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+//! Reply to requests.
+//!
+//! A [`Reply`](./trait.Reply.html) is a type that can be converted into an HTTP
+//! response to be sent to the client. These are typically the successful
+//! counterpart to a [rejection](../reject).
+//!
+//! The functions in this module are helpers for quickly creating a reply.
+//! Besides them, you can return a type that implements [`Reply`](./trait.Reply.html). This
+//! could be any of the following:
+//!
+//! - [`http::Response<impl Into<hyper::Body>>`](https://docs.rs/http)
+//! - `String`
+//! - `&'static str`
+//! - `http::StatusCode`
+//!
+//! # Example
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use warp::{Filter, http::Response};
+//!
+//! // Returns an empty `200 OK` response.
+//! let empty_200 = warp::any().map(warp::reply);
+//!
+//! // Returns a `200 OK` response with custom header and body.
+//! let custom = warp::any().map(|| {
+//! Response::builder()
+//! .header("my-custom-header", "some-value")
+//! .body("and a custom body")
+//! });
+//!
+//! // GET requests return the empty 200, POST return the custom.
+//! let routes = warp::get().and(empty_200)
+//! .or(warp::post().and(custom));
+//! ```
+
+use std::borrow::Cow;
+use std::convert::TryFrom;
+use std::error::Error as StdError;
+use std::fmt;
+
+use crate::generic::{Either, One};
+use http::header::{HeaderName, HeaderValue, CONTENT_TYPE};
+use http::StatusCode;
+use hyper::Body;
+use serde::Serialize;
+use serde_json;
+
+// This re-export just looks weird in docs...
+pub(crate) use self::sealed::Reply_;
+use self::sealed::{BoxedReply, Internal};
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub use crate::filters::reply as with;
+
+/// Response type into which types implementing the `Reply` trait are convertable.
+pub type Response = ::http::Response<Body>;
+
+/// Returns an empty `Reply` with status code `200 OK`.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```
+/// use warp::Filter;
+///
+/// // GET /just-ok returns an empty `200 OK`.
+/// let route = warp::path("just-ok")
+/// .map(|| {
+/// println!("got a /just-ok request!");
+/// warp::reply()
+/// });
+/// ```
+#[inline]
+pub fn reply() -> impl Reply {
+ StatusCode::OK
+}
+
+/// Convert the value into a `Reply` with the value encoded as JSON.
+///
+/// The passed value must implement [`Serialize`][ser]. Many
+/// collections do, and custom domain types can have `Serialize` derived.
+///
+/// [ser]: https://serde.rs
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```
+/// use warp::Filter;
+///
+/// // GET /ids returns a `200 OK` with a JSON array of ids:
+/// // `[1, 3, 7, 13]`
+/// let route = warp::path("ids")
+/// .map(|| {
+/// let our_ids = vec![1, 3, 7, 13];
+/// warp::reply::json(&our_ids)
+/// });
+/// ```
+///
+/// # Note
+///
+/// If a type fails to be serialized into JSON, the error is logged at the
+/// `error` level, and the returned `impl Reply` will be an empty
+/// `500 Internal Server Error` response.
+pub fn json<T>(val: &T) -> Json
+where
+ T: Serialize,
+{
+ Json {
+ inner: serde_json::to_vec(val).map_err(|err| {
+ tracing::error!("reply::json error: {}", err);
+ }),
+ }
+}
+
+/// A JSON formatted reply.
+#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
+pub struct Json {
+ inner: Result<Vec<u8>, ()>,
+}
+
+impl Reply for Json {
+ #[inline]
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+ match self.inner {
+ Ok(body) => {
+ let mut res = Response::new(body.into());
+ res.headers_mut()
+ .insert(CONTENT_TYPE, HeaderValue::from_static("application/json"));
+ res
+ }
+ Err(()) => StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.into_response(),
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct ReplyJsonError;
+
+impl fmt::Display for ReplyJsonError {
+ fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+ f.write_str("warp::reply::json() failed")
+ }
+}
+
+impl StdError for ReplyJsonError {}
+
+/// Reply with a body and `content-type` set to `text/html; charset=utf-8`.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```
+/// use warp::Filter;
+///
+/// let body = r#"
+/// <html>
+/// <head>
+/// <title>HTML with warp!</title>
+/// </head>
+/// <body>
+/// <h1>warp + HTML = &hearts;</h1>
+/// </body>
+/// </html>
+/// "#;
+///
+/// let route = warp::any()
+/// .map(move || {
+/// warp::reply::html(body)
+/// });
+/// ```
+pub fn html<T>(body: T) -> Html<T>
+where
+ Body: From<T>,
+ T: Send,
+{
+ Html { body }
+}
+
+/// An HTML reply.
+#[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
+pub struct Html<T> {
+ body: T,
+}
+
+impl<T> Reply for Html<T>
+where
+ Body: From<T>,
+ T: Send,
+{
+ #[inline]
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+ let mut res = Response::new(Body::from(self.body));
+ res.headers_mut().insert(
+ CONTENT_TYPE,
+ HeaderValue::from_static("text/html; charset=utf-8"),
+ );
+ res
+ }
+}
+
+/// Types that can be converted into a `Response`.
+///
+/// This trait is implemented for the following:
+///
+/// - `http::StatusCode`
+/// - `http::Response<impl Into<hyper::Body>>`
+/// - `String`
+/// - `&'static str`
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use warp::{Filter, http::Response};
+///
+/// struct Message {
+/// msg: String
+/// }
+///
+/// impl warp::Reply for Message {
+/// fn into_response(self) -> warp::reply::Response {
+/// Response::new(format!("message: {}", self.msg).into())
+/// }
+/// }
+///
+/// fn handler() -> Message {
+/// Message { msg: "Hello".to_string() }
+/// }
+///
+/// let route = warp::any().map(handler);
+/// ```
+pub trait Reply: BoxedReply + Send {
+ /// Converts the given value into a [`Response`].
+ ///
+ /// [`Response`]: type.Response.html
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response;
+
+ /*
+ TODO: Currently unsure about having trait methods here, as it
+ requires returning an exact type, which I'd rather not commit to.
+ Additionally, it doesn't work great with `Box<Reply>`.
+
+ A possible alternative is to have wrappers, like
+
+ - `WithStatus<R: Reply>(StatusCode, R)`
+
+
+ /// Change the status code of this `Reply`.
+ fn with_status(self, status: StatusCode) -> Reply_
+ where
+ Self: Sized,
+ {
+ let mut res = self.into_response();
+ *res.status_mut() = status;
+ Reply_(res)
+ }
+
+ /// Add a header to this `Reply`.
+ ///
+ /// # Example
+ ///
+ /// ```rust
+ /// use warp::Reply;
+ ///
+ /// let reply = warp::reply()
+ /// .with_header("x-foo", "bar");
+ /// ```
+ fn with_header<K, V>(self, name: K, value: V) -> Reply_
+ where
+ Self: Sized,
+ HeaderName: TryFrom<K>,
+ HeaderValue: TryFrom<V>,
+ {
+ match <HeaderName as TryFrom<K>>::try_from(name) {
+ Ok(name) => match <HeaderValue as TryFrom<V>>::try_from(value) {
+ Ok(value) => {
+ let mut res = self.into_response();
+ res.headers_mut().append(name, value);
+ Reply_(res)
+ },
+ Err(err) => {
+ tracing::error!("with_header value error: {}", err.into());
+ Reply_(::reject::server_error()
+ .into_response())
+ }
+ },
+ Err(err) => {
+ tracing::error!("with_header name error: {}", err.into());
+ Reply_(::reject::server_error()
+ .into_response())
+ }
+ }
+ }
+ */
+}
+
+impl<T: Reply + ?Sized> Reply for Box<T> {
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+ self.boxed_into_response(Internal)
+ }
+}
+
+fn _assert_object_safe() {
+ fn _assert(_: &dyn Reply) {}
+}
+
+/// Wrap an `impl Reply` to change its `StatusCode`.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```
+/// use warp::Filter;
+///
+/// let route = warp::any()
+/// .map(warp::reply)
+/// .map(|reply| {
+/// warp::reply::with_status(reply, warp::http::StatusCode::CREATED)
+/// });
+/// ```
+pub fn with_status<T: Reply>(reply: T, status: StatusCode) -> WithStatus<T> {
+ WithStatus { reply, status }
+}
+
+/// Wrap an `impl Reply` to change its `StatusCode`.
+///
+/// Returned by `warp::reply::with_status`.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct WithStatus<T> {
+ reply: T,
+ status: StatusCode,
+}
+
+impl<T: Reply> Reply for WithStatus<T> {
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+ let mut res = self.reply.into_response();
+ *res.status_mut() = self.status;
+ res
+ }
+}
+
+/// Wrap an `impl Reply` to add a header when rendering.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```
+/// use warp::Filter;
+///
+/// let route = warp::any()
+/// .map(warp::reply)
+/// .map(|reply| {
+/// warp::reply::with_header(reply, "server", "warp")
+/// });
+/// ```
+pub fn with_header<T: Reply, K, V>(reply: T, name: K, value: V) -> WithHeader<T>
+where
+ HeaderName: TryFrom<K>,
+ <HeaderName as TryFrom<K>>::Error: Into<http::Error>,
+ HeaderValue: TryFrom<V>,
+ <HeaderValue as TryFrom<V>>::Error: Into<http::Error>,
+{
+ let header = match <HeaderName as TryFrom<K>>::try_from(name) {
+ Ok(name) => match <HeaderValue as TryFrom<V>>::try_from(value) {
+ Ok(value) => Some((name, value)),
+ Err(err) => {
+ let err = err.into();
+ tracing::error!("with_header value error: {}", err);
+ None
+ }
+ },
+ Err(err) => {
+ let err = err.into();
+ tracing::error!("with_header name error: {}", err);
+ None
+ }
+ };
+
+ WithHeader { header, reply }
+}
+
+/// Wraps an `impl Reply` and adds a header when rendering.
+///
+/// Returned by `warp::reply::with_header`.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct WithHeader<T> {
+ header: Option<(HeaderName, HeaderValue)>,
+ reply: T,
+}
+
+impl<T: Reply> Reply for WithHeader<T> {
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+ let mut res = self.reply.into_response();
+ if let Some((name, value)) = self.header {
+ res.headers_mut().insert(name, value);
+ }
+ res
+ }
+}
+
+impl<T: Send> Reply for ::http::Response<T>
+where
+ Body: From<T>,
+{
+ #[inline]
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+ self.map(Body::from)
+ }
+}
+
+impl Reply for ::http::StatusCode {
+ #[inline]
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+ let mut res = Response::default();
+ *res.status_mut() = self;
+ res
+ }
+}
+
+impl Reply for ::http::Error {
+ #[inline]
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+ tracing::error!("reply error: {:?}", self);
+ StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR.into_response()
+ }
+}
+
+impl<T, E> Reply for Result<T, E>
+where
+ T: Reply,
+ E: Reply,
+{
+ #[inline]
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+ match self {
+ Ok(t) => t.into_response(),
+ Err(e) => e.into_response(),
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+fn text_plain<T: Into<Body>>(body: T) -> Response {
+ let mut response = ::http::Response::new(body.into());
+ response.headers_mut().insert(
+ CONTENT_TYPE,
+ HeaderValue::from_static("text/plain; charset=utf-8"),
+ );
+ response
+}
+
+impl Reply for String {
+ #[inline]
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+ text_plain(self)
+ }
+}
+
+impl Reply for Vec<u8> {
+ #[inline]
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+ ::http::Response::builder()
+ .header(
+ CONTENT_TYPE,
+ HeaderValue::from_static("application/octet-stream"),
+ )
+ .body(Body::from(self))
+ .unwrap()
+ }
+}
+
+impl Reply for &'static str {
+ #[inline]
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+ text_plain(self)
+ }
+}
+
+impl Reply for Cow<'static, str> {
+ #[inline]
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+ match self {
+ Cow::Borrowed(s) => s.into_response(),
+ Cow::Owned(s) => s.into_response(),
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+impl Reply for &'static [u8] {
+ #[inline]
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+ ::http::Response::builder()
+ .header(
+ CONTENT_TYPE,
+ HeaderValue::from_static("application/octet-stream"),
+ )
+ .body(Body::from(self))
+ .unwrap()
+ }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> Reply for Either<T, U>
+where
+ T: Reply,
+ U: Reply,
+{
+ #[inline]
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+ match self {
+ Either::A(a) => a.into_response(),
+ Either::B(b) => b.into_response(),
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+impl<T> Reply for One<T>
+where
+ T: Reply,
+{
+ #[inline]
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+ self.0.into_response()
+ }
+}
+
+impl Reply for std::convert::Infallible {
+ #[inline(always)]
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+ match self {}
+ }
+}
+
+mod sealed {
+ use super::{Reply, Response};
+
+ // An opaque type to return `impl Reply` from trait methods.
+ #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
+ pub struct Reply_(pub(crate) Response);
+
+ impl Reply for Reply_ {
+ #[inline]
+ fn into_response(self) -> Response {
+ self.0
+ }
+ }
+
+ #[allow(missing_debug_implementations)]
+ pub struct Internal;
+
+ // Implemented for all types that implement `Reply`.
+ //
+ // A user doesn't need to worry about this, it's just trait
+ // hackery to get `Box<dyn Reply>` working.
+ pub trait BoxedReply {
+ fn boxed_into_response(self: Box<Self>, internal: Internal) -> Response;
+ }
+
+ impl<T: Reply> BoxedReply for T {
+ fn boxed_into_response(self: Box<Self>, _: Internal) -> Response {
+ (*self).into_response()
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+ use std::collections::HashMap;
+
+ use super::*;
+
+ #[test]
+ fn json_serde_error() {
+ // a HashMap<Vec, _> cannot be serialized to JSON
+ let mut map = HashMap::new();
+ map.insert(vec![1, 2], 45);
+
+ let res = json(&map).into_response();
+ assert_eq!(res.status(), 500);
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn response_builder_error() {
+ let res = ::http::Response::builder()
+ .status(1337)
+ .body("woops")
+ .into_response();
+
+ assert_eq!(res.status(), 500);
+ }
+
+ #[test]
+ fn boxed_reply() {
+ let r: Box<dyn Reply> = Box::new(reply());
+ let resp = r.into_response();
+ assert_eq!(resp.status(), 200);
+ }
+}