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diff --git a/widget/windows/tests/unit/test_windows_alert_service.js b/widget/windows/tests/unit/test_windows_alert_service.js
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/widget/windows/tests/unit/test_windows_alert_service.js
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+/* Any copyright is dedicated to the Public Domain.
+   http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ */
+
+/*
+ * Test that Windows alert notifications generate expected XML.
+ */
+
+var { AppConstants } = ChromeUtils.importESModule(
+  "resource://gre/modules/AppConstants.sys.mjs"
+);
+
+let gProfD = do_get_profile();
+
+// Setup that allows to use the profile service in xpcshell tests,
+// lifted from `toolkit/profile/xpcshell/head.js`.
+function setupProfileService() {
+  let gDataHome = gProfD.clone();
+  gDataHome.append("data");
+  gDataHome.createUnique(Ci.nsIFile.DIRECTORY_TYPE, 0o755);
+  let gDataHomeLocal = gProfD.clone();
+  gDataHomeLocal.append("local");
+  gDataHomeLocal.createUnique(Ci.nsIFile.DIRECTORY_TYPE, 0o755);
+
+  let xreDirProvider = Cc["@mozilla.org/xre/directory-provider;1"].getService(
+    Ci.nsIXREDirProvider
+  );
+  xreDirProvider.setUserDataDirectory(gDataHome, false);
+  xreDirProvider.setUserDataDirectory(gDataHomeLocal, true);
+}
+
+add_setup(setupProfileService);
+
+function makeAlert(options) {
+  var alert = Cc["@mozilla.org/alert-notification;1"].createInstance(
+    Ci.nsIAlertNotification
+  );
+  alert.init(
+    options.name,
+    options.imageURL,
+    options.title,
+    options.text,
+    options.textClickable,
+    options.cookie,
+    options.dir,
+    options.lang,
+    options.data,
+    options.principal,
+    options.inPrivateBrowsing,
+    options.requireInteraction,
+    options.silent,
+    options.vibrate || []
+  );
+  if (options.actions) {
+    alert.actions = options.actions;
+  }
+  if (options.opaqueRelaunchData) {
+    alert.opaqueRelaunchData = options.opaqueRelaunchData;
+  }
+  return alert;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Take a `key1\nvalue1\n...` string encoding as used by the Windows native
+ * notification server DLL, and split it into an object, keeping `action\n...`
+ * intact.
+ *
+ * @param {string} t string encoding.
+ * @returns {object} an object with keys and values.
+ */
+function parseOneEncoded(t) {
+  var launch = {};
+
+  var lines = t.split("\n");
+  while (lines.length) {
+    var key = lines.shift();
+    var value;
+    if (key === "action") {
+      value = lines.join("\n");
+      lines = [];
+    } else {
+      value = lines.shift();
+    }
+    launch[key] = value;
+  }
+
+  return launch;
+}
+
+/**
+ * This complicated-looking function takes a (XML) string representation of a
+ * Windows alert (toast notification), parses it into XML, extracts and further
+ * parses internal data, and returns a simplified XML representation together
+ * with the parsed internals.
+ *
+ * Doing this lets us compare JSON objects rather than stringified-JSON further
+ * encoded as XML strings, which have lots of slashes and `&quot;` characters to
+ * contend with.
+ *
+ * @param {string} s XML string for Windows alert.
+
+ * @returns {Array} a pair of a simplified XML string and an object with
+ *                  `launch` and `actions` keys.
+ */
+function parseLaunchAndActions(s) {
+  var document = new DOMParser().parseFromString(s, "text/xml");
+  var root = document.documentElement;
+
+  var launchString = root.getAttribute("launch");
+  root.setAttribute("launch", "launch");
+  var launch = parseOneEncoded(launchString);
+
+  // `actions` is keyed by "content" attribute.
+  let actions = {};
+  for (var actionElement of root.querySelectorAll("action")) {
+    // `activationType="system"` is special.  Leave them alone.
+    let systemActivationType =
+      actionElement.getAttribute("activationType") === "system";
+
+    let action = {};
+    let names = [...actionElement.attributes].map(attribute => attribute.name);
+
+    for (var name of names) {
+      let value = actionElement.getAttribute(name);
+
+      // Here is where we parse stringified-JSON to simplify comparisons.
+      if (value.startsWith("{")) {
+        value = JSON.parse(value);
+        if ("opaqueRelaunchData" in value) {
+          value.opaqueRelaunchData = JSON.parse(value.opaqueRelaunchData);
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (name == "arguments" && !systemActivationType) {
+        action[name] = parseOneEncoded(value);
+      } else {
+        action[name] = value;
+      }
+
+      if (name != "content" && !systemActivationType) {
+        actionElement.removeAttribute(name);
+      }
+    }
+
+    let actionName = actionElement.getAttribute("content");
+    actions[actionName] = action;
+  }
+
+  return [new XMLSerializer().serializeToString(document), { launch, actions }];
+}
+
+function escape(s) {
+  return s
+    .replace(/&/g, "&amp;")
+    .replace(/"/g, "&quot;")
+    .replace(/</g, "&lt;")
+    .replace(/>/g, "&gt;")
+    .replace(/\n/g, "&#xA;");
+}
+
+function unescape(s) {
+  return s
+    .replace(/&amp;/g, "&")
+    .replace(/&quot;/g, '"')
+    .replace(/&lt;/g, "<")
+    .replace(/&gt;/g, ">")
+    .replace(/&#xA;/g, "\n");
+}
+
+function testAlert(when, { serverEnabled, profD, isBackgroundTaskMode } = {}) {
+  let argumentString = action => {
+    // &#xA; is "\n".
+    let s = ``;
+    if (serverEnabled) {
+      s += `program&#xA;${AppConstants.MOZ_APP_NAME}`;
+    } else {
+      s += `invalid key&#xA;invalid value`;
+    }
+    if (serverEnabled && profD) {
+      s += `&#xA;profile&#xA;${profD.path}`;
+    }
+    if (serverEnabled) {
+      s += "&#xA;windowsTag&#xA;";
+    }
+    if (action) {
+      s += `&#xA;action&#xA;${escape(JSON.stringify(action))}`;
+    }
+
+    return s;
+  };
+
+  let parsedArgumentString = action =>
+    parseOneEncoded(unescape(argumentString(action)));
+
+  let settingsAction = isBackgroundTaskMode
+    ? ""
+    : `<action content="Notification settings"/>`;
+
+  let parsedSettingsAction = hostport => {
+    if (isBackgroundTaskMode) {
+      return [];
+    }
+    let content = "Notification settings";
+    return [
+      content,
+      {
+        content,
+        arguments: parsedArgumentString(
+          Object.assign(
+            {
+              action: "settings",
+            },
+            hostport && {
+              launchUrl: hostport,
+            }
+          )
+        ),
+        placement: "contextmenu",
+      },
+    ];
+  };
+
+  let parsedSnoozeAction = hostport => {
+    let content = `Disable notifications from ${hostport}`;
+    return [
+      content,
+      {
+        content,
+        arguments: parsedArgumentString(
+          Object.assign(
+            {
+              action: "snooze",
+            },
+            hostport && {
+              launchUrl: hostport,
+            }
+          )
+        ),
+        placement: "contextmenu",
+      },
+    ];
+  };
+
+  let alertsService = Cc["@mozilla.org/system-alerts-service;1"]
+    .getService(Ci.nsIAlertsService)
+    .QueryInterface(Ci.nsIWindowsAlertsService);
+
+  let name = "name";
+  let title = "title";
+  let text = "text";
+  let imageURL = "file:///image.png";
+  let actions = [
+    { action: "action1", title: "title1", iconURL: "file:///iconURL1.png" },
+    { action: "action2", title: "title2", iconURL: "file:///iconURL2.png" },
+  ];
+  let opaqueRelaunchData = { foo: 1, bar: "two" };
+
+  let alert = makeAlert({ name, title, text });
+  let expected = `<toast launch="launch"><visual><binding template="ToastText03"><text id="1">title</text><text id="2">text</text></binding></visual><actions>${settingsAction}</actions></toast>`;
+  Assert.deepEqual(
+    [
+      expected.replace("<actions></actions>", "<actions/>"),
+      {
+        launch: parsedArgumentString({ action: "" }),
+        actions: Object.fromEntries(
+          [parsedSettingsAction()].filter(x => x.length)
+        ),
+      },
+    ],
+    parseLaunchAndActions(alertsService.getXmlStringForWindowsAlert(alert)),
+    when
+  );
+
+  alert = makeAlert({ name, title, text, imageURL });
+  expected = `<toast launch="launch"><visual><binding template="ToastImageAndText03"><image id="1" src="file:///image.png"/><text id="1">title</text><text id="2">text</text></binding></visual><actions>${settingsAction}</actions></toast>`;
+  Assert.deepEqual(
+    [
+      expected.replace("<actions></actions>", "<actions/>"),
+      {
+        launch: parsedArgumentString({ action: "" }),
+        actions: Object.fromEntries(
+          [parsedSettingsAction()].filter(x => x.length)
+        ),
+      },
+    ],
+    parseLaunchAndActions(alertsService.getXmlStringForWindowsAlert(alert)),
+    when
+  );
+
+  alert = makeAlert({ name, title, text, imageURL, requireInteraction: true });
+  expected = `<toast scenario="reminder" launch="launch"><visual><binding template="ToastImageAndText03"><image id="1" src="file:///image.png"/><text id="1">title</text><text id="2">text</text></binding></visual><actions>${settingsAction}<action content="Dismiss" arguments="dismiss" activationType="system"/></actions></toast>`;
+  Assert.deepEqual(
+    [
+      expected.replace("<actions></actions>", "<actions/>"),
+      {
+        launch: parsedArgumentString({ action: "" }),
+        actions: Object.fromEntries(
+          [
+            parsedSettingsAction(),
+            [
+              "Dismiss",
+              {
+                content: "Dismiss",
+                arguments: "dismiss",
+                activationType: "system",
+              },
+            ],
+          ].filter(x => x.length)
+        ),
+      },
+    ],
+    parseLaunchAndActions(alertsService.getXmlStringForWindowsAlert(alert)),
+    when
+  );
+
+  alert = makeAlert({ name, title, text, imageURL, actions });
+  expected = `<toast launch="launch"><visual><binding template="ToastImageAndText03"><image id="1" src="file:///image.png"/><text id="1">title</text><text id="2">text</text></binding></visual><actions>${settingsAction}<action content="title1"/><action content="title2"/></actions></toast>`;
+  Assert.deepEqual(
+    [
+      expected.replace("<actions></actions>", "<actions/>"),
+      {
+        launch: parsedArgumentString({ action: "" }),
+        actions: Object.fromEntries(
+          [
+            parsedSettingsAction(),
+            [
+              "title1",
+              {
+                content: "title1",
+                arguments: parsedArgumentString({ action: "action1" }),
+              },
+            ],
+            [
+              "title2",
+              {
+                content: "title2",
+                arguments: parsedArgumentString({ action: "action2" }),
+              },
+            ],
+          ].filter(x => x.length)
+        ),
+      },
+    ],
+    parseLaunchAndActions(alertsService.getXmlStringForWindowsAlert(alert)),
+    when
+  );
+
+  // Chrome privileged alerts can use `windowsSystemActivationType`.
+  let systemActions = [
+    {
+      action: "dismiss",
+      title: "dismissTitle",
+      windowsSystemActivationType: true,
+    },
+    {
+      action: "snooze",
+      title: "snoozeTitle",
+      windowsSystemActivationType: true,
+    },
+  ];
+  let systemPrincipal = Services.scriptSecurityManager.getSystemPrincipal();
+  alert = makeAlert({
+    name,
+    title,
+    text,
+    imageURL,
+    principal: systemPrincipal,
+    actions: systemActions,
+  });
+  let parsedSettingsActionWithPrivilegedName = isBackgroundTaskMode
+    ? []
+    : [
+        "Notification settings",
+        {
+          content: "Notification settings",
+          arguments: parsedArgumentString({
+            action: "settings",
+            privilegedName: name,
+          }),
+          placement: "contextmenu",
+        },
+      ];
+
+  expected = `<toast launch="launch"><visual><binding template="ToastGeneric"><image id="1" src="file:///image.png"/><text id="1">title</text><text id="2">text</text></binding></visual><actions>${settingsAction}<action content="dismissTitle" arguments="dismiss" activationType="system"/><action content="snoozeTitle" arguments="snooze" activationType="system"/></actions></toast>`;
+  Assert.deepEqual(
+    [
+      expected.replace("<actions></actions>", "<actions/>"),
+      {
+        launch: parsedArgumentString({ action: "", privilegedName: name }),
+        actions: Object.fromEntries(
+          [
+            parsedSettingsActionWithPrivilegedName,
+            [
+              "dismissTitle",
+              {
+                content: "dismissTitle",
+                arguments: "dismiss",
+                activationType: "system",
+              },
+            ],
+            [
+              "snoozeTitle",
+              {
+                content: "snoozeTitle",
+                arguments: "snooze",
+                activationType: "system",
+              },
+            ],
+          ].filter(x => x.length)
+        ),
+      },
+    ],
+    parseLaunchAndActions(alertsService.getXmlStringForWindowsAlert(alert)),
+    when
+  );
+
+  // But content unprivileged alerts can't use `windowsSystemActivationType`.
+  let launchUrl = "https://example.com/foo/bar.html";
+  const principaluri = Services.io.newURI(launchUrl);
+  const principal = Services.scriptSecurityManager.createContentPrincipal(
+    principaluri,
+    {}
+  );
+
+  alert = makeAlert({
+    name,
+    title,
+    text,
+    imageURL,
+    actions: systemActions,
+    principal,
+  });
+  expected = `<toast launch="launch"><visual><binding template="ToastImageAndText04"><image id="1" src="file:///image.png"/><text id="1">title</text><text id="2">text</text><text id="3" placement="attribution">via example.com</text></binding></visual><actions><action content="Disable notifications from example.com"/>${settingsAction}<action content="dismissTitle"/><action content="snoozeTitle"/></actions></toast>`;
+  Assert.deepEqual(
+    [
+      expected.replace("<actions></actions>", "<actions/>"),
+      {
+        launch: parsedArgumentString({
+          action: "",
+          launchUrl: principaluri.hostPort,
+        }),
+        actions: Object.fromEntries(
+          [
+            parsedSnoozeAction(principaluri.hostPort),
+            parsedSettingsAction(principaluri.hostPort),
+            [
+              "dismissTitle",
+              {
+                content: "dismissTitle",
+                arguments: parsedArgumentString({
+                  action: "dismiss",
+                  launchUrl: principaluri.hostPort,
+                }),
+              },
+            ],
+            [
+              "snoozeTitle",
+              {
+                content: "snoozeTitle",
+                arguments: parsedArgumentString({
+                  action: "snooze",
+                  launchUrl: principaluri.hostPort,
+                }),
+              },
+            ],
+          ].filter(x => x.length)
+        ),
+      },
+    ],
+    parseLaunchAndActions(alertsService.getXmlStringForWindowsAlert(alert)),
+    when
+  );
+
+  // Chrome privileged alerts can set `opaqueRelaunchData`.
+  alert = makeAlert({
+    name,
+    title,
+    text,
+    imageURL,
+    principal: systemPrincipal,
+    opaqueRelaunchData: JSON.stringify(opaqueRelaunchData),
+  });
+  expected = `<toast launch="launch"><visual><binding template="ToastGeneric"><image id="1" src="file:///image.png"/><text id="1">title</text><text id="2">text</text></binding></visual><actions>${settingsAction}</actions></toast>`;
+  Assert.deepEqual(
+    [
+      expected.replace("<actions></actions>", "<actions/>"),
+      {
+        launch: parsedArgumentString({
+          action: "",
+          opaqueRelaunchData: JSON.stringify(opaqueRelaunchData),
+          privilegedName: name,
+        }),
+        actions: Object.fromEntries(
+          [parsedSettingsActionWithPrivilegedName].filter(x => x.length)
+        ),
+      },
+    ],
+    parseLaunchAndActions(alertsService.getXmlStringForWindowsAlert(alert)),
+    when
+  );
+
+  // But content unprivileged alerts can't set `opaqueRelaunchData`.
+  alert = makeAlert({
+    name,
+    title,
+    text,
+    imageURL,
+    principal,
+    opaqueRelaunchData: JSON.stringify(opaqueRelaunchData),
+  });
+  expected = `<toast launch="launch"><visual><binding template="ToastImageAndText04"><image id="1" src="file:///image.png"/><text id="1">title</text><text id="2">text</text><text id="3" placement="attribution">via example.com</text></binding></visual><actions><action content="Disable notifications from example.com"/>${settingsAction}</actions></toast>`;
+  Assert.deepEqual(
+    [
+      expected.replace("<actions></actions>", "<actions/>"),
+      {
+        launch: parsedArgumentString({
+          action: "",
+          launchUrl: principaluri.hostPort,
+        }),
+        actions: Object.fromEntries(
+          [
+            parsedSnoozeAction(principaluri.hostPort),
+            parsedSettingsAction(principaluri.hostPort),
+          ].filter(x => x.length)
+        ),
+      },
+    ],
+    parseLaunchAndActions(alertsService.getXmlStringForWindowsAlert(alert)),
+    when
+  );
+
+  // Chrome privileged alerts can set action-specific relaunch parameters.
+  let systemRelaunchActions = [
+    {
+      action: "action1",
+      title: "title1",
+      opaqueRelaunchData: JSON.stringify({ json: "data1" }),
+    },
+    {
+      action: "action2",
+      title: "title2",
+      opaqueRelaunchData: JSON.stringify({ json: "data2" }),
+    },
+  ];
+  systemPrincipal = Services.scriptSecurityManager.getSystemPrincipal();
+  alert = makeAlert({
+    name,
+    title,
+    text,
+    imageURL,
+    principal: systemPrincipal,
+    actions: systemRelaunchActions,
+  });
+  expected = `<toast launch="launch"><visual><binding template="ToastGeneric"><image id="1" src="file:///image.png"/><text id="1">title</text><text id="2">text</text></binding></visual><actions>${settingsAction}<action content="title1"/><action content="title2"/></actions></toast>`;
+  Assert.deepEqual(
+    [
+      expected.replace("<actions></actions>", "<actions/>"),
+      {
+        launch: parsedArgumentString({ action: "", privilegedName: name }),
+        actions: Object.fromEntries(
+          [
+            parsedSettingsActionWithPrivilegedName,
+            [
+              "title1",
+              {
+                content: "title1",
+                arguments: parsedArgumentString(
+                  {
+                    action: "action1",
+                    opaqueRelaunchData: JSON.stringify({ json: "data1" }),
+                    privilegedName: name,
+                  },
+                  null,
+                  name
+                ),
+              },
+            ],
+
+            [
+              "title2",
+              {
+                content: "title2",
+                arguments: parsedArgumentString(
+                  {
+                    action: "action2",
+                    opaqueRelaunchData: JSON.stringify({ json: "data2" }),
+                    privilegedName: name,
+                  },
+                  null,
+                  name
+                ),
+              },
+            ],
+          ].filter(x => x.length)
+        ),
+      },
+    ],
+    parseLaunchAndActions(alertsService.getXmlStringForWindowsAlert(alert)),
+    when
+  );
+}
+
+add_task(async () => {
+  Services.prefs.deleteBranch(
+    "alerts.useSystemBackend.windows.notificationserver.enabled"
+  );
+  testAlert("when notification server pref is unset", {
+    profD: gProfD,
+  });
+
+  Services.prefs.setBoolPref(
+    "alerts.useSystemBackend.windows.notificationserver.enabled",
+    false
+  );
+  testAlert("when notification server pref is false", { profD: gProfD });
+
+  Services.prefs.setBoolPref(
+    "alerts.useSystemBackend.windows.notificationserver.enabled",
+    true
+  );
+  testAlert("when notification server pref is true", {
+    serverEnabled: true,
+    profD: gProfD,
+  });
+});
+
+let condition = {
+  skip_if: () => !AppConstants.MOZ_BACKGROUNDTASKS,
+};
+
+add_task(condition, async () => {
+  const bts = Cc["@mozilla.org/backgroundtasks;1"]?.getService(
+    Ci.nsIBackgroundTasks
+  );
+
+  // Pretend that this is a background task.
+  bts.overrideBackgroundTaskNameForTesting("taskname");
+
+  Services.prefs.setBoolPref(
+    "alerts.useSystemBackend.windows.notificationserver.enabled",
+    true
+  );
+  testAlert(
+    "when notification server pref is true in background task, no default profile",
+    { serverEnabled: true, isBackgroundTaskMode: true }
+  );
+
+  let profileService = Cc["@mozilla.org/toolkit/profile-service;1"].getService(
+    Ci.nsIToolkitProfileService
+  );
+
+  let profilePath = do_get_profile();
+  profilePath.append(`test_windows_alert_service`);
+  let profile = profileService.createUniqueProfile(
+    profilePath,
+    "test_windows_alert_service"
+  );
+
+  profileService.defaultProfile = profile;
+
+  testAlert(
+    "when notification server pref is true in background task, default profile",
+    { serverEnabled: true, isBackgroundTaskMode: true, profD: profilePath }
+  );
+
+  // No longer a background task,
+  bts.overrideBackgroundTaskNameForTesting("");
+});