Adding upstream version 1.20.14.upstream/1.20.14upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 771 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/net/net.go b/src/net/net.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a4f747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/net/net.go
@@ -0,0 +1,771 @@
+// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
+// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+/*
+Package net provides a portable interface for network I/O, including
+TCP/IP, UDP, domain name resolution, and Unix domain sockets.
+
+Although the package provides access to low-level networking
+primitives, most clients will need only the basic interface provided
+by the Dial, Listen, and Accept functions and the associated
+Conn and Listener interfaces. The crypto/tls package uses
+the same interfaces and similar Dial and Listen functions.
+
+The Dial function connects to a server:
+
+	conn, err := net.Dial("tcp", "golang.org:80")
+	if err != nil {
+		// handle error
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(conn, "GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n")
+	status, err := bufio.NewReader(conn).ReadString('\n')
+	// ...
+
+The Listen function creates servers:
+
+	ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", ":8080")
+	if err != nil {
+		// handle error
+	}
+	for {
+		conn, err := ln.Accept()
+		if err != nil {
+			// handle error
+		}
+		go handleConnection(conn)
+	}
+
+# Name Resolution
+
+The method for resolving domain names, whether indirectly with functions like Dial
+or directly with functions like LookupHost and LookupAddr, varies by operating system.
+
+On Unix systems, the resolver has two options for resolving names.
+It can use a pure Go resolver that sends DNS requests directly to the servers
+listed in /etc/resolv.conf, or it can use a cgo-based resolver that calls C
+library routines such as getaddrinfo and getnameinfo.
+
+By default the pure Go resolver is used, because a blocked DNS request consumes
+only a goroutine, while a blocked C call consumes an operating system thread.
+When cgo is available, the cgo-based resolver is used instead under a variety of
+conditions: on systems that do not let programs make direct DNS requests (OS X),
+when the LOCALDOMAIN environment variable is present (even if empty),
+when the RES_OPTIONS or HOSTALIASES environment variable is non-empty,
+when the ASR_CONFIG environment variable is non-empty (OpenBSD only),
+when /etc/resolv.conf or /etc/nsswitch.conf specify the use of features that the
+Go resolver does not implement, and when the name being looked up ends in .local
+or is an mDNS name.
+
+The resolver decision can be overridden by setting the netdns value of the
+GODEBUG environment variable (see package runtime) to go or cgo, as in:
+
+	export GODEBUG=netdns=go    # force pure Go resolver
+	export GODEBUG=netdns=cgo   # force native resolver (cgo, win32)
+
+The decision can also be forced while building the Go source tree
+by setting the netgo or netcgo build tag.
+
+A numeric netdns setting, as in GODEBUG=netdns=1, causes the resolver
+to print debugging information about its decisions.
+To force a particular resolver while also printing debugging information,
+join the two settings by a plus sign, as in GODEBUG=netdns=go+1.
+
+On Plan 9, the resolver always accesses /net/cs and /net/dns.
+
+On Windows, in Go 1.18.x and earlier, the resolver always used C
+library functions, such as GetAddrInfo and DnsQuery.
+*/
+package net
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"internal/poll"
+	"io"
+	"os"
+	"sync"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// netGo and netCgo contain the state of the build tags used
+// to build this binary, and whether cgo is available.
+// conf.go mirrors these into conf for easier testing.
+var (
+	netGo  bool // set true in cgo_stub.go for build tag "netgo" (or no cgo)
+	netCgo bool // set true in conf_netcgo.go for build tag "netcgo"
+)
+
+// Addr represents a network end point address.
+//
+// The two methods Network and String conventionally return strings
+// that can be passed as the arguments to Dial, but the exact form
+// and meaning of the strings is up to the implementation.
+type Addr interface {
+	Network() string // name of the network (for example, "tcp", "udp")
+	String() string  // string form of address (for example, "192.0.2.1:25", "[2001:db8::1]:80")
+}
+
+// Conn is a generic stream-oriented network connection.
+//
+// Multiple goroutines may invoke methods on a Conn simultaneously.
+type Conn interface {
+	// Read reads data from the connection.
+	// Read can be made to time out and return an error after a fixed
+	// time limit; see SetDeadline and SetReadDeadline.
+	Read(b []byte) (n int, err error)
+
+	// Write writes data to the connection.
+	// Write can be made to time out and return an error after a fixed
+	// time limit; see SetDeadline and SetWriteDeadline.
+	Write(b []byte) (n int, err error)
+
+	// Close closes the connection.
+	// Any blocked Read or Write operations will be unblocked and return errors.
+	Close() error
+
+	// LocalAddr returns the local network address, if known.
+	LocalAddr() Addr
+
+	// RemoteAddr returns the remote network address, if known.
+	RemoteAddr() Addr
+
+	// SetDeadline sets the read and write deadlines associated
+	// with the connection. It is equivalent to calling both
+	// SetReadDeadline and SetWriteDeadline.
+	//
+	// A deadline is an absolute time after which I/O operations
+	// fail instead of blocking. The deadline applies to all future
+	// and pending I/O, not just the immediately following call to
+	// Read or Write. After a deadline has been exceeded, the
+	// connection can be refreshed by setting a deadline in the future.
+	//
+	// If the deadline is exceeded a call to Read or Write or to other
+	// I/O methods will return an error that wraps os.ErrDeadlineExceeded.
+	// This can be tested using errors.Is(err, os.ErrDeadlineExceeded).
+	// The error's Timeout method will return true, but note that there
+	// are other possible errors for which the Timeout method will
+	// return true even if the deadline has not been exceeded.
+	//
+	// An idle timeout can be implemented by repeatedly extending
+	// the deadline after successful Read or Write calls.
+	//
+	// A zero value for t means I/O operations will not time out.
+	SetDeadline(t time.Time) error
+
+	// SetReadDeadline sets the deadline for future Read calls
+	// and any currently-blocked Read call.
+	// A zero value for t means Read will not time out.
+	SetReadDeadline(t time.Time) error
+
+	// SetWriteDeadline sets the deadline for future Write calls
+	// and any currently-blocked Write call.
+	// Even if write times out, it may return n > 0, indicating that
+	// some of the data was successfully written.
+	// A zero value for t means Write will not time out.
+	SetWriteDeadline(t time.Time) error
+}
+
+type conn struct {
+	fd *netFD
+}
+
+func (c *conn) ok() bool { return c != nil && c.fd != nil }
+
+// Implementation of the Conn interface.
+
+// Read implements the Conn Read method.
+func (c *conn) Read(b []byte) (int, error) {
+	if !c.ok() {
+		return 0, syscall.EINVAL
+	}
+	n, err := c.fd.Read(b)
+	if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
+		err = &OpError{Op: "read", Net: c.fd.net, Source: c.fd.laddr, Addr: c.fd.raddr, Err: err}
+	}
+	return n, err
+}
+
+// Write implements the Conn Write method.
+func (c *conn) Write(b []byte) (int, error) {
+	if !c.ok() {
+		return 0, syscall.EINVAL
+	}
+	n, err := c.fd.Write(b)
+	if err != nil {
+		err = &OpError{Op: "write", Net: c.fd.net, Source: c.fd.laddr, Addr: c.fd.raddr, Err: err}
+	}
+	return n, err
+}
+
+// Close closes the connection.
+func (c *conn) Close() error {
+	if !c.ok() {
+		return syscall.EINVAL
+	}
+	err := c.fd.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		err = &OpError{Op: "close", Net: c.fd.net, Source: c.fd.laddr, Addr: c.fd.raddr, Err: err}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// LocalAddr returns the local network address.
+// The Addr returned is shared by all invocations of LocalAddr, so
+// do not modify it.
+func (c *conn) LocalAddr() Addr {
+	if !c.ok() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return c.fd.laddr
+}
+
+// RemoteAddr returns the remote network address.
+// The Addr returned is shared by all invocations of RemoteAddr, so
+// do not modify it.
+func (c *conn) RemoteAddr() Addr {
+	if !c.ok() {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return c.fd.raddr
+}
+
+// SetDeadline implements the Conn SetDeadline method.
+func (c *conn) SetDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+	if !c.ok() {
+		return syscall.EINVAL
+	}
+	if err := c.fd.SetDeadline(t); err != nil {
+		return &OpError{Op: "set", Net: c.fd.net, Source: nil, Addr: c.fd.laddr, Err: err}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SetReadDeadline implements the Conn SetReadDeadline method.
+func (c *conn) SetReadDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+	if !c.ok() {
+		return syscall.EINVAL
+	}
+	if err := c.fd.SetReadDeadline(t); err != nil {
+		return &OpError{Op: "set", Net: c.fd.net, Source: nil, Addr: c.fd.laddr, Err: err}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SetWriteDeadline implements the Conn SetWriteDeadline method.
+func (c *conn) SetWriteDeadline(t time.Time) error {
+	if !c.ok() {
+		return syscall.EINVAL
+	}
+	if err := c.fd.SetWriteDeadline(t); err != nil {
+		return &OpError{Op: "set", Net: c.fd.net, Source: nil, Addr: c.fd.laddr, Err: err}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SetReadBuffer sets the size of the operating system's
+// receive buffer associated with the connection.
+func (c *conn) SetReadBuffer(bytes int) error {
+	if !c.ok() {
+		return syscall.EINVAL
+	}
+	if err := setReadBuffer(c.fd, bytes); err != nil {
+		return &OpError{Op: "set", Net: c.fd.net, Source: nil, Addr: c.fd.laddr, Err: err}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// SetWriteBuffer sets the size of the operating system's
+// transmit buffer associated with the connection.
+func (c *conn) SetWriteBuffer(bytes int) error {
+	if !c.ok() {
+		return syscall.EINVAL
+	}
+	if err := setWriteBuffer(c.fd, bytes); err != nil {
+		return &OpError{Op: "set", Net: c.fd.net, Source: nil, Addr: c.fd.laddr, Err: err}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// File returns a copy of the underlying os.File.
+// It is the caller's responsibility to close f when finished.
+// Closing c does not affect f, and closing f does not affect c.
+//
+// The returned os.File's file descriptor is different from the connection's.
+// Attempting to change properties of the original using this duplicate
+// may or may not have the desired effect.
+func (c *conn) File() (f *os.File, err error) {
+	f, err = c.fd.dup()
+	if err != nil {
+		err = &OpError{Op: "file", Net: c.fd.net, Source: c.fd.laddr, Addr: c.fd.raddr, Err: err}
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+// PacketConn is a generic packet-oriented network connection.
+//
+// Multiple goroutines may invoke methods on a PacketConn simultaneously.
+type PacketConn interface {
+	// ReadFrom reads a packet from the connection,
+	// copying the payload into p. It returns the number of
+	// bytes copied into p and the return address that
+	// was on the packet.
+	// It returns the number of bytes read (0 <= n <= len(p))
+	// and any error encountered. Callers should always process
+	// the n > 0 bytes returned before considering the error err.
+	// ReadFrom can be made to time out and return an error after a
+	// fixed time limit; see SetDeadline and SetReadDeadline.
+	ReadFrom(p []byte) (n int, addr Addr, err error)
+
+	// WriteTo writes a packet with payload p to addr.
+	// WriteTo can be made to time out and return an Error after a
+	// fixed time limit; see SetDeadline and SetWriteDeadline.
+	// On packet-oriented connections, write timeouts are rare.
+	WriteTo(p []byte, addr Addr) (n int, err error)
+
+	// Close closes the connection.
+	// Any blocked ReadFrom or WriteTo operations will be unblocked and return errors.
+	Close() error
+
+	// LocalAddr returns the local network address, if known.
+	LocalAddr() Addr
+
+	// SetDeadline sets the read and write deadlines associated
+	// with the connection. It is equivalent to calling both
+	// SetReadDeadline and SetWriteDeadline.
+	//
+	// A deadline is an absolute time after which I/O operations
+	// fail instead of blocking. The deadline applies to all future
+	// and pending I/O, not just the immediately following call to
+	// Read or Write. After a deadline has been exceeded, the
+	// connection can be refreshed by setting a deadline in the future.
+	//
+	// If the deadline is exceeded a call to Read or Write or to other
+	// I/O methods will return an error that wraps os.ErrDeadlineExceeded.
+	// This can be tested using errors.Is(err, os.ErrDeadlineExceeded).
+	// The error's Timeout method will return true, but note that there
+	// are other possible errors for which the Timeout method will
+	// return true even if the deadline has not been exceeded.
+	//
+	// An idle timeout can be implemented by repeatedly extending
+	// the deadline after successful ReadFrom or WriteTo calls.
+	//
+	// A zero value for t means I/O operations will not time out.
+	SetDeadline(t time.Time) error
+
+	// SetReadDeadline sets the deadline for future ReadFrom calls
+	// and any currently-blocked ReadFrom call.
+	// A zero value for t means ReadFrom will not time out.
+	SetReadDeadline(t time.Time) error
+
+	// SetWriteDeadline sets the deadline for future WriteTo calls
+	// and any currently-blocked WriteTo call.
+	// Even if write times out, it may return n > 0, indicating that
+	// some of the data was successfully written.
+	// A zero value for t means WriteTo will not time out.
+	SetWriteDeadline(t time.Time) error
+}
+
+var listenerBacklogCache struct {
+	sync.Once
+	val int
+}
+
+// listenerBacklog is a caching wrapper around maxListenerBacklog.
+func listenerBacklog() int {
+	listenerBacklogCache.Do(func() { listenerBacklogCache.val = maxListenerBacklog() })
+	return listenerBacklogCache.val
+}
+
+// A Listener is a generic network listener for stream-oriented protocols.
+//
+// Multiple goroutines may invoke methods on a Listener simultaneously.
+type Listener interface {
+	// Accept waits for and returns the next connection to the listener.
+	Accept() (Conn, error)
+
+	// Close closes the listener.
+	// Any blocked Accept operations will be unblocked and return errors.
+	Close() error
+
+	// Addr returns the listener's network address.
+	Addr() Addr
+}
+
+// An Error represents a network error.
+type Error interface {
+	error
+	Timeout() bool // Is the error a timeout?
+
+	// Deprecated: Temporary errors are not well-defined.
+	// Most "temporary" errors are timeouts, and the few exceptions are surprising.
+	// Do not use this method.
+	Temporary() bool
+}
+
+// Various errors contained in OpError.
+var (
+	// For connection setup operations.
+	errNoSuitableAddress = errors.New("no suitable address found")
+
+	// For connection setup and write operations.
+	errMissingAddress = errors.New("missing address")
+
+	// For both read and write operations.
+	errCanceled         = canceledError{}
+	ErrWriteToConnected = errors.New("use of WriteTo with pre-connected connection")
+)
+
+// canceledError lets us return the same error string we have always
+// returned, while still being Is context.Canceled.
+type canceledError struct{}
+
+func (canceledError) Error() string { return "operation was canceled" }
+
+func (canceledError) Is(err error) bool { return err == context.Canceled }
+
+// mapErr maps from the context errors to the historical internal net
+// error values.
+func mapErr(err error) error {
+	switch err {
+	case context.Canceled:
+		return errCanceled
+	case context.DeadlineExceeded:
+		return errTimeout
+	default:
+		return err
+	}
+}
+
+// OpError is the error type usually returned by functions in the net
+// package. It describes the operation, network type, and address of
+// an error.
+type OpError struct {
+	// Op is the operation which caused the error, such as
+	// "read" or "write".
+	Op string
+
+	// Net is the network type on which this error occurred,
+	// such as "tcp" or "udp6".
+	Net string
+
+	// For operations involving a remote network connection, like
+	// Dial, Read, or Write, Source is the corresponding local
+	// network address.
+	Source Addr
+
+	// Addr is the network address for which this error occurred.
+	// For local operations, like Listen or SetDeadline, Addr is
+	// the address of the local endpoint being manipulated.
+	// For operations involving a remote network connection, like
+	// Dial, Read, or Write, Addr is the remote address of that
+	// connection.
+	Addr Addr
+
+	// Err is the error that occurred during the operation.
+	// The Error method panics if the error is nil.
+	Err error
+}
+
+func (e *OpError) Unwrap() error { return e.Err }
+
+func (e *OpError) Error() string {
+	if e == nil {
+		return "<nil>"
+	}
+	s := e.Op
+	if e.Net != "" {
+		s += " " + e.Net
+	}
+	if e.Source != nil {
+		s += " " + e.Source.String()
+	}
+	if e.Addr != nil {
+		if e.Source != nil {
+			s += "->"
+		} else {
+			s += " "
+		}
+		s += e.Addr.String()
+	}
+	s += ": " + e.Err.Error()
+	return s
+}
+
+var (
+	// aLongTimeAgo is a non-zero time, far in the past, used for
+	// immediate cancellation of dials.
+	aLongTimeAgo = time.Unix(1, 0)
+
+	// noDeadline and noCancel are just zero values for
+	// readability with functions taking too many parameters.
+	noDeadline = time.Time{}
+	noCancel   = (chan struct{})(nil)
+)
+
+type timeout interface {
+	Timeout() bool
+}
+
+func (e *OpError) Timeout() bool {
+	if ne, ok := e.Err.(*os.SyscallError); ok {
+		t, ok := ne.Err.(timeout)
+		return ok && t.Timeout()
+	}
+	t, ok := e.Err.(timeout)
+	return ok && t.Timeout()
+}
+
+type temporary interface {
+	Temporary() bool
+}
+
+func (e *OpError) Temporary() bool {
+	// Treat ECONNRESET and ECONNABORTED as temporary errors when
+	// they come from calling accept. See issue 6163.
+	if e.Op == "accept" && isConnError(e.Err) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	if ne, ok := e.Err.(*os.SyscallError); ok {
+		t, ok := ne.Err.(temporary)
+		return ok && t.Temporary()
+	}
+	t, ok := e.Err.(temporary)
+	return ok && t.Temporary()
+}
+
+// A ParseError is the error type of literal network address parsers.
+type ParseError struct {
+	// Type is the type of string that was expected, such as
+	// "IP address", "CIDR address".
+	Type string
+
+	// Text is the malformed text string.
+	Text string
+}
+
+func (e *ParseError) Error() string { return "invalid " + e.Type + ": " + e.Text }
+
+func (e *ParseError) Timeout() bool   { return false }
+func (e *ParseError) Temporary() bool { return false }
+
+type AddrError struct {
+	Err  string
+	Addr string
+}
+
+func (e *AddrError) Error() string {
+	if e == nil {
+		return "<nil>"
+	}
+	s := e.Err
+	if e.Addr != "" {
+		s = "address " + e.Addr + ": " + s
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+func (e *AddrError) Timeout() bool   { return false }
+func (e *AddrError) Temporary() bool { return false }
+
+type UnknownNetworkError string
+
+func (e UnknownNetworkError) Error() string   { return "unknown network " + string(e) }
+func (e UnknownNetworkError) Timeout() bool   { return false }
+func (e UnknownNetworkError) Temporary() bool { return false }
+
+type InvalidAddrError string
+
+func (e InvalidAddrError) Error() string   { return string(e) }
+func (e InvalidAddrError) Timeout() bool   { return false }
+func (e InvalidAddrError) Temporary() bool { return false }
+
+// errTimeout exists to return the historical "i/o timeout" string
+// for context.DeadlineExceeded. See mapErr.
+// It is also used when Dialer.Deadline is exceeded.
+// error.Is(errTimeout, context.DeadlineExceeded) returns true.
+//
+// TODO(iant): We could consider changing this to os.ErrDeadlineExceeded
+// in the future, if we make
+//
+//	errors.Is(os.ErrDeadlineExceeded, context.DeadlineExceeded)
+//
+// return true.
+var errTimeout error = &timeoutError{}
+
+type timeoutError struct{}
+
+func (e *timeoutError) Error() string   { return "i/o timeout" }
+func (e *timeoutError) Timeout() bool   { return true }
+func (e *timeoutError) Temporary() bool { return true }
+
+func (e *timeoutError) Is(err error) bool {
+	return err == context.DeadlineExceeded
+}
+
+// DNSConfigError represents an error reading the machine's DNS configuration.
+// (No longer used; kept for compatibility.)
+type DNSConfigError struct {
+	Err error
+}
+
+func (e *DNSConfigError) Unwrap() error   { return e.Err }
+func (e *DNSConfigError) Error() string   { return "error reading DNS config: " + e.Err.Error() }
+func (e *DNSConfigError) Timeout() bool   { return false }
+func (e *DNSConfigError) Temporary() bool { return false }
+
+// Various errors contained in DNSError.
+var (
+	errNoSuchHost = errors.New("no such host")
+)
+
+// DNSError represents a DNS lookup error.
+type DNSError struct {
+	Err         string // description of the error
+	Name        string // name looked for
+	Server      string // server used
+	IsTimeout   bool   // if true, timed out; not all timeouts set this
+	IsTemporary bool   // if true, error is temporary; not all errors set this
+	IsNotFound  bool   // if true, host could not be found
+}
+
+func (e *DNSError) Error() string {
+	if e == nil {
+		return "<nil>"
+	}
+	s := "lookup " + e.Name
+	if e.Server != "" {
+		s += " on " + e.Server
+	}
+	s += ": " + e.Err
+	return s
+}
+
+// Timeout reports whether the DNS lookup is known to have timed out.
+// This is not always known; a DNS lookup may fail due to a timeout
+// and return a DNSError for which Timeout returns false.
+func (e *DNSError) Timeout() bool { return e.IsTimeout }
+
+// Temporary reports whether the DNS error is known to be temporary.
+// This is not always known; a DNS lookup may fail due to a temporary
+// error and return a DNSError for which Temporary returns false.
+func (e *DNSError) Temporary() bool { return e.IsTimeout || e.IsTemporary }
+
+// errClosed exists just so that the docs for ErrClosed don't mention
+// the internal package poll.
+var errClosed = poll.ErrNetClosing
+
+// ErrClosed is the error returned by an I/O call on a network
+// connection that has already been closed, or that is closed by
+// another goroutine before the I/O is completed. This may be wrapped
+// in another error, and should normally be tested using
+// errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed).
+var ErrClosed error = errClosed
+
+type writerOnly struct {
+	io.Writer
+}
+
+// Fallback implementation of io.ReaderFrom's ReadFrom, when sendfile isn't
+// applicable.
+func genericReadFrom(w io.Writer, r io.Reader) (n int64, err error) {
+	// Use wrapper to hide existing r.ReadFrom from io.Copy.
+	return io.Copy(writerOnly{w}, r)
+}
+
+// Limit the number of concurrent cgo-using goroutines, because
+// each will block an entire operating system thread. The usual culprit
+// is resolving many DNS names in separate goroutines but the DNS
+// server is not responding. Then the many lookups each use a different
+// thread, and the system or the program runs out of threads.
+
+var threadLimit chan struct{}
+
+var threadOnce sync.Once
+
+func acquireThread() {
+	threadOnce.Do(func() {
+		threadLimit = make(chan struct{}, concurrentThreadsLimit())
+	})
+	threadLimit <- struct{}{}
+}
+
+func releaseThread() {
+	<-threadLimit
+}
+
+// buffersWriter is the interface implemented by Conns that support a
+// "writev"-like batch write optimization.
+// writeBuffers should fully consume and write all chunks from the
+// provided Buffers, else it should report a non-nil error.
+type buffersWriter interface {
+	writeBuffers(*Buffers) (int64, error)
+}
+
+// Buffers contains zero or more runs of bytes to write.
+//
+// On certain machines, for certain types of connections, this is
+// optimized into an OS-specific batch write operation (such as
+// "writev").
+type Buffers [][]byte
+
+var (
+	_ io.WriterTo = (*Buffers)(nil)
+	_ io.Reader   = (*Buffers)(nil)
+)
+
+// WriteTo writes contents of the buffers to w.
+//
+// WriteTo implements io.WriterTo for Buffers.
+//
+// WriteTo modifies the slice v as well as v[i] for 0 <= i < len(v),
+// but does not modify v[i][j] for any i, j.
+func (v *Buffers) WriteTo(w io.Writer) (n int64, err error) {
+	if wv, ok := w.(buffersWriter); ok {
+		return wv.writeBuffers(v)
+	}
+	for _, b := range *v {
+		nb, err := w.Write(b)
+		n += int64(nb)
+		if err != nil {
+			v.consume(n)
+			return n, err
+		}
+	}
+	v.consume(n)
+	return n, nil
+}
+
+// Read from the buffers.
+//
+// Read implements io.Reader for Buffers.
+//
+// Read modifies the slice v as well as v[i] for 0 <= i < len(v),
+// but does not modify v[i][j] for any i, j.
+func (v *Buffers) Read(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	for len(p) > 0 && len(*v) > 0 {
+		n0 := copy(p, (*v)[0])
+		v.consume(int64(n0))
+		p = p[n0:]
+		n += n0
+	}
+	if len(*v) == 0 {
+		err = io.EOF
+	}
+	return
+}
+
+func (v *Buffers) consume(n int64) {
+	for len(*v) > 0 {
+		ln0 := int64(len((*v)[0]))
+		if ln0 > n {
+			(*v)[0] = (*v)[0][n:]
+			return
+		}
+		n -= ln0
+		(*v)[0] = nil
+		*v = (*v)[1:]
+	}
+}