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<title>ms Footnotes (The GNU Troff Manual)</title>
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<div class="subsubsection-level-extent" id="ms-Footnotes">
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<h4 class="subsubsection" id="Footnotes">4.6.5.10 Footnotes</h4>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-ms-macros_002c-footnotes"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnotes-_005bms_005d"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnote-marker-_005bms_005d"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-marker_002c-footnote-_005bms_005d"></a>
<p>A footnote is typically anchored to a place in the text with a
<em class="dfn">marker</em>, which is a small integer, a symbol such as a dagger, or
arbitrary user-specified text.
</p>
<dl class="first-deffn">
<dt class="deffn" id="index-_005c_002a_005b_002a_005d"><span class="category-def">String: </span><span><strong class="def-name"><code class="t">\*[*]</code></strong><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_005c_002a_005b_002a_005d'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002a-_005bms_005d"></a>
<p>Place an <em class="dfn">automatic number</em>, an automatically generated numeric
footnote marker, in the text. Each time this string is interpolated,
the number it produces increments by one. Automatic numbers start at 1.
This is a Berkeley extension.
</p></dd></dl>
<p>Enclose the footnote text in <code class="code">FS</code> and <code class="code">FE</code> macro calls to set
it at the nearest available “foot”, or bottom, of a text column or
page.
</p>
<dl class="first-deffn first-defmac-alias-first-deffn">
<dt class="deffn defmac-alias-deffn" id="index-_002eFS"><span class="category-def">Macro: </span><span><strong class="def-name"><code class="t">.FS</code></strong> <var class="def-var-arguments">[<span class="r"><i class="slanted">marker</i></span>]</var><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002eFS'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-FS-_005bms_005d"></a>
</dd><dt class="deffnx defmacx-alias-deffnx def-cmd-deffn" id="index-_002eFE"><span class="category-def">Macro: </span><span><strong class="def-name"><code class="t">.FE</code></strong><a class="copiable-link" href='#index-_002eFE'> ¶</a></span></dt>
<dd><a class="index-entry-id" id="index-FE-_005bms_005d"></a>
<p>Begin (<code class="code">FS</code>) and end (<code class="code">FE</code>) a footnote. <code class="code">FS</code> calls
<code class="code">FS-MARK</code> with any supplied <var class="var">marker</var> argument, which is then
also placed at the beginning of the footnote text. If <var class="var">marker</var> is
omitted, the next pending automatic footnote number enqueued by
interpolation of the <code class="code">*</code> string is used, and if none exists,
nothing is prefixed.
</p></dd></dl>
<p>You may not desire automatically numbered footnotes in spite of their
convenience. You can indicate a footnote with a symbol or other text by
specifying its marker at the appropriate place (for example, by using
<code class="code">\[dg]</code> for the dagger glyph) <em class="emph">and</em> as an argument to the
<code class="code">FS</code> macro. Such manual marks should be repeated as arguments to
<code class="code">FS</code> or as part of the footnote text to disambiguate their
correspondence. You may wish to use <code class="code">\*{</code> and <code class="code">\*}</code> to
superscript the marker at the anchor point, in the footnote text, or
both.
</p>
<p><code class="code">groff</code> <samp class="file">ms</samp> provides a hook macro, <code class="code">FS-MARK</code>, for
user-determined operations to be performed when the <code class="code">FS</code> macro is
called. It is passed the same arguments as <code class="code">FS</code> itself. An
application of <code class="code">FS-MARK</code> is anchor placement for a hyperlink
reference, so that a footnote can link back to its referential
context.<a class="footnote" id="DOCF11" href="groff.html_fot.html#FOOT11"><sup>11</sup></a> By default, this macro has an empty definition.
<code class="code">FS-MARK</code> is a GNU extension.
</p>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnotes_002c-and-keeps-_005bms_005d"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-keeps_002c-and-footnotes-_005bms_005d"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-footnotes_002c-and-displays-_005bms_005d"></a>
<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-displays_002c-and-footnotes-_005bms_005d"></a>
<p>Footnotes can be safely used within keeps and displays, but you should
avoid using automatically numbered footnotes within floating keeps. You
can place a second <code class="code">\**</code> interpolation between a <code class="code">\**</code> and its
corresponding <code class="code">FS</code> call as long as each <code class="code">FS</code> call occurs
<em class="emph">after</em> the corresponding <code class="code">\**</code> and occurrences of <code class="code">FS</code>
are in the same order as corresponding occurrences of <code class="code">\**</code>.
</p>
<p>Footnote text is formatted as paragraphs are, using analogous
parameters. The registers <code class="code">FI</code>, <code class="code">FPD</code>, <code class="code">FPS</code>, and
<code class="code">FVS</code> correspond to <code class="code">PI</code>, <code class="code">PD</code>, <code class="code">PS</code>, and <code class="code">CS</code>,
respectively; <code class="code">FPD</code>, <code class="code">FPS</code>, and <code class="code">FVS</code> are GNU extensions.
</p>
<p>The <code class="code">FF</code> register controls the formatting of automatically numbered
footnote paragraphs and those for which <code class="code">FS</code> is given a marker
argument. See <a class="xref" href="ms-Document-Control-Settings.html">Document Control Settings</a>.
</p>
<p>The default footnote line length is 11/12ths of the normal line length
for compatibility with the expectations of historical <samp class="file">ms</samp>
documents; you may wish to set the <code class="code">FR</code> string to ‘<samp class="samp">1</samp>’ to align
with contemporary typesetting practices. In the
past,<a class="footnote" id="DOCF12" href="groff.html_fot.html#FOOT12"><sup>12</sup></a> an <code class="code">FL</code> register
was used for the line length in footnotes; however, setting this
register at document initialization time had no effect on the footnote
line length in multi-column arrangements.<a class="footnote" id="DOCF13" href="groff.html_fot.html#FOOT13"><sup>13</sup></a>
</p>
<p><code class="code">FR</code> should be used in preference to the old <code class="code">FL</code> register in
contemporary documents. The footnote line length is effectively
computed as ‘<samp class="samp"><i class="slanted">column-width</i> * \*[FR]</samp>’. If an absolute
footnote line length is required, recall that arithmetic expressions in
<code class="code">roff</code> input are evaluated strictly from left to right, with no
operator precedence (parentheses are honored).
</p>
<div class="example">
<div class="group"><pre class="example-preformatted">.ds FR 0+3i \" Set footnote line length to 3 inches.
</pre></div></div>
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