <typename T>
+void PrintTupleTo(const T&, std::integral_constant<size_t, 0>,
+ ::std::ostream*) {}
+
+template <typename T, size_t I>
+void PrintTupleTo(const T& t, std::integral_constant<size_t, I>,
+ ::std::ostream* os) {
+ PrintTupleTo(t, std::integral_constant<size_t, I - 1>(), os);
+ GTEST_INTENTIONAL_CONST_COND_PUSH_()
+ if (I > 1) {
+ GTEST_INTENTIONAL_CONST_COND_POP_()
+ *os << ", ";
+ }
+ UniversalPrinter<typename std::tuple_element<I - 1, T>::type>::Print(
+ std::get<I - 1>(t), os);
+}
+
+template <typename... Types>
+void PrintTo(const ::std::tuple<Types...>& t, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ *os << "(";
+ PrintTupleTo(t, std::integral_constant<size_t, sizeof...(Types)>(), os);
+ *os << ")";
+}
+
+// Overload for std::pair.
+template <typename T1, typename T2>
+void PrintTo(const ::std::pair<T1, T2>& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ *os << '(';
+ // We cannot use UniversalPrint(value.first, os) here, as T1 may be
+ // a reference type. The same for printing value.second.
+ UniversalPrinter<T1>::Print(value.first, os);
+ *os << ", ";
+ UniversalPrinter<T2>::Print(value.second, os);
+ *os << ')';
+}
+
+// Implements printing a non-reference type T by letting the compiler
+// pick the right overload of PrintTo() for T.
+template <typename T>
+class UniversalPrinter {
+ public:
+ // MSVC warns about adding const to a function type, so we want to
+ // disable the warning.
+ GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_PUSH_(4180)
+
+ // Note: we deliberately don't call this PrintTo(), as that name
+ // conflicts with ::testing::internal::PrintTo in the body of the
+ // function.
+ static void Print(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ // By default, ::testing::internal::PrintTo() is used for printing
+ // the value.
+ //
+ // Thanks to Koenig look-up, if T is a class and has its own
+ // PrintTo() function defined in its namespace, that function will
+ // be visible here. Since it is more specific than the generic ones
+ // in ::testing::internal, it will be picked by the compiler in the
+ // following statement - exactly what we want.
+ PrintTo(value, os);
+ }
+
+ GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_POP_()
+};
+
+// Remove any const-qualifiers before passing a type to UniversalPrinter.
+template <typename T>
+class UniversalPrinter<const T> : public UniversalPrinter<T> {};
+
+#if GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_ANY
+
+// Printer for std::any / absl::any
+
+template <>
+class UniversalPrinter<Any> {
+ public:
+ static void Print(const Any& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ if (value.has_value()) {
+ *os << "value of type " << GetTypeName(value);
+ } else {
+ *os << "no value";
+ }
+ }
+
+ private:
+ static std::string GetTypeName(const Any& value) {
+#if GTEST_HAS_RTTI
+ return internal::GetTypeName(value.type());
+#else
+ static_cast<void>(value); // possibly unused
+ return "<unknown_type>";
+#endif // GTEST_HAS_RTTI
+ }
+};
+
+#endif // GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_ANY
+
+#if GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_OPTIONAL
+
+// Printer for std::optional / absl::optional
+
+template <typename T>
+class UniversalPrinter<Optional<T>> {
+ public:
+ static void Print(const Optional<T>& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ *os << '(';
+ if (!value) {
+ *os << "nullopt";
+ } else {
+ UniversalPrint(*value, os);
+ }
+ *os << ')';
+ }
+};
+
+template <>
+class UniversalPrinter<decltype(Nullopt())> {
+ public:
+ static void Print(decltype(Nullopt()), ::std::ostream* os) {
+ *os << "(nullopt)";
+ }
+};
+
+#endif // GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_OPTIONAL
+
+#if GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_VARIANT
+
+// Printer for std::variant / absl::variant
+
+template <typename... T>
+class UniversalPrinter<Variant<T...>> {
+ public:
+ static void Print(const Variant<T...>& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ *os << '(';
+#if GTEST_HAS_ABSL
+ absl::visit(Visitor{os, value.index()}, value);
+#else
+ std::visit(Visitor{os, value.index()}, value);
+#endif // GTEST_HAS_ABSL
+ *os << ')';
+ }
+
+ private:
+ struct Visitor {
+ template <typename U>
+ void operator()(const U& u) const {
+ *os << "'" << GetTypeName<U>() << "(index = " << index
+ << ")' with value ";
+ UniversalPrint(u, os);
+ }
+ ::std::ostream* os;
+ std::size_t index;
+ };
+};
+
+#endif // GTEST_INTERNAL_HAS_VARIANT
+
+// UniversalPrintArray(begin, len, os) prints an array of 'len'
+// elements, starting at address 'begin'.
+template <typename T>
+void UniversalPrintArray(const T* begin, size_t len, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ if (len == 0) {
+ *os << "{}";
+ } else {
+ *os << "{ ";
+ const size_t kThreshold = 18;
+ const size_t kChunkSize = 8;
+ // If the array has more than kThreshold elements, we'll have to
+ // omit some details by printing only the first and the last
+ // kChunkSize elements.
+ if (len <= kThreshold) {
+ PrintRawArrayTo(begin, len, os);
+ } else {
+ PrintRawArrayTo(begin, kChunkSize, os);
+ *os << ", ..., ";
+ PrintRawArrayTo(begin + len - kChunkSize, kChunkSize, os);
+ }
+ *os << " }";
+ }
+}
+// This overload prints a (const) char array compactly.
+GTEST_API_ void UniversalPrintArray(const char* begin, size_t len,
+ ::std::ostream* os);
+
+#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
+// This overload prints a (const) char8_t array compactly.
+GTEST_API_ void UniversalPrintArray(const char8_t* begin, size_t len,
+ ::std::ostream* os);
+#endif
+
+// This overload prints a (const) char16_t array compactly.
+GTEST_API_ void UniversalPrintArray(const char16_t* begin, size_t len,
+ ::std::ostream* os);
+
+// This overload prints a (const) char32_t array compactly.
+GTEST_API_ void UniversalPrintArray(const char32_t* begin, size_t len,
+ ::std::ostream* os);
+
+// This overload prints a (const) wchar_t array compactly.
+GTEST_API_ void UniversalPrintArray(const wchar_t* begin, size_t len,
+ ::std::ostream* os);
+
+// Implements printing an array type T[N].
+template <typename T, size_t N>
+class UniversalPrinter<T[N]> {
+ public:
+ // Prints the given array, omitting some elements when there are too
+ // many.
+ static void Print(const T (&a)[N], ::std::ostream* os) {
+ UniversalPrintArray(a, N, os);
+ }
+};
+
+// Implements printing a reference type T&.
+template <typename T>
+class UniversalPrinter<T&> {
+ public:
+ // MSVC warns about adding const to a function type, so we want to
+ // disable the warning.
+ GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_PUSH_(4180)
+
+ static void Print(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ // Prints the address of the value. We use reinterpret_cast here
+ // as static_cast doesn't compile when T is a function type.
+ *os << "@" << reinterpret_cast<const void*>(&value) << " ";
+
+ // Then prints the value itself.
+ UniversalPrint(value, os);
+ }
+
+ GTEST_DISABLE_MSC_WARNINGS_POP_()
+};
+
+// Prints a value tersely: for a reference type, the referenced value
+// (but not the address) is printed; for a (const) char pointer, the
+// NUL-terminated string (but not the pointer) is printed.
+
+template <typename T>
+class UniversalTersePrinter {
+ public:
+ static void Print(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ UniversalPrint(value, os);
+ }
+};
+template <typename T>
+class UniversalTersePrinter<T&> {
+ public:
+ static void Print(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ UniversalPrint(value, os);
+ }
+};
+template <typename T, size_t N>
+class UniversalTersePrinter<T[N]> {
+ public:
+ static void Print(const T (&value)[N], ::std::ostream* os) {
+ UniversalPrinter<T[N]>::Print(value, os);
+ }
+};
+template <>
+class UniversalTersePrinter<const char*> {
+ public:
+ static void Print(const char* str, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ if (str == nullptr) {
+ *os << "NULL";
+ } else {
+ UniversalPrint(std::string(str), os);
+ }
+ }
+};
+template <>
+class UniversalTersePrinter<char*> : public UniversalTersePrinter<const char*> {
+};
+
+#ifdef __cpp_char8_t
+template <>
+class UniversalTersePrinter<const char8_t*> {
+ public:
+ static void Print(const char8_t* str, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ if (str == nullptr) {
+ *os << "NULL";
+ } else {
+ UniversalPrint(::std::u8string(str), os);
+ }
+ }
+};
+template <>
+class UniversalTersePrinter<char8_t*>
+ : public UniversalTersePrinter<const char8_t*> {};
+#endif
+
+template <>
+class UniversalTersePrinter<const char16_t*> {
+ public:
+ static void Print(const char16_t* str, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ if (str == nullptr) {
+ *os << "NULL";
+ } else {
+ UniversalPrint(::std::u16string(str), os);
+ }
+ }
+};
+template <>
+class UniversalTersePrinter<char16_t*>
+ : public UniversalTersePrinter<const char16_t*> {};
+
+template <>
+class UniversalTersePrinter<const char32_t*> {
+ public:
+ static void Print(const char32_t* str, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ if (str == nullptr) {
+ *os << "NULL";
+ } else {
+ UniversalPrint(::std::u32string(str), os);
+ }
+ }
+};
+template <>
+class UniversalTersePrinter<char32_t*>
+ : public UniversalTersePrinter<const char32_t*> {};
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
+template <>
+class UniversalTersePrinter<const wchar_t*> {
+ public:
+ static void Print(const wchar_t* str, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ if (str == nullptr) {
+ *os << "NULL";
+ } else {
+ UniversalPrint(::std::wstring(str), os);
+ }
+ }
+};
+#endif
+
+template <>
+class UniversalTersePrinter<wchar_t*> {
+ public:
+ static void Print(wchar_t* str, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ UniversalTersePrinter<const wchar_t*>::Print(str, os);
+ }
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+void UniversalTersePrint(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ UniversalTersePrinter<T>::Print(value, os);
+}
+
+// Prints a value using the type inferred by the compiler. The
+// difference between this and UniversalTersePrint() is that for a
+// (const) char pointer, this prints both the pointer and the
+// NUL-terminated string.
+template <typename T>
+void UniversalPrint(const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+ // A workarond for the bug in VC++ 7.1 that prevents us from instantiating
+ // UniversalPrinter with T directly.
+ typedef T T1;
+ UniversalPrinter<T1>::Print(value, os);
+}
+
+typedef ::std::vector<::std::string> Strings;
+
+// Tersely prints the first N fields of a tuple to a string vector,
+// one element for each field.
+template <typename Tuple>
+void TersePrintPrefixToStrings(const Tuple&, std::integral_constant<size_t, 0>,
+ Strings*) {}
+template <typename Tuple, size_t I>
+void TersePrintPrefixToStrings(const Tuple& t,
+ std::integral_constant<size_t, I>,
+ Strings* strings) {
+ TersePrintPrefixToStrings(t, std::integral_constant<size_t, I - 1>(),
+ strings);
+ ::std::stringstream ss;
+ UniversalTersePrint(std::get<I - 1>(t), &ss);
+ strings->push_back(ss.str());
+}
+
+// Prints the fields of a tuple tersely to a string vector, one
+// element for each field. See the comment before
+// UniversalTersePrint() for how we define "tersely".
+template <typename Tuple>
+Strings UniversalTersePrintTupleFieldsToStrings(const Tuple& value) {
+ Strings result;
+ TersePrintPrefixToStrings(
+ value, std::integral_constant<size_t, std::tuple_size<Tuple>::value>(),
+ &result);
+ return result;
+}
+
+} // namespace internal
+
+template <typename T>
+::std::string PrintToString(const T& value) {
+ ::std::stringstream ss;
+ internal::UniversalTersePrinter<T>::Print(value, &ss);
+ return ss.str();
+}
+
+} // namespace testing
+
+// Include any custom printer added by the local installation.
+// We must include this header at the end to make sure it can use the
+// declarations from this file.
+#include "gtest/internal/custom/gtest-printers.h"
+
+#endif // GOOGLETEST_INCLUDE_GTEST_GTEST_PRINTERS_H_