path: root/src/runtime/mbitmap.go

// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// Garbage collector: type and heap bitmaps.
//
// Stack, data, and bss bitmaps
//
// Stack frames and global variables in the data and bss sections are
// described by bitmaps with 1 bit per pointer-sized word. A "1" bit
// means the word is a live pointer to be visited by the GC (referred to
// as "pointer"). A "0" bit means the word should be ignored by GC
// (referred to as "scalar", though it could be a dead pointer value).
//
// Heap bitmap
//
// The heap bitmap comprises 1 bit for each pointer-sized word in the heap,
// recording whether a pointer is stored in that word or not. This bitmap
// is stored in the heapArena metadata backing each heap arena.
// That is, if ha is the heapArena for the arena starting at "start",
// then ha.bitmap[0] holds the 64 bits for the 64 words "start"
// through start+63*ptrSize, ha.bitmap[1] holds the entries for
// start+64*ptrSize through start+127*ptrSize, and so on.
// Bits correspond to words in little-endian order. ha.bitmap[0]&1 represents
// the word at "start", ha.bitmap[0]>>1&1 represents the word at start+8, etc.
// (For 32-bit platforms, s/64/32/.)
//
// We also keep a noMorePtrs bitmap which allows us to stop scanning
// the heap bitmap early in certain situations. If ha.noMorePtrs[i]>>j&1
// is 1, then the object containing the last word described by ha.bitmap[8*i+j]
// has no more pointers beyond those described by ha.bitmap[8*i+j].
// If ha.noMorePtrs[i]>>j&1 is set, the entries in ha.bitmap[8*i+j+1] and
// beyond must all be zero until the start of the next object.
//
// The bitmap for noscan spans is set to all zero at span allocation time.
//
// The bitmap for unallocated objects in scannable spans is not maintained
// (can be junk).

package runtime

import (
	"internal/goarch"
	"runtime/internal/atomic"
	"runtime/internal/sys"
	"unsafe"
)

// addb returns the byte pointer p+n.
//
//go:nowritebarrier
//go:nosplit
func addb(p *byte, n uintptr) *byte {
	// Note: wrote out full expression instead of calling add(p, n)
	// to reduce the number of temporaries generated by the
	// compiler for this trivial expression during inlining.
	return (*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(p)) + n))
}

// subtractb returns the byte pointer p-n.
//
//go:nowritebarrier
//go:nosplit
func subtractb(p *byte, n uintptr) *byte {
	// Note: wrote out full expression instead of calling add(p, -n)
	// to reduce the number of temporaries generated by the
	// compiler for this trivial expression during inlining.
	return (*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(p)) - n))
}

// add1 returns the byte pointer p+1.
//
//go:nowritebarrier
//go:nosplit
func add1(p *byte) *byte {
	// Note: wrote out full expression instead of calling addb(p, 1)
	// to reduce the number of temporaries generated by the
	// compiler for this trivial expression during inlining.
	return (*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(p)) + 1))
}

// subtract1 returns the byte pointer p-1.
//
// nosplit because it is used during write barriers and must not be preempted.
//
//go:nowritebarrier
//go:nosplit
func subtract1(p *byte) *byte {
	// Note: wrote out full expression instead of calling subtractb(p, 1)
	// to reduce the number of temporaries generated by the
	// compiler for this trivial expression during inlining.
	return (*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(p)) - 1))
}

// markBits provides access to the mark bit for an object in the heap.
// bytep points to the byte holding the mark bit.
// mask is a byte with a single bit set that can be &ed with *bytep
// to see if the bit has been set.
// *m.byte&m.mask != 0 indicates the mark bit is set.
// index can be used along with span information to generate
// the address of the object in the heap.
// We maintain one set of mark bits for allocation and one for
// marking purposes.
type markBits struct {
	bytep *uint8
	mask  uint8
	index uintptr
}

//go:nosplit
func (s *mspan) allocBitsForIndex(allocBitIndex uintptr) markBits {
	bytep, mask := s.allocBits.bitp(allocBitIndex)
	return markBits{bytep, mask, allocBitIndex}
}

// refillAllocCache takes 8 bytes s.allocBits starting at whichByte
// and negates them so that ctz (count trailing zeros) instructions
// can be used. It then places these 8 bytes into the cached 64 bit
// s.allocCache.
func (s *mspan) refillAllocCache(whichByte uintptr) {
	bytes := (*[8]uint8)(unsafe.Pointer(s.allocBits.bytep(whichByte)))
	aCache := uint64(0)
	aCache |= uint64(bytes[0])
	aCache |= uint64(bytes[1]) << (1 * 8)
	aCache |= uint64(bytes[2]) << (2 * 8)
	aCache |= uint64(bytes[3]) << (3 * 8)
	aCache |= uint64(bytes[4]) << (4 * 8)
	aCache |= uint64(bytes[5]) << (5 * 8)
	aCache |= uint64(bytes[6]) << (6 * 8)
	aCache |= uint64(bytes[7]) << (7 * 8)
	s.allocCache = ^aCache
}

// nextFreeIndex returns the index of the next free object in s at
// or after s.freeindex.
// There are hardware instructions that can be used to make this
// faster if profiling warrants it.
func (s *mspan) nextFreeIndex() uintptr {
	sfreeindex := s.freeindex
	snelems := s.nelems
	if sfreeindex == snelems {
		return sfreeindex
	}
	if sfreeindex > snelems {
		throw("s.freeindex > s.nelems")
	}

	aCache := s.allocCache

	bitIndex := sys.TrailingZeros64(aCache)
	for bitIndex == 64 {
		// Move index to start of next cached bits.
		sfreeindex = (sfreeindex + 64) &^ (64 - 1)
		if sfreeindex >= snelems {
			s.freeindex = snelems
			return snelems
		}
		whichByte := sfreeindex / 8
		// Refill s.allocCache with the next 64 alloc bits.
		s.refillAllocCache(whichByte)
		aCache = s.allocCache
		bitIndex = sys.TrailingZeros64(aCache)
		// nothing available in cached bits
		// grab the next 8 bytes and try again.
	}
	result := sfreeindex + uintptr(bitIndex)
	if result >= snelems {
		s.freeindex = snelems
		return snelems
	}

	s.allocCache >>= uint(bitIndex + 1)
	sfreeindex = result + 1

	if sfreeindex%64 == 0 && sfreeindex != snelems {
		// We just incremented s.freeindex so it isn't 0.
		// As each 1 in s.allocCache was encountered and used for allocation
		// it was shifted away. At this point s.allocCache contains all 0s.
		// Refill s.allocCache so that it corresponds
		// to the bits at s.allocBits starting at s.freeindex.
		whichByte := sfreeindex / 8
		s.refillAllocCache(whichByte)
	}
	s.freeindex = sfreeindex
	return result
}

// isFree reports whether the index'th object in s is unallocated.
//
// The caller must ensure s.state is mSpanInUse, and there must have
// been no preemption points since ensuring this (which could allow a
// GC transition, which would allow the state to change).
func (s *mspan) isFree(index uintptr) bool {
	if index < s.freeIndexForScan {
		return false
	}
	bytep, mask := s.allocBits.bitp(index)
	return *bytep&mask == 0
}

// divideByElemSize returns n/s.elemsize.
// n must be within [0, s.npages*_PageSize),
// or may be exactly s.npages*_PageSize
// if s.elemsize is from sizeclasses.go.
func (s *mspan) divideByElemSize(n uintptr) uintptr {
	const doubleCheck = false

	// See explanation in mksizeclasses.go's computeDivMagic.
	q := uintptr((uint64(n) * uint64(s.divMul)) >> 32)

	if doubleCheck && q != n/s.elemsize {
		println(n, "/", s.elemsize, "should be", n/s.elemsize, "but got", q)
		throw("bad magic division")
	}
	return q
}

func (s *mspan) objIndex(p uintptr) uintptr {
	return s.divideByElemSize(p - s.base())
}

func markBitsForAddr(p uintptr) markBits {
	s := spanOf(p)
	objIndex := s.objIndex(p)
	return s.markBitsForIndex(objIndex)
}

func (s *mspan) markBitsForIndex(objIndex uintptr) markBits {
	bytep, mask := s.gcmarkBits.bitp(objIndex)
	return markBits{bytep, mask, objIndex}
}

func (s *mspan) markBitsForBase() markBits {
	return markBits{&s.gcmarkBits.x, uint8(1), 0}
}

// isMarked reports whether mark bit m is set.
func (m markBits) isMarked() bool {
	return *m.bytep&m.mask != 0
}

// setMarked sets the marked bit in the markbits, atomically.
func (m markBits) setMarked() {
	// Might be racing with other updates, so use atomic update always.
	// We used to be clever here and use a non-atomic update in certain
	// cases, but it's not worth the risk.
	atomic.Or8(m.bytep, m.mask)
}

// setMarkedNonAtomic sets the marked bit in the markbits, non-atomically.
func (m markBits) setMarkedNonAtomic() {
	*m.bytep |= m.mask
}

// clearMarked clears the marked bit in the markbits, atomically.
func (m markBits) clearMarked() {
	// Might be racing with other updates, so use atomic update always.
	// We used to be clever here and use a non-atomic update in certain
	// cases, but it's not worth the risk.
	atomic.And8(m.bytep, ^m.mask)
}

// markBitsForSpan returns the markBits for the span base address base.
func markBitsForSpan(base uintptr) (mbits markBits) {
	mbits = markBitsForAddr(base)
	if mbits.mask != 1 {
		throw("markBitsForSpan: unaligned start")
	}
	return mbits
}

// advance advances the markBits to the next object in the span.
func (m *markBits) advance() {
	if m.mask == 1<<7 {
		m.bytep = (*uint8)(unsafe.Pointer(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(m.bytep)) + 1))
		m.mask = 1
	} else {
		m.mask = m.mask << 1
	}
	m.index++
}

// clobberdeadPtr is a special value that is used by the compiler to
// clobber dead stack slots, when -clobberdead flag is set.
const clobberdeadPtr = uintptr(0xdeaddead | 0xdeaddead<<((^uintptr(0)>>63)*32))

// badPointer throws bad pointer in heap panic.
func badPointer(s *mspan, p, refBase, refOff uintptr) {
	// Typically this indicates an incorrect use
	// of unsafe or cgo to store a bad pointer in
	// the Go heap. It may also indicate a runtime
	// bug.
	//
	// TODO(austin): We could be more aggressive
	// and detect pointers to unallocated objects
	// in allocated spans.
	printlock()
	print("runtime: pointer ", hex(p))
	if s != nil {
		state := s.state.get()
		if state != mSpanInUse {
			print(" to unallocated span")
		} else {
			print(" to unused region of span")
		}
		print(" span.base()=", hex(s.base()), " span.limit=", hex(s.limit), " span.state=", state)
	}
	print("\n")
	if refBase != 0 {
		print("runtime: found in object at *(", hex(refBase), "+", hex(refOff), ")\n")
		gcDumpObject("object", refBase, refOff)
	}
	getg().m.traceback = 2
	throw("found bad pointer in Go heap (incorrect use of unsafe or cgo?)")
}

// findObject returns the base address for the heap object containing
// the address p, the object's span, and the index of the object in s.
// If p does not point into a heap object, it returns base == 0.
//
// If p points is an invalid heap pointer and debug.invalidptr != 0,
// findObject panics.
//
// refBase and refOff optionally give the base address of the object
// in which the pointer p was found and the byte offset at which it
// was found. These are used for error reporting.
//
// It is nosplit so it is safe for p to be a pointer to the current goroutine's stack.
// Since p is a uintptr, it would not be adjusted if the stack were to move.
//
//go:nosplit
func findObject(p, refBase, refOff uintptr) (base uintptr, s *mspan, objIndex uintptr) {
	s = spanOf(p)
	// If s is nil, the virtual address has never been part of the heap.
	// This pointer may be to some mmap'd region, so we allow it.
	if s == nil {
		if (GOARCH == "amd64" || GOARCH == "arm64") && p == clobberdeadPtr && debug.invalidptr != 0 {
			// Crash if clobberdeadPtr is seen. Only on AMD64 and ARM64 for now,
			// as they are the only platform where compiler's clobberdead mode is
			// implemented. On these platforms clobberdeadPtr cannot be a valid address.
			badPointer(s, p, refBase, refOff)
		}
		return
	}
	// If p is a bad pointer, it may not be in s's bounds.
	//
	// Check s.state to synchronize with span initialization
	// before checking other fields. See also spanOfHeap.
	if state := s.state.get(); state != mSpanInUse || p < s.base() || p >= s.limit {
		// Pointers into stacks are also ok, the runtime manages these explicitly.
		if state == mSpanManual {
			return
		}
		// The following ensures that we are rigorous about what data
		// structures hold valid pointers.
		if debug.invalidptr != 0 {
			badPointer(s, p, refBase, refOff)
		}
		return
	}

	objIndex = s.objIndex(p)
	base = s.base() + objIndex*s.elemsize
	return
}

// reflect_verifyNotInHeapPtr reports whether converting the not-in-heap pointer into a unsafe.Pointer is ok.
//
//go:linkname reflect_verifyNotInHeapPtr reflect.verifyNotInHeapPtr
func reflect_verifyNotInHeapPtr(p uintptr) bool {
	// Conversion to a pointer is ok as long as findObject above does not call badPointer.
	// Since we're already promised that p doesn't point into the heap, just disallow heap
	// pointers and the special clobbered pointer.
	return spanOf(p) == nil && p != clobberdeadPtr
}

const ptrBits = 8 * goarch.PtrSize

// heapBits provides access to the bitmap bits for a single heap word.
// The methods on heapBits take value receivers so that the compiler
// can more easily inline calls to those methods and registerize the
// struct fields independently.
type heapBits struct {
	// heapBits will report on pointers in the range [addr,addr+size).
	// The low bit of mask contains the pointerness of the word at addr
	// (assuming valid>0).
	addr, size uintptr

	// The next few pointer bits representing words starting at addr.
	// Those bits already returned by next() are zeroed.
	mask uintptr
	// Number of bits in mask that are valid. mask is always less than 1<<valid.
	valid uintptr
}

// heapBitsForAddr returns the heapBits for the address addr.
// The caller must ensure [addr,addr+size) is in an allocated span.
// In particular, be careful not to point past the end of an object.
//
// nosplit because it is used during write barriers and must not be preempted.
//
//go:nosplit
func heapBitsForAddr(addr, size uintptr) heapBits {
	// Find arena
	ai := arenaIndex(addr)
	ha := mheap_.arenas[ai.l1()][ai.l2()]

	// Word index in arena.
	word := addr / goarch.PtrSize % heapArenaWords

	// Word index and bit offset in bitmap array.
	idx := word / ptrBits
	off := word % ptrBits

	// Grab relevant bits of bitmap.
	mask := ha.bitmap[idx] >> off
	valid := ptrBits - off

	// Process depending on where the object ends.
	nptr := size / goarch.PtrSize
	if nptr < valid {
		// Bits for this object end before the end of this bitmap word.
		// Squash bits for the following objects.
		mask &= 1<<(nptr&(ptrBits-1)) - 1
		valid = nptr
	} else if nptr == valid {
		// Bits for this object end at exactly the end of this bitmap word.
		// All good.
	} else {
		// Bits for this object extend into the next bitmap word. See if there
		// may be any pointers recorded there.
		if uintptr(ha.noMorePtrs[idx/8])>>(idx%8)&1 != 0 {
			// No more pointers in this object after this bitmap word.
			// Update size so we know not to look there.
			size = valid * goarch.PtrSize
		}
	}

	return heapBits{addr: addr, size: size, mask: mask, valid: valid}
}

// Returns the (absolute) address of the next known pointer and
// a heapBits iterator representing any remaining pointers.
// If there are no more pointers, returns address 0.
// Note that next does not modify h. The caller must record the result.
//
// nosplit because it is used during write barriers and must not be preempted.
//
//go:nosplit
func (h heapBits) next() (heapBits, uintptr) {
	for {
		if h.mask != 0 {
			var i int
			if goarch.PtrSize == 8 {
				i = sys.TrailingZeros64(uint64(h.mask))
			} else {
				i = sys.TrailingZeros32(uint32(h.mask))
			}
			h.mask ^= uintptr(1) << (i & (ptrBits - 1))
			return h, h.addr + uintptr(i)*goarch.PtrSize
		}

		// Skip words that we've already processed.
		h.addr += h.valid * goarch.PtrSize
		h.size -= h.valid * goarch.PtrSize
		if h.size == 0 {
			return h, 0 // no more pointers
		}

		// Grab more bits and try again.
		h = heapBitsForAddr(h.addr, h.size)
	}
}

// nextFast is like next, but can return 0 even when there are more pointers
// to be found. Callers should call next if nextFast returns 0 as its second
// return value.
//
//	if addr, h = h.nextFast(); addr == 0 {
//	    if addr, h = h.next(); addr == 0 {
//	        ... no more pointers ...
//	    }
//	}
//	... process pointer at addr ...
//
// nextFast is designed to be inlineable.
//
//go:nosplit
func (h heapBits) nextFast() (heapBits, uintptr) {
	// TESTQ/JEQ
	if h.mask == 0 {
		return h, 0
	}
	// BSFQ
	var i int
	if goarch.PtrSize == 8 {
		i = sys.TrailingZeros64(uint64(h.mask))
	} else {
		i = sys.TrailingZeros32(uint32(h.mask))
	}
	// BTCQ
	h.mask ^= uintptr(1) << (i & (ptrBits - 1))
	// LEAQ (XX)(XX*8)
	return h, h.addr + uintptr(i)*goarch.PtrSize
}

// bulkBarrierPreWrite executes a write barrier
// for every pointer slot in the memory range [src, src+size),
// using pointer/scalar information from [dst, dst+size).
// This executes the write barriers necessary before a memmove.
// src, dst, and size must be pointer-aligned.
// The range [dst, dst+size) must lie within a single object.
// It does not perform the actual writes.
//
// As a special case, src == 0 indicates that this is being used for a
// memclr. bulkBarrierPreWrite will pass 0 for the src of each write
// barrier.
//
// Callers should call bulkBarrierPreWrite immediately before
// calling memmove(dst, src, size). This function is marked nosplit
// to avoid being preempted; the GC must not stop the goroutine
// between the memmove and the execution of the barriers.
// The caller is also responsible for cgo pointer checks if this
// may be writing Go pointers into non-Go memory.
//
// The pointer bitmap is not maintained for allocations containing
// no pointers at all; any caller of bulkBarrierPreWrite must first
// make sure the underlying allocation contains pointers, usually
// by checking typ.ptrdata.
//
// Callers must perform cgo checks if writeBarrier.cgo.
//
//go:nosplit
func bulkBarrierPreWrite(dst, src, size uintptr) {
	if (dst|src|size)&(goarch.PtrSize-1) != 0 {
		throw("bulkBarrierPreWrite: unaligned arguments")
	}
	if !writeBarrier.needed {
		return
	}
	if s := spanOf(dst); s == nil {
		// If dst is a global, use the data or BSS bitmaps to
		// execute write barriers.
		for _, datap := range activeModules() {
			if datap.data <= dst && dst < datap.edata {
				bulkBarrierBitmap(dst, src, size, dst-datap.data, datap.gcdatamask.bytedata)
				return
			}
		}
		for _, datap := range activeModules() {
			if datap.bss <= dst && dst < datap.ebss {
				bulkBarrierBitmap(dst, src, size, dst-datap.bss, datap.gcbssmask.bytedata)
				return
			}
		}
		return
	} else if s.state.get() != mSpanInUse || dst < s.base() || s.limit <= dst {
		// dst was heap memory at some point, but isn't now.
		// It can't be a global. It must be either our stack,
		// or in the case of direct channel sends, it could be
		// another stack. Either way, no need for barriers.
		// This will also catch if dst is in a freed span,
		// though that should never have.
		return
	}

	buf := &getg().m.p.ptr().wbBuf
	h := heapBitsForAddr(dst, size)
	if src == 0 {
		for {
			var addr uintptr
			if h, addr = h.next(); addr == 0 {
				break
			}
			dstx := (*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(addr))
			if !buf.putFast(*dstx, 0) {
				wbBufFlush(nil, 0)
			}
		}
	} else {
		for {
			var addr uintptr
			if h, addr = h.next(); addr == 0 {
				break
			}
			dstx := (*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(addr))
			srcx := (*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(src + (addr - dst)))
			if !buf.putFast(*dstx, *srcx) {
				wbBufFlush(nil, 0)
			}
		}
	}
}

// bulkBarrierPreWriteSrcOnly is like bulkBarrierPreWrite but
// does not execute write barriers for [dst, dst+size).
//
// In addition to the requirements of bulkBarrierPreWrite
// callers need to ensure [dst, dst+size) is zeroed.
//
// This is used for special cases where e.g. dst was just
// created and zeroed with malloc.
//
//go:nosplit
func bulkBarrierPreWriteSrcOnly(dst, src, size uintptr) {
	if (dst|src|size)&(goarch.PtrSize-1) != 0 {
		throw("bulkBarrierPreWrite: unaligned arguments")
	}
	if !writeBarrier.needed {
		return
	}
	buf := &getg().m.p.ptr().wbBuf
	h := heapBitsForAddr(dst, size)
	for {
		var addr uintptr
		if h, addr = h.next(); addr == 0 {
			break
		}
		srcx := (*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(addr - dst + src))
		if !buf.putFast(0, *srcx) {
			wbBufFlush(nil, 0)
		}
	}
}

// bulkBarrierBitmap executes write barriers for copying from [src,
// src+size) to [dst, dst+size) using a 1-bit pointer bitmap. src is
// assumed to start maskOffset bytes into the data covered by the
// bitmap in bits (which may not be a multiple of 8).
//
// This is used by bulkBarrierPreWrite for writes to data and BSS.
//
//go:nosplit
func bulkBarrierBitmap(dst, src, size, maskOffset uintptr, bits *uint8) {
	word := maskOffset / goarch.PtrSize
	bits = addb(bits, word/8)
	mask := uint8(1) << (word % 8)

	buf := &getg().m.p.ptr().wbBuf
	for i := uintptr(0); i < size; i += goarch.PtrSize {
		if mask == 0 {
			bits = addb(bits, 1)
			if *bits == 0 {
				// Skip 8 words.
				i += 7 * goarch.PtrSize
				continue
			}
			mask = 1
		}
		if *bits&mask != 0 {
			dstx := (*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(dst + i))
			if src == 0 {
				if !buf.putFast(*dstx, 0) {
					wbBufFlush(nil, 0)
				}
			} else {
				srcx := (*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(src + i))
				if !buf.putFast(*dstx, *srcx) {
					wbBufFlush(nil, 0)
				}
			}
		}
		mask <<= 1
	}
}

// typeBitsBulkBarrier executes a write barrier for every
// pointer that would be copied from [src, src+size) to [dst,
// dst+size) by a memmove using the type bitmap to locate those
// pointer slots.
//
// The type typ must correspond exactly to [src, src+size) and [dst, dst+size).
// dst, src, and size must be pointer-aligned.
// The type typ must have a plain bitmap, not a GC program.
// The only use of this function is in channel sends, and the
// 64 kB channel element limit takes care of this for us.
//
// Must not be preempted because it typically runs right before memmove,
// and the GC must observe them as an atomic action.
//
// Callers must perform cgo checks if writeBarrier.cgo.
//
//go:nosplit
func typeBitsBulkBarrier(typ *_type, dst, src, size uintptr) {
	if typ == nil {
		throw("runtime: typeBitsBulkBarrier without type")
	}
	if typ.size != size {
		println("runtime: typeBitsBulkBarrier with type ", typ.string(), " of size ", typ.size, " but memory size", size)
		throw("runtime: invalid typeBitsBulkBarrier")
	}
	if typ.kind&kindGCProg != 0 {
		println("runtime: typeBitsBulkBarrier with type ", typ.string(), " with GC prog")
		throw("runtime: invalid typeBitsBulkBarrier")
	}
	if !writeBarrier.needed {
		return
	}
	ptrmask := typ.gcdata
	buf := &getg().m.p.ptr().wbBuf
	var bits uint32
	for i := uintptr(0); i < typ.ptrdata; i += goarch.PtrSize {
		if i&(goarch.PtrSize*8-1) == 0 {
			bits = uint32(*ptrmask)
			ptrmask = addb(ptrmask, 1)
		} else {
			bits = bits >> 1
		}
		if bits&1 != 0 {
			dstx := (*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(dst + i))
			srcx := (*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(src + i))
			if !buf.putFast(*dstx, *srcx) {
				wbBufFlush(nil, 0)
			}
		}
	}
}

// initHeapBits initializes the heap bitmap for a span.
// If this is a span of single pointer allocations, it initializes all
// words to pointer. If force is true, clears all bits.
func (s *mspan) initHeapBits(forceClear bool) {
	if forceClear || s.spanclass.noscan() {
		// Set all the pointer bits to zero. We do this once
		// when the span is allocated so we don't have to do it
		// for each object allocation.
		base := s.base()
		size := s.npages * pageSize
		h := writeHeapBitsForAddr(base)
		h.flush(base, size)
		return
	}
	isPtrs := goarch.PtrSize == 8 && s.elemsize == goarch.PtrSize
	if !isPtrs {
		return // nothing to do
	}
	h := writeHeapBitsForAddr(s.base())
	size := s.npages * pageSize
	nptrs := size / goarch.PtrSize
	for i := uintptr(0); i < nptrs; i += ptrBits {
		h = h.write(^uintptr(0), ptrBits)
	}
	h.flush(s.base(), size)
}

// countAlloc returns the number of objects allocated in span s by
// scanning the allocation bitmap.
func (s *mspan) countAlloc() int {
	count := 0
	bytes := divRoundUp(s.nelems, 8)
	// Iterate over each 8-byte chunk and count allocations
	// with an intrinsic. Note that newMarkBits guarantees that
	// gcmarkBits will be 8-byte aligned, so we don't have to
	// worry about edge cases, irrelevant bits will simply be zero.
	for i := uintptr(0); i < bytes; i += 8 {
		// Extract 64 bits from the byte pointer and get a OnesCount.
		// Note that the unsafe cast here doesn't preserve endianness,
		// but that's OK. We only care about how many bits are 1, not
		// about the order we discover them in.
		mrkBits := *(*uint64)(unsafe.Pointer(s.gcmarkBits.bytep(i)))
		count += sys.OnesCount64(mrkBits)
	}
	return count
}

type writeHeapBits struct {
	addr  uintptr // address that the low bit of mask represents the pointer state of.
	mask  uintptr // some pointer bits starting at the address addr.
	valid uintptr // number of bits in buf that are valid (including low)
	low   uintptr // number of low-order bits to not overwrite
}

func writeHeapBitsForAddr(addr uintptr) (h writeHeapBits) {
	// We start writing bits maybe in the middle of a heap bitmap word.
	// Remember how many bits into the word we started, so we can be sure
	// not to overwrite the previous bits.
	h.low = addr / goarch.PtrSize % ptrBits

	// round down to heap word that starts the bitmap word.
	h.addr = addr - h.low*goarch.PtrSize

	// We don't have any bits yet.
	h.mask = 0
	h.valid = h.low

	return
}

// write appends the pointerness of the next valid pointer slots
// using the low valid bits of bits. 1=pointer, 0=scalar.
func (h writeHeapBits) write(bits, valid uintptr) writeHeapBits {
	if h.valid+valid <= ptrBits {
		// Fast path - just accumulate the bits.
		h.mask |= bits << h.valid
		h.valid += valid
		return h
	}
	// Too many bits to fit in this word. Write the current word
	// out and move on to the next word.

	data := h.mask | bits<<h.valid       // mask for this word
	h.mask = bits >> (ptrBits - h.valid) // leftover for next word
	h.valid += valid - ptrBits           // have h.valid+valid bits, writing ptrBits of them

	// Flush mask to the memory bitmap.
	// TODO: figure out how to cache arena lookup.
	ai := arenaIndex(h.addr)
	ha := mheap_.arenas[ai.l1()][ai.l2()]
	idx := h.addr / (ptrBits * goarch.PtrSize) % heapArenaBitmapWords
	m := uintptr(1)<<h.low - 1
	ha.bitmap[idx] = ha.bitmap[idx]&m | data
	// Note: no synchronization required for this write because
	// the allocator has exclusive access to the page, and the bitmap
	// entries are all for a single page. Also, visibility of these
	// writes is guaranteed by the publication barrier in mallocgc.

	// Clear noMorePtrs bit, since we're going to be writing bits
	// into the following word.
	ha.noMorePtrs[idx/8] &^= uint8(1) << (idx % 8)
	// Note: same as above

	// Move to next word of bitmap.
	h.addr += ptrBits * goarch.PtrSize
	h.low = 0
	return h
}

// Add padding of size bytes.
func (h writeHeapBits) pad(size uintptr) writeHeapBits {
	if size == 0 {
		return h
	}
	words := size / goarch.PtrSize
	for words > ptrBits {
		h = h.write(0, ptrBits)
		words -= ptrBits
	}
	return h.write(0, words)
}

// Flush the bits that have been written, and add zeros as needed
// to cover the full object [addr, addr+size).
func (h writeHeapBits) flush(addr, size uintptr) {
	// zeros counts the number of bits needed to represent the object minus the
	// number of bits we've already written. This is the number of 0 bits
	// that need to be added.
	zeros := (addr+size-h.addr)/goarch.PtrSize - h.valid

	// Add zero bits up to the bitmap word boundary
	if zeros > 0 {
		z := ptrBits - h.valid
		if z > zeros {
			z = zeros
		}
		h.valid += z
		zeros -= z
	}

	// Find word in bitmap that we're going to write.
	ai := arenaIndex(h.addr)
	ha := mheap_.arenas[ai.l1()][ai.l2()]
	idx := h.addr / (ptrBits * goarch.PtrSize) % heapArenaBitmapWords

	// Write remaining bits.
	if h.valid != h.low {
		m := uintptr(1)<<h.low - 1      // don't clear existing bits below "low"
		m |= ^(uintptr(1)<<h.valid - 1) // don't clear existing bits above "valid"
		ha.bitmap[idx] = ha.bitmap[idx]&m | h.mask
	}
	if zeros == 0 {
		return
	}

	// Record in the noMorePtrs map that there won't be any more 1 bits,
	// so readers can stop early.
	ha.noMorePtrs[idx/8] |= uint8(1) << (idx % 8)

	// Advance to next bitmap word.
	h.addr += ptrBits * goarch.PtrSize

	// Continue on writing zeros for the rest of the object.
	// For standard use of the ptr bits this is not required, as
	// the bits are read from the beginning of the object. Some uses,
	// like noscan spans, oblets, bulk write barriers, and cgocheck, might
	// start mid-object, so these writes are still required.
	for {
		// Write zero bits.
		ai := arenaIndex(h.addr)
		ha := mheap_.arenas[ai.l1()][ai.l2()]
		idx := h.addr / (ptrBits * goarch.PtrSize) % heapArenaBitmapWords
		if zeros < ptrBits {
			ha.bitmap[idx] &^= uintptr(1)<<zeros - 1
			break
		} else if zeros == ptrBits {
			ha.bitmap[idx] = 0
			break
		} else {
			ha.bitmap[idx] = 0
			zeros -= ptrBits
		}
		ha.noMorePtrs[idx/8] |= uint8(1) << (idx % 8)
		h.addr += ptrBits * goarch.PtrSize
	}
}

// Read the bytes starting at the aligned pointer p into a uintptr.
// Read is little-endian.
func readUintptr(p *byte) uintptr {
	x := *(*uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(p))
	if goarch.BigEndian {
		if goarch.PtrSize == 8 {
			return uintptr(sys.Bswap64(uint64(x)))
		}
		return uintptr(sys.Bswap32(uint32(x)))
	}
	return x
}

// heapBitsSetType records that the new allocation [x, x+size)
// holds in [x, x+dataSize) one or more values of type typ.
// (The number of values is given by dataSize / typ.size.)
// If dataSize < size, the fragment [x+dataSize, x+size) is
// recorded as non-pointer data.
// It is known that the type has pointers somewhere;
// malloc does not call heapBitsSetType when there are no pointers,
// because all free objects are marked as noscan during
// heapBitsSweepSpan.
//
// There can only be one allocation from a given span active at a time,
// and the bitmap for a span always falls on word boundaries,
// so there are no write-write races for access to the heap bitmap.
// Hence, heapBitsSetType can access the bitmap without atomics.
//
// There can be read-write races between heapBitsSetType and things
// that read the heap bitmap like scanobject. However, since
// heapBitsSetType is only used for objects that have not yet been
// made reachable, readers will ignore bits being modified by this
// function. This does mean this function cannot transiently modify
// bits that belong to neighboring objects. Also, on weakly-ordered
// machines, callers must execute a store/store (publication) barrier
// between calling this function and making the object reachable.
func heapBitsSetType(x, size, dataSize uintptr, typ *_type) {
	const doubleCheck = false // slow but helpful; enable to test modifications to this code

	if doubleCheck && dataSize%typ.size != 0 {
		throw("heapBitsSetType: dataSize not a multiple of typ.size")
	}

	if goarch.PtrSize == 8 && size == goarch.PtrSize {
		// It's one word and it has pointers, it must be a pointer.
		// Since all allocated one-word objects are pointers
		// (non-pointers are aggregated into tinySize allocations),
		// (*mspan).initHeapBits sets the pointer bits for us.
		// Nothing to do here.
		if doubleCheck {
			h, addr := heapBitsForAddr(x, size).next()
			if addr != x {
				throw("heapBitsSetType: pointer bit missing")
			}
			_, addr = h.next()
			if addr != 0 {
				throw("heapBitsSetType: second pointer bit found")
			}
		}
		return
	}

	h := writeHeapBitsForAddr(x)

	// Handle GC program.
	if typ.kind&kindGCProg != 0 {
		// Expand the gc program into the storage we're going to use for the actual object.
		obj := (*uint8)(unsafe.Pointer(x))
		n := runGCProg(addb(typ.gcdata, 4), obj)
		// Use the expanded program to set the heap bits.
		for i := uintptr(0); true; i += typ.size {
			// Copy expanded program to heap bitmap.
			p := obj
			j := n
			for j > 8 {
				h = h.write(uintptr(*p), 8)
				p = add1(p)
				j -= 8
			}
			h = h.write(uintptr(*p), j)

			if i+typ.size == dataSize {
				break // no padding after last element
			}

			// Pad with zeros to the start of the next element.
			h = h.pad(typ.size - n*goarch.PtrSize)
		}

		h.flush(x, size)

		// Erase the expanded GC program.
		memclrNoHeapPointers(unsafe.Pointer(obj), (n+7)/8)
		return
	}

	// Note about sizes:
	//
	// typ.size is the number of words in the object,
	// and typ.ptrdata is the number of words in the prefix
	// of the object that contains pointers. That is, the final
	// typ.size - typ.ptrdata words contain no pointers.
	// This allows optimization of a common pattern where
	// an object has a small header followed by a large scalar
	// buffer. If we know the pointers are over, we don't have
	// to scan the buffer's heap bitmap at all.
	// The 1-bit ptrmasks are sized to contain only bits for
	// the typ.ptrdata prefix, zero padded out to a full byte
	// of bitmap. If there is more room in the allocated object,
	// that space is pointerless. The noMorePtrs bitmap will prevent
	// scanning large pointerless tails of an object.
	//
	// Replicated copies are not as nice: if there is an array of
	// objects with scalar tails, all but the last tail does have to
	// be initialized, because there is no way to say "skip forward".

	ptrs := typ.ptrdata / goarch.PtrSize
	if typ.size == dataSize { // Single element
		if ptrs <= ptrBits { // Single small element
			m := readUintptr(typ.gcdata)
			h = h.write(m, ptrs)
		} else { // Single large element
			p := typ.gcdata
			for {
				h = h.write(readUintptr(p), ptrBits)
				p = addb(p, ptrBits/8)
				ptrs -= ptrBits
				if ptrs <= ptrBits {
					break
				}
			}
			m := readUintptr(p)
			h = h.write(m, ptrs)
		}
	} else { // Repeated element
		words := typ.size / goarch.PtrSize // total words, including scalar tail
		if words <= ptrBits {              // Repeated small element
			n := dataSize / typ.size
			m := readUintptr(typ.gcdata)
			// Make larger unit to repeat
			for words <= ptrBits/2 {
				if n&1 != 0 {
					h = h.write(m, words)
				}
				n /= 2
				m |= m << words
				ptrs += words
				words *= 2
				if n == 1 {
					break
				}
			}
			for n > 1 {
				h = h.write(m, words)
				n--
			}
			h = h.write(m, ptrs)
		} else { // Repeated large element
			for i := uintptr(0); true; i += typ.size {
				p := typ.gcdata
				j := ptrs
				for j > ptrBits {
					h = h.write(readUintptr(p), ptrBits)
					p = addb(p, ptrBits/8)
					j -= ptrBits
				}
				m := readUintptr(p)
				h = h.write(m, j)
				if i+typ.size == dataSize {
					break // don't need the trailing nonptr bits on the last element.
				}
				// Pad with zeros to the start of the next element.
				h = h.pad(typ.size - typ.ptrdata)
			}
		}
	}
	h.flush(x, size)

	if doubleCheck {
		h := heapBitsForAddr(x, size)
		for i := uintptr(0); i < size; i += goarch.PtrSize {
			// Compute the pointer bit we want at offset i.
			want := false
			if i < dataSize {
				off := i % typ.size
				if off < typ.ptrdata {
					j := off / goarch.PtrSize
					want = *addb(typ.gcdata, j/8)>>(j%8)&1 != 0
				}
			}
			if want {
				var addr uintptr
				h, addr = h.next()
				if addr != x+i {
					throw("heapBitsSetType: pointer entry not correct")
				}
			}
		}
		if _, addr := h.next(); addr != 0 {
			throw("heapBitsSetType: extra pointer")
		}
	}
}

var debugPtrmask struct {
	lock mutex
	data *byte
}

// progToPointerMask returns the 1-bit pointer mask output by the GC program prog.
// size the size of the region described by prog, in bytes.
// The resulting bitvector will have no more than size/goarch.PtrSize bits.
func progToPointerMask(prog *byte, size uintptr) bitvector {
	n := (size/goarch.PtrSize + 7) / 8
	x := (*[1 << 30]byte)(persistentalloc(n+1, 1, &memstats.buckhash_sys))[:n+1]
	x[len(x)-1] = 0xa1 // overflow check sentinel
	n = runGCProg(prog, &x[0])
	if x[len(x)-1] != 0xa1 {
		throw("progToPointerMask: overflow")
	}
	return bitvector{int32(n), &x[0]}
}

// Packed GC pointer bitmaps, aka GC programs.
//
// For large types containing arrays, the type information has a
// natural repetition that can be encoded to save space in the
// binary and in the memory representation of the type information.
//
// The encoding is a simple Lempel-Ziv style bytecode machine
// with the following instructions:
//
//	00000000: stop
//	0nnnnnnn: emit n bits copied from the next (n+7)/8 bytes
//	10000000 n c: repeat the previous n bits c times; n, c are varints
//	1nnnnnnn c: repeat the previous n bits c times; c is a varint

// runGCProg returns the number of 1-bit entries written to memory.
func runGCProg(prog, dst *byte) uintptr {
	dstStart := dst

	// Bits waiting to be written to memory.
	var bits uintptr
	var nbits uintptr

	p := prog
Run:
	for {
		// Flush accumulated full bytes.
		// The rest of the loop assumes that nbits <= 7.
		for ; nbits >= 8; nbits -= 8 {
			*dst = uint8(bits)
			dst = add1(dst)
			bits >>= 8
		}

		// Process one instruction.
		inst := uintptr(*p)
		p = add1(p)
		n := inst & 0x7F
		if inst&0x80 == 0 {
			// Literal bits; n == 0 means end of program.
			if n == 0 {
				// Program is over.
				break Run
			}
			nbyte := n / 8
			for i := uintptr(0); i < nbyte; i++ {
				bits |= uintptr(*p) << nbits
				p = add1(p)
				*dst = uint8(bits)
				dst = add1(dst)
				bits >>= 8
			}
			if n %= 8; n > 0 {
				bits |= uintptr(*p) << nbits
				p = add1(p)
				nbits += n
			}
			continue Run
		}

		// Repeat. If n == 0, it is encoded in a varint in the next bytes.
		if n == 0 {
			for off := uint(0); ; off += 7 {
				x := uintptr(*p)
				p = add1(p)
				n |= (x & 0x7F) << off
				if x&0x80 == 0 {
					break
				}
			}
		}

		// Count is encoded in a varint in the next bytes.
		c := uintptr(0)
		for off := uint(0); ; off += 7 {
			x := uintptr(*p)
			p = add1(p)
			c |= (x & 0x7F) << off
			if x&0x80 == 0 {
				break
			}
		}
		c *= n // now total number of bits to copy

		// If the number of bits being repeated is small, load them
		// into a register and use that register for the entire loop
		// instead of repeatedly reading from memory.
		// Handling fewer than 8 bits here makes the general loop simpler.
		// The cutoff is goarch.PtrSize*8 - 7 to guarantee that when we add
		// the pattern to a bit buffer holding at most 7 bits (a partial byte)
		// it will not overflow.
		src := dst
		const maxBits = goarch.PtrSize*8 - 7
		if n <= maxBits {
			// Start with bits in output buffer.
			pattern := bits
			npattern := nbits

			// If we need more bits, fetch them from memory.
			src = subtract1(src)
			for npattern < n {
				pattern <<= 8
				pattern |= uintptr(*src)
				src = subtract1(src)
				npattern += 8
			}

			// We started with the whole bit output buffer,
			// and then we loaded bits from whole bytes.
			// Either way, we might now have too many instead of too few.
			// Discard the extra.
			if npattern > n {
				pattern >>= npattern - n
				npattern = n
			}

			// Replicate pattern to at most maxBits.
			if npattern == 1 {
				// One bit being repeated.
				// If the bit is 1, make the pattern all 1s.
				// If the bit is 0, the pattern is already all 0s,
				// but we can claim that the number of bits
				// in the word is equal to the number we need (c),
				// because right shift of bits will zero fill.
				if pattern == 1 {
					pattern = 1<<maxBits - 1
					npattern = maxBits
				} else {
					npattern = c
				}
			} else {
				b := pattern
				nb := npattern
				if nb+nb <= maxBits {
					// Double pattern until the whole uintptr is filled.
					for nb <= goarch.PtrSize*8 {
						b |= b << nb
						nb += nb
					}
					// Trim away incomplete copy of original pattern in high bits.
					// TODO(rsc): Replace with table lookup or loop on systems without divide?
					nb = maxBits / npattern * npattern
					b &= 1<<nb - 1
					pattern = b
					npattern = nb
				}
			}

			// Add pattern to bit buffer and flush bit buffer, c/npattern times.
			// Since pattern contains >8 bits, there will be full bytes to flush
			// on each iteration.
			for ; c >= npattern; c -= npattern {
				bits |= pattern << nbits
				nbits += npattern
				for nbits >= 8 {
					*dst = uint8(bits)
					dst = add1(dst)
					bits >>= 8
					nbits -= 8
				}
			}

			// Add final fragment to bit buffer.
			if c > 0 {
				pattern &= 1<<c - 1
				bits |= pattern << nbits
				nbits += c
			}
			continue Run
		}

		// Repeat; n too large to fit in a register.
		// Since nbits <= 7, we know the first few bytes of repeated data
		// are already written to memory.
		off := n - nbits // n > nbits because n > maxBits and nbits <= 7
		// Leading src fragment.
		src = subtractb(src, (off+7)/8)
		if frag := off & 7; frag != 0 {
			bits |= uintptr(*src) >> (8 - frag) << nbits
			src = add1(src)
			nbits += frag
			c -= frag
		}
		// Main loop: load one byte, write another.
		// The bits are rotating through the bit buffer.
		for i := c / 8; i > 0; i-- {
			bits |= uintptr(*src) << nbits
			src = add1(src)
			*dst = uint8(bits)
			dst = add1(dst)
			bits >>= 8
		}
		// Final src fragment.
		if c %= 8; c > 0 {
			bits |= (uintptr(*src) & (1<<c - 1)) << nbits
			nbits += c
		}
	}

	// Write any final bits out, using full-byte writes, even for the final byte.
	totalBits := (uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(dst))-uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(dstStart)))*8 + nbits
	nbits += -nbits & 7
	for ; nbits > 0; nbits -= 8 {
		*dst = uint8(bits)
		dst = add1(dst)
		bits >>= 8
	}
	return totalBits
}

// materializeGCProg allocates space for the (1-bit) pointer bitmask
// for an object of size ptrdata.  Then it fills that space with the
// pointer bitmask specified by the program prog.
// The bitmask starts at s.startAddr.
// The result must be deallocated with dematerializeGCProg.
func materializeGCProg(ptrdata uintptr, prog *byte) *mspan {
	// Each word of ptrdata needs one bit in the bitmap.
	bitmapBytes := divRoundUp(ptrdata, 8*goarch.PtrSize)
	// Compute the number of pages needed for bitmapBytes.
	pages := divRoundUp(bitmapBytes, pageSize)
	s := mheap_.allocManual(pages, spanAllocPtrScalarBits)
	runGCProg(addb(prog, 4), (*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(s.startAddr)))
	return s
}
func dematerializeGCProg(s *mspan) {
	mheap_.freeManual(s, spanAllocPtrScalarBits)
}

func dumpGCProg(p *byte) {
	nptr := 0
	for {
		x := *p
		p = add1(p)
		if x == 0 {
			print("\t", nptr, " end\n")
			break
		}
		if x&0x80 == 0 {
			print("\t", nptr, " lit ", x, ":")
			n := int(x+7) / 8
			for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
				print(" ", hex(*p))
				p = add1(p)
			}
			print("\n")
			nptr += int(x)
		} else {
			nbit := int(x &^ 0x80)
			if nbit == 0 {
				for nb := uint(0); ; nb += 7 {
					x := *p
					p = add1(p)
					nbit |= int(x&0x7f) << nb
					if x&0x80 == 0 {
						break
					}
				}
			}
			count := 0
			for nb := uint(0); ; nb += 7 {
				x := *p
				p = add1(p)
				count |= int(x&0x7f) << nb
				if x&0x80 == 0 {
					break
				}
			}
			print("\t", nptr, " repeat ", nbit, " × ", count, "\n")
			nptr += nbit * count
		}
	}
}

// Testing.

func getgcmaskcb(frame *stkframe, ctxt unsafe.Pointer) bool {
	target := (*stkframe)(ctxt)
	if frame.sp <= target.sp && target.sp < frame.varp {
		*target = *frame
		return false
	}
	return true
}

// reflect_gcbits returns the GC type info for x, for testing.
// The result is the bitmap entries (0 or 1), one entry per byte.
//
//go:linkname reflect_gcbits reflect.gcbits
func reflect_gcbits(x any) []byte {
	return getgcmask(x)
}

// Returns GC type info for the pointer stored in ep for testing.
// If ep points to the stack, only static live information will be returned
// (i.e. not for objects which are only dynamically live stack objects).
func getgcmask(ep any) (mask []byte) {
	e := *efaceOf(&ep)
	p := e.data
	t := e._type
	// data or bss
	for _, datap := range activeModules() {
		// data
		if datap.data <= uintptr(p) && uintptr(p) < datap.edata {
			bitmap := datap.gcdatamask.bytedata
			n := (*ptrtype)(unsafe.Pointer(t)).elem.size
			mask = make([]byte, n/goarch.PtrSize)
			for i := uintptr(0); i < n; i += goarch.PtrSize {
				off := (uintptr(p) + i - datap.data) / goarch.PtrSize
				mask[i/goarch.PtrSize] = (*addb(bitmap, off/8) >> (off % 8)) & 1
			}
			return
		}

		// bss
		if datap.bss <= uintptr(p) && uintptr(p) < datap.ebss {
			bitmap := datap.gcbssmask.bytedata
			n := (*ptrtype)(unsafe.Pointer(t)).elem.size
			mask = make([]byte, n/goarch.PtrSize)
			for i := uintptr(0); i < n; i += goarch.PtrSize {
				off := (uintptr(p) + i - datap.bss) / goarch.PtrSize
				mask[i/goarch.PtrSize] = (*addb(bitmap, off/8) >> (off % 8)) & 1
			}
			return
		}
	}

	// heap
	if base, s, _ := findObject(uintptr(p), 0, 0); base != 0 {
		if s.spanclass.noscan() {
			return nil
		}
		n := s.elemsize
		hbits := heapBitsForAddr(base, n)
		mask = make([]byte, n/goarch.PtrSize)
		for {
			var addr uintptr
			if hbits, addr = hbits.next(); addr == 0 {
				break
			}
			mask[(addr-base)/goarch.PtrSize] = 1
		}
		// Callers expect this mask to end at the last pointer.
		for len(mask) > 0 && mask[len(mask)-1] == 0 {
			mask = mask[:len(mask)-1]
		}
		return
	}

	// stack
	if gp := getg(); gp.m.curg.stack.lo <= uintptr(p) && uintptr(p) < gp.m.curg.stack.hi {
		var frame stkframe
		frame.sp = uintptr(p)
		gentraceback(gp.m.curg.sched.pc, gp.m.curg.sched.sp, 0, gp.m.curg, 0, nil, 1000, getgcmaskcb, noescape(unsafe.Pointer(&frame)), 0)
		if frame.fn.valid() {
			locals, _, _ := frame.getStackMap(nil, false)
			if locals.n == 0 {
				return
			}
			size := uintptr(locals.n) * goarch.PtrSize
			n := (*ptrtype)(unsafe.Pointer(t)).elem.size
			mask = make([]byte, n/goarch.PtrSize)
			for i := uintptr(0); i < n; i += goarch.PtrSize {
				off := (uintptr(p) + i - frame.varp + size) / goarch.PtrSize
				mask[i/goarch.PtrSize] = locals.ptrbit(off)
			}
		}
		return
	}

	// otherwise, not something the GC knows about.
	// possibly read-only data, like malloc(0).
	// must not have pointers
	return
}