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+//! Abstractions for asynchronous programming.
+//!
+//! This crate provides a number of core abstractions for writing asynchronous
+//! code:
+//!
+//! - [Futures](crate::future) are single eventual values produced by
+//! asynchronous computations. Some programming languages (e.g. JavaScript)
+//! call this concept "promise".
+//! - [Streams](crate::stream) represent a series of values
+//! produced asynchronously.
+//! - [Sinks](crate::sink) provide support for asynchronous writing of
+//! data.
+//! - [Executors](crate::executor) are responsible for running asynchronous
+//! tasks.
+//!
+//! The crate also contains abstractions for [asynchronous I/O](crate::io) and
+//! [cross-task communication](crate::channel).
+//!
+//! Underlying all of this is the *task system*, which is a form of lightweight
+//! threading. Large asynchronous computations are built up using futures,
+//! streams and sinks, and then spawned as independent tasks that are run to
+//! completion, but *do not block* the thread running them.
+//!
+//! The following example describes how the task system context is built and used
+//! within macros and keywords such as async and await!.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! # use futures::channel::mpsc;
+//! # use futures::executor; ///standard executors to provide a context for futures and streams
+//! # use futures::executor::ThreadPool;
+//! # use futures::StreamExt;
+//! #
+//! fn main() {
+//! # {
+//! let pool = ThreadPool::new().expect("Failed to build pool");
+//! let (tx, rx) = mpsc::unbounded::<i32>();
+//!
+//! // Create a future by an async block, where async is responsible for an
+//! // implementation of Future. At this point no executor has been provided
+//! // to this future, so it will not be running.
+//! let fut_values = async {
+//! // Create another async block, again where the Future implementation
+//! // is generated by async. Since this is inside of a parent async block,
+//! // it will be provided with the executor of the parent block when the parent
+//! // block is executed.
+//! //
+//! // This executor chaining is done by Future::poll whose second argument
+//! // is a std::task::Context. This represents our executor, and the Future
+//! // implemented by this async block can be polled using the parent async
+//! // block's executor.
+//! let fut_tx_result = async move {
+//! (0..100).for_each(|v| {
+//! tx.unbounded_send(v).expect("Failed to send");
+//! })
+//! };
+//!
+//! // Use the provided thread pool to spawn the generated future
+//! // responsible for transmission
+//! pool.spawn_ok(fut_tx_result);
+//!
+//! let fut_values = rx
+//! .map(|v| v * 2)
+//! .collect();
+//!
+//! // Use the executor provided to this async block to wait for the
+//! // future to complete.
+//! fut_values.await
+//! };
+//!
+//! // Actually execute the above future, which will invoke Future::poll and
+//! // subsequently chain appropriate Future::poll and methods needing executors
+//! // to drive all futures. Eventually fut_values will be driven to completion.
+//! let values: Vec<i32> = executor::block_on(fut_values);
+//!
+//! println!("Values={:?}", values);
+//! # }
+//! # std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(500)); // wait for background threads closed: https://github.com/rust-lang/miri/issues/1371
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! The majority of examples and code snippets in this crate assume that they are
+//! inside an async block as written above.
+
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]
+#![warn(
+ missing_debug_implementations,
+ missing_docs,
+ rust_2018_idioms,
+ single_use_lifetimes,
+ unreachable_pub
+)]
+#![doc(test(
+ no_crate_inject,
+ attr(
+ deny(warnings, rust_2018_idioms, single_use_lifetimes),
+ allow(dead_code, unused_assignments, unused_variables)
+ )
+))]
+#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg))]
+
+#[cfg(all(feature = "bilock", not(feature = "unstable")))]
+compile_error!("The `bilock` feature requires the `unstable` feature as an explicit opt-in to unstable features");
+
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use futures_core::future::{Future, TryFuture};
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use futures_util::future::{FutureExt, TryFutureExt};
+
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use futures_core::stream::{Stream, TryStream};
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use futures_util::stream::{StreamExt, TryStreamExt};
+
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use futures_sink::Sink;
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use futures_io::{AsyncBufRead, AsyncRead, AsyncSeek, AsyncWrite};
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use futures_util::{AsyncBufReadExt, AsyncReadExt, AsyncSeekExt, AsyncWriteExt};
+
+// Macro reexports
+pub use futures_core::ready; // Readiness propagation
+pub use futures_util::pin_mut;
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+#[cfg(feature = "async-await")]
+pub use futures_util::select;
+#[cfg(feature = "async-await")]
+pub use futures_util::{join, pending, poll, select_biased, try_join}; // Async-await
+
+// Module reexports
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use futures_util::{future, never, sink, stream, task};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+#[cfg(feature = "async-await")]
+pub use futures_util::stream_select;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use futures_channel as channel;
+#[cfg(feature = "alloc")]
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use futures_util::lock;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "std")]
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use futures_util::io;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "executor")]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "executor")))]
+pub mod executor {
+ //! Built-in executors and related tools.
+ //!
+ //! All asynchronous computation occurs within an executor, which is
+ //! capable of spawning futures as tasks. This module provides several
+ //! built-in executors, as well as tools for building your own.
+ //!
+ //!
+ //! This module is only available when the `executor` feature of this
+ //! library is activated.
+ //!
+ //! # Using a thread pool (M:N task scheduling)
+ //!
+ //! Most of the time tasks should be executed on a [thread pool](ThreadPool).
+ //! A small set of worker threads can handle a very large set of spawned tasks
+ //! (which are much lighter weight than threads). Tasks spawned onto the pool
+ //! with the [`spawn_ok`](ThreadPool::spawn_ok) function will run ambiently on
+ //! the created threads.
+ //!
+ //! # Spawning additional tasks
+ //!
+ //! Tasks can be spawned onto a spawner by calling its [`spawn_obj`] method
+ //! directly. In the case of `!Send` futures, [`spawn_local_obj`] can be used
+ //! instead.
+ //!
+ //! # Single-threaded execution
+ //!
+ //! In addition to thread pools, it's possible to run a task (and the tasks
+ //! it spawns) entirely within a single thread via the [`LocalPool`] executor.
+ //! Aside from cutting down on synchronization costs, this executor also makes
+ //! it possible to spawn non-`Send` tasks, via [`spawn_local_obj`]. The
+ //! [`LocalPool`] is best suited for running I/O-bound tasks that do relatively
+ //! little work between I/O operations.
+ //!
+ //! There is also a convenience function [`block_on`] for simply running a
+ //! future to completion on the current thread.
+ //!
+ //! [`spawn_obj`]: https://docs.rs/futures/0.3/futures/task/trait.Spawn.html#tymethod.spawn_obj
+ //! [`spawn_local_obj`]: https://docs.rs/futures/0.3/futures/task/trait.LocalSpawn.html#tymethod.spawn_local_obj
+
+ pub use futures_executor::{
+ block_on, block_on_stream, enter, BlockingStream, Enter, EnterError, LocalPool,
+ LocalSpawner,
+ };
+
+ #[cfg(feature = "thread-pool")]
+ #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "thread-pool")))]
+ pub use futures_executor::{ThreadPool, ThreadPoolBuilder};
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "compat")]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "compat")))]
+pub mod compat {
+ //! Interop between `futures` 0.1 and 0.3.
+ //!
+ //! This module is only available when the `compat` feature of this
+ //! library is activated.
+
+ pub use futures_util::compat::{
+ Compat, Compat01As03, Compat01As03Sink, CompatSink, Executor01As03, Executor01CompatExt,
+ Executor01Future, Future01CompatExt, Sink01CompatExt, Stream01CompatExt,
+ };
+
+ #[cfg(feature = "io-compat")]
+ #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "io-compat")))]
+ pub use futures_util::compat::{AsyncRead01CompatExt, AsyncWrite01CompatExt};
+}
+
+pub mod prelude {
+ //! A "prelude" for crates using the `futures` crate.
+ //!
+ //! This prelude is similar to the standard library's prelude in that you'll
+ //! almost always want to import its entire contents, but unlike the
+ //! standard library's prelude you'll have to do so manually:
+ //!
+ //! ```
+ //! # #[allow(unused_imports)]
+ //! use futures::prelude::*;
+ //! ```
+ //!
+ //! The prelude may grow over time as additional items see ubiquitous use.
+
+ pub use crate::future::{self, Future, TryFuture};
+ pub use crate::sink::{self, Sink};
+ pub use crate::stream::{self, Stream, TryStream};
+
+ #[doc(no_inline)]
+ #[allow(unreachable_pub)]
+ pub use crate::future::{FutureExt as _, TryFutureExt as _};
+ #[doc(no_inline)]
+ pub use crate::sink::SinkExt as _;
+ #[doc(no_inline)]
+ #[allow(unreachable_pub)]
+ pub use crate::stream::{StreamExt as _, TryStreamExt as _};
+
+ #[cfg(feature = "std")]
+ pub use crate::io::{AsyncBufRead, AsyncRead, AsyncSeek, AsyncWrite};
+
+ #[cfg(feature = "std")]
+ #[doc(no_inline)]
+ #[allow(unreachable_pub)]
+ pub use crate::io::{
+ AsyncBufReadExt as _, AsyncReadExt as _, AsyncSeekExt as _, AsyncWriteExt as _,
+ };
+}